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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29058-8.txt b/29058-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2efdc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/29058-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4869 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Orchard And Garden, by +William Lawson and Simon Harwood and Anonymous + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Orchard And Garden + or, The best way for planting, grafting, and to make any + ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North + and generall + +Author: William Lawson + Simon Harwood + Anonymous + +Release Date: June 6, 2009 [EBook #29058] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW ORCHARD AND GARDEN *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +{Transcriber's note: + + This etext contains + 1. A New Orchard and Garden, by William Lawson + 2. The Country Housewifes Garden, by William Lawson + 3. A Most Profitable new treatise, from approved experience of the + Art of Propagating Plants, by Simon Harwood + 4. The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard + + The first edition of "A New Orchard and Garden", which included "The + Country Housewifes Garden" appeared in 1618; many further editions + appeared over the period to 1695. The "Art of Propagating Plants" and + "The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard" appeared in all editions from 1623. + This transcript is taken from the 1631 edition. The transcriber used + a modern facsimile of the 1657 edition to clarify some doubtful + readings. + + The spelling and hyphenation in the original are erratic. No corrections + have been made other than those listed at the end of the etext. The + formatting of the original tables of contents has been normalised. + + Sidenotes are enclosed in braces, prefixed with "SN" and placed before + the paragraph in which they appear. + + Transcriber's notes in the text are enclosed in braces and prefixed with + "TN". +} + + + + + + + A + NEVV ORCHARD + AND GARDEN + + OR + + The best way for planting, grafting, and to make + _any ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North,_ + and generally for the whole kingdome of _England_, as in nature, + _reason, situation, and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare_. + + With the Country Housewifes Garden for hearbes of common vse: + _their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models_ + for trees, and plots for the best ordering of Grounds and Walkes. + + AS ALSO, + + _The Husbandry of Bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances_ + being the experience of 48 yeares labour, and now the second time + corrected and much enlarged, by _William Lawson_. + + Whereunto is newly added the Art of propagating Plants, with the true + _ordering of all manner of Fruits, in their gathering, + carrying home, & preseruation._ + + {Illustration: Skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines. + _Nemo sibi natus._} + + _LONDON_, + Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden + Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row. 1631. + + + + + TO THE RIGHT + WORSHIPFVLL + SIR HENRY BELOSSES, + Knight and Baronet, + + _Worthy Sir_, + +When in many yeeres by long experience I had furnished this my Northerne +Orchard and Countrey Garden with needfull plants and vsefull hearbes, I +did impart the view thereof to my friends, who resorted to me to +conferre in matters of that nature, they did see it, and seeing it +desired, and I must not denie now the publishing of it (which then I +allotted to my priuate delight) for the publike profit of others. +Wherefore, though I could pleade custome the ordinarie excuse of all +Writers, to chuse a Patron and Protector of their Workes, and so shroud +my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour, yet haue I certaine +reasons to excuse this my presumption: First, the many courtesies you +haue vouchsafed me. Secondly, your delightfull skill in matters of this +nature. Thirdly, the profit which I receiued from your learned discourse +of Fruit-trees. + +Fourthly, your animating and assisting of others to such endeuours. Last +of all, the rare worke of your owne in this kind: all which to publish +vnder your protection, I haue aduentured (as you see). Vouchsafe it +therefore entertainement, I pray you, and I hope you shall finde it not +the vnprofitablest seruant of your retinue: for when your serious +employments are ouerpassed, it may interpose some commoditie, and raise +your contentment out of varietie. + + _Your Worships + most bounden_, + + WILLIAM LAVVSON. + + + + +THE PREFACE to all well minded. + + +_Art hath her first originall out of experience, which therefore is +called the Schoole-mistresse of fooles, because she teacheth infallibly, +and plainely, as drawing her knowledge out of the course of Nature, +(which neuer failes in the generall) by the senses, feelingly +apprehending, and comparing (with the helpe of the minde) the workes of +nature; and as in all other things naturall, so especially in Trees; for +what is Art more then a prouident and skilfull Collectrix of the faults +of Nature in particular workes, apprehended by the senses? As when good +ground naturally brings forth thistles, trees stand too thicke, or too +thin, or disorderly, or (without dressing) put forth vnprofitable +suckers, and suchlike. All which and a thousand more, Art reformeth, +being taught by experience: and therefore must we count that Art the +surest, that stands vpon experimentall rules, gathered by the rule of +reason (not conceit) of all other rules the surest._ + +_Whereupon haue I of my meere and sole experience, without respect to +any former written Treatise, gathered these rules, and set them downe in +writing, not daring to hide the least talent giuen me of my Lord and +Master in Heauen: neither is this iniurious to any, though it differ +from the common opinion in diuers points, to make it knowne to others, +what good I haue found out in this facultie by long triall and +experience. I confesse freely my want of curious skill in the Art of +planting. And I admire and praise _Plinie_, _Aristotle_, _Virgil_, +_Cicero_, and many others for wit and iudgement in this kind, and leaue +them to their times, manner, and seuerall Countries._ + +_I am not determined (neither can I worthily) to set forth the praises +of this Art: how some, and not a few, euen of the best, haue accounted +it a chiefe part of earthly happinesse, to haue faire and pleasant +Orchards, as in _Hesperia_ and _Thessaly_, how all with one consent +agree, that it is a chiefe part of Husbandry (as _Tully de senectute_) +and Husbandry maintaines the world; how ancient, how profitable, how +pleasant it is, how many secrets of nature it doth containe, how loued, +how much practised in the best places, and of the best: This hath +already beene done by many. I only aime at the common good. _I_ delight +not in curious conceits, as planting and graffing with the root vpwards, +inoculating Roses on Thornes, and such like, although I haue heard of +diuers prooued some, and read of moe._ + +_The Stationer hath (as being most desirous with me, to further the +common good) bestowed much cost and care in hauing the Knots and Models +by the best Artizan cut in great varietie, that nothing might be any way +wanting to satisfie the curious desire of those that would make vse of +this Booke._ + +_And I shew a plaine and sure way of planting, which I haue found good +by 48. yeeres (and moe) experience in the North part of _England_: I +preiudicate and enuie none, wishing yet all to abstaine from maligning +that good (to them vnknowne) which is well intended. Farewell._ + + Thine, for thy good, + _W. L._ + + + + +A Table of the things Contayned in this Booke + + CHAP. 1. + _Of the Gardner his labour and wadges._ _pag. 1_ + + CHAP. 2. + _Of the Soyle._ _p. 3_ + _The kinds of trees._ _p. 3_ + _Of barren earth._ _p. 4_ + _Of Grasse._ _p. 5_ + _Of the Crust of the earth._ _p. 6_ + + CHAP. 3. + _Lowe & neere the Riuer_. _p. 6_ + _Of Windes._ _p. 8_ + _Of the Sunne._ _p. 8_ + _Trees against a wall._ _p. 8_ + + CHAP. 4. + _Of the quantity._ _p. 10_ + _Orchards as good as a Corne-field._ _p. 10_ + _Good as the Vineyard._ _p. 11_ + _What quantity of ground._ _p. 11_ + _Want no hinderance._ _p. 12_ + _How Land-lords by their Tenants may make + flourishing Orchards._ _p. 12_ + + CHAP. 5. + _The forme of the Orchard._ _p. 12_ + + CHAP. 6. + _Of Fences._ _p. 14_ + _Effects of euill Fencing._ _p. 14_ + _The kinds of Fencinge._ _p. 15_ + _Of Pales and Rayles._ _p. 15_ + _Of Stone-walles._ _p. 15_ + _Of Quicksets and Moates._ _p. 16_ + + CHAP. 7. + _Of Setts._ _p. 17_ + _Of Slipps._ _p. 17_ + _Of Burknots._ _p. 17_ + _Of Small Setts._ _p. 18_ + _Tying of Trees._ _p. 19_ + _Signes of diseases._ _p. 19_ + _Of Suckers._ _p. 20_ + _A Running plant._ _p. 20_ + _Of bought Setts._ _p. 21_ + _The best Sett._ _p. 22_ + _Times of remouing._ _p. 23_ + _The manner of setting._ _p. 26_ + + CHAP. 8. + _Of the distance of trees._ _p. 28_ + _The hurts of too neere