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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Orchard And Garden, by
+William Lawson and Simon Harwood and Anonymous
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A New Orchard And Garden
+       or, The best way for planting, grafting, and to make any
+       ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North
+       and generall
+
+Author: William Lawson
+        Simon Harwood
+        Anonymous
+
+Release Date: June 6, 2009 [EBook #29058]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW ORCHARD AND GARDEN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+{Transcriber's note:
+
+  This etext contains
+    1. A New Orchard and Garden, by William Lawson
+    2. The Country Housewifes Garden, by William Lawson
+    3. A Most Profitable new treatise, from approved experience of the
+       Art of Propagating Plants, by Simon Harwood
+    4. The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard
+
+  The first edition of "A New Orchard and Garden", which included "The
+  Country Housewifes Garden" appeared in 1618; many further editions
+  appeared over the period to 1695. The "Art of Propagating Plants" and
+  "The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard" appeared in all editions from 1623.
+  This transcript is taken from the 1631 edition. The transcriber used
+  a modern facsimile of the 1657 edition to clarify some doubtful
+  readings.
+
+  The spelling and hyphenation in the original are erratic. No corrections
+  have been made other than those listed at the end of the etext. The
+  formatting of the original tables of contents has been normalised.
+
+  Sidenotes are enclosed in braces, prefixed with "SN" and placed before
+  the paragraph in which they appear.
+
+  Transcriber's notes in the text are enclosed in braces and prefixed with
+  "TN".
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  A
+  NEVV ORCHARD
+  AND GARDEN
+
+  OR
+
+  The best way for planting, grafting, and to make
+  _any ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North,_
+  and generally for the whole kingdome of _England_, as in nature,
+  _reason, situation, and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare_.
+
+  With the Country Housewifes Garden for hearbes of common vse:
+  _their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models_
+  for trees, and plots for the best ordering of Grounds and Walkes.
+
+  AS ALSO,
+
+  _The Husbandry of Bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances_
+  being the experience of 48 yeares labour, and now the second time
+  corrected and much enlarged, by _William Lawson_.
+
+  Whereunto is newly added the Art of propagating Plants, with the true
+  _ordering of all manner of Fruits, in their gathering,
+  carrying home, & preseruation._
+
+  {Illustration: Skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines.
+  _Nemo sibi natus._}
+
+  _LONDON_,
+  Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden
+  Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row. 1631.
+
+
+
+
+  TO THE RIGHT
+  WORSHIPFVLL
+  SIR HENRY BELOSSES,
+  Knight and Baronet,
+
+  _Worthy Sir_,
+
+When in many yeeres by long experience I had furnished this my Northerne
+Orchard and Countrey Garden with needfull plants and vsefull hearbes, I
+did impart the view thereof to my friends, who resorted to me to
+conferre in matters of that nature, they did see it, and seeing it
+desired, and I must not denie now the publishing of it (which then I
+allotted to my priuate delight) for the publike profit of others.
+Wherefore, though I could pleade custome the ordinarie excuse of all
+Writers, to chuse a Patron and Protector of their Workes, and so shroud
+my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour, yet haue I certaine
+reasons to excuse this my presumption: First, the many courtesies you
+haue vouchsafed me. Secondly, your delightfull skill in matters of this
+nature. Thirdly, the profit which I receiued from your learned discourse
+of Fruit-trees.
+
+Fourthly, your animating and assisting of others to such endeuours. Last
+of all, the rare worke of your owne in this kind: all which to publish
+vnder your protection, I haue aduentured (as you see). Vouchsafe it
+therefore entertainement, I pray you, and I hope you shall finde it not
+the vnprofitablest seruant of your retinue: for when your serious
+employments are ouerpassed, it may interpose some commoditie, and raise
+your contentment out of varietie.
+
+  _Your Worships
+  most bounden_,
+
+  WILLIAM LAVVSON.
+
+
+
+
+THE PREFACE to all well minded.
+
+
+_Art hath her first originall out of experience, which therefore is
+called the Schoole-mistresse of fooles, because she teacheth infallibly,
+and plainely, as drawing her knowledge out of the course of Nature,
+(which neuer failes in the generall) by the senses, feelingly
+apprehending, and comparing (with the helpe of the minde) the workes of
+nature; and as in all other things naturall, so especially in Trees; for
+what is Art more then a prouident and skilfull Collectrix of the faults
+of Nature in particular workes, apprehended by the senses? As when good
+ground naturally brings forth thistles, trees stand too thicke, or too
+thin, or disorderly, or (without dressing) put forth vnprofitable
+suckers, and suchlike. All which and a thousand more, Art reformeth,
+being taught by experience: and therefore must we count that Art the
+surest, that stands vpon experimentall rules, gathered by the rule of
+reason (not conceit) of all other rules the surest._
+
+_Whereupon haue I of my meere and sole experience, without respect to
+any former written Treatise, gathered these rules, and set them downe in
+writing, not daring to hide the least talent giuen me of my Lord and
+Master in Heauen: neither is this iniurious to any, though it differ
+from the common opinion in diuers points, to make it knowne to others,
+what good I haue found out in this facultie by long triall and
+experience. I confesse freely my want of curious skill in the Art of
+planting. And I admire and praise _Plinie_, _Aristotle_, _Virgil_,
+_Cicero_, and many others for wit and iudgement in this kind, and leaue
+them to their times, manner, and seuerall Countries._
+
+_I am not determined (neither can I worthily) to set forth the praises
+of this Art: how some, and not a few, euen of the best, haue accounted
+it a chiefe part of earthly happinesse, to haue faire and pleasant
+Orchards, as in _Hesperia_ and _Thessaly_, how all with one consent
+agree, that it is a chiefe part of Husbandry (as _Tully de senectute_)
+and Husbandry maintaines the world; how ancient, how profitable, how
+pleasant it is, how many secrets of nature it doth containe, how loued,
+how much practised in the best places, and of the best: This hath
+already beene done by many. I only aime at the common good. _I_ delight
+not in curious conceits, as planting and graffing with the root vpwards,
+inoculating Roses on Thornes, and such like, although I haue heard of
+diuers prooued some, and read of moe._
+
+_The Stationer hath (as being most desirous with me, to further the
+common good) bestowed much cost and care in hauing the Knots and Models
+by the best Artizan cut in great varietie, that nothing might be any way
+wanting to satisfie the curious desire of those that would make vse of
+this Booke._
+
+_And I shew a plaine and sure way of planting, which I haue found good
+by 48. yeeres (and moe) experience in the North part of _England_: I
+preiudicate and enuie none, wishing yet all to abstaine from maligning
+that good (to them vnknowne) which is well intended. Farewell._
+
+  Thine, for thy good,
+  _W. L._
+
+
+
+
+A Table of the things Contayned in this Booke
+
+  CHAP. 1.
+  _Of the Gardner his labour and wadges._       _pag. 1_
+
+  CHAP. 2.
+  _Of the Soyle._                                 _p. 3_
+  _The kinds of trees._                           _p. 3_
+  _Of barren earth._                              _p. 4_
+  _Of Grasse._                                    _p. 5_
+  _Of the Crust of the earth._                    _p. 6_
+
+  CHAP. 3.
+  _Lowe & neere the Riuer_.                       _p. 6_
+  _Of Windes._                                    _p. 8_
+  _Of the Sunne._                                 _p. 8_
+  _Trees against a wall._                         _p. 8_
+
+  CHAP. 4.
+  _Of the quantity._                              _p. 10_
+  _Orchards as good as a Corne-field._            _p. 10_
+  _Good as the Vineyard._                         _p. 11_
+  _What quantity of ground._                      _p. 11_
+  _Want no hinderance._                           _p. 12_
+  _How Land-lords by their Tenants may make
+    flourishing Orchards._                        _p. 12_
+
+  CHAP. 5.
+  _The forme of the Orchard._                     _p. 12_
+
+  CHAP. 6.
+  _Of Fences._                                    _p. 14_
+  _Effects of euill Fencing._                     _p. 14_
+  _The kinds of Fencinge._                        _p. 15_
+  _Of Pales and Rayles._                          _p. 15_
+  _Of Stone-walles._                              _p. 15_
+  _Of Quicksets and Moates._                      _p. 16_
+
+  CHAP. 7.
+  _Of Setts._                                     _p. 17_
+  _Of Slipps._                                    _p. 17_
+  _Of Burknots._                                  _p. 17_
+  _Of Small Setts._                               _p. 18_
+  _Tying of Trees._                               _p. 19_
+  _Signes of diseases._                           _p. 19_
+  _Of Suckers._                                   _p. 20_
+  _A Running plant._                              _p. 20_
+  _Of bought Setts._                              _p. 21_
+  _The best Sett._                                _p. 22_
+  _Times of remouing._                            _p. 23_
+  _The manner of setting._                        _p. 26_
+
+  CHAP. 8.
+  _Of the distance of trees._                     _p. 28_
+  _The hurts of too neere planting._              _p. 28_
+  _All touches hurtfull._                         _p. 29_
+  _The best distance._                            _p. 29_
+  _Of wast ground in an Orchard._                 _p. 30_
+
+  CHAP. 9.
+  _Of the placing of trees._                      _p. 31_
+
+  CHAP. 10.
+  _Of Grafting._                                  _p. 33_
+  _The kinds of Grafting._                        _p. 34_
+  _How to Graft._                                 _p. 34_
+  _What a Graft is._                              _p. 34_
+  _The eies of a Graft._                          _p. 34_
+  _Time of Grafting._                             _p. 35_
+  _Gathering of Grafts._                          _p. 36_
+  _Of Incising._                                  _p. 37_
+  _Of Packing._                                   _p. 38_
+  _Of Inoculating._                               _p. 39_
+  _Grafting in the Scutcheon._                    _p. 39_
+
+  CHAP. 11.
+  _The right dressing of trees._                  _p. 40_
+  _Timber-wood euill drest._                      _p. 41_
+  _The cause of hurts in wood._                   _p. 42_
+  _How to dresse Timber._                         _p. 43_
+  _The profit of dressing._                    _p. 43-45_
+  _Trees will take any forme._                    _p. 44_
+  _How to dresse all Fruit-trees._                _p. 44_
+  _The best times for proyning._                  _p. 47_
+  _Faults of euill dressing and the remedies._    _p. 48_
+  _Of water-boughes._                             _p. 49_
+  _Barke-pyld._                                _p. 49-56_
+  _Instruments for dressing._                     _p. 50_
+
+  CHAP. 12
+  _Of Foyling._                                   _p. 51_
+  _Time fit for Foyling._                         _p. 53_
+
+  CHAP. 13
+  _Of Annoyances._                                _p. 54_
+  _Two euills in an Orchard._                     _p. 54_
+  _Of galls cankers, mosse &c._                   _p. 55_
+  _Of wilfull annoyances._                        _p. 60_
+
+  CHAP. 14.
+  _Of the age of trees._                          _p. 60_
+  _The parts of a trees age._                     _p. 61_
+  _Of Mans age._                                  _p. 62_
+  _The age of timber-trees._                      _p. 64_
+  _To discerne the age of trees._                 _p. 65_
+
+  CHAP. 15.
+  _Of gathering and keeping Fruit._               _p. 65_
+
+  CHAP. 16.
+  _The profit of Orchards._                       _p. 67_
+  _Of Cydar and Perry._                           _p. 67_
+  _Of Fruit, Waters and Conserue._                _p. 68_
+
+  CHAP. 17.
+  _Of Ornaments._                                 _p. 68_
+  _Of the delights._                              _p. 69_
+  _The causes of delights._                       _p. 70_
+  _Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c._               _p. 70_
+  _Of Bees._                                      _p. 72_
+
+
+
+
+THE BEST, SVRE AND READIEST VVAY to make a good _Orchard_ and _Garden_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER. 1.
+
+_Of the Gardner, and his Wages._
+
+
+{SN: Religious.}
+Whosoeuer desireth & endeauoureth to haue a pleasant, and profitable
+Orchard, must (if he be able) prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer,
+religious, honest, skilful in that faculty, & therwithall painfull: By
+religious, I meane (because many think religion but a fashion or custome
+to go to Church) maintaining, & cherishing things religious: as Schooles
+of learning, Churches, Tythes, Church-goods, & rights; and aboue all
+things, Gods word, & the Preachers thereof, so much as he is able,
+practising prayers, comfortable conference, mutuall instruction to
+edifie, almes, and other works of Charity, and all out of a good
+conscience.
+
+{SN: Honest.}
+Honesty in a Gardner, will grace your Garden, and all your house, and
+helpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen, giuing offence to none, not calling
+your name into question by dishonest acts, nor infecting your family by
+euill counsell or example. For there is no plague so infectious as
+Popery and knauery, he will not purloine your profit, nor hinder your
+pleasures.
+
+{SN: Skilfull.}
+Concerning his skill, he must not be a Scolist, to make shew or take in
+hand that, which he cannot performe, especially in so weighty a thing as
+an Orchard: than the which, there can be no humane thing more
+excellent, either for pleasure or profit, as shall (God willing) be
+proued in the treatise following. And what an hinderance shall it be,
+not onely to the owner, but to the common good, that the vnspeakeble
+benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost, by the audacious attempt
+of an vnskilfull Arborist.
+
+{SN: Painfull.}
+The Gardner had not need be an idle, or lazie Lubber, for to your
+Orchard being a matter of such moment, will not prosper. There will euer
+be some thing to doe. Weedes are alwaies growing. The great mother of
+all liuing Creatures, the Earth, is full of seed in her bowels, and any
+stirring giues them heat of Sunne, and being laid neere day, they grow:
+Mowles worke daily, though not alwaies alike. Winter herbes at all times
+will grow (except in extreame frost.) In Winter your young trees and
+herbes would be lightned of snow, and your Allyes cleansed: drifts of
+snow will set Deere, Hares, and Conyes, and other noysome beasts ouer
+your walles & hedges, into your Orchard. When Summer cloathes your
+borders with greene and peckled colours, your Gardner must dresse his
+hedges, and antike workes: watch his Bees, and hiue them: distill his
+Roses and other herbes. Now begins Summer Fruit to ripe, and craue your
+hand to pull them. If he haue a Garden (as he must need) to keepe, you
+must needs allow him good helpe, to end his labours which are endlesse,
+for no one man is sufficient for these things.
+
+{SN: Wages.}
+Such a Gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in
+your Orchard, God shall crowne the labours of his hands with
+ioyfulnesse, and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees, he will
+prouoke your loue, and earne his wages, and fees belonging to his
+place: The house being serued, fallen fruite, superfluity of herbes, and
+flowers, seedes, grasses, sets, and besides all other of that fruit
+which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall, will much augment
+his wages, and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe.
+
+If you be not able, nor willing to hire a gardner, keepe your profits to
+your selfe, but then you must take all the pains: And for that purpose
+(if you want this faculty) to instruct you, haue I vndertaken these
+labours, and gathered these rules, but chiefly respecting my Countries
+good.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 2.
+
+_Of the soyle._
+
+
+{SN: Kinds of trees.}
+{SN: Soyle.}
+Fruit-trees most common, and meetest for our Northerne Countries: (as
+Apples, Peares, Cheries, Filberds, red and white Plummes, Damsons, and
+Bulles,) for we meddle not with Apricockes nor Peaches, nor scarcely
+with Quinces, which will not like in our cold parts, vnlesse they be
+helped with some reflex of Sunne, or other like meanes, nor with bushes,
+bearing berries, as Barberies, Goose-berries, or Grosers, Raspe-berries,
+and such like, though the Barbery be wholesome, and the tree may be made
+great: doe require (as all other trees doe) a blacke, fat, mellow,
+cleane and well tempered soyle, wherein they may gather plenty of good
+sap. Some thinke the Hasell would haue a chanily rocke, and the sallow,
+and eller a waterish marish. The soile is made better by deluing, and
+other meanes, being well melted, and the wildnesse of the earth and
+weedes (for euery thing subiect to man, and seruing his vse (not well
+ordered) is by nature subiect to the curse,) is killed by frosts and
+drought, by fallowing and laying on heapes, and if it be wild earth,
+with burning.
+
+{SN: Barren earth.}
+If your ground be barren (for some are forced to make an Orchard of
+barren ground) make a pit three quarters deepe, and two yards wide, and
+round in such places, where you would set your trees, and fill the same
+with fat, pure, and mellow earth, one whole foot higher then your Soile,
+and therein set your Plant. For who is able to manure an whole Orchard
+plot, if it be barren? But if you determine to manure the whole site,
+this is your way: digge a trench halfe a yard deepe, all along the lower
+(if there be a lower) side of your Orchard plot, casting vp all the
+earth on the inner side, and fill the same with good short, hot, &
+tender muck, and make such another Trench, and fill the same as the
+first, and so the third, and so through out your ground. And by this
+meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life. But be sure you set
+your trees, neither in dung nor barren earth.
+
+{SN: Plaine.}
+{SN: Moyst.}
+Your ground must be plaine, that it may receiue, and keepe moysture, not
+onely the raine falling thereon, but also water cast vpon it, or
+descending from higher ground by sluices, Conduits, &c. For I account
+moisture in Summer very needfull in the soile of trees, & drought in
+Winter. Prouided, that the ground neither be boggy, nor the inundation
+be past 24. houres at any time, and but twice in the whole Summer, and
+so oft in the Winter. Therefore if your plot be in a Banke, or haue a
+descent, make Trenches by degrees, Allyes, Walkes, and such like, so as
+the Water may be stayed from passage. And if too much water be any
+hinderance to your walks (for dry walkes doe well become an Orchard, and
+an Orchard them:) raise your walkes with earth first, and then with
+stones, as bigge as Walnuts: and lastly, with grauell. In Summer you
+need not doubt too much water from heauen, either to hurt the health of
+your body, or of your trees. And if ouerflowing molest you after one
+day, auoid it then by deepe trenching.
+
+Some for this purpose dig the soile of their Orchard to receiue
+moisture, which I cannot approue: for the roots with digging are
+oftentimes hurt, and especially being digged by some vnskilfull seruant:
+For the Gardiner cannot doe all himselfe. And moreouer, the roots of
+Apples & Peares being laid neere day, with the heate of the Sun, will
+put forth suckers, which are a great hinderance, and sometimes
+with euill guiding, the destruction of trees, vnlesse the deluing be
+very shallow, and the ground laid very leuell againe. Cherries and
+Plummes without deluing, will hardly or neuer (after twenty yeares) be
+kept from such suckers, nor aspes.
+
+{SN: Grasse.}
+Grasse also is thought needfull for moisture, so you let it not touch
+the roots of your trees: for it will breed mosse, and the boall of your
+tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the Sunne and Ayre.
+
+Some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so, by reason of
+waters standing thereon, for except in soure marshes, springs, and
+continuall ouerflowings, no earth can be too moyst. Sandy & fat earth
+will auoid all water falling by receit. Indeed a stiffe clay will not
+receiue the water, and therefore if it be grassie or plaine, especially
+hollow, the water will abide, and it wil seeme waterish, when the fault
+is in the want of manuring, and other good dressing.
+
+{SN: Naturally plaine.}
+{SN: Crust of the earth.}
+This plainnesse which we require, had need be naturall, because to force
+an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse. For euery soile hath his
+crust next day wherein trees and herbes put their roots, and whence
+they draw their sap, which is the best of the soile, and made fertile
+with heat and cold, moisture and drought, and vnder which by reason of
+the want of the said temperature, by the said foure qualities, no tree
+nor herbe (in a manner) will or can put root. As may be seene if in
+digging your ground, you take the weeds of most growth: as grasse or
+docks, (which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare) yet bury
+them vnder the crust, and they will surely dye and perish, & become
+manure to your ground. This crust is not past 15. or 18. inches deepe in
+good ground, in other grounds lesse. Hereby appeares the fault of forced
+plaines, viz. your crust in the lower parts, is couered with the crust
+of the higher parts, and both with worse earth: your heights hauing the
+crust taken away, are become meerely barren: so that either you must
+force a new crust, or haue an euill soile. And be sure you leuell,
+before you plant, lest you be forced to remoue, or hurt your plants by
+digging, and casting amongst their roots. Your ground must be cleered as
+much as you may of stones, and grauell, walls, hedges, bushes, & other
+weeds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 3.
+
+_Of the Site._
+
+
+{SN: Low and neere a Riuer.}
+There is no difference, that I find betwixt the necessity of a good
+soile, and a good site of an Orchard. For a good soile (as is before
+described) cannot want a good site, and if it do, the fruit cannot be
+good, and a good site will much mend an euill soile. The best site is in
+low grounds, (and if you can) neere vnto a Riuer. High grounds are not
+naturally fat.
+
+And if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand, the very descent in time
+doth wash it away. It is with grounds in this case as it is with men in
+a common wealth. Much will haue more: and once poore, seldome or neuer
+rich. The raine will scind, and wash, and the wind will blow fatnesse
+from the heights to the hollowes, where it will abide, and fatten the
+earth though it were barren before.
+
+{SN: Psal. 1. 3.}
+{SN: Ezek. 17. 8.}
+{SN: Eccl. 39. 17.}
+{SN: Mr. _Markham_.}
+Hence it is, that we haue seldome any plaine grounds, and low, barren:
+and as seldome any heights naturally fertill. It is vnspeakeable, what
+fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters. Neither did
+I euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a Riuer side. The
+goodnesse of the soile in _Howle_ or _Hollowdernes_, in _York-shire_, is
+well knowne to all that know the Riuer _Humber_, and the huge bulkes of
+their Cattell there. By estimation of them that haue seene the low
+grounds in _Holland_ and _Zealand_ they farre surpasse the most
+Countries in _Europe_ for fruitfulnesse, and only because they lie so
+low. The world cannot compare with _AEgypt_, for fertility, so farre as
+_Nilus_ doth ouer flow his bankes. So that a fitter place cannot be
+chosen for an Orchard, then a low plaine by a riuer side. For besides
+the fatnesse which the water brings, if any cloudy mist or raine be
+stirring, it commonly falls downe to, and followes the course of the
+Riuer. And where see we greater trees of bulke and bough, then standing
+on or neere the waters side? If you aske why the plaines in _Holderns_,
+and such countries are destitute of woods? I answer that men and cattell
+(that haue put trees thence, from out of Plaines to void corners) are
+better then trees. Neither are those places without trees. Our old
+fathers can tel vs, how woods are decaied, & people in the
+roomth of trees multiplied. I haue stood somwhat long in this poynt,
+because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees.
+
+{SN: Winds. Chap. 13.}
+A low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds, both for shaking
+downe your vnripe fruite. Trees the most (that I know) being loaden with
+wood, for want of proyning, and growing high, by the vnskilfulnesse of
+the Arborist, must needes be in continuall danger of the South-west,
+West, and North west winds, especially in _September_ and _March_, when
+the aire is most temperate from extreme heat, and cold, which are deadly
+enemies to great winds. Wherefore chuse your ground low: Or if you be
+forced to plant in a higher ground, let high and strong wals, houses,
+and trees, as wall-nuts, plane trees, Okes, and Ashes, placed in good
+order, be your fence for winds.
+
+The sucken of your dwelling house, descending into your orchard, if it
+be cleanly conueyed, is good.
+
+{SN: Sunne.}
+The Sunne, in some sort, is the life of the world. It maketh proud
+growth, and ripens kindly, and speedily, according to the golden tearme:
+_Annus fructificat, non tellus_. Therefore in the countries, neerer
+approching the Zodiake, the Sunnes habitation, they haue better, and
+sooner ripe fruite, then we that dwell in these frozen parts.
+
+{SN: Trees against a wall.}
+This prouoketh most of our great Arborists, to plant Apricockes,
+Cherries and Peaches, by a wall, and with tackes, and other meanes to
+spread them vpon, and fasten them to a wall, to haue the benefit of the
+immoderate reflexe of the Sunne, which is commendable, for the hauing of
+faire, good & soone ripe fruit. But let them know it is more hurtfull to
+their trees then the benefit they reape therby: as not suffering a tree
+to liue the tenth part of his age. It helpes Gardners to worke, for
+first the wall hinders the roots, because into a dry and hard wall of
+earth or stone a tree will not, nor cannot put any root to profit, but
+especially it stops the passage of sap, whereby the barke is wounded, &
+the wood, & diseases grow, so that the tree becomes short of life. For
+as in the body of a man, the leaning or lying on some member, wherby the
+course of bloud is stopt, makes that member as it were dead for the
+time, till the bloud returne to his course, and I thinke, if that
+stopping should continue any time, the member would perish for want of
+bloud (for the life is in the bloud) and so endanger the body: so the
+sap is the life of the tree, as the bloud is to mans body: neither doth
+the tree in winter (as is supposed) want his sap, no more then mans body
+his bloud, which in winter, and time of sleep draws inward. So that the
+dead time of winter, to a tree, is but a night of rest: for the tree at
+all times, euen in winter is nourished with sap, & groweth as well as
+mans body. The chilling cold may well some little time stay, or hinder
+the proud course of the sap, but so little & so short a time, that in
+calme & mild season, euen in the depth of winter, if you marke it, you
+may easily perceiue, the sap to put out, and your trees to increase
+their buds, which were formed in the summer before, & may easily be
+discerned: for leaues fall not off, til they be thrust off, with the
+knots or buds, wherupon it comes to passe that trees cannot beare fruit
+plentifully two yeares together, and make themselues ready to blossome
+against the seasonablenesse of the next Spring.
