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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29318-8.txt b/29318-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca01d71 --- /dev/null +++ b/29318-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2394 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: July 5, 2009 [EBook #29318] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MAY 17, 1851 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{385} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 81.] +SATURDAY, MAY 17. 1851.. +[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + + Illustrations of Chaucer, No. VI. 385 + + Dutch Folk-lore 387 + + Minor Notes:--Verses in Pope: "Bug" or "Bee"-- + Rub-a-dub--Quotations--Minnis--Brighton--Voltaire's + Henriade 387 + + QUERIES:-- + The Blake Family, by Hepworth Dixon 389 + + Minor Queries:--John Holywood the Mathematician-- + Essay on the Irony of Sophocles--Meaning of Mosaic + --Stanedge Pole--Names of the Ferret--Colfabias-- + School of the Heart--Milton and the Calves-head + Club--David Rizzio's Signature--Lambert Simnel: + Was this his real Name?--Honor of Clare, Norfolk-- + Sponge--Babington's Conspiracy--Family of Sir John + Banks--Meaning of Sewell--Abel represented with + Horns 389 + + MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--The Fifteen O's--Meaning + of Pightle--Inscription on a Guinea of George III. + --Meaning of Crambo 391 + + REPLIES:-- + + John Tradescant probably an Englishman, and his Voyage + to Russia in 1618, by S. W. Singer 391 + + The Family of the Tradescants, by W. Pinkerton 393 + + Pope Joan 395 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Robert Burton's Birthplace + --Barlaam and Josaphat--Witte van Haemstede--The + Dutch Church in Norwich--Fest Sittings--Quaker's + Attempt to convert the Pope--The Anti-Jacobin-- + Mistletoe--Verbum Græcum--"Après moi le Déluge"-- + Eisell--"To-day we purpose"--Modern Paper--St. Pancras + --Joseph Nicolson's Family--Demosthenes and New + Testament--Crossing Rivers on Skins--Curious Facts + in Natural History--Prideaux 395 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 398 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 399 + + Notices to Correspondents 399 + + Advertisements 399 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHAUCER, NO. VI. + +Unless Chaucer had intended to mark with particular exactness the day of +the journey to Canterbury, he would not have taken such unusual precautions +to protect his text from ignorant or careless transcribers. We find him not +only recording the altitudes of the sun, at different hours, in words; but +also corroborating those words by associating them with physical facts +incapable of being perverted or misunderstood. + +Had Chaucer done this in one instance only, we might imagine that it was +but another of those occasions, so frequently seized upon by him, for the +display of a little scientific knowledge; but when he repeats the very same +precautionary expedient again, in the afternoon of the same day, we begin +to perceive that he must have had some fixed purpose; because, as I shall +presently show, it is the repetition alone that renders the record +imperishable. + +But whether Chaucer really devised this method for the express purpose of +preserving his text, or not, it has at least had that effect,--for while +there are scarcely two MSS. extant which agree in the verbal record of the +day and hours, the physical circumstances remain, and afford at all times +independent data for the recovery or correction of the true reading. + +The day of the month may be deduced from the declination of the sun; and, +to obtain the latter, all the data required are, + +1. The latitude of the place. + +2. Two altitudes of the sun at different sides of noon. + +It is not absolutely necessary to have any previous knowledge of the hours +at which these altitudes were respectively obtained, because these may be +discovered by the trial method of seeking two such hours as shall most +nearly agree in requiring a declination common to both at the known +altitudes. Of course it will greatly simplify the process if we furthermore +know that the observations must have been obtained at some determinate +intervals of time, such, for example, as complete hours. + +Now, in the Prologue to the "Canterbury Tales" we know that the +observations could not have been recorded except at complete hours, because +the construction of the metre will not admit the supposition of any parts +of hours having been expressed. + +We are also satisfied that there can be no mistake in the altitudes, +because nothing can alter the facts, that an equality between the length of +the shadow and the height of the substance can only subsist at an altitude +of 45 degrees; or that an altitude of 29 degrees (more or less) is the +nearest that will give the ratio of 11 to 6 between the shadow and its +gnomon. + +{386} + +With these data we proceed to the following comparison: + + _Forenoon altitude_ 45°.|| _Afternoon altitude_ 29°. + || + Hour. Declin. || Hour. Declin. + XI A.M. 8° 9' N. || II P.M. 3° 57' S. + X " 13° 27' " || III " 3° 16' N. + IX " 22° 34' " || IV " 13° 26' " + VIII " Impossible.|| V " Impossible. + + +Here we immediately select "X A.M." and "IV P.M." as the only two items at +all approaching to similarity; while, in these the approach is so near that +they differ by only a single minute of a degree! + +More conclusive evidence therefore could scarcely exist that these were the +hours intended to be recorded by Chaucer, and that the sun's declination, +designed by him, was somewhere about thirteen degrees and a half North. + +Strictly speaking, this declination would more properly apply to the 17th +of April, in Chaucer's time, than to the 18th; but since he does not +profess to critical exactness, and since it is always better to adhere to +written authority, when it is not grossly and obviously corrupt, such MSS. +as name the 18th of April ought to be respected; but Tyrwhitt's "28th," +which he states not only as the result of his own conjecture but as +authorised by the "the best MSS.," ought to be scouted at once. + +In the latest edition of the "Canterbury Tales" (a literal reprint from one +of the Harl. MSS., for the Percy Society, under the supervision of Mr. +Wright), the opening of the Prologue to "The Man of Lawes Tale" does not +materially differ from Tyrwhitt's text, excepting in properly assigning the +day of the journey to "the eightetene day of April;" and the confirmation +of the forenoon altitude is as follows: + + "And sawe wel that the schade of every tree + Was in the lengthe the same quantite, + That was the body erecte that caused it." + +But the afternoon observation is thus related: + + "By that the Manciple had his tale endid, + The sonne fro the southe line is descendid + So lowe that it nas nought to my sight, + Degrees nyne and twenty as in hight. + _Ten_ on the clokke it was as I gesse, + For eleven foote, or litil more or lesse, + My schadow was at thilk time of the yere, + Of which feet as my lengthe parted were, + In sixe feet equal of proporcioun." + +In a note to the line "Ten on the clokke" Mr. Wright observes, + + "_Ten_. I have not ventured to change the reading of the Harl. MS., + which is partly supported by that of the lands. MS., _than_." + +If the sole object were to present an exact counterpart of the MS., of +course even its errors were to be respected: but upon no other grounds can +I understand why a reading should be preserved by which broad sunshine is +attributed to ten o'clock at night! Nor can I believe that the copyist of +the MS. with whom the error must have originated would have set down +anything so glaringly absurd, unless he had in his own mind some means of +reconciling it with probability. It may, I believe, be explained in the +circumstance that "ten" and "four," in horary reckoning, were _convertible +terms_. The old Roman method of naming the hours, wherein noon was the +sixth, was long preserved, especially in conventual establishments: and I +have no doubt that the English idiomatic phrase "o'clock" originated in the +necessity for some distinguishing mark between hours "of the clock" +reckoned from midnight, and hours of the day reckoned from sunrise, or more +frequently from six A.M. With such an understanding, it is clear that _ten_ +might be called _four_, and _four ten_, and yet the same identical hour to +be referred to; nor is it in the least difficult to imagine that some +monkish transcriber, ignorant perhaps of the meaning of "o'clock," might +fancy he was correcting, rather that corrupting, Chaucer's text, by +changing "foure" into "ten." + +I have, I trust, now shown that all these circumstances related by Chaucer, +so far from being hopelessly incongruous, are, on the contrary, +harmoniously consistent;--that they all tend to prove that the day of the +journey to Canterbury could not have been later than the 18th of +April;--that the times of observation were certainly 10 A.M. and 4 +P.M.;--that the "arke of his artificial day" is to be understood as the +horizontal or azimuthal arch;--and that the "halfe cours in the Ram" +alludes to the completion of the last twelve degrees of that sign, about +the end of the second week in April. + +There yet remains to be examined the signification of those three very +obscure lines which immediately follow the description, already quoted, of +the afternoon observation: + + "Therewith the Mones exaltacioun + In mena Libra, alway gan ascende + As we were entryng at a townes end." + +It is the more unfortunate that we should not be certain what it was that +Chaucer really did write, inasmuch as he probably intended to present, in +these lines, some means of identifying the year, similar to those he had +previously given with respect to the day. + +When Tyrwhitt, therefore, remarks, "In what year this happened Chaucer does +not inform us"--he was not astronomer enough to know that if Chaucer had +meant to leave, in these lines, a record of the moon's place on the day of +the journey, he could not have chosen a more certain method of informing us +in what year it occurred. + +But as the present illustration has already extended far enough for the +limits of a single number of "NOTES AND QUERIES," I shall defer the {387} +investigation of this last and greatest difficulty to my next +communication. + +A. E. B. + +Leeds, April 29. + + * * * * * + +DUTCH FOLK-LORE. + +1. A baby laughing in its dreams is conversing with the angels. + +2. Rocking the cradle when the babe is not in it, is considered injurious +to the infant, and a prognostic of its speedy death. + +3. A strange dog following you is a sign of good luck. + +4. A stork settling on a house is a harbinger of happiness. To kill such a +bird would be sacrilege. + +5. If you see a shooting star, the wish you form before its disappearance +will be fulfilled. + +6. A person born with a caul is considered fortunate. + +7. Four-leaved clover brings luck to the person who finds it unawares. + +8. An overturned salt-cellar is a ship wrecked. If a person take salt and +spill it on the table, it betokens a strife between him and the person next +to whom it fell. To avert the omen, he must lift up the shed grains with a +knife, and throw them behind his back. + +9. After eating eggs in Holland, you must break the shells, or the witches +would sail over in them to England. The English don't know under what +obligations they are to the Dutch for this custom. Please to tell them. + +10. If you make a present of a knife or scissors, the person receiving must +pay something for it; otherwise the friendship between you would be cut +off. + +11. A tingling ear denotes there is somebody speaking of you behind your +back. If you hear the noise in the right one, he praises you; if on the +left side, he is calling you a scoundrel, or something like that. But, +never mind! for if, in the latter case, you bite your little finger, the +evil speaker's tongue will be in the same predicament. By all means, don't +spare your little finger! + +12. If, at a dinner, a person yet unmarried be placed inadvertently between +a married couple, be sure he or she will get a partner within the year. +It's a pity it must be inadvertently. + +13. If a person when rising throw down his chair, he is considered guilty +of untruth. + +14. A potato begged or stolen is a preservative against rheumatism. +Chestnuts have the same efficacy. + +15. The Nymphæa, or water-lily, whose broad leaves, and clear white or +yellow cups, float upon the water, was esteemed by the old Frisians to have +a magical power. "I remember, when a boy," says Dr. Halbertsma, "that we +were extremely careful in plucking and handling them; for if any one fell +with such a flower in his possession, he became immediately subject to +fits." + +16. One of my friends cut himself. A manservant being present secured the +knife hastily, anointed it with oil, and putting it into the drawer, +besought the patient not to touch it for some days. Whether the cure was +effected by this sympathetic means, I can't affirm; but cured it was: so, +don't be alarmed. + +17. If you feel on a sudden a shivering sensation in your back, there is +somebody walking over your future grave. + +18. A person speaking by himself will die a violent death. + +19. Don't go under a ladder, for if you do you will be hanged. + +* a ? + +Amsterdam. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Verses in Pope_--_"Bug" or "Bee."_--Pope, in the _Dunciad_, speaking of +the purloining propensities of Bays, has the lines: + + "Next o'er his books his eyes began to roll, + In pleasing memory of all he stole; + How here he sipp'd, how there he plunder'd snug, + And suck'd all o'er, like an industrious bug." + +In reading these lines, some time ago, I was forcibly struck with the +incongruity of the terms "sipp'd" and "industrious" as applied to "bug;" +and it occurred to me that Pope may have originally written the passage +with the words "free" and "bee," as the rhymes of the two last lines. My +reasons for this conjecture are these: 1st. Because Pope is known to have +been very fastidious on the score of coarse or vulgar expressions; and his +better judgment would have recoiled from the use of so offensive a word as +"bug." 2ndly. Because, as already stated, the terms "sipp'd" and +"industrious" are inapplicable to a bug. Of the bug it may be said, that it +"sucks" and "plunders;" but it cannot, with any propriety, be predicated of +it, as of the bee, that it "sips" and is "industrious." My impression is, +that when Pope found he was doing too much honour to Tibbald by comparing +him to a bee, he substituted the word "bug" and its corresponding rhyme, +without reflecting that some of the epithets, already applied to the one, +are wholly inapplicable to the other. + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia, March, 1851. + +_Rub-a-dub._--This word is put forward as an instance of how new words are +still formed with a view to similarity of sound with the sound of what they +are intended to express, by Dr. Francis Lieber, in a "Paper on the Vocal +Sounds of Laura Bridgeman compared with the Elements of Phonetic Language," +and its authorship is assigned {388} to Daniel Webster, who said in a +speech of July 17, 1850: + + "They have been beaten incessantly every month, and every day, and + every hour, by the din, and roll, and _rub-a-dub_ of the Abolition + presses." + +Dr. L. adds: + + "No dictionary in my possession has _rub-a-dub_; by and by the + lexicographer will admit this, as yet, half-wild word." + +My note is, that though this word be not recognised by the dictionaries, +yet it is by no means so new as Dr. L. supposes; for I distinctly remember +that, some four-and-twenty years ago, one of those gay-coloured books so +common on the shelves of nursery libraries had, amongst other equally +_recherché_ couplets, the following attached to a gaudy print of a military +drum: + + "Not a _rub-a-dub_ will come + To sound the music of a drum:" + +--no great authority certainly, but sufficient to give the word a greater +antiquity than Dr. L. claims for it; and no doubt some of your readers will +be able to furnish more dignified instances of its use. + +J. EASTWOOD. + +Ecclesfield. + + [To this it may be added, that _Dub-a-dub_ is found in Halliwell's + _Arch. Gloss._ with the definition, "To beat a drum; also, the blow on + the drum. 'The dub-a-dub of honour.' Woman is a weathercock, p. 21., + there used metaphorically." Mr. Halliwell might also have cited the + nursery rhyme: + + "Sing rub-a-dub-dub, + Three men in a tub."] + +_Quotations._-- + + 1. "In time the savage bull doth bear the yoke." + + Quoted in _Much Ado about Nothing_, Act I. Sc. 1. + +Mr. Knight (Library Edition, ii. 379.) says this line is from Hieronymo, +but gives no reference, and I have not found it. In a sonnet by Thomas +Watson (A.D. 1560-91) occurs the line (see Ellis's _Specimens_)-- + + "In time the bull is brought to bear the yoke." + +Whence did Shakspeare quote the line? + +2. "_Nature's mother-wit._" This phrase is found in Dryden's "Ode to St. +Cecilia," and also in Spenser, _Faerie Queene_, book iv. canto x. verse 21. +Where does it first occur? + +3. "The divine chit-chat of Cowper." Query, Who first designated the "Task" +thus? Charles Lamb uses the phrase as a quotation. (See _Final Memorials of +Charles Lamb_, i. 72.) + +J. H. C. + +Adelaide, South Australia. + +_Minnis._--There are (or there were) in East Kent seven Commons known by +the local term "Minnis," viz., 1. Ewell Minnis; 2. River do.; 3. +Cocclescombe do.; 4. Swingfield do.; 5. Worth do.; 6. Stelling do.; 7. +Rhode do. Hasted (_History of Kent_) says he is at a loss for the origin of +the word, unless it be in the Latin "Mina," a certain quantity of land, +among different nations of different sizes; and he refers to Spelman's +_Glossary_, verbum "Mina." + +Now the only three with which I am acquainted, River, Ewell, and Swingfield +Minnis, near Dover, are all on high ground; the two former considerably +elevated above their respective villages. + +One would rather look for a Saxon than a Celtic derivation in East Kent; +but many localities, &c. there still retain British or Celtic names, and +eminently so the stream that runs through River and Ewell, the Dour or Dwr, +_unde_, no doubt, Dover, where it disembogues into the sea. May we not +therefore likewise seek in the same language an interpretation of this (at +least as far as I know) hitherto unexplained term? + +In Armorican we find "Menez" and "Mene," a mount. In the kindred dialect, +Cornish, "Menhars" means a boundary-stone; "Maenan" (Brit.), stoney moor; +"Mynydh" (Brit.), a mountain, &c. + +As my means of research are very limited, I can only hazard a conjecture, +which it will give me much pleasure to see either refuted or confirmed by +those better informed. + +A. C. M. + +_Brighton._--It is stated in Lyell's _Principles of Geology_, that in the +reign of Elizabeth the town of Brighton was situated on that tract where +the Chain Pier now extends into the sea; that in 1665 twenty-two tenements +still remained under the cliffs; that no traces of the town are +perceptible; that the sea has resumed its ancient position, the site of the +old town having been merely a beach abandoned by the ocean for ages. On +referring to the "Attack of the French on Brighton in 1545," as represented +in the engraving in the _Archæologia_, April 14, 1831, I find the town +standing _apparently_ just where it is now, with "a felde in the middle," +but with some houses on the beach opposite what is not Pool Valley, on the +east side of which houses the French are landing; the beach end of the road +from Lewes. + +A. C. + +_Voltaire's "Henriade."_--I have somewhere seen an admirable translation of +this poem into English verse. Perhaps you can inform me of the author's +name. The work seems to be scarce, as I recollect having seen it but once: +it was published, I think, about thirty years ago. (See _antè_, p. 330.) + +The house in which Voltaire was born, at Chatnaye, about ten miles from +Paris, is now the property of the Comtesse de Boigne, widow of the General +de Boigne, and daughter of the Marquis d'Osmond, who was ambassador here +during the reign of Louis XVIII. The mother of the poet being on a visit +with _the then_ proprietor (whose name I cannot recollect), was +unexpectedly confined. There is a street in the village called the Rue +Voltaire. The Comtesse de Boigne is my {389} authority for the fact of the +poet's birth having taken place in her house. + +A. J. M. + +Alfred Club. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +THE BLAKE FAMILY. + +The renowned Admiral Blake, a native of Bridgewater, and possessed of +property in the neighbourhood, left behind him a numerous family of +brothers, sisters, nephews, and nieces, settled in the county of Somerset; +to wit, his brothers Humphrey, William, George, Nicholas, Benjamin, and +Alexander all survived him, as did also his sisters, Mrs. Bowdich, of +Chard, and Mrs. Smith, of Cheapside, in London. His brother Samuel, killed +in an early part of the Civil War, left two sons, Robert and Samuel, both +of them honourably remembered in the will of their great uncle. Can any of +your readers, acquainted with Somerset genealogies, give me any information +which may enable me to make out the descent of the present families of +Blake, in that county, from this stock? + +There are at least two Blake houses now in existence, who are probably of +the blood of the illustrious admiral; the Blakes of Bishop's Hall, near +Taunton, of which William Blake, Esq., a magistrate for the county, is the +head; and the Blakes of Venue House, Upton, near Wiveliscombe, the +representative of which is Silas Wood Blake, son of Dr. William Blake, a +bencher of the Inner Temple. These families possess many relics of the +admiral--family papers, cabinets, portrait, and even estates; and that they +are of his blood there are other reasons for believing; but, so far as I +know, the line is not clearly traced back. In a funeral sermon spoken on +the death of the grandfather of the present William Blake, Esq., of +Bishop's Hall, I find it stated that-- + + "He was descended from pious and worthy ancestors; a collateral branch + of the family of that virtuous man, great officer, and true patriot, + Admiral Blake. His grandfather, the Rev. Malachi Blake, a Nonconformist + minister, resided at Blogden, four miles from Taunton. This gentleman, + by his pious labours, laid the foundation of the dissenting + congregation at Wellington, in the county of Somerset. After the defeat + of the Duke of Monmouth, to whose cause he had been friendly, he was + obliged to flee from home, and went to London disguised in a lay-dress, + with a tye-wig and a sword." + +This minister had three sons, John, Malachi, and William; and it is from +the last named that the Blakes of Bishop's Hall are descended. But who was +the father of Malachi Blake himself? He was probably a son or grandson of +one of the admiral's brothers--but of which? + +Permit me to add to this Query another remark. I am engaged in writing a +Life of Admiral Blake, and shall be extremely grateful to any of your +correspondents who can and will direct me, either through the medium of +your columns or by private communication, to any new sources of information +respecting his character and career. A meagre pamphlet being the utmost +that has yet been given to the memory of this great man, the entire story +of his life has to be built up from the beginning. Fragments of papers, +scraps of information, however slight, may therefore be of material value. +A date or a name may contain an important clue, and will be thankfully +acknowledged. Of course I do not wish to be referred to information +contained in well-known collections, such as Thurloe, Rushworth, Whitelock, +and the Parliamentary Histories, nor to the Deptford MSS. in the Tower, the +Admiralty papers in the State Paper Office, or the Ashmole MSS. at Oxford. +I am also acquainted, of course, with several papers in the national +collection of MSS. at the British Museum throwing light on the subject; but +while these MSS. remain in their present state, it would be very rash in +any man to say what is _not_ to be found in them. Should any one, in +reading for his own purposes, stumble on a fact of importance for me in +these MSS., I shall be grateful for a communication; but my appeal is +rather made to the possessors of old family papers. There must, I think, be +many letters--though he was a brief and abrupt correspondent--of the +admiral's still existing in the archives of old Puritan families. These are +the materials of history of which I am most in need. + +HEPWORTH DIXON. + +84. St. John's Wood Terrace. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_John Holywood the Mathematician._--Is the birthplace of this distinguished +scholar known? Leland, Bale, and Pits assert him to have been born at +Halifax, in Yorkshire; Stanyhurst says, at Holywood, near Dublin; and +according to Dempster and Mackenzie, at Nithsdale, in Scotland. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_Essay on the Irony of Sophocles, &c._--Who is the author of the _Essay on +the Irony of Sophocles_, which has been termed the most exquisite piece of +criticism in the English language? + +Is it Cicero who says, + + "Malo cum Platone errare, quam cum aliis rectè sentire?" + +And who embodied the somewhat contradictory maxim,-- + + "Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas?" + +NEMO. + +_Meaning of Mosaic._--What is the exact meaning and derivation of the word +Mosaic as a term in art? + +H. M. A. + +{390} + +_Stanedge Pole._--Can any one inform me in what part of Yorkshire the +antiquarian remains of Stanedge Pole are situated; and where the +description of them is to be found? + +A. N. + +_Names of the Ferret._--I should be much obliged by any one of your readers +informing me what peculiar names are given to the male and female ferret? +Do they occur any where in any author? as by knowing how the words are +spelt, we may arrive at their etymology. + +T. LAWRENCE. + +Ashby-de-la-Zouch. + +_Colfabias._--Can any of your learned correspondents furnish the origin and +meaning of this word? It was the name of the _privy_ attached to the Priory +of Holy Trinity in Dublin; and still is to be seen in old leases of that +religious house (now Christ Church Cathedral), spelled sometimes as above, +and other times _coolfabioos_. + +The present dean and chapter are quite in the dark upon the subject. I hope +you will be able to give us a little light from your general stock. + +A CH. CH. MAN. + +Dublin. + +_School of the Heart._--This work consists of short poems similar in +character and merit to Quarles's _Emblems_, and adorned with cuts of the +same class. I have at hand none but modern editions, and in these the +production is ascribed to Quarles. But Montgomery, in his _Christian Poet_, +quotes the _School of the Heart_, without explanation, as the work of +Thomas Harvey, 1647. Can any of your readers throw light on this matter? + +S. T. D. + +_Milton and the Calves-head Club._--I quote the following from _The Secret +History of the Calves-head Club: or the Republican Unmasqu'd_, 4to., 1703. +The author is relating what was told him by "a certain active Whigg, who, +in all other respects, was a man of probity enough." + + "He further told me that Milton, and some other creatures of the + Commonwealth, had instituted this Club [the Calves-head Club], as he + was inform'd, in opposition to Bp. Juxon, Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, + and other divines of the Church of England, who met privately every + 30th of January; and though it was under the Time of Usurpation, had + compil'd a private Form of Service for the Day, not much different from + what we now find in the Liturgy." + +Do any of Milton's biographers mention his connexion with this club? Does +the form of prayer compiled by Juxon, Sanderson, and Hammond exist? + +K. P. D. E. + +_David Rizzio's Signature._--Can any reader of "NOTES AND QUERIES" furnish +the applicant with either a fac-simile or a minute description of the +signature and handwriting of David Rizzio? The application is made in order +to the verification of a most remarkable alleged instance of clairvoyance, +recorded at large in a volume on that and its kindred subjects just +published by Dr. Gregory of Edinburgh. + +F. K. + +_Lambert Simnel--Was this his real Name?_--It occurs to me that we are not +in possession of the real name of Lambert Simnel, the famous claimant of +the crown of England. We are told that he was the son of a baker; and we +learn from Johnson's _Dictionary_ that the word "simnel" signified a kind +of sweet-bread or cake. Now, considering the uncertainty and mutability of +surnames in former times, I am led to suspect that "Simnel" may have been a +nickname first applied to his father, in allusion to his trade; and I am +strengthened in my suspicion by not finding any such name as "Simnel" in +any index of ancient names. Could any of your correspondents throw light on +this question, or tell whether Lambert left any posterity? + +T. + +_Honor of Clare, Norfolk._--I have seen a letter, dated about 1702, in the +possession of a gentleman of this town, which alludes "_To His Majesty's +Honor of Clare_;" and I shall feel obliged if any of your correspondents +can render me any information as to whether there are any documents +relative to this "_Honor_" in existence: and if so, where they are to be +met with? for I much wish to be informed what fragments were made from +_South Green_ (a part of this town), which was held of the above mentioned +"Honor," and by whom made; and further, who is the collector of them at +this period? + +J. N. C. + +_Sponge._--When was the sponge of commerce first known in England? + +THUDT. + +_Babington's Conspiracy._--Miss Strickland, in her life of Queen Elizabeth +(_Lives of the Queens of England_, vol. vii. p. 33.), after describing the +particulars of this plot, adds in a Note,-- + + "After his condemnation, Babington wrote a piteous letter of + supplication to Elizabeth, imploring her mercy for the sake of his wife + and children."--Rawlinson _MSS._, Oxford, vol. 1340. No. 55. f. 19. + +A copy of a letter to which the description given by Miss Strickland would +apply, has been lately found among some papers originally belonging to Lord +Burleigh; and it would be very desirable to compare it with the letter said +to be in the Rawlinson collection. I have, however, authority for saying +that the reference above quoted is incorrect. I should be very glad indeed +to find whether the letter referred to by Miss Strickland is printed in any +collection, or to trace the authority for the reference given in the _Lives +of the Queens_. The MS. copies in the British Museum are known. + +J. BT. + +_Family of Sir John Banks._--R. H. wishes to be informed how many children +were left by {391} Sir John Banks, Lord Chief Justice in Charles I.'s +reign: also, whether any one of these settled at Keswick: and also, whether +Mr. John Banks of that place, the philosopher, as he was called, was really +a lineal descendant of Sir John B., as he is stated to have been by the +author of an old work on the Lakes? + +R. C. H. H. + +_Sewell, Meaning of._--It is usual in some deer-parks in different parts of +England, but more especially, as far as my own knowledge goes, in Kent, for +the keepers, when they wish to drive and collect the deer to one spot, to +lay down for this purpose what they call _sewells_ (I may be wrong as to +the orthography), which are simply long lines with feathers attached at +intervals, somewhat after the fashion of the tails of kites. These +"sewells," when stretched at length on the ground, the herd of deer will +very rarely pass; but on coming up will check themselves suddenly when in +full career, and wheel about. The same contrivance was in use in Virgil's +time for the same purpose, under the name of _formido_ (_Geor._ iii. +372.):--"Puniceæve agitant pavidos formidine pennæ." Can any of your +readers help me to the origin of the modern term _sewell_? + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + +_Abel represented with Horns._--In one of the windows of King's College +Chapel, the subject of which is the Death of Abel, the artist has given him +a pair of _horns_. Can any of your readers explain this? + +C. J. E. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries Answered. + +_The Fifteen O's._--In the third part of the "Sermon of Good Works" is this +passage: + + "Let us rehearse some other kinds of papistical superstitions and + abuses; as of beads, of lady psalters and rosaries, _of fifteen oos_, + of St. Barnard's verses, of St. Agathe's letters, of purgatory, of + masses satisfactory, of stations and jubilees, of feigned relics, of + hallowed beads, bells, bread, water, palms, candles, fire, and such + other; of superstitious fastings, of fraternities, of pardons, with + such like merchandise, which were so esteemed and abused to the + prejudice of God's glory and commandments, that they were made most + high and most holy things, whereby to attain to the eternal life, or + remission of sin." + +I cite the above from the Parker Society's edition of Archbishop Cranmer's +_Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_, p. 148. It occurs also in Professor +Corrie's edition of the _Homilies_, p. 58. I shall be glad to be informed +what is meant by the "fifteen Oo's," or "fifteen O's" (for so they are +spelt in the above edition of the _Homilies_). + +C. H. COOPER + +Cambridge, April 14. 1851. + + [The fifteen O's are fifteen prayers commencing with the letter O, and + will be found in _Horæ Beatissime Virginis Marie, secundum usum + ecclesiæ Sarum_, p. 201. edit. 1527.] + +_Meaning of Pightle._--As I dare say you number some Suffolk men among your +readers, would any of them kindly inform me the meaning and derivation of +the word "pightle," which is always applied to a field adjoining the +farm-houses in Suffolk? + +PHILO-STEVENS. + + [Phillips, in his _New World of Words_, has "PIGLE or PIGHTEL, a small + Parcel of Land enclosed with a Hedge, which in some Parts of England is + commonly call'd a Pingle."] + +_Inscription on a Guinea of George III._--Round the reverse of a guinea of +George III., 1793, are the following initials:--"M. B. F. ET H. REX--F. D. +B. ET L. D. S. R. I. A. T. ET E." The earlier letters are sufficiently +intelligible; but I should be glad to learn the meaning of the whole +inscription. + +J. H. C. + +Adelaide, South Australia. + + [Of the Faith Defender, of Brunswick and Lunenburg Duke, of the Holy + Roman Empire Arch-Treasurer and Elector.] + +_Meaning of Crambo._--Sir Thomas Browne (_Religio Medici_, part ii. § 15. +ed. 1678) says: + + "I conclude, therefore, and say, there is no happiness under (or, as + Copernicus will have it, above) the sun, nor any Crambo in that + repeated verity and burthen of all the wisdom of _Solomon_, _All is + vanity and vexation of spirit_." + +Query, What is the meaning of _crambo_ here, and is it to be met with +elsewhere with a similar meaning? + +J. H. C. + +Adelaide, South Australia. + + [The words "nor any Crambo" mean that the sentiment expressed by + Solomon is a truth which cannot be too often repeated. Crabbe says, + "_Crambo_ is a play, in rhyming, in which he that repeats a word that + was said before forfeits something." In all the MSS. and editions of + the _Religio Medici_, 1642, the words "nor any Crambo," are wanting. + See note on the passage in the edition edited by Simon Wilkin, F.L.S.