planting._ _p. 28_ + _All touches hurtfull._ _p. 29_ + _The best distance._ _p. 29_ + _Of wast ground in an Orchard._ _p. 30_ + + CHAP. 9. + _Of the placing of trees._ _p. 31_ + + CHAP. 10. + _Of Grafting._ _p. 33_ + _The kinds of Grafting._ _p. 34_ + _How to Graft._ _p. 34_ + _What a Graft is._ _p. 34_ + _The eies of a Graft._ _p. 34_ + _Time of Grafting._ _p. 35_ + _Gathering of Grafts._ _p. 36_ + _Of Incising._ _p. 37_ + _Of Packing._ _p. 38_ + _Of Inoculating._ _p. 39_ + _Grafting in the Scutcheon._ _p. 39_ + + CHAP. 11. + _The right dressing of trees._ _p. 40_ + _Timber-wood euill drest._ _p. 41_ + _The cause of hurts in wood._ _p. 42_ + _How to dresse Timber._ _p. 43_ + _The profit of dressing._ _p. 43-45_ + _Trees will take any forme._ _p. 44_ + _How to dresse all Fruit-trees._ _p. 44_ + _The best times for proyning._ _p. 47_ + _Faults of euill dressing and the remedies._ _p. 48_ + _Of water-boughes._ _p. 49_ + _Barke-pyld._ _p. 49-56_ + _Instruments for dressing._ _p. 50_ + + CHAP. 12 + _Of Foyling._ _p. 51_ + _Time fit for Foyling._ _p. 53_ + + CHAP. 13 + _Of Annoyances._ _p. 54_ + _Two euills in an Orchard._ _p. 54_ + _Of galls cankers, mosse &c._ _p. 55_ + _Of wilfull annoyances._ _p. 60_ + + CHAP. 14. + _Of the age of trees._ _p. 60_ + _The parts of a trees age._ _p. 61_ + _Of Mans age._ _p. 62_ + _The age of timber-trees._ _p. 64_ + _To discerne the age of trees._ _p. 65_ + + CHAP. 15. + _Of gathering and keeping Fruit._ _p. 65_ + + CHAP. 16. + _The profit of Orchards._ _p. 67_ + _Of Cydar and Perry._ _p. 67_ + _Of Fruit, Waters and Conserue._ _p. 68_ + + CHAP. 17. + _Of Ornaments._ _p. 68_ + _Of the delights._ _p. 69_ + _The causes of delights._ _p. 70_ + _Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c._ _p. 70_ + _Of Bees._ _p. 72_ + + + + +THE BEST, SVRE AND READIEST VVAY to make a good _Orchard_ and _Garden_. + + + + +CHAPTER. 1. + +_Of the Gardner, and his Wages._ + + +{SN: Religious.} +Whosoeuer desireth & endeauoureth to haue a pleasant, and profitable +Orchard, must (if he be able) prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer, +religious, honest, skilful in that faculty, & therwithall painfull: By +religious, I meane (because many think religion but a fashion or custome +to go to Church) maintaining, & cherishing things religious: as Schooles +of learning, Churches, Tythes, Church-goods, & rights; and aboue all +things, Gods word, & the Preachers thereof, so much as he is able, +practising prayers, comfortable conference, mutuall instruction to +edifie, almes, and other works of Charity, and all out of a good +conscience. + +{SN: Honest.} +Honesty in a Gardner, will grace your Garden, and all your house, and +helpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen, giuing offence to none, not calling +your name into question by dishonest acts, nor infecting your family by +euill counsell or example. For there is no plague so infectious as +Popery and knauery, he will not purloine your profit, nor hinder your +pleasures. + +{SN: Skilfull.} +Concerning his skill, he must not be a Scolist, to make shew or take in +hand that, which he cannot performe, especially in so weighty a thing as +an Orchard: than the which, there can be no humane thing more +excellent, either for pleasure or profit, as shall (God willing) be +proued in the treatise following. And what an hinderance shall it be, +not onely to the owner, but to the common good, that the vnspeakeble +benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost, by the audacious attempt +of an vnskilfull Arborist. + +{SN: Painfull.} +The Gardner had not need be an idle, or lazie Lubber, for to your +Orchard being a matter of such moment, will not prosper. There will euer +be some thing to doe. Weedes are alwaies growing. The great mother of +all liuing Creatures, the Earth, is full of seed in her bowels, and any +stirring giues them heat of Sunne, and being laid neere day, they grow: +Mowles worke daily, though not alwaies alike. Winter herbes at all times +will grow (except in extreame frost.) In Winter your young trees and +herbes would be lightned of snow, and your Allyes cleansed: drifts of +snow will set Deere, Hares, and Conyes, and other noysome beasts ouer +your walles & hedges, into your Orchard. When Summer cloathes your +borders with greene and peckled colours, your Gardner must dresse his +hedges, and antike workes: watch his Bees, and hiue them: distill his +Roses and other herbes. Now begins Summer Fruit to ripe, and craue your +hand to pull them. If he haue a Garden (as he must need) to keepe, you +must needs allow him good helpe, to end his labours which are endlesse, +for no one man is sufficient for these things. + +{SN: Wages.} +Such a Gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in +your Orchard, God shall crowne the labours of his hands with +ioyfulnesse, and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees, he will +prouoke your loue, and earne his wages, and fees belonging to his +place: The house being serued, fallen fruite, superfluity of herbes, and +flowers, seedes, grasses, sets, and besides all other of that fruit +which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall, will much augment +his wages, and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe. + +If you be not able, nor willing to hire a gardner, keepe your profits to +your selfe, but then you must take all the pains: And for that purpose +(if you want this faculty) to instruct you, haue I vndertaken these +labours, and gathered these rules, but chiefly respecting my Countries +good. + + + + +CHAP. 2. + +_Of the soyle._ + + +{SN: Kinds of trees.} +{SN: Soyle.} +Fruit-trees most common, and meetest for our Northerne Countries: (as +Apples, Peares, Cheries, Filberds, red and white Plummes, Damsons, and +Bulles,) for we meddle not with Apricockes nor Peaches, nor scarcely +with Quinces, which will not like in our cold parts, vnlesse they be +helped with some reflex of Sunne, or other like meanes, nor with bushes, +bearing berries, as Barberies, Goose-berries, or Grosers, Raspe-berries, +and such like, though the Barbery be wholesome, and the tree may be made +great: doe require (as all other trees doe) a blacke, fat, mellow, +cleane and well tempered soyle, wherein they may gather plenty of good +sap. Some thinke the Hasell would haue a chanily rocke, and the sallow, +and eller a waterish marish. The soile is made better by deluing, and +other meanes, being well melted, and the wildnesse of the earth and +weedes (for euery thing subiect to man, and seruing his vse (not well +ordered) is by nature subiect to the curse,) is killed by frosts and +drought, by fallowing and laying on heapes, and if it be wild earth, +with burning. + +{SN: Barren earth.} +If your ground be barren (for some are forced to make an Orchard of +barren ground) make a pit three quarters deepe, and two yards wide, and +round in such places, where you would set your trees, and fill the same +with fat, pure, and mellow earth, one whole foot higher then your Soile, +and therein set your Plant. For who is able to manure an whole Orchard +plot, if it be barren? But if you determine to manure the whole site, +this is your way: digge a trench halfe a yard deepe, all along the lower +(if there be a lower) side of your Orchard plot, casting vp all the +earth on the inner side, and fill the same with good short, hot, & +tender muck, and make such another Trench, and fill the same as the +first, and so the third, and so through out your ground. And by this +meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life. But be sure you set +your trees, neither in dung nor barren earth. + +{SN: Plaine.} +{SN: Moyst.} +Your ground must be plaine, that it may receiue, and keepe moysture, not +onely the raine falling thereon, but also water cast vpon it, or +descending from higher ground by sluices, Conduits, &c. For I account +moisture in Summer very needfull in the soile of trees, & drought in +Winter. Prouided, that the ground neither be boggy, nor the inundation +be past 24. houres at any time, and but twice in the whole Summer, and +so oft in the Winter. Therefore if your plot be in a Banke, or haue a +descent, make Trenches by degrees, Allyes, Walkes, and such like, so as +the Water may be stayed from passage. And if too much water be any +hinderance to your walks (for dry walkes doe well become an Orchard, and +an Orchard them:) raise your walkes with earth first, and then with +stones, as bigge as Walnuts: and lastly, with grauell. In Summer you +need not doubt too much water from heauen, either to hurt the health of +your body, or of your trees. And if ouerflowing molest you after one +day, auoid it then by deepe trenching. + +Some for this purpose dig the soile of their Orchard to receiue +moisture, which I cannot approue: for the roots with digging are +oftentimes hurt, and especially being digged by some vnskilfull seruant: +For the Gardiner cannot doe all himselfe. And moreouer, the roots of +Apples & Peares being laid neere day, with the heate of the Sun, will +put forth suckers, which are a great hinderance, and sometimes +with euill guiding, the destruction of trees, vnlesse the deluing be +very shallow, and the ground laid very leuell againe. Cherries and +Plummes without deluing, will hardly or neuer (after twenty yeares) be +kept from such suckers, nor aspes. + +{SN: Grasse.