+
+And if any frost be so extreme, that it stay the sap too much, or too
+long, then it kils the forward fruit in the bud, and sometimes the
+tender leaues and twigs, but not the tree. Wherefore, to returne, it is
+perillous to stop the sap. And where, or when, did you euer see a great
+tree packt on a wall? Nay, who did euer know a tree so vnkindly splat,
+come to age? I haue heard of some, that out of their imaginary cunning,
+haue planted such trees, on the North side of the wall, to auoide
+drought, but the heate of the Sunne is as comfortable (which they should
+haue regarded) as the drought is hurtfull. And although water is a
+soueraigne remedy against drought, ye want of Sun is no way to be
+helped. Wherefore to conclude this Chapter, let your ground lie so, that
+it may haue the benefit of the South, and West Sun, and so low and
+close, that it may haue moysture, and increase his fatnesse (for trees
+are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth) and (as much as
+may be) free from great winds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 4.
+
+_Of the quantity._
+
+
+{SN: Orchard as good as a corn-field.}
+{SN: Compared with a vinyard.}
+{SN: Compared with a garden.}
+It would be remembred what a benefit riseth, not onely to euery
+particular owner of an Orchard, but also to the common wealth, by fruit,
+as shall be shewed in the 16. Chapter (God willing) whereupon must
+needes follow: the greater the Orchard is (being good and well kept) the
+better it is, for of good things, being equally good, the biggest is the
+best. And if it shall appeare, that no ground a man occupieth (no, not
+the corne field) yeeldeth more gaine to the purse, and house keeping
+(not to speake of the vnspeakeable pleasure) quantity for quantity, than
+a good Orchard (besides the cost in planting, and dressing an orchard,
+is not so much by farre, as the labour and feeding of your corne fields,
+nor for durance of time, comparable, besides the certainty of the on
+before the other) I see not how any labour, or cost in this kind, can
+be idly or wastfully bestowed, or thought too much. And what other
+things is a vineyard, in those countries where vines doe thriue, than a
+large Orchard of trees bearing fruit? Or what difference is there in the
+iuice of the Grape, and our Cyder & Perry, but the goodnes of the soile
+& clime where they grow? which maketh the one more ripe, & so more
+pleasant then the other. What soeuer can be said for the benefit rising
+from an orchard, that makes for the largenesse of the Orchards bounds.
+And (me thinkes) they do preposterously, that bestow more cost and
+labours, and more ground in and vpon a garden than vpon an orchard,
+whence they reape and may reape both more pleasure and more profit, by
+infinite degrees. And further, that a Garden neuer so fresh, and faire,
+and well kept, cannot continue without both renewing of the earth and
+the hearbs often, in the short and ordinary age of a man: whereas your
+Orchard well kept shall dure diuers hundred yeares, as shall be shewed
+chap. 14. In a large orchard there is much labour saued, in fencing, and
+otherwise: for three little orchards, or few trees, being, in a manner,
+all out-sides, are so blasted and dangered, and commonly in keeping
+neglected, and require a great fence; whereas in a great Orchard, trees
+are a mutuall fence one to another, and the keeping is regarded, and
+lesse fencing serues sixe acres together, than three in seuerall
+inclosures.
+
+{SN: What quantity of ground.}
+Now what quantity of ground is meetest for an Orchard can no man
+prescribe, but that must be left to euery mans seuerall iudgement, to be
+measured according to his ability and will, for other necessaries
+besides fruite must be had, and some are more delighted with orchard
+then others.
+
+{SN: Want is no hinderance.}
+{SN: How Land-lords by their Tenants may make flourishing Orchards
+in _England_.}
+Let no man hauing a fit plot plead pouerty in this case, for an orchard
+once planted will maintaine it selfe, and yeeld infinite profit besides.
+And I am perswaded, that if men did know the right and best way of
+planting, dressing, and keeping trees, and felt the profit and pleasure
+thereof, both they that haue no orchards would haue them, & they that
+haue orchards, would haue them larger, yea fruit-trees in their hedges,
+as in _Worcester-shire_, &c. And I think, that the want of planting, is
+a great losse to our common-wealth, & in particular, to the owners of
+Lord-ships, which Land lords themselues might easily amend, by granting
+longer terme, and better assurance to their tenants, who haue taken vp
+this Prouerbe _Botch and sit, Build and flit_: for who will build or
+plant for an other mans profit? Or the Parliament mighte ioyne euery
+occupier of grounds to plant and mainetaine for so many acres of
+fruitfull ground, so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit.
+Thus much for quantity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 5.
+
+_Of the forme._
+
+
+{SN: The vsuall forme is a square.}
+The goodnesse of the soile, and site, are necessary to the wel being of
+an orchard simply, but the forme is so farre necessary, as the owner
+shall thinke meete, for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular
+man is delighted, we leaue it to himselfe, _Suum cuique pulchrum_. The
+forme that men like in generall is a square, for although roundnesse be
+_forma perfectissima_, yet that principle is good where necessity by art
+doth not force some other forme. If within one large square the Gardner
+shall make one round Labyrinth or Maze with some kind of Berries, it
+will grace your forme, so there be sufficient roomth left for walkes,
+so will foure or more round knots do. For it is to be noted, that the
+eye must be pleased with the forme. I haue seene squares rising by
+degrees with stayes from your house-ward, according to this forme which
+I haue, _Crassa quod aiunt Minerua_, with an vnsteady hand, rough hewen,
+for in forming the country gardens, the better sort may vse better
+formes, and more costly worke. What is needefull more to be sayd, I
+referre that all (concerning the Forme,) to the Chapter 17 of the
+ornaments of an Orchard.
+
+{Illustration:
+
+_A._ Al these squares must bee set with trees, the Gardens and other
+ornaments must stand in spaces betwixt the trees, & in the borders &
+fences.
+
+_B._ Trees 20. yards asunder.
+
+_C._ Garden Knots.
+
+_D._ Kitchen garden.
+
+_E._ Bridge.
+
+_F._ Conduit.
+
+_G._ Staires.
+
+_H._ Walkes set with great wood thicke.
+
+_I._ Walkes set with great wood round about your Orchard.
+
+_K._ The out fence.
+
+_L._ The out fence set with stone-fruite.
+
+_M._ Mount. To force earth for a mount, or such like set it round with
+quicke, and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward,
+with the earth in the midle.
+
+_N._ Still-house.
+
+_O._ Good standing for Bees, if you haue an house.
+
+_P._ If the riuer run by your doore, & vnder your mount, it will be
+pleasant.}
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 6.
+
+_Of Fences._
+
+
+{SN: Effects of euill fencing.}
+{SN: Let the fence be your owne.}
+All your labour past and to come about an Orchard is lost vnlesse you
+fence well. It shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose
+at the rootes, the barke pild, the boughes and twigs cropt, your fruite
+stolne, your trees broken, and your many yeares labours and hopes
+destroyed, for want of fences. A chiefe care must be had in this point.
+You must therefore plant in such a soile, where you may prouide a
+conuenient, strong and seemely fence. For you can possesse no goods,
+that haue so many enemies as an orchard, looke Chapter 13. Fruits are so
+delightsome, and desired of so many (nay, in a manner of all) and yet
+few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them. Fence well
+therefore, let your plot be wholly in your owne power, that you make all
+your fence your selfe: for neighbours fencing is none at all, or very
+carelesse. Take heed of a doore or window, (yea of a wall) of any other
+mans into your orchard: yea, though it be nayld vp, or the wall be high,
+for perhaps they will proue theeues.
+
+{SN: Kinds of fences, earthen walles.}
+All Fences commonly are made of Earth, Stone, Bricke, Wood, or both
+earth and wood. Dry wall of earth, and dry Ditches, are the worst fences
+saue pales or railes, and doe waste the soonest, vnlesse they be well
+copt with glooe and morter, whereon at _Mighill-tide_ it will be good to
+sow Wall-flowers, commonly called Bee-flowers, or winter Gilly-flowers,
+because they will grow (though amongst stones) and abide the strongest
+frost and drought, continually greene and flowring euen in Winter, and
+haue a pleasant smell, and are timely, (that is, they will floure the
+first and last of flowers) and are good for Bees. And your earthen wall
+is good for Bees dry and warme. But these fences are both vnseemly,
+euill to repaire, and onely for need, where stone or wood cannot be had.
+Whosoeuer makes such Walles, must not pill the ground in the Orchard,
+for getting earth, nor make any pits or hallowes, which are both
+vnseemly and vnprofitable. Old dry earth mixt with sand is best for
+these. This kind of wall will soone decay, by reason of the trees which
+grow neere it, for the roots and boales of great trees, will increase,
+vndermine, and ouerturne such walles, though they were of stone, as is
+apparant by Ashes, Rountrees, Burt-trees, and such like, carried in the
+chat, or berry, by birds into stone-walles.
+
+{SN: Pale and Raile.}
+Fences of dead wood, as pales, will not last, neither will railes either
+last or make good fence.
+
+{SN: Stone walls.}
+Stone walles (where stone may be had) are the best of this sort, both
+for fencing, lasting, and shrouding of your young trees. But about this
+must you bestow much paines and more cost, to haue them handsome, high
+and durable.
+
+{SN: Quicke wood and Moates.}
+But of all other (in mine owne opinion) Quickwood, and Moats or Ditches
+of water, where the ground is leuell, is the best fence. In vnequall
+grounds, which will not keepe water, there a double ditch may be cast,
+made streight and leuel on the top, two yards broad for a faire walke,
+fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle, with a gutter on either side,
+two yards wide, and foure foot deepe set with out, with three or foure
+chesse of Thorns, and within with Cherry, Plumme, Damson, Bullys,
+Filbirds, (for I loue these trees better for their fruit, and as well
+for their forme, as priuit) for you may make them take any forme. And in
+euery corner (and middle if you will) a mount would be raised,
+whereabout the wood may claspe, powdered with wood-binde: which wil make
+with dressing a faire, plesant, profitable, & sure fence. But you must
+be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly, or that there be a
+supply betime, either with planting new, or plashing the old where need
+is. And assure your selfe, that neither wood, stone, earth, nor water,
+can make so strong a fence, as this after seuen yeares growth.
+
+{SN: Moates.}
+Moates, Fish-ponds, and (especially at one side a Riuer) within and
+without your fence, will afford you fish, fence, and moysture to your
+trees, and pleasure also, if they be so great and deepe that you may
+haue Swans, & other water birds, good for deuouring of vermine, and boat
+for many good vses.
+
+It shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your Orchard, if you be
+a niggard of your fruit. For as liberality will saue it best from
+noysome neighbours, liberality I say is the best fence, so Iustice must
+restraine rioters. Thus when your ground is tempered, squared, and
+fenced, it is time to prouide for planting.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 7.
+
+_Of Sets._
+
+
+There is not one point (in my opinion) about an Orchard more to be
+regarded, than the choyce getting and setting of good plants, either for
+readinesse or hauing good fruite, or for continuall lasting. For
+whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good Sets, or in getting, or
+gathering, or setting his plants, shall neuer haue a good or lasting
+Orchard. And I take want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe
+hinderance to the most Orchards, and to many for hauing of Orchards at
+all.
+
+{SN: Slips.}
+Some for readinesse vse slips, which seldome take roote: and if they doe
+take, they cannot last, both because their roote hauing a maine wound
+will in short time decay the body of the tree: and besides that rootes
+being so weakely put, are soone nipt with drought or frost. I could
+neuer see (lightly) any slip but of apples onely set for trees.
+
+{SN: Bur-knot.}
+A Bur-knot kindly taken from an Apple tree, is much better and surer.
+You must cut him close at the roote ende, an handfull vnder the knot.
+(Some vse in Summer about _Lammas_ to circumcise him, and put earth to
+the knots with hay roaps, and in winter cut him off and set him, but
+this is curiosity, needlesse, and danger with remouing, and drought,)
+and cut away all his twigs saue one, the most principall, which in
+setting you must leaue aboue the earth, burying his trunk in the crust
+of the earth for his root. It matters not much what part of the bough
+the twig growes out of. If it grow out of or neere the roote end, some
+say such an Apple will haue no coare nor kirnell. Or if it please the
+Plantor, he may let his bough be crooked, and leaue out his top end, one
+foote or somewhat more, wherein will be good grafting, if either you
+like not, or doubt the fruite of the bough (for commonly your
+bur-knots are summer fruit) or if you thinke he will not couer his wound
+safely.
+
+{SN: Vsuall Sets.}
+{SN: Maine rootes cut.}
+{SN: Stow sets remoued.}
+{SN: Generall rule.}
+{SN: Tying of trees.}
+{SN: Generall rule.}
+{SN: Signes of diseases, Chap 13.}
+The most vsuall kind of sets, is plants with rootes growing of kirnels
+of Apples, Peares, and Crabbes, or stones of Cherries, Plummes, &c.
+Remoued out of a Nursery, Wood or other Orchard, into, and set in your
+Orchard in their due places I grant this kind to be better than either
+of the former, by much, as more sure and more durable. Herein you must
+note that in sets so remoued, you get all the roots you can; and without
+brusing of any; I vtterly dislike the opinion of those great Gardners,
+that following their Bookes would haue the maine rootes cut away, for
+tops cannot growe without rootes. And because none can get all the
+rootes, and remouall is an hinderance, you may not leaue on all tops,
+when you set them: For there is a proportion betwixt the top and root of
+a tree, euen in the number (at least) in the growth. If the roots be
+many, they will bring you many tops, if they be not hindred. And if you
+vse to stow or top your tree too much or too low, and leaue no issue, or
+little for sap, (as is to be seene in your hedges) it will hinder the
+growth of rootes and boale, because such a kind of stowing is a kind of
+smothering, or choaking the sap. Great wood, as Oke, Elme, Ash, &c.
+being continually kept downe with sheeres, knife, axe, &c. neither boale
+nor roote will thriue, but as an hedge or bush. If you intend to graff
+in your Set, you may cut him closer with a greater wound, and nearer the
+earth, within a foote or two, because the graft or grafts will couer
+his wound. If you like his fruite, and would haue him to be a tree of
+himselfe, be not so bold: this I can tell you, that though you do cut
+his top close, and leaue nothing but his bulke, because his rootes are
+few, if he be (but little) bigger than your thumbe (as I with all plants
+remoued to be) he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares; by good
+guidance that is. In the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his
+vppermost sprig, you cut him off aslope cleanely, to that the sprigge
+stand on the backe side, (and if you can Northward, that the wound may
+haue the benefit of Sunne) at the vpper ende of the wound: and let that
+sprigge onely be the boale. And take this for a generall rule; Euery
+young plant, if he thriue, will recouer any wound aboue the earth, by
+good dressing, although it be to the one halfe, and to his very heart.
+This short cutting at the remoue, saues your plants from Wind, and neede
+the lesse or no staking. I commend not Lying or Leaning of trees against
+holds or stayres; for it breedes obstruction of sap and wounds
+incureable. All remouing of trees as great as your arme, or aboue, is
+dangerous: though sometime some such will grow but not continue long:
+Because they be tainted with deadly wounds, either in the roote or top.
+(And a tree once throughly tainted is neuer good) And though they get
+some hold in the earth with some lesser taw, or tawes, which giue some
+nourishment to the body of the tree: yet the heart being tainted, he
+will hardly euer thriue; which you may easily discerne by the
+blackenesse of the boughes at the heart, when you dresse your trees.
+Also, when he is set with moe tops than the rootes can nourish, the tops
+decaying, blacken the boughes, and the boughs the armes, and so they
+boile at the very heart. Or this taint in the remouall, if it kill not
+presently, but after some short time, it may be discerned by blacknesse
+or yellownesse in the barke, and a small hungred leafe. Or if your
+remoued plant put forth leaues the next and second summer, and little or
+few spraies, it is a great signe of a taint, and next yeares death. I
+haue knowne a tree tainted in setting, yet grow, & beare blossomes for
+diuers yeares: and yet for want of strength could neuer shape his fruit.
+
+{SN: Suckers good sets.}
+Next vnto this or rather equall with these plants, are suckers growing
+out of the roots of great trees, which cherries and plums do seldome or
+neuer want: and being taken kindly with their roots, will make very good
+sets. And you may helpe them much by enlarging their rootes with the
+taws of the tree, whence you take them. They are of two sorts: Either
+growing from the very root of the tree: and here you must be carefull,
+not to hurt your tree when you gather them, by ripping amongst the
+rootes; and that you take them cleane away: for these are a great and
+continuall annoyance to the growth of your tree: and they will hardly be
+cleansed. Secondly, or they do arise from some taw: and these may be
+taken without danger, with long and good rootes, and will soone become
+trees of strength.
+
+{SN: A running Plant.}
+There is another way, which I haue not throughly proued, to get not
+onely plants for graffing, but sets to remaine for trees, which I call a
+_Running Plant_: the manner of it is this: Take a roote or kirnell, and
+put it into the middle of your plot, and the second yeare in the spring,
+geld his top, if he haue one principall (as commonly by nature they
+haue) and let him put forth onely foure Cyons toward the foure corners
+of the orchard, as neere the earth as you can. If he put not foure,
+(which is rare) stay his top till he haue put so many. When you haue
+such foure, cut the stocke aslope, as is aforesayd in this chapter, hard
+aboue the vttermost sprig, & keepe those foure without Cyons cleane and
+straight, till you haue them a yard and a halfe, at least, or two yards
+long. Then the next spring in grassing time, lay downe those foure
+sprayes, towards the foure corners of your Orchard, with their tops in
+an heape of pure and good earth, and railed as high as the roote of your
+Cyon (for sap will not descend) and a sod to keepe them downe, leauing
+nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward. In that hill he will
+put rootes, and his top new Cyons, which you must spread as before, and
+so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground, or as
+farre as you list. If in bending, the Cyons cracke, the matter is small,
+cleanse the ground and he will recouer. Euery bended bough will put
+forth branches, and become trees. If this plant be of a burre knot,
+there is no doubt. I haue proued it in one branch my selfe: and I know
+at _Wilton_ in _Cleeue-land_ a Peare-tree of a great bulke and age,
+blowne close to the earth, hath put at euery knot rootes into the earth,
+and from roote to top, a great number of mighty armes or trees, filling
+a great roomth, like many trees, or a little Orchard. Much better may it
+be done by Art in a lesse tree. And I could not mislike this
+kind, saue that the time will be long before it come to perfection.
+
+{SN: Sets bought.}
+Many vse to buy sets already grafted, which is not the best way: for
+first, All remoues are dangerous: Againe, there is danger in the
+carriage: Thirdly, it is a costly course of planting: Fourthly, euery
+Gardner is not trusty to sell you good fruite: Fifthly, you know not
+which is best, which is worst, and so may take most care about your
+worst trees. Lastly, this way keepes you from practise, and so from
+experience in so good, Gentlemanly, Scholerlike, and profitable a
+faculty.
+
+{SN: The best sets.}
+{SN: Vnremoued how.}
+The onely best way (in my opinion) to haue sure and lasting sets, is
+neuer to remoue: for euery remoue is an hinderance, if not a dangerous
+hurt or deadly taint. This is the way. The plot forme being layd, and
+the plot appointed where you will plant euery set in your orchard, digge
+the roomth, where your sets shall stand, a yard compasse, and make the
+earth mellow and cleane, and mingle it with a few coale-ashes, to auoide
+wormes: and immediately after the first change of the Moone, in the
+latter end of _February_, the earth being a fresh turn'd ouer, put in
+euery such roomth three or foure kirnels of Apples or Peares, of the
+best: euery kirnell in an hole made with your finger, finger deepe, a
+foote distant one from another: and that day moneth following, as many
+moe, (lest some of the former misse) in the same compasse; but not in
+the same holes. Hence (God willing) shall you haue rootes enough. If
+they all, or diuers of them come vp, you may draw (but not digge) vp
+(nor put downe) at your pleasure, the next _Nouember_. How many soeuer
+you take away, to giue or bestow elsewhere, be sure to leaue two of the
+proudest. And when in your 2. and 3. yeare you Graffe, if you graffe
+then at all, leaue the one of those two vngraffed, lest in graffing the
+other you faile: For I find by tryall, that after first or second
+graffing in the same stocke, being mist (for who hits all) the third
+misse puts your stocke in deadly danger, for want of issue of sap. Yea,
+though you hit in graffing, yet may your graffes with winde or otherwise
+be broken downe. If your graffes or graffe prosper, you haue your
+desire, in a plant vnremoued, without taint, and the fruite at your
+owne choyce, and so you may (some little earth being remooued) pull, but
+not digge vp the other Plant or Plants in that roomth. If your graffe or
+stocke, or both perish, you haue another in the same place, of better
+strength to worke vpon. For thriuing without snub he will ouer-lay your
+grafted stocke much. And it is hardly possible to misse in graffing so
+often, if your Gardiner be worth his name.
+
+{SN: Sets vngrafted best of all.}
+It shall not be amisse (as I iudge it) if your Kirnels be of choyce
+fruite, and that you see them come forward proudly in their body, and
+beare a faire and broad leafe in colour, tending to a greenish yellow
+(which argues pleasant and great fruit) to try some of them vngraffed:
+for although it be a long time ere this come to beare fruit, ten or
+twelue yeares, or moe; and at their first bearing, the fruit will not
+seeme to be like his owne kind: yet am I assured, vpon tryall, before
+twenty yeares growth, such trees will increase the bignesse and
+goodnesse of their fruite, and come perfectly to their owne kind. Trees
+(like other breeding creatures) as they grow in yeares, bignes and
+strength, so they mend their fruit. Husbands and Houswiues find this
+true by experience, in the rearing of their yong store. More then this,
+there is no tree like this for soundnes and dureable last, if his
+keeping and dressing be answerable. I grant, the readiest way to come
+soone to fruit is graffing: because in a manner, all your graffes are
+taken of fruit bearing trees.
+
+{SN: Time of remouing.}
+{SN: Generall rule.}
+Now when you haue made choise of your sets to remoue, the ground being
+ready, the best time is, immediatly after the fall of the leafe, in, or
+about the change of the Moone, when the sap is most quiet: for then the
+sap is in turning: for it makes no stay, but in the _extremity_ of
+drought or cold. At any time in winter, may you transplant trees so you
+put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting: and
+therefore open, calme and moist weather is best. To remoue, the leafe
+being ready to fall and not fallen, or buds apparantly put forth in a
+moist warme season, for need, sometime may do well: but the safest is to
+walke in the plaine trodden path.
+
+Some hold opinion that it is best remouing before the fall of the leafe,
+and I heare it commonly practised in the South by our best arborists,
+the leafe not fallen: and they giue the reason to be, that the
+descending of the sap will make speedy rootes. But marke the reasons
+following and I thinke you shall find no soundnesse, either in that
+position or practise, at least in the reason.
+
+1. I say, it is dangerous to remoue when the sap is not quiet, for euery
+remoue giues a maine checke to the stirring sap, by staying the course
+therof in the body of your plant, as may appeare in trees remoued any
+time in summer, they commonly dye, nay hardly shall you saue the life of
+the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood (scarcely herbes)
+if you remoue them in the pride of sap. For proud sap vniuersally staied
+by remoual, euer hinders; often taints and so presently, or in very
+short time kills. Sap is like bloud in mans body, in which is the life,
+_Cap. 3. p. 9._ If the blood vniuersally be cold, life is excluded; so
+is sap tainted by vntimely remouall. A stay by drought, or cold, is not
+so dangerous (though dangerous if it be extreme) because more naturall.
+
+2. The sap neuer descends, as men suppose, but is consollidated &
+transubstantiated into the substance of the tree, and passeth (alwayes
+aboue the earth) vpward, not onely betwixt the barke and the wood, but
+also into and in both body & barke, though not so plentifully, as may
+appeare by a tree budding, nay fructifying two or three yeres, after he
+be circumcised at the very root, like a riuer that inlargeth his channel
+by a continual descent.