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +JOHN TRADESCANT PROBABLY AN ENGLISHMAN, AND HIS VOYAGE TO RUSSIA IN 1618. + +(Vol. iii., pp. 119. 286. 353.) + +DR. RIMBAULT justly observes that "the history of the Tradescants is +involved in considerable obscurity." He does not, however, seem to have +been aware that some light has been thrown on that of the elder John +Tradescant by the researches of Dr. Hamel, in his interesting Memoir +published in the _Transactions of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg in +1847_, with the following title:--"Tradescant der Æltere 1618 in Russland. +Der {392} Handelsverkehr zwischen England und Russland in seiner +Entstehung," &c. + +DR. RIMBAULT'S note contains a good epitome of the most obvious English +notices respecting the Tradescants; but while correcting the errors of +others, he has himself fallen into one important mistake, in stating that +"Old John Tradescant died in 1652;" for that is the date of the death of +his grandson, John, who died young. Old John died in 1638, leaving a son, +also named John, who was born in 1608, and died in 1662, having survived +his only son ten years; and, having no heir to his treasures, he had +previously conveyed them, by deed of gift, to Elias Ashmole, who seems to +have contrived to make himself agreeable to him by his pursuits as a +virtuoso, and by his alchemical and astrological fancies. When Dr. Hamel +was in England, I had the pleasure of indicating to him the site of +"Tradescant's Ark" in South Lambeth. It was situate on the east side of the +road leading from Vauxhall to Stockwell, nearly opposite to what was +formerly called Spring Lane. Ashmole built a large brick house near that +which had been Tradescant's, out of the back of part of which he made +offices. The front part of it became the habitation of the well-known +antiquary, Dr. Ducarel. It still remains as two dwellings; the one, known +as "Turret House," is occupied by John Miles Thorn, Esq., and the other, +called "Stamford House," is the dwelling of J. A. Fulton, Esq. + +In his indefatigable researches to elucidate the early intercourse between +England and Russia, Dr. Hamel's attention was accidentally called to the +Tradescants and their Museum; and the following passage in Parkinson's +_Paradisus Terrestris_, p. 345. (Art. "Neesewort," then called _Elleborus +albus_), led to the discovery of a relation of Old John's voyage to +Russia:-- + + "This (says Parkinson) grows in many places in Germany, and likewise in + certain places in Russia, in such abundance, that, according to the + relation of that worthy, curious, and diligent searcher and preserver + of all nature's rarities and varieties, my very good friend John + Tradescante, of whom I have many times before spoken, a moderately + large ship (as he says) might be laden with the roots thereof, which he + there saw on a certain island." + +The same notice, in other words, also occurs in Parkinson's _Theatrum_, p. +218. + +In searching among the MSS. in the Ashmolean Museum, Dr. Hamel bore this +passage in memory, and one MS., thus described in Mr. Black's excellent +catalogue, No. 824., xvi., contained confirmatory matter: + + "A Voiag of Ambassad undertaken by the Right Honnorabl S^r Dudlie + Diggs, in the year 1618." + + "This curious narrative of the voyage round the North Cape to + Archangel, begins with a list of the chief persons employed in the + embassy, and contains observations of the weather, and on the + commercial, agricultural, and domestic state of Russia at that time. It + is written in a rude hand, and by a person unskilled in composition. + The last half page contains some chronological notes and other stuff, + perhaps written by the same hand." + +Thus far Mr. Black. The full title of the MS. is,-- + + "A Viag of Ambassad undertaken by the Right Honnorabl S^r Dudlie Diggs + in the year 1618, being atended on withe 6 Gentillmen, whiche beare the + nam of the king's Gentillmen, whose names be heere notted. On M. + Nowell, brother to the Lord Nowell, M. Thomas Finche, M. Woodward, M. + Cooke, M. Fante, and M. Henry Wyeld, withe every on of them ther man. + Other folloers, on Brigges, Interpreter, M. Jams, an Oxford man, his + Chaplin, on M. Leake his Secretary, withe 3 Scots; on Captain Gilbert + and his Son, withe on Car, also M. Mathew De Quester's Son, of Filpot + Lane, in London, the rest his own retenant, some 13 _whearof_ (_Note on + Jonne an Coplie wustersher men_) M. Swanli of Limhouse, master of the + good Ship called the Dianna of Newcastell, M. Nelson, part owner of + Newe Castell." + +Dr. Hamel says: + + "What the words in Italics may signify is not quite clear, but that 'on + Jonne' must relate to Tradescante himself. Perhaps this passage may + lead to the discovery that Tradescant did not, as it has been + conjectured, come from Holland, but that he was a native of + Worcestershire. The name Tradescant might be an assumed one (it was + also written _Tradeskin_, which might be interpreted _Fellmonger_)." + +From documents in the archives at Moscow, Dr. Hamel recovered the Christian +names, and a list of Sir Dudley Digges' attendants in this voyage, which +corresponds with that in the MS., thus:--_Arthur_ Nowell, _Thomas_ +Woodward, _Adam_ Cooke, _Joseph_ Fante, _Thomas_ Leake, _Richard_ James, +_George_ Brigges, _Jessy_ De Quester, _Adam_ Jones, _Thomas_ Wakefield, +_John_ Adams, _Thomas_ Crisp, _Leonard_ Hugh, and JOHN COPLIE. This last +must therefore have designated _John Tradescant_ himself, who was certainly +there. + +Sir Dudley Digges, to whom Tradescant seems to have attached himself in +order to obtain knowledge of the plants and other natural curiosities of +Russia, was sent by King James I. to the Czar Michael Fedorowitsch, who had +in the previous year despatched an embassy to the king, principally to +negotiate for a loan. This ambassador, Wolünsky, returned at the same time, +in another vessel accompanying that of Sir Dudley. + +Dr. Hamel in his memoir has given considerable extracts from the MS. +narrative of the voyage, which show that Tradescant was an accurate +observer not only of objects connected with his studies of phytology and +natural history, but of other matters. Parkinson has justly styled him "a +painful industrious searcher and lover of all natural varieties;" and +elsewhere says: "My very {393} good friend, John Tradescantes, has +wonderfully laboured to obtain all the rarest fruits hee can heare of in +any place of Christendome, Turky, yea, or the whole world." The passages in +the journal of his voyage, which prove it to be indubitably his, are +numerous, but the one which first struck Dr. Hamel was sufficient; for in +following the narrator on the Dwina, and the islands there, and, among +others, to Rose Island, he found this note, "Helebros albus, enoug to load +a ship." There are, however, others confirmatory beyond a doubt. Parkinson, +in his _Paradisus Terrestris_, p. 528., has the following passage:-- + + "There is another (strawberry) very like unto this (the Virginia + strawberry, which carrieth the greatest leafe of any other except the + Bohemian), that John Tradescante brought with him from Brussels (l. + Russia) long ago, and in seven years could never see one berry ripe on + all sides, but still the better part rotten, although it would flower + abundantly every yeare, and beare very large leaves." + +Tradescant mentions that he also saw strawberries to be sold in Russia, but +could never get of the plants, though he saw the berries three times at Sir +D. Digges's table; but as they were in nothing differing from ours, but +only less, he did not much seek after them. It is most probable that he +brought seed, as he did of another berry, of which he sent part, he tells +us, to his correspondent Vespasian Robin at Paris. + +Of a man to whom the merit is due of having founded the earliest Museum of +Natural History and Rarities of Art in England, and who possessed one of +the first, and at the same the best, Botanic Garden, every little +particular must be interesting, and it would be pleasing to find that he +was an Englishman, and not a foreigner. The only ground for the latter +supposition is, I believe, the assertion of Anthony à Wood, that he was a +Fleming or a Dutchman. The name Tradescant is, however, neither Flemish nor +Dutch, and seems to me much more like an assumed English pseudonyme. That +he was neither a Dutchman nor a Fleming will, I think, be obvious from the +following passage in the narration of his travels: + + "Also, I haue been tould that theare growethe in the land bothe tulipes + and narsisus. By a Brabander I was tould it, thoug by his name I should + rather think him a Holander. His name is Jonson, and hathe a house at + Archangell. He may be eyther, for he [is] always dr[=u]ke once in a + day." + +Now, had Tradescant himself been a Fleming or a Dutchman, he would at least +have been able to speak decisively on this occasion; to say nothing of the +vice of intemperance which he attributes to the natives of those countries. +Again, it is quite clear that this journal of travels was written by +Tradescant; yet that name does not appear either in the MS. or in the +Russian archives: but we have _John Coplie_ in both, with the indication in +the MS. that he was _a Worcestershire man_. Let us therefore, on these +grounds, place him in the list of English worthies to whom we owe a debt of +gratitude. But supposing _Tradescant_ to have been his real name, it is +quite evident that he travelled under the name of _John Coplie_; and it is +perhaps vain to speculate upon the reasons for the assumption of a +pseudonyme either way. + +Dr. Richard James, who accompanied Sir Dudley Digges as chaplain, appears, +from Turner's account of his MSS., which are deposited in the Bodleian, to +have left behind him a MS. account of his travels in Russia, in five +sheets; but his MS. seems to have been lost or mislaid in that vast +emporium, or we might have some confirmation from it respecting Tradescant. + +South Lambeth was in former times one of the most agreeable and salubrious +spots in the vicinity of London, and at the time when Tradescant first +planted his garden he must have had another worthy and distinguished man +for a neighbour, Sir Noel Caron, who was resident ambassador here from the +States of Holland for twenty-eight years. His estate contained 122 acres; +he was a benefactor to the poor of his vicinity by charitable actions, some +of which remain as permanent monuments of his benevolence, in the shape of +almshouses, situate in the Wandsworth Road. The site of Caron House is now +possessed by Henry Beaufoy, Esq., who has worthily emulated the deeds of +his predecessor by acts of munificent benevolence, which must be fraught +with incalculable good for ages yet to come. Mr. Beaufoy has, among his +literary treasures, a very interesting collection of letters in MS., +written in French, by Sir Noel Caron to Constantine Huyghens, I think, +which contain many curious illustrations of the events of that period. + +Let us hope that time may bring to light further and more complete +materials for the biography of these Lambethan worthies, who have deserved +to live in our memories as benefactors to mankind. + +S. W. SINGER. + +Manor Place, So. Lambeth, May 5. 1851. + + * * * * * + +THE FAMILY OF THE TRADESCANTS. + +In Chambers's _Edinburgh Journal_, No. 359., New Series, may be found an +account of this family, written by myself; I hope to be excused when I say +that it is the most accurate hitherto published. It gave me great pleasure +to find that so distinguished an antiquary as DR. RIMBAULT mainly +corroborates the article alluded to; but I regret that I feel bound to +notice a serious error into which that gentleman has fallen. DR. R. states +that "Old John Tradescant died in the year 1652;" and in another place he +states that-- {394} + + "It was not the _youngest_ John Tradescant that died in 1652, but the + _oldest_, the _grandfather_, the first of that name that settled in + England." + +The conflicting accounts and confusion in the history of the Tradescants, +have no doubt arisen from the three, "grandsire, father, and son," having +been all named John; consequently, for the sake of perspicuity, I shall +adopt the plan of our worthy editor, and designate the Tradescant who first +settled in England, No. 1.; his son, who published the _Musæum +Tradescantianum_, No. 2.; and the son of the latter, who "died in his +spring," No. 3. Now, to prove that it was the youngest of the Tradescants, +No. 3., who died in 1652, we have only to refer to the preface of the +_Musæum Tradescantianum_, which was published in 1656. There we find that +Tradescant No. 2. says that-- + + "About three years agoe (by the perswasion of some friends) I was + resolved to take a catalogue of those rarities and curiosities, which + my father had sedulously collected, and myself with continued diligence + have augmented and hitherto preserved together." + +He then proceeds to account for the delay in the publication of the work in +these words: + + "Presently thereupon my _onely son_ died, one of my friends fell sick," + &c. + +Again, in Ashmole's _Diary_ we find the following entry: + + "_Sept._ 11th, 1652. Young John Tredescant died." + +And, further on, Ashmole states that + + "He was buried by his grandfather, in Lambeth Churchyard." + +The word _by_, in the quotation, meaning, _by the side of_, _close by_ his +grandfather. The burial register of Lambeth parish gives the date of the +interment, Sept. 16, 1652. Ashmole's _Diary_, as quoted by DR. RIMBAULT, +and the burial register also, give the date of the death of Tradescant No. +2., who survived his son ten years: the family then became extinct. + +Ashmole, who became acquainted with the Tradescants in 1650, never mentions +the grandfather (No. 1.), nor is his name to be found in the burial +registry; and consequently the date of his death, as far as I have read, +has always been set down as uncertain. There are other parish records, +however, than burial registers; and I was well repaid for my search by +finding, in the Churchwardens' Accounts of St. Mary's, Lambeth, the +following entries: + + "1634. June 1. Received for burial of Jane, wife of John Tradeskin, + 12s." + + "1637-8. Item. John Tradeskin; ye gret bell and black cloth, 5s. 4d." + +This last entry, in all probability, marks the date of the death of the +first Tradescant. Assuming that it does, and as the engraving by Hollar +represents him as far advanced in years, his age did not exclude him from +having been in the service of Queen Elizabeth, so much so as it would if he +had died in 1652. I read the line on the tombstone,-- + + "Both gardeners to the Rose and Lily Queen"-- + +as signifying that one of the Tradescants had been gardener to Elizabeth, +the Rose Queen, and the other to Henrietta, the Lily Queen. However, as +that is little more than a matter of opinion, not of historical fact, it +need not be further alluded to at present. + +I am happy to say, that I have every reason to believe that I am on the +trace of new, curious, and indisputably authentic information respecting +the Tradescants. If successful, and if the editor will spare me a corner, I +shall be proud to communicate it to the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +Tradescant's house, and the house adjoining, where Ashmole lived, previous +to his taking possession of Tradescant's house, after Mrs. Tradescant's +death (see Ashmole's _Diary_), are still standing, though they have +undergone many alterations. Even there, the name of Tradescant seems +forgotten: the venerable building is only known by a _nick-name_, derived +most probably from its antique chimneys. I had many weary pilgrimages +before I discovered the identical edifice. I have not seen the interior, +but am aware that there are some traces of Ashmole in the house, but none +whatever of Tradescant in either house or garden. I had a conversation with +the gardener of the gentleman who now occupies it: he appeared to have an +indistinct idea that an adept in his own profession had once lived there, +for he observed that, "If old What's-his-name were alive now, the potato +disease could soon be cured." Oh! what we antiquaries meet with! He further +gave me to understand that "_furriners_ sometimes came there wishing to see +the place, but that I was the only Englishman, that he recollected, who +expressed any curiosity about it." + +The _restorers_ of the tomb of the Tradescants merely took away the old +leger stone, on which were cut the words quoted by A. W. H. (Vol. iii., p. +207.), and replaced it by a new stone bearing the lines quoted by DR. +RIMBAULT, which were not on the original stone (see Aubrey's _Surrey_), and +the words-- + + "Erected 1662. + Repaired by Subscription, 1773." + +But although the name of the childless, persecuted widow, Hester +Tradescant, is not now on the tomb which she piously erected to the +memories of her husband and son; still, on the west end of it, can be +traced the form of a hydra tearing a human skull--fit emblem of the foul +and vulture-like rapacity of Elias Ashmole. + +WILLIAM PINKERTON. + +Dalmeny Cottage, Ham, Surrey. + +{395} + + * * * * * + +POPE JOAN. + +(Vol. iii., p. 265.) + +In reply to your correspondent NEMO'S Query, whether any such personage as +Pope Joan ever held the keys of St. Peter, and wore the tiara? and if so, +at what period, and for what time, and what is known of her personal +history? I would remark that the story runs thus: that between the +pontificates of Leo IV., who died in the year 855, and of Benedict III., +who died in 858, a female of the name of Joan found means to cause herself +to be elected Pope, which post she held for a term of upwards of two years, +under the title of Joannes VII., according to Sabellicus, or, according to +Platina, of Joannes VIII. She is generally said to have been an +Englishwoman, the daughter of a priest, who in her youth became acquainted +with an English monk belonging to the Abbey of Fulda, with whom she +travelled, habited as a man, to many universities, but finally settled at +Athens, where she remained until the death of her companion, and attained +to a great proficiency in the learning common to the time. After this she +proceeded to Rome, and having by the talent she displayed in several +disputes obtained the reputation of a learned divine, was, on the death of +Leo IV., elected to fill the pontifical chair. This position she held for +upwards of two years, but soon after the expiration of that time was +delivered of a child (but died during parturition), while proceeding in a +procession between the Coliseum and the Church of St. Clemente. + +The first mention of this story appears to have been made by Marianus +Scotus, who compiled a chronicle at Mayence, about two hundred years after +the event is said to have occurred, viz. about 1083. He was followed by +Sigebert de Gemblours, who wrote about 1112; and also by Martino di +Cistello, or Polonus, who wrote about 1277; since when the story has been +repeated by numberless authors, all of whom have, more or less, made some +absurd additions. + +After the satisfactory proofs of the fictitious character of the story, +which have been produced by the most eminent writers, both Catholic and +Protestant, it may appear a work of supererogation to add anything on the +point; yet it may perhaps be permitted to observe, that in the most ancient +and esteemed manuscripts of the works of the authors above quoted, no +mention whatever is made of the Papissa Giovanna, and its introduction must +therefore have been the work of some later copyist. + +The contemporary writers, moreover, some of whom were ocular witnesses of +the elections both of Leo IV. and Benedict III., make no mention whatever +of the circumstance; and it is well known that at Athens, where she is +stated to have studied, no such school as the one alluded to existed in the +ninth century. + +The fact will not, I think, be denied that it was the practice of the +chroniclers of the early ages to note down the greater portion of what they +heard, without examining critically as to the credibility of the report; +and the mention of a fact once made, was amply sufficient for all +succeeding authors to copy the statement, and make such additions thereto +as best suited their respective fancies, without making any examination as +to the truth or probability of the original statement. And this appears to +have been the case with the point in question: Marianus Scotus first +stated, or rather some later copyist stated for him, the fact of a female +Pope; and subsequent writers added, at a later period, the additional facts +which now render the tale so evidently an invention. + +R. R. M. + +_Pope Joan_ (Vol. iii., p. 265.).--You have referred to Sir Thomas Browne, +and might have added the opinion of his able editor (_Works_, iii. 360.), +who says, "Her very existence itself seems now to be universally rejected +by the best authorities as a fabrication from beginning to end." On the +other hand, old Coryat, in his _Crudities_ (vol. ii. p. 443.), has the +boldness to speak with "certainty of her birth at a particular place,--viz. +at Mentz." Mosheim tells us (vol. ii. p. 300.) that during the five +centuries succeeding 855, "the event was generally believed." He quotes +some distinguished names, as well among those who maintained the truth of +the story as amongst those who rejected it as a fable. Bayle may be +included amongst the latter, who, in the third volume of his Dictionary +(Article PAPESSE), has gone deeply into the question. Mosheim himself seems +to leave it where Sir Roger de Coverley would have done,--"much may be said +on both sides." + +J. H. M. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries + +_Robert Burton, his Birth-place_ (Vol. iii., pp. 106. 157.).--A friend who +has just been reading the _Anatomy of Melancholy_, has referred me to the +following passage, which seems to give conclusive testimony respecting the +birth-place of Burton:-- + + "Such high places are infinite ... and two amongst the rest, which I + may not omit for vicinities sake, Oldbury in the confines of + Warwickshire, where I have often looked about me with great delight, at + the foot of which hill I was born; and Hanbury in Staffordshire, + contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, and an ancient + patrimony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder + brother, William Burton, Esquire." [Note on words "_I was born._" At + Lindley in Lecestershire, the possession and dwelling place of Ralph + Burton, Esquire, my late {396} deceased father.]--_Anatomy of + Melancholy_, Part ii. Sec 2. Mem. 3. ad fin. + +I knew of the following, but as it merely mentions Lindley as the +_residence_ of the family, it would not have answered DR. RIMBAULT'S Query. + + "Being in the country in the vacation time, not many years since, at + Lindly in Lecestershire, my father's house," &c.--_Ibid._ Part ii. Sec. + 5. Mem. 1. subs. 5. + +C. FORBES. + +_Barlaam and Josaphat_ (Vol. iii., pp. 135. 278.).--I do not know of any +English translation of this work. If any Middle Age version exists, it +should be published immediately. A new and excellent _German_ one (by Felix +Liebrecht, Münster, 1847) has lately appeared, written, however, for Romish +purposes, as much as from admiration of the work itself. It would be well +if some member of our own pure branch of the Church Catholic would turn his +attention to this noble work, and give us a faithful but fresh and easy +translation, with a literary introduction descriptive of all the known +versions, &c.; and a chapter on the meaning and limits of the asceticism +preached in the original. In this case, and if published _cheap_, as it +ought to be, it would be a golden present for our youth, and would soon +become once more a _folk-book_. The beautiful free _Old Norwegian_ version +(written by King Hákon Sverresson, about A.D. 1200) mentioned in my last +has now been published in Christiania, edited by the well-known scholars R. +Keyser and C. R. Unger, and illustrated by an introduction, notes, +glossary, fac-simile, &c. (_Barlaams ok Josaphats Saga._ 8vo. Christiania, +1851.) The editors re-adopt the formerly received opinion, that the Greek +original (now printed in Boissonade's _Anecdota Græca_, vol. iv.) is not +older than the eighth century, and was composed by Johannes Damascenus. But +this must be decided by future criticism. + +GEORGE STEPHENS. + +Stockholm. + +_Witte van Haemstede_ (Vol. iii., p. 209).--It may be of use to the editors +of the "NAVORSCHER" to know that _Adrianus Hamstedius_ became pastor of the +Dutch church in Austin Friars, London, in the year 1559. He succeeded +Walterus Delaenus, and resigned his office, one year after his appointment, +in favour of Petrus Delaenus, probably a son of the before-named Walterus. + +I cannot answer the question as to whether there still exist any +descendants of _Witte van Haemstede_; but as late as 1740, _Hendrik van +Haemstede_ was appointed pastor to the Dutch congregation in London. He +held the office until the year 1751, when Henricus Putman succeeded him. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_The Dutch Church in Norwich_ (Vol. iii., p. 209.).--The editors of the +"NAVORSCHER" will find the early history of this church in Strype's _Annals +of the Reformation_; Blomefield's _History of Norwich_; and in Burn's +_History of the Foreign Refugees_. Dr. Hendrik Gehle, the pastor of the +Dutch church in Austin Friars, who is also the occasional minister of the +Dutch church at Norwich, would be the most likely person to furnish +information as to its present state. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_Fest Sittings_ (Vol. iii., p. 328.).--_Festing_ is, I presume, without +doubt, a Saxon word. A "Festing-man," among the Saxons, was a person who +stood as a surety or pledge for another. "Festing-penny" was the money +given as an earnest or token to servants when hired. + +In the word _sittings_ there _might_ be some reference to the +_statute-sessions_, which were courts or tribunals designed for the +settlement of disputes between masters and servants. + +R. VINCENT. + +_Quakers' Attempt to convert the Pope_ (Vol. iii., p. 302.).--I beg to +refer B. S. S. to the _Correspondance inédite de Mabíllon et de Montfaucon +avec l'Italie_ ... edited by M. Valéry, Paris, 1846, vol. ii. p. 112. In a +letter from the Benedictine Claude Estiennot to Dom. Bulteau, dated Rome, +September 30, 1687, he will read: + + "Ce qu'on a dit ici des quakers d'Angleterre n'est ni tout-à-fait vrai + ni tout-à-fait faux. Il est certain qu'il en est venu _un_ qui a fort + pressé pour avoir une audience de Sa Sainteté et se promettait de le + pouvoir convertir à sa religion; ou l'a voulu mettre an PASSARELLI; + monseigneur le Cardinal Howard l'a fait enfermer au couvent de + saint-Jean et Paul et le fera sauver sans bruit pour l'honneur de la + nation." + + C. P. PH****. + +_The Anti-Jacobin_ (Vol. iii., p. 348.).--As you have so many articles in +the _Anti-Jacobin_ owned, I may mention that No. 14, was written by Mr. +Bragge, afterwards Bathurst. + +When I was at Oxford, 1807 or 1808, it was supposed that the simile in _New +Morality_, "So thine own Oak," was written by Mr. Pitt. + +C. B. + +_Mistletoe_ (Vol. iii., p. 192.).-- + + "In a paper of Tho. Willisel's he names these following trees on which + he found misseltoe growing, viz. oak, ash, lime-tree, elm, hazel, + willow, white beam, purging thorn, quicken-tree, apple-tree, crab-tree, + white-thorn." Vide p. 351. _Philosophical Letters between the late + learned Mr. Ray and several of his Ingenious Correspondents, &c._: + Lond. 1718, 8vo. + +R. WILBRAHAM FALCONER, M.D. + +Bath. + +_Verbum Græcum._--The lines in Vol. i., p. 415., where this word occurs, +are in a doggrel journal of his American travels, written by Moore, and +published in his _Epistles, Odes, and other Poems_. They are introduced +apropos to the cacophony of the names of the places which he visited. + +D. X. + +{397} + +"_Après moi le Déluge_" (Vol. iii, p. 299.).--This sentiment is to be found +in verse of a Greek tragedian, cited in Sueton. _Nero_, c. 38.: + + "[Greek: Emou thanontos gaia michthêtô puri.]" + +Suetonius says that some one, at a convivial party, having quoted this +line, Nero outdid him by adding, _Immo_ [Greek: emou zôntos]. Nero was not +contented that the conflagration of the world should occur after his death; +he wished that it should take place during his lifetime. + +Dio Cassius (lviii. 23.) attributes this verse, not to Nero, but to +Tiberius, who, he says, used frequently to repeat it. See Prov. (app. ii. +56.), where other allusions to this verse are cited in the note of Leutsch. + +L. + + [We are indebted for a similar reply to C. B., who quotes the line from + Euripides, _Fragm. Inc._ B. xxvii.] + +"_Après moi_," or "_après nous le Déluge_" sounds like a modernisation of +the ancient verse,-- + + "[Greek: Emou thanontos gaia michthêtô puri,]" + +the use of which has been imputed to the emperor Nero. The spirit of Madame +de Pompadour's saying breathes the same selfish levity; and it amounts to +the same thing. But it merits remark that the words of Metternich were of +an entirely distinct signification. They did not imply that he _cared_ only +for himself and the affairs of his own life; but that he anticipated the +inability of future ministers to avert revolution, and _foreboded_ the +worst. Two persons may use the same words, and yet their sayings be as +different as the first line of Homer from the first of Virgil. The omission +of the French verb disguises the fact, that the one was said in the +optative, and the other in the future indicative. + +A. N. + +_Eisell_, the meaning of which has been much discussed in the pages of +"NOTES AND QUERIES," is a word which seems to have been once the common +term for vinegar. The _Festival_ in the sermon for St. Michael's day +employs this term thus: + + "And other angellis with h[=i] (St. Michael) shall brynge al the + Instrum[=e]tis of our lordis passyon, the crosse; the crowne; spere; + nayles; hamer; sponge; _eyseel_; gall, scourges [=t] all other thynges + y^t w[=e] atte cristis passyon."--Rouen, A.D. 1499, _fo._ cl. b. + +D. ROCK. + +"_To-day we purpose_" (Vol. iii., p. 302).--The verse for which your +correspondent G. N. inquires, is taken from _Isabella, or the Pot of +Basil_, an exquisitely beautiful poem by Keats, founded on one of +Boccaccio's tales. + +E. J. M. + +_Modern Paper_ (Vol. iii., p. 181.).--Cordially do I agree with every word +of your correspondent LAUDATOR TEMPORIS ACTI, and especially as to the +prayer-books for churches and chapels, printed by the Universities. +_Experto crede_, no solicitude can preserve their "flimsy, brittle, and +cottony" leaves, as he justly entitles them, from rapid destruction. Might +not the delegates of the University presses be persuaded to give us an +edition with the morning and evening services printed on vellum, instead of +the miserable fabric they now afford us? + +C. W. B. + +_St. Pancras_ (Vol. iii., p. 285.).--In Breviar. Rom. sub die XII Maii, is +the following brief notice of this youthful saint, whose martyrdom was also +commemorated (Sir H. Nicolas' _Chron. of Hist._) on April 3 and July 21: + + "Pancratius, in Phrygia nobili genere natus, puer quatordecim annorum + Roman venit Diocletiano et Maximiano Imperatoribus: ubi à Pontifice + Romano baptizatus, et in fide christiana eruditus, ob eamdem paulò post + comprehensus, cùm diis sacrificare constanter renuisset, virili + fortitudine datis cervicibus, illustrem martyrii coronam consecutus + est; cujus corpus Octavilla matrona noctu sustulit, et unguentis + delibutum via Aurelia sepelivit." + +Amongst the reliques in the church of St. John of Laterane, in the "the +glorious mother-city of Rome," Onuphrius (de VII. Urbis Ecclesiis) and +Serranus (de Ecclesiis Urbis Rom.), as quoted by Wm. Crashaw (temp. James +I.), enumerate: + + "Item. caput Zachariæ Prophetæ, et caput Sancti Pancratii de quo + sanguis emanavit ad tres dies quum Ecclesia Lateranensis combusta + fuit." + +COWGILL. + +_Joseph Nicolson's Family_ (Vol. iii., p. 243.).--A. N. C. is justly +corrected as to the insertion of the letter _h_ in Dr. Wm. Nicolson's name, +though it has been adopted by some of his family since. The mother of Dr. +Wm. and Joseph Nicolson was Mary Brisco, of Crofton; not Mary Miser. + +I find from _Nichols' Correspondence of Dr. Wm. Nicolson_, that his brother +Joseph was master of the Apothecaries' Company in London. He died in May, +1724. He lived in Salisbury Court, where it would appear the Bishop resided +at least on one occasion that he was in London. + +MONKSTOWN. + +_Demosthenes and New Testament_ (Vol. iii., p. 350.).--The quotations from +Demosthenes, and many others more or less pointed, are to be found, as +might be expected, in the well-known, very learned, and standard edition of +the new Testament by Wetstein. + +C. B. + +_Crossing Rivers on Skins_ (Vol. iii., p. 3.).--To the _Latin_ authors +cited by JANUS DOUSA illustrating this practice, allow me to add the +following from the Greek. Xenophon, in his _Anabasis_, lib. iii. cap. v., +so clearly exhibits the _modus operandi_, that I shall give a translation +of the passage: + + "And while they were at a loss what to do, a certain Rhodian came up + and said, 'I am ready to ferry you over, O men! by 4000 heavy armed men + at a {398} time, if you furnish me with what I want, and will give me a + talent as a reward.' And being asked of what he stood in need:--'I + shall want,' said he, '2000 leathern bags; and I see here many sheep, + and goats, and oxen, and asses; which, being flayed, and (their skins) + inflated, would readily furnish a means of transport. And I shall + require also the girths, which you use for the beasts of burden. And on + these,' said he, 'having bound the leathern bags, and fastened them one + to another, and affixing stones, and letting them down like anchors, + and binding them on either side, I will lay on wood, and put earth over + them. And that you will not then sink, you shall presently very clearly + perceive; for each leathern bag will support two men from sinking, and + the wood and earth will keep them from slipping." + +Skins, or tent coverings, stuffed with hay, appear also to have been very +generally used for this purpose (Vid. Id., lib. i. cap. v.). Arrian relates +(lib. v. Exped. cap. 12.) that Alexander used this contrivance for crossing +the Hydaspes: + + "[Greek: Autos de (Alexandros)--agôn epi tên nêson kai tên akran, + enthen diabainein ên egnôsmenon. Kai entautha eplêrounto tês nuktos hai + diphtherai tês karphês ek pollou êdê parenênegmenai, kai katerrhaptonto + es akribeian.]" + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +Martham, Norfolk. + +_Curious Facts in Natural History_ (Vol. iii., p. 166.).