} +Grasse also is thought needfull for moisture, so you let it not touch +the roots of your trees: for it will breed mosse, and the boall of your +tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the Sunne and Ayre. + +Some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so, by reason of +waters standing thereon, for except in soure marshes, springs, and +continuall ouerflowings, no earth can be too moyst. Sandy & fat earth +will auoid all water falling by receit. Indeed a stiffe clay will not +receiue the water, and therefore if it be grassie or plaine, especially +hollow, the water will abide, and it wil seeme waterish, when the fault +is in the want of manuring, and other good dressing. + +{SN: Naturally plaine.} +{SN: Crust of the earth.} +This plainnesse which we require, had need be naturall, because to force +an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse. For euery soile hath his +crust next day wherein trees and herbes put their roots, and whence +they draw their sap, which is the best of the soile, and made fertile +with heat and cold, moisture and drought, and vnder which by reason of +the want of the said temperature, by the said foure qualities, no tree +nor herbe (in a manner) will or can put root. As may be seene if in +digging your ground, you take the weeds of most growth: as grasse or +docks, (which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare) yet bury +them vnder the crust, and they will surely dye and perish, & become +manure to your ground. This crust is not past 15. or 18. inches deepe in +good ground, in other grounds lesse. Hereby appeares the fault of forced +plaines, viz. your crust in the lower parts, is couered with the crust +of the higher parts, and both with worse earth: your heights hauing the +crust taken away, are become meerely barren: so that either you must +force a new crust, or haue an euill soile. And be sure you leuell, +before you plant, lest you be forced to remoue, or hurt your plants by +digging, and casting amongst their roots. Your ground must be cleered as +much as you may of stones, and grauell, walls, hedges, bushes, & other +weeds. + + + + +CHAP. 3. + +_Of the Site._ + + +{SN: Low and neere a Riuer.} +There is no difference, that I find betwixt the necessity of a good +soile, and a good site of an Orchard. For a good soile (as is before +described) cannot want a good site, and if it do, the fruit cannot be +good, and a good site will much mend an euill soile. The best site is in +low grounds, (and if you can) neere vnto a Riuer. High grounds are not +naturally fat. + +And if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand, the very descent in time +doth wash it away. It is with grounds in this case as it is with men in +a common wealth. Much will haue more: and once poore, seldome or neuer +rich. The raine will scind, and wash, and the wind will blow fatnesse +from the heights to the hollowes, where it will abide, and fatten the +earth though it were barren before. + +{SN: Psal. 1. 3.} +{SN: Ezek. 17. 8.} +{SN: Eccl. 39. 17.} +{SN: Mr. _Markham_.} +Hence it is, that we haue seldome any plaine grounds, and low, barren: +and as seldome any heights naturally fertill. It is vnspeakeable, what +fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters. Neither did +I euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a Riuer side. The +goodnesse of the soile in _Howle_ or _Hollowdernes_, in _York-shire_, is +well knowne to all that know the Riuer _Humber_, and the huge bulkes of +their Cattell there. By estimation of them that haue seene the low +grounds in _Holland_ and _Zealand_ they farre surpasse the most +Countries in _Europe_ for fruitfulnesse, and only because they lie so +low. The world cannot compare with _Ægypt_, for fertility, so farre as +_Nilus_ doth ouer flow his bankes. So that a fitter place cannot be +chosen for an Orchard, then a low plaine by a riuer side. For besides +the fatnesse which the water brings, if any cloudy mist or raine be +stirring, it commonly falls downe to, and followes the course of the +Riuer. And where see we greater trees of bulke and bough, then standing +on or neere the waters side? If you aske why the plaines in _Holderns_, +and such countries are destitute of woods? I answer that men and cattell +(that haue put trees thence, from out of Plaines to void corners) are +better then trees. Neither are those places without trees. Our old +fathers can tel vs, how woods are decaied, & people in the +roomth of trees multiplied. I haue stood somwhat long in this poynt, +because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees. + +{SN: Winds. Chap. 13.} +A low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds, both for shaking +downe your vnripe fruite. Trees the most (that I know) being loaden with +wood, for want of proyning, and growing high, by the vnskilfulnesse of +the Arborist, must needes be in continuall danger of the South-west, +West, and North west winds, especially in _September_ and _March_, when +the aire is most temperate from extreme heat, and cold, which are deadly +enemies to great winds. Wherefore chuse your ground low: Or if you be +forced to plant in a higher ground, let high and strong wals, houses, +and trees, as wall-nuts, plane trees, Okes, and Ashes, placed in good +order, be your fence for winds. + +The sucken of your dwelling house, descending into your orchard, if it +be cleanly conueyed, is good. + +{SN: Sunne.} +The Sunne, in some sort, is the life of the world. It maketh proud +growth, and ripens kindly, and speedily, according to the golden tearme: +_Annus fructificat, non tellus_. Therefore in the countries, neerer +approching the Zodiake, the Sunnes habitation, they haue better, and +sooner ripe fruite, then we that dwell in these frozen parts. + +{SN: Trees against a wall.} +This prouoketh most of our great Arborists, to plant Apricockes, +Cherries and Peaches, by a wall, and with tackes, and other meanes to +spread them vpon, and fasten them to a wall, to haue the benefit of the +immoderate reflexe of the Sunne, which is commendable, for the hauing of +faire, good & soone ripe fruit. But let them know it is more hurtfull to +their trees then the benefit they reape therby: as not suffering a tree +to liue the tenth part of his age. It helpes Gardners to worke, for +first the wall hinders the roots, because into a dry and hard wall of +earth or stone a tree will not, nor cannot put any root to profit, but +especially it stops the passage of sap, whereby the barke is wounded, & +the wood, & diseases grow, so that the tree becomes short of life. For +as in the body of a man, the leaning or lying on some member, wherby the +course of bloud is stopt, makes that member as it were dead for the +time, till the bloud returne to his course, and I thinke, if that +stopping should continue any time, the member would perish for want of +bloud (for the life is in the bloud) and so endanger the body: so the +sap is the life of the tree, as the bloud is to mans body: neither doth +the tree in winter (as is supposed) want his sap, no more then mans body +his bloud, which in winter, and time of sleep draws inward. So that the +dead time of winter, to a tree, is but a night of rest: for the tree at +all times, euen in winter is nourished with sap, & groweth as well as +mans body. The chilling cold may well some little time stay, or hinder +the proud course of the sap, but so little & so short a time, that in +calme & mild season, euen in the depth of winter, if you marke it, you +may easily perceiue, the sap to put out, and your trees to increase +their buds, which were formed in the summer before, & may easily be +discerned: for leaues fall not off, til they be thrust off, with the +knots or buds, wherupon it comes to passe that trees cannot beare fruit +plentifully two yeares together, and make themselues ready to blossome +against the seasonablenesse of the next Spring. + +And if any frost be so extreme, that it stay the sap too much, or too +long, then it kils the forward fruit in the bud, and sometimes the +tender leaues and twigs, but not the tree. Wherefore, to returne, it is +perillous to stop the sap. And where, or when, did you euer see a great +tree packt on a wall? Nay, who did euer know a tree so vnkindly splat, +come to age? I haue heard of some, that out of their imaginary cunning, +haue planted such trees, on the North side of the wall, to auoide +drought, but the heate of the Sunne is as comfortable (which they should +haue regarded) as the drought is hurtfull. And although water is a +soueraigne remedy against drought, ye want of Sun is no way to be +helped. Wherefore to conclude this Chapter, let your ground lie so, that +it may haue the benefit of the South, and West Sun, and so low and +close, that it may haue moysture, and increase his fatnesse (for trees +are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth) and (as much as +may be) free from great winds. + + + + +CHAP. 4. + +_Of the quantity._ + + +{SN: Orchard as good as a corn-field.