+
+3. I cannot perceiue what time they would haue the sap to descend. At
+_Midsommer_ in a biting drought it staies, but descends not, for
+immediatly vpon moisture it makes second shoots, at (or before rather)
+_Michaeltide_, when it shapens his buds for next yeares fruit. If at the
+fal of leafe, I grant, about that time is the greatest stand, but no
+descent, of sap, which begins somwhat before the leafe fall, but not
+long, therfore at that time must be the best remouing, not by reason of
+descent, but stay of sap.
+
+4. The sap in this course hath his profitable and apparant effects, as
+the growth of the tree, couering of wounds, putting of buds, &c.
+Wherupon it follows, if the sap descend, it must needs haue some effect
+to shew it.
+
+5. Lastly, boughs plasht and laid lower then the root, dye for want of
+sap descending, except where it is forced by the maine streame of the
+sap, as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes, or except the plasht
+bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne, yea vnder boughs which
+we commonly call water boughs, can scarcely get sap to liue, yea in time
+dye, because the sap doth presse so violently vpward, and therefore the
+fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top.
+
+{SN: Remooue soone.}
+_Obiect._ If you say that many so remoued thriue, I say that somewhat
+before the fall of the leafe (but not much) is the stand, for the fall &
+the stand are not at one instant, before the stand is dangerous. But to
+returne.
+
+The sooner in winter you remoue your sets, the better; the latter the
+worse: For it is very perillous if a strong drought take your Sets
+before they haue made good their rooting. A Plant set at the fall, shall
+gaine (in a a manner) a whole yeeres growth of that which is set in the
+Spring after.
+
+{SN: The manner of setting.}
+I vse in the setting to be sure, that the earth be mouldy, (and somewhat
+moist) that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or
+bruising: and as I fill in earth to his root, I shake the Set easily to
+and fro, to make the earth settle the better to his roots: and withall
+easily with my foot I put in the earth close; for ayre is noysome, and
+will follow concauities. Some prescribe Oates to be put in with the
+earth. I could like it, if I could know any reason thereof: and they vse
+to set their Plant with the same side toward the Sunne: but this conceit
+is like the other. For first I would haue euery tree to stand so free
+from shade, that not onely the root (which therefore you must keepe bare
+from graffe) but body, boughes, and branches, and euery spray, may haue
+the benefit of Sunne. And what hurt, if that part of the tree, that
+before was shadowed, be now made partaker of the heat of the Sunne? In
+turning of Bees, I know it is hurtfull, because it changeth their
+entrance, passage, and whole worke: But not so in Trees.
+
+{SN: Set in the crust.}
+Set as deepe as you can, so that in any wise you goe not beneath the
+crust. Looke Chap. 2.
+
+{SN: Moysture good.}
+We speake in the second Chapter of moysture in generall: but now
+especially hauing put your remoued plant into the earth, powre on water
+(of a puddle were good) by distilling presently, and so euery weeke
+twice in strong drought, so long as the earth will drinke, and refuse by
+ouerflowing. For moisture mollifies, and both giues leaue to the roots
+to spread, and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty &
+facility. Nurses (they say) giue most & best milke after warme drinks.
+
+If your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of
+your plant, such plant shall neuer like, or but for a time. There is
+nothing more hurtfull for young trees then piercing drought. I haue
+known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres
+growth, & thriue well for a good time, perish for want of water, and
+very many by reason of taints in setting.
+
+{SN: Grafts must be fenced.}
+It is meet your sets and grafts be fenced, till they be as big as your
+arme, for feare of annoyances. Many waies may sets receiue dammages,
+after they be set, whether grafted or vngrafted. For although we
+suppose, that no noysome beast, or other thing must haue accesse among
+your trees: yet by casualty, a Dog, Cat, or such like, or your selfe, or
+negligent friend bearing you company, or a shrewd boy, may tread or fall
+vpon a young and tender plant or graft. To auoid these and many such
+chances, you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set,
+neither so neere, nor so thicke, but that it may haue the benefit of
+Sun, raine, and ayre. Your stakes (small or great) would be so surely
+put, or driuen into the earth, that they breake not, if any thing happen
+to leane vpon them, else may the fall be more hurtfull, then the want of
+the fence. Let not your stakes shelter any weeds about your sets, for
+want of Sunne is a great hinderance. Let them stand so farre off, that
+your grafts spreading receiue no hurt, either by rubbing on them, or of
+any other thing passing by. If your stocke be long, and high grafted
+(which I must discommend (except in need) because there the sap is
+weake, and they are subiect to strong wind, and the lighting of birds)
+tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the clay, and
+let their tops stand aboue the grafts, to auoid the lighting of Crowes,
+Pyes, &c. vpon your grafts. If you sticke some sharpe thornes at the
+roots of your stakes, they will make hurtfull things keepe off the
+better. Other better fences for your grafts I know none. And thus much
+for sets and setting.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 8.
+
+_Of the distance of Trees._
+
+
+{SN: Hurts of too neere planting.}
+I Know not to what end you should prouide good ground, well fenced, &
+plant good sets; and when your trees should come to profit, haue all
+your labours lost, for want of due regard to the distance of placing
+your trees. I haue seene many trees stand so thicke, that one could not
+thriue for the throng of his neighbours. If you doe marke it, you shall
+see the tops of trees rubd off, their sides galled like a galled horses
+backe, and many trees haue more stumps then boughes, and most trees no
+well thriuing, but short, stumpish, and euill thriuing boughes: like a
+Corne field ouer seeded, or a towne ouer peopled, or a pasture
+ouer-laid, which the Gardiner must either let grow, or leaue the tree
+very few boughes to beare fruit. Hence small thrift, galls, wounds,
+diseases, and short life to the trees: and while they liue greene,
+little, hard, worme-eaten, and euill thriuing fruit arise, to the
+discomfort of the owners.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+{SN: Generall rule.}
+{SN: All touches hurtfull.}
+To preuent which discommodity, one of the best remedies is the
+sufficient and fit distance of trees. Therefore at the setting of your
+plants you must haue such respect, that the distance of them be such,
+that euery tree be not annoyance, but an helpe to his fellowes: for
+trees (as all other things of the same kind) should shroud, and not
+hurt one another. And assure your selfe that euery touch of trees (as
+well vnder as aboue the earth) is hurtfull. Therefore this must be a
+generall rule in this Art: That no tree in an Orchard well ordered, nor
+bough, nor Cyon, drop vpon, or touch his fellowes. Let no man thinke
+this vnpossible, but looke in the eleuenth Chapter of dressing of trees.
+If they touch, the winde will cause a forcible rub. Young twigs are
+tender, if boughes or armes touch or rub, if they are strong, they make
+great galls. No kind of touch therefore in trees can be good.
+
+{SN: The best distance of trees.}
+{SN: The parts of a tree.}
+Now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite, and
+that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth, that each tree by
+probability will take and fill. And herein I am of a contrary opinion to
+all them, which practise or teach the planting of trees, that euer yet I
+knew, read, or heard of. For the common space betweene tree and tree is
+ten foot: if twenty foot, it is thought very much. But I suppose twenty
+yards distance is small enough betwixt tree and tree, or rather too too
+little. For the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able
+to ouer spread, and fill, so they touch not by one yard at least. Now I
+am assured, and I know one Apple-tree, set of a slip _finger-great_, in
+the space of 20 yeares, (which I account a very small part of a trees
+age, as is shewed Chapter 14.) hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue
+yards compasse, that is, fiue or sixe yards on euery side. Here I
+gather, that in forty or fifty yeares (which yet is but a small time of
+his age) a tree in good soile, well liking, by good dressing (for that
+is much auaileable to this purpose) will spread double at the least,
+viz. twelue yards on a side, which being added to twelue alotted to his
+fellow, make twenty and foure yards, and so farre distant must euery
+tree stand from another. And looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes
+aboue, so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth, or rather further,
+if there be no stop, nor let by walls, trees, rocks, barren earth and
+such like: for an huge bulk, and strong armes, massie boughes, many
+branches, and infinite twigs, require wide spreading roots. The top hath
+the vast aire to spread his boughs in, high and low, this way and that
+way: but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth, they may not goe
+downward, nor vpward out of the earth, which is their element, no more
+then the fish out of the water, Camelion out of the Aire, nor Salamander
+out of the fire. Therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth.
+And I dare well say, if nature would giue leaue to man by Art, to dresse
+the roots of trees, to take away the tawes and tangles, that lap and
+fret and grow superfluously and disorderly, (for euery thing _sublunary_
+is cursed for mans sake) the tops aboue being answerably dressed, we
+should haue trees of wonderfull greatnes, and infinite durance. And I
+perswade myselfe that this might be done sometimes in Winter, to trees
+standing in faire plaines and kindly earth, with small or no danger at
+all. So that I conclude, that twenty foure yards are the least space
+that Art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another.
+
+{SN: Waste ground in an Orchard.}
+If you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree
+and tree? I answer: If you please to plant some tree or trees in that
+middle space, you may, and as your trees grow contigious, great and
+thick, you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees. And this I
+take to be the chiefe cause, why the most trees stand so thicke. For men
+not knowing (or not regarding) this secret of needfull distance, and
+louing fruit of trees planted to their handes, thinke much to pull vpp
+any, though they pine one another. If you or your heires or successors
+would take vp some great trees (past setting) where they stand too
+thicke, be sure you doe it about _Midsummer_, and leaue no maine root. I
+destinate this space of foure and twenty yards, for trees of age &
+stature. More then this, you haue borders to be made for walkes with
+Roses, Berries, &c.
+
+And chiefly consider: that your Orchard, for the first twenty or thirty
+yeeres, will serue you for many Gardens, for Safron, Licoras, roots, and
+other herbs for profit, and flowers for pleasure: so that no ground need
+be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligent. But be sure you
+come not neere with such deepe deluing the roots of your trees, whose
+compasse you may partly discerne, by the compasse of the tops, if your
+top be well spread. And vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees, be
+sure no herbes will like. Let this be said for the distance of Trees.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 9.
+
+_Of the placing of Trees._
+
+
+The placing of trees in an Orchard is well worth the regard: For
+although it must be granted, that any of our foresaid trees (Chap. 2.)
+will like well in any part of your Orchard, being good and well drest
+earth: yet are not all Trees alike worthy of a good place. And therefore
+I wish that your Filbird, Plummes, Damsons, Bulesse, and such like, be
+vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your Orchard into your fence:
+for there is not such fertility and easefull growth, as within: and
+there also they are more subiect to, and can abide the blasts of
+_AEolus_. The cherries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of Summer,
+and the rest standing longer, are not so soone shaken as your better
+fruit: neither if they suffer losse, is your losse so great. Besides
+that, your fences and ditches will deuoure some of your fruit growing in
+or neere your hedges. And seeing the continuance of all these (except
+Nuts) is small, the care of them ought to be the lesse. And make no
+doubt but the fences of a large Orchard will containe a sufficient
+number of such kind of Fruit trees in the whole compasse. It is not
+material, but at your pleasure, in the said fences, you may either
+intermingle your seueral kinds of fruit-trees, or set euery kind by
+himselfe, which order doth very well become your better and greater
+fruit. Let therefore your Apples, Peares, and Quinches, possesse all the
+soile of your Orchard, vnlesse you be especially affected to some of
+your other kinds: and of them let your greatest trees of growth stand
+furthest from Sunne, and your Quinches at the South side or end, and
+your Apples in the middle, so shall none be any hinderance to his
+fellowes. The Warden-tree, and Winter-Peare will challenge the
+preheminence for stature. Of your Apple-trees you shall finde difference
+in growth. A good Pippin will grow large, and a Costard-tree: stead them
+on the North side of your other Apples, thus being placed, the least
+will giue Sun to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their fellowes.
+The fences and out-trees will guard all.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 10.
+
+_Of Grafting._
+
+
+{SN: Of Grauing or Caruing.}
+{SN: Grafting What.}
+{SN: A Graffe.}
+Now are we come to the most curious point of our faculty: curious in
+conceit, but indeede as plaine and easie as the rest, when it is
+plainely shewne, which we commonly call _Graffing_, or (after some)
+_Grafting_. I cannot _Etymologize_, nor shew the originall of the Word,
+except it come of _Grauing_ and _Caruing_. But the thing or matter is:
+The reforming of the fruite of one tree with the fruit of another, by an
+artificiall transplacing, or transposing of a twigge, bud or leafe,
+(commonly called a _Graft_) taken from one tree of the same, or some
+other kind, and placed or put to, or into another tree in one time and
+manner.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+{SN: Kinds of grafting.}
+Of this there be diuers kinds, but three or foure now especially in
+vse: to wit, Grafting, incising, packing on, grafting in the scutchion,
+or inoculating: whereof the chiefe and most vsuall, is called grafting
+(by the generall name, _Catahexocen_:) for it is the most knowne,
+surest, readiest, and plainest way to haue store of good fruit.
+
+{SN: Graft how.}
+It is thus wrought: You must with a fine, thin, strong and sharpe Saw,
+made and armed for that purpose, cut off a foot aboue the ground, or
+thereabouts, in a plaine without a knot, or as neere as you can without
+a knot (for some Stocks will be knotty) your Stocke, set, or plant,
+being surely stayed with your foot and legge, or otherwise straight
+ouerthwart (for the Stocke may be crooked) and then plaine his wound
+smoothly with a sharpe knife: that done, cleaue him cleanly in the
+middle with a cleauer, and a knocke or mall, and with a wedge of wood,
+Iron or Bone, two handfull long at least, put into the middle of that
+clift, with the same knocke, make the wound gape a straw bredth wide,
+into which you must put your Graffes.
+
+{SN: A Graft what.}
+The graft is a top twig taken from some other Tree (for it is folly to
+put a graffe into his owne Stocke) beneath the vppermost (and sometime
+in need the second) knot, and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot
+(and some time out of the knot when need is) with shoulders an ynch
+downeward, and so put into the stocke with some thrusting (but not
+straining) barke to barke inward.
+
+{SN: Eyes.}
+{SN: Generall rule.}
+Let your graffe haue three or foure eyes, for readinesse to put forth,
+and giue issue to the sap. It is not amisse to cut off the top of your
+graffe, and leaue it but fiue or sixe inches long, because commonly you
+shall see the tops of long graffes die. The reason is this. The sap in
+graffing receiues a rebuke, and cannot worke so strongly presently, and
+your graffes receiue not sap so readily, as the naturall branches. When
+your graffes are cleanely and closely put in, and your wedge puld out
+nimbly, for feare of putting your graffes out of frame, take well
+tempered morter, soundly wrought with chaffe or horse dung (for the dung
+of cattell will grow hard, and straine your graffes) the quantity of a
+Gooses egge, and diuide it iust, and therewithall, couer your stocke,
+laying the one halfe on the one side and the other halfe on the other
+side of your graffes (for thrusting against your graffes) you moue them,
+and let both your hands thrust at once, and alike, and let your clay be
+tender, to yeeld easily; and all, lest you moue your graffes. Some vse
+to couer the clift of the Stocke, vnder the clay with a piece of barke
+or leafe, some with a sear-cloth of waxe and butter, which as they be
+not much needfull, so they hurt not, vnlesse that by being busie about
+them, you moue your graffes from their places. They vse also mosse tyed
+on aboue the clay with some bryer, wicker, or other bands. These profit
+nothing. They all put the graffes in danger, with pulling and thrusting:
+for I hold this generall rule in graffing and planting: if your stocke
+and graffes take, and thriue (for some will take and not thriue, being
+tainted by some meanes in the planting or graffing) they will (without
+doubt) recouer their wounds safely and shortly.
+
+{SN: Time of graffing.}
+The best time of graffing from the time of remouing your stocke is the
+next Spring, for that saues a second wound, and a second repulse of sap,
+if your stocke be of sufficient bignesse to take a graffe from as big as
+your thumbe, to as big as an arme of a man. You may graffe lesse (which
+I like) and bigger, which I like not so well. The best time of the yeere
+is in the last part of _February_, or in _March_, or beginning of
+_Aprill_, when the Sunne with his heat begins to make the sap stirre
+more rankely, about the change of Moone before you see any great
+apparancy of leafe or flowers but onely knots and buds, and before they
+be proud, though it be sooner. Cheries, Peares, Apricocks, Quinces, and
+Plummes would be gathered and grafted sooner.
+
+{SN: Gathering graffes.}
+{SN: Graffes of old trees.}
+The graffes may be gathered sooner in _February_, or any time within a
+moneth, or two before you graffe or vpon the same day (which I commend)
+If you get them any time before, for I haue knowne graffes gathered in
+_December_, and doe well, take heed of drought. I haue my selfe taken a
+burknot of a tree, & the same day when he was laid in the earth about
+mid _February_, gathered grafts and put in him, and one of those graffes
+bore the third yeere after, and the fourth plentifully. Graffes of old
+trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees, for they sooner
+breake and bud. If you keepe graffes in the earth, moisture with the
+heat of the Sun will make them sprout as fast, as if they were growing
+on the tree. And therefore seeing keeping is dangerous, the surest way
+(as I iudge) is to take them within a weeke of the time of your
+grafting.
+
+{SN: Where taken.}
+The grafts would be taken not of the proudest twigs, for it may be your
+stocke is not answerable in strength. And therefore say I, the grafts
+brought from South to vs in the North although they take and thriue
+(which is somewhat doubtfull, by reason of the difference of the Clime
+and carriage) yet shall they in time fashion themselues to our cold
+Northerne soile, in growth, taste &c.
+
+{SN: Emmits.}
+Nor of the poorest, for want of strength may make them vnready to
+receiue sap (and who can tell but a poore graft is tainted) nor on the
+outside of your tree, for there should your tree spread but in the
+middest; for there you may be sure your Tree is no whit hindered in his
+growth or forme. He will stil recouer inward, more then you would wish.
+If your clay clift in Summer with drought, looke well in the Chinkes for
+Emmits and Earewigs, for they are cunning and close theeues about grafts
+you shall finde them stirring in the morning and euening, and the rather
+in the moist weather. I haue had many young buds of Graffes, euen in the
+flourishing, eaten with Ants. Let this suffice for graffing, which is in
+the faculty counted the chiefe secret, and because it is most vsuall it
+is best knowne.
+
+Graffes are not to be disliked for growth, till they wither, pine, and
+die. Vsually before _Midsummer_ they breake, if they liue. Some (but
+few) keeping proud and greene, will not put till the second yeere, so is
+it to be thought of sets.
+
+The first shew of putting is no sure signe of growth, it is but the sap
+the graffe brought with him from his tree.
+
+So soone as you see the graft put for growth, take away the clay, for
+then doth neither the stocke nor the graffe need it (put a little fresh
+well tempered clay in the hole of the stocke) for the clay is now
+tender, and rather keepes moistture then drought.
+
+The other waies of changing the naturall fruit of Trees, are more
+curious then profitable, and therefore I mind not to bestow much labour
+or time about them, onely I shall make knowne what I haue proued, and
+what I doe thinke.
+
+{SN: Incising.}
+{SN: A great stocke.}
+And first of incising, which is the cutting of the backe of the boale,
+a rine or branch of a tree at some bending or knee, shoulderwise with
+two gashes, onely with a sharpe knife to the wood: then take a wedge,
+the bignes of your graffe sharpe ended, flat on the one side, agreeing
+with the tree, and round on the other side, and with that being thrust
+in, raise your barke, then put in your graffe, fashioned like your wedge
+iust: and lastly couer your wound, and fast it vp, and take heed of
+straining. This will grow but to small purpose, for it is weake hold,
+and lightly it will be vnder growth. Thus may you graft betwixt the
+barke and the tree of a great stocke that will not easily be clifted:
+But I haue tryed a better way for great trees, viz First, cut him off
+straight, and cleanse him with your knife, then cleaue him into foure
+quarters, equally with a strong cleauer: then take for euery Clift two
+or three small (but hard) wedges iust of the bignesse of your grafts,
+and with those Wedges driuen in with an hammer open the foure clifts so
+wide (but no wider) that they may take your foure graffes, with
+thrusting not with straining: and lastly couer and clay it closely, and
+this is a sure and good way of grafting: or thus, clift your stocke by
+his edges twice or thrice with your cleauer, and open him with your
+wedge in euery clift one by one, and put in your grafts, and then couer
+them. This may doe well.
+
+{SN: Packing thus.}
+Packing on is, when you cut aslope a twig of the same bignesse with your
+graft, either in or besides the knot, two inches long, and make your
+graft agree iumpe with the Cyon, and gash your graft and your Cyon in
+the middest of the wound, length-way, a straw breadth deepe, and thrust
+the one into the other, wound to wound, sap to sap, barke to barke, then
+tie them close and clay them. This may doe well. The fairest graft I
+haue in my little Orchard, which I haue planted, is thus packt on, and
+the branch whereon I put him, is in his plentifull roote.
+
+To be short in this point, cut your graft in any sort or fashion, two
+inches long, and ioyne him cleanly and close to any other sprig of any
+tree in the latter end of the time of grafting, when sap is somewhat
+rife, and in all probability they will close and thriue: thus
+
+{Illustration: _The Sprig._ _The graft._ _The twig._ _The graft._}
+
+Or any other fashion you thinke good.
+
+{SN: Inoculating.}
+Inoculating is an eye or bud, taken barke and all from one tree, and
+placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another, cut both of one
+compasse, and there bound. This must be done in Summer, when the sap is
+proud.
+
+{SN: Graffing in the Scutchion.}
+Much like vnto this is that, they call grafting in the scutchion, they
+differ thus: That here you must take an eie with his leafe, or (in mine
+opinion) a bud with his leaues. (Note that an eie is for a Cyon, a bud
+is for flowers and fruit,) and place them on another tree, in a plaine
+(for so they teach) the place or barke where you must set it, must be
+thus cut with a sharpe knife, and the barke raised with a wedge, and
+then the eie or budde put in and so bound vp. {TN: a diagram of an H} I
+cannot denie but such may grow. And your bud if he take will flowre and
+beare fruit that yeere: as some grafts & sets also, being set for
+bloomes. If these two kinds thriue, they reforme but a spray, and an
+vndergrowth. Thus you may place Roses on Thornes, and Cherries on
+Apples, and such like. Many write much more of grafting, but to small
+purpose. Whom we leaue to themselues, & their followers; & ending this
+secret we come in the next Chapter to a point of knowledge most
+requisite in an Arborist, as well for all other woods as for an Orchard.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 11.
+
+_Of the right dressing of Trees._
+
+
+{SN: Necessity of dressing trees.}
+{SN: Generall rule.}
+If all these things aforesaid were indeed performed, as we haue shewed
+them in words, you should haue a perfect Orchard in nature and
+substance, begunne to your hand; And yet are all these things nothing,
+if you want that skill to keepe and dresse your trees. Such is the
+condition of all earthly things, whereby a man receiueth profit or
+pleasure, that they degenerate presently without good ordering. Man
+himselfe left to himselfe, growes from his heauenly and spirituall
+generation, and becommeth beastly, yea deuillish to his owne kind,
+vnlesse he be regenerate No maruell then, if Trees make their shootes,
+and put their spraies disorderly. And truly (if I were worthy to iudge)
+there is not a mischiefe that breedeth greater and more generall harme
+to all the Orchard (especially if they be of any continuance) that euer
+I saw, (I will not except three) then the want of the skilfull dressing
+of trees. It is a common and vnskilfull opinion, and saying. Let all
+grow, and they will beare more fruit: and if you lop away superfluous
+boughes, they say, what a pitty is this? How many apples would these
+haue borne? not considering there may arise hurt to your Orchard, as
+well (nay rather) by abundance, as by want of wood. Sound and thriuing
+plants in a good soile, will euer yeeld too much wood, and disorderly,
+but neuer too little. So that a skilfull and painfull Arborist, need
+neuer want matter to effect a plentifull and well drest Orchard: for it
+is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes (if your Gardner
+haue skill to know them) whereof your plants will yeeld abundance, and
+skill will leaue sufficient well ordered. All ages both by rule and
+experience doe consent to a pruining and lopping of trees: yet haue not
+any that I know described vnto vs (except in darke and generall words)
+what or which are those superfluous boughes, which we must take away,
+and that is the chiefe and most needfull point to be knowne in lopping.
+And we may well assure our selues, (as in all other Arts, so in this)
+there is a vantage and dexterity, by skill, and an habite by practise
+out of experience, in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind;
+yet doe I not know (let me speake it with the patience of our cunning
+Arborists) any thing within the compasse of humane affaires so
+necessary, and so little regarded, not onely in Orchards, but also in
+all other timber trees, where or whatsoeuer.
+
+{SN: Timber wood euill drest.}
+{SN: The cause of hurts in woods.}
+{SN: Dresse timber trees how.}
+How many forrests and woods? wherein you shall haue for one liuely
+thriuing tree, foure (nay sometimes 24.) euill thriuing, rotten and
+dying trees, euen while they liue. And instead of trees thousands of
+bushes and shrubs. What rottennesse? what hollownesse? what dead armes?