--There is a +parallel to the curious fact contributed by your Brazilian correspondent in +the "vegetable caterpillar" of New Zealand. This natural rarity is +described in Angas's _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_, +vol. i. p. 291.:-- + + "Amongst the damp moss at the root of the _rata_ trees, in the shady + forests not far from Auckland, and also in various parts of the + northern island, are found those extraordinary productions called + vegetable caterpillars, the _hotete_ of the natives. In appearance, the + caterpillar differs but little from that of the common privet + sphinx-moth, after it has descended to the ground, previously to its + undergoing the change into the chrysalis state. But the most remarkable + characteristic of the vegetable caterpillar is, that every one has a + very curious plant, belonging to the fungi tribe, growing from the + _anus_; this fungus varies from three to six inches in length, and + bears at its extremity a blossom-like appendage, somewhat resembling a + miniature bulrush, and evidently derives its nourishment from the body + of the insect. This caterpillar when recently found, is of the + substance of cork; and it is discovered by the natives seeing the tips + of the fungi, which grow upwards. They account for this phenomenon, by + asserting that the caterpillar, when feeding upon the _rata_ tree + overhead, swallows the seeds of the fungus, which take root in the body + of the insect, and germinate as soon as it retreats to the damp mould + beneath, to undergo its transformation into the pupa state. Specimens + of these vegetable caterpillars have been transmitted to naturalists in + England, by whom they have been named _Sphæria Robertii_."--_Savage + Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_, by G. F. Angas: London, + 1847, vol. i. p. 291. + +I recently had several specimens of the insect, with its remarkable +appendage, which had been brought from the colony by a relative. + +R. W. C. + +_Prideaux_ (Vol. iii., p. 268.).--The Prideaux, who took part in the +Monmouth rebellion, was a son of Sir Edmund Prideaux, the purchaser of Ford +Abbey. (See Birch's _Life of Tillotson_.) Tillotson appears to have been a +chaplain to Sir E. Prideaux at Ford Abbey, and a tutor to the young +Prideaux. + +K. TH. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +Our readers will probably remember that the result of several +communications which appeared in our columns on the subject of the +celebrated _Treatise of Equivocation_, found in the chambers of Tresham, +and produced at the trial of the persons engaged in the Gunpowder Plot, was +a letter from a correspondent (J. B., Vol. ii., p. 168.) announcing that +the identical MS. copy of the work referred to by Sir Edward Coke on the +occasion in question, was safely preserved in the Bodleian Library. It was +not to be supposed that a document of such great historical interest, which +had been long sought after, should, when discovered, be suffered to remain +unprinted; and Mr. Jardine, the accomplished editor of the _Criminal +Trials_ (the second volume of which, it will be remembered, is entirely +devoted to a very masterly narrative of the Gunpowder Plot), has +accordingly produced a very carefully prepared edition of the Tract in +question; introduced by a preface, in which its historical importance is +alone discussed, the object of the publication being not controversial but +historical. "To obviate," says Mr. Jardine, "any misapprehension of the +design in publishing it at a time when events of a peculiar character have +drawn much animadversion upon the principles of the Roman Catholics, it +should be stated that the _Treatise_ would have been published ten years +ago, had the inquiries then made led to its discovery; and that it is now +published within a few weeks after the manuscript has been brought to light +in the Bodleian Library." The work is one of the most important +contributions to English history which has recently been put forth, and Mr. +Jardine deserves the highest credit for the manner in which he was +discharged his editorial duties. + +_Horæ Egyptiacæ, or the Chronology of Ancient Egypt discovered from +Astronomical and Hieroglyphical Records, including many dates found in +coeval inscriptions from the period of the building of the great Pyramid to +the times of the Persians, and illustrative of the History of the first +Nineteen Dynasties, &c._, by Reginald Stuart Poole, is the ample title of a +work dedicated to the Duke of Northumberland, under whose auspices it has +been produced. The work, which is intended to explain the Chronology and +History of Ancient Egypt from its monuments, originally appeared in a +series of {399} papers in the _Literary Gazette_. These have been improved, +the calculations contained in them subjected to the most rigid scrutiny; +and when we say that in the preparation of this volume Mr. Poole has had +assistance from Mr. Lane, Mr. and Mrs. Lieber of Cairo, Dr. Abbot of Cairo, +Mr. Birch of the British Museum, Professor Airy, and, lastly, of Sir +Gardener Wilkinson, who, in his _Architecture of Ancient Egypt_, avows that +"he fully agrees with Mr. Poole in the contemporaneousness of certain +kings, and in the order of succession he gives to the early Pharaohs," we +do quite enough to recommend it to the attention of all students of the +History and Monuments of Ancient Egypt. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Plato Translated by G. Burges_, vol. 4. The new volume of +Bohn's Classical Library is in the fourth volume of the Translation of +Plato, which, strange as it may sound to those of our readers who know +anything of what is essential to a popular book in these days, has, we +believe, been one of the most popular of the many cheap books issued by Mr. +Bohn. How much the impression made on the public mind by the well-worn +quotation, "Plato, thou reasonest well," may have contributed to this +result, we leave others to decide.--_What is the working of the Church of +Spain? What is implied in submitting to Rome? What is it that presses +hardest upon the Church of England? A Tract by the Rev. F. Meyrick, M.A._ +London: J. H. Parker. These are three very important _Queries_, but +obviously not of a nature for discussion in NOTES AND QUERIES.--_The Penny +Post_, I. to IV., _February to May_. The words "_thirtieth thousand_" on +the title-page, show the success which has already attended this Church +Penny Magazine. + +CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--T. Kerslake's (3. Park Street, Bristol) Catalogue of +Books lately bought; Cole's (15. Great Turnstile) List No. XXXV. of very +Cheap Books; C. Hamilton's (22. Anderson's Buildings, City Road) Catalogue +No. XLII. of a remarkably Cheap Miscellaneous Collection of Old Books, +Tracts, &c.; G. Johnston's (11. Goodge Street, Tottenham Court Road) Book +Circular. + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +DIANA (ANTONINUS) COMPENDIUM RESOLUTIONEM MORALIUM. Antwerp.-Colon. +1634-57. + +PASSIONAEL EFTE DAT LEVENT DER HEILIGEN. Folio. Basil, 1522. + +CARTARI--LA ROSA D'ORO PONTIFICIA. 4to. Rome, 1681. + +BROEMEL, M. C. H., FEST-TANZEN DER ERSTEN CHRISTEN. Jena, 1705. + +THE COMPLAYNT OF SCOTLAND, edited by Leyden. 8vo. Edin. 1801. + +THOMS' LAYS AND LEGENDS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. Parts I. to VII. 12mo. 1834. + +L'ABBÉ DE SAINT PIERRE, PROJET DE PAIX PERPETUELLE. 3 Vols. 12mo. Utrecht, +1713. + +CHEVALIER RAMSAY, ESSAI DE POLITIQUE, où l'on traite de la Nécessité, de +l'Origine, des Droits, des Bornes et des différentes Formes de la +Souveraineté, selon les Principes de l'Auteur de Télémaque. 2 Vols. 12mo. +La Haye, without date, but printed in 1719. + +The same. Second Edition, under the title "Essai Philosophique sur le +Gouvernement Civil, selon les Principes de Fénélon," 12mo. Londres, 1721. + +PULLEN'S ETYMOLOGICAL COMPENDIUM, 8vo. + +COOPER'S (C. P.) ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC RECORDS, 8vo. 1822. Vol. I. + +LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Sm. 8vo. 1837. Vols. X. XI. XII. XIII. + +MILLER'S (JOHN, OF WORCESTER COLL.) SERMONS. Oxford, 1831 (or about that +year). + +WHARTON'S ANGLIA SACRA. Vol. II. + +PHEBUS (Gaston, Conte de Foix), Livre du deduyt de la Chasse. + +TURNER'S SACRED HISTORY. 3 vols. demy 8vo. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +G. E. F. _Will this correspondent oblige us with another copy of his Query +respecting the Knapp Family? The Query to which he alludes came from a +gentleman who has shown by his published works that he is both able and +willing to search out information for himself. It is the more surprising, +therefore, that he should have overlooked the very obvious source from +which the information was eventually supplied._ + +_We are unavoidably compelled to omit from the present Number our usual +list of_ Replies Received. + +FOREIGN CHURCHES. W. A. _thinks we should be doing a kindness to our +foreign visitors by reminding them of the existence of the_ Dutch Church in +Austin Friars, _and of the_ Swedish Church, Prince's Square, Ratcliffe +Highway, _around which are yet flourishing some of the trees imported and +planted by Dr. Solander._ + +MERCURII _is thanked for his last packet. We shall make use of some parts +of it when we return, as we purpose doing very shortly, to the proposed_ +Record of Existing Monuments. _We cannot trace the Queries to which he +refers. Will he oblige us with copies of them?_ + +E. H. Y. _Will our correspondent say where we may address a communication +to him?_ + +VOLS. I. _and_ II., _each with very copious Index, may still be had, price +9s. 6d. each_. + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and +Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country +Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it +regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet +aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND +QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels._ + +_All communications for the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES _should be +addressed to the care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Just Published, fcp. 8vo., cloth, with Steel Engraving, pricing 4s. 6d. + +THE FAIRY GODMOTHER and other Tales. By Mrs. ALFRED GATTY. + + "Her love for Fairy Literature has led Mrs. Alfred Gatty to compose + four pretty little moral stories, in which the fairies are gracefully + enough used as machinery. They are slight, but well written, and the + book is altogether very nicely put out of hand."--_Guardian._ + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Just Published, 8vo., price 7s. 6d. + +THE THEORY OF ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS, and the PROPERTIES of SURFACES of the +Second Order, applied to the Investigation of the Motion of a Body round a +Fixed Point. By JAMES BOOTH, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., Chaplain to the Most +Honourable the Marquess of Lansdowne, and formerly Principal of Bristol +College. + +London: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Cambridge: JOHN DEIGHTON. + + * * * * * + + +In the Press, Volumes III. and IV. of + +THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A. 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That he was not there so that any man is bounde to detect it. +Edited from the Original Manuscript in the Bodleian Library, by DAVID +JARDINE, of the Middle Temple, Esq., Barrister at Law. + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, May 17. 1851. + + * * * * * + + +Corrections made to printed original. + +page 387, "DUTCH FOLK-LORE" (heading): 'FOLK-LORR' in original. + +page 390, "Ashby-de-la-Zouch" (contributor's address): 'Ashley-de-la-Zouch' +in original. + +page 391, "the meaning of crambo": 'crambe' in original. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, +1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MAY 17, 1851 *** + +***** This file should be named 29318-8.txt or 29318-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/3/1/29318/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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margin-top: 1em;} + img.middle { border: none; vertical-align: middle } + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: July 5, 2009 [EBook #29318] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MAY 17, 1851 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They +appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 385 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page385"></a>{385}</span></p> + +<h1>NOTES AND QUERIES:</h1> + +<h2>A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC.</h2> + +<h3><b>"When found, make a note of."</b>—<span class="sc">Captain Cuttle</span>.</h3> + +<hr class="full" /> + + +<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="masthead" title="masthead"> + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:25%"> + <p><b>No. 81.</b></p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center; width:50%"> + <p><b><span class="sc">Saturday, May 17. 1851.</span></b></p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right; width:25%"> + <p><b>Price Threepence<br />Stamped Edition 4<i>d.</i></b></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + +<table width="100%" class="nomar" summary="Contents" title="Contents"> + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left; width:94%"> + <p><span class="sc">Notes</span>:—</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right; width:5%"> + <p>Page</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Illustrations of Chaucer, No. VI.</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page385">385</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Dutch Folk-lore</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page387">387</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Minor Notes:—Verses in Pope: "Bug" or + "Bee"—Rub-a-dub—Quotations—Minnis—Brighton—Voltaire's + Henriade</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page387">387</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Queries</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>The Blake Family, by Hepworth Dixon</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page389">389</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Minor Queries:—John Holywood the Mathematician—Essay + on the Irony of Sophocles—Meaning of Mosaic —Stanedge + Pole—Names of the Ferret—Colfabias—School of the + Heart—Milton and the Calves-head Club—David Rizzio's + Signature—Lambert Simnel: Was this his real Name?—Honor + of Clare, Norfolk—Sponge—Babington's + Conspiracy—Family of Sir John Banks—Meaning of + Sewell—Abel represented with Horns</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page389">389</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Minor Queries Answered</span>:—The Fifteen + O's—Meaning of Pightle—Inscription on a Guinea of George + III. —Meaning of Crambo</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page391">391</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>John Tradescant probably an Englishman, and his Voyage to Russia + in 1618, by S. W. Singer</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page391">391</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>The Family of the Tradescants, by W. Pinkerton</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page393">393</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Pope Joan</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page395">395</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Replies to Minor Queries</span>:—Robert + Burton's Birthplace—Barlaam and Josaphat—Witte van + Haemstede—The Dutch Church in Norwich—Fest + Sittings—Quaker's Attempt to convert the Pope—The + Anti-Jacobin—Mistletoe—Verbum Græcum—"Après moi le + Déluge"—Eisell—"To-day we purpose"—Modern + Paper—St. Pancras—Joseph Nicolson's + Family—Demosthenes and New Testament—Crossing Rivers on + Skins—Curious Facts in Natural History—Prideaux</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page395">395</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p><span class="sc">Miscellaneous</span>:—</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page398">398</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Books and Odd Volumes wanted</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page399">399</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Notices to Correspondents</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page399">399</a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> + <p>Advertisements</p> + </td> + <td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p><a href="#page399">399</a></p> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Notes.</h2> + +<h3>ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHAUCER, NO. VI.</h3> + + <p>Unless Chaucer had intended to mark with particular exactness the day + of the journey to Canterbury, he would not have taken such unusual + precautions to protect his text from ignorant or careless transcribers. + We find him not only recording the altitudes of the sun, at different + hours, in words; but also corroborating those words by associating them + with physical facts incapable of being perverted or misunderstood.</p> + + <p>Had Chaucer done this in one instance only, we might imagine that it + was but another of those occasions, so frequently seized upon by him, for + the display of a little scientific knowledge; but when he repeats the + very same precautionary expedient again, in the afternoon of the same + day, we begin to perceive that he must have had some fixed purpose; + because, as I shall presently show, it is the repetition alone that + renders the record imperishable.</p> + + <p>But whether Chaucer really devised this method for the express purpose + of preserving his text, or not, it has at least had that + effect,—for while there are scarcely two MSS. extant which agree in + the verbal record of the day and hours, the physical circumstances + remain, and afford at all times independent data for the recovery or + correction of the true reading.</p> + + <p>The day of the month may be deduced from the declination of the sun; + and, to obtain the latter, all the data required are,</p> + + <p>1. The latitude of the place.</p> + + <p>2. Two altitudes of the sun at different sides of noon.</p> + + <p>It is not absolutely necessary to have any previous knowledge of the + hours at which these altitudes were respectively obtained, because these + may be discovered by the trial method of seeking two such hours as shall + most nearly agree in requiring a declination common to both at the known + altitudes. Of course it will greatly simplify the process if we + furthermore know that the observations must have been obtained at some + determinate intervals of time, such, for example, as complete hours.</p> + + <p>Now, in the Prologue to the "Canterbury Tales" we know that the + observations could not have been recorded except at complete hours, + because the construction of the metre will not admit the supposition of + any parts of hours having been expressed.</p> + + <p>We are also satisfied that there can be no mistake in the altitudes, + because nothing can alter the facts, that an equality between the length + of the shadow and the height of the substance can only subsist at an + altitude of 45 degrees; or that an altitude of 29 degrees (more or less) + is the nearest that will give the ratio of 11 to 6 between the shadow and + its gnomon.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 386 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page386"></a>{386}</span></p> + + <p>With these data we proceed to the following comparison:</p> + +<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" summary="Royal letters." title="Royal letters."> +<tr><td class="rightbsing" align="center" colspan="3"><i>Forenoon altitude</i> 45°. </td><td class="leftbsing" align="center" colspan="3"><i>Afternoon altitude</i> 29°. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle" align="right"> Hour. </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> </td><td class="rightbsing"> Declin. </td><td class="leftbsing" align="right"> Hour. </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Declin. </td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle" align="right"> XI </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> <span class="scac">A.M.</span></td><td class="rightbsing"> 8° 9′ N. </td><td class="leftbsing" align="right"> II </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> <span class="scac">P.M.</span> </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 3° 57′ S.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle" align="right"> X </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> " </td><td class="rightbsing"> 13° 27′ " </td><td class="leftbsing" align="right"> III </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> " </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 3° 16′ N.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle" align="right"> IX </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> " </td><td class="rightbsing"> 22° 34′ " </td><td class="leftbsing" align="right"> IV </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> " </td><td class="hspcsingle"> 13° 26′ " </td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle" align="right"> VIII </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> " </td><td class="rightbsing"> Impossible. </td><td class="leftbsing" align="right"> V </td><td class="hspcsingle" align="center"> " </td><td class="hspcsingle"> Impossible.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Here we immediately select "X <span class="scac">A.M.</span>" and "IV + <span class="scac">P.M.</span>" as the only two items at all approaching + to similarity; while, in these the approach is so near that they differ + by only a single minute of a degree!</p> + + <p>More conclusive evidence therefore could scarcely exist that these + were the hours intended to be recorded by Chaucer, and that the sun's + declination, designed by him, was somewhere about thirteen degrees and a + half North.</p> + + <p>Strictly speaking, this declination would more properly apply to the + 17th of April, in Chaucer's time, than to the 18th; but since he does not + profess to critical exactness, and since it is always better to adhere to + written authority, when it is not grossly and obviously corrupt, such + MSS. as name the 18th of April ought to be respected; but Tyrwhitt's + "28th," which he states not only as the result of his own conjecture but + as authorised by the "the best MSS.," ought to be scouted at once.</p> + + <p>In the latest edition of the "Canterbury Tales" (a literal reprint + from one of the Harl. MSS., for the Percy Society, under the supervision + of Mr. Wright), the opening of the Prologue to "The Man of Lawes Tale" + does not materially differ from Tyrwhitt's text, excepting in properly + assigning the day of the journey to "the eightetene day of April;" and + the confirmation of the forenoon altitude is as follows:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"And sawe wel that the schade of every tree</p> + <p>Was in the lengthe the same quantite,</p> + <p>That was the body erecte that caused it."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>But the afternoon observation is thus related:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"By that the Manciple had his tale endid,</p> + <p>The sonne fro the southe line is descendid</p> + <p>So lowe that it nas nought to my sight,</p> + <p>Degrees nyne and twenty as in hight.</p> + <p><i>Ten</i> on the clokke it was as I gesse,</p> + <p>For eleven foote, or litil more or lesse,</p> + <p>My schadow was at thilk time of the yere,</p> + <p>Of which feet as my lengthe parted were,</p> + <p>In sixe feet equal of proporcioun."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In a note to the line "Ten on the clokke" Mr. Wright observes,</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"<i>Ten</i>. I have not ventured to change the reading of the Harl. + MS., which is partly supported by that of the lands. MS., + <i>than</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>If the sole object were to present an exact counterpart of the MS., of + course even its errors were to be respected: but upon no other grounds + can I understand why a reading should be preserved by which broad + sunshine is attributed to ten o'clock at night! Nor can I believe that + the copyist of the MS. with whom the error must have originated would + have set down anything so glaringly absurd, unless he had in his own mind + some means of reconciling it with probability. It may, I believe, be + explained in the circumstance that "ten" and "four," in horary reckoning, + were <i>convertible terms</i>. The old Roman method of naming the hours, + wherein noon was the sixth, was long preserved, especially in conventual + establishments: and I have no doubt that the English idiomatic phrase + "o'clock" originated in the necessity for some distinguishing mark + between hours "of the clock" reckoned from midnight, and hours of the day + reckoned from sunrise, or more frequently from six <span + class="scac">A.M.</span> With such an understanding, it is clear that + <i>ten</i> might be called <i>four</i>, and <i>four ten</i>, and yet the + same identical hour to be referred to; nor is it in the least difficult + to imagine that some monkish transcriber, ignorant perhaps of the meaning + of "o'clock," might fancy he was correcting, rather that corrupting, + Chaucer's text, by changing "foure" into "ten."</p> + + <p>I have, I trust, now shown that all these circumstances related by + Chaucer, so far from being hopelessly incongruous, are, on the contrary, + harmoniously consistent;—that they all tend to prove that the day + of the journey to Canterbury could not have been later than the 18th of + April;—that the times of observation were certainly 10 <span + class="scac">A.M.</span> and 4 <span class="scac">P.M.</span>;—that + the "arke of his artificial day" is to be understood as the horizontal or + azimuthal arch;—and that the "halfe cours in the Ram" alludes to + the completion of the last twelve degrees of that sign, about the end of + the second week in April.</p> + + <p>There yet remains to be examined the signification of those three very + obscure lines which immediately follow the description, already quoted, + of the afternoon observation:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Therewith the Mones exaltacioun</p> + <p>In mena Libra, alway gan ascende</p> + <p>As we were entryng at a townes end."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>It is the more unfortunate that we should not be certain what it was + that Chaucer really did write, inasmuch as he probably intended to + present, in these lines, some means of identifying the year, similar to + those he had previously given with respect to the day.</p> + + <p>When Tyrwhitt, therefore, remarks, "In what year this happened Chaucer + does not inform us"—he was not astronomer enough to know that if + Chaucer had meant to leave, in these lines, a record of the moon's place + on the day of the journey, he could not have chosen a more certain method + of informing us in what year it occurred.</p> + + <p>But as the present illustration has already extended far enough for + the limits of a single number of "<span class="sc">Notes and + Queries</span>," I shall defer the <!-- Page 387 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page387"></a>{387}</span>investigation of this + last and greatest difficulty to my next communication.</p> + + <p class="author">A. E. B.</p> + + <p class="address">Leeds, April 29.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>DUTCH <span class="correction" title="Original reads `FOLK-LORR'.">FOLK-LORE</span>.</h3> + + <p>1. A baby laughing in its dreams is conversing with the angels.</p> + + <p>2. Rocking the cradle when the babe is not in it, is considered + injurious to the infant, and a prognostic of its speedy death.</p> + + <p>3. A strange dog following you is a sign of good luck.</p> + + <p>4. A stork settling on a house is a harbinger of happiness. To kill + such a bird would be sacrilege.</p> + + <p>5. If you see a shooting star, the wish you form before its + disappearance will be fulfilled.</p> + + <p>6. A person born with a caul is considered fortunate.</p> + + <p>7. Four-leaved clover brings luck to the person who finds it + unawares.</p> + + <p>8. An overturned salt-cellar is a ship wrecked. If a person take salt + and spill it on the table, it betokens a strife between him and the + person next to whom it fell. To avert the omen, he must lift up the shed + grains with a knife, and throw them behind his back.</p> + + <p>9. After eating eggs in Holland, you must break the shells, or the + witches would sail over in them to England. The English don't know under + what obligations they are to the Dutch for this custom. Please to tell + them.</p> + + <p>10. If you make a present of a knife or scissors, the person receiving + must pay something for it; otherwise the friendship between you would be + cut off.</p> + + <p>11. A tingling ear denotes there is somebody speaking of you behind + your back. If you hear the noise in the right one, he praises you; if on + the left side, he is calling you a scoundrel, or something like that. + But, never mind! for if, in the latter case, you bite your little finger, + the evil speaker's tongue will be in the same predicament. By all means, + don't spare your little finger!</p> + + <p>12. If, at a dinner, a person yet unmarried be placed inadvertently + between a married couple, be sure he or she will get a partner within the + year. It's a pity it must be inadvertently.</p> + + <p>13. If a person when rising throw down his chair, he is considered + guilty of untruth.</p> + + <p>14. A potato begged or stolen is a preservative against rheumatism. + Chestnuts have the same efficacy.</p> + + <p>15. The Nymphæa, or water-lily, whose broad leaves, and clear white or + yellow cups, float upon the water, was esteemed by the old Frisians to + have a magical power. "I remember, when a boy," says Dr. Halbertsma, + "that we were extremely careful in plucking and handling them; for if any + one fell with such a flower in his possession, he became immediately + subject to fits."</p> + + <p>16. One of my friends cut himself. A manservant being present secured + the knife hastily, anointed it with oil, and putting it into the drawer, + besought the patient not to touch it for some days. Whether the cure was + effected by this sympathetic means, I can't affirm; but cured it was: so, + don't be alarmed.</p> + + <p>17. If you feel on a sudden a shivering sensation in your back, there + is somebody walking over your future grave.</p> + + <p>18. A person speaking by himself will die a violent death.</p> + + <p>19. Don't go under a ladder, for if you do you will be hanged.</p> + + <p class="author">* a ?</p> + + <p class="address">Amsterdam.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Minor Notes.</h2> + + <p><i>Verses in Pope</i>—<i>"Bug" or "Bee."</i>—Pope, in the + <i>Dunciad</i>, speaking of the purloining propensities of Bays, has the + lines:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Next o'er his books his eyes began to roll,</p> + <p>In pleasing memory of all he stole;</p> + <p>How here he sipp'd, how there he plunder'd snug,</p> + <p>And suck'd all o'er, like an industrious bug."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In reading these lines, some time ago, I was forcibly struck with the + incongruity of the terms "sipp'd" and "industrious" as applied to "bug;" + and it occurred to me that Pope may have originally written the passage + with the words "free" and "bee," as the rhymes of the two last lines. My + reasons for this conjecture are these: 1st. Because Pope is known to have + been very fastidious on the score of coarse or vulgar expressions; and + his better judgment would have recoiled from the use of so offensive a + word as "bug." 2ndly. Because, as already stated, the terms "sipp'd" and + "industrious" are inapplicable to a bug. Of the bug it may be said, that + it "sucks" and "plunders;" but it cannot, with any propriety, be + predicated of it, as of the bee, that it "sips" and is "industrious." My + impression is, that when Pope found he was doing too much honour to + Tibbald by comparing him to a bee, he substituted the word "bug" and its + corresponding rhyme, without reflecting that some of the epithets, + already applied to the one, are wholly inapplicable to the other.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Henry H. Breen.</span></p> + + <p class="address">St. Lucia, March, 1851.</p> + + <p><i>Rub-a-dub.</i>—This word is put forward as an instance of how + new words are still formed with a view to similarity of sound with the + sound of what they are intended to express, by Dr. Francis Lieber, in a + "Paper on the Vocal Sounds of Laura Bridgeman compared with the Elements + of Phonetic Language," and its authorship is assigned <!-- Page 388 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page388"></a>{388}</span>to Daniel + Webster, who said in a speech of July 17, 1850:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"They have been beaten incessantly every month, and every day, and + every hour, by the din, and roll, and <i>rub-a-dub</i> of the Abolition + presses."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Dr. L. adds:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"No dictionary in my possession has <i>rub-a-dub</i>; by and by the + lexicographer will admit this, as yet, half-wild word."