} +{SN: Compared with a vinyard.} +{SN: Compared with a garden.} +It would be remembred what a benefit riseth, not onely to euery +particular owner of an Orchard, but also to the common wealth, by fruit, +as shall be shewed in the 16. Chapter (God willing) whereupon must +needes follow: the greater the Orchard is (being good and well kept) the +better it is, for of good things, being equally good, the biggest is the +best. And if it shall appeare, that no ground a man occupieth (no, not +the corne field) yeeldeth more gaine to the purse, and house keeping +(not to speake of the vnspeakeable pleasure) quantity for quantity, than +a good Orchard (besides the cost in planting, and dressing an orchard, +is not so much by farre, as the labour and feeding of your corne fields, +nor for durance of time, comparable, besides the certainty of the on +before the other) I see not how any labour, or cost in this kind, can +be idly or wastfully bestowed, or thought too much. And what other +things is a vineyard, in those countries where vines doe thriue, than a +large Orchard of trees bearing fruit? Or what difference is there in the +iuice of the Grape, and our Cyder & Perry, but the goodnes of the soile +& clime where they grow? which maketh the one more ripe, & so more +pleasant then the other. What soeuer can be said for the benefit rising +from an orchard, that makes for the largenesse of the Orchards bounds. +And (me thinkes) they do preposterously, that bestow more cost and +labours, and more ground in and vpon a garden than vpon an orchard, +whence they reape and may reape both more pleasure and more profit, by +infinite degrees. And further, that a Garden neuer so fresh, and faire, +and well kept, cannot continue without both renewing of the earth and +the hearbs often, in the short and ordinary age of a man: whereas your +Orchard well kept shall dure diuers hundred yeares, as shall be shewed +chap. 14. In a large orchard there is much labour saued, in fencing, and +otherwise: for three little orchards, or few trees, being, in a manner, +all out-sides, are so blasted and dangered, and commonly in keeping +neglected, and require a great fence; whereas in a great Orchard, trees +are a mutuall fence one to another, and the keeping is regarded, and +lesse fencing serues sixe acres together, than three in seuerall +inclosures. + +{SN: What quantity of ground.} +Now what quantity of ground is meetest for an Orchard can no man +prescribe, but that must be left to euery mans seuerall iudgement, to be +measured according to his ability and will, for other necessaries +besides fruite must be had, and some are more delighted with orchard +then others. + +{SN: Want is no hinderance.} +{SN: How Land-lords by their Tenants may make flourishing Orchards +in _England_.} +Let no man hauing a fit plot plead pouerty in this case, for an orchard +once planted will maintaine it selfe, and yeeld infinite profit besides. +And I am perswaded, that if men did know the right and best way of +planting, dressing, and keeping trees, and felt the profit and pleasure +thereof, both they that haue no orchards would haue them, & they that +haue orchards, would haue them larger, yea fruit-trees in their hedges, +as in _Worcester-shire_, &c. And I think, that the want of planting, is +a great losse to our common-wealth, & in particular, to the owners of +Lord-ships, which Land lords themselues might easily amend, by granting +longer terme, and better assurance to their tenants, who haue taken vp +this Prouerbe _Botch and sit, Build and flit_: for who will build or +plant for an other mans profit? Or the Parliament mighte ioyne euery +occupier of grounds to plant and mainetaine for so many acres of +fruitfull ground, so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit. +Thus much for quantity. + + + + +CHAP. 5. + +_Of the forme._ + + +{SN: The vsuall forme is a square.} +The goodnesse of the soile, and site, are necessary to the wel being of +an orchard simply, but the forme is so farre necessary, as the owner +shall thinke meete, for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular +man is delighted, we leaue it to himselfe, _Suum cuique pulchrum_. The +forme that men like in generall is a square, for although roundnesse be +_forma perfectissima_, yet that principle is good where necessity by art +doth not force some other forme. If within one large square the Gardner +shall make one round Labyrinth or Maze with some kind of Berries, it +will grace your forme, so there be sufficient roomth left for walkes, +so will foure or more round knots do. For it is to be noted, that the +eye must be pleased with the forme. I haue seene squares rising by +degrees with stayes from your house-ward, according to this forme which +I haue, _Crassa quod aiunt Minerua_, with an vnsteady hand, rough hewen, +for in forming the country gardens, the better sort may vse better +formes, and more costly worke. What is needefull more to be sayd, I +referre that all (concerning the Forme,) to the Chapter 17 of the +ornaments of an Orchard. + +{Illustration: + +_A._ Al these squares must bee set with trees, the Gardens and other +ornaments must stand in spaces betwixt the trees, & in the borders & +fences. + +_B._ Trees 20. yards asunder. + +_C._ Garden Knots. + +_D._ Kitchen garden. + +_E._ Bridge. + +_F._ Conduit. + +_G._ Staires. + +_H._ Walkes set with great wood thicke. + +_I._ Walkes set with great wood round about your Orchard. + +_K._ The out fence. + +_L._ The out fence set with stone-fruite. + +_M._ Mount. To force earth for a mount, or such like set it round with +quicke, and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward, +with the earth in the midle. + +_N._ Still-house. + +_O._ Good standing for Bees, if you haue an house. + +_P._ If the riuer run by your doore, & vnder your mount, it will be +pleasant.} + + + + +CHAP. 6. + +_Of Fences._ + + +{SN: Effects of euill fencing.} +{SN: Let the fence be your owne.} +All your labour past and to come about an Orchard is lost vnlesse you +fence well. It shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose +at the rootes, the barke pild, the boughes and twigs cropt, your fruite +stolne, your trees broken, and your many yeares labours and hopes +destroyed, for want of fences. A chiefe care must be had in this point. +You must therefore plant in such a soile, where you may prouide a +conuenient, strong and seemely fence. For you can possesse no goods, +that haue so many enemies as an orchard, looke Chapter 13. Fruits are so +delightsome, and desired of so many (nay, in a manner of all) and yet +few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them. Fence well +therefore, let your plot be wholly in your owne power, that you make all +your fence your selfe: for neighbours fencing is none at all, or very +carelesse. Take heed of a doore or window, (yea of a wall) of any other +mans into your orchard: yea, though it be nayld vp, or the wall be high, +for perhaps they will proue theeues. + +{SN: Kinds of fences, earthen walles.} +All Fences commonly are made of Earth, Stone, Bricke, Wood, or both +earth and wood. Dry wall of earth, and dry Ditches, are the worst fences +saue pales or railes, and doe waste the soonest, vnlesse they be well +copt with glooe and morter, whereon at _Mighill-tide_ it will be good to +sow Wall-flowers, commonly called Bee-flowers, or winter Gilly-flowers, +because they will grow (though amongst stones) and abide the strongest +frost and drought, continually greene and flowring euen in Winter, and +haue a pleasant smell, and are timely, (that is, they will floure the +first and last of flowers) and are good for Bees. And your earthen wall +is good for Bees dry and warme. But these fences are both vnseemly, +euill to repaire, and onely for need, where stone or wood cannot be had. +Whosoeuer makes such Walles, must not pill the ground in the Orchard, +for getting earth, nor make any pits or hallowes, which are both +vnseemly and vnprofitable. Old dry earth mixt with sand is best for +these. This kind of wall will soone decay, by reason of the trees which +grow neere it, for the roots and boales of great trees, will increase, +vndermine, and ouerturne such walles, though they were of stone, as is +apparant by Ashes, Rountrees, Burt-trees, and such like, carried in the +chat, or berry, by birds into stone-walles. + +{SN: Pale and Raile.} +Fences of dead wood, as pales, will not last, neither will railes either +last or make good fence. + +{SN: Stone walls.} +Stone walles (where stone may be had) are the best of this sort, both +for fencing, lasting, and shrouding of your young trees. But about this +must you bestow much paines and more cost, to haue them handsome, high +and durable. + +{SN: Quicke wood and Moates.