+withered tops? curtailed trunkes? what loads of mosses? drouping
+boughes? and dying branches shall you see euery where? And those that
+like in this sort are in a manner all vnprofitable boughes, canked
+armes, crooked, little and short boales: what an infinite number of
+bushes, shrubs, and skrogs of hazels, thornes, and other profitable
+wood, which might be brought by dressing to become great and goodly
+trees. Consider now the cause: The lesser wood hath beene spoiled with
+carelesse, vnskilfull, and vntimely stowing, and much also of the great
+wood. The greater trees at the first rising haue filled and ouer-loaden
+themselues with a number of wastfull boughes and suckers, which haue not
+onely drawne the sap from the boale, but also haue made it knotty, and
+themselues and the boale mossie for want of dressing, whereas if in the
+prime of growth they had bene taken away close, all but one top
+(according to this patterne) and cleane by the bulke, the strength of
+all the sap should haue gone to the bulke, and so he would haue
+recouered and couered his knots, and haue put forth a faire, long and
+streight body (as you see) for timber profitable, huge great of bulke,
+and of infinite last.
+
+{Illustration: _Imagine the roote to be spread farre wider._}
+
+If all timber trees were such (will some say) how should we haue crooked
+wood for wheeles, courbs, &c.
+
+_Answ._ Dresse all you can, and there will be enough crooked for those
+vses.
+
+More than this, in most places, they grow so thicke, that neither
+themselues, nor earth, nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue, nor
+Sunne, nor raine, nor aire can doe them, nor any thing neere or vnder
+them any profit or comfort.
+
+I see a number of Hags, where out of one roote you shall see three or
+foure (nay more, such as mens vnskilfull greedinesse, who desiring many
+haue none good) pretty Okes or Ashes straight and tall, because the root
+at the first shoote giues sap amaine: but if one onely of them might bee
+suffered to grow, and that well and cleanely pruned, all to his very
+top, what a tree should we haue in time? And we see by those rootes
+continually and plentifully springing, notwithstanding so deadly
+wounded. What a commodity should arise to the owner, and the
+Common-wealth, if wood were cherished, and orderly dressed.
+
+{SN: Profit of trees dressed.}
+{SN: The end of Trees.}
+The wast boughes closely and skilfully taken away, would giue vs store
+of fences and fewell, and the bulke of the tree in time would grow of
+huge length and bignes. But here (me thinkes) I heare an vnskilfull
+Arborist say, that trees haue their seuerall formes, euen by nature,
+the Peare, the Holly, the Aspe, &c. grow long in bulke with few and
+little armes, the Oke by nature broad, and such like. All this I graunt:
+but grant me also, that there is a profitable end, and vse of euery
+tree, from which if it decline (though by nature) yet man by art may
+(nay must) correct it. Now other end of trees I neuer could learne, than
+good timber, fruit much and good, and pleasure. Vses physicall hinder
+nothing a good forme.
+
+{SN: Trees will take any forme.}
+Neither let any man euer so much as thinke, that it vnprobable, much
+lesse vnpossible, to reforme any tree of what kind soeuer. For (beleeue
+me) I haue tried it, I can bring any tree (beginning by time) to any
+forme. The peare and holly may be made to spread, and the Oke to close.
+
+{SN: The end of Trees.}
+But why do I wander out of the compasse of mine Orchard, into the
+Forrests and Woods? Neither yet am I from my purpose, if boales of
+timber trees stand in need of all the sap, to make them great and
+straight (for strong growth and dressing makes strong trees) then it
+must needes be profitable for fruit (a thing more immediately seruing a
+mans need) to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld: for as timber sound,
+great and long, is _the good of timber trees_, and therefore they beare
+no fruite of worth: so fruit, good, sound, pleasant, great and much, is
+the end of fruit-trees. That gardner therefore shall performe his duty
+skilfully and faithfully, which shall so dresse his trees, that they may
+beare such and such store of fruit, which he shall neuer do (dare
+vndertake) vnlesse he keepe this order in dressing his trees.
+
+{SN: How to dresse a fruit-tree.}
+A fruit tree so standing, that there need none other end of dressing but
+fruit (not ornaments for walkes, nor delight to such as would please
+their eye onely, and yet the best forme can not but both adorne and
+delight) must be parted from within two foote, or thereabouts, of the
+earth, so high to giue liberty to dresse his roote, and no higher, for
+drinking vp the sap that should feede his fruit, for the boale will be
+first, and best serued and fed, because he is next the roote, and of
+grenest waxe and substance, and that makes him longest of life, into
+two, three, or foure armes, as your stocke or graffes yeelde twigs, and
+euery arme into two or more branches, and euery branch into his seuerall
+Cyons, still spreading by equall degrees, so that his lowest spray be
+hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his highest be not past two
+yards higher, rarely (especially in the middest) that no one twig touch
+his fellow. Let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough
+or lop equally. And when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower, than
+his fellowes (as they will with weight of fruite) ease him the next
+spring of his superfluous twigs, and he will rise: when any bough or
+spray shall amount aboue the rest; either snub his top with a nip
+betwixt your finger and your thumbe, or with a sharpe knife, and take
+him cleane away, and so you may vse any Cyon you would reforme, and as
+your tree shall grow in stature and strength, so let him rise with his
+tops, but slowly, and earely, especially in the middest, and equally,
+and in bredth also, and follow him vpward with lopping his vndergrowth
+and water boughes, keeping the same distance of two yards, but not aboue
+three in any wise, betwixt the lowest and the highest twigs.
+
+{SN: Benefits of good dressing.}
+1. Thus you shall haue well liking, cleane skind, healthfull great, and
+long-lasting trees.
+
+2. Thus shall your tree grow low, and safe from winds, for his top will
+be great, broad and weighty.
+
+3. Thus growing broad, shall your trees beare much fruit (I dare say)
+one as much as sixe of your common trees, and good without shadowing,
+dropping and fretting: for his boughes, branches, and twigs shalbe many,
+and those are they (not the boale) which beare the fruit.
+
+4. Thus shall your boale being little (not small but low) by reason of
+his shortnesse, take little, and yeeld much sap to the fruit.
+
+5. Thus your trees by reason of strength in time of setting shall put
+forth more blossomes, and more fruite, being free from taints; for
+strength is a great helpe to bring forth much and safely, whereas
+weakenesse failes in setting though the season be calme.
+
+Some vse to bare trees rootes in Winter, to stay the setting til hotter
+seasons, which I discommend, because,
+
+1. They hurt the rootes.
+
+2. It stayes it nothing at all.
+
+3. Though it did, being small, with vs in the North, they haue their
+part of our _Aprill_ and _Mayes_ frosts.
+
+4. Hinderance cannot profit weake trees in setting.
+
+5. They wast much labour.
+
+6. Thus shall your tree be easie to dresse, and without danger, either
+to the tree or the dresser.
+
+7. Thus may you safely and easily gather your fruite without falling,
+bruising or breaking of Cyons.
+
+This is the best forme of a fruit tree, which I haue here onely shadowed
+out for the better capacity of them that are led more with the eye, than
+the mind, crauing pardon for the deformity, because I am nothing
+skilfull either in painting or caruing.
+
+Imagine that the paper makes but one side of the tree to appeare, the
+whole round compasse will giue leaue for many more armes, boughes,
+branches, and Cyons.
+
+{Illustration: _The perfect forme of a Fruit-tree._}
+
+If any thinke a tree cannot well be brought to this forme: _Experto
+crede Roberto_, I can shew diuers of them vnder twenty yeeres of age.
+
+{SN: Time best for proining.}
+The fittest time of the Moone for proyning is as of grafting, when the
+sap is ready to stirre (not proudly stirring) and so to couer the wound,
+and of the yeere, a moneth before (or at least when) you graffe. Dresse
+Peares, Apricocks, Peaches, Cherries, and Bullys sooner. And old trees
+before young plants, you may dresse at any time betwixt Leafe and Leafe.
+And note, where you take any thing away, the sap the next Summer will be
+putting: be sure therefore when he puts a bud in any place where you
+would not haue him, rub it off with your finger.
+
+{SN: Dressing betime.}
+And here you must remember the common homely Prouerbe:
+
+    _Soone crookes the Tree,
+    That good Camrell must be._
+
+{SN: Faults of euill drest trees, and the remedy.}
+Beginne betime with trees, and do what you list: but if you let them
+grow great and stubborne, you must do as the trees list. They will not
+bend but breake, nor bee wound without danger. A small branch will
+become a bough, and a bough an arme in bignesse. Then if you cut him,
+his wound will fester, and hardly, without good skill, recouer:
+therefore, _Obsta principys_. Of such wounds, and lesser, of any bough
+cut off a handfull or more from the body, comes hollownesse, and
+vntimely death. And therefore when you cut, strik close, and cleane, and
+vpward, and leaue no bunch.
+
+{SN: The forme altered.}
+This forme in some cases sometimes may be altered: If your tree, or
+trees, stand neere your Walkes, if it please your fancy more, let him
+not breake, till his boale be aboue you head: so may you walke vnder
+your trees at your pleasure. Or if you set your fruit-trees for your
+shades in your Groues, then I expect not the forme of the tree, but the
+comelinesse of the walke.
+
+{SN: Dressing of old trees.}
+All this hitherto spoken of dressing, must be vnderstood of young
+plants, to be formed: it is meete somewhat be sayd for the instruction
+of them that haue olde trees already formed, or rather deformed: for,
+_Malum non vitatur nisi cognitum_. The faults therefore of the
+disordered tree, I find to be fiue:
+
+{SN: Faults are fiue, and their remedies.}
+  1. An vnprofitable boale.
+  2. Water-boughes.
+  3. Fretters.
+  4. Suckers: And,
+  5. One principall top.
+
+{SN: 1. Long boale.}
+{SN: No remedy.}
+A long boale asketh much feeding, and the more he hath the more he
+desires, and gets (as a drunken man drinke, or a couetuous man wealth)
+and the lesse remaines for the fruit, he puts his boughes into the aire,
+and makes them, the fruit, and it selfe more dangered with windes: for
+this I know no remedy, after that the tree is come to growth, once
+euill, neuer good.
+
+{SN: 2. Water boughs.}
+Water boughes, or vndergrowth, are such boughes as grow low vnder others
+and are by them ouergrowne, ouershadowed, dropped on, and pinde for want
+of plenty of sap, and by that meanes in time die: For the sap presseth
+vpward; and it is like water in her course, where it findeth most issue,
+thither it floweth, leauing the other lesser floes dry: euen as wealth
+to wealth, and much to more. These so long as they beare, they beare
+lesse, worse, and fewer fruit, and waterish.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+{SN: Barke-pild, and the remedy.}
+The remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme. Lop
+them close and cleane, and couer the midel of the wound, the next Summer
+when he is dry, with a salue made of tallow, tarre, and a very little
+pitch, good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree: vnlesse
+it be barke-pild, and then sear-cloath of fresh Butter, Hony, and Waxe,
+presently (while the wound is greene) applyed, is a soueraigne remedy in
+Summer especially. Some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of Hay,
+moist, and rub it with dung.
+
+{SN: Fretters.}
+{SN: Touching.}
+{SN: Remedy.}
+Fretters are, when as by the negligence of the Gardner, two or moe parts
+of the tree, or of diuers trees, as armes, boughes, branches, or twigs,
+grow to neere and close together, that one of them by rubbing, doth
+wound another. This fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care
+(at least) in the Arborist: for here the hurt is apparant, and the
+remedy easie, seene to betime: galls and wounds incurable, but by
+taking away those members: for let them grow, and they will be worse and
+worse, & so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth, and danger
+the whole tree. Auoide them betime therefore, as a common wealth doth
+bosome enemies.
+
+{SN: Suckers.}
+A Sucker is a long, proud, and disorderly Cyon, growing straight vp (for
+pride of sap makes proud, long, and straight growth) cut of any lower
+parts of the tree, receiuing a great part of the sap, and bearing no
+fruit, till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree. These are like idle
+and great Drones amongst Bees; and proud and idle members in a common
+wealth.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+The remedy of this is, as of water-boughes, vnlesse he be growne greater
+then all the rest of the boughs, and then your Gardner (at your
+discretion) may leaue him for his boale, and take away all, or the most
+of the rest. If he be little, slip him, and set him, perhaps he will
+take: my fairest Apple-tree was such a Slip.
+
+{SN: One principall top or bough, and remedy.}
+One or two principall top boughes are as euill, in a manner, as Suckers,
+they rise of the same cause, and receiue the same remedy; yet these are
+more tolerable, because these beare fruit, yea the best: but Suckers of
+long doe not beare.
+
+{SN: Instruments for dressing.}
+I know not how your tree should be faulty, if you reforme all your vices
+timely, and orderly. As these rules serue for dressing young trees and
+sets in the first planting: so may they well serue to helpe old trees,
+though not exactly to recouer them.
+
+The Instruments fittest for all these purposes, are most commonly: For
+the great trees an handsome long, light Ladder of Firpoles, a little,
+nimble, and strong armed Saw, and sharpe. For lesse Trees, a little and
+sharpe Hatchet, a broad mouthed Chesell, strong and sharpe, with an
+hand-beetle, your strong and sharpe Cleeuer, with a knock, & (which is a
+most necessary Instrument amongst little trees) a great hafted and
+sharpe Knife or Whittle. And as needfull is a Stoole on the top of a
+Ladder of eight or moe rungs, with two backe-feet, whereon you may
+safely and easefully stand to graffe, to dresse, and to gather fruit
+thus formed: The feet may be fast wedged in: but the Ladder must hang
+loose with two bands of iron. And thus much of dressing trees for fruit,
+formerly to profit.
+
+{Illustration}
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 12.
+
+_Of Foyling._
+
+
+{SN: Necessity of foiling.}
+There is one thing yet very necessary for make your Orchard both better,
+and more lasting: Yea, so necessary, that without it your Orchard cannot
+last, nor prosper long, which is neglected generally both in precepts
+and in practice, viz. manuring with Foile: whereby it hapneth that when
+trees (amongst other euils) through want of fatnesse to feed them,
+become mossie, and in their growth are euill (or not) thriuing, it is
+either attributed to some wrong cause, as age (when indeed they are but
+young) or euill standing (stand they neuer so well) or such like, or
+else the cause is altogether vnknowne, and so not amended.
+
+{SN: Trees great suckers.}
+{SN: Great bodies.}
+Can there be deuised any way by nature, or art, sooner or soundlier to
+seeke out, and take away the heart and strength of earth, then by great
+trees? Such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap.
+What liuing body haue you greater then of trees? The great Sea monsters
+(whereof one came a land at _Teesmouth_ in _Yorkeshire_, hard by vs, 18.
+yards in length, and neere as much in compasse) seeme hideous, huge,
+strange and monstrous, because they be indeed great: but especially
+because they are seldome seene: But a tree liuing, come to his growth
+and age, twice that length, and of a bulke neuer so great, besides his
+other parts, is not admired, because he is so commonly seene. And I
+doubt not, but if he were well regarded from his kirnell, by succeeding
+ages, to his full strength, the most of them would double their measure.
+About fifty yeeres agoe I heard by credible and constant report, That in
+_Brooham_ Parke in _West more-land_, neere vnto _Penrith_, there lay a
+blowne Oake, whose trunke was so bigge, that two Horse men being the one
+on the one side, and the other on the other side, they could not one see
+another: to which if you adde his armes, boughs, and roots, and consider
+of his bignesse, what would he haue been, if preserued to the vantage.
+Also I read in the History of the _West-Indians_, out of _Peter Martyr_,
+that sixteene men taking hands one with another, were not able to
+fathome one of those trees about. Now Nature hauing giuen to such a
+faculty by large and infinite roots, taws and tangles, to draw
+immediately his sustenance from our common mother the Earth (which is
+like in this point to all other mothers that beare) hath also ordained
+that the tree ouer loden with fruit, and wanting sap to feed all she
+hath brought forth, will waine all she cannot feed, like a woman
+bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats. See you not how
+trees especially, by kind being great, standing so thicke and close,
+that they cannot get plenty of sap, pine away all the grasse, weeds,
+lesser shrubs, and trees, yea and themselues also for want of vigor of
+sap? So that trees growing large, sucking the soile whereon they stand,
+continually, and amaine, and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them
+decaying (for what is there that wastes continually, that
+shall not haue end?) must either haue supply of sucker, or else leaue
+thriuing and growing. Some grounds will beare Corne while they be new,
+and no longer, because their crust is shallow, and not very good, and
+lying they scind and wash, and become barren. The ordinary Corne soiles
+continue not fertile, with fallowing and foyling, and the best requires
+supply, euen for the little body of Corne. How then can we thinke that
+any ground (how good soeuer) can containe bodies of such greatnesse, and
+such great feeding, without great plenty of Sap arising from good earth?
+This is one of the chiefe causes, why so many of our Orchards in
+_England_ are so euill thriuing when they come to growth, and our fruit
+so bad. Men are loth to bestow much ground, and desire much fruit, and
+will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse, nor yet feed them
+with manure. Therefore of necessity Orchards must be foiled.
+
+{SN: Time fit for foyling.}
+{SN: Kind of foyle.}
+The fittest time is, when your trees are growne great, and haue neere
+hand spread your earth, wanting new earth to sustaine them, which if
+they doe, they will seeke abroad for better earth, and shun that, which
+is barren (if they find better) as cattell euill pasturing. For nature
+hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good, and to
+auoid hurt. The best time of the yeere is at the Fall, that the Frost
+may bite and make it tender, and the Raine wash it to the roots. The
+Summer time is perillous if ye digge, because the sap fills amaine. The
+best kind of Foile is such as is fat, hot, and tender. Your earth must
+be but lightly opened, that the dung may goe in, and wash away; and but
+shallow, lest you hurt the roots: and the spring closely and equally
+made plaine againe for feare of Suckers. I could wish, that after my
+trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine Orchard, that euery seuen
+yeeres at least, the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke
+at least. Puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully, will
+not onely moisten but fatten especially in _Iune_ and _Iuly_. If it be
+thicke and fat, and applied euery yeere, your Orchard shall need none
+other foiling. Your ground may lye so low at the Riuer side, that the
+floud standing some daies and nights thereon, shall saue you all this
+labour of foiling.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 13.
+
+_Of Annoyances._
+
+
+A Chiefe helpe to make euery thing good, is to auoid the euils thereof:
+you shall neuer attaine to that good of your Orchard you looke for,
+vnlesse you haue a Gardner, that can discerne the diseases of your
+trees, and other annoyances of your Orchard, and find out the causes
+thereof, and know & apply fit remedies for the same. For be your ground,
+site, plants, and trees as you would wish, if they be wasted with
+hurtfull things, what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell?
+It is with an Orchard and euery tree, as with mans body, The best part
+of physicke for preseruation of health, is to foresee and cure diseases.
+
+{SN: Two kinds of euils in an Orchard.}
+All the diseases of an Orchard are of two sorts, either internall or
+externall. I call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular
+trees.
+
+  1 Galles.
+  2 Canker.
+  3 Mosse.
+  4 Weaknes in setting.
+  5 Barke bound.
+  6 Barke pild.
+  7 Worme.
+  8 Deadly wounds.
+
+{SN: Galls.}
+Galles, Canker, Mosse, weaknes, though they be diuers diseases: yet
+(howsoeuer Authors thinke otherwise) they rise all out of the same
+cause.
+
+Galles we haue described with their cause and remedy, in the 11. Chapter
+vnder the name of fretters.
+
+{SN: Canker.}
+Canker is the consumption of any part of the tree, barke and wood, which
+also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes.
+
+{SN: Mosse.}
+Mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all, the cause is pointed out in
+the same Chapter, in the discourse of timber-wood, and partly also the
+remedy: but for Mosse adde this, that at any time in summer (the Spring
+is best) When the cause is remoued, with an Harecloth, immediatly after
+a showre of raine, rub off your Mosse, or with a peece of weed (if the
+Mosse abound) formed like a great knife.
+
+{SN: Weaknesse in setting.}
+Weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the
+same Chapter, and his remedy. All these flow from the want of roomth in
+good soile, wrong planting, Chap. 7. and euill or no dressing.
+
+{SN: Barke-bound.}
+Bark-bound (as I thinke) riseth of the same cause, and the best, &
+present remedy (the causes being taken away) is with your sharpe knife
+in the Spring, length-way to launch his bark throughout, on 3. or 4.
+sides of his boale.
+
+{SN: Worme.}
+{SN: Remedy.}
+The disease called the Worme is thus discernd: The barke will be hoald
+in diuers places like gall, the wood will die & dry, and you shall see
+easily the barke swell. It is verily to be thought, that therin is bred
+some worm I haue not yet thorowly sought it out, because I was neuer
+troubled therewithall: but onely haue seene such trees in diuers
+places. I thinke it a worme rather, because I see this disease in trees,
+bringing fruit of sweet taste, and the swelling shewes as much. The
+remedy (as I coniecture) is so soone as you perceiue the wound, the next
+Spring cut it out barke and all, and apply Cowes pisse and vineger
+presently, and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space: For I
+well perceiue, if you suffer it any time, it eates the tree or bough
+round, and so kils.
+
+Since I first wrote this Treatise, I haue changed my mind concerning the
+disease called the worme, because I read in the History of the
+_West-Indians_, that their trees are not troubled with the disease
+called the worme or canker, which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted
+humor or sap, Witnesse _Pliny_, by reason their Country is more hot then
+ours, whereof I thinke the best remedy is (not disallowing the former,
+considering that the worme may breed by such an humor) warme standing,
+sound lopping and good dressing.
+
+{SN: Barke pild.}
+Bark-pild you shall find with his remedy in the 11. Chapter.
+
+{SN: Wounds.}
+Deadly wounds are when a mans Arborist wanting skill, cut off armes,
+boughes or branches an inch, or (as I see sometimes) an handfull, or
+halfe a foot or more from the body: These so cut cannot couer in any
+time with sap, and therefore they die, and dying they perish the heart,
+and so the tree becomes hollow, and with such a deadly wound cannot liue
+long.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+The remedy is, if you find him before he be perished, cut him close, as
+in the 11. Chapter: if he be hoald, cut him close, fill his wound, tho
+neuer so deepe, with morter well tempered & so close at the top his
+wound with a Seare-cloth doubled and nailed on, that no aire nor raine
+approach his wound. If he be not very old, and detaining, he will
+recouer, and the hole being closed, his wound within shall not hurt him
+for many yeeres.
+
+{SN: Hurts on trees.}
+{SN: Ants, Earewigs, Caterpillars, and such like wormes.}
+Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants, Earewigs, and Caterpillars. Of
+Ants and Earewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there be no swarme of Pismires
+neere your tree-root, no not in your Orchard, turne them ouer in a
+frost, and powre in water, and you kill them.
+
+For Caterpillars, the vigilant Fruterer shall soone espy their lodging
+by their web, or the decay of leaues eaten around about them. And being
+seene, they are easily destroyed with your hand, or rather (if your tree
+may spare it) take sprig and all: for the red peckled butterfly doth
+euer put them, being her sparm, among the tender spraies for better
+feeding, especially in drought, and tread them vnder your feet. I like
+nothing of smoke among my trees. Vnnaturall heates are nothing good for
+naturall trees. This for diseases of particular trees.
+
+{SN: Externall euils.}
+Externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall. Naturall
+things, externally hurting Orchards.
+
+  1 Beasts.  1 Deere.      2 Birds.   1 Bulfinch.
+             2 Goates.                2 Thrush.
+             3 Sheepe.                3 Blackbird.
+             4 Hare.                  4 Crow.
+             5 Cony.                  5 Pye.
+             6 Cattell.
+             7 Horse.                   &c.
+
+             _The other things are_,
+                 1 Winds.
+                 2 Cold.
+                 3 Trees.
+                 4 Weeds.
+                 5 Wormes.
+                 6 Mowles.
+                 7 Filth.
+                 8 Poysonfull smoke.
+
+             _Externall wilfull euils are these._
+                 1 Walls.
+                 2 Trenches.
+                 3 Other works noisome done in or neere your Orchard.
+                 4 Euill Neighbours.
+                 5 A carelesse Master.
+                 6 An vndiscreet, negligent or no keeper.
+
+See you here an whole Army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the
+most fruitfull trees the earth beares? assailing your good labours. Good
+things haue most enemies.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+A skilfull Fructerer must put so his helping hand, and disband and put
+them to flight.
+
+{SN: Deere, &c.}
+For the first ranke of beasts, besides your out strong fence, you must
+haue a faire and swift Greyhound, a stone-bow, gun, and if need require,
+an Apple with an hooke for a Deere, and an Hare-pipe for an Hare.