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>My note is, that though this word be not recognised by the + dictionaries, yet it is by no means so new as Dr. L. supposes; for I + distinctly remember that, some four-and-twenty years ago, one of those + gay-coloured books so common on the shelves of nursery libraries had, + amongst other equally <i>recherché</i> couplets, the following attached + to a gaudy print of a military drum:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Not a <i>rub-a-dub</i> will come</p> + <p>To sound the music of a drum:"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>—no great authority certainly, but sufficient to give the word a + greater antiquity than Dr. L. claims for it; and no doubt some of your + readers will be able to furnish more dignified instances of its use.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Eastwood.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Ecclesfield.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p>[To this it may be added, that <i>Dub-a-dub</i> is found in + Halliwell's <i>Arch. Gloss.</i> with the definition, "To beat a drum; + also, the blow on the drum. 'The dub-a-dub of honour.' Woman is a + weathercock, p. 21., there used metaphorically." Mr. Halliwell might also + have cited the nursery rhyme:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"Sing rub-a-dub-dub,</p> + <p>Three men in a tub."]</p> + </div> + </div> + +</div> + + <p><i>Quotations.</i>—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>1. "In time the savage bull doth bear the yoke."</p> + + <p>Quoted in <i>Much Ado about Nothing</i>, Act I. Sc. 1.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Mr. Knight (Library Edition, ii. 379.) says this line is from + Hieronymo, but gives no reference, and I have not found it. In a sonnet + by Thomas Watson (<span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1560-91) occurs the line + (see Ellis's <i>Specimens</i>)—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"In time the bull is brought to bear the yoke."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Whence did Shakspeare quote the line?</p> + + <p>2. "<i>Nature's mother-wit.</i>" This phrase is found in Dryden's "Ode + to St. Cecilia," and also in Spenser, <i>Faerie Queene</i>, book iv. + canto x. verse 21. Where does it first occur?</p> + + <p>3. "The divine chit-chat of Cowper." Query, Who first designated the + "Task" thus? Charles Lamb uses the phrase as a quotation. (See <i>Final + Memorials of Charles Lamb</i>, i. 72.)</p> + + <p class="author">J. H. C.</p> + + <p class="address">Adelaide, South Australia.</p> + + <p><i>Minnis.</i>—There are (or there were) in East Kent seven + Commons known by the local term "Minnis," viz., 1. Ewell Minnis; 2. River + do.; 3. Cocclescombe do.; 4. Swingfield do.; 5. Worth do.; 6. Stelling + do.; 7. Rhode do. Hasted (<i>History of Kent</i>) says he is at a loss + for the origin of the word, unless it be in the Latin "Mina," a certain + quantity of land, among different nations of different sizes; and he + refers to Spelman's <i>Glossary</i>, verbum "Mina."</p> + + <p>Now the only three with which I am acquainted, River, Ewell, and + Swingfield Minnis, near Dover, are all on high ground; the two former + considerably elevated above their respective villages.</p> + + <p>One would rather look for a Saxon than a Celtic derivation in East + Kent; but many localities, &c. there still retain British or Celtic + names, and eminently so the stream that runs through River and Ewell, the + Dour or Dwr, <i>unde</i>, no doubt, Dover, where it disembogues into the + sea. May we not therefore likewise seek in the same language an + interpretation of this (at least as far as I know) hitherto unexplained + term?</p> + + <p>In Armorican we find "Menez" and "Mene," a mount. In the kindred + dialect, Cornish, "Menhars" means a boundary-stone; "Maenan" (Brit.), + stoney moor; "Mynydh" (Brit.), a mountain, &c.</p> + + <p>As my means of research are very limited, I can only hazard a + conjecture, which it will give me much pleasure to see either refuted or + confirmed by those better informed.</p> + + <p class="author">A. C. M.</p> + + <p><i>Brighton.</i>—It is stated in Lyell's <i>Principles of + Geology</i>, that in the reign of Elizabeth the town of Brighton was + situated on that tract where the Chain Pier now extends into the sea; + that in 1665 twenty-two tenements still remained under the cliffs; that + no traces of the town are perceptible; that the sea has resumed its + ancient position, the site of the old town having been merely a beach + abandoned by the ocean for ages. On referring to the "Attack of the + French on Brighton in 1545," as represented in the engraving in the + <i>Archæologia</i>, April 14, 1831, I find the town standing + <i>apparently</i> just where it is now, with "a felde in the middle," but + with some houses on the beach opposite what is not Pool Valley, on the + east side of which houses the French are landing; the beach end of the + road from Lewes.</p> + + <p class="author">A. C.</p> + + <p><i>Voltaire's "Henriade."</i>—I have somewhere seen an admirable + translation of this poem into English verse. Perhaps you can inform me of + the author's name. The work seems to be scarce, as I recollect having + seen it but once: it was published, I think, about thirty years ago. (See + <i>antè</i>, p. 330.)</p> + + <p>The house in which Voltaire was born, at Chatnaye, about ten miles + from Paris, is now the property of the Comtesse de Boigne, widow of the + General de Boigne, and daughter of the Marquis d'Osmond, who was + ambassador here during the reign of Louis XVIII. The mother of the poet + being on a visit with <i>the then</i> proprietor (whose name I cannot + recollect), was unexpectedly confined. There is a street in the village + called the Rue Voltaire. The Comtesse de Boigne is my <!-- Page 389 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page389"></a>{389}</span>authority for + the fact of the poet's birth having taken place in her house.</p> + + <p class="author">A. J. M.</p> + + <p class="address">Alfred Club.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Queries.</h2> + +<h3>THE BLAKE FAMILY.</h3> + + <p>The renowned Admiral Blake, a native of Bridgewater, and possessed of + property in the neighbourhood, left behind him a numerous family of + brothers, sisters, nephews, and nieces, settled in the county of + Somerset; to wit, his brothers Humphrey, William, George, Nicholas, + Benjamin, and Alexander all survived him, as did also his sisters, Mrs. + Bowdich, of Chard, and Mrs. Smith, of Cheapside, in London. His brother + Samuel, killed in an early part of the Civil War, left two sons, Robert + and Samuel, both of them honourably remembered in the will of their great + uncle. Can any of your readers, acquainted with Somerset genealogies, + give me any information which may enable me to make out the descent of + the present families of Blake, in that county, from this stock?</p> + + <p>There are at least two Blake houses now in existence, who are probably + of the blood of the illustrious admiral; the Blakes of Bishop's Hall, + near Taunton, of which William Blake, Esq., a magistrate for the county, + is the head; and the Blakes of Venue House, Upton, near Wiveliscombe, the + representative of which is Silas Wood Blake, son of Dr. William Blake, a + bencher of the Inner Temple. These families possess many relics of the + admiral—family papers, cabinets, portrait, and even estates; and + that they are of his blood there are other reasons for believing; but, so + far as I know, the line is not clearly traced back. In a funeral sermon + spoken on the death of the grandfather of the present William Blake, + Esq., of Bishop's Hall, I find it stated that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"He was descended from pious and worthy ancestors; a collateral branch + of the family of that virtuous man, great officer, and true patriot, + Admiral Blake. His grandfather, the Rev. Malachi Blake, a Nonconformist + minister, resided at Blogden, four miles from Taunton. This gentleman, by + his pious labours, laid the foundation of the dissenting congregation at + Wellington, in the county of Somerset. After the defeat of the Duke of + Monmouth, to whose cause he had been friendly, he was obliged to flee + from home, and went to London disguised in a lay-dress, with a tye-wig + and a sword."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>This minister had three sons, John, Malachi, and William; and it is + from the last named that the Blakes of Bishop's Hall are descended. But + who was the father of Malachi Blake himself? He was probably a son or + grandson of one of the admiral's brothers—but of which?</p> + + <p>Permit me to add to this Query another remark. I am engaged in writing + a Life of Admiral Blake, and shall be extremely grateful to any of your + correspondents who can and will direct me, either through the medium of + your columns or by private communication, to any new sources of + information respecting his character and career. A meagre pamphlet being + the utmost that has yet been given to the memory of this great man, the + entire story of his life has to be built up from the beginning. Fragments + of papers, scraps of information, however slight, may therefore be of + material value. A date or a name may contain an important clue, and will + be thankfully acknowledged. Of course I do not wish to be referred to + information contained in well-known collections, such as Thurloe, + Rushworth, Whitelock, and the Parliamentary Histories, nor to the + Deptford MSS. in the Tower, the Admiralty papers in the State Paper + Office, or the Ashmole MSS. at Oxford. I am also acquainted, of course, + with several papers in the national collection of MSS. at the British + Museum throwing light on the subject; but while these MSS. remain in + their present state, it would be very rash in any man to say what is + <i>not</i> to be found in them. Should any one, in reading for his own + purposes, stumble on a fact of importance for me in these MSS., I shall + be grateful for a communication; but my appeal is rather made to the + possessors of old family papers. There must, I think, be many + letters—though he was a brief and abrupt correspondent—of the + admiral's still existing in the archives of old Puritan families. These + are the materials of history of which I am most in need.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Hepworth Dixon.</span></p> + + <p class="address">84. St. John's Wood Terrace.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Minor Queries.</h2> + + <p><i>John Holywood the Mathematician.</i>—Is the birthplace of + this distinguished scholar known? Leland, Bale, and Pits assert him to + have been born at Halifax, in Yorkshire; Stanyhurst says, at Holywood, + near Dublin; and according to Dempster and Mackenzie, at Nithsdale, in + Scotland.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p> + + <p><i>Essay on the Irony of Sophocles, &c.</i>—Who is the + author of the <i>Essay on the Irony of Sophocles</i>, which has been + termed the most exquisite piece of criticism in the English language?</p> + + <p>Is it Cicero who says,</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Malo cum Platone errare, quam cum aliis rectè sentire?"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>And who embodied the somewhat contradictory maxim,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas?"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Nemo.</span></p> + + <p><i>Meaning of Mosaic.</i>—What is the exact meaning and + derivation of the word Mosaic as a term in art?</p> + + <p class="author">H. M. A.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 390 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page390"></a>{390}</span></p> + + <p><i>Stanedge Pole.</i>—Can any one inform me in what part of + Yorkshire the antiquarian remains of Stanedge Pole are situated; and + where the description of them is to be found?</p> + + <p class="author">A. N.</p> + + <p><i>Names of the Ferret.</i>—I should be much obliged by any one + of your readers informing me what peculiar names are given to the male + and female ferret? Do they occur any where in any author? as by knowing + how the words are spelt, we may arrive at their etymology.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">T. Lawrence.</span></p> + + <p class="address"><span class="correction" title="Original reads `Ashley-de-la-Zouch'.">Ashby-de-la-Zouch</span>.</p> + + <p><i>Colfabias.</i>—Can any of your learned correspondents furnish + the origin and meaning of this word? It was the name of the <i>privy</i> + attached to the Priory of Holy Trinity in Dublin; and still is to be seen + in old leases of that religious house (now Christ Church Cathedral), + spelled sometimes as above, and other times <i>coolfabioos</i>.</p> + + <p>The present dean and chapter are quite in the dark upon the subject. I + hope you will be able to give us a little light from your general + stock.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">A Ch. Ch. Man.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Dublin.</p> + + <p><i>School of the Heart.</i>—This work consists of short poems + similar in character and merit to Quarles's <i>Emblems</i>, and adorned + with cuts of the same class. I have at hand none but modern editions, and + in these the production is ascribed to Quarles. But Montgomery, in his + <i>Christian Poet</i>, quotes the <i>School of the Heart</i>, without + explanation, as the work of Thomas Harvey, 1647. Can any of your readers + throw light on this matter?</p> + + <p class="author">S. T. D.</p> + + <p><i>Milton and the Calves-head Club.</i>—I quote the following + from <i>The Secret History of the Calves-head Club: or the Republican + Unmasqu'd</i>, 4to., 1703. The author is relating what was told him by "a + certain active Whigg, who, in all other respects, was a man of probity + enough."</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"He further told me that Milton, and some other creatures of the + Commonwealth, had instituted this Club [the Calves-head Club], as he was + inform'd, in opposition to Bp. Juxon, Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, and + other divines of the Church of England, who met privately every 30th of + January; and though it was under the Time of Usurpation, had compil'd a + private Form of Service for the Day, not much different from what we now + find in the Liturgy."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Do any of Milton's biographers mention his connexion with this club? + Does the form of prayer compiled by Juxon, Sanderson, and Hammond + exist?</p> + + <p class="author">K. P. D. E.</p> + + <p><i>David Rizzio's Signature.</i>—Can any reader of "<span + class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>" furnish the applicant with either a + fac-simile or a minute description of the signature and handwriting of + David Rizzio? The application is made in order to the verification of a + most remarkable alleged instance of clairvoyance, recorded at large in a + volume on that and its kindred subjects just published by Dr. Gregory of + Edinburgh.</p> + + <p class="author">F. K.</p> + + <p><i>Lambert Simnel—Was this his real Name?</i>—It occurs to + me that we are not in possession of the real name of Lambert Simnel, the + famous claimant of the crown of England. We are told that he was the son + of a baker; and we learn from Johnson's <i>Dictionary</i> that the word + "simnel" signified a kind of sweet-bread or cake. Now, considering the + uncertainty and mutability of surnames in former times, I am led to + suspect that "Simnel" may have been a nickname first applied to his + father, in allusion to his trade; and I am strengthened in my suspicion + by not finding any such name as "Simnel" in any index of ancient names. + Could any of your correspondents throw light on this question, or tell + whether Lambert left any posterity?</p> + + <p class="author">T.</p> + + <p><i>Honor of Clare, Norfolk.</i>—I have seen a letter, dated + about 1702, in the possession of a gentleman of this town, which alludes + "<i>To His Majesty's Honor of Clare</i>;" and I shall feel obliged if any + of your correspondents can render me any information as to whether there + are any documents relative to this "<i>Honor</i>" in existence: and if + so, where they are to be met with? for I much wish to be informed what + fragments were made from <i>South Green</i> (a part of this town), which + was held of the above mentioned "Honor," and by whom made; and further, + who is the collector of them at this period?</p> + + <p class="author">J. N. C.</p> + + <p><i>Sponge.</i>—When was the sponge of commerce first known in + England?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Thudt.</span></p> + + <p><i>Babington's Conspiracy.</i>—Miss Strickland, in her life of + Queen Elizabeth (<i>Lives of the Queens of England</i>, vol. vii. p. + 33.), after describing the particulars of this plot, adds in a + Note,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"After his condemnation, Babington wrote a piteous letter of + supplication to Elizabeth, imploring her mercy for the sake of his wife + and children."—Rawlinson <i>MSS.</i>, Oxford, vol. 1340. No. 55. f. + 19.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>A copy of a letter to which the description given by Miss Strickland + would apply, has been lately found among some papers originally belonging + to Lord Burleigh; and it would be very desirable to compare it with the + letter said to be in the Rawlinson collection. I have, however, authority + for saying that the reference above quoted is incorrect. I should be very + glad indeed to find whether the letter referred to by Miss Strickland is + printed in any collection, or to trace the authority for the reference + given in the <i>Lives of the Queens</i>. The MS. copies in the British + Museum are known.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">J. Bt.</span></p> + + <p><i>Family of Sir John Banks.</i>—R. H. wishes to be informed how + many children were left by <!-- Page 391 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page391"></a>{391}</span>Sir John Banks, Lord Chief Justice in + Charles I.'s reign: also, whether any one of these settled at Keswick: + and also, whether Mr. John Banks of that place, the philosopher, as he + was called, was really a lineal descendant of Sir John B., as he is + stated to have been by the author of an old work on the Lakes?</p> + + <p class="author">R. C. H. H.</p> + + <p><i>Sewell, Meaning of.</i>—It is usual in some deer-parks in + different parts of England, but more especially, as far as my own + knowledge goes, in Kent, for the keepers, when they wish to drive and + collect the deer to one spot, to lay down for this purpose what they call + <i>sewells</i> (I may be wrong as to the orthography), which are simply + long lines with feathers attached at intervals, somewhat after the + fashion of the tails of kites. These "sewells," when stretched at length + on the ground, the herd of deer will very rarely pass; but on coming up + will check themselves suddenly when in full career, and wheel about. The + same contrivance was in use in Virgil's time for the same purpose, under + the name of <i>formido</i> (<i>Geor.</i> iii. 372.):—"Puniceæve + agitant pavidos formidine pennæ." Can any of your readers help me to the + origin of the modern term <i>sewell</i>?</p> + + <p class="author">H. C. K.</p> + + <p class="address">—— Rectory, Hereford.</p> + + <p><i>Abel represented with Horns.</i>—In one of the windows of + King's College Chapel, the subject of which is the Death of Abel, the + artist has given him a pair of <i>horns</i>. Can any of your readers + explain this?</p> + + <p class="author">C. J. E.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Minor Queries Answered.</h2> + + <p><i>The Fifteen O's.</i>—In the third part of the "Sermon of Good + Works" is this passage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Let us rehearse some other kinds of papistical superstitions and + abuses; as of beads, of lady psalters and rosaries, <i>of fifteen + oos</i>, of St. Barnard's verses, of St. Agathe's letters, of purgatory, + of masses satisfactory, of stations and jubilees, of feigned relics, of + hallowed beads, bells, bread, water, palms, candles, fire, and such + other; of superstitious fastings, of fraternities, of pardons, with such + like merchandise, which were so esteemed and abused to the prejudice of + God's glory and commandments, that they were made most high and most holy + things, whereby to attain to the eternal life, or remission of sin."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>I cite the above from the Parker Society's edition of Archbishop + Cranmer's <i>Miscellaneous Writings and Letters</i>, p. 148. It occurs + also in Professor Corrie's edition of the <i>Homilies</i>, p. 58. I shall + be glad to be informed what is meant by the "fifteen Oo's," or "fifteen + O's" (for so they are spelt in the above edition of the + <i>Homilies</i>).</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. H. Cooper</span></p> + + <p class="address">Cambridge, April 14. 1851.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p>[The fifteen O's are fifteen prayers commencing with the letter O, and + will be found in <i>Horæ Beatissime Virginis Marie, secundum usum + ecclesiæ Sarum</i>, p. 201. edit. 1527.]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Meaning of Pightle.</i>—As I dare say you number some Suffolk + men among your readers, would any of them kindly inform me the meaning + and derivation of the word "pightle," which is always applied to a field + adjoining the farm-houses in Suffolk?</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Philo-Stevens.</span></p> + +<div class="note"> + <p>[Phillips, in his <i>New World of Words</i>, has "<span + class="sc">Pigle</span> or <span class="sc">Pightel</span>, a small + Parcel of Land enclosed with a Hedge, which in some Parts of England is + commonly call'd a Pingle."]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Inscription on a Guinea of George III.</i>—Round the reverse + of a guinea of George III., 1793, are the following + initials:—"<span class="sc">M. B. F. ET H. REX—F. D. B. ET L. + D. S. R. I. A. T. ET E.</span>" The earlier letters are sufficiently + intelligible; but I should be glad to learn the meaning of the whole + inscription.</p> + + <p class="author">J. H. C.</p> + + <p class="address">Adelaide, South Australia.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p>[Of the Faith Defender, of Brunswick and Lunenburg Duke, of the Holy + Roman Empire Arch-Treasurer and Elector.]</p> + +</div> + + <p><i>Meaning of Crambo.</i>—Sir Thomas Browne (<i>Religio + Medici</i>, part ii. § 15. ed. 1678) says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"I conclude, therefore, and say, there is no happiness under (or, as + Copernicus will have it, above) the sun, nor any Crambo in that repeated + verity and burthen of all the wisdom of <i>Solomon</i>, <i>All is vanity + and vexation of spirit</i>."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Query, What is the meaning of <span class="correction" title="Original reads `crambe'." + ><i>crambo</i></span> here, and is it to be met with elsewhere with a + similar meaning?</p> + + <p class="author">J. H. C.</p> + + <p class="address">Adelaide, South Australia.</p> + +<div class="note"> + <p>[The words "nor any Crambo" mean that the sentiment expressed by + Solomon is a truth which cannot be too often repeated. Crabbe says, + "<i>Crambo</i> is a play, in rhyming, in which he that repeats a word + that was said before forfeits something." In all the MSS. and editions of + the <i>Religio Medici</i>, 1642, the words "nor any Crambo," are wanting. + See note on the passage in the edition edited by Simon Wilkin, + F.L.S.]</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Replies.</h2> + +<h3>JOHN TRADESCANT PROBABLY AN ENGLISHMAN, +AND HIS VOYAGE TO RUSSIA IN 1618.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. iii., pp. 119. 286. 353.)</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Dr. Rimbault</span> justly observes that "the history + of the Tradescants is involved in considerable obscurity." He does not, + however, seem to have been aware that some light has been thrown on that + of the elder John Tradescant by the researches of Dr. Hamel, in his + interesting Memoir published in the <i>Transactions of the Imperial + Academy of St. Petersburg in 1847</i>, with the following + title:—"Tradescant der Æltere 1618 in Russland. Der <!-- Page 392 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page392"></a>{392}</span>Handelsverkehr + zwischen England und Russland in seiner Entstehung," &c.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Dr. Rimbault's</span> note contains a good epitome of + the most obvious English notices respecting the Tradescants; but while + correcting the errors of others, he has himself fallen into one important + mistake, in stating that "Old John Tradescant died in 1652;" for that is + the date of the death of his grandson, John, who died young. Old John + died in 1638, leaving a son, also named John, who was born in 1608, and + died in 1662, having survived his only son ten years; and, having no heir + to his treasures, he had previously conveyed them, by deed of gift, to + Elias Ashmole, who seems to have contrived to make himself agreeable to + him by his pursuits as a virtuoso, and by his alchemical and astrological + fancies. When Dr. Hamel was in England, I had the pleasure of indicating + to him the site of "Tradescant's Ark" in South Lambeth. It was situate on + the east side of the road leading from Vauxhall to Stockwell, nearly + opposite to what was formerly called Spring Lane. Ashmole built a large + brick house near that which had been Tradescant's, out of the back of + part of which he made offices. The front part of it became the habitation + of the well-known antiquary, Dr. Ducarel. It still remains as two + dwellings; the one, known as "Turret House," is occupied by John Miles + Thorn, Esq., and the other, called "Stamford House," is the dwelling of + J. A. Fulton, Esq.</p> + + <p>In his indefatigable researches to elucidate the early intercourse + between England and Russia, Dr. Hamel's attention was accidentally called + to the Tradescants and their Museum; and the following passage in + Parkinson's <i>Paradisus Terrestris</i>, p. 345. (Art. "Neesewort," then + called <i>Elleborus albus</i>), led to the discovery of a relation of Old + John's voyage to Russia:—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"This (says Parkinson) grows in many places in Germany, and likewise + in certain places in Russia, in such abundance, that, according to the + relation of that worthy, curious, and diligent searcher and preserver of + all nature's rarities and varieties, my very good friend John + Tradescante, of whom I have many times before spoken, a moderately large + ship (as he says) might be laden with the roots thereof, which he there + saw on a certain island."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The same notice, in other words, also occurs in Parkinson's + <i>Theatrum</i>, p. 218.</p> + + <p>In searching among the MSS. in the Ashmolean Museum, Dr. Hamel bore + this passage in memory, and one MS., thus described in Mr. Black's + excellent catalogue, No. 824., xvi., contained confirmatory matter:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + +<p class="cenhead">"A Voiag of Ambassad undertaken by the Right +Honnorabl S<sup>r</sup> Dudlie Diggs, in the year 1618."</p> + + <p>"This curious narrative of the voyage round the North Cape to + Archangel, begins with a list of the chief persons employed in the + embassy, and contains observations of the weather, and on the commercial, + agricultural, and domestic state of Russia at that time. It is written in + a rude hand, and by a person unskilled in composition. The last half page + contains some chronological notes and other stuff, perhaps written by the + same hand."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Thus far Mr. Black. The full title of the MS. is,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A Viag of Ambassad undertaken by the Right Honnorabl S<sup>r</sup> + Dudlie Diggs in the year 1618, being atended on withe 6 Gentillmen, + whiche beare the nam of the king's Gentillmen, whose names be heere + notted. On M. Nowell, brother to the Lord Nowell, M. Thomas Finche, M. + Woodward, M. Cooke, M. Fante, and M. Henry Wyeld, withe every on of them + ther man. Other folloers, on Brigges, Interpreter, M. Jams, an Oxford + man, his Chaplin, on M. Leake his Secretary, withe 3 Scots; on Captain + Gilbert and his Son, withe on Car, also M. Mathew De Quester's Son, of + Filpot Lane, in London, the rest his own retenant, some 13 <i>whearof</i> + (<i>Note on Jonne an Coplie wustersher men</i>) M. Swanli of Limhouse, + master of the good Ship called the Dianna of Newcastell, M. Nelson, part + owner of Newe Castell."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Dr. Hamel says:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"What the words in Italics may signify is not quite clear, but that + 'on Jonne' must relate to Tradescante himself. Perhaps this passage may + lead to the discovery that Tradescant did not, as it has been + conjectured, come from Holland, but that he was a native of + Worcestershire. The name Tradescant might be an assumed one (it was also + written <i>Tradeskin</i>, which might be interpreted + <i>Fellmonger</i>)."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>From documents in the archives at Moscow, Dr. Hamel recovered the + Christian names, and a list of Sir Dudley Digges' attendants in this + voyage, which corresponds with that in the MS., thus:—<i>Arthur</i> + Nowell, <i>Thomas</i> Woodward, <i>Adam</i> Cooke, <i>Joseph</i> Fante, + <i>Thomas</i> Leake, <i>Richard</i> James, <i>George</i> Brigges, + <i>Jessy</i> De Quester, <i>Adam</i> Jones, <i>Thomas</i> Wakefield, + <i>John</i> Adams, <i>Thomas</i> Crisp, <i>Leonard</i> Hugh, and <span + class="sc">John Coplie</span>. This last must therefore have designated + <i>John Tradescant</i> himself, who was certainly there.</p> + + <p>Sir Dudley Digges, to whom Tradescant seems to have attached himself + in order to obtain knowledge of the plants and other natural curiosities + of Russia, was sent by King James I. to the Czar Michael Fedorowitsch, + who had in the previous year despatched an embassy to the king, + principally to negotiate for a loan. This ambassador, Wolünsky, returned + at the same time, in another vessel accompanying that of Sir Dudley.</p> + + <p>Dr. Hamel in his memoir has given considerable extracts from the MS. + narrative of the voyage, which show that Tradescant was an accurate + observer not only of objects connected with his studies of phytology and + natural history, but of other matters. Parkinson has justly styled him "a + painful industrious searcher and lover of all natural varieties;" and + elsewhere says: "My very <!-- Page 393 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page393"></a>{393}</span>good friend, John Tradescantes, has + wonderfully laboured to obtain all the rarest fruits hee can heare of in + any place of Christendome, Turky, yea, or the whole world." The passages + in the journal of his voyage, which prove it to be indubitably his, are + numerous, but the one which first struck Dr. Hamel was sufficient; for in + following the narrator on the Dwina, and the islands there, and, among + others, to Rose Island, he found this note, "Helebros albus, enoug to + load a ship." There are, however, others confirmatory beyond a doubt. + Parkinson, in his <i>Paradisus Terrestris</i>, p. 528., has the following + passage:—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"There is another (strawberry) very like unto this (the Virginia + strawberry, which carrieth the greatest leafe of any other except the + Bohemian), that John Tradescante brought with him from Brussels (l. + Russia) long ago, and in seven years could never see one berry ripe on + all sides, but still the better part rotten, although it would flower + abundantly every yeare, and beare very large leaves."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Tradescant mentions that he also saw strawberries to be sold in + Russia, but could never get of the plants, though he saw the berries + three times at Sir D. Digges's table; but as they were in nothing + differing from ours, but only less, he did not much seek after them. It + is most probable that he brought seed, as he did of another berry, of + which he sent part, he tells us, to his correspondent Vespasian Robin at + Paris.</p> + + <p>Of a man to whom the merit is due of having founded the earliest + Museum of Natural History and Rarities of Art in England, and who + possessed one of the first, and at the same the best, Botanic Garden, + every little particular must be interesting, and it would be pleasing to + find that he was an Englishman, and not a foreigner. The only ground for + the latter supposition is, I believe, the assertion of Anthony à Wood, + that he was a Fleming or a Dutchman. The name Tradescant is, however, + neither Flemish nor Dutch, and seems to me much more like an assumed + English pseudonyme. That he was neither a Dutchman nor a Fleming will, I + think, be obvious from the following passage in the narration of his + travels:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Also, I haue been tould that theare growethe in the land bothe + tulipes and narsisus. By a Brabander I was tould it, thoug by his name I + should rather think him a Holander. His name is Jonson, and hathe a house + at Archangell. He may be eyther, for he [is] always drūke once in a + day."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Now, had Tradescant himself been a Fleming or a Dutchman, he would at + least have been able to speak decisively on this occasion; to say nothing + of the vice of intemperance which he attributes to the natives of those + countries. Again, it is quite clear that this journal of travels was + written by Tradescant; yet that name does not appear either in the MS. or + in the Russian archives: but we have <i>John Coplie</i> in both, with the + indication in the MS. that he was <i>a Worcestershire man</i>. Let us + therefore, on these grounds, place him in the list of English worthies to + whom we owe a debt of gratitude. But supposing <i>Tradescant</i> to have + been his real name, it is quite evident that he travelled under the name + of <i>John Coplie</i>; and it is perhaps vain to speculate upon the + reasons for the assumption of a pseudonyme either way.</p> + + <p>Dr. Richard James, who accompanied Sir Dudley Digges as chaplain, + appears, from Turner's account of his MSS., which are deposited in the + Bodleian, to have left behind him a MS. account of his travels in Russia, + in five sheets; but his MS. seems to have been lost or mislaid in that + vast emporium, or we might have some confirmation from it respecting + Tradescant.