} +But of all other (in mine owne opinion) Quickwood, and Moats or Ditches +of water, where the ground is leuell, is the best fence. In vnequall +grounds, which will not keepe water, there a double ditch may be cast, +made streight and leuel on the top, two yards broad for a faire walke, +fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle, with a gutter on either side, +two yards wide, and foure foot deepe set with out, with three or foure +chesse of Thorns, and within with Cherry, Plumme, Damson, Bullys, +Filbirds, (for I loue these trees better for their fruit, and as well +for their forme, as priuit) for you may make them take any forme. And in +euery corner (and middle if you will) a mount would be raised, +whereabout the wood may claspe, powdered with wood-binde: which wil make +with dressing a faire, plesant, profitable, & sure fence. But you must +be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly, or that there be a +supply betime, either with planting new, or plashing the old where need +is. And assure your selfe, that neither wood, stone, earth, nor water, +can make so strong a fence, as this after seuen yeares growth. + +{SN: Moates.} +Moates, Fish-ponds, and (especially at one side a Riuer) within and +without your fence, will afford you fish, fence, and moysture to your +trees, and pleasure also, if they be so great and deepe that you may +haue Swans, & other water birds, good for deuouring of vermine, and boat +for many good vses. + +It shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your Orchard, if you be +a niggard of your fruit. For as liberality will saue it best from +noysome neighbours, liberality I say is the best fence, so Iustice must +restraine rioters. Thus when your ground is tempered, squared, and +fenced, it is time to prouide for planting. + + + + +CHAP. 7. + +_Of Sets._ + + +There is not one point (in my opinion) about an Orchard more to be +regarded, than the choyce getting and setting of good plants, either for +readinesse or hauing good fruite, or for continuall lasting. For +whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good Sets, or in getting, or +gathering, or setting his plants, shall neuer haue a good or lasting +Orchard. And I take want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe +hinderance to the most Orchards, and to many for hauing of Orchards at +all. + +{SN: Slips.} +Some for readinesse vse slips, which seldome take roote: and if they doe +take, they cannot last, both because their roote hauing a maine wound +will in short time decay the body of the tree: and besides that rootes +being so weakely put, are soone nipt with drought or frost. I could +neuer see (lightly) any slip but of apples onely set for trees. + +{SN: Bur-knot.} +A Bur-knot kindly taken from an Apple tree, is much better and surer. +You must cut him close at the roote ende, an handfull vnder the knot. +(Some vse in Summer about _Lammas_ to circumcise him, and put earth to +the knots with hay roaps, and in winter cut him off and set him, but +this is curiosity, needlesse, and danger with remouing, and drought,) +and cut away all his twigs saue one, the most principall, which in +setting you must leaue aboue the earth, burying his trunk in the crust +of the earth for his root. It matters not much what part of the bough +the twig growes out of. If it grow out of or neere the roote end, some +say such an Apple will haue no coare nor kirnell. Or if it please the +Plantor, he may let his bough be crooked, and leaue out his top end, one +foote or somewhat more, wherein will be good grafting, if either you +like not, or doubt the fruite of the bough (for commonly your +bur-knots are summer fruit) or if you thinke he will not couer his wound +safely. + +{SN: Vsuall Sets.} +{SN: Maine rootes cut.} +{SN: Stow sets remoued.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +{SN: Tying of trees.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +{SN: Signes of diseases, Chap 13.} +The most vsuall kind of sets, is plants with rootes growing of kirnels +of Apples, Peares, and Crabbes, or stones of Cherries, Plummes, &c. +Remoued out of a Nursery, Wood or other Orchard, into, and set in your +Orchard in their due places I grant this kind to be better than either +of the former, by much, as more sure and more durable. Herein you must +note that in sets so remoued, you get all the roots you can; and without +brusing of any; I vtterly dislike the opinion of those great Gardners, +that following their Bookes would haue the maine rootes cut away, for +tops cannot growe without rootes. And because none can get all the +rootes, and remouall is an hinderance, you may not leaue on all tops, +when you set them: For there is a proportion betwixt the top and root of +a tree, euen in the number (at least) in the growth. If the roots be +many, they will bring you many tops, if they be not hindred. And if you +vse to stow or top your tree too much or too low, and leaue no issue, or +little for sap, (as is to be seene in your hedges) it will hinder the +growth of rootes and boale, because such a kind of stowing is a kind of +smothering, or choaking the sap. Great wood, as Oke, Elme, Ash, &c. +being continually kept downe with sheeres, knife, axe, &c. neither boale +nor roote will thriue, but as an hedge or bush. If you intend to graff +in your Set, you may cut him closer with a greater wound, and nearer the +earth, within a foote or two, because the graft or grafts will couer +his wound. If you like his fruite, and would haue him to be a tree of +himselfe, be not so bold: this I can tell you, that though you do cut +his top close, and leaue nothing but his bulke, because his rootes are +few, if he be (but little) bigger than your thumbe (as I with all plants +remoued to be) he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares; by good +guidance that is. In the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his +vppermost sprig, you cut him off aslope cleanely, to that the sprigge +stand on the backe side, (and if you can Northward, that the wound may +haue the benefit of Sunne) at the vpper ende of the wound: and let that +sprigge onely be the boale. And take this for a generall rule; Euery +young plant, if he thriue, will recouer any wound aboue the earth, by +good dressing, although it be to the one halfe, and to his very heart. +This short cutting at the remoue, saues your plants from Wind, and neede +the lesse or no staking. I commend not Lying or Leaning of trees against +holds or stayres; for it breedes obstruction of sap and wounds +incureable. All remouing of trees as great as your arme, or aboue, is +dangerous: though sometime some such will grow but not continue long: +Because they be tainted with deadly wounds, either in the roote or top. +(And a tree once throughly tainted is neuer good) And though they get +some hold in the earth with some lesser taw, or tawes, which giue some +nourishment to the body of the tree: yet the heart being tainted, he +will hardly euer thriue; which you may easily discerne by the +blackenesse of the boughes at the heart, when you dresse your trees. +Also, when he is set with moe tops than the rootes can nourish, the tops +decaying, blacken the boughes, and the boughs the armes, and so they +boile at the very heart. Or this taint in the remouall, if it kill not +presently, but after some short time, it may be discerned by blacknesse +or yellownesse in the barke, and a small hungred leafe. Or if your +remoued plant put forth leaues the next and second summer, and little or +few spraies, it is a great signe of a taint, and next yeares death. I +haue knowne a tree tainted in setting, yet grow, & beare blossomes for +diuers yeares: and yet for want of strength could neuer shape his fruit. + +{SN: Suckers good sets.} +Next vnto this or rather equall with these plants, are suckers growing +out of the roots of great trees, which cherries and plums do seldome or +neuer want: and being taken kindly with their roots, will make very good +sets. And you may helpe them much by enlarging their rootes with the +taws of the tree, whence you take them. They are of two sorts: Either +growing from the very root of the tree: and here you must be carefull, +not to hurt your tree when you gather them, by ripping amongst the +rootes; and that you take them cleane away: for these are a great and +continuall annoyance to the growth of your tree: and they will hardly be +cleansed. Secondly, or they do arise from some taw: and these may be +taken without danger, with long and good rootes, and will soone become +trees of strength. + +{SN: A running Plant.