+
+{SN: Birds.}
+Your Cherries and other Berris when they be ripe, will draw all the
+Black-birds, Thrushes, and Maw Pies to your Orchard. The Bul-finch is a
+deuourer of your Fruit in the bud, I haue had whole trees shald out with
+them in Winter-time.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+The best remedy here is a Stone bow, a Piece, especially if you haue a
+Musket or Spar-hawke in Winter to make the Black bird stoope into a bush
+or hedge.
+
+{SN: Other trees.}
+The Gardner must cleanse his soile of all other trees: but fruit-trees
+aforesaid Chapter 2 for which it is ordained, and I would especially
+name Oakes, Elmes, Ashes, and such other great wood, but that I doubt it
+should be taken as an admission of lesser trees: for I admit of nothing
+to grow in mine Orchard but fruit and flowers. If sap can hardly be good
+to feed our fruit-trees, why should we allow of any other, especially
+those, that will becom their Masters, & wrong them in their liuelyhood.
+
+{SN: Winds.}
+{SN: Frosts.}
+And although we admit without the fence of Wall-nuts in most plaine
+places, Trees middle-most, and ashes or Okes, or Elmes vtmost, set in
+comely rowes equally distant with faire Allies twixt row and row to
+auoide the boisterous blasts of winds, and within them also others for
+Bees; yet wee admit none of these into your Orchard-plat: other remedy
+then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts.
+
+{SN: Weeds.}
+Weeds in a fertile soile (because the generall curse is so) till your
+Trees grow great, will be noysome, and deforme your allies, walkes,
+beds, and squares, your vnder Gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly
+& handsome from them and all other filth with a Spade, weeding kniues,
+rake with iron teeth: a skrapple of Iron thus formed.
+
+IC
+
+For Nettles and ground-Iuy after a showre.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+When weeds, straw, stickes and all other scrapings are gathered
+together, burne them not, but bury them vnder your crust in any place of
+your Orchard, and they will dye and fatten your ground.
+
+{SN: Wormes. Moales.}
+Wormes and Moales open the earth, and let in aire to the roots of your
+trees, and deforme your squares and walkes, and feeding in the earth,
+being in number infinite, draw on barrennesse.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+Worms may be easily destroyed. Any Summer euening when it is darke,
+after a showre with a candle, you may fill bushels, but you must tred
+nimbly & where you cannot come to catch them so; sift the earth with
+coale ashes an inch or two thicknes, and that is a plague to them, so is
+sharpe grauell.
+
+Moales will anger you, if your Gardner or some skilful Moale-catcher
+ease you not, especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of
+your trees: you must watch her wel with a Moal spare, at morne, noon,
+and night, when you see her vtmost hill, cast a Trench betwixt her and
+her home (for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and breed in about
+_Aprill_, which you may discerne by a principall hill, wherein you may
+catch her, if you trench it round and sure, and watch well) or
+wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage (for such she hath) there
+trench, and watch, and haue her.
+
+{SN: Wilfull annoyances.}
+Wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the
+Master and Fruterer, which they beare to their Orchard.
+
+{SN: Remedy.}
+Iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill
+neighbour-hood. And then if (God blesse and giue successe to your
+labours) I see not what hurt your Orchard can sustaine.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 14.
+
+_Of the age of Trees._
+
+
+{SN: The age of trees.}
+It is to be considered: All this Treatise of trees tends to this end,
+that men may loue and plant Orchards, whereunto there cannot be a better
+inducement then that they know (or at least be perswaded) that all that
+benefit they shall reape thereby, whether of pleasure or profit, shall
+not be for a day or a moneth, or one, or many (but many hundreth)
+yeeres. Of good things the greatest, and most durable is alwaies the
+best. If therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience, it be made
+(I thinke) manifest, but I am sure probable, that a fruit tree in such a
+soile and site, as is described so planted and trimmed and kept, as is
+afore appointed and duely foiled, shall dure 1000 yeeres, why should we
+not take paines, and be at two or three yeeres charges (for vnder seuen
+yeeres will an Orchard be perfected for the first planting, and in that
+time be brought to fruit) to reape such a commodity and so long lasting.
+
+{SN: Gathered by reason out of experience.}
+Let no man thinke this to be strange, but peruse and consider the
+reason. I haue Apple trees standing in my little Orchard, which I haue
+knowne these forty yeeres, whose age before my time I cannot learne, it
+is beyond memory, tho I haue enquired of diuers aged men of 80. yeeres
+and vpwards: these trees although come into my possession very euill
+ordered, mishapen, and one of them wounded to his heart, and that deadly
+(for I know it will be his death) with a wound, wherein I might haue put
+my foot in the heart of his bulke (now it is lesse) notwithstanding,
+with that small regard they haue had since, they so like, that I assure
+my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then 2. parts of 3.
+which I discerne not onely by their owne growth, but also by comparing
+them with the bulke of other trees. And I find them short (at least) by
+so many parts in bignesse, although I know those other fruit-trees to
+haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding. Herehence I
+gather thus.
+
+{SN: Parts of a trees age.}
+If my trees be a hundred yeeres old, and yet want two hundred of their
+growth before they leaue encreasing, which make three hundred, then we
+must needs resolue, that this three hundred yeere are but the third part
+of a Trees life, because (as all things liuing besides) so trees must
+haue allowed them for their increase one third, another third for their
+stand, and a third part of time also for their decay. All which time of
+a Tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres, three hundred for increase, three
+hundred for his stand, whereof we haue the terme stature, and three
+hundred for his decay, and yet I thinke (for we must coniecture by
+comparing, because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees) I am
+within the compasse of his age, supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of
+preseruing his life. Consider the age of other liuing creatures. The
+Horse and moiled Oxe wrought to an vntimely death, yet double the time
+of their increase. A Dog likewise increaseth three, stanns three at
+least, end in as many (or rather moe) decayes.
+
+{SN: Mans age.}
+Euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth, and
+so must it needs be with trees. A man comes not to his full growth and
+strength (by common estimation) before thirty yeeres, and some slender
+and cleane bodies, not till forty, so long also stands his strength, &
+so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay. Euer
+supposing that he be well kept with necessaries, and from and without
+straines, bruises, and all other dominyring diseases. I will not say
+vpon true report, that Physicke holds it possible, that a cleane body
+kept by these 3. Doctors, _Doctor Dyet_, _Doctor Quiet_, and _Doctor
+Merriman_, may liue neere a hundred yeeres. Neither will I here vrge the
+long yeeres of _Methushalah_, and those men of that time, because you
+will say, Mans dayes are shortned since the floud. But what hath
+shortned them? God for mans sinnes: but by meanes, as want of knowledge,
+euill gouernment, ryot, gluttony, drunkenesse, and (to be short) the
+encrease of the curse, our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age.
+
+Now if a man, whose body is nothing (in a manner) but tender
+rottennesse, whose course of life cannot by any meanes, by counsell,
+restraint of Lawes, or punishment, nor hope of praise, profet, or
+eturnall glory, be kept within any bounds, who is degenerate cleane from
+his naturall feeding, to effeminate nicenesse, and cloying his body with
+excesse of meate, drinke, sleepe &c. and to whom nothing is so pleasant
+and so much desired as the causes of his owne death, as idlenesse, lust,
+&c. may liue to that age: I see not but a tree of a solide substance,
+not damnified by heate or cold, capable of, and subiect to any kinde of
+ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him, feeding naturally,
+as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities, eased of, and of
+his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him, should double
+the life of a man, more then twice told; and yet naturall phylosophy,
+and the vniuersall consent of all Histories tell vs, that many other
+liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres: As the Hart
+and the Rauen. Thus reporteth that famous _Roterodam_ out of _Hesiodus_,
+and many other Historiographers. The testimony of _Cicero_ in his booke
+_De Senectute_, is weighty to this purpose: that we must _in posteras
+aetates ferere arbores_, which can haue none other fence: but that our
+fruit-trees whereof he speakes, can endure for many ages.
+
+What else are trees in comparison with the earth: but as haires to the
+body of a man? And it is certaine, without poisoning, euill and
+distemperate dyet, and vsage, or other such forcible cause, the haires
+dure with the body. That they be called excrements, it is by reason of
+their superfluous growth: (for cut them as often as you list, and they
+will still come to their naturall length) Not in respect of their
+substance, and nature. Haires endure long, and are an ornament and vse
+also to the body, as trees to the earth.
+
+So that I resolue vpon good reason, that fruit-trees well ordered, may
+liue and like a thousand yeeres, and beare fruit, and the longer, the
+more, the greater, and the better, because his vigour is proud and
+stronger, when his yeeres are many: You shall see old trees put their
+buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young trees by
+much. And I sensibly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their
+fruit, as they grow greater, both for number and greatnesse.
+Young Heifers bring not forth the Calues so faire, neither are they so
+plentifull to milke, as when they become to be old Kine. No good
+Houswife will breed of a young but of an old bird-mother: It is so in
+all things naturally, therefore in trees.
+
+{SN: The age of timber trees.}
+And if fruit-trees last to this age, how many ages is it to be supposed,
+strong and huge timber-trees will last? whose huge bodies require the
+yeeres of diuers _Methushalaes_, before they end their dayes, whose sap
+is strong and bitter, whose barke is hard and thicke, and their
+substance solid and stiffe: all which are defences of health and long
+life. Their strength withstands all forcible winds, their sap of that
+quality is not subiect to wormes and tainting. Their barke receiues
+seldome or neuer by casualty any wound. And not onely so, but he is free
+from remoualls, which are the death of millions of trees, where as the
+fruit-tree in comparison is little, and often blowne downe, his sap
+sweet, easily and soone tainted, his barke tender, and soone wounded,
+and himselfe vsed by man, as man vseth himselfe, that is either
+vnskilfully or carelessely.
+
+{SN: Age of trees discerned.}
+It is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees,
+which you may easily know, till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres,
+by his knots: Reckon from his root vp an arme and so to hys top-twig,
+and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot, except
+lopping or remouing doe hinder.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 15.
+
+_Of gathering and keeping Fruit._
+
+
+{SN: Generall Rule.}
+{SN: Cherries, &c.}
+Although it be an easie matter, when God shall send it, to gather and
+keepe fruit, yet are they certaine things worthy your regard. You must
+gather your fruit when it is ripe, and not before, else will it wither
+and be tough and sowre. All fruit generally are ripe, when they beginne
+to fall. For Trees doe as all other bearers doe, when their yong ones
+are ripe, they will waine them. The Doue her Pigeons, the Cony her
+Rabbets, and women their children. Some fruit tree sometimes getting a
+taint in the setting with a frost or euill wind, will cast his fruit
+vntimely, but not before he leaue giuing them sap, or they leaue
+growing. Except from this foresaid rule, Cherries, Damsons and Bullies.
+The Cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red, and sweet: Damsons and
+Bulies not before the first frost.
+
+{SN: Apples.}
+Apples are knowne to be ripe, partly by their colour, growing towards a
+yellow, except the Leather-coat and some Peares and Greening.
+
+{SN: When.}
+Timely Summer fruit will be ready, some at Midsummer, most at Lammus for
+present vse; but generally noe keeping fruit before _Michal-tide_. Hard
+Winter fruit and Wardens longer.
+
+{SN: Dry stalkes.}
+Gather at the full of the Moone for keeping, gather dry for feare of
+rotting.
+
+Gather the stalkes with all: for a little wound in fruit, is deadly: but
+not the stumpe, that must beare the next fruit, nor leaues, for moisture
+putrifies.
+
+{SN: Seuerally.}
+Gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe, for all will not keepe alike,
+and it is hard to discerne them, when they are mingled.
+
+{SN: Ouerladen trees.}
+If your trees be ouer-laden (as they will be, being ordered, as is
+before taught you) I like better of pulling some off (tho they be not
+ripe) neere the top end of the bough, then of propping by much, the rest
+shall be better fed. Propping puts the bough in danger, and frets it at
+least.
+
+{SN: Instruments.}
+{SN: Bruises.}
+Instruments: A long ladder of light Firre: A stoole-ladder as in the 11.
+Chapter. A gathering apron like a poake before you, made of purpose, or
+a Wallet hung on a bough, or a basket with a siue bottome, or skinne
+bottome, with Lathes or splinters vnder, hung in a rope to pull vp and
+downe: bruise none, euery bruise is to fruit death: if you doe, vse them
+presently. An hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary, breake no
+boughes.
+
+{SN: Keeping.}
+For keeping, lay them in a dry Loft, the longest keeping Apples first
+and furthest on dry straw, on heapes ten or fourteene dayes, thicke,
+that they may sweat. Then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth, and lay
+them thinne abroad. Long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth
+softly: but not in nor immediately after frost. In a loft couer well
+with straw, but rather with chaffe or branne: For frost doth cause
+tender rottennesse.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 16.
+
+_Of Profits._
+
+
+Now pause with your selfe, and view the end of all your labours in an
+Orchard: vnspeakable pleasure, and infinite commodity. The pleasure of
+an Orchard I referre to the last Chapter for the conclusion: and in this
+Chapter, a word or two of the profit, which thorowly to declare is past
+my skill: and I count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the
+Sunne with a Candle, or number the Starres. No man that hath but a meane
+Orchard or iudgement but knowes, that the commodity of an Orchard is
+great: Neither would I speake of this, being a thing so manifest to all;
+but that I see, that through the carelesse lazinesse of men, it is a
+thing generally neglected. But let them know, that they lose hereby the
+chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping.
+
+Compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground, set with
+fruit-trees and hearbs, so as is prescribed, and an whole acre (say it
+be two) with Corne, or the best commodity you can wish, and the
+Orchard shall exceed by diuers degrees.
+
+{SN: Cydar and Perry.}
+In _France_ and some other Countries, and in _England_, they make great
+vse of Cydar and Perry, thus made: Dresse euery Apple, the stalke, vpper
+end, and all galles away, stampe them, and straine them, and within 24.
+houres tun them vp into cleane, sweet, and sound vessels, for feare of
+euill ayre, which they will readily take: and if you hang a poakefull of
+Cloues, Mace, Nutmegs, Cinamon, Ginger, and pils of Lemmons in the midst
+of the vessell, it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine. The
+like vsage doth Perry require.
+
+These drinks are very wholesome, they coole, purge, and preuent hot
+Agues. But I leaue this skill to Physicians.
+
+{SN: Fruit.}
+The benefit of your Fruit, Roots and Hearbs, though it were but to eate
+and sell, is much.
+
+{SN: Waters.}
+Waters distilled of Roses, Woodbind, Angelica, are both profitable and
+wondrous pleasant, and comfortable.
+
+{SN: Conserue.}
+Saffron and Licoras will yeeld you much Conserues and Preserues, are
+ornaments to your Feasts, health in your sicknesse, and a good helpe to
+your friend, and to your purse.
+
+He that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits, is well worthy
+to want, when others abound in plenty of good things.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 17.
+
+_Ornaments._
+
+
+Me thinks hitherto we haue but a bare Orchard for fruit, and but halfe
+good, so long as it wants those comely Ornaments, that should giue
+beauty to all our labours, and make much for the honest delight of the
+owner and his friends.
+
+{SN: Delight the chiefe end of Orchards.}
+{SN: An Orchard delightsome.}
+{SN: An Orchard is Paradise.}
+{SN: Causes of wearisomnesse.}
+{SN: Orchard is the remedy.}
+For it is not to be doubted: but as God hath giuen man things
+profitable, so hath he allowed him honest comfort, delight, and
+recreation in all the workes of his hands. Nay, all his labours vnder
+the Sunne without this are troubles, and vexation of mind: For what is
+greedy gaine, without delight, but moyling, and turmoyling in slauery?
+But comfortable delight, with content, is the good of euery thing, and
+the patterne of heauen. A morsell of bread with comfort, is better by
+much then a fat Oxe with vnquietnesse. And who can deny, but the
+principall end of an Orchard, is the honest delight of one wearied with
+the works of his lawfull calling? The very workes of, and in an Orchard
+and Garden, are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours.
+When God had made man after his owne Image, in a perfect state, and
+would haue him to represent himselfe in authority, tranquillity, and
+pleasure vpon the earth, he placed him in _Paradise_. What was
+_Paradise_? but a Garden and Orchard of trees and hearbs, full of
+pleasure? and nothing there but delights. The gods of the earth,
+resembling the great God of heauen in authority, Maiestie, and abundance
+of all things, wherein is their most delight? and whither doe they
+withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate, being
+tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious Controuersies? choked
+(as it were) with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings, their
+stomacks cloyed with variety of Banquets, their eares filled and
+ouerburthened with tedious discoursings? whither? but into their
+Orchards? made and prepared, dressed and destinated for that purpose, to
+renue and refresh their sences, and to call home their ouer-wearied
+spirits. Nay, it is (no doubt) a comfort to them, to set open their
+Cazements into a most delicate Garden and Orchard, whereby they may not
+onely see that, wherein they are so much delighted, but also to giue
+fresh, sweet, and pleasant ayre to their Galleries and Chambers.
+
+{SN: All delight in Orchards.}
+And looke, what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability,
+prouoked with delight, the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe, if
+power were answerable to our desires, whereby we shew manifestly, that
+of all other delights on earth, they that are taken by Orchards, are
+most excellent, and most agreeing with nature.
+
+{SN: This delights all the senses.}
+For whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our senses,
+and that onely, with delight, this makes all our sences swimme in
+pleasure, and that with infinite variety, ioyned with no lesse
+commodity.
+
+{SN: Delighteth old age.}
+That famous _Philosopher_, and matchlesse Orator, _M.T.C._ prescribeth
+nothing more fit, to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three
+or foure score yeeres, then the pleasure of an Orchard.
+
+{SN: Causes of delight in an Orchard.}
+What can your eye desire to see, your eares to hear, your mouth to tast,
+or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an Orchard, with
+abundance and variety? What more delightsome then an infinite variety of
+sweet smelling flowers? decking with sundry colours, the greene mantle
+of the Earth, the vniuersall Mother of vs all, so by them bespotted, so
+dyed, that all the world cannot sample them, and wherein it is more fit
+to admire the Dyer, then imitate his workemanship. Colouring not onely
+the earth, but decking the ayre, and sweetning euery breath and spirit.
+
+{SN: Flowers.}
+The Rose red, damaske, veluet, and double double prouince Rose, the
+sweet muske Rose double and single, the double and single white Rose.
+The faire and sweet senting Woodbinde, double and single, and double
+double. Purple Cowslips, and double Cowslips, and double double
+Cowslips. Primerose double and single. The Violet nothing behinde the
+best, for smelling sweetly. A thousand more will prouoke your content.
+
+{SN: Borders and squares.}
+And all these, by the skill of your Gardner, so comely, and orderly
+placed in your Borders and Squares, and so intermingled, that none
+looking thereon, cannot but wonder, to see, what Nature corrected by Art
+can doe.
+
+{SN: Mounts.}
+{SN: Whence you may shoote a Bucke.}
+{SN: Dyall.}
+{SN: Musique.}
+When you behold in diuers corners of your Orchard _Mounts_ of stone, or
+wood curiously wrought within and without, or of earth couered with
+fruit-trees: Kentish Cherry, Damsons, Plummes, &c. with staires of
+precious workmanship. And in some corner (or moe) a true Dyall or Clocke
+and some Anticke-workes and especially siluer-sounding Musique, mixt
+Instruments and voices, gracing all the rest: How will you be rapt with
+delight?
+
+{SN: Walkes.}
+{SN: Seates.}
+Large Walkes, broad and long, close and open, like the _Tempe_ groues in
+_Thessalie_, raised with grauell and sand, hauing seats and bankes of
+Cammomile, all this delights the minde, and brings health to the body.
+
+{SN: Order of trees.}
+View now with delight the workes of your owne hands, your fruit-trees of
+all sorts, loaden with sweet blossomes, and fruit of all tasts,
+operations, and colours: your trees standing in comely order which way
+soeuer you looke.
+
+{SN: Shape of men and beasts.}
+Your borders on euery side hanging and drooping with Feberries,
+Raspberries, Barberries, Currens, and the rootes of your trees powdred
+with Strawberries, red, white, and greene, what a pleasure is this? Your
+Gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the
+field, ready to giue battell: or swift running Greyhounds: or of well
+sented and true running Hounds, to chase the Deere, or hunt the Hare.
+This kind of hunting shall not waste your corne, nor much your coyne.
+
+{SN: Mazes.}
+Mazes well framed a mans height, may perhaps make your friend wander in
+gathering of berries, till he cannot recouer himselfe without your
+helpe.
+
+{SN: Bowle-Alley.}
+{SN: Buts.}
+To haue occasion to exercise within your Orchard: it shall be a pleasure
+to haue a Bowling Alley, or rather (which is more manly, and more
+healthfull) a paire of Buts, to stretch your armes.
+
+{SN: Hearbes.}
+Rosemary and sweete Eglantine are seemely ornaments about a Doore or
+Window, and so is Woodbinde.
+
+{SN: Conduit.}
+Looke Chapter 5, and you shall see the forme of a Conduite. If there
+were two or more, it were not amisse.
+
+{SN: Riuer.}
+{SN: Moats.}
+And in mine opinion, I could highly commend your Orchard, if either
+through it, or hard by it there should runne a pleasant Riuer with
+siluer streames; you might sit in your Mount, and angle a peckled Trout,
+or fleightie Eele, or some other dainty Fish. Or moats, whereon you
+might row with a Boate, and fish with Nettes.
+
+{SN: Bees.}
+Store of Bees in a dry and warme Bee-house, comely made of Fir-boords,
+to sing, and sit, and feede vpon your flowers and sprouts, make a
+pleasant noyse and sight. For cleanely and innocent Bees, of all other
+things, loue and become, and thriue in an Orchard. If they thriue (as
+they must needes, if your Gardiner bee skilfull, and loue them: for they
+loue their friends, and hate none but their enemies) they will, besides
+the pleasure, yeeld great profit, to pay him his wages Yea, the increase
+of twenty Stockes or Stooles, with other fees will keepe your Orchard.
+
+You need not doubt their stings, for they hurt not whom they know, and
+they know their keeper and acquaintance. If you like not to come amongst
+them, you need not doubt them: for but neere their store, and in their
+owne defence, they will not fight, and in that case onely (and who can
+blame them?) they are manly, and fight desperately. Some (as that
+Honorable Lady at _Hacknes_, whose name doth much grace mine Orchard)
+vse to make seates for them in the stone wall of their Orchard, or
+Garden, which is good, but wood is better.
+
+{SN: Vine.}
+A Vine ouer-shadowing a seate, is very comely, though her Grapes with vs
+ripe slowly.
+
+{SN: Birds.}
+{SN: Nightingale.}
+{SN: Robin-red-brest.}
+{SN: Wren.}
+One chiefe grace that adornes an Orchard, I cannot let slip: A brood of
+Nightingales, who with their seuerall notes and tunes, with a strong
+delightsome voyce, out of a weake body, will beare you company night and
+day. She loues (and liues in) hots of woods in her hart. She will helpe
+you to cleanse your trees of Caterpillers, and all noysome wormes and
+flyes. The gentle Robin-red-brest will helpe her, and in winter in the
+coldest stormes will keepe a part. Neither will the silly Wren be behind
+in Summer, with her distinct whistle (like a sweete Recorder) to cheere
+your spirits.
+
+{SN: Black-bird.}
+{SN: Thrush.}
+The Black-bird and Threstle (for I take it the Thrush sings not, but
+deuoures) sing loudly in a _May_ morning and delights the eare much (and
+you neede not want their company, if you haue ripe Cherries or Berries,
+and would as gladly as the rest do you pleasure:) But I had rather want
+their company than my fruit.
+
+What shall I say? A thousand of pleasant delightes are attendant in an
+Orchard: and sooner shall I be weary, then I can recken the least part
+of that pleasure, which one that hath and loues an Orchard, may find
+therein.
+
+What is there of all these few that I haue reckoned, which doth not
+please the eye, the eare, the smell, and taste? And by these sences as
+Organes, Pipes, and windowes, these delights are carried to refresh the
+gentle, generous, and noble mind.
+
+{SN: Your owne labour.}
+To conclude, what ioy may you haue, that you liuing to such an age,
+shall see the blessings of God on your labours while you liue, and leaue
+behind you to heires or successors (for God will make heires) such a
+worke, that many ages after your death, shall record your loue to their
+Countrey? And the rather, when you consider (_Chap. 14._) to what length
+of time your worke is like to last.
+
+
+_FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  THE
+  COVNTRY
+  HOVSE-VVIFES
+  GARDEN.
+
+_Containing Rules for Hearbs and Seedes_ of common vse, with their times
+and seasons, when to set and sow them.
+
+TOGETHER,
+
+With the Husbandry of Bees, published with secrets _very necessary for
+euery House-wife_.