</p> + + <p>South Lambeth was in former times one of the most agreeable and + salubrious spots in the vicinity of London, and at the time when + Tradescant first planted his garden he must have had another worthy and + distinguished man for a neighbour, Sir Noel Caron, who was resident + ambassador here from the States of Holland for twenty-eight years. His + estate contained 122 acres; he was a benefactor to the poor of his + vicinity by charitable actions, some of which remain as permanent + monuments of his benevolence, in the shape of almshouses, situate in the + Wandsworth Road. The site of Caron House is now possessed by Henry + Beaufoy, Esq., who has worthily emulated the deeds of his predecessor by + acts of munificent benevolence, which must be fraught with incalculable + good for ages yet to come. Mr. Beaufoy has, among his literary treasures, + a very interesting collection of letters in MS., written in French, by + Sir Noel Caron to Constantine Huyghens, I think, which contain many + curious illustrations of the events of that period.</p> + + <p>Let us hope that time may bring to light further and more complete + materials for the biography of these Lambethan worthies, who have + deserved to live in our memories as benefactors to mankind.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">S. W. Singer.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Manor Place, So. Lambeth, May 5. 1851.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>THE FAMILY OF THE TRADESCANTS.</h3> + + <p>In Chambers's <i>Edinburgh Journal</i>, No. 359., New Series, may be + found an account of this family, written by myself; I hope to be excused + when I say that it is the most accurate hitherto published. It gave me + great pleasure to find that so distinguished an antiquary as <span + class="sc">Dr. Rimbault</span> mainly corroborates the article alluded + to; but I regret that I feel bound to notice a serious error into which + that gentleman has fallen. <span class="sc">Dr. R.</span> states that + "Old John Tradescant died in the year 1652;" and in another place he + states that— <!-- Page 394 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page394"></a>{394}</span></p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"It was not the <i>youngest</i> John Tradescant that died in 1652, but + the <i>oldest</i>, the <i>grandfather</i>, the first of that name that + settled in England."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The conflicting accounts and confusion in the history of the + Tradescants, have no doubt arisen from the three, "grandsire, father, and + son," having been all named John; consequently, for the sake of + perspicuity, I shall adopt the plan of our worthy editor, and designate + the Tradescant who first settled in England, No. 1.; his son, who + published the <i>Musæum Tradescantianum</i>, No. 2.; and the son of the + latter, who "died in his spring," No. 3. Now, to prove that it was the + youngest of the Tradescants, No. 3., who died in 1652, we have only to + refer to the preface of the <i>Musæum Tradescantianum</i>, which was + published in 1656. There we find that Tradescant No. 2. says + that—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"About three years agoe (by the perswasion of some friends) I was + resolved to take a catalogue of those rarities and curiosities, which my + father had sedulously collected, and myself with continued diligence have + augmented and hitherto preserved together."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>He then proceeds to account for the delay in the publication of the + work in these words:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Presently thereupon my <i>onely son</i> died, one of my friends fell + sick," &c.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Again, in Ashmole's <i>Diary</i> we find the following entry:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"<i>Sept.</i> 11th, 1652. Young John Tredescant died."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>And, further on, Ashmole states that</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"He was buried by his grandfather, in Lambeth Churchyard."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>The word <i>by</i>, in the quotation, meaning, <i>by the side of</i>, + <i>close by</i> his grandfather. The burial register of Lambeth parish + gives the date of the interment, Sept. 16, 1652. Ashmole's <i>Diary</i>, + as quoted by <span class="sc">Dr. Rimbault</span>, and the burial + register also, give the date of the death of Tradescant No. 2., who + survived his son ten years: the family then became extinct.</p> + + <p>Ashmole, who became acquainted with the Tradescants in 1650, never + mentions the grandfather (No. 1.), nor is his name to be found in the + burial registry; and consequently the date of his death, as far as I have + read, has always been set down as uncertain. There are other parish + records, however, than burial registers; and I was well repaid for my + search by finding, in the Churchwardens' Accounts of St. Mary's, Lambeth, + the following entries:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"1634. June 1. Received for burial of Jane, wife of John Tradeskin, + 12<i>s.</i>"</p> + + <p>"1637-8. Item. John Tradeskin; ye gret bell and black cloth, + 5<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>This last entry, in all probability, marks the date of the death of + the first Tradescant. Assuming that it does, and as the engraving by + Hollar represents him as far advanced in years, his age did not exclude + him from having been in the service of Queen Elizabeth, so much so as it + would if he had died in 1652. I read the line on the + tombstone,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Both gardeners to the Rose and Lily Queen"—</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>as signifying that one of the Tradescants had been gardener to + Elizabeth, the Rose Queen, and the other to Henrietta, the Lily Queen. + However, as that is little more than a matter of opinion, not of + historical fact, it need not be further alluded to at present.</p> + + <p>I am happy to say, that I have every reason to believe that I am on + the trace of new, curious, and indisputably authentic information + respecting the Tradescants. If successful, and if the editor will spare + me a corner, I shall be proud to communicate it to the readers of "<span + class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>."</p> + + <p>Tradescant's house, and the house adjoining, where Ashmole lived, + previous to his taking possession of Tradescant's house, after Mrs. + Tradescant's death (see Ashmole's <i>Diary</i>), are still standing, + though they have undergone many alterations. Even there, the name of + Tradescant seems forgotten: the venerable building is only known by a + <i>nick-name</i>, derived most probably from its antique chimneys. I had + many weary pilgrimages before I discovered the identical edifice. I have + not seen the interior, but am aware that there are some traces of Ashmole + in the house, but none whatever of Tradescant in either house or garden. + I had a conversation with the gardener of the gentleman who now occupies + it: he appeared to have an indistinct idea that an adept in his own + profession had once lived there, for he observed that, "If old + What's-his-name were alive now, the potato disease could soon be cured." + Oh! what we antiquaries meet with! He further gave me to understand that + "<i>furriners</i> sometimes came there wishing to see the place, but that + I was the only Englishman, that he recollected, who expressed any + curiosity about it."</p> + + <p>The <i>restorers</i> of the tomb of the Tradescants merely took away + the old leger stone, on which were cut the words quoted by A. W. H. (Vol. + iii., p. 207.), and replaced it by a new stone bearing the lines quoted + by <span class="sc">Dr. Rimbault</span>, which were not on the original + stone (see Aubrey's <i>Surrey</i>), and the words—</p> + +<p class="cenhead">"Erected 1662.<br /> +Repaired by Subscription, 1773."</p> + + <p>But although the name of the childless, persecuted widow, Hester + Tradescant, is not now on the tomb which she piously erected to the + memories of her husband and son; still, on the west end of it, can be + traced the form of a hydra tearing a human skull—fit emblem of the + foul and vulture-like rapacity of Elias Ashmole.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">William Pinkerton.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Dalmeny Cottage, Ham, Surrey.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 395 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page395"></a>{395}</span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>POPE JOAN.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Vol. iii., p. 265.)</p> + + <p>In reply to your correspondent <span class="sc">Nemo's</span> Query, + whether any such personage as Pope Joan ever held the keys of St. Peter, + and wore the tiara? and if so, at what period, and for what time, and + what is known of her personal history? I would remark that the story runs + thus: that between the pontificates of Leo IV., who died in the year 855, + and of Benedict III., who died in 858, a female of the name of Joan found + means to cause herself to be elected Pope, which post she held for a term + of upwards of two years, under the title of Joannes VII., according to + Sabellicus, or, according to Platina, of Joannes VIII. She is generally + said to have been an Englishwoman, the daughter of a priest, who in her + youth became acquainted with an English monk belonging to the Abbey of + Fulda, with whom she travelled, habited as a man, to many universities, + but finally settled at Athens, where she remained until the death of her + companion, and attained to a great proficiency in the learning common to + the time. After this she proceeded to Rome, and having by the talent she + displayed in several disputes obtained the reputation of a learned + divine, was, on the death of Leo IV., elected to fill the pontifical + chair. This position she held for upwards of two years, but soon after + the expiration of that time was delivered of a child (but died during + parturition), while proceeding in a procession between the Coliseum and + the Church of St. Clemente.</p> + + <p>The first mention of this story appears to have been made by Marianus + Scotus, who compiled a chronicle at Mayence, about two hundred years + after the event is said to have occurred, viz. about 1083. He was + followed by Sigebert de Gemblours, who wrote about 1112; and also by + Martino di Cistello, or Polonus, who wrote about 1277; since when the + story has been repeated by numberless authors, all of whom have, more or + less, made some absurd additions.</p> + + <p>After the satisfactory proofs of the fictitious character of the + story, which have been produced by the most eminent writers, both + Catholic and Protestant, it may appear a work of supererogation to add + anything on the point; yet it may perhaps be permitted to observe, that + in the most ancient and esteemed manuscripts of the works of the authors + above quoted, no mention whatever is made of the Papissa Giovanna, and + its introduction must therefore have been the work of some later + copyist.</p> + + <p>The contemporary writers, moreover, some of whom were ocular witnesses + of the elections both of Leo IV. and Benedict III., make no mention + whatever of the circumstance; and it is well known that at Athens, where + she is stated to have studied, no such school as the one alluded to + existed in the ninth century.</p> + + <p>The fact will not, I think, be denied that it was the practice of the + chroniclers of the early ages to note down the greater portion of what + they heard, without examining critically as to the credibility of the + report; and the mention of a fact once made, was amply sufficient for all + succeeding authors to copy the statement, and make such additions thereto + as best suited their respective fancies, without making any examination + as to the truth or probability of the original statement. And this + appears to have been the case with the point in question: Marianus Scotus + first stated, or rather some later copyist stated for him, the fact of a + female Pope; and subsequent writers added, at a later period, the + additional facts which now render the tale so evidently an invention.</p> + + <p class="author">R. R. M.</p> + + <p><i>Pope Joan</i> (Vol. iii., p. 265.).—You have referred to Sir + Thomas Browne, and might have added the opinion of his able editor + (<i>Works</i>, iii. 360.), who says, "Her very existence itself seems now + to be universally rejected by the best authorities as a fabrication from + beginning to end." On the other hand, old Coryat, in his <i>Crudities</i> + (vol. ii. p. 443.), has the boldness to speak with "certainty of her + birth at a particular place,—viz. at Mentz." Mosheim tells us (vol. + ii. p. 300.) that during the five centuries succeeding 855, "the event + was generally believed." He quotes some distinguished names, as well + among those who maintained the truth of the story as amongst those who + rejected it as a fable. Bayle may be included amongst the latter, who, in + the third volume of his Dictionary (Article <span + class="sc">Papesse</span>), has gone deeply into the question. Mosheim + himself seems to leave it where Sir Roger de Coverley would have + done,—"much may be said on both sides."</p> + + <p class="author">J. H. M.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Replies to Minor Queries</h2> + + <p><i>Robert Burton, his Birth-place</i> (Vol. iii., pp. 106. + 157.).—A friend who has just been reading the <i>Anatomy of + Melancholy</i>, has referred me to the following passage, which seems to + give conclusive testimony respecting the birth-place of + Burton:—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Such high places are infinite ... and two amongst the rest, which I + may not omit for vicinities sake, Oldbury in the confines of + Warwickshire, where I have often looked about me with great delight, at + the foot of which hill I was born; and Hanbury in Staffordshire, + contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, and an ancient + patrimony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder + brother, William Burton, Esquire." [Note on words "<i>I was born.</i>" At + Lindley in Lecestershire, the possession and dwelling place of Ralph + Burton, Esquire, my late <!-- Page 396 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page396"></a>{396}</span>deceased father.]—<i>Anatomy of + Melancholy</i>, Part ii. Sec 2. Mem. 3. ad fin.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>I knew of the following, but as it merely mentions Lindley as the + <i>residence</i> of the family, it would not have answered <span + class="sc">Dr. Rimbault's</span> Query.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Being in the country in the vacation time, not many years since, at + Lindly in Lecestershire, my father's house," &c.—<i>Ibid.</i> + Part ii. Sec. 5. Mem. 1. subs. 5.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">C. Forbes.</span></p> + + <p><i>Barlaam and Josaphat</i> (Vol. iii., pp. 135. 278.).—I do not + know of any English translation of this work. If any Middle Age version + exists, it should be published immediately. A new and excellent + <i>German</i> one (by Felix Liebrecht, Münster, 1847) has lately + appeared, written, however, for Romish purposes, as much as from + admiration of the work itself. It would be well if some member of our own + pure branch of the Church Catholic would turn his attention to this noble + work, and give us a faithful but fresh and easy translation, with a + literary introduction descriptive of all the known versions, &c.; and + a chapter on the meaning and limits of the asceticism preached in the + original. In this case, and if published <i>cheap</i>, as it ought to be, + it would be a golden present for our youth, and would soon become once + more a <i>folk-book</i>. The beautiful free <i>Old Norwegian</i> version + (written by King Hákon Sverresson, about <span class="scac">A.D.</span> + 1200) mentioned in my last has now been published in Christiania, edited + by the well-known scholars R. Keyser and C. R. Unger, and illustrated by + an introduction, notes, glossary, fac-simile, &c. (<i>Barlaams ok + Josaphats Saga.</i> 8vo. Christiania, 1851.) The editors re-adopt the + formerly received opinion, that the Greek original (now printed in + Boissonade's <i>Anecdota Græca</i>, vol. iv.) is not older than the + eighth century, and was composed by Johannes Damascenus. But this must be + decided by future criticism.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">George Stephens.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Stockholm.</p> + + <p><i>Witte van Haemstede</i> (Vol. iii., p. 209).—It may be of use + to the editors of the "<span class="sc">Navorscher</span>" to know that + <i>Adrianus Hamstedius</i> became pastor of the Dutch church in Austin + Friars, London, in the year 1559. He succeeded Walterus Delaenus, and + resigned his office, one year after his appointment, in favour of Petrus + Delaenus, probably a son of the before-named Walterus.</p> + + <p>I cannot answer the question as to whether there still exist any + descendants of <i>Witte van Haemstede</i>; but as late as 1740, + <i>Hendrik van Haemstede</i> was appointed pastor to the Dutch + congregation in London. He held the office until the year 1751, when + Henricus Putman succeeded him.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p> + + <p><i>The Dutch Church in Norwich</i> (Vol. iii., p. 209.).—The + editors of the "<span class="sc">Navorscher</span>" will find the early + history of this church in Strype's <i>Annals of the Reformation</i>; + Blomefield's <i>History of Norwich</i>; and in Burn's <i>History of the + Foreign Refugees</i>. Dr. Hendrik Gehle, the pastor of the Dutch church + in Austin Friars, who is also the occasional minister of the Dutch church + at Norwich, would be the most likely person to furnish information as to + its present state.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Edward F. Rimbault.</span></p> + + <p><i>Fest Sittings</i> (Vol. iii., p. 328.).—<i>Festing</i> is, I + presume, without doubt, a Saxon word. A "Festing-man," among the Saxons, + was a person who stood as a surety or pledge for another. "Festing-penny" + was the money given as an earnest or token to servants when hired.</p> + + <p>In the word <i>sittings</i> there <i>might</i> be some reference to + the <i>statute-sessions</i>, which were courts or tribunals designed for + the settlement of disputes between masters and servants.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. Vincent.</span></p> + + <p><i>Quakers' Attempt to convert the Pope</i> (Vol. iii., p. + 302.).—I beg to refer B. S. S. to the <i>Correspondance inédite de + Mabíllon et de Montfaucon avec l'Italie</i> ... edited by M. Valéry, + Paris, 1846, vol. ii. p. 112. In a letter from the Benedictine Claude + Estiennot to Dom. Bulteau, dated Rome, September 30, 1687, he will + read:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Ce qu'on a dit ici des quakers d'Angleterre n'est ni tout-à-fait vrai + ni tout-à-fait faux. Il est certain qu'il en est venu <i>un</i> qui a + fort pressé pour avoir une audience de Sa Sainteté et se promettait de le + pouvoir convertir à sa religion; ou l'a voulu mettre an + <b>Passarelli</b>; monseigneur le Cardinal Howard l'a fait enfermer au + couvent de saint-Jean et Paul et le fera sauver sans bruit pour l'honneur + de la nation."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">C. P. Ph****.</span></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>The Anti-Jacobin</i> (Vol. iii., p. 348.).—As you have so + many articles in the <i>Anti-Jacobin</i> owned, I may mention that No. + 14, was written by Mr. Bragge, afterwards Bathurst.</p> + + <p>When I was at Oxford, 1807 or 1808, it was supposed that the simile in + <i>New Morality</i>, "So thine own Oak," was written by Mr. Pitt.</p> + + <p class="author">C. B.</p> + + <p><i>Mistletoe</i> (Vol. iii., p. 192.).—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"In a paper of Tho. Willisel's he names these following trees on which + he found misseltoe growing, viz. oak, ash, lime-tree, elm, hazel, willow, + white beam, purging thorn, quicken-tree, apple-tree, crab-tree, + white-thorn." Vide p. 351. <i>Philosophical Letters between the late + learned Mr. Ray and several of his Ingenious Correspondents, &c.</i>: + Lond. 1718, 8vo.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">R. Wilbraham Falconer, M.D.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Bath.</p> + + <p><i>Verbum Græcum.</i>—The lines in Vol. i., p. 415., where this + word occurs, are in a doggrel journal of his American travels, written by + Moore, and published in his <i>Epistles, Odes, and other Poems</i>. They + are introduced apropos to the cacophony of the names of the places which + he visited.</p> + + <p class="author">D. X.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 397 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page397"></a>{397}</span></p> + + <p>"<i>Après moi le Déluge</i>" (Vol. iii, p. 299.).—This sentiment + is to be found in verse of a Greek tragedian, cited in Sueton. + <i>Nero</i>, c. 38.:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<span title="Emou thanontos gaia michthêtô puri." class="grk">Ἐμοῦ θανόντος γαῖα μιχθήτω πυρί.</span>"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Suetonius says that some one, at a convivial party, having quoted this + line, Nero outdid him by adding, <i>Immo</i> <span title="emou zôntos" class="grk" + >ἐμοῦ + ζῶντος</span>. Nero was not contented + that the conflagration of the world should occur after his death; he + wished that it should take place during his lifetime.</p> + + <p>Dio Cassius (lviii. 23.) attributes this verse, not to Nero, but to + Tiberius, who, he says, used frequently to repeat it. See Prov. (app. ii. + 56.), where other allusions to this verse are cited in the note of + Leutsch.</p> + + <p class="author">L.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>[We are indebted for a similar reply to C. B., who quotes the line + from Euripides, <i>Fragm. Inc.</i> B. xxvii.]</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>"<i>Après moi</i>," or "<i>après nous le Déluge</i>" sounds like a + modernisation of the ancient verse,—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="hg3">"<span title="Emou thanontos gaia michthêtô puri," class="grk">Ἐμοῦ θανόντος γαῖα μιχθήτω πυρί,</span>"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>the use of which has been imputed to the emperor Nero. The spirit of + Madame de Pompadour's saying breathes the same selfish levity; and it + amounts to the same thing. But it merits remark that the words of + Metternich were of an entirely distinct signification. They did not imply + that he <i>cared</i> only for himself and the affairs of his own life; + but that he anticipated the inability of future ministers to avert + revolution, and <i>foreboded</i> the worst. Two persons may use the same + words, and yet their sayings be as different as the first line of Homer + from the first of Virgil. The omission of the French verb disguises the + fact, that the one was said in the optative, and the other in the future + indicative.</p> + + <p class="author">A. N.</p> + + <p><i>Eisell</i>, the meaning of which has been much discussed in the + pages of "<span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span>," is a word which + seems to have been once the common term for vinegar. The <i>Festival</i> + in the sermon for St. Michael's day employs this term thus:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"And other angellis with hī (St. Michael) shall brynge al the + Instrumētis of our lordis passyon, the crosse; the crowne; spere; + nayles; hamer; sponge; <i>eyseel</i>; gall, scourges <span + class="over">t</span> all other thynges y<sup>t</sup> wē atte + cristis passyon."—Rouen, <span class="scac">A.D.</span> 1499, + <i>fo.</i> cl. <i>b</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">D. Rock.</span></p> + + <p>"<i>To-day we purpose</i>" (Vol. iii., p. 302).—The verse for + which your correspondent G. N. inquires, is taken from <i>Isabella, or + the Pot of Basil</i>, an exquisitely beautiful poem by Keats, founded on + one of Boccaccio's tales.</p> + + <p class="author">E. J. M.</p> + + <p><i>Modern Paper</i> (Vol. iii., p. 181.).—Cordially do I agree + with every word of your correspondent <span class="sc">Laudator Temporis + Acti</span>, and especially as to the prayer-books for churches and + chapels, printed by the Universities. <i>Experto crede</i>, no solicitude + can preserve their "flimsy, brittle, and cottony" leaves, as he justly + entitles them, from rapid destruction. Might not the delegates of the + University presses be persuaded to give us an edition with the morning + and evening services printed on vellum, instead of the miserable fabric + they now afford us?</p> + + <p class="author">C. W. B.</p> + + <p><i>St. Pancras</i> (Vol. iii., p. 285.).—In Breviar. Rom. sub + die XII Maii, is the following brief notice of this youthful saint, whose + martyrdom was also commemorated (Sir H. Nicolas' <i>Chron. of Hist.</i>) + on April 3 and July 21:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Pancratius, in Phrygia nobili genere natus, puer quatordecim annorum + Roman venit Diocletiano et Maximiano Imperatoribus: ubi à Pontifice + Romano baptizatus, et in fide christiana eruditus, ob eamdem paulò post + comprehensus, cùm diis sacrificare constanter renuisset, virili + fortitudine datis cervicibus, illustrem martyrii coronam consecutus est; + cujus corpus Octavilla matrona noctu sustulit, et unguentis delibutum via + Aurelia sepelivit."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Amongst the reliques in the church of St. John of Laterane, in the + "the glorious mother-city of Rome," Onuphrius (de VII. Urbis Ecclesiis) + and Serranus (de Ecclesiis Urbis Rom.), as quoted by Wm. Crashaw (temp. + James I.), enumerate:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Item. caput Zachariæ Prophetæ, et caput Sancti Pancratii de quo + sanguis emanavit ad tres dies quum Ecclesia Lateranensis combusta + fuit."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Cowgill.</span></p> + + <p><i>Joseph Nicolson's Family</i> (Vol. iii., p. 243.).—A. N. C. + is justly corrected as to the insertion of the letter <i>h</i> in Dr. Wm. + Nicolson's name, though it has been adopted by some of his family since. + The mother of Dr. Wm. and Joseph Nicolson was Mary Brisco, of Crofton; + not Mary Miser.</p> + + <p>I find from <i>Nichols' Correspondence of Dr. Wm. Nicolson</i>, that + his brother Joseph was master of the Apothecaries' Company in London. He + died in May, 1724. He lived in Salisbury Court, where it would appear the + Bishop resided at least on one occasion that he was in London.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">Monkstown.</span></p> + + <p><i>Demosthenes and New Testament</i> (Vol. iii., p. 350.).—The + quotations from Demosthenes, and many others more or less pointed, are to + be found, as might be expected, in the well-known, very learned, and + standard edition of the new Testament by Wetstein.</p> + + <p class="author">C. B.</p> + + <p><i>Crossing Rivers on Skins</i> (Vol. iii., p. 3.).—To the + <i>Latin</i> authors cited by <span class="sc">Janus Dousa</span> + illustrating this practice, allow me to add the following from the Greek. + Xenophon, in his <i>Anabasis</i>, lib. iii. cap. v., so clearly exhibits + the <i>modus operandi</i>, that I shall give a translation of the + passage:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"And while they were at a loss what to do, a certain Rhodian came up + and said, 'I am ready to ferry you over, O men! by 4000 heavy armed men + at a <!-- Page 398 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page398"></a>{398}</span>time, if you furnish me with what I want, + and will give me a talent as a reward.' And being asked of what he stood + in need:—'I shall want,' said he, '2000 leathern bags; and I see + here many sheep, and goats, and oxen, and asses; which, being flayed, and + (their skins) inflated, would readily furnish a means of transport. And I + shall require also the girths, which you use for the beasts of burden. + And on these,' said he, 'having bound the leathern bags, and fastened + them one to another, and affixing stones, and letting them down like + anchors, and binding them on either side, I will lay on wood, and put + earth over them. And that you will not then sink, you shall presently + very clearly perceive; for each leathern bag will support two men from + sinking, and the wood and earth will keep them from slipping."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Skins, or tent coverings, stuffed with hay, appear also to have been + very generally used for this purpose (Vid. Id., lib. i. cap. v.). Arrian + relates (lib. v. Exped. cap. 12.) that Alexander used this contrivance + for crossing the Hydaspes:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"<span title="Autos de (Alexandros)—agôn epi tên nêson kai tên akran, enthen diabainein ên egnôsmenon. Kai entautha eplêrounto tês nuktos hai diphtherai tês karphês ek pollou êdê parenênegmenai, kai katerrhaptonto es akribeian." class="grk" + >Αὐτὸς δὲ + (Ἀλέξανδρος)—ἄγων + ἐπὶ τὴν νῆσον + καὶ τὴν ἄκραν, + ἔνθεν + διαβαίνειν + ἦν + ἐγνωσμένον. + Καὶ ἐνταῦθα + ἐπληροῦντο + τῆς νυκτὸς + αἱ διφθέραι + τῆς κάρφης + ἐκ πολλοῦ + ἤδη + παρενηνεγμέναι, + καὶ + κατεῤῥάπτοντο + ἐς + ἀκρίβειαν.</span>"</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">E. S. Taylor.</span></p> + + <p class="address">Martham, Norfolk.</p> + + <p><i>Curious Facts in Natural History</i> (Vol. iii., p. + 166.).—There is a parallel to the curious fact contributed by your + Brazilian correspondent in the "vegetable caterpillar" of New Zealand. + This natural rarity is described in Angas's <i>Savage Life and Scenes in + Australia and New Zealand</i>, vol. i. p. 291.:—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Amongst the damp moss at the root of the <i>rata</i> trees, in the + shady forests not far from Auckland, and also in various parts of the + northern island, are found those extraordinary productions called + vegetable caterpillars, the <i>hotete</i> of the natives. In appearance, + the caterpillar differs but little from that of the common privet + sphinx-moth, after it has descended to the ground, previously to its + undergoing the change into the chrysalis state. But the most remarkable + characteristic of the vegetable caterpillar is, that every one has a very + curious plant, belonging to the fungi tribe, growing from the + <i>anus</i>; this fungus varies from three to six inches in length, and + bears at its extremity a blossom-like appendage, somewhat resembling a + miniature bulrush, and evidently derives its nourishment from the body of + the insect. This caterpillar when recently found, is of the substance of + cork; and it is discovered by the natives seeing the tips of the fungi, + which grow upwards. They account for this phenomenon, by asserting that + the caterpillar, when feeding upon the <i>rata</i> tree overhead, + swallows the seeds of the fungus, which take root in the body of the + insect, and germinate as soon as it retreats to the damp mould beneath, + to undergo its transformation into the pupa state. Specimens of these + vegetable caterpillars have been transmitted to naturalists in England, + by whom they have been named <i>Sphæria Robertii</i>."—<i>Savage + Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand</i>, by G. F. Angas: London, + 1847, vol. i. p. 291.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>I recently had several specimens of the insect, with its remarkable + appendage, which had been brought from the colony by a relative.</p> + + <p class="author">R. W. C.</p> + + <p><i>Prideaux</i> (Vol. iii., p. 268.).—The Prideaux, who took + part in the Monmouth rebellion, was a son of Sir Edmund Prideaux, the + purchaser of Ford Abbey. (See Birch's <i>Life of Tillotson</i>.) + Tillotson appears to have been a chaplain to Sir E. Prideaux at Ford + Abbey, and a tutor to the young Prideaux.</p> + + <p class="author"><span class="sc">K. Th.</span></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Miscellaneous.</h2> + +<h3>NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.</h3> + + <p>Our readers will probably remember that the result of several + communications which appeared in our columns on the subject of the + celebrated <i>Treatise of Equivocation</i>, found in the chambers of + Tresham, and produced at the trial of the persons engaged in the + Gunpowder Plot, was a letter from a correspondent (J. B., Vol. ii., p. + 168.) announcing that the identical MS. copy of the work referred to by + Sir Edward Coke on the occasion in question, was safely preserved in the + Bodleian Library. It was not to be supposed that a document of such great + historical interest, which had been long sought after, should, when + discovered, be suffered to remain unprinted; and Mr. Jardine, the + accomplished editor of the <i>Criminal Trials</i> (the second volume of + which, it will be remembered, is entirely devoted to a very masterly + narrative of the Gunpowder Plot), has accordingly produced a very + carefully prepared edition of the Tract in question; introduced by a + preface, in which its historical importance is alone discussed, the + object of the publication being not controversial but historical. "To + obviate," says Mr. Jardine, "any misapprehension of the design in + publishing it at a time when events of a peculiar character have drawn + much animadversion upon the principles of the Roman Catholics, it should + be stated that the <i>Treatise</i> would have been published ten years + ago, had the inquiries then made led to its discovery; and that it is now + published within a few weeks after the manuscript has been brought to + light in the Bodleian Library." The work is one of the most important + contributions to English history which has recently been put forth, and + Mr. Jardine deserves the highest credit for the manner in which he was + discharged his editorial duties.</p> + + <p><i>Horæ Egyptiacæ, or the Chronology of Ancient Egypt discovered from + Astronomical and Hieroglyphical Records, including many dates found in + coeval inscriptions from the period of the building of the great Pyramid + to the times of the Persians, and illustrative of the History of the + first Nineteen Dynasties, &c.