} +There is another way, which I haue not throughly proued, to get not +onely plants for graffing, but sets to remaine for trees, which I call a +_Running Plant_: the manner of it is this: Take a roote or kirnell, and +put it into the middle of your plot, and the second yeare in the spring, +geld his top, if he haue one principall (as commonly by nature they +haue) and let him put forth onely foure Cyons toward the foure corners +of the orchard, as neere the earth as you can. If he put not foure, +(which is rare) stay his top till he haue put so many. When you haue +such foure, cut the stocke aslope, as is aforesayd in this chapter, hard +aboue the vttermost sprig, & keepe those foure without Cyons cleane and +straight, till you haue them a yard and a halfe, at least, or two yards +long. Then the next spring in grassing time, lay downe those foure +sprayes, towards the foure corners of your Orchard, with their tops in +an heape of pure and good earth, and railed as high as the roote of your +Cyon (for sap will not descend) and a sod to keepe them downe, leauing +nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward. In that hill he will +put rootes, and his top new Cyons, which you must spread as before, and +so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground, or as +farre as you list. If in bending, the Cyons cracke, the matter is small, +cleanse the ground and he will recouer. Euery bended bough will put +forth branches, and become trees. If this plant be of a burre knot, +there is no doubt. I haue proued it in one branch my selfe: and I know +at _Wilton_ in _Cleeue-land_ a Peare-tree of a great bulke and age, +blowne close to the earth, hath put at euery knot rootes into the earth, +and from roote to top, a great number of mighty armes or trees, filling +a great roomth, like many trees, or a little Orchard. Much better may it +be done by Art in a lesse tree. And I could not mislike this +kind, saue that the time will be long before it come to perfection. + +{SN: Sets bought.} +Many vse to buy sets already grafted, which is not the best way: for +first, All remoues are dangerous: Againe, there is danger in the +carriage: Thirdly, it is a costly course of planting: Fourthly, euery +Gardner is not trusty to sell you good fruite: Fifthly, you know not +which is best, which is worst, and so may take most care about your +worst trees. Lastly, this way keepes you from practise, and so from +experience in so good, Gentlemanly, Scholerlike, and profitable a +faculty. + +{SN: The best sets.} +{SN: Vnremoued how.} +The onely best way (in my opinion) to haue sure and lasting sets, is +neuer to remoue: for euery remoue is an hinderance, if not a dangerous +hurt or deadly taint. This is the way. The plot forme being layd, and +the plot appointed where you will plant euery set in your orchard, digge +the roomth, where your sets shall stand, a yard compasse, and make the +earth mellow and cleane, and mingle it with a few coale-ashes, to auoide +wormes: and immediately after the first change of the Moone, in the +latter end of _February_, the earth being a fresh turn'd ouer, put in +euery such roomth three or foure kirnels of Apples or Peares, of the +best: euery kirnell in an hole made with your finger, finger deepe, a +foote distant one from another: and that day moneth following, as many +moe, (lest some of the former misse) in the same compasse; but not in +the same holes. Hence (God willing) shall you haue rootes enough. If +they all, or diuers of them come vp, you may draw (but not digge) vp +(nor put downe) at your pleasure, the next _Nouember_. How many soeuer +you take away, to giue or bestow elsewhere, be sure to leaue two of the +proudest. And when in your 2. and 3. yeare you Graffe, if you graffe +then at all, leaue the one of those two vngraffed, lest in graffing the +other you faile: For I find by tryall, that after first or second +graffing in the same stocke, being mist (for who hits all) the third +misse puts your stocke in deadly danger, for want of issue of sap. Yea, +though you hit in graffing, yet may your graffes with winde or otherwise +be broken downe. If your graffes or graffe prosper, you haue your +desire, in a plant vnremoued, without taint, and the fruite at your +owne choyce, and so you may (some little earth being remooued) pull, but +not digge vp the other Plant or Plants in that roomth. If your graffe or +stocke, or both perish, you haue another in the same place, of better +strength to worke vpon. For thriuing without snub he will ouer-lay your +grafted stocke much. And it is hardly possible to misse in graffing so +often, if your Gardiner be worth his name. + +{SN: Sets vngrafted best of all.} +It shall not be amisse (as I iudge it) if your Kirnels be of choyce +fruite, and that you see them come forward proudly in their body, and +beare a faire and broad leafe in colour, tending to a greenish yellow +(which argues pleasant and great fruit) to try some of them vngraffed: +for although it be a long time ere this come to beare fruit, ten or +twelue yeares, or moe; and at their first bearing, the fruit will not +seeme to be like his owne kind: yet am I assured, vpon tryall, before +twenty yeares growth, such trees will increase the bignesse and +goodnesse of their fruite, and come perfectly to their owne kind. Trees +(like other breeding creatures) as they grow in yeares, bignes and +strength, so they mend their fruit. Husbands and Houswiues find this +true by experience, in the rearing of their yong store. More then this, +there is no tree like this for soundnes and dureable last, if his +keeping and dressing be answerable. I grant, the readiest way to come +soone to fruit is graffing: because in a manner, all your graffes are +taken of fruit bearing trees. + +{SN: Time of remouing.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +Now when you haue made choise of your sets to remoue, the ground being +ready, the best time is, immediatly after the fall of the leafe, in, or +about the change of the Moone, when the sap is most quiet: for then the +sap is in turning: for it makes no stay, but in the _extremity_ of +drought or cold. At any time in winter, may you transplant trees so you +put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting: and +therefore open, calme and moist weather is best. To remoue, the leafe +being ready to fall and not fallen, or buds apparantly put forth in a +moist warme season, for need, sometime may do well: but the safest is to +walke in the plaine trodden path. + +Some hold opinion that it is best remouing before the fall of the leafe, +and I heare it commonly practised in the South by our best arborists, +the leafe not fallen: and they giue the reason to be, that the +descending of the sap will make speedy rootes. But marke the reasons +following and I thinke you shall find no soundnesse, either in that +position or practise, at least in the reason. + +1. I say, it is dangerous to remoue when the sap is not quiet, for euery +remoue giues a maine checke to the stirring sap, by staying the course +therof in the body of your plant, as may appeare in trees remoued any +time in summer, they commonly dye, nay hardly shall you saue the life of +the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood (scarcely herbes) +if you remoue them in the pride of sap. For proud sap vniuersally staied +by remoual, euer hinders; often taints and so presently, or in very +short time kills. Sap is like bloud in mans body, in which is the life, +_Cap. 3. p. 9._ If the blood vniuersally be cold, life is excluded; so +is sap tainted by vntimely remouall. A stay by drought, or cold, is not +so dangerous (though dangerous if it be extreme) because more naturall. + +2. The sap neuer descends, as men suppose, but is consollidated & +transubstantiated into the substance of the tree, and passeth (alwayes +aboue the earth) vpward, not onely betwixt the barke and the wood, but +also into and in both body & barke, though not so plentifully, as may +appeare by a tree budding, nay fructifying two or three yeres, after he +be circumcised at the very root, like a riuer that inlargeth his channel +by a continual descent. + +3. I cannot perceiue what time they would haue the sap to descend. At +_Midsommer_ in a biting drought it staies, but descends not, for +immediatly vpon moisture it makes second shoots, at (or before rather) +_Michaeltide_, when it shapens his buds for next yeares fruit. If at the +fal of leafe, I grant, about that time is the greatest stand, but no +descent, of sap, which begins somwhat before the leafe fall, but not +long, therfore at that time must be the best remouing, not by reason of +descent, but stay of sap. + +4. The sap in this course hath his profitable and apparant effects, as +the growth of the tree, couering of wounds, putting of buds, &c. +Wherupon it follows, if the sap descend, it must needs haue some effect +to shew it. + +5. Lastly, boughs plasht and laid lower then the root, dye for want of +sap descending, except where it is forced by the maine streame of the +sap, as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes, or except the plasht +bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne, yea vnder boughs which +we commonly call water boughs, can scarcely get sap to liue, yea in time +dye, because the sap doth presse so violently vpward, and therefore the +fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top. + +{SN: Remooue soone.} +_Obiect._ If you say that many so remoued thriue, I say that somewhat +before the fall of the leafe (but not much) is the stand, for the fall & +the stand are not at one instant, before the stand is dangerous. But to +returne. + +The sooner in winter you remoue your sets, the better; the latter the +worse: For it is very perillous if a strong drought take your Sets +before they haue made good their rooting. A Plant set at the fall, shall +gaine (in a a manner) a whole yeeres growth of that which is set in the +Spring after. + +{SN: The manner of setting.