+
+As also diuerse new Knots for Gardens.
+
+The Contents see at large in the last Page.
+
+Genes. 2. 29.
+
+_I haue giuen vnto you euery Herbe, and euery tree, that shall be to you
+for meate._
+
+IC
+
+_LONDON_,
+
+Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden Vnicorne in
+Pater-noster-row. 1631.
+
+
+
+
+THE COVNTRY HOVSVVIFES GARDEN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 1.
+
+_The Soyle._
+
+
+{SN: Dry.}
+{SN: Hops.}
+The soyle of an Orchard and Garden, differ onely in these three points:
+First, the Gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer, because hearbes being
+more tender then trees, can neither abide moisture nor drought, in such
+excessiue measure, as trees; and therefore hauing a dryer soyle, the
+remedy is easie against drought, if need be: water soundly, which may be
+done with small labour, the compasse of a Garden being nothing so great,
+as of an Orchard, and this is the cause (if they know it) that Gardners
+raise their squares: but if moysture trouble you, I see no remedy
+without a generall danger, except in Hops, which delight much in a low
+and sappy earth.
+
+{SN: Plaine.}
+Secondly, the soyle of a Garden would be plaine and leuell, at least
+euery square (for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme) the
+reason: the earth of a garden wanting such helpes, as should stay the
+water, which an orchard hath, and the rootes of hearbes being short, and
+not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome, are more annoyed by
+drought, and the soyle being mellow and loose, is soone either washt
+away, or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing.
+
+Thirdly, if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes, and namely, of
+grasse, the hearbes shall neuer thriue: for how should good hearbes
+prosper, when euill weeds waxe so fast: considering good hearbes are
+tender in respect of euill weedes: these being strengthened by nature,
+and the other by art? Gardens haue small place in comparison, and
+therefore may be more easily be fallowed, at the least one halfe yeare
+before, and the better dressed after it is framed. And you shall finde
+that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes,
+but also is a speciall ornament, and leaues more plentifull sap for your
+tender hearbes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 2.
+
+_Of the Sites._
+
+
+I cannot see in any sort, how the site of the one should not be good,
+and fit for the other: The ends of both being one, good, wholesome, and
+much fruit ioyned with delight, vnlesse trees be more able to abide the
+nipping frostes than tender hearbes: but I am sure, the flowers of trees
+are as soone perished with cold, as any hearbe except Pumpions, and
+Melons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 3.
+
+_Of the Forme._
+
+
+Let that which is sayd in the Orchards forme, suffice for a garden in
+generall: but for speciall formes in squares, they are as many, as there
+are diuices in Gardners braines. Neither is the wit and art of a
+skilfull Gardner in this poynt not to be commended, that can worke more
+variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce, and of all those
+things, where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied. The number
+of formes, Mazes and Knots is so great, and men are so diuersly
+delighted, that I leaue euery House-wife to her selfe, especially seeing
+to set downe many, had bene but to fill much paper; yet lest I depriue
+her of all delight and direction, let her view these few, choyse, new
+formes, and note this generally, that all plots are square, and all are
+bordered about with Priuit, Raisins, Fea-berries, Roses, Thorne,
+Rosemary, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, or such like.
+
+{Illustration: The ground plot for Knots.}
+
+{Illustration: Cinkfoyle.}
+
+{Illustration: Flower-deluce.}
+
+{Illustration: The Trefoyle.}
+
+{Illustration: The Fret.}
+
+{Illustration: Lozenges.}
+
+{Illustration: Crosse-bow.}
+
+{Illustration: Diamond.}
+
+{Illustration: Ouall.}
+
+{Illustration: Maze.}
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 4.
+
+_Of the Quantity._
+
+
+A Garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an Orchard, both in
+regard of the much weeding, dressing and remouing, and also the paines
+in a Garden is not so well repaied home, as in an Orchard. It is to be
+graunted, that the Kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries,
+roots, cabbages, &c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a
+rich Orchard: but notwithstanding I am of opinion, that it were better
+for _England_, that we had more Orchards and Gardens, and more large.
+And therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 5.
+
+_Of Fence._
+
+
+Seeing we allow Gardens in Orchard plots, and the benefit of a Garden is
+much, they both require a strong and shrowding fence. Therefore leauing
+this, let vs come to the hearbes themselues, which must be the fruit of
+all these labours.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 6.
+
+_Of two Gardens._
+
+
+Hearbes are of two sorts, and therefore it is meete (they requiring
+diuers manners of Husbandry) that we haue two Gardens: A garden for
+flowers, and a Kitchen garden: or a Summer garden: not that we meane so
+perfect a distinction, that the Garden for flowers should or can be
+without hearbes good for the Kitchen, or the Kitchen garden should want
+flowers, nor on the contrary: but for the most part they would be
+seuered: first, because your Garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace,
+if among them you intermingle Onions, Parsnips, &c. Secondly, your
+Garden that is durable, must be of one forme: but that, which is for
+your Kitchens vse, must yeeld daily rootes, or other hearbes, and suffer
+deformity. Thirdly, the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready, at
+one time, either for gathering, or remouing. First therefore
+
+
+_Of the Summer Garden._
+
+These hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squares and knots
+and all to set at _Michael-tide_, or somewhat before, that they may be
+setled in, and taken with the ground before winter, though they may be
+set, especially sowne in the spring.
+
+Roses of all sorts (spoken of in the Orchard) must be set. Some vie to
+set slips and twine them, which sometimes, but seldome thriue all.
+
+Rosemary, Lauender, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, Time, Cowslips, Pyony,
+Dasies, Cloue Gilliflowers, Pinkes, Sothernwood, Lillies, of all which
+hereafter.
+
+
+_Of the Kitchen Garden._
+
+Though your Garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it
+seise a profit, and exquisite forme to the eyes, yet you may not
+altogether neglect this, where your hearbes for the pot do growe. And
+therefore, some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd. The
+rather because aboundance of Roses and Lauender yeeld much profit, and
+comfort to the sences: Rose-water and Lauender, the one cordial (as also
+the Violets, Burrage, and Buglas) the other reuiuing the spirits by the
+sence of smelling: both most durable for smell, both in flowers and
+water: you need not here raise your beds, as in the other garden,
+because Summer towards, will not let too much wet annoy you.
+
+And these hearbes require more moysture: yet must you haue your beds
+diuided, that you may goe betwixt to weede, and somewhat forme would be
+expected: To which it auaileth, that you place your herbes of biggest
+growth, by walles, or in borders, as Fenell, &c. and the lowest in the
+middest, as Saffron, Strawberries, Onions, &c.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 7.
+
+_Diuision of hearbs._
+
+
+Garden hearbs are innumerable, yet these are common and sufficient for
+our country House-wifes.
+
+
+_Hearbs of greatest growth._
+
+Fenell, Anglica, Tansie, Hollihock, Louage, Elly Campane, French
+mallows, Lillies, French poppy, Endiue, Succory and Clary.
+
+
+_Herbes of middle growth._
+
+Burrage, Buglas, Parsley, sweet Sicilly, Floure-de-luce, Stocke
+Gilliflowers, Wall-flowers, Anniseedes, Coriander, Feather fewell,
+Marigolds, Oculus Christi, Langdibeefe, Alexanders, Carduus Benedictus.
+
+
+_Hearbes of smallest growth._
+
+Pansy, or Harts-ease, Coast Margeram, Sauery, Strawberries, Saffron,
+Lycoras, Daffadowndillies, Leekes, Chiues, Chibals, Skerots, Onions,
+Batchellors buttons, Dasies, Peniroyall.
+
+Hitherto I haue onely reckoned vp, and put in this ranke, some hearbs.
+Their Husbandry follow each in an Alphabeticall order, the better to be
+found.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 8.
+
+_Husbandry of Herbes._
+
+
+_Alexanders_ are to be renewed as _Angelica_. It is a timely Pot-hearbe.
+
+_Anglica_ is renued with his seede, whereof he beareth plenty the second
+yeare, and so dieth. You may remoue the rootes the first yeare. The
+leaues distilled, yeeld water soueraigne to expell paine from the
+stomacke. The roote dried taken in the fall, stoppeth the poares against
+infections.
+
+_Annyseedes_ make their growth, and beareth seeds the first yeere, and
+dieth as _Coriander_: it is good for opening the pipes, and it is vsed
+in Comfits.
+
+_Artichoakes_ are renewed by diuiding the rootes into sets, in _March_,
+euery third or fourth yeare. They require a seuerall vsage, and
+therefore a seuerall whole plot by themselues, especially considering
+they are plentifull of fruite much desired.
+
+_Burrage_ and _Buglas_, two Cordials, renue themselues by seed yearely,
+which is hard to be gathered: they are exceeding good Pot-hearbes, good
+for Bees, and most comfortable for the heart and stomacke, as Quinces
+and Wardens.
+
+_Camomile_, set rootes in bankes and walkes. It is sweete smelling,
+qualifying head-ach.
+
+_Cabbages_ require great roome, they seed the second yeare: sow them in
+_February_, remoue them when the plants are an handfull long, set deepe
+and wet. Looke well in drought for the white Caterpillers worme, the
+spaunes vnder the leafe closely; for euery liuing Creature doth seeke
+foode and quiet shelter, and growing quicke, they draw to, and eate the
+heart: you may finde them in a rainy deawy morning.
+
+It is a good Pothearbe, and of this hearbe called _Cole_ our Countrie
+House-wiues giue their pottage their name, and call them _Caell_.
+
+_Carduus Benedictus_, or blessed thistle, seeds and dyes the first
+yeere, the excellent vertue thereof I referre to Herbals, for we are
+Gardiners, not Physitians.
+
+_Carrets_ are sowne late in _Aprill_ or _May_, as Turneps, else they
+seede the first yeere, and then their roots are naught: the second yeere
+they dye, their roots grow great, and require large roome.
+
+_Chibals_ or _Chiues_ haue their roots parted, as Garlick, Lillies, &c.
+and so are they set euery third or fourth yeere: a good pot-hearb
+opening, but euill for the eies.
+
+_Clarie_ is sowne, it seeds the second yeere, and dyes. It is somewhat
+harsh in taste, a little in pottage is good, it strengtheneth the
+reines.
+
+_Coast_, Roote parted make sets in _March_: it beares the second yeere:
+it is vsed in Ale in _May_.
+
+_Coriander_ is for vsage and vses, much like Anniseeds.
+
+_Daffadowndillies_ haue their roots parted, and set once in three or
+foure yeere, or longer time. They flower timely, and after _Midsummer_,
+are scarcely seene. They are more for ornament, then for vse, so are
+Daisies.
+
+_Daisie_-rootes parted and set, as Flowre-deluce and Camomile, when you
+see them grow too thicke or decay. They be good to keepe vp, and
+strengthen the edges of your borders, as Pinkes, they be red, white,
+mixt.
+
+_Ellycampane_ root is long lasting, as is the Louage, it seeds yeerely,
+you may diuide the root, and set the roote, taken in VVinter it is good
+(being dryed, powdered and drunke) to kill itches.
+
+_Endiue_ and _Succory_ are much like in nature, shape, and vse, they
+renue themselues by seed, as Fennell, and other hearbs. You may remoue
+them before they put forth shankes, a good Pot-hearbe.
+
+_Fennell_ is renued, either by the seeds (which it beareth the second
+yeere, and so yeerely in great abundance) sowne in the fall or Spring,
+or by diuiding one root into many Sets, as Artichoke, it is long of
+growth and life. You may remoue the roote vnshankt. It is exceeding
+good for the eyes, distilled, or any otherwise taken: it is vsed in
+dressing Hiues for swarmes, a very good Pot-hearbe, or for Sallets.
+
+_Fetherfewle_ shakes seed. Good against a shaking Feuer, taken in a
+posset drinke fasting.
+
+_Flower-deluce_, long lasting. Diuide his roots, and set: the roots
+dryed haue a sweet smell.
+
+_Garlicke_ may be set an handfull distance, two inches deepe, in the
+edge of your beds. Part the heads into seuerall cloues, and euery cloue
+set in the latter end of _February_, will increase to a great head
+before _September_: good for opening, euill for eyes: when the blade is
+long, fast two & two together, the heads will be bigger.
+
+_Hollyhocke_ riseth high, seedeth and dyeth: the chiefe vse I know is
+ornament.
+
+_Isop_ is reasonable long lasting: young roots are good set, slips
+better. A good pot-hearbe.
+
+_Iuly-flowers_, commonly called _Gilly-flowers_, or _Cloue-Iuly-flowers_
+(I call them so, because they flowre in _Iuly_) they haue the name of
+_Cloues_, of their sent. I may well call them the King of flowers
+(except the Rose) and the best sort of them are called _Queene-Iuly
+flowers_. I haue of them nine or ten seuerall colours, and diuers of
+them as big as Roses; of all flowers (saue the Damaske Rose) they are
+the most pleasant to sight and smell: they last not past three or foure
+yeeres vnremoued. Take the slips (without shanks) and set any time, saue
+in extreme frost, but especially at _Michael tide_. Their vse is much in
+ornament, and comforting the spirits, by the sence of smelling.
+
+_Iuly flowers_ of the wall, or wall-_Iuly-flowers_, wall-flowers, or
+Bee-flowers, or Winter-_Iuly-flowers_, because growing in the walles,
+euen in Winter, and good for Bees, will grow euen in stone walls, they
+will seeme dead in Summer, and yet reuiue in Winter. They yeeld seed
+plentifully, which you may sow at any time, or in any broken earth,
+especially on the top of a mud-wall, but moist, you may set the root
+before it be brancht, euery slip that is not flowr'd will take root, or
+crop him in Summer, and he will flower in Winter: but his Winter-seed is
+vntimely. This and Palmes are exceeding good, and timely for Bees.
+
+_Leekes_ yeeld seed the second yeere, vnremoued and die, vnlesse you
+remoue them, vsuall to eate with salt and bread, as Onyons alwaies
+greene, good pot-hearb, euill for the eyes.
+
+_Lauendar spike_ would be remoued within 7 yeeres, or eight at the most.
+Slips twined as Isop and Sage, would take best at _Michael-tide_. This
+flower is good for Bees, most comfortable for smelling, except Roses;
+and kept dry, is as strong after a yeere, and when it is gathered. The
+water of this is comfortable.
+
+White _Lauendar_ would be remoued sooner.
+
+_Lettice_ yeelds seed the first yeere, and dyes: sow betime, and if you
+would haue them _Cabbage_ for Sallets, remoue them as you doe _Cabbage_.
+They are vsuall in Sallets, and the pot.
+
+_Lillies_ white and red, remoued once in three or foure yeeres their
+roots yeeld many Sets, like the Garlicke, _Michael-tide_ is the best:
+they grow high, after they get roote: these roots are good to breake a
+Byle, as are Mallowes and Sorrell.
+
+_Mallowes_, French or gagged, the first or second yeere, seed
+plentifully: sow in _March_, or before, they are good for the
+house-wifes pot, or to breake a bunch.
+
+_Marigolds_ most commonly come of seed, you may remoue the Plants, when
+they be two inches long. The double Marigold, being as bigge as a little
+Rose, is good for shew. They are a good Pot-hearbe.
+
+_Oculus Christi_, or Christs eye, seeds and dyes the first or second
+yeere: you may remoue the yong Plants, but seed is better: one of these
+seeds put into the eye, within three or foure houres will gather a
+thicke skinne, cleere the eye, and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to
+the eye. A good Pot-hearbe.
+
+_Onyons_ are sowne in _February_, they are gathered at _Michael-tide_,
+and all the Summer long, for Sallets; as also young Parsly, Sage,
+Chibals, Lettice, sweet Sicily, Fennell, &c. good alone, or with meate
+as Mutton, &c. for sauce, especially for the pot.
+
+_Parsly_ sow the first yeere, and vse the next yeere: it seedes
+plentifully, an hearbe of much vse, as sweet Sicily is. The seed and
+roots are good against the Stone.
+
+_Parsneps_ require and whole plot, they be plentifull and common: sow
+them in _February_, the Kings (that is in the middle) seed broadest and
+reddest. Parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke, not good for
+euill eies: When they couer the earth in a drought, to tread the tops,
+make the rootes bigger.
+
+_Peny-royall_, or Pudding Grasse, creepes along the ground like ground
+Iuie. It lasts long, like Daisies, because it puts and spreads dayly new
+roots. Diuide, and remoue the roots, it hath a pleasant taste and smell,
+good for the pot, or hackt meate, or Haggas Pudding.
+
+_Pumpions_: Set seedes with your finger, a finger deepe, late in
+_March_, and so soone as they appeare, euery night if you doubt frost,
+couer them, and water them continually out of a water-pot: they be very
+tender, their fruit is great and waterish.
+
+_French poppy_ beareth a faire flower, and the Seed will make you
+sleepe.
+
+_Raddish_ is sauce for cloyed stomacks, as Capers, Oliues, and
+Cucumbers, cast the seeds all Summer long here and there, and you shall
+haue them alwaies young and fresh.
+
+_Rosemary_, the grace of hearbs here in _England_, in other Countries
+common. To set slips immediately after _Lammas_, is the surest way.
+Seede sowne may proue well, so they be sowne in hot weather, somewhat
+moist, and good earth: for the hearbe, though great, is nesh and tender
+(as I take it) brought from hot Countries to vs in the cold North: set
+thinne. It becomes a Window well. The vse is much in meates, more in
+Physicke, most for Bees.
+
+_Rue, or Hearbe of Grace_, continually greene, the slips are set. It
+lasts long as Rosemary, Sothernwood, &c. too strong for mine Housewifes
+pot, vnlesse she will brue Ale therewith, against the Plague: let him
+not seede, if you will haue him last.
+
+_Saffron_ euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at _Midsummer_:
+for when all other hearbs grow most, it dyeth. It flowreth at
+_Michael-tide_, and groweth all Winter: keepe his flowers from birds in
+the morning, & gather the yellow (or they shape much like Lillies) dry,
+and after dry them: they be precious, expelling diseases from the heart
+and stomacke.
+
+_Sauery_ seeds and dyes the first yeere, good for my Housewifes pot and
+pye.
+
+_Sage_: set slips in _May_, and they grow aye: Let it not seed it will
+last the longer. The vse is much and common. The Monkish Prouerbe is
+_tritum_:
+
+     _Cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_
+
+_Skerots_, roots are set when they be parted, as _Pyonie_, and
+Flower-deluce at _Michael-tide_: the roote is but small and very sweet.
+I know none other speciall vse but the Table.
+
+Sweet _Sicily_, long lasting, pleasantly tasting, either the seed sowne,
+or the root parted, and remoued, makes increase, it is of like vse with
+Parsly.
+
+_Strawberries_ long lasting, set roots at _Michael-tide_ or the Spring,
+they be red, white and greene, and ripe, when they be great and soft,
+some by _Midsummer_ with vs. The vse is: they will coole my Housewife
+well, if they be put in Wine or Creame with Sugar.
+
+_Time_, both seeds, slips and rootes are good. If it seed not, it will
+last three or foure yeeres or more, it smelleth comfortably. It hath
+much vse: namely, in all cold meats, it is good for Bees.
+
+_Turnep_ is sowne. In the second yeere they beare plenty of seed: they
+require the same time of sowing that Carrets doe: they are sicke of the
+same disease that Cabbages be. The roots increaseth much, it is most
+wholesome, if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth: Soueraigne
+for eyes and Bees.
+
+I reckon these hearbs onely, because I teach my Countrey Housewife, not
+skilfull Artists, and it should be an endlesse labour, and would make
+the matter tedious to reckon vp _Landtheefe_, _Stocke-Iuly-flowers_,
+_Charuall_, _Valerian_, _Go-to bed at noone_, _Piony_, _Licoras_,
+_Tansie_, _Garden mints_, _Germander_, _Centaurie_, and a thousand such
+physicke Hearbs. Let her first grow cunning in this, and then she may
+enlarge her Garden as her skill and ability increaseth. And to helpe her
+the more, I haue set her downe these obseruations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 9.
+
+_Generall Rules in Gardening._
+
+
+In the South parts Gardening may be more timely, and more safely done,
+then with vs in _Yorkeshire_, because our ayre is not so fauourable, nor
+our ground so good.
+
+2 Secondly most seeds shakt, by turning the good earth, are renued,
+their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels, till the Sunne their
+Father can reach them with his heat.
+
+3 In setting hearbs, leaue no top more then an handfull aboue the
+ground, nor more then a foot vnder the earth.
+
+4 Twine the roots of those slips you set, if they will abide it.
+Gilly-flowers are too tender.
+
+5 Set moist, and sowe dry.
+
+6 Set slips without shankes any time, except at _Midsummer_, and in
+frosts.
+
+7 Seeding spoiles the most roots, as drawing the heart and sap from the
+root.
+
+8 Gather for the pot and medicines, hearbs tender and greene, the sap
+being in the top, but in Winter the root is best.
+
+9 All the hearbs in the Garden for flowers, would once in seuen yeeres
+be renued, or soundly watered with puddle water, except Rosemary.
+
+10 In all your Gardens and Orchards, bankes and seates of Camomile,
+Peny-royall, Daisies and Violets, are seemely and comfortable.
+
+11 These require whole plots: Artichokes, Cabbages, Turneps, Parsneps,
+Onyons, Carrets, and (if you will) Saffron and Scerrits.
+
+12 Gather all your seeds, dead, ripe, and dry.
+
+13 Lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs, as vsually they doe: for
+dung not melted is too hot, euen for trees.
+
+14 Thin setting and sewing (so the rootes stand not past a foot
+distance) is profitable, for the hearbs will like the better. Greater
+hearbs would haue more distance.
+
+15 Set and sow hearbs in their time of growth (except at _Midsummer_,
+for then they are too too tender) but trees in their time of rest.
+
+16 A good Housewife may, and will gather store of hearbs for the pot,
+about _Lammas_, and dry them, and pownd them, and in Winter they will
+make good seruice.
+
+Thus haue I lined out a Garden to our Countrey Housewiues, and giuen
+them rules for common hearbs. If any of them (as sometimes they are) be
+knotty, I referre them to Chap. 3. The skill and paines of weeding the
+Garden with weeding kniues or fingers, I refer to themselues, and their
+maides, willing them to take the opportunitie after a showre of raine:
+withall I aduise the Mistresse, either be present her selfe, or to teach
+her maides to know hearbs from weeds.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 10.
+
+_The Husbandry of Bees._
+
+
+There remaineth one necessary thing to be prescribed, which in mine
+opinion makes as much for ornament as either Flowers, or forme, or
+cleanlinesse, and I am sure as commodious as any of, or all the rest:
+which is Bees, well ordered. And I will not account her any of my good
+House-wiues, that wanteth either Bees or skilfulnesse about them. And
+though I knowe some haue written well and truely, and others more
+plentifully vpon this theame: yet somewhat haue I learned by experience
+(being a Bee-maister my selfe) which hitherto I cannot finde put into
+writing, for which I thinke our House-wiues will count themselues
+beholding vnto me.
+
+{SN: Bee-house.}
+The first thing that a Gardiner about Bees must be carefull for, is an
+house not stakes and stones abroad, _Sub dio_: for stakes rot and reele,
+raine and weather eate your hiues, and couers, and cold most of all is
+hurtfull for your Bees. Therefore you must haue an house made along, a
+sure dry wall in your Garden, neere, or in your Orchard: for Bees loue
+flowers and wood with their hearts.
+
+This is the forme, a Frame standing on posts with a Floore (if you
+would haue it hold more Hiues, two Floores boorded) layd on bearers, and
+backe posts, couered ouer with boords, slate-wise.
+
+IC
+
+Let the floores be without holes or clifts, least in casting time, the
+Bees lye out, and loyter.
+
+And though your Hiues stand within an hand breadth the one of another:
+yet will Bees know their home.
+
+In this Frame may your Bees stand drye and warme, especially if you make
+doores like doores of windows to shroud them in winter, as in an house:
+prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open. I my self haue deuised such
+an house, and I find that it keeps and strengthens my Bees much, and my
+hiues will last sixe to one.
+
+{SN: Hiues.}
+M. _Markham_ commends Hiues of wood. I discommend them not: but straw
+Hiues are in vse with vs, and I thinke with all the world, which I
+commend for nimblenesse, closenesse, warmnesse and drinesse. Bees loue
+no externall motions of dawbing or such like. Sometimes occasion shall
+be offered to lift and turne Hiues, as shall appeare hereafter. One
+light entire hiue of straw in that case is better, then one that is
+dawbed, weighty and cumbersome. I wish euery hiue, for a keeping swarme,
+to hold three pecks at least in measure. For too little Hiues procure
+Bees, in casting time, either to lye out, and loyter, or else to cast
+before they be ripe and strong, and so make weake swarmes and vntimely:
+Whereas if they haue roome sufficient, they ripen timely, and casting
+seasonably, are strong, and fit for labour presently. Neither would the
+hiue be too too great, for then they loyter, and waste meate and
+time.