</i>, by Reginald Stuart Poole, is the + ample title of a work dedicated to the Duke of Northumberland, under + whose auspices it has been produced. The work, which is intended to + explain the Chronology and History of Ancient Egypt from its monuments, + originally appeared in a series of <!-- Page 399 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page399"></a>{399}</span>papers in the + <i>Literary Gazette</i>. These have been improved, the calculations + contained in them subjected to the most rigid scrutiny; and when we say + that in the preparation of this volume Mr. Poole has had assistance from + Mr. Lane, Mr. and Mrs. Lieber of Cairo, Dr. Abbot of Cairo, Mr. Birch of + the British Museum, Professor Airy, and, lastly, of Sir Gardener + Wilkinson, who, in his <i>Architecture of Ancient Egypt</i>, avows that + "he fully agrees with Mr. Poole in the contemporaneousness of certain + kings, and in the order of succession he gives to the early Pharaohs," we + do quite enough to recommend it to the attention of all students of the + History and Monuments of Ancient Egypt.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Books Received.</span>—<i>Plato Translated by + G. Burges</i>, vol. 4. The new volume of Bohn's Classical Library is in + the fourth volume of the Translation of Plato, which, strange as it may + sound to those of our readers who know anything of what is essential to a + popular book in these days, has, we believe, been one of the most popular + of the many cheap books issued by Mr. Bohn. How much the impression made + on the public mind by the well-worn quotation, "Plato, thou reasonest + well," may have contributed to this result, we leave others to + decide.—<i>What is the working of the Church of Spain? What is + implied in submitting to Rome? What is it that presses hardest upon the + Church of England? A Tract by the Rev. F. Meyrick, M.A.</i> London: J. H. + Parker. These are three very important <i>Queries</i>, but obviously not + of a nature for discussion in <span class="sc">Notes and + Queries</span>.—<i>The Penny Post</i>, I. to IV., <i>February to + May</i>. The words "<i>thirtieth thousand</i>" on the title-page, show + the success which has already attended this Church Penny Magazine.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Catalogues Received.</span>—T. Kerslake's (3. + Park Street, Bristol) Catalogue of Books lately bought; Cole's (15. Great + Turnstile) List No. XXXV. of very Cheap Books; C. Hamilton's (22. + Anderson's Buildings, City Road) Catalogue No. XLII. of a remarkably + Cheap Miscellaneous Collection of Old Books, Tracts, &c.; G. + Johnston's (11. Goodge Street, Tottenham Court Road) Book Circular.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.</h3> + + <p><span class="sc">Diana (Antoninus) Compendium Resolutionem + Moralium.</span> Antwerp.-Colon. 1634-57.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Passionael efte dat Levent der Heiligen.</span> + Folio. Basil, 1522.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Cartari—La Rosa d'Oro Pontificia.</span> 4to. + Rome, 1681.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Broemel, M. C. H., Fest-Tanzen der Ersten + Christen.</span> Jena, 1705.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">The Complaynt of Scotland</span>, edited by Leyden. + 8vo. Edin. 1801.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Thoms' Lays and Legends of various Nations.</span> + Parts I. to VII. 12mo. 1834.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">L'Abbé de Saint Pierre, Projet de Paix + Perpetuelle.</span> 3 Vols. 12mo. Utrecht, 1713.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Chevalier Ramsay, Essai de Politique</span>, où l'on + traite de la Nécessité, de l'Origine, des Droits, des Bornes et des + différentes Formes de la Souveraineté, selon les Principes de l'Auteur de + Télémaque. 2 Vols. 12mo. La Haye, without date, but printed in 1719.</p> + + <p>The same. Second Edition, under the title "Essai Philosophique sur le + Gouvernement Civil, selon les Principes de Fénélon," 12mo. Londres, + 1721.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Pullen's Etymological Compendium</span>, 8vo.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Cooper's (C. P.) Account of Public Records</span>, + 8vo. 1822. Vol. I.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Lingard's History of England.</span> Sm. 8vo. 1837. + Vols. X. XI. XII. XIII.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Miller's (John, of Worcester Coll.) Sermons.</span> + Oxford, 1831 (or about that year).</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Wharton's Anglia Sacra.</span> Vol. II.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Phebus</span> (Gaston, Conte de Foix), Livre du + deduyt de la Chasse.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Turner's Sacred History.</span> 3 vols. demy 8vo.</p> + + <p>*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, <i>carriage + free</i>, to be sent to <span class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, Publisher of + "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>Notices to Correspondents.</h3> + + <p>G. E. F. <i>Will this correspondent oblige us with another copy of his + Query respecting the Knapp Family? The Query to which he alludes came + from a gentleman who has shown by his published works that he is both + able and willing to search out information for himself. It is the more + surprising, therefore, that he should have overlooked the very obvious + source from which the information was eventually supplied.</i></p> + + <p><i>We are unavoidably compelled to omit from the present Number our + usual list of</i> Replies Received.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Foreign Churches.</span> W. A. <i>thinks we should be + doing a kindness to our foreign visitors by reminding them of the + existence of the</i> Dutch Church in Austin Friars, <i>and of the</i> + Swedish Church, Prince's Square, Ratcliffe Highway, <i>around which are + yet flourishing some of the trees imported and planted by Dr. + Solander.</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Mercurii</span> <i>is thanked for his last packet. We + shall make use of some parts of it when we return, as we purpose doing + very shortly, to the proposed</i> Record of Existing Monuments. <i>We + cannot trace the Queries to which he refers. Will he oblige us with + copies of them?</i></p> + + <p>E. H. Y. <i>Will our correspondent say where we may address a + communication to him?</i></p> + + <p><span class="sc">Vols</span>. I. <i>and</i> II., <i>each with very + copious Index, may still be had, price 9s. 6d. each</i>.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span> <i>may be procured, by + order, of all Booksellers and Newsvenders. It is published at noon on + Friday, so that our country Subscribers ought not to experience any + difficulty in procuring it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, + &c., are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which will + enable them to receive</i> <span class="sc">Notes and Queries</span> + <i>in their Saturday parcels.</i></p> + + <p><i>All communications for the Editor of</i> <span class="sc">Notes and + Queries</span> <i>should be addressed to the care of</i> <span + class="sc">Mr. Bell</span>, No. 186. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Just Published, fcp. 8vo., cloth, with Steel Engraving, pricing 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead">THE FAIRY GODMOTHER and other Tales. +By Mrs. <span class="sc">Alfred Gatty</span>.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Her love for Fairy Literature has led Mrs. Alfred Gatty to compose + four pretty little moral stories, in which the fairies are gracefully + enough used as machinery. They are slight, but well written, and the book + is altogether very nicely put out of hand."—<i>Guardian.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">George Bell</span>, 186. Fleet Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Just Published, 8vo., price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <p>THE THEORY OF ELLIPTIC INTEGRALS, and the PROPERTIES of SURFACES of + the Second Order, applied to the Investigation of the Motion of a Body + round a Fixed Point. By <span class="sc">James Booth</span>, LL.D., + F.R.S., &c., Chaplain to the Most Honourable the Marquess of + Lansdowne, and formerly Principal of Bristol College.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">George Bell</span>, Fleet Street. Cambridge: <span class="sc">John Deighton.</span></p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">In the Press, Volumes III. and IV. of</p> + + <p>THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND. By <span class="sc">Edward Foss</span>, F.S.A. + Comprehending the period from Edward I. to Richard III., 1272 to + 1485.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Lately published, price 28<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>VOLUMES I. and II. of the same Work; from the Conquest to the end of + Henry III., 1066 to 1272.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A work in which a subject of great historical importance is treated + with the care, diligence, and learning it deserves; in which Mr. Foss has + brought to light many points previously unknown, corrected many errors, + and shown such ample knowledge of his subject as to conduct it + successfully through all the intricacies of a difficult investigation; + and such taste and judgement as will enable him to quit, when occasion + requires, the dry details of a professional inquiry, and to impart to his + work, as he proceeds, the grace and dignity of a philosophical + history."—<i>Gent. Mag.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans</span>.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 400 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page400"></a>{400}</span></p> + +<table> +<tr><td valign="top"> + + <div class="figleft" style="width:80%;"> + <a href="images/french.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/french.png" + alt="Gilbert French manufacturer's plate" title="Gilbert French manufacturer's plate" /></a> + </div> +</td><td> + +<h2>GREAT EXHIBITION.</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>CENTRAL AVENUE.</h3> + +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>An Illustrated Priced Catalogue of Church Furniture Contributed by</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>GILBERT J. FRENCH,</p> + <p><span class="sc">Bolton, Lancashire,</span></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>forwarded Free by Post on application.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>Parcels delivered Carriage Free in London, daily.</p> + +</td></tr></table> + +<div style="clear: both"></div> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>PROVIDENT LIFE OFFICE,</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">50. REGENT STREET.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">CITY BRANCH: 2. ROYAL EXCHANGE BUILDINGS.<br /> +Established 1806.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Policy Holders' Capital, 1,192,818<i>l.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead">Annual Income, 150,000<i>l.</i>—Bonuses Declared, 743,000<i>l.</i><br /> +Claims paid since the Establishment of the Office, 2,001,450<i>l.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>President.</i><br /> +The Right Honourable EARL GREY.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Directors.</i><br /> +The Rev. James Sherman, <i>Chairman.</i><br /> +Henry Blencowe Churchill, Esq., <i>Deputy-Chairman.</i></p> + + +<table class="nobctr" summary="directors" title="directors"> + <tr> + <td class="rightbsing" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> + <p>Henry B. Alexander, Esq.<br /> + George Dacre, Esq.<br /> + William Judd, Esq.<br /> + Sir Richard D. King, Bart.<br /> + The Hon. Arthur Kinnaird<br /> + Thomas Maugham, Esq.</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> + <p>William Ostler, Esq.<br /> + Apsley Pellatt, Esq.<br /> + George Round, Esq.<br /> + Frederick Squire, Esq.<br /> + William Henry Stone, Esq.<br /> + Capt. William John Williams.</p> + + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">J. A. Beaumont, Esq. <i>Managing Director.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Physician</i>—John Maclean, M.D. F.S.S., 29. Upper Montague Street, Montague Square.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">NINETEEN-TWENTIETHS OF THE PROFITS ARE DIVIDED AMONG THE INSURED.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Examples of the Extinction of premiums by the Surrender of +Bonuses.</p> + + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Examples of the Extinction of premiums by the Surrender of Bonuses." title="Examples of the Extinction of premiums by the Surrender of Bonuses."> + <tr> + <td class="topbotbsng" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Date<br /> + of<br /> + Policy.</p> + + </td> + <td class="allbsing" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Sum<br /> + Insured.</p> + + </td> + <td class="allbsing" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" colspan="2"> + <p>Original Premium.</p> + + </td> + <td class="topbotbsng" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Bonuses added<br /> + subsequently, to be<br /> + further increased<br /> + annually.</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1806</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>£2500</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p>£79 10 10</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>Extinguished</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p>£1222 2 0</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1811</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p> 1000</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> + <p>33 19 2</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>Ditto</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p> 231 17 8</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="botbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1818</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbotbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p> 1000</p> + + </td> + <td class="botbsing" style="text-align:right"> + <p>34 16 10</p> + + </td> + <td class="rightbotbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>Ditto</p> + + </td> + <td class="botbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p> 114 18 10</p> + + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">Examples of Bonuses added to other Policies.</p> + + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Examples of Bonuses added to other Policies." title="Examples of Bonuses added to other Policies."> + <tr> + <td class="topbotbsng" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Policy<br /> + No.</p> + + </td> + <td class="allbsing" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Date.</p> + + </td> + <td class="allbsing" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Sum<br /> + Insured.</p> + + </td> + <td class="allbsing" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Bonuses<br /> + added.</p> + + </td> + <td class="topbotbsng" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> + <p>Total with Additions,<br /> + to be further<br /> + increased.</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p> 521</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1807</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>£900</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>£982 12 1</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p>£1882 12 1</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1174</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1810</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1200</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1160 5 6</p> + + </td> + <td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> + <p> 2360 5 6</p> + + </td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="botbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>3392</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbotbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>1820</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbotbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>5000</p> + + </td> + <td class="vertbotbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p>3558 17 8</p> + + </td> + <td class="botbsing" style="text-align:center"> + <p> 8558 17 8</p> + + </td> + </tr> +</table> + + <p>Prospectuses and full particulars may be obtained upon application to + the Agents of the Office, in all the principal towns of the United + Kingdom, at the City Branch, and at the Head Office, No. 50. Regent + Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">MR. MURRAY'S WORK ON HORACE.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">This day is published, price 9s.</p> + + <p>ORIGINAL VIEWS OF PASSAGES IN THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF THE + POET-PHILOSOPHER OF VENUSIA: with which is combined an Illustration of + the Suitability of the Ancient Epic and Lyric Styles to Modern Subjects + of National and General Interest. By <span class="sc">John Murray</span>, + M.A., Royal Gold Medalist in "Science and Arts," by award of His Majesty + the King of Prussia; First Junior Moderator in Ethics and Logic: + Ex-Scholar and Lay Resident Master of Trinity College, Dublin.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Dublin: <span class="sc">Hodges</span> and <span class="sc">Smith</span>, Grafton Street, Booksellers to the +University.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">Simpkin, Marshall</span>, and Co.; and all Booksellers.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">2 vols., post 8vo., cloth, 21<i>s.</i></p> + + <p>AN EXCURSION TO CALIFORNIA OVER the PRAIRIE, ROCKY MOUNTAINS, and + GREAT SIERRA NEVADA, with a Stroll through the Diggings and Ranches of + that Country. By <span class="sc">William Kelly</span>, J.P.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"Two pleasant, rattling, truth-like volumes, by an Irish J.P., who + appears to possess in perfection the fun, frolic, shrewdness, and + adaptability to circumstances so remarkable among the better specimens of + his countrymen.... The second volume is entirely devoted to the best + description of California and its 'diggings,' its physical features, its + agriculture, and the social condition of its motley population, which we + have yet seen."—<i>Morning Advertiser.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">Chapman</span> and <span class="sc">Hall</span>, 193. Piccadilly.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">ACROSS THE ATLANTIC</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Now ready, small 8vo., cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class="cenhead">ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. By the Author of +"Sketches of Cantabs."</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"A smart volume, full of clever observations about America and the + Americans, and the contrasts of trans-Atlantic and cis-Atlantic + life."—<i>John Bull.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"It is sensible as well as witty, accurate as well as facetious, and + deserves to be popular."—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">Earle</span>, 67. Castle Street, Oxford Street.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>M. LATEUR will Sell at his House, 125. Fleet Street, on Thursday, May + 22, an interesting collection of Autographs of distinguished Literary and + Scientific persons, including Poets, Historian, Clergy, Royal and other + personages, containing many scarce specimens. The whole in excellent + condition. May be viewed the day previous and morning of Sale, and + Catalogues had.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Highly curious Books, MSS., Engravings, and Works on Art.</p> + + <p>PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by + AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on MONDAY, May 26, and + five following Days, a most curious Collection of BOOKS, the property of + a Gentleman, including Works on Animal Magnetism, Mesmerism, and Mesmeric + Sleep; Angels and their Ministrations; Apparitions, Ghosts, Hobgoblins, + Presentiments, Second Sight, and Supernatural Appearances; Magical + Practices and Conjuration; Dæmonology, Spectres, and Vampires; Popular + Superstitions, Popish Credulity, Delusions, Ecstacies, Fanaticisms, and + Impostures; Astrology, Divination, Revelations, and Prophecies; + Necromancy, Sorcery, and Witchcraft; Infatuation, Diabolical Possession, + and Enthusiasm; Proverbs, Old Sayings, and Vulgar Errors; the Household + Book of Sir Ed. Coke, Original MS.; Early English Poetry, MS. temp. James + I.; Grammatical Treatises printed by W. de Worde; Facetiæ; Works on + Marriage Ceremonies, the Intercourse of the Sexes, and the Philosophy of + Marriage; the Plague; Polygamy, Prostitution and its Consequences; + Meteors and Celestial Influences; Miracles, Monkish Frauds and Criminal + Excesses; Phrenology and Physiognomy, &c. Catalogues will be sent on + application.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="cenhead">Just Published, in 1 vol. fcp. 8vo., price 5<i>s.</i>, cloth.</p> + + <p>A TREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION. Wherein is largely discussed the question + whether a Catholicke or any other person before a magistrate, being + demanded upon his Oath whether a Prieste were in such a place, may + (notwithstanding his perfect knowledge to the contrary) without Perjury, + and securely in conscience, answer No; with this secret meaning reserved + in his mynde. That he was not there so that any man is bounde to detect + it. Edited from the Original Manuscript in the Bodleian Library, by <span + class="sc">David Jardine</span>, of the Middle Temple, Esq., Barrister at + Law.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">London: <span class="sc">Longman, Brown, Green</span>, and <span class="sc">Longmans</span>.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>Printed by <span class="sc">Thomas Clark Shaw</span>, of No. 8. New + Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in + the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet + Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, + Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, May 17. + 1851.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, +1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MAY 17, 1851 *** + +***** This file should be named 29318-h.htm or 29318-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/3/1/29318/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: July 5, 2009 [EBook #29318] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MAY 17, 1851 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{385} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 81.] +SATURDAY, MAY 17. 1851.. +[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + + Illustrations of Chaucer, No. VI. 385 + + Dutch Folk-lore 387 + + Minor Notes:--Verses in Pope: "Bug" or "Bee"-- + Rub-a-dub--Quotations--Minnis--Brighton--Voltaire's + Henriade 387 + + QUERIES:-- + The Blake Family, by Hepworth Dixon 389 + + Minor Queries:--John Holywood the Mathematician-- + Essay on the Irony of Sophocles--Meaning of Mosaic + --Stanedge Pole--Names of the Ferret--Colfabias-- + School of the Heart--Milton and the Calves-head + Club--David Rizzio's Signature--Lambert Simnel: + Was this his real Name?--Honor of Clare, Norfolk-- + Sponge--Babington's Conspiracy--Family of Sir John + Banks--Meaning of Sewell--Abel represented with + Horns 389 + + MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--The Fifteen O's--Meaning + of Pightle--Inscription on a Guinea of George III. + --Meaning of Crambo 391 + + REPLIES:-- + + John Tradescant probably an Englishman, and his Voyage + to Russia in 1618, by S. W. Singer 391 + + The Family of the Tradescants, by W. Pinkerton 393 + + Pope Joan 395 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Robert Burton's Birthplace + --Barlaam and Josaphat--Witte van Haemstede--The + Dutch Church in Norwich--Fest Sittings--Quaker's + Attempt to convert the Pope--The Anti-Jacobin-- + Mistletoe--Verbum Graecum--"Apres moi le Deluge"-- + Eisell--"To-day we purpose"--Modern Paper--St. Pancras + --Joseph Nicolson's Family--Demosthenes and New + Testament--Crossing Rivers on Skins--Curious Facts + in Natural History--Prideaux 395 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 398 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 399 + + Notices to Correspondents 399 + + Advertisements 399 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHAUCER, NO. VI. + +Unless Chaucer had intended to mark with particular exactness the day of +the journey to Canterbury, he would not have taken such unusual precautions +to protect his text from ignorant or careless transcribers. We find him not +only recording the altitudes of the sun, at different hours, in words; but +also corroborating those words by associating them with physical facts +incapable of being perverted or misunderstood. + +Had Chaucer done this in one instance only, we might imagine that it was +but another of those occasions, so frequently seized upon by him, for the +display of a little scientific knowledge; but when he repeats the very same +precautionary expedient again, in the afternoon of the same day, we begin +to perceive that he must have had some fixed purpose; because, as I shall +presently show, it is the repetition alone that renders the record +imperishable. + +But whether Chaucer really devised this method for the express purpose of +preserving his text, or not, it has at least had that effect,--for while +there are scarcely two MSS. extant which agree in the verbal record of the +day and hours, the physical circumstances remain, and afford at all times +independent data for the recovery or correction of the true reading. + +The day of the month may be deduced from the declination of the sun; and, +to obtain the latter, all the data required are, + +1. The latitude of the place. + +2. Two altitudes of the sun at different sides of noon. + +It is not absolutely necessary to have any previous knowledge of the hours +at which these altitudes were respectively obtained, because these may be +discovered by the trial method of seeking two such hours as shall most +nearly agree in requiring a declination common to both at the known +altitudes. Of course it will greatly simplify the process if we furthermore +know that the observations must have been obtained at some determinate +intervals of time, such, for example, as complete hours. + +Now, in the Prologue to the "Canterbury Tales" we know that the +observations could not have been recorded except at complete hours, because +the construction of the metre will not admit the supposition of any parts +of hours having been expressed. + +We are also satisfied that there can be no mistake in the altitudes, +because nothing can alter the facts, that an equality between the length of +the shadow and the height of the substance can only subsist at an altitude +of 45 degrees; or that an altitude of 29 degrees (more or less) is the +nearest that will give the ratio of 11 to 6 between the shadow and its +gnomon. + +{386} + +With these data we proceed to the following comparison: + + _Forenoon altitude_ 45deg.|| _Afternoon altitude_ 29deg. + || + Hour. Declin. || Hour. Declin. + XI A.M. 8deg 9' N. || II P.M. 3deg 57' S. + X " 13deg 27' " || III " 3deg 16' N. + IX " 22deg 34' " || IV " 13deg 26' " + VIII " Impossible. || V " Impossible. + + +Here we immediately select "X A.M." and "IV P.M." as the only two items at +all approaching to similarity; while, in these the approach is so near that +they differ by only a single minute of a degree! + +More conclusive evidence therefore could scarcely exist that these were the +hours intended to be recorded by Chaucer, and that the sun's declination, +designed by him, was somewhere about thirteen degrees and a half North. + +Strictly speaking, this declination would more properly apply to the 17th +of April, in Chaucer's time, than to the 18th; but since he does not +profess to critical exactness, and since it is always better to adhere to +written authority, when it is not grossly and obviously corrupt, such MSS. +as name the 18th of April ought to be respected; but Tyrwhitt's "28th," +which he states not only as the result of his own conjecture but as +authorised by the "the best MSS.," ought to be scouted at once. + +In the latest edition of the "Canterbury Tales" (a literal reprint from one +of the Harl. MSS., for the Percy Society, under the supervision of Mr. +Wright), the opening of the Prologue to "The Man of Lawes Tale" does not +materially differ from Tyrwhitt's text, excepting in properly assigning the +day of the journey to "the eightetene day of April;" and the confirmation +of the forenoon altitude is as follows: + + "And sawe wel that the schade of every tree + Was in the lengthe the same quantite, + That was the body erecte that caused it." + +But the afternoon observation is thus related: + + "By that the Manciple had his tale endid, + The sonne fro the southe line is descendid + So lowe that it nas nought to my sight, + Degrees nyne and twenty as in hight. + _Ten_ on the clokke it was as I gesse, + For eleven foote, or litil more or lesse, + My schadow was at thilk time of the yere, + Of which feet as my lengthe parted were, + In sixe feet equal of proporcioun." + +In a note to the line "Ten on the clokke" Mr. Wright observes, + + "_Ten_. I have not ventured to change the reading of the Harl. MS., + which is partly supported by that of the lands. MS., _than_." + +If the sole object were to present an exact counterpart of the MS., of +course even its errors were to be respected: but upon no other grounds can +I understand why a reading should be preserved by which broad sunshine is +attributed to ten o'clock at night! Nor can I believe that the copyist of +the MS. with whom the error must have originated would have set down +anything so glaringly absurd, unless he had in his own mind some means of +reconciling it with probability. It may, I believe, be explained in the +circumstance that "ten" and "four," in horary reckoning, were _convertible +terms_. The old Roman method of naming the hours, wherein noon was the +sixth, was long preserved, especially in conventual establishments: and I +have no doubt that the English idiomatic phrase "o'clock" originated in the +necessity for some distinguishing mark between hours "of the clock" +reckoned from midnight, and hours of the day reckoned from sunrise, or more +frequently from six A.M. With such an understanding, it is clear that _ten_ +might be called _four_, and _four ten_, and yet the same identical hour to +be referred to; nor is it in the least difficult to imagine that some +monkish transcriber, ignorant perhaps of the meaning of "o'clock," might +fancy he was correcting, rather that corrupting, Chaucer's text, by +changing "foure" into "ten." + +I have, I trust, now shown that all these circumstances related by Chaucer, +so far from being hopelessly incongruous, are, on the contrary, +harmoniously consistent;--that they all tend to prove that the day of the +journey to Canterbury could not have been later than the 18th of +April;--that the times of observation were certainly 10 A.M. and 4 +P.M.;--that the "arke of his artificial day" is to be understood as the +horizontal or azimuthal arch;--and that the "halfe cours in the Ram" +alludes to the completion of the last twelve degrees of that sign, about +the end of the second week in April. + +There yet remains to be examined the signification of those three very +obscure lines which immediately follow the description, already quoted, of +the afternoon observation: + + "Therewith the Mones exaltacioun + In mena Libra, alway gan ascende + As we were entryng at a townes end." + +It is the more unfortunate that we should not be certain what it was that +Chaucer really did write, inasmuch as he probably intended to present, in +these lines, some means of identifying the year, similar to those he had +previously given with respect to the day. + +When Tyrwhitt, therefore, remarks, "In what year this happened Chaucer does +not inform us"--he was not astronomer enough to know that if Chaucer had +meant to leave, in these lines, a record of the moon's place on the day of +the journey, he could not have chosen a more certain method of informing us +in what year it occurred. + +But as the present illustration has already extended far enough for the +limits of a single number of "NOTES AND QUERIES," I shall defer the {387} +investigation of this last and greatest difficulty to my next +communication. + +A. E. B. + +Leeds, April 29. + + * * * * * + +DUTCH FOLK-LORE. + +1. A baby laughing in its dreams is conversing with the angels. + +2. Rocking the cradle when the babe is not in it, is considered injurious +to the infant, and a prognostic of its speedy death. + +3. A strange dog following you is a sign of good luck. + +4. A stork settling on a house is a harbinger of happiness. To kill such a +bird would be sacrilege. + +5. If you see a shooting star, the wish you form before its disappearance +will be fulfilled. + +6. A person born with a caul is considered fortunate. + +7. Four-leaved clover brings luck to the person who finds it unawares. + +8. An overturned salt-cellar is a ship wrecked. If a person take salt and +spill it on the table, it betokens a strife between him and the person next +to whom it fell. To avert the omen, he must lift up the shed grains with a +knife, and throw them behind his back. + +9. After eating eggs in Holland, you must break the shells, or the witches +would sail over in them to England. The English don't know under what +obligations they are to the Dutch for this custom. Please to tell them. + +10. If you make a present of a knife or scissors, the person receiving must +pay something for it; otherwise the friendship between you would be cut +off. + +11. A tingling ear denotes there is somebody speaking of you behind your +back. If you hear the noise in the right one, he praises you; if on the +left side, he is calling you a scoundrel, or something like that. But, +never mind! for if, in the latter case, you bite your little finger, the +evil speaker's tongue will be in the same predicament. By all means, don't +spare your little finger! + +12. If, at a dinner, a person yet unmarried be placed inadvertently between +a married couple, be sure he or she will get a partner within the year. +It's a pity it must be inadvertently. + +13. If a person when rising throw down his chair, he is considered guilty +of untruth. + +14. A potato begged or stolen is a preservative against rheumatism. +Chestnuts have the same efficacy. + +15. The Nymphaea, or water-lily, whose broad leaves, and clear white or +yellow cups, float upon the water, was esteemed by the old Frisians to have +a magical power. "I remember, when a boy," says Dr. Halbertsma, "that we +were extremely careful in plucking and handling them; for if any one fell +with such a flower in his possession, he became immediately subject to +fits." + +16. One of my friends cut himself. A manservant being present secured the +knife hastily, anointed it with oil, and putting it into the drawer, +besought the patient not to touch it for some days. Whether the cure was +effected by this sympathetic means, I can't affirm; but cured it was: so, +don't be alarmed. + +17. If you feel on a sudden a shivering sensation in your back, there is +somebody walking over your future grave. + +18. A person speaking by himself will die a violent death. + +19. Don't go under a ladder, for if you do you will be hanged. + +* a ? + +Amsterdam. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Verses in Pope_--_"Bug" or "Bee."_--Pope, in the _Dunciad_, speaking of +the purloining propensities of Bays, has the lines: + + "Next o'er his books his eyes began to roll, + In pleasing memory of all he stole; + How here he sipp'd, how there he plunder'd snug, + And suck'd all o'er, like an industrious bug." + +In reading these lines, some time ago, I was forcibly struck with the +incongruity of the terms "sipp'd" and "industrious" as applied to "bug;" +and it occurred to me that Pope may have originally written the passage +with the words "free" and "bee," as the rhymes of the two last lines. My +reasons for this conjecture are these: 1st. Because Pope is known to have +been very fastidious on the score of coarse or vulgar expressions; and his +better judgment would have recoiled from the use of so offensive a word as +"bug." 2ndly. Because, as already stated, the terms "sipp'd" and +"industrious" are inapplicable to a bug. Of the bug it may be said, that it +"sucks" and "plunders;" but it cannot, with any propriety, be predicated of +it, as of the bee, that it "sips" and is "industrious." My impression is, +that when Pope found he was doing too much honour to Tibbald by comparing +him to a bee, he substituted the word "bug" and its corresponding rhyme, +without reflecting that some of the epithets, already applied to the one, +are wholly inapplicable to the other. + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia, March, 1851. + +_Rub-a-dub._--This word is put forward as an instance of how new words are +still formed with a view to similarity of sound with the sound of what they +are intended to express, by Dr. Francis Lieber, in a "Paper on the Vocal +Sounds of Laura Bridgeman compared with the Elements of Phonetic Language," +and its authorship is assigned {388} to Daniel Webster, who said in a +speech of July 17, 1850: + + "They have been beaten incessantly every month, and every day, and + every hour, by the din, and roll, and _rub-a-dub_ of the Abolition + presses." + +Dr. L. adds: + + "No dictionary in my possession has _rub-a-dub_; by and by the + lexicographer will admit this, as yet, half-wild word." + +My note is, that though this word be not recognised by the dictionaries, +yet it is by no means so new as Dr. L. supposes; for I distinctly remember +that, some four-and-twenty years ago, one of those gay-coloured books so +common on the shelves of nursery libraries had, amongst other equally +_recherche_ couplets, the following attached to a gaudy print of a military +drum: + + "Not a _rub-a-dub_ will come + To sound the music of a drum:" + +--no great authority certainly, but sufficient to give the word a greater +antiquity than Dr. L. claims for it; and no doubt some of your readers will +be able to furnish more dignified instances of its use. + +J. EASTWOOD. + +Ecclesfield. + + [To this it may be added, that _Dub-a-dub_ is found in Halliwell's + _Arch. Gloss._ with the definition, "To beat a drum; also, the blow on + the drum. 'The dub-a-dub of honour.' Woman is a weathercock, p. 21., + there used metaphorically." Mr. Halliwell might also have cited the + nursery rhyme: + + "Sing rub-a-dub-dub, + Three men in a tub."] + +_Quotations._-- + + 1. "In time the savage bull doth bear the yoke." + + Quoted in _Much Ado about Nothing_, Act I. Sc. 1. + +Mr. Knight (Library Edition, ii. 379.) says this line is from Hieronymo, +but gives no reference, and I have not found it. In a sonnet by Thomas +Watson (A.D. 1560-91) occurs the line (see Ellis's _Specimens_)-- + + "In time the bull is brought to bear the yoke." + +Whence did Shakspeare quote the line? + +2. "_Nature's mother-wit._" This phrase is found in Dryden's "Ode to St. +Cecilia," and also in Spenser, _Faerie Queene_, book iv. canto x. verse 21. +Where does it first occur? + +3. "The divine chit-chat of Cowper." Query, Who first designated the "Task" +thus? Charles Lamb uses the phrase as a quotation. (See _Final Memorials of +Charles Lamb_, i. 72.) + +J. H. C. + +Adelaide, South Australia. + +_Minnis._--There are (or there were) in East Kent seven Commons known by +the local term "Minnis," viz., 1. Ewell Minnis; 2. River do.; 3. +Cocclescombe do.; 4. Swingfield do.; 5. Worth do.; 6. Stelling do.; 7. +Rhode do. Hasted (_History of Kent_) says he is at a loss for the origin of +the word, unless it be in the Latin "Mina," a certain quantity of land, +among different nations of different sizes; and he refers to Spelman's +_Glossary_, verbum "Mina." + +Now the only three with which I am acquainted, River, Ewell, and Swingfield +Minnis, near Dover, are all on high ground; the two former considerably +elevated above their respective villages. + +One would rather look for a Saxon than a Celtic derivation in East Kent; +but many localities, &c. there still retain British or Celtic names, and +eminently so the stream that runs through River and Ewell, the Dour or Dwr, +_unde_, no doubt, Dover, where it disembogues into the sea. May we not +therefore likewise seek in the same language an interpretation of this (at +least as far as I know) hitherto unexplained term? + +In Armorican we find "Menez" and "Mene," a mount. In the kindred dialect, +Cornish, "Menhars" means a boundary-stone; "Maenan" (Brit.), stoney moor; +"Mynydh" (Brit.), a mountain, &c. + +As my means of research are very limited, I can only hazard a conjecture, +which it will give me much pleasure to see either refuted or confirmed by +those better informed. + +A. C. M. + +_Brighton._--It is stated in Lyell's _Principles of Geology_, that in the +reign of Elizabeth the town of Brighton was situated on that tract where +the Chain Pier now extends into the sea; that in 1665 twenty-two tenements +still remained under the cliffs; that no traces of the town are +perceptible; that the sea has resumed its ancient position, the site of the +old town having been merely a beach abandoned by the ocean for ages. On +referring to the "Attack of the French on Brighton in 1545," as represented +in the engraving in the _Archaeologia_, April 14, 1831, I find the town +standing _apparently_ just where it is now, with "a felde in the middle," +but with some houses on the beach opposite what is not Pool Valley, on the +east side of which houses the French are landing; the beach end of the road +from Lewes. + +A. C. + +_Voltaire's "Henriade."_--I have somewhere seen an admirable translation of +this poem into English verse. Perhaps you can inform me of the author's +name. The work seems to be scarce, as I recollect having seen it but once: +it was published, I think, about thirty years ago. (See _ante_, p. 330.) + +The house in which Voltaire was born, at Chatnaye, about ten miles from +Paris, is now the property of the Comtesse de Boigne, widow of the General +de Boigne, and daughter of the Marquis d'Osmond, who was ambassador here +during the reign of Louis XVIII. The mother of the poet being on a visit +with _the then_ proprietor (whose name I cannot recollect), was +unexpectedly confined. There is a street in the village called the Rue +Voltaire. The Comtesse de Boigne is my {389} authority for the fact of the +poet's birth having taken place in her house. + +A. J. M. + +Alfred Club. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +THE BLAKE FAMILY. + +The renowned Admiral Blake, a native of Bridgewater, and possessed of +property in the neighbourhood, left behind him a numerous family of +brothers, sisters, nephews, and nieces, settled in the county of Somerset; +to wit, his brothers Humphrey, William, George, Nicholas, Benjamin, and +Alexander all survived him, as did also his sisters, Mrs. Bowdich, of +Chard, and Mrs. Smith, of Cheapside, in London. His brother Samuel, killed +in an early part of the Civil War, left two sons, Robert and Samuel, both +of them honourably remembered in the will of their great uncle. Can any of +your readers, acquainted with Somerset genealogies, give me any information +which may enable me to make out the descent of the present families of +Blake, in that county, from this stock? + +There are at least two Blake houses now in existence, who are probably of +the blood of the illustrious admiral; the Blakes of Bishop's Hall, near +Taunton, of which William Blake, Esq., a magistrate for the county, is the +head; and the Blakes of Venue House, Upton, near Wiveliscombe, the +representative of which is Silas Wood Blake, son of Dr. William Blake, a +bencher of the Inner Temple. These families possess many relics of the +admiral--family papers, cabinets, portrait, and even estates; and that they +are of his blood there are other reasons for believing; but, so far as I +know, the line is not clearly traced back. In a funeral sermon spoken on +the death of the grandfather of the present William Blake, Esq., of +Bishop's Hall, I find it stated that-- + + "He was descended from pious and worthy ancestors; a collateral branch + of the family of that virtuous man, great officer, and true patriot, + Admiral Blake. His grandfather, the Rev. Malachi Blake, a Nonconformist + minister, resided at Blogden, four miles from Taunton. This gentleman, + by his pious labours, laid the foundation of the dissenting + congregation at Wellington, in the county of Somerset. After the defeat + of the Duke of Monmouth, to whose cause he had been friendly, he was + obliged to flee from home, and went to London disguised in a lay-dress, + with a tye-wig and a sword." + +This minister had three sons, John, Malachi, and William; and it is from +the last named that the Blakes of Bishop's Hall are descended. But who was +the father of Malachi Blake himself? He was probably a son or grandson of +one of the admiral's brothers--but of which? + +Permit me to add to this Query another remark. I am engaged in writing a +Life of Admiral Blake, and shall be extremely grateful to any of your +correspondents who can and will direct me, either through the medium of +your columns or by private communication, to any new sources of information +respecting his character and career. A meagre pamphlet being the utmost +that has yet been given to the memory of this great man, the entire story +of his life has to be built up from the beginning. Fragments of papers, +scraps of information, however slight, may therefore be of material value. +A date or a name may contain an important clue, and will be thankfully +acknowledged. Of course I do not wish to be referred to information +contained in well-known collections, such as Thurloe, Rushworth, Whitelock, +and the Parliamentary Histories, nor to the Deptford MSS. in the Tower, the +Admiralty papers in the State Paper Office, or the Ashmole MSS. at Oxford. +I am also acquainted, of course, with several papers in the national +collection of MSS. at the British Museum throwing light on the subject; but +while these MSS. remain in their present state, it would be very rash in +any man to say what is _not_ to be found in them. Should any one, in +reading for his own purposes, stumble on a fact of importance for me in +these MSS., I shall be grateful for a communication; but my appeal is +rather made to the possessors of old family papers. There must, I think, be +many letters--though he was a brief and abrupt correspondent--of the +admiral's still existing in the archives of old Puritan families. These are +the materials of history of which I am most in need. + +HEPWORTH DIXON. + +84. St. John's Wood Terrace. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_John Holywood the Mathematician._--Is the birthplace of this distinguished +scholar known? Leland, Bale, and Pits assert him to have been born at +Halifax, in Yorkshire; Stanyhurst says, at Holywood, near Dublin; and +according to Dempster and Mackenzie, at Nithsdale, in Scotland. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_Essay on the Irony of Sophocles, &c._--Who is the author of the _Essay on +the Irony of Sophocles_, which has been termed the most exquisite piece of +criticism in the English language? + +Is it Cicero who says, + + "Malo cum Platone errare, quam cum aliis recte sentire?" + +And who embodied the somewhat contradictory maxim,-- + + "Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas?" + +NEMO. + +_Meaning of Mosaic._--What is the exact meaning and derivation of the word +Mosaic as a term in art? + +H. M. A. + +{390} + +_Stanedge Pole._--Can any one inform me in what part of Yorkshire the +antiquarian remains of Stanedge Pole are situated; and where the +description of them is to be found? + +A. N. + +_Names of the Ferret._--I should be much obliged by any one of your readers +informing me what peculiar names are given to the male and female ferret? +Do they occur any where in any author? as by knowing how the words are +spelt, we may arrive at their etymology. + +T. LAWRENCE. + +Ashby-de-la-Zouch. + +_Colfabias._--Can any of your learned correspondents furnish the origin and +meaning of this word? It was the name of the _privy_ attached to the Priory +of Holy Trinity in Dublin; and still is to be seen in old leases of that +religious house (now Christ Church Cathedral), spelled sometimes as above, +and other times _coolfabioos_. + +The present dean and chapter are quite in the dark upon the subject. I hope +you will be able to give us a little light from your general stock. + +A CH. CH. MAN. + +Dublin. + +_School of the Heart._--This work consists of short poems similar in +character and merit to Quarles's _Emblems_, and adorned with cuts of the +same class. I have at hand none but modern editions, and in these the +production is ascribed to Quarles. But Montgomery, in his _Christian Poet_, +quotes the _School of the Heart_, without explanation, as the work of +Thomas Harvey, 1647. Can any of your readers throw light on this matter? + +S. T. D. + +_Milton and the Calves-head Club._--I quote the following from _The Secret +History of the Calves-head Club: or the Republican Unmasqu'd_, 4to., 1703. +The author is relating what was told him by "a certain active Whigg, who, +in all other respects, was a man of probity enough." + + "He further told me that Milton, and some other creatures of the + Commonwealth, had instituted this Club [the Calves-head Club], as he + was inform'd, in opposition to Bp. Juxon, Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, + and other divines of the Church of England, who met privately every + 30th of January; and though it was under the Time of Usurpation, had + compil'd a private Form of Service for the Day, not much different from + what we now find in the Liturgy." + +Do any of Milton's biographers mention his connexion with this club? Does +the form of prayer compiled by Juxon, Sanderson, and Hammond exist? + +K. P. D. E. + +_David Rizzio's Signature._--Can any reader of "NOTES AND QUERIES" furnish +the applicant with either a fac-simile or a minute description of the +signature and handwriting of David Rizzio? The application is made in order +to the verification of a most remarkable alleged instance of clairvoyance, +recorded at large in a volume on that and its kindred subjects just +published by Dr. Gregory of Edinburgh. + +F. K. + +_Lambert Simnel--Was this his real Name?_--It occurs to me that we are not +in possession of the real name of Lambert Simnel, the famous claimant of +the crown of England. We are told that he was the son of a baker; and we +learn from Johnson's _Dictionary_ that the word "simnel" signified a kind +of sweet-bread or cake. Now, considering the uncertainty and mutability of +surnames in former times, I am led to suspect that "Simnel" may have been a +nickname first applied to his father, in allusion to his trade; and I am +strengthened in my suspicion by not finding any such name as "Simnel" in +any index of ancient names. Could any of your correspondents throw light on +this question, or tell whether Lambert left any posterity? + +T. + +_Honor of Clare, Norfolk._--I have seen a letter, dated about 1702, in the +possession of a gentleman of this town, which alludes "_To His Majesty's +Honor of Clare_;" and I shall feel obliged if any of your correspondents +can render me any information as to whether there are any documents +relative to this "_Honor_" in existence: and if so, where they are to be +met with? for I much wish to be informed what fragments were made from +_South Green_ (a part of this town), which was held of the above mentioned +"Honor," and by whom made; and further, who is the collector of them at +this period? + +J. N. C. + +_Sponge._--When was the sponge of commerce first known in England? + +THUDT. + +_Babington's Conspiracy._--Miss Strickland, in her life of Queen Elizabeth +(_Lives of the Queens of England_, vol. vii. p. 33.), after describing the +particulars of this plot, adds in a Note,-- + + "After his condemnation, Babington wrote a piteous letter of + supplication to Elizabeth, imploring her mercy for the sake of his wife + and children."--Rawlinson _MSS._, Oxford, vol. 1340. No. 55. f. 19. + +A copy of a letter to which the description given by Miss Strickland would +apply, has been lately found among some papers originally belonging to Lord +Burleigh; and it would be very desirable to compare it with the letter said +to be in the Rawlinson collection. I have, however, authority for saying +that the reference above quoted is incorrect. I should be very glad indeed +to find whether the letter referred to by Miss Strickland is printed in any +collection, or to trace the authority for the reference given in the _Lives +of the Queens_. The MS. copies in the British Museum are known. + +J. BT. + +_Family of Sir John Banks._--R. H. wishes to be informed how many children +were left by {391} Sir John Banks, Lord Chief Justice in Charles I.'s +reign: also, whether any one of these settled at Keswick: and also, whether +Mr. John Banks of that place, the philosopher, as he was called, was really +a lineal descendant of Sir John B., as he is stated to have been by the +author of an old work on the Lakes? + +R. C. H. H. + +_Sewell, Meaning of._--It is usual in some deer-parks in different parts of +England, but more especially, as far as my own knowledge goes, in Kent, for +the keepers, when they wish to drive and collect the deer to one spot, to +lay down for this purpose what they call _sewells_ (I may be wrong as to +the orthography), which are simply long lines with feathers attached at +intervals, somewhat after the fashion of the tails of kites. These +"sewells," when stretched at length on the ground, the herd of deer will +very rarely pass; but on coming up will check themselves suddenly when in +full career, and wheel about. The same contrivance was in use in Virgil's +time for the same purpose, under the name of _formido_ (_Geor._ iii. +372.):--"Puniceaeve agitant pavidos formidine pennae." Can any of your +readers help me to the origin of the modern term _sewell_? + +H. C. K. + +---- Rectory, Hereford. + +_Abel represented with Horns._--In one of the windows of King's College +Chapel, the subject of which is the Death of Abel, the artist has given him +a pair of _horns_. Can any of your readers explain this? + +C. J. E. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries Answered. + +_The Fifteen O's._--In the third part of the "Sermon of Good Works" is this +passage: + + "Let us rehearse some other kinds of papistical superstitions and + abuses; as of beads, of lady psalters and rosaries, _of fifteen oos_, + of St. Barnard's verses, of St. Agathe's letters, of purgatory, of + masses satisfactory, of stations and jubilees, of feigned relics, of + hallowed beads, bells, bread, water, palms, candles, fire, and such + other; of superstitious fastings, of fraternities, of pardons, with + such like merchandise, which were so esteemed and abused to the + prejudice of God's glory and commandments, that they were made most + high and most holy things, whereby to attain to the eternal life, or + remission of sin." + +I cite the above from the Parker Society's edition of Archbishop Cranmer's +_Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_, p. 148. It occurs also in Professor +Corrie's edition of the _Homilies_, p. 58. I shall be glad to be informed +what is meant by the "fifteen Oo's," or "fifteen O's" (for so they are +spelt in the above edition of the _Homilies_). + +C. H. COOPER + +Cambridge, April 14. 1851. + + [The fifteen O's are fifteen prayers commencing with the letter O, and + will be found in _Horae Beatissime Virginis Marie, secundum usum + ecclesiae Sarum_, p. 201. edit. 1527.] + +_Meaning of Pightle._--As I dare say you number some Suffolk men among your +readers, would any of them kindly inform me the meaning and derivation of +the word "pightle," which is always applied to a field adjoining the +farm-houses in Suffolk? + +PHILO-STEVENS. + + [Phillips, in his _New World of Words_, has "PIGLE or PIGHTEL, a small + Parcel of Land enclosed with a Hedge, which in some Parts of England is + commonly call'd a Pingle."] + +_Inscription on a Guinea of George III._--Round the reverse of a guinea of +George III., 1793, are the following initials:--"M. B. F. ET H. REX--F. D. +B. ET L. D. S. R. I. A. T. ET E." The earlier letters are sufficiently +intelligible; but I should be glad to learn the meaning of the whole +inscription. + +J. H. C. + +Adelaide, South Australia. + + [Of the Faith Defender, of Brunswick and Lunenburg Duke, of the Holy + Roman Empire Arch-Treasurer and Elector.] + +_Meaning of Crambo._--Sir Thomas Browne (_Religio Medici_, part ii. s. 15. +ed. 1678) says: + + "I conclude, therefore, and say, there is no happiness under (or, as + Copernicus will have it, above) the sun, nor any Crambo in that + repeated verity and burthen of all the wisdom of _Solomon_, _All is + vanity and vexation of spirit_." + +Query, What is the meaning of _crambo_ here, and is it to be met with +elsewhere with a similar meaning? + +J. H. C. + +Adelaide, South Australia. + + [The words "nor any Crambo" mean that the sentiment expressed by + Solomon is a truth which cannot be too often repeated. Crabbe says, + "_Crambo_ is a play, in rhyming, in which he that repeats a word that + was said before forfeits something." In all the MSS. and editions of + the _Religio Medici_, 1642, the words "nor any Crambo," are wanting. + See note on the passage in the edition edited by Simon Wilkin, F.L.S.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +JOHN TRADESCANT PROBABLY AN ENGLISHMAN, AND HIS VOYAGE TO RUSSIA IN 1618. + +(Vol. iii., pp. 119. 286. 353.) + +DR. RIMBAULT justly observes that "the history of the Tradescants is +involved in considerable obscurity." He does not, however, seem to have +been aware that some light has been thrown on that of the elder John +Tradescant by the researches of Dr. Hamel, in his interesting Memoir +published in the _Transactions of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg in +1847_, with the following title:--"Tradescant der Aeltere 1618 in Russland. +Der {392} Handelsverkehr zwischen England und Russland in seiner +Entstehung," &c. + +DR. RIMBAULT'S note contains a good epitome of the most obvious English +notices respecting the Tradescants; but while correcting the errors of +others, he has himself fallen into one important mistake, in stating that +"Old John Tradescant died in 1652;" for that is the date of the death of +his grandson, John, who died young. Old John died in 1638, leaving a son, +also named John, who was born in 1608, and died in 1662, having survived +his only son ten years; and, having no heir to his treasures, he had +previously conveyed them, by deed of gift, to Elias Ashmole, who seems to +have contrived to make himself agreeable to him by his pursuits as a +virtuoso, and by his alchemical and astrological fancies. When Dr. Hamel +was in England, I had the pleasure of indicating to him the site of +"Tradescant's Ark" in South Lambeth. It was situate on the east side of the +road leading from Vauxhall to Stockwell, nearly opposite to what was +formerly called Spring Lane. Ashmole built a large brick house near that +which had been Tradescant's, out of the back of part of which he made +offices. The front part of it became the habitation of the well-known +antiquary, Dr. Ducarel. It still remains as two dwellings; the one, known +as "Turret House," is occupied by John Miles Thorn, Esq., and the other, +called "Stamford House," is the dwelling of J. A. Fulton, Esq. + +In his indefatigable researches to elucidate the early intercourse between +England and Russia, Dr. Hamel's attention was accidentally called to the +Tradescants and their Museum; and the following passage in Parkinson's +_Paradisus Terrestris_, p. 345. (Art. "Neesewort," then called _Elleborus +albus_), led to the discovery of a relation of Old John's voyage to +Russia:-- + + "This (says Parkinson) grows in many places in Germany, and likewise in + certain places in Russia, in such abundance, that, according to the + relation of that worthy, curious, and diligent searcher and preserver + of all nature's rarities and varieties, my very good friend John + Tradescante, of whom I have many times before spoken, a moderately + large ship (as he says) might be laden with the roots thereof, which he + there saw on a certain island." + +The same notice, in other words, also occurs in Parkinson's _Theatrum_, p. +218. + +In searching among the MSS. in the Ashmolean Museum, Dr. Hamel bore this +passage in memory, and one MS., thus described in Mr. Black's excellent +catalogue, No. 824., xvi., contained confirmatory matter: + + "A Voiag of Ambassad undertaken by the Right Honnorabl S^r Dudlie + Diggs, in the year 1618." + + "This curious narrative of the voyage round the North Cape to + Archangel, begins with a list of the chief persons employed in the + embassy, and contains observations of the weather, and on the + commercial, agricultural, and domestic state of Russia at that time. It + is written in a rude hand, and by a person unskilled in composition. + The last half page contains some chronological notes and other stuff, + perhaps written by the same hand." + +Thus far Mr. Black. The full title of the MS. is,-- + + "A Viag of Ambassad undertaken by the Right Honnorabl S^r Dudlie Diggs + in the year 1618, being atended on withe 6 Gentillmen, whiche beare the + nam of the king's Gentillmen, whose names be heere notted. On M. + Nowell, brother to the Lord Nowell, M. Thomas Finche, M. Woodward, M. + Cooke, M. Fante, and M. Henry Wyeld, withe every on of them ther man. + Other folloers, on Brigges, Interpreter, M. Jams, an Oxford man, his + Chaplin, on M. Leake his Secretary, withe 3 Scots; on Captain Gilbert + and his Son, withe on Car, also M. Mathew De Quester's Son, of Filpot + Lane, in London, the rest his own retenant, some 13 _whearof_ (_Note on + Jonne an Coplie wustersher men_) M. Swanli of Limhouse, master of the + good Ship called the Dianna of Newcastell, M. Nelson, part owner of + Newe Castell." + +Dr. Hamel says: + + "What the words in Italics may signify is not quite clear, but that 'on + Jonne' must relate to Tradescante himself. Perhaps this passage may + lead to the discovery that Tradescant did not, as it has been + conjectured, come from Holland, but that he was a native of + Worcestershire. The name Tradescant might be an assumed one (it was + also written _Tradeskin_, which might be interpreted _Fellmonger_)." + +From documents in the archives at Moscow, Dr. Hamel recovered the Christian +names, and a list of Sir Dudley Digges' attendants in this voyage, which +corresponds with that in the MS., thus:--_Arthur_ Nowell, _Thomas_ +Woodward, _Adam_ Cooke, _Joseph_ Fante, _Thomas_ Leake, _Richard_ James, +_George_ Brigges, _Jessy_ De Quester, _Adam_ Jones, _Thomas_ Wakefield, +_John_ Adams, _Thomas_ Crisp, _Leonard_ Hugh, and JOHN COPLIE. This last +must therefore have designated _John Tradescant_ himself, who was certainly +there. + +Sir Dudley Digges, to whom Tradescant seems to have attached himself in +order to obtain knowledge of the plants and other natural curiosities of +Russia, was sent by King James I. to the Czar Michael Fedorowitsch, who had +in the previous year despatched an embassy to the king, principally to +negotiate for a loan. This ambassador, Woluensky, returned at the same +time, in another vessel accompanying that of Sir Dudley. + +Dr. Hamel in his memoir has given considerable extracts from the MS. +narrative of the voyage, which show that Tradescant was an accurate +observer not only of objects connected with his studies of phytology and +natural history, but of other matters. Parkinson has justly styled him "a +painful industrious searcher and lover of all natural varieties;" and +elsewhere says: "My very {393} good friend, John Tradescantes, has +wonderfully laboured to obtain all the rarest fruits hee can heare of in +any place of Christendome, Turky, yea, or the whole world." The passages in +the journal of his voyage, which prove it to be indubitably his, are +numerous, but the one which first struck Dr. Hamel was sufficient; for in +following the narrator on the Dwina, and the islands there, and, among +others, to Rose Island, he found this note, "Helebros albus, enoug to load +a ship." There are, however, others confirmatory beyond a doubt. Parkinson, +in his _Paradisus Terrestris_, p. 528., has the following passage:-- + + "There is another (strawberry) very like unto this (the Virginia + strawberry, which carrieth the greatest leafe of any other except the + Bohemian), that John Tradescante brought with him from Brussels (l. + Russia) long ago, and in seven years could never see one berry ripe on + all sides, but still the better part rotten, although it would flower + abundantly every yeare, and beare very large leaves." + +Tradescant mentions that he also saw strawberries to be sold in Russia, but +could never get of the plants, though he saw the berries three times at Sir +D. Digges's table; but as they were in nothing differing from ours, but +only less, he did not much seek after them. It is most probable that he +brought seed, as he did of another berry, of which he sent part, he tells +us, to his correspondent Vespasian Robin at Paris. + +Of a man to whom the merit is due of having founded the earliest Museum of +Natural History and Rarities of Art in England, and who possessed one of +the first, and at the same the best, Botanic Garden, every little +particular must be interesting, and it would be pleasing to find that he +was an Englishman, and not a foreigner. The only ground for the latter +supposition is, I believe, the assertion of Anthony a Wood, that he was a +Fleming or a Dutchman. The name Tradescant is, however, neither Flemish nor +Dutch, and seems to me much more like an assumed English pseudonyme. That +he was neither a Dutchman nor a Fleming will, I think, be obvious from the +following passage in the narration of his travels: + + "Also, I haue been tould that theare growethe in the land bothe tulipes + and narsisus. By a Brabander I was tould it, thoug by his name I should + rather think him a Holander. His name is Jonson, and hathe a house at + Archangell. He may be eyther, for he [is] always dr[=u]ke once in a + day." + +Now, had Tradescant himself been a Fleming or a Dutchman, he would at least +have been able to speak decisively on this occasion; to say nothing of the +vice of intemperance which he attributes to the natives of those countries. +Again, it is quite clear that this journal of travels was written by +Tradescant; yet that name does not appear either in the MS. or in the +Russian archives: but we have _John Coplie_ in both, with the indication in +the MS. that he was _a Worcestershire man_. Let us therefore, on these +grounds, place him in the list of English worthies to whom we owe a debt of +gratitude. But supposing _Tradescant_ to have been his real name, it is +quite evident that he travelled under the name of _John Coplie_; and it is +perhaps vain to speculate upon the reasons for the assumption of a +pseudonyme either way. + +Dr. Richard James, who accompanied Sir Dudley Digges as chaplain, appears, +from Turner's account of his MSS., which are deposited in the Bodleian, to +have left behind him a MS. account of his travels in Russia, in five +sheets; but his MS. seems to have been lost or mislaid in that vast +emporium, or we might have some confirmation from it respecting Tradescant. + +South Lambeth was in former times one of the most agreeable and salubrious +spots in the vicinity of London, and at the time when Tradescant first +planted his garden he must have had another worthy and distinguished man +for a neighbour, Sir Noel Caron, who was resident ambassador here from the +States of Holland for twenty-eight years. His estate contained 122 acres; +he was a benefactor to the poor of his vicinity by charitable actions, some +of which remain as permanent monuments of his benevolence, in the shape of +almshouses, situate in the Wandsworth Road. The site of Caron House is now +possessed by Henry Beaufoy, Esq., who has worthily emulated the deeds of +his predecessor by acts of munificent benevolence, which must be fraught +with incalculable good for ages yet to come. Mr. Beaufoy has, among his +literary treasures, a very interesting collection of letters in MS., +written in French, by Sir Noel Caron to Constantine Huyghens, I think, +which contain many curious illustrations of the events of that period. + +Let us hope that time may bring to light further and more complete +materials for the biography of these Lambethan worthies, who have deserved +to live in our memories as benefactors to mankind. + +S. W. SINGER. + +Manor Place, So. Lambeth, May 5. 