} +I vse in the setting to be sure, that the earth be mouldy, (and somewhat +moist) that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or +bruising: and as I fill in earth to his root, I shake the Set easily to +and fro, to make the earth settle the better to his roots: and withall +easily with my foot I put in the earth close; for ayre is noysome, and +will follow concauities. Some prescribe Oates to be put in with the +earth. I could like it, if I could know any reason thereof: and they vse +to set their Plant with the same side toward the Sunne: but this conceit +is like the other. For first I would haue euery tree to stand so free +from shade, that not onely the root (which therefore you must keepe bare +from graffe) but body, boughes, and branches, and euery spray, may haue +the benefit of Sunne. And what hurt, if that part of the tree, that +before was shadowed, be now made partaker of the heat of the Sunne? In +turning of Bees, I know it is hurtfull, because it changeth their +entrance, passage, and whole worke: But not so in Trees. + +{SN: Set in the crust.} +Set as deepe as you can, so that in any wise you goe not beneath the +crust. Looke Chap. 2. + +{SN: Moysture good.} +We speake in the second Chapter of moysture in generall: but now +especially hauing put your remoued plant into the earth, powre on water +(of a puddle were good) by distilling presently, and so euery weeke +twice in strong drought, so long as the earth will drinke, and refuse by +ouerflowing. For moisture mollifies, and both giues leaue to the roots +to spread, and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty & +facility. Nurses (they say) giue most & best milke after warme drinks. + +If your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of +your plant, such plant shall neuer like, or but for a time. There is +nothing more hurtfull for young trees then piercing drought. I haue +known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres +growth, & thriue well for a good time, perish for want of water, and +very many by reason of taints in setting. + +{SN: Grafts must be fenced.} +It is meet your sets and grafts be fenced, till they be as big as your +arme, for feare of annoyances. Many waies may sets receiue dammages, +after they be set, whether grafted or vngrafted. For although we +suppose, that no noysome beast, or other thing must haue accesse among +your trees: yet by casualty, a Dog, Cat, or such like, or your selfe, or +negligent friend bearing you company, or a shrewd boy, may tread or fall +vpon a young and tender plant or graft. To auoid these and many such +chances, you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set, +neither so neere, nor so thicke, but that it may haue the benefit of +Sun, raine, and ayre. Your stakes (small or great) would be so surely +put, or driuen into the earth, that they breake not, if any thing happen +to leane vpon them, else may the fall be more hurtfull, then the want of +the fence. Let not your stakes shelter any weeds about your sets, for +want of Sunne is a great hinderance. Let them stand so farre off, that +your grafts spreading receiue no hurt, either by rubbing on them, or of +any other thing passing by. If your stocke be long, and high grafted +(which I must discommend (except in need) because there the sap is +weake, and they are subiect to strong wind, and the lighting of birds) +tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the clay, and +let their tops stand aboue the grafts, to auoid the lighting of Crowes, +Pyes, &c. vpon your grafts. If you sticke some sharpe thornes at the +roots of your stakes, they will make hurtfull things keepe off the +better. Other better fences for your grafts I know none. And thus much +for sets and setting. + + + + +CHAP. 8. + +_Of the distance of Trees._ + + +{SN: Hurts of too neere planting.} +I Know not to what end you should prouide good ground, well fenced, & +plant good sets; and when your trees should come to profit, haue all +your labours lost, for want of due regard to the distance of placing +your trees. I haue seene many trees stand so thicke, that one could not +thriue for the throng of his neighbours. If you doe marke it, you shall +see the tops of trees rubd off, their sides galled like a galled horses +backe, and many trees haue more stumps then boughes, and most trees no +well thriuing, but short, stumpish, and euill thriuing boughes: like a +Corne field ouer seeded, or a towne ouer peopled, or a pasture +ouer-laid, which the Gardiner must either let grow, or leaue the tree +very few boughes to beare fruit. Hence small thrift, galls, wounds, +diseases, and short life to the trees: and while they liue greene, +little, hard, worme-eaten, and euill thriuing fruit arise, to the +discomfort of the owners. + +{SN: Remedy.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +{SN: All touches hurtfull.} +To preuent which discommodity, one of the best remedies is the +sufficient and fit distance of trees. Therefore at the setting of your +plants you must haue such respect, that the distance of them be such, +that euery tree be not annoyance, but an helpe to his fellowes: for +trees (as all other things of the same kind) should shroud, and not +hurt one another. And assure your selfe that euery touch of trees (as +well vnder as aboue the earth) is hurtfull. Therefore this must be a +generall rule in this Art: That no tree in an Orchard well ordered, nor +bough, nor Cyon, drop vpon, or touch his fellowes. Let no man thinke +this vnpossible, but looke in the eleuenth Chapter of dressing of trees. +If they touch, the winde will cause a forcible rub. Young twigs are +tender, if boughes or armes touch or rub, if they are strong, they make +great galls. No kind of touch therefore in trees can be good. + +{SN: The best distance of trees.} +{SN: The parts of a tree.} +Now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite, and +that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth, that each tree by +probability will take and fill. And herein I am of a contrary opinion to +all them, which practise or teach the planting of trees, that euer yet I +knew, read, or heard of. For the common space betweene tree and tree is +ten foot: if twenty foot, it is thought very much. But I suppose twenty +yards distance is small enough betwixt tree and tree, or rather too too +little. For the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able +to ouer spread, and fill, so they touch not by one yard at least. Now I +am assured, and I know one Apple-tree, set of a slip _finger-great_, in +the space of 20 yeares, (which I account a very small part of a trees +age, as is shewed Chapter 14.) hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue +yards compasse, that is, fiue or sixe yards on euery side. Here I +gather, that in forty or fifty yeares (which yet is but a small time of +his age) a tree in good soile, well liking, by good dressing (for that +is much auaileable to this purpose) will spread double at the least, +viz. twelue yards on a side, which being added to twelue alotted to his +fellow, make twenty and foure yards, and so farre distant must euery +tree stand from another. And looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes +aboue, so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth, or rather further, +if there be no stop, nor let by walls, trees, rocks, barren earth and +such like: for an huge bulk, and strong armes, massie boughes, many +branches, and infinite twigs, require wide spreading roots. The top hath +the vast aire to spread his boughs in, high and low, this way and that +way: but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth, they may not goe +downward, nor vpward out of the earth, which is their element, no more +then the fish out of the water, Camelion out of the Aire, nor Salamander +out of the fire. Therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth. +And I dare well say, if nature would giue leaue to man by Art, to dresse +the roots of trees, to take away the tawes and tangles, that lap and +fret and grow superfluously and disorderly, (for euery thing _sublunary_ +is cursed for mans sake) the tops aboue being answerably dressed, we +should haue trees of wonderfull greatnes, and infinite durance. And I +perswade myselfe that this might be done sometimes in Winter, to trees +standing in faire plaines and kindly earth, with small or no danger at +all. So that I conclude, that twenty foure yards are the least space +that Art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another. + +{SN: Waste ground in an Orchard.} +If you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree +and tree? I answer: If you please to plant some tree or trees in that +middle space, you may, and as your trees grow contigious, great and +thick, you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees. And this I +take to be the chiefe cause, why the most trees stand so thicke. For men +not knowing (or not regarding) this secret of needfull distance, and +louing fruit of trees planted to their handes, thinke much to pull vpp +any, though they pine one another. If you or your heires or successors +would take vp some great trees (past setting) where they stand too +thicke, be sure you doe it about _Midsummer_, and leaue no maine root. I +destinate this space of foure and twenty yards, for trees of age & +stature. More then this, you haue borders to be made for walkes with +Roses, Berries, &c. + +And chiefly consider: that your Orchard, for the first twenty or thirty +yeeres, will serue you for many Gardens, for Safron, Licoras, roots, and +other herbs for profit, and flowers for pleasure: so that no ground need +be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligent. But be sure you +come not neere with such deepe deluing the roots of your trees, whose +compasse you may partly discerne, by the compasse of the tops, if your +top be well spread. And vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees, be +sure no herbes will like. Let this be said for the distance of Trees. + + + + +CHAP. 9. + +_Of the placing of Trees._ + + +The placing of trees in an Orchard is well worth the regard: For +although it must be granted, that any of our foresaid trees (Chap. 2.) +will like well in any part of your Orchard, being good and well drest +earth: yet are not all Trees alike worthy of a good place. And therefore +I wish that your Filbird, Plummes, Damsons, Bulesse, and such like, be +vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your Orchard into your fence: +for there is not such fertility and easefull growth, as within: and +there also they are more subiect to, and can abide the blasts of +_Æolus_. The cherries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of Summer, +and the rest standing longer, are not so soone shaken as your better +fruit: neither if they suffer losse, is your losse so great. Besides +that, your fences and ditches will deuoure some of your fruit growing in +or neere your hedges. And seeing the continuance of all these (except +Nuts) is small, the care of them ought to be the lesse. And make no +doubt but the fences of a large Orchard will containe a sufficient +number of such kind of Fruit trees in the whole compasse. It is not +material, but at your pleasure, in the said fences, you may either +intermingle your seueral kinds of fruit-trees, or set euery kind by +himselfe, which order doth very well become your better and greater +fruit. Let therefore your Apples, Peares, and Quinches, possesse all the +soile of your Orchard, vnlesse you be especially affected to some of +your other kinds: and of them let your greatest trees of growth stand +furthest from Sunne, and your Quinches at the South side or end, and +your Apples in the middle, so shall none be any hinderance to his +fellowes. The Warden-tree, and Winter-Peare will challenge the +preheminence for stature. Of your Apple-trees you shall finde difference +in growth. A good Pippin will grow large, and a Costard-tree: stead them +on the North side of your other Apples, thus being placed, the least +will giue Sun to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their fellowes. +The fences and out-trees will guard all. + + + + +CHAP. 10. + +_Of Grafting._ + + +{SN: Of Grauing or Caruing.} +{SN: Grafting What.} +{SN: A Graffe.} +Now are we come to the most curious point of our faculty: curious in +conceit, but indeede as plaine and easie as the rest, when it is +plainely shewne, which we commonly call _Graffing_, or (after some) +_Grafting_. I cannot _Etymologize_, nor shew the originall of the Word, +except it come of _Grauing_ and _Caruing_. But the thing or matter is: +The reforming of the fruite of one tree with the fruit of another, by an +artificiall transplacing, or transposing of a twigge, bud or leafe, +(commonly called a _Graft_) taken from one tree of the same, or some +other kind, and placed or put to, or into another tree in one time and +manner. + +{Illustration} + +{SN: Kinds of grafting.} +Of this there be diuers kinds, but three or foure now especially in +vse: to wit, Grafting, incising, packing on, grafting in the scutchion, +or inoculating: whereof the chiefe and most vsuall, is called grafting +(by the generall name, _Catahexocen_:) for it is the most knowne, +surest, readiest, and plainest way to haue store of good fruit. + +{SN: Graft how.} +It is thus wrought: You must with a fine, thin, strong and sharpe Saw, +made and armed for that purpose, cut off a foot aboue the ground, or +thereabouts, in a plaine without a knot, or as neere as you can without +a knot (for some Stocks will be knotty) your Stocke, set, or plant, +being surely stayed with your foot and legge, or otherwise straight +ouerthwart (for the Stocke may be crooked) and then plaine his wound +smoothly with a sharpe knife: that done, cleaue him cleanly in the +middle with a cleauer, and a knocke or mall, and with a wedge of wood, +Iron or Bone, two handfull long at least, put into the middle of that +clift, with the same knocke, make the wound gape a straw bredth wide, +into which you must put your Graffes. + +{SN: A Graft what.} +The graft is a top twig taken from some other Tree (for it is folly to +put a graffe into his owne Stocke) beneath the vppermost (and sometime +in need the second) knot, and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot +(and some time out of the knot when need is) with shoulders an ynch +downeward, and so put into the stocke with some thrusting (but not +straining) barke to barke inward. + +{SN: Eyes.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +Let your graffe haue three or foure eyes, for readinesse to put forth, +and giue issue to the sap. It is not amisse to cut off the top of your +graffe, and leaue it but fiue or sixe inches long, because commonly you +shall see the tops of long graffes die. The reason is this. The sap in +graffing receiues a rebuke, and cannot worke so strongly presently, and +your graffes receiue not sap so readily, as the naturall branches. When +your graffes are cleanely and closely put in, and your wedge puld out +nimbly, for feare of putting your graffes out of frame, take well +tempered morter, soundly wrought with chaffe or horse dung (for the dung +of cattell will grow hard, and straine your graffes) the quantity of a +Gooses egge, and diuide it iust, and therewithall, couer your stocke, +laying the one halfe on the one side and the other halfe on the other +side of your graffes (for thrusting against your graffes) you moue them, +and let both your hands thrust at once, and alike, and let your clay be +tender, to yeeld easily; and all, lest you moue your graffes. Some vse +to couer the clift of the Stocke, vnder the clay with a piece of barke +or leafe, some with a sear-cloth of waxe and butter, which as they be +not much needfull, so they hurt not, vnlesse that by being busie about +them, you moue your graffes from their places. They vse also mosse tyed +on aboue the clay with some bryer, wicker, or other bands. These profit +nothing. They all put the graffes in danger, with pulling and thrusting: +for I hold this generall rule in graffing and planting: if your stocke +and graffes take, and thriue (for some will take and not thriue, being +tainted by some meanes in the planting or graffing) they will (without +doubt) recouer their wounds safely and shortly. + +{SN: Time of graffing.} +The best time of graffing from the time of remouing your stocke is the +next Spring, for that saues a second wound, and a second repulse of sap, +if your stocke be of sufficient bignesse to take a graffe from as big as +your thumbe, to as big as an arme of a man. You may graffe lesse (which +I like) and bigger, which I like not so well. The best time of the yeere +is in the last part of _February_, or in _March_, or beginning of +_Aprill_, when the Sunne with his heat begins to make the sap stirre +more rankely, about the change of Moone before you see any great +apparancy of leafe or flowers but onely knots and buds, and before they +be proud, though it be sooner. Cheries, Peares, Apricocks, Quinces, and +Plummes would be gathered and grafted sooner. + +{SN: Gathering graffes.} +{SN: Graffes of old trees.} +The graffes may be gathered sooner in _February_, or any time within a +moneth, or two before you graffe or vpon the same day (which I commend) +If you get them any time before, for I haue knowne graffes gathered in +_December_, and doe well, take heed of drought. I haue my selfe taken a +burknot of a tree, & the same day when he was laid in the earth about +mid _February_, gathered grafts and put in him, and one of those graffes +bore the third yeere after, and the fourth plentifully. Graffes of old +trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees, for they sooner +breake and bud. If you keepe graffes in the earth, moisture with the +heat of the Sun will make them sprout as fast, as if they were growing +on the tree. And therefore seeing keeping is dangerous, the surest way +(as I iudge) is to take them within a weeke of the time of your +grafting. + +{SN: Where taken.} +The grafts would be taken not of the proudest twigs, for it may be your +stocke is not answerable in strength. And therefore say I, the grafts +brought from South to vs in the North although they take and thriue +(which is somewhat doubtfull, by reason of the difference of the