+
+{SN: Hiuing of Bees.}
+Your Bees delight in wood, for feeding, especially for casting:
+therefore want not an Orchard. A _Mayes_ swarme is worth a Mares Foale:
+if they want wood, they be in danger of flying away. Any time before
+_Midsummer_ is good, for casting and timely before _Iuly_ is not euill.
+I much like M _Markhams_ opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead
+or forsaken hiue, so they be fresh & cleanly. To thinke that a swarme of
+your owne, or others, will of it selfe come into such an hiue, is a
+meere conceit. _Experto crede Roberto._ His smearing with honey, is to
+no purpose, for the other Bees will eate it vp. If your swarme knit in
+the top of a tree, as they will, if the winde beate them not to fall
+downe: let the stoole or ladder described in the Orchard, doe you
+seruice.
+
+{SN: Spelkes.}
+The lesse your Spelkes are, the lesse is the waste of your honey, and
+the more easily will they draw, when you take your Bees. Foure Spelkes
+athwart, and one top Spelke are sufficient. The Bees will fasten their
+combes to the Hiue. A little honey is good: but if you want, Fennell
+will serue to rub your Hiue withall. The Hiue being drest and ready
+spelkt, rubd and the hole made for their passage (I vse no hole in the
+Hiue, but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keep out Mice) shake
+in your Bees, or the most of them (for all commonly you cannot get) the
+remainder will follow. Many vse smoke, Nettles, &c. which I vtterly
+dislike: for Bees loue not to be molested. Ringing in the time of
+casting is a meere fancie, violent handling of them is simply euill,
+because Bees of all other creatures, loue cleanlinesse and peace.
+Therefore handle them leasurely & quietly, and their Keeper whom they
+know, may do with them, what he will, without hurt: Being hiued at
+night, bring them to their seat. Set your hiues all of one yeere
+together.
+
+Signes of breeding, if they be strong:
+
+1 They will auoid dead young Bees and Droanes.
+
+2 They will sweat in the morning, till it runne from them; alwaies when
+they be strong.
+
+
+_Signes of casting._
+
+1 They will fly Droanes, by reason of heat.
+
+2 The young swarme will once or twice in some faire season, come forth
+mustering, as though they would cast, to proue themselues, and goe in
+againe.
+
+3 The night before they cast, if you lay your eare to the Hiues mouth,
+yo shall heare two or three, but especially one aboue the rest, cry, Vp,
+vp, vp; or, Tout, tout, tout, like a trumpet, sounding the alarum to the
+battell.
+
+{SN: Catching.}
+{SN: Clustering.}
+Much descanting there is, of, and about the Master-Bee, and their
+degrees, order and gouernment: but the truth in this point is rather
+imagined, then demonstrated. There are some coniectures of it, _viz._ we
+see in the combs diuers greater houses then the rest, & we heare
+commonly the night before they cast, sometimes one Bee, sometimes two,
+or more Bees, giue a lowd and seueral sound from the rest, and sometimes
+Bees of greater bodies then the common sort: but what of all this? I
+leane not on coniectures, but loue to set downe that I know to be true,
+and leaue these things to them that loue to diuine. Keepe none weake,
+for it is hazard, oftentimes with losse: Feeding will not helpe them:
+for being weake, they cannot come downe to meate, or if they come downe,
+they dye, because Bees weake cannot abide cold. If none of these, yet
+will the other Bees being strong, smell the honey, and come and spoile,
+and kill them. Some helpe is in casting time, to put two weake swarmes
+together, or as M. _Markham_ well saith: Let not them cast late, by
+raising them with wood or stone: but with impes (say I.) An impe is
+three or foure wreathes, wrought as the hiue, the same compasse, to rase
+the hiue withall: but by experience in tryall, I haue found out a better
+way by Clustering, for late or weake swarmes hitherto not found out of
+any that I know. That is this: After casting time, if I haue any stocke
+proud, and hindered from timely casting, with former Winters pouerty,
+or euill weather in casting time, with two handles and crookes, fitted
+for the purpose, I turne vp that stocke so pestred with Bees, and set it
+on the crowne, vpon which so turned with the mouth vpward, I place
+another empty hiue well drest, and spelkt, into which without any
+labour, the Swarme that would not depart, and cast, will presently
+ascend, because the old Bees haue this qualitie (as all other breeding
+creatures haue) to expell the young, when they haue brought them vp.
+
+IC
+
+There will the swarme build as kindely, as if they had of themselues
+beene cast. But bee sure you lay betwixt the Hiues some straight and
+cleanly sticke or stickes, or rather a boord with holes, to keepe them
+asunder: otherwise they will ioyne their workes together so fast, that
+they cannot be parted. If you so keepe them asunder at _Michael-tide_,
+if you like the weight of your swarme (for the goodnesse of swarmes is
+tryed by weight) so catched, you may set it by for a stocke to keepe.
+Take heed in any case the combes be not broken, for then the other Bees
+will smell the honey, and spoyle them. This haue I tryed to be very
+profitable for the sauing of Bees. The Instrument hath this forme. The
+great straight piece is wood, the rest are iron claspes and nailes, the
+claspes are loose in the Stapes: Two men with two of these fastened to
+the Hiue, will easily turne it vp.
+
+They gather not till _Iuly_; for then they be discharged of their
+young, or else they are become now strong to labour, and now sap in
+flowers is strong and proud: by reason of time, and force of Sunne. And
+now also in the North (and not before) the hearbs of greatest vigour put
+their Flowers; As Beanes, Fennell, Burrage, Rape, &c.
+
+The most sensible weather for them, is heat and drought, because the
+nesh Bee can neither abide cold or wet: and showres (which they well
+fore-see) doe interrupt their labours, vnlesse they fall on the night,
+and so they further them.
+
+{SN: Droanes.}
+After casting time, you shall benefit your stockes much, if you helpe
+them to kill their Droanes, which by all probability and iudgement, are
+an idle kind of Bees, and wastefull. Some say they breed and haue seene
+young Droanes in taking their honey, which I know is true. But I am of
+opinion, that there are also Bees which haue lost their stings, and so
+being, as it were gelded, become idle and great. There is great vse of
+them: _Deus, et natura nihil fecit frustra_. They hate the Bees, and
+cause them cast the sooner. They neuer come foorth but when they be ouer
+heated. They neuer come home loaden. After casting time, and when the
+Bees want meate, you shall see the labouring Bees fasten on them, two,
+three, or foure at once, as if they were theeues to be led to the
+gallowes, and killing them, they cast out, and draw them farre from
+home, as hatefull enemies. Our Housewife, if she be the Keeper of her
+owne Bees (as she had need to be) may with her bare hand in the heate of
+the day, safely destroy them in the hiues mouth. Some vse towards night,
+in a hot day, to set before the mouth of the hiue a thin board, with
+little holes, in at which the lesser Bees may enter, but not the
+Droanes, so that you may kill them at your pleasure.
+
+{SN: Annoyances.}
+Snayles spoile them by night like theeues: they come so quietly, and are
+so fast, that the Bees feare them not. Looke earely and late, especially
+in a rainie or dewey euening or morning.
+
+Mice are no lesse hurtfull, and the rather to hiues of straw: and
+therefore couerings of straw draw them. They will in either at the
+mouth, or sheere themselues an hole. The remedy is good Cats, Rats-bane
+and watching.
+
+The cleanly Bee hateth the smoake as poison, therefore let your Bees
+stand neerer your garden then your Brew-house or Kitchen.
+
+They say Sparrowes and Swallowes are enemies to Bees, but I see it not.
+
+More hiues perish by Winters cold, then by all other hurts: for the Bee
+is tender and nice, and onely liues in warme weather, and dyes in cold:
+And therefore let my Housewife be perswaded, that a warme dry house
+before described, is the chiefest helpe she can make her Bees against
+this, and many more mischiefes. Many vse against cold in Winter, to stop
+vp their hiue close, and some set them in houses, perswading themselues,
+that thereby they relieue their Bees. First, tossing and mouing is
+hurtfull. Secondly, in houses, going, knocking, and shaking is noysome.
+Thirdly, too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them: but lastly,
+and especially, Bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp. For at euery
+warme season of the Sunne they reuiue, and liuing eate, and eating must
+needs purge abroad, (in her house) the cleanly Bee will not purge her
+selfe. Iudge you what it is for any liuing creature, not to disburden
+nature. Being shut vp in calme seasons, lay your care to the Hiue, and
+you shall heare them yarme and yell, as so many hungred prisoners.
+Therefore impound not your Bees, so profitable and free a creature.
+
+{SN: Taking of Bees.}
+Let none stand aboue three yeares, else the combes will be blacke and
+knotty, your honey will be thinne and vncleanly: and if any cast after
+three yeares, it is such as haue swarmes, and old Bees kept all
+together, which is great losse. Smoaking with ragges, rozen, or
+brimstone, many vse: some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water, and the
+water well brewde, will be good botchet. Drawe out your spelkes
+immediatly with a paire of pinchars, lest the wood grow soft and swell,
+and so will not be drawne, then must you cut your Hiue.
+
+{SN: Straining Honey.}
+Let no fire come neere your hony, for fire softeneth the waxe and
+drosse, and makes them runne with the hony. Fire softneth, weakeneth,
+and hindereth hony for purging. Breake your combes small (when the dead
+empty combes are parted from the loaden combes) into a siue, borne ouer
+a great bowle, or vessell, with two staues, and so let it runne two or
+three dayes. The sooner you tunne it vp, the better will it purge. Runne
+your swarme honey by it selfe, and that shall be your best. The elder
+your hiues are, the worse is your honey.
+
+{SN: Vessels.}
+Vsuall vessels are of clay, but after wood be satiated with honey (for
+it will leake at first: for honey is maruellously searching, the thicke,
+and therefore vertuous.) I vse it rather because it will not breake so
+soone, with fals, frosts, or otherwise, and greater vessels of clay
+will hardly last.
+
+When you vse your honey, with a spoone take off the skin which it hath
+put vp.
+
+And it is worth the regard, that bees thus vsed, if you haue but forty
+stockes, shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of
+ground. And thus much may suffice, to make good Housewiues loue and haue
+good Gardens and Bees.
+
+
+_Deo Laus._
+
+
+_FINIS._
+
+
+
+
+The Contents of the Countrey _House-wifes Garden._
+
+
+  Chap. 1. _The Soyle._                   _Pag. 77_
+
+  Chap. 2. _Site._                          _p. 78_
+
+  Chap. 3. _Forme._                         _p. 79_
+
+  Chap. 4. _Quantity._                      _p. 85_
+
+  Chap. 5. _Fences._                     _p. ibid._
+
+  Chap. 6. _Two Gardens._                   _p. 86_
+
+  Chap. 7. _Diuision of herbs._             _p. 88_
+
+  Chap. 8. _The Husbandry of herbes._    _p. ibid._
+
+  Chap. 9. _Generall rules._                _p. 96_
+
+  Chap. 10. _The Husbandry of Bees._        _p. 98_
+              _Bee-house._             _p. 98._
+              _Hiues._                _p. 100._
+              _Hiuing of Bees._      _p. ibid._
+              _Spelkes._              _p. 101._
+              _Catching._             _p. 102._
+              _Clustering._           _p. 103._
+              _Droanes._              _p. 104._
+              _Annoyances._           _p. 105._
+              _Taking of Bees._       _p. 106._
+              _Straining honey._     _p. ibid._
+              _Vessels._             _p. ibid._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  A MOST PROFITABLE
+  NEWE TREATISE,
+  From approued experience of the art
+  _of propagating Plants: by_
+  Simon Harward.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 1.
+
+_The Art of propagating Plants._
+
+
+{SN: 1.}
+There are foure sorts of Planting, or propagating, as in laying of
+shootes or little branches, whiles they are yet tender in some pit made
+at their foote, as shall be sayd hereafter, or vpon a little ladder or
+Basket of earth, tyed to the bottome of the branch, or in boaring a
+Willow thorow, and putting the branch of the tree into the hole, as
+shall be fully declared in the Chapter of Grafting.
+
+{SN: 2.}
+There are likewise seasons to propagate in; but the best is in the
+Spring, and _March_, when the trees are in the Flower, and doe begin to
+grow lusty. The young planted Siens or little Grafts must be propagated
+in the beginning of Winter, a foot deepe in the earth, and good manure
+mingled amongst the earth, which you shall cast forth of the pit,
+wherein you meane to propagate it, to tumble it in vpon it againe. In
+like manner your superfluous Siens, or little Plants must be cut close
+by the earth, when as they grow about some small Impe, which we meane to
+propagate, for they would doe nothing but rot. For to propagate, you
+must digge the earth round about the tree, that so your rootes may be
+laid in a manner halfe bare. Afterward draw into length the pit on that
+side where you meane to propagate, and according as you perceiue that
+the roots will be best able to yeeld, and be gouerned in the same pit,
+to vie them, and that with all gentlenesse, and stop close your Siens,
+in such sort, as that the wreath which is in the place where it is
+grafted, may be a little lower then the Siens of the new Wood, growing
+out of the earth, euen so high as it possible may be. If the trees that
+you would propagate be somewhat thicke, and thereby the harder to ply,
+and somewhat stiffe to lay in the pit: then you may wet the stocke
+almost to the midst, betwixt the roote and the wreathing place, and so
+with gentle handling of it, bow downe into the pit the wood which the
+grafts haue put forth, and that in as round a compasse as you can,
+keeping you from breaking of it: afterward lay ouer the cut, with gummed
+Waxe, or with grauell and sand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 2.
+
+_Grafting in the Barke._
+
+
+Grafting in the Barke, is vsed from mid-_August_, to the beginning of
+Winter, and also when the Westerne winde beginneth to blow, being from
+the 7. of _February_, vnto 11. of _Iune_. But there must care be had,
+not to graffe in the barke in any rainy season, because it would wash
+away the matter of ioyning the one and the other together, and so hinder
+it.
+
+{SN: 3.}
+Grafting in the budde, is vsed in the Summer time, from the end of
+_May_, vntill _August_, as being the time when the trees are strong and
+lusty, and full of sap and leaues. To wit, in a hot Countrey, from the
+midst of _Iune_, vnto the midst of _Iuly_: but cold Countries, to the
+midst of _August_, after some small showres of Raine.
+
+If the Summer be so exceeding dry, as that some trees doe withhold their
+sap, you must waite the time till it doe returne.
+
+Graft from the full of the Moone, vntill the end of the old.
+
+You may graft in a Cleft, without hauing regard to the Raine, for the
+sap will keepe it off.
+
+You may graft from mid-_August_, to the beginning of _Nouember_: Cowes
+dung with straw doth mightily preserue the graft.
+
+It is better to graft in the euening, then the morning.
+
+The furniture and tooles of a Grafter, are a Basket to lay his Grafts
+in, Clay, Grauell, Sand, or strong Earth, to draw ouer the plants
+clouen: Mosse, Woollen clothes, barkes of Willow to ioyne to the late
+things and earth before spoken, and to keepe them fast: Oziers to tye
+againe vpon the barke, to keepe them firme and fast: gummed Wax, to
+dresse and couer the ends and tops of the grafts newly cut, that so the
+raine and cold may not hurt them, neither yet the sap rising from
+belowe, be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes. A little Sawe
+or hand Sawe, to sawe off the stocke of the plants, a little Knife or
+Pen-knife to graffe, and to cut and sharpen the grafts, that so the
+barke may not pill nor be broken; which often commeth to passe when the
+graft is full of sap. You shall cut the graffe so long, as that it may
+fill the cliffe of the plant, and therewithall it must be left thicker
+on the barke-side, that so it may fill vp both the cliffe and other
+incisions, as any need is to be made, which must be alwaies well ground,
+well burnished without all rust. Two wedges, the one broad for thicke
+trees, the other narrow for lesse and tender trees, both of them of box,
+or some other hard and smooth wood, or steele, or of very hard iron,
+that so they may need lesse labour in making them sharpe.
+
+A little hand-Bill to set the plants at more liberty, by cutting off
+superfluous boughs, helu'd of Iuory, Box, or Brazell.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 3.
+
+_Grafting in the cleft._
+
+
+The manner of grafting in a cleft, to wit, the stocke being clou'd, is
+proper not onely to trees, which are as great as a mans legs or armes,
+but also to greater. It is true that in as much as the trees cannot
+easily be clouen in their stocke, that therefore it is expedient to make
+incision in some one of their branches, and not in the maine body, as we
+see to be practised in great Apple trees, and great Peare-trees, and as
+we haue already declared heretofore.
+
+To graft in the cleft, you must make choise of a graft that is full of
+sap and iuyce, but it must not bee, but till from after _Ianuary_ vntill
+_March_: And you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded,
+because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on
+high, and risen to the top, and there dispersed and scattered hither and
+thither, into euery sprigge and twigge, and vse nothing welcome to the
+graft.
+
+You must likewise be resolued not to gather your graft the day you graft
+in, but ten or twelue dayes before: for otherwise, if you graft it new
+gathered, it will not be able easily to incorporate itselfe with the
+body and stocke, where it shall be grafted; because that some part of it
+will dry, and by this meanes will be a hinderance in the stocke to the
+rising vp of the sap, which it should communerate vnto the graft, for
+the making of it to put forth, and whereas this dried part will fall a
+crumbling, and breaking thorow his rottennesse, it will cause to remaine
+a concauity, or hollow place in the stock, which will be an occasion of
+a like inconuenience to befall the graft. Moreouer, the graft being new
+and tender, might easily be hurt of the bands, which are of necessity to
+be tyed about the Stocke, to keepe the graft firme and fast. And you
+must further see, that your Plant was not of late remoued, but that it
+haue already fully taken root.
+
+When you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft, you must see
+that they be cut in the end all alike.
+
+{SN: 7.}
+See that the grafts be of one length, or not much differing, and it is
+enough, that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the
+Plant is once sawed, and lopped of all his small Siens and shootes round
+about, as also implyed of all his branches, if it haue many: then you
+must leaue but two at the most, before you come to the cleauing of it:
+then put to your little Saw, or your knife, or other edged toole that is
+very sharpe, cleaue it quite thorow the middest, in gentle and soft
+sort: First, tying the Stocke very sure, that so it may not cleaue
+further then is need: and then put to your Wedges into the cleft vntill
+such time as you haue set in your grafts, and in cleauing of it, hold
+the knife with the one hand, and the tree with the other, to helpe to
+keepe it from cleauing too farre. Afterwards put in your wedge of Boxe
+or Brazill, or bone at the small end, that so you may the better take it
+out againe, when you haue set in your grafts.
+
+{SN: 8.}
+If the Stocke be clouen, or the Barke loosed too much from the wood:
+then cleaue it downe lower, and set your grafts in, and looke that their
+incision bee fit, and very iustly answerable to the cleft, and that the
+two saps, first, of the Plant and graft, be right and euen set one
+against the other, and so handsomely fitted, as that there may not be
+the least appearance of any cut or cleft. For if they doe not thus lumpe
+one with another, they will neuer take one with another, because they
+cannot worke their seeming matter, and as it were cartilaguous glue in
+conuenient sort or manner, to the gluing of their ioynts together. You
+must likewise beware, not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch, but
+somewhat aside.
+
+The barke of your Plant being thicker then that of your Graft, you must
+set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft, that so the two
+saps may in any case be ioyned, and set right the one with the other but
+the rinde of the Plant must be somewhat more out, then that of the
+grafts on the clouen side.
+
+{SN: 9.}
+{SN: 10.}
+To the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping, you must
+principally take heed, not to ouer-cleaue the Stockes of your Trees. But
+before you widen the cleft of your wedges, binde, and goe about the
+Stocke with two or three turnes, and that with an Ozier, close drawne
+together, vnderneath the same place, where you would haue your cleft to
+end, that so your Stocke cleaue not too farre, which is a very vsuall
+cause of the miscarrying of grafts, in asmuch as hereby the cleft
+standeth so wide and open, as that it cannot be shut, and so not grow
+together againe; but in the meane time spendeth it selfe, and breatheth
+out all his life in that place, which is the cause that the Stocke and
+the Graft are both spilt. And this falleth out most often in Plum-trees,
+& branches of trees. You must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your
+grafts, and Plants, that nothing may continue open, to the end that the
+wind, moisture of the clay or raine, running vpon the grafted place, do
+not get in: when the plant cloueth very straight, there is not any
+danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the Graft. If you leaue it
+somewhat vneuen, or rough in some places, so that the saps both of the
+one and of the other may the better grow, and be glued together, when
+your grafts are once well ioyned to your Plants, draw out your wedges
+very softly, lest you displace them againe, you may leaue there within
+the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood, cutting it very
+close with the head of the Stocke: Some cast glue into the cleft, some
+Sugar, and some gummed Waxe.
+
+{SN: 11.}
+If the Stocke of the Plant whereupon you intend to graft, be not so
+thicke as your graft, you shall graft it after the fashion of a Goates
+foot, make a cleft in the Stocke of the Plant, not direct, but byas, &
+that smooth and euen, not rough: then apply and make fast thereto, the
+graft withall his Barke on, and answering to the barke of the Plant.
+This being done, couer the place with the fat earth and mosse of the
+Woods tyed together with a strong band: sticke a pole of Wood by it, to
+keepe it stedfast.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 4.
+
+_Grafting like a Scutcheon._
+
+
+In grafting after the manner of a Scutcheon, you shall not vary nor
+differ much from that of the Flute or Pipe, saue only that the
+Scutcheon-like graft, hauing one eyelet, as the other hath yet the wood
+of the tree whereupon the Scutcheon-like graft is grafted, hath not any
+knob, or budde, as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted, after the
+manner of a pipe.
+
+{SN: 12.}
+In Summer when the trees are well replenished with sap, and that their
+new Siens begin to grow somewhat hard, you shall take a shoote at the
+end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree, whereof you
+would faine haue some fruit, and not many of his old store or wood, and
+from thence raise a good eylet, the tayle and all thereof to make your
+graft. But when you choose, take the thickest, and grossest, diuide the
+tayle in the middest, before you doe any thing else, casting away the
+leafe (if it be not a Peare plum-tree: for that would haue two or three
+leaues) without remouing any more of the said tayle: afterward with the
+point of a sharpe knife, cut off the Barke of the said shoote, the
+patterne of a shield, of the length of a nayle.
+
+{SN: 13.}
+In which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together, with
+the residue of the tayle which you left behinde: and for the lifting vp
+of the said graft in Scutcheon, after that you haue cut the barke of the
+shoote round about, without cutting of the wood within, you must take it
+gently with your thumbe, and in putting it away you must presse vpon the
+wood from which you pull it, that so you may bring the bud and all away
+together with the Scutcheon: for if you leaue it behinde with the wood,
+then were the Scutcheon nothing worth. You shall finde out if the
+Scutcheon be nothing worth, if looking within when it is pulled away
+from the wood of the same sute, you finde it to haue a hole within, but
+more manifestly, if the bud doe stay behind in the VVood, which ought to
+haue beene in the Scutcheon.
+
+{SN: 14.}
+Thus your Scutcheon being well raised and taken off, hold it a little
+by the tayle betwixt your lips, without wetting of it, euen vntill you
+haue cut the Barke of the tree where you would graft it, and looke that
+it be cut without any wounding of the wood within, after the manner of a
+crutch, but somewhat longer then the Scutcheon that you haue to set in
+it, and in no place cutting the wood within; after you haue made
+incision, you must open it, and make it gape wide on both sides, but in
+all manner of gentle handling, and that with little Sizers of bone, and
+separating the wood and the barke a little within, euen so much as your
+Scutcheon is in length and breadth: you must take heed that in doing
+hereof, you do not hurt the bark.
+
+{SN: 15.}
+{SN: 17.}
+This done take your Scutcheon by the end, and your tayle which you haue
+left remaining, and put into your incision made in your tree, lifting vp
+softly your two sides of the incision with your said Sizers of bone, and
+cause the said Scutcheon to ioyne, and lye as close as may be, with the
+wood of the tree, being cut, as aforesaid, in waying a little vpon the
+end of your rinde: so cut and let the vpper part of your Scutcheon lye
+close vnto the vpper end of your incision, or barke of your said tree:
+afterward binde your Scutcheon about with a band of Hempe, as thicke as
+a pen or a quill, more or lesse, according as your tree is small or
+great, taking the same Hempe in the middest, to the end that either part
+of it may performe a like seruice; and wreathing and binding of the said
+Scutcheon into the incision of a tree, and it must not be tyed too
+strait, for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap
+to the other, being hindred thereby, and neither the Scutcheon, nor yet
+the Hempe must be moist or wet: and the more iustly to binde them
+together, begin at the backe side of the Tree, right ouer against the
+middest of the incision, and from thence come forward to ioyne them
+before, aboue the eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon, crossing your band
+of Hempe, so oft as the two ends meet, and from thence returning backe
+againe, come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets: and thus
+cast about your band still backward and forward, vntill the whole cleft
+of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said Hempe, the
+eylet onely excepted, and his tayle which must not be couered at all;
+his tayle will fall away one part after another, and that shortly after
+the ingrafting, if so be the Scutcheon will take. Leaue your trees and
+Scutcheons thus bound, for the space of one moneth, and the thicker, a
+great deale longer time. Afterward looke them ouer, and if you perceiue
+them to grow together, vntye them, or at the leastwise cut the Hempe
+behinde them, and leaue them vncouered. Cut also your branch two or
+three fingers aboue that, so the impe may prosper the better: and thus
+let them remaine till after Winter, about the moneth of _March_, and
+_Aprill_.
+
+{SN: 18.}
+If you perceiue that your budde of your Scutcheon doe swell and come
+forward: then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts, aboue the
+Scutcheon: for if it be cut off too neere the Scutcheon, at such time as
+it putteth forth his first blossome, it would be a meanes greatly to
+hinder the flowring of it, and cause also that it should not thriue and
+prosper so well after that one yeere is past, and that the shoote
+beginneth to be strong: beginning to put forth the second bud and
+blossome, you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three
+fingers in the top of the tree, which you left there, when you cut it in
+the yeere going before, as hath beene said.
+
+{SN: 19.}
+{SN: 20.}
+{SN: 21.}
+When your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length, you must
+sticke down there, euen hard ioyned thereunto, little stakes, tying them
+together very gently and easily; and these shall stay your shootes and
+prop them vp, letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them. Thus you
+may graft white Roses in red, and red in white. Thus you may graft two
+or three Scutcheons: prouided that they be all of one side: for they
+will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee
+all staruelings, neither would they be directly one ouer another; for
+the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree, and so those
+aboue should consume in penury, and vndergoe the aforesaid
+inconuenience. You must note, that the Scutcheon which is gathered from
+the Sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre, must be cut in square forme,
+and not in the plaine fashion of a Scutcheon. It is ordinary to graffe
+the sweet Quince tree, bastard Peach-tree, Apricock-tree, Iuiube-tree,
+sowre Cherry tree, sweet Cherry-tree, and Chestnut tree, after this
+fashion, howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily, and
+more profitably; although diuers be of contrary opinion, as thus best:
+Take the grafts of sweet Quince tree, and bastard Peach-tree, or the
+fairest wood, and best fed that you can finde, growing vpon the wood of
+two yeeres old, because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the
+others, and you shall graffe them vpon small Plum-tree stocks, being of
+the thicknes of ones thumbe; these you shall cut after the fashion of a
+Goats foot: you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides
+then one, being about a foot high from the ground; you must open it with
+your small wedge: and being thus grafted, it will seeme to you that it
+is open but of one side; afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little
+Mosse, putting thereto some gummed Wax, or clay, and binde it vp with
+Oziers to keepe it surer, because the stocke is not strong enough it
+selfe to hold it, and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others
+are dealt withall: this is most profitable.
+
+
+_The time of grafting._
+
+All moneths are good to graft in, (the moneth of _October_ and
+_Nouember_ onely excepted). But commonly, graft at that time of the
+Winter, when sap beginneth to arise.
+
+In a cold Countrey graft later, and in a warme Countrey earlier.
+
+The best time generall is from the first of _February_, vntill the first
+of _May_.
+
+The grafts must alwaies be gathered, in the old of the Moone.
+
+For grafts choose shootes of a yeere old, or at the furthermost two
+yeeres old.
+
+If you must carry grafts farre, pricke them into a Turnep newly
+gathered, or lay earth about the ends.
+
+If you set stones of Plummes, Almonds, Nuts, or Peaches: First let them
+lye a little in the Sunne, and then steepe them in Milke or Water, three
+or foure dayes before you put them into the earth.
+
+Dry the kernels of Pippins, and sow them in the end of _Nouember_.
+
+The stone of a Plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in _Nouember_, or
+_February_.
+
+The Date-stone must be set the great end downwards, two cubits deepe in
+the earth, in a place enriched with dung.
+
+The Peach-stone would be set presently after the Fruit is eaten, some
+quantity of the flesh of the Peach remaining about the stone.
+
+If you will haue it to be excellent, graft it afterward vpon an Almond
+tree.
+
+The little Siens of Cherry-trees, grown thicke with haire, rots, and
+those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great Cherry-trees,
+being remoued, doe grow better and sooner then they which come of
+stones: but they must be remoued and planted while they are but two or
+three yeeres old, the branches must be lopped.
+
+
+
+
+The Contents of the Art of _Propagating Plants_.
+
+
+  _The Art of propagating Plants._            _page 109._
+
+  _Grafting in the Barke._                      _p. 111._
+
+  _Grafting in the cleft._                      _p. 113._
+
+  _Grafters Tooles._
+
+  _Time of planting & seting._
+
+  _Time of grafting._
+
+  _How to cut the stumps in grafting._
+
+  _Sprouts and imps: how gathered._
+
+  _Grafting like a Scutcheon._                  _p. 116._
+
+  _Inoculation in the Barke._
+
+  _Emplaister-wise grafting._
+
+  _To pricke stickes to beare the first yeere._
+
+  _To haue Cherries or Plums without stones._
+
+  _To make Quinces great._
+
+  _To set stones of Plummes._
+
+  _Dates, Nut, and Peaches._
+
+  _To make fruit smell well._
+
+  _To plant Cherry-trees._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HVSBAND MANS FRVITEFVLL ORCHARD.
+
+
+
+
+  For the true ordering of all sorts of
+  _Fruits in their due seasons; and how double_
+  increase commeth by care in gathering
+  _yeere after yeare: as also the best way_
+  of carriage by land or by water:
+  _With their preseruation for_
+  longest continuance.
+
+
+{SN: Cherries.}
+Of all stone Fruit, Cherries are the first to be gathered: of which,
+though we reckon foure sorts; _English_, _Flemish_, _Gascoyne_ and
+_Blacke_, yet are they reduced to two, the early, and the ordinary: the
+earely are those whose grafts came first from _France_ and _Flanders_,
+and are now ripe with vs in _May_: the ordinary is our owne naturall
+Cherry, and is not ripe before _Iune_; they must be carefully kept from
+Birds, either with nets, noise, or other industry.
+
+{SN: Gathering of Cheries.}
+They are not all ripe at once, nor may be gathered at once, therefore
+with a light Ladder, made to stand of it selfe, without hurting the
+boughes, mount to the tree, and with a gathering hooke, gather those
+which be full ripe, and put them into your Cherry-pot, or Kybzey hanging
+by your side, or vpon any bough you please, and be sure to breake no
+stalke, but that the cherry hangs by; and pull them gently, lay them
+downe tenderly, and handle them as little as you can.
+
+{SN: To carry Cherries.}
+For the conueyance or portage of Cherries, they are best to be carried
+in broad Baskets like siues, with smooth yeelding bottomes, onely two
+broad laths going along the bottome: and if you doe transport them by
+ship, or boate, let not the siues be fil'd to the top, lest setting one
+vpon another, you bruise and hurt the Cherries: if you carry by
+horse-backe, then panniers well lined with Fearne, and packt full and
+close is the best and safest way.
+
+{SN: Other stone-fruit.}
+Now for the gathering of all other stone-fruite, as Nectarines,
+Apricockes, Peaches, Peare-plumbes, Damsons, Bullas, and such like,
+although in their seuerall kinds, they seeme not to be ripe at once on
+one tree: yet when any is ready to drop from the tree, though the other
+seeme hard, yet they may also be gathered, for they haue receiued the
+full substance the tree can giue them; and therefore the day being
+faire, and the dew drawne away; set vp your Ladder, and as you gathered
+your Cherries, so gather them: onely in the bottomes of your large
+siues, where you part them, you shall lay Nettles, and likewise in the
+top, for that will ripen those that are most vnready.
+
+{SN: Gathering of Peares.}
+In gathering of Peares are three things obserued; to gather for
+expence, for transportation, or to sell to the Apothecary. If for
+expence, and your owne vse, then gather them as soone as they change,
+and are as it were halfe ripe, and no more but those which are changed,
+letting the rest hang till they change also: for thus they will ripen
+kindely, and not rot so soone, as if they were full ripe at the
+gathering. But if your Peares be to be transported farre either by Land
+or Water, then pull one from the tree, and cut it in the middest, and if
+you finde it hollow about the choare, and the kernell a large space to
+lye in: although no Peare be ready to drop from the tree, yet then they
+may be gathered, and then laying them on a heape one vpon another, as of
+necessity they must be for transportation, they will ripen of
+themselues, and eate kindly: but gathered before, they will wither,
+shrinke and eate rough, losing not onely their taste, but beauty.
+
+Now for the manner of gathering; albeit some climb into the trees by the
+boughes, and some by Ladder, yet both is amisse: the best way is with
+the Ladder before spoken of, which standeth of it selfe, with a basket
+and a line, which being full, you must gently let downe, and keeping the
+string still in your hand, being emptied, draw it vp againe, and so
+finish your labour, without troubling your selfe, or hurting the tree.
+
+{SN: Gathering of Apples.}
+Now touching the gathering of Apples, it is to be done according to the
+ripening of the fruite; your Summer apples first, and the Winter after.
+
+For Summer fruit, when it is ripe, some will drop from the tree, and
+birds will be picking at them: But if you cut one of the greenest, and
+finde it as was shew'd you before of the Peare: then you may gather
+them, and in the house they will come to their ripenesse and perfection.
+For your Winter fruit, you shall know the ripenesse by the obseruation
+before shewed; but it must be gathered in a faire, Sunny, and dry day,
+in the waine of the Moone, and no Wind in the East, also after the deaw
+is gone away: for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to
+rot and mildew: also you must haue an apron to gather in, and to empty
+into the great baskets, and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you, which
+you cannot reach with your hands at ease: the apron is to be an Ell
+euery way, loopt vp to your girdle, so as it may serue for either hand
+without any trouble: and when it is full, vnloose one of your loopes,
+and empty it gently into the great basket, for in throwing them downe
+roughly, their owne stalkes may pricke them; and those which are prickt,
+will euer rot. Againe, you must gather your fruit cleane without leaues
+or brunts, because the one hurts the tree, for euery brunt would be a
+stalke for fruit to grow vpon: the other hurts the fruit by bruising,
+and pricking it as it is layd together, and there is nothing sooner
+rotteth fruit, then the greene and withered leaues lying amongst them;
+neither must you gather them without any stalke at all: for such fruit
+will begin to rot where the stalke stood.
+
+{SN: To vse the fallings.}
+For such fruit as falleth from the trees, and are not gathered, they
+must not be layd with the gathered fruit: and of fallings there are two
+sorts, one that fals through ripenesse, and they are best, and may be
+kept to bake or roast; the other windfals, and before they are ripe, and
+they must be spent as they are gathered, or else they will wither and
+come to nothing: and therefore it is not good by any meanes to beate
+downe fruit with Poales, or to carrie them in Carts loose and iogging or
+in sacks where they may be bruised.
+
+{SN: Carriage of fruit.}
+When your fruit is gathered, you shall lay them in deepe Baskets of
+Wicker, which shall containe foure or sixe bushels, and so betweene two
+men, carry them to your Apple-Loft, and in shooting or laying them
+downe, be very carefull that it be done with all gentlenesse, and
+leasure, laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by it selfe: but if there
+be want of roome hauing so many sorts that you cannot lay them
+seuerally, then such some fruite as is neerest in taste and colour, and
+of Winter fruit, such as will taste alike, may if need require, be laid
+together, and in time you may separate them, as shall bee shewed
+hereafter. But if your fruit be gathered faire from your Apple-Loft,
+them must the bottomes of your Baskets be lined with greene Ferne, and
+draw the stuborne ends of the same through the Basket, that none but the
+soft leafe may touch the fruit, and likewise couer the tops of the
+Baskets with Ferne also, and draw small cord ouer it, that the Ferne may
+not fall away, nor the fruit scatter out, or iogge vp and downe: and
+thus you may carry fruit by Land or by Water, by Boat, or Cart, as farre
+as you please: and the Ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising,
+but also ripens them, especially Peares. When your fruit is brought to
+your Apple-Loft or store house, if you finde them not ripened enough,
+then lay them in thicker heapes vpon Fearne, and couer them with Ferne
+also: and when they are neere ripe, then vncouer them, and make the
+heapes thinner, so as the ayre may passe thorow them: and if you will
+not hasten the ripening of them, then lay them on the boords without any
+Fearne at all. Now for Winter, or long lasting Peares, they may be packt
+either in Ferne or Straw, and carried whither you please; and being come
+to the iourneys end must be laid vpon sweet straw; but beware the roome
+be not too warme, nor windie, and too cold, for both are hurtfull: but
+in a temperate place, where they may haue ayre, but not too much.
+
+{SN: Of Wardens.}
+Wardens are to be gathered, carried, packt, and laid as Winter Peares
+are.
+
+{SN: Of Medlers.}
+Medlers are to be gathered about _Michaelmas_, after a frost hath toucht
+them; at which time they are in their full growth, and will then be
+dropping from the tree, but neuer ripe vpon the tree. When they are
+gathered, they must be laid in a basket, siue, barrell, or any such
+caske, and wrapt about with woollen cloths, vnder, ouer, and on all
+sides, and also some waight laid vpon them, with a boord betweene: for
+except they be brought into a heat, they will neuer ripen kindly or
+taste well.
+
+Now when they haue laine till you thinke some of them be ripe, the
+ripest, still as they ripen, must be taken from the rest: therefore
+powre them out into another siue or basket leasurely, that so you may
+well finde them that be ripest, letting the hard one fall into the other
+basket, and those which be ripe laid aside: the other that be halfe
+ripe, seuer also into a third siue or basket: for if the ripe and halfe
+ripe be kept together, the one will be mouldy, before the other be ripe:
+And thus doe, till all be throughly ripe.
+
+{SN: Of Quinces.}
+Quinces should not be laid with other fruite; for the sent is offensiue
+both to other fruite, and to those that keepe the fruite or come amongst
+them: therefore lay them by themselues vpon sweet strawe, where they
+may haue ayre enough: they must be packt like Medlers, and gathered with
+Medlers.
+
+{SN: To packe Apples.}
+Apples must be packt in Wheat or Rye-straw, and in maunds or baskets
+lyned with the same, and being gently handled, will ripen with such
+packing and lying together. If seuerall sorts of apples be packt in one
+maund or basket, then betweene euery sort, lay sweet strawe of a pretty
+thicknesse.
+
+{SN: Emptying and laying apples.}
+Apples must not be powred out, but with care and leasure: first, the
+straw pickt cleane from them, and then gently take out euery seuerall
+sort, and place them by themselues: but if for want of roome you mixe
+the sorts together, then lay those together that are of equall lasting;
+but if they haue all one taste, then they need no separation. Apples
+that are not of the like colours should not be laid together, and if any
+such be mingled, let it be amended, and those which are first ripe, let
+them be first spent; and to that end, lay those apples together, that
+are of one time ripening: and thus you must vse Pippins also, yet will
+they endure bruises better then other fruit, and whilst they are greene
+will heale one another.
+
+{SN: Difference in Fruit.}
+Pippins though they grow of one tree, and in one ground, yet some will
+last better then other some, and some will bee bigger then others of the
+same kinde, according as they haue more or lesse of the Sunne, or more
+or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches: therefore let
+euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest, and longest
+lasting. Againe, the largenesse and goodnesse of fruite consists in the
+age of the tree: for as the tree increaseth, so the fruite increaseth in
+bignesse, beauty, taste, and firmnesse: and otherwise, as it decreaseth.
+
+{SN: Transporting fruit by water.}
+If you be to transport your fruit farre by water, then prouide some dry
+hogges-heads or barrells, and packe in your apples, one by one with your
+hand, that no empty place may be left, to occasion sogging; and you must
+line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw; but not the sides,
+to auoid heat: and you must bore a dozen holes at either end, to receiue
+ayre so much the better; and by no meanes let them take wet. Some vse,
+that transport beyond seas, to shut the fruite vnder hatches vpon straw:
+but it is not so good, if caske may be gotten.
+
+{SN: When not to transport fruit.}
+It is not good to transport fruite in _March_, when the wind blowes
+bitterly, nor in frosty weather, neither in the extreme heate of Summer.
+
+{SN: To conuay small store of fruit.}
+If the quantity be small you would carry, then you may carry them in
+Dossers or Panniers, prouided they be euer filled close, and that
+Cherries and Peares be lined with greene Fearne, and Apples with sweete
+straw; and that, but at the bottomes and tops, not on the sides.
+
+{SN: Roomes for fruite.}
+Winter fruite must lye neither too hot, nor too cold; too close, nor too
+open: for all are offensiue. A lowe roome or Cellar that is sweet, and
+either boorded or paued, and not too close, is good, from _Christmas_
+till _March_: and roomes that are seeled ouer head, and from the ground,
+are good from _March_ till _May_: then the Cellar againe, from _May_
+till _Michaelmas_. The apple loft would be seeled or boorded, which if
+it want, take the longest Rye-straw, and raise it against the walles, to
+make a fence as high as the fruite lyeth; and let it be no thicker then
+to keepe the fruite from the wall, which being moyst, may doe hurt, or
+if not moist, then the dust is offensiue.
+
+{SN: Sorting of Fruit.}
+There are some fruite which will last but vntill _Allhallontide_: they
+must be laid by themselues; then those which will last till _Christmas_,
+by themselues: then those which will last till it be _Candlemas_, by
+themselues: those that will last till _Shrouetide_, by themselues: and
+Pippins, Apple-Iohns, Peare-maines, and Winter-Russettings, which will
+last all the yeere by themselues.
+
+Now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes, pick them out, and with
+a Trey for the purpose, see you turne the heapes ouer, and leaue not a
+tainted Apple in them, diuiding the hardest by themselues, and the
+broken skinned by themselues to be first spent, and the rotten ones to
+be cast away; and euer as you turne them, and picke them, vnder-lay them
+with fresh straw: thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse, which
+otherwise would rot suddenly.
+
+{SN: Times of stirring fruit.}
+Pippins, Iohn Apples, Peare maines, and such like long lasting fruit,
+need not to be turned till the weeke before _Christmas_, vnlesse they be
+mixt with other of a riper kind, or that the fallings be also with them,
+or much of the first straw left amongst them: the next time of turning
+is at _Shroue-tide_, and after that, once a moneth till _Whitson-tide_;
+and after that, once a fortnight; and euer in the turning, lay your
+heapes lower and lower, and your straw very thinne: prouided you doe
+none of this labour in any great frost, except it be in a close Celler.
+At euery thawe, all fruit is moyst, and then they must not be touched:
+neither in rainy weather, for then they will be danke also: and
+therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes, and
+doores, that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them, as at nine of
+the clocke in the fore-noone in Winter; and at sixe in the fore-noone,
+and at eight at night in Summer: onely in _March_, open not your
+windowes at all.
+
+All lasting fruite, after the middest of _May_, beginne to wither,
+because then they waxe dry, and the moisture gone, which made them looke
+plumpe: they must needes wither, and be smaller; and nature decaying,
+they must needes rot. And thus much touching the ordering of fruites.
+
+
+_FINIS._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IC
+
+LONDON,
+
+Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden Vnicorne in
+Pater-noster-row. 1631.
+
+
+
+
+{Transcriber's notes
+
+  The following corrections have been made:
+
+  Title page
+    "carring home" changed to "carrying home".
+
+  Sig. A2r
+    "SIR HENRY BELOSSES" possible error for "SIR HENRY BELLOSES";
+    not changed.
+
+  Sig. A3v
+    "how ancient, how, profitable," changed to
+    "how ancient, how profitable,".
+
+    "Roses on Thornes. and such like," changed to
+    "Roses on Thornes, and such like,".
+
+  Sig. A4r
+    "_Of bough Setts._" changed to "_Of bought Setts._"
+    for consistency with the text.
+
+  Sig. A4v
+    Page number for "_Of Foyling_" in Chapter 12 changed from 53 to 51,
+    for consistency with the text.
+
+    Page number for "_Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c._" in Chapter 17
+    changed from 71 to 70, for consistency with the text.
+
+  Chapter 1, page 3
+    "other offall, that fruit" changed to "all other of that fruit"
+
+  Chapter 2, page 3
+    "nor searcely with Quinces," changed to
+    "nor scarcely with Quinces,".
+
+    "(not well ordered," changed to "(not well ordered)".
+
+  Page 5
+    "will pu forth suckers" changed to "will put forth suckers".
+
+  Page 6
+    "become manure to your ground" changed to
+    "become manure to your ground.".
+
+    "15. or 18 inches deepe" changed to "15. or 18. inches deepe".
+
+  Chapter 3, page 6
+    "(as is before described," changed to "(as is before described)".
+
+  Page 7
+    "in _Holland_ and _Zealand_" the "a" in "and" is italicised
+    in the original.
+
+    "Our old fathers can telvs" changed to "Our old fathers can tel vs".
+
+  Page 8
+    "chuse your ground low Or if you be forced" changed to
+    "chuse your ground low: Or if you be forced".
+
+  Page 10
+    "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth," changed to
+    "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth)".
+
+  Chapter 7, page 18
+    "for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)" changed to
+    "(for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)".
+
+  Page 20
+    "arse from some taw" changed to "arise from some taw".
+
+  Page 21
+    "I could not mislke this kind" changed to
+    "I could not mislike this kind".
+
+  Page 27
+    "Let not you stakes" changed to "Let not your stakes".
+
+    "or of auy other thing" changed to "or of any other thing".
+
+  Chapter 8, page 29
+    "forty or fity yeares" changed to "forty or fifty yeares".
+
+    "alotted to his felllow" changed to "alotted to his fellow".
+
+  Page 30
+    "vpward out of he earth" changed to "vpward out of the earth".
+
+  Chapter 9, page 32
+    "they are more subiect," changed to "they are more subiect to,".
+
+  Chapter 10, page 33
+    "commonly called a _Graft_)" changed to
+    "(commonly called a _Graft_)".
+
+  Chapter 11, page 43
+    "(nay more) such as mens" changed to "(nay more, such as mens".
+
+  Page 46
+    "It stayes it nothing at al" changed to "It stayes it nothing at all.".
+
+  Chapter 12, page 53
+    "wastes cotinually" changed to "wastes continually".
+
+  Chapter 13, page 57
+    "take sprig and all (for" changed to "take sprig and all: for".
+
+  Page 58
+    "cleanse his foile" changed to  "cleanse his soile".
+
+  Chapter 14, page 63
+    "growth: for cut them" changed to "growth: (for cut them".
+
+  Page 64
+    "to inlarge their frust" changed to "to inlarge their fruit".
+
+  Chapter 16, page 67
+    "Orchrad shall exceed" changed to "Orchard shall exceed"
+
+  Chapter 17, page 70
+    "double double Cowslips" not changed.
+
+  The Country Housewifes Garden
+  Chapter 8, page 90
+    "drunke to kill itches" changed to "drunke) to kill itches".
+
+  Page 94
+    "It floweth at _Michael-tide_" changed to
+    "It flowreth at _Michael-tide_".
+
+  Page 95
+    "_Cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_" not changed.
+    Possible error for "... cui saluia ...".
+
+  Chapter 9, page 97
+    "for then they are too too tender" not changed.
+
+  Chapter 10, page 99
+    "the Beees lye out" changed to "the Bees lye out".
+
+  Page 100
+    "Neither would the hiue be too too great" not changed.
+
+  Page 102
+    "hey cannot come downe" changed to "they cannot come downe".
+
+  Page 103
+    "claspes are loose in the Stapes" not changed.
+
+  Page 106
+    "combes into a siue" changed to "combes) into a siue".
+
+  The Art of propagating plants
+  Chapter 3, page 116
+    The last side note has been changed from "1." to "11.".
+
+  Chapter 4, page 120
+    "aud these shall stay" changed to "and these shall stay".
+
+    "sowre Cherry treee" changed to "sowre Cherry tree".
+
+  The Husband mans fruitefull orchard
+  Page 125
+    "_Gascoyne_ and Blacke" changed to "_Gascoyne_ and _Blacke_".
+
+  Page 126
+    "if you doe trasport them" changed to "if you doe transport them".
+
+    "Nertarines, Apricockes" changed to "Nectarines, Apricockes".
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Orchard And Garden, by
+William Lawson and Simon Harwood and Anonymous
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