1851. + + * * * * * + +THE FAMILY OF THE TRADESCANTS. + +In Chambers's _Edinburgh Journal_, No. 359., New Series, may be found an +account of this family, written by myself; I hope to be excused when I say +that it is the most accurate hitherto published. It gave me great pleasure +to find that so distinguished an antiquary as DR. RIMBAULT mainly +corroborates the article alluded to; but I regret that I feel bound to +notice a serious error into which that gentleman has fallen. DR. R. states +that "Old John Tradescant died in the year 1652;" and in another place he +states that-- {394} + + "It was not the _youngest_ John Tradescant that died in 1652, but the + _oldest_, the _grandfather_, the first of that name that settled in + England." + +The conflicting accounts and confusion in the history of the Tradescants, +have no doubt arisen from the three, "grandsire, father, and son," having +been all named John; consequently, for the sake of perspicuity, I shall +adopt the plan of our worthy editor, and designate the Tradescant who first +settled in England, No. 1.; his son, who published the _Musaeum +Tradescantianum_, No. 2.; and the son of the latter, who "died in his +spring," No. 3. Now, to prove that it was the youngest of the Tradescants, +No. 3., who died in 1652, we have only to refer to the preface of the +_Musaeum Tradescantianum_, which was published in 1656. There we find that +Tradescant No. 2. says that-- + + "About three years agoe (by the perswasion of some friends) I was + resolved to take a catalogue of those rarities and curiosities, which + my father had sedulously collected, and myself with continued diligence + have augmented and hitherto preserved together." + +He then proceeds to account for the delay in the publication of the work in +these words: + + "Presently thereupon my _onely son_ died, one of my friends fell sick," + &c. + +Again, in Ashmole's _Diary_ we find the following entry: + + "_Sept._ 11th, 1652. Young John Tredescant died." + +And, further on, Ashmole states that + + "He was buried by his grandfather, in Lambeth Churchyard." + +The word _by_, in the quotation, meaning, _by the side of_, _close by_ his +grandfather. The burial register of Lambeth parish gives the date of the +interment, Sept. 16, 1652. Ashmole's _Diary_, as quoted by DR. RIMBAULT, +and the burial register also, give the date of the death of Tradescant No. +2., who survived his son ten years: the family then became extinct. + +Ashmole, who became acquainted with the Tradescants in 1650, never mentions +the grandfather (No. 1.), nor is his name to be found in the burial +registry; and consequently the date of his death, as far as I have read, +has always been set down as uncertain. There are other parish records, +however, than burial registers; and I was well repaid for my search by +finding, in the Churchwardens' Accounts of St. Mary's, Lambeth, the +following entries: + + "1634. June 1. Received for burial of Jane, wife of John Tradeskin, + 12s." + + "1637-8. Item. John Tradeskin; ye gret bell and black cloth, 5s. 4d." + +This last entry, in all probability, marks the date of the death of the +first Tradescant. Assuming that it does, and as the engraving by Hollar +represents him as far advanced in years, his age did not exclude him from +having been in the service of Queen Elizabeth, so much so as it would if he +had died in 1652. I read the line on the tombstone,-- + + "Both gardeners to the Rose and Lily Queen"-- + +as signifying that one of the Tradescants had been gardener to Elizabeth, +the Rose Queen, and the other to Henrietta, the Lily Queen. However, as +that is little more than a matter of opinion, not of historical fact, it +need not be further alluded to at present. + +I am happy to say, that I have every reason to believe that I am on the +trace of new, curious, and indisputably authentic information respecting +the Tradescants. If successful, and if the editor will spare me a corner, I +shall be proud to communicate it to the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +Tradescant's house, and the house adjoining, where Ashmole lived, previous +to his taking possession of Tradescant's house, after Mrs. Tradescant's +death (see Ashmole's _Diary_), are still standing, though they have +undergone many alterations. Even there, the name of Tradescant seems +forgotten: the venerable building is only known by a _nick-name_, derived +most probably from its antique chimneys. I had many weary pilgrimages +before I discovered the identical edifice. I have not seen the interior, +but am aware that there are some traces of Ashmole in the house, but none +whatever of Tradescant in either house or garden. I had a conversation with +the gardener of the gentleman who now occupies it: he appeared to have an +indistinct idea that an adept in his own profession had once lived there, +for he observed that, "If old What's-his-name were alive now, the potato +disease could soon be cured." Oh! what we antiquaries meet with! He further +gave me to understand that "_furriners_ sometimes came there wishing to see +the place, but that I was the only Englishman, that he recollected, who +expressed any curiosity about it." + +The _restorers_ of the tomb of the Tradescants merely took away the old +leger stone, on which were cut the words quoted by A. W. H. (Vol. iii., p. +207.), and replaced it by a new stone bearing the lines quoted by DR. +RIMBAULT, which were not on the original stone (see Aubrey's _Surrey_), and +the words-- + + "Erected 1662. + Repaired by Subscription, 1773." + +But although the name of the childless, persecuted widow, Hester +Tradescant, is not now on the tomb which she piously erected to the +memories of her husband and son; still, on the west end of it, can be +traced the form of a hydra tearing a human skull--fit emblem of the foul +and vulture-like rapacity of Elias Ashmole. + +WILLIAM PINKERTON. + +Dalmeny Cottage, Ham, Surrey. + +{395} + + * * * * * + +POPE JOAN. + +(Vol. iii., p. 265.) + +In reply to your correspondent NEMO'S Query, whether any such personage as +Pope Joan ever held the keys of St. Peter, and wore the tiara? and if so, +at what period, and for what time, and what is known of her personal +history? I would remark that the story runs thus: that between the +pontificates of Leo IV., who died in the year 855, and of Benedict III., +who died in 858, a female of the name of Joan found means to cause herself +to be elected Pope, which post she held for a term of upwards of two years, +under the title of Joannes VII., according to Sabellicus, or, according to +Platina, of Joannes VIII. She is generally said to have been an +Englishwoman, the daughter of a priest, who in her youth became acquainted +with an English monk belonging to the Abbey of Fulda, with whom she +travelled, habited as a man, to many universities, but finally settled at +Athens, where she remained until the death of her companion, and attained +to a great proficiency in the learning common to the time. After this she +proceeded to Rome, and having by the talent she displayed in several +disputes obtained the reputation of a learned divine, was, on the death of +Leo IV., elected to fill the pontifical chair. This position she held for +upwards of two years, but soon after the expiration of that time was +delivered of a child (but died during parturition), while proceeding in a +procession between the Coliseum and the Church of St. Clemente. + +The first mention of this story appears to have been made by Marianus +Scotus, who compiled a chronicle at Mayence, about two hundred years after +the event is said to have occurred, viz. about 1083. He was followed by +Sigebert de Gemblours, who wrote about 1112; and also by Martino di +Cistello, or Polonus, who wrote about 1277; since when the story has been +repeated by numberless authors, all of whom have, more or less, made some +absurd additions. + +After the satisfactory proofs of the fictitious character of the story, +which have been produced by the most eminent writers, both Catholic and +Protestant, it may appear a work of supererogation to add anything on the +point; yet it may perhaps be permitted to observe, that in the most ancient +and esteemed manuscripts of the works of the authors above quoted, no +mention whatever is made of the Papissa Giovanna, and its introduction must +therefore have been the work of some later copyist. + +The contemporary writers, moreover, some of whom were ocular witnesses of +the elections both of Leo IV. and Benedict III., make no mention whatever +of the circumstance; and it is well known that at Athens, where she is +stated to have studied, no such school as the one alluded to existed in the +ninth century. + +The fact will not, I think, be denied that it was the practice of the +chroniclers of the early ages to note down the greater portion of what they +heard, without examining critically as to the credibility of the report; +and the mention of a fact once made, was amply sufficient for all +succeeding authors to copy the statement, and make such additions thereto +as best suited their respective fancies, without making any examination as +to the truth or probability of the original statement. And this appears to +have been the case with the point in question: Marianus Scotus first +stated, or rather some later copyist stated for him, the fact of a female +Pope; and subsequent writers added, at a later period, the additional facts +which now render the tale so evidently an invention. + +R. R. M. + +_Pope Joan_ (Vol. iii., p. 265.).--You have referred to Sir Thomas Browne, +and might have added the opinion of his able editor (_Works_, iii. 360.), +who says, "Her very existence itself seems now to be universally rejected +by the best authorities as a fabrication from beginning to end." On the +other hand, old Coryat, in his _Crudities_ (vol. ii. p. 443.), has the +boldness to speak with "certainty of her birth at a particular place,--viz. +at Mentz." Mosheim tells us (vol. ii. p. 300.) that during the five +centuries succeeding 855, "the event was generally believed." He quotes +some distinguished names, as well among those who maintained the truth of +the story as amongst those who rejected it as a fable. Bayle may be +included amongst the latter, who, in the third volume of his Dictionary +(Article PAPESSE), has gone deeply into the question. Mosheim himself seems +to leave it where Sir Roger de Coverley would have done,--"much may be said +on both sides." + +J. H. M. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries + +_Robert Burton, his Birth-place_ (Vol. iii., pp. 106. 157.).--A friend who +has just been reading the _Anatomy of Melancholy_, has referred me to the +following passage, which seems to give conclusive testimony respecting the +birth-place of Burton:-- + + "Such high places are infinite ... and two amongst the rest, which I + may not omit for vicinities sake, Oldbury in the confines of + Warwickshire, where I have often looked about me with great delight, at + the foot of which hill I was born; and Hanbury in Staffordshire, + contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, and an ancient + patrimony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder + brother, William Burton, Esquire." [Note on words "_I was born._" At + Lindley in Lecestershire, the possession and dwelling place of Ralph + Burton, Esquire, my late {396} deceased father.]--_Anatomy of + Melancholy_, Part ii. Sec 2. Mem. 3. ad fin. + +I knew of the following, but as it merely mentions Lindley as the +_residence_ of the family, it would not have answered DR. RIMBAULT'S Query. + + "Being in the country in the vacation time, not many years since, at + Lindly in Lecestershire, my father's house," &c.--_Ibid._ Part ii. Sec. + 5. Mem. 1. subs. 5. + +C. FORBES. + +_Barlaam and Josaphat_ (Vol. iii., pp. 135. 278.).--I do not know of any +English translation of this work. If any Middle Age version exists, it +should be published immediately. A new and excellent _German_ one (by Felix +Liebrecht, Muenster, 1847) has lately appeared, written, however, for +Romish purposes, as much as from admiration of the work itself. It would be +well if some member of our own pure branch of the Church Catholic would +turn his attention to this noble work, and give us a faithful but fresh and +easy translation, with a literary introduction descriptive of all the known +versions, &c.; and a chapter on the meaning and limits of the asceticism +preached in the original. In this case, and if published _cheap_, as it +ought to be, it would be a golden present for our youth, and would soon +become once more a _folk-book_. The beautiful free _Old Norwegian_ version +(written by King Hakon Sverresson, about A.D. 1200) mentioned in my last +has now been published in Christiania, edited by the well-known scholars R. +Keyser and C. R. Unger, and illustrated by an introduction, notes, +glossary, fac-simile, &c. (_Barlaams ok Josaphats Saga._ 8vo. Christiania, +1851.) The editors re-adopt the formerly received opinion, that the Greek +original (now printed in Boissonade's _Anecdota Graeca_, vol. iv.) is not +older than the eighth century, and was composed by Johannes Damascenus. But +this must be decided by future criticism. + +GEORGE STEPHENS. + +Stockholm. + +_Witte van Haemstede_ (Vol. iii., p. 209).--It may be of use to the editors +of the "NAVORSCHER" to know that _Adrianus Hamstedius_ became pastor of the +Dutch church in Austin Friars, London, in the year 1559. He succeeded +Walterus Delaenus, and resigned his office, one year after his appointment, +in favour of Petrus Delaenus, probably a son of the before-named Walterus. + +I cannot answer the question as to whether there still exist any +descendants of _Witte van Haemstede_; but as late as 1740, _Hendrik van +Haemstede_ was appointed pastor to the Dutch congregation in London. He +held the office until the year 1751, when Henricus Putman succeeded him. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_The Dutch Church in Norwich_ (Vol. iii., p. 209.).--The editors of the +"NAVORSCHER" will find the early history of this church in Strype's _Annals +of the Reformation_; Blomefield's _History of Norwich_; and in Burn's +_History of the Foreign Refugees_. Dr. Hendrik Gehle, the pastor of the +Dutch church in Austin Friars, who is also the occasional minister of the +Dutch church at Norwich, would be the most likely person to furnish +information as to its present state. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_Fest Sittings_ (Vol. iii., p. 328.).--_Festing_ is, I presume, without +doubt, a Saxon word. A "Festing-man," among the Saxons, was a person who +stood as a surety or pledge for another. "Festing-penny" was the money +given as an earnest or token to servants when hired. + +In the word _sittings_ there _might_ be some reference to the +_statute-sessions_, which were courts or tribunals designed for the +settlement of disputes between masters and servants. + +R. VINCENT. + +_Quakers' Attempt to convert the Pope_ (Vol. iii., p. 302.).--I beg to +refer B. S. S. to the _Correspondance inedite de Mabillon et de Montfaucon +avec l'Italie_ ... edited by M. Valery, Paris, 1846, vol. ii. p. 112. In a +letter from the Benedictine Claude Estiennot to Dom. Bulteau, dated Rome, +September 30, 1687, he will read: + + "Ce qu'on a dit ici des quakers d'Angleterre n'est ni tout-a-fait vrai + ni tout-a-fait faux. Il est certain qu'il en est venu _un_ qui a fort + presse pour avoir une audience de Sa Saintete et se promettait de le + pouvoir convertir a sa religion; ou l'a voulu mettre an PASSARELLI; + monseigneur le Cardinal Howard l'a fait enfermer au couvent de + saint-Jean et Paul et le fera sauver sans bruit pour l'honneur de la + nation." + + C. P. PH****. + +_The Anti-Jacobin_ (Vol. iii., p. 348.).--As you have so many articles in +the _Anti-Jacobin_ owned, I may mention that No. 14, was written by Mr. +Bragge, afterwards Bathurst. + +When I was at Oxford, 1807 or 1808, it was supposed that the simile in _New +Morality_, "So thine own Oak," was written by Mr. Pitt. + +C. B. + +_Mistletoe_ (Vol. iii., p. 192.).-- + + "In a paper of Tho. Willisel's he names these following trees on which + he found misseltoe growing, viz. oak, ash, lime-tree, elm, hazel, + willow, white beam, purging thorn, quicken-tree, apple-tree, crab-tree, + white-thorn." Vide p. 351. _Philosophical Letters between the late + learned Mr. Ray and several of his Ingenious Correspondents, &c._: + Lond. 1718, 8vo. + +R. WILBRAHAM FALCONER, M.D. + +Bath. + +_Verbum Graecum._--The lines in Vol. i., p. 415., where this word occurs, +are in a doggrel journal of his American travels, written by Moore, and +published in his _Epistles, Odes, and other Poems_. They are introduced +apropos to the cacophony of the names of the places which he visited. + +D. X. + +{397} + +"_Apres moi le Deluge_" (Vol. iii, p. 299.).--This sentiment is to be found +in verse of a Greek tragedian, cited in Sueton. _Nero_, c. 38.: + + "[Greek: Emou thanontos gaia michtheto puri.]" + +Suetonius says that some one, at a convivial party, having quoted this +line, Nero outdid him by adding, _Immo_ [Greek: emou zontos]. Nero was not +contented that the conflagration of the world should occur after his death; +he wished that it should take place during his lifetime. + +Dio Cassius (lviii. 23.) attributes this verse, not to Nero, but to +Tiberius, who, he says, used frequently to repeat it. See Prov. (app. ii. +56.), where other allusions to this verse are cited in the note of Leutsch. + +L. + + [We are indebted for a similar reply to C. B., who quotes the line from + Euripides, _Fragm. Inc._ B. xxvii.] + +"_Apres moi_," or "_apres nous le Deluge_" sounds like a modernisation of +the ancient verse,-- + + "[Greek: Emou thanontos gaia michtheto puri,]" + +the use of which has been imputed to the emperor Nero. The spirit of Madame +de Pompadour's saying breathes the same selfish levity; and it amounts to +the same thing. But it merits remark that the words of Metternich were of +an entirely distinct signification. They did not imply that he _cared_ only +for himself and the affairs of his own life; but that he anticipated the +inability of future ministers to avert revolution, and _foreboded_ the +worst. Two persons may use the same words, and yet their sayings be as +different as the first line of Homer from the first of Virgil. The omission +of the French verb disguises the fact, that the one was said in the +optative, and the other in the future indicative. + +A. N. + +_Eisell_, the meaning of which has been much discussed in the pages of +"NOTES AND QUERIES," is a word which seems to have been once the common +term for vinegar. The _Festival_ in the sermon for St. Michael's day +employs this term thus: + + "And other angellis with h[=i] (St. Michael) shall brynge al the + Instrum[=e]tis of our lordis passyon, the crosse; the crowne; spere; + nayles; hamer; sponge; _eyseel_; gall, scourges [=t] all other thynges + y^t w[=e] atte cristis passyon."--Rouen, A.D. 1499, _fo._ cl. b. + +D. ROCK. + +"_To-day we purpose_" (Vol. iii., p. 302).--The verse for which your +correspondent G. N. inquires, is taken from _Isabella, or the Pot of +Basil_, an exquisitely beautiful poem by Keats, founded on one of +Boccaccio's tales. + +E. J. M. + +_Modern Paper_ (Vol. iii., p. 181.).--Cordially do I agree with every word +of your correspondent LAUDATOR TEMPORIS ACTI, and especially as to the +prayer-books for churches and chapels, printed by the Universities. +_Experto crede_, no solicitude can preserve their "flimsy, brittle, and +cottony" leaves, as he justly entitles them, from rapid destruction. Might +not the delegates of the University presses be persuaded to give us an +edition with the morning and evening services printed on vellum, instead of +the miserable fabric they now afford us? + +C. W. B. + +_St. Pancras_ (Vol. iii., p. 285.).--In Breviar. Rom. sub die XII Maii, is +the following brief notice of this youthful saint, whose martyrdom was also +commemorated (Sir H. Nicolas' _Chron. of Hist._) on April 3 and July 21: + + "Pancratius, in Phrygia nobili genere natus, puer quatordecim annorum + Roman venit Diocletiano et Maximiano Imperatoribus: ubi a Pontifice + Romano baptizatus, et in fide christiana eruditus, ob eamdem paulo post + comprehensus, cum diis sacrificare constanter renuisset, virili + fortitudine datis cervicibus, illustrem martyrii coronam consecutus + est; cujus corpus Octavilla matrona noctu sustulit, et unguentis + delibutum via Aurelia sepelivit." + +Amongst the reliques in the church of St. John of Laterane, in the "the +glorious mother-city of Rome," Onuphrius (de VII. Urbis Ecclesiis) and +Serranus (de Ecclesiis Urbis Rom.), as quoted by Wm. Crashaw (temp. James +I.), enumerate: + + "Item. caput Zachariae Prophetae, et caput Sancti Pancratii de quo + sanguis emanavit ad tres dies quum Ecclesia Lateranensis combusta + fuit." + +COWGILL. + +_Joseph Nicolson's Family_ (Vol. iii., p. 243.).--A. N. C. is justly +corrected as to the insertion of the letter _h_ in Dr. Wm. Nicolson's name, +though it has been adopted by some of his family since. The mother of Dr. +Wm. and Joseph Nicolson was Mary Brisco, of Crofton; not Mary Miser. + +I find from _Nichols' Correspondence of Dr. Wm. Nicolson_, that his brother +Joseph was master of the Apothecaries' Company in London. He died in May, +1724. He lived in Salisbury Court, where it would appear the Bishop resided +at least on one occasion that he was in London. + +MONKSTOWN. + +_Demosthenes and New Testament_ (Vol. iii., p. 350.).--The quotations from +Demosthenes, and many others more or less pointed, are to be found, as +might be expected, in the well-known, very learned, and standard edition of +the new Testament by Wetstein. + +C. B. + +_Crossing Rivers on Skins_ (Vol. iii., p. 3.).--To the _Latin_ authors +cited by JANUS DOUSA illustrating this practice, allow me to add the +following from the Greek. Xenophon, in his _Anabasis_, lib. iii. cap. v., +so clearly exhibits the _modus operandi_, that I shall give a translation +of the passage: + + "And while they were at a loss what to do, a certain Rhodian came up + and said, 'I am ready to ferry you over, O men! by 4000 heavy armed men + at a {398} time, if you furnish me with what I want, and will give me a + talent as a reward.' And being asked of what he stood in need:--'I + shall want,' said he, '2000 leathern bags; and I see here many sheep, + and goats, and oxen, and asses; which, being flayed, and (their skins) + inflated, would readily furnish a means of transport. And I shall + require also the girths, which you use for the beasts of burden. And on + these,' said he, 'having bound the leathern bags, and fastened them one + to another, and affixing stones, and letting them down like anchors, + and binding them on either side, I will lay on wood, and put earth over + them. And that you will not then sink, you shall presently very clearly + perceive; for each leathern bag will support two men from sinking, and + the wood and earth will keep them from slipping." + +Skins, or tent coverings, stuffed with hay, appear also to have been very +generally used for this purpose (Vid. Id., lib. i. cap. v.). Arrian relates +(lib. v. Exped. cap. 12.) that Alexander used this contrivance for crossing +the Hydaspes: + + "[Greek: Autos de (Alexandros)--agon epi ten neson kai ten akran, + enthen diabainein en egnosmenon. Kai entautha eplerounto tes nuktos hai + diphtherai tes karphes ek pollou ede parenenegmenai, kai katerrhaptonto + es akribeian.]" + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +Martham, Norfolk. + +_Curious Facts in Natural History_ (Vol. iii., p. 166.).--There is a +parallel to the curious fact contributed by your Brazilian correspondent in +the "vegetable caterpillar" of New Zealand. This natural rarity is +described in Angas's _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_, +vol. i. p. 291.:-- + + "Amongst the damp moss at the root of the _rata_ trees, in the shady + forests not far from Auckland, and also in various parts of the + northern island, are found those extraordinary productions called + vegetable caterpillars, the _hotete_ of the natives. In appearance, the + caterpillar differs but little from that of the common privet + sphinx-moth, after it has descended to the ground, previously to its + undergoing the change into the chrysalis state. But the most remarkable + characteristic of the vegetable caterpillar is, that every one has a + very curious plant, belonging to the fungi tribe, growing from the + _anus_; this fungus varies from three to six inches in length, and + bears at its extremity a blossom-like appendage, somewhat resembling a + miniature bulrush, and evidently derives its nourishment from the body + of the insect. This caterpillar when recently found, is of the + substance of cork; and it is discovered by the natives seeing the tips + of the fungi, which grow upwards. They account for this phenomenon, by + asserting that the caterpillar, when feeding upon the _rata_ tree + overhead, swallows the seeds of the fungus, which take root in the body + of the insect, and germinate as soon as it retreats to the damp mould + beneath, to undergo its transformation into the pupa state. Specimens + of these vegetable caterpillars have been transmitted to naturalists in + England, by whom they have been named _Sphaeria Robertii_."--_Savage + Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_, by G. F. Angas: London, + 1847, vol. i. p. 291. + +I recently had several specimens of the insect, with its remarkable +appendage, which had been brought from the colony by a relative. + +R. W. C. + +_Prideaux_ (Vol. iii., p. 268.).--The Prideaux, who took part in the +Monmouth rebellion, was a son of Sir Edmund Prideaux, the purchaser of Ford +Abbey. (See Birch's _Life of Tillotson_.) Tillotson appears to have been a +chaplain to Sir E. Prideaux at Ford Abbey, and a tutor to the young +Prideaux. + +K. TH. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +Our readers will probably remember that the result of several +communications which appeared in our columns on the subject of the +celebrated _Treatise of Equivocation_, found in the chambers of Tresham, +and produced at the trial of the persons engaged in the Gunpowder Plot, was +a letter from a correspondent (J. B., Vol. ii., p. 168.) announcing that +the identical MS. copy of the work referred to by Sir Edward Coke on the +occasion in question, was safely preserved in the Bodleian Library. It was +not to be supposed that a document of such great historical interest, which +had been long sought after, should, when discovered, be suffered to remain +unprinted; and Mr. Jardine, the accomplished editor of the _Criminal +Trials_ (the second volume of which, it will be remembered, is entirely +devoted to a very masterly narrative of the Gunpowder Plot), has +accordingly produced a very carefully prepared edition of the Tract in +question; introduced by a preface, in which its historical importance is +alone discussed, the object of the publication being not controversial but +historical. "To obviate," says Mr. Jardine, "any misapprehension of the +design in publishing it at a time when events of a peculiar character have +drawn much animadversion upon the principles of the Roman Catholics, it +should be stated that the _Treatise_ would have been published ten years +ago, had the inquiries then made led to its discovery; and that it is now +published within a few weeks after the manuscript has been brought to light +in the Bodleian Library." The work is one of the most important +contributions to English history which has recently been put forth, and Mr. +Jardine deserves the highest credit for the manner in which he was +discharged his editorial duties. + +_Horae Egyptiacae, or the Chronology of Ancient Egypt discovered from +Astronomical and Hieroglyphical Records, including many dates found in +coeval inscriptions from the period of the building of the great Pyramid to +the times of the Persians, and illustrative of the History of the first +Nineteen Dynasties, &c._, by Reginald Stuart Poole, is the ample title of a +work dedicated to the Duke of Northumberland, under whose auspices it has +been produced. The work, which is intended to explain the Chronology and +History of Ancient Egypt from its monuments, originally appeared in a +series of {399} papers in the _Literary Gazette_. These have been improved, +the calculations contained in them subjected to the most rigid scrutiny; +and when we say that in the preparation of this volume Mr. Poole has had +assistance from Mr. Lane, Mr. and Mrs. Lieber of Cairo, Dr. Abbot of Cairo, +Mr. Birch of the British Museum, Professor Airy, and, lastly, of Sir +Gardener Wilkinson, who, in his _Architecture of Ancient Egypt_, avows that +"he fully agrees with Mr. Poole in the contemporaneousness of certain +kings, and in the order of succession he gives to the early Pharaohs," we +do quite enough to recommend it to the attention of all students of the +History and Monuments of Ancient Egypt. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Plato Translated by G. Burges_, vol. 4. The new volume of +Bohn's Classical Library is in the fourth volume of the Translation of +Plato, which, strange as it may sound to those of our readers who know +anything of what is essential to a popular book in these days, has, we +believe, been one of the most popular of the many cheap books issued by Mr. +Bohn. How much the impression made on the public mind by the well-worn +quotation, "Plato, thou reasonest well," may have contributed to this +result, we leave others to decide.--_What is the working of the Church of +Spain? What is implied in submitting to Rome? What is it that presses +hardest upon the Church of England? A Tract by the Rev. F. Meyrick, M.A._ +London: J. H. Parker. These are three very important _Queries_, but +obviously not of a nature for discussion in NOTES AND QUERIES.--_The Penny +Post_, I. to IV., _February to May_. The words "_thirtieth thousand_" on +the title-page, show the success which has already attended this Church +Penny Magazine. + +CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--T. Kerslake's (3. Park Street, Bristol) Catalogue of +Books lately bought; Cole's (15. Great Turnstile) List No. XXXV. of very +Cheap Books; C. Hamilton's (22. Anderson's Buildings, City Road) Catalogue +No. XLII. of a remarkably Cheap Miscellaneous Collection of Old Books, +Tracts, &c.; G. Johnston's (11. Goodge Street, Tottenham Court Road) Book +Circular. + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +DIANA (ANTONINUS) COMPENDIUM RESOLUTIONEM MORALIUM. Antwerp.-Colon. +1634-57. + +PASSIONAEL EFTE DAT LEVENT DER HEILIGEN. Folio. Basil, 1522. + +CARTARI--LA ROSA D'ORO PONTIFICIA. 4to. Rome, 1681. + +BROEMEL, M. C. H., FEST-TANZEN DER ERSTEN CHRISTEN. Jena, 1705. + +THE COMPLAYNT OF SCOTLAND, edited by Leyden. 8vo. Edin. 1801. + +THOMS' LAYS AND LEGENDS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. Parts I. to VII. 12mo. 1834. + +L'ABBE DE SAINT PIERRE, PROJET DE PAIX PERPETUELLE. 3 Vols. 12mo. Utrecht, +1713. + +CHEVALIER RAMSAY, ESSAI DE POLITIQUE, ou l'on traite de la Necessite, de +l'Origine, des Droits, des Bornes et des differentes Formes de la +Souverainete, selon les Principes de l'Auteur de Telemaque. 2 Vols. 12mo. +La Haye, without date, but printed in 1719. + +The same. Second Edition, under the title "Essai Philosophique sur le +Gouvernement Civil, selon les Principes de Fenelon," 12mo. Londres, 1721. + +PULLEN'S ETYMOLOGICAL COMPENDIUM, 8vo. + +COOPER'S (C. P.) ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC RECORDS, 8vo. 1822. Vol. I. + +LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Sm. 8vo. 1837. Vols. X. XI. XII. XIII. + +MILLER'S (JOHN, OF WORCESTER COLL.) SERMONS. Oxford, 1831 (or about that +year). + +WHARTON'S ANGLIA SACRA. Vol. II. + +PHEBUS (Gaston, Conte de Foix), Livre du deduyt de la Chasse. + +TURNER'S SACRED HISTORY. 3 vols. demy 8vo. + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +G. E. F. _Will this correspondent oblige us with another copy of his Query +respecting the Knapp Family? The Query to which he alludes came from a +gentleman who has shown by his published works that he is both able and +willing to search out information for himself. It is the more surprising, +therefore, that he should have overlooked the very obvious source from +which the information was eventually supplied._ + +_We are unavoidably compelled to omit from the present Number our usual +list of_ Replies Received. + +FOREIGN CHURCHES. W. A. _thinks we should be doing a kindness to our +foreign visitors by reminding them of the existence of the_ Dutch Church in +Austin Friars, _and of the_ Swedish Church, Prince's Square, Ratcliffe +Highway, _around which are yet flourishing some of the trees imported and +planted by Dr. Solander._ + +MERCURII _is thanked for his last packet. We shall make use of some parts +of it when we return, as we purpose doing very shortly, to the proposed_ +Record of Existing Monuments. _We cannot trace the Queries to which he +refers. Will he oblige us with copies of them?_ + +E. H. Y. _Will our correspondent say where we may address a communication +to him?_ + +VOLS. I. _and_ II., _each with very copious Index, may still be had, price +9s. 6d. each_. + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and +Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country +Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it +regularly. 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Piccadilly, on MONDAY, May 26, and five +following Days, a most curious Collection of BOOKS, the property of a +Gentleman, including Works on Animal Magnetism, Mesmerism, and Mesmeric +Sleep; Angels and their Ministrations; Apparitions, Ghosts, Hobgoblins, +Presentiments, Second Sight, and Supernatural Appearances; Magical +Practices and Conjuration; Daemonology, Spectres, and Vampires; Popular +Superstitions, Popish Credulity, Delusions, Ecstacies, Fanaticisms, and +Impostures; Astrology, Divination, Revelations, and Prophecies; Necromancy, +Sorcery, and Witchcraft; Infatuation, Diabolical Possession, and +Enthusiasm; Proverbs, Old Sayings, and Vulgar Errors; the Household Book of +Sir Ed. Coke, Original MS.; Early English Poetry, MS. temp. 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That he was not there so that any man is bounde to detect it. +Edited from the Original Manuscript in the Bodleian Library, by DAVID +JARDINE, of the Middle Temple, Esq., Barrister at Law. + +London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, May 17. 1851. + + * * * * * + + +Corrections made to printed original. + +page 387, "DUTCH FOLK-LORE" (heading): 'FOLK-LORR' in original. + +page 390, "Ashby-de-la-Zouch" (contributor's address): 'Ashley-de-la-Zouch' +in original. + +page 391, "the meaning of crambo": 'crambe' in original. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 81, May 17, +1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, MAY 17, 1851 *** + +***** This file should be named 29318.txt or 29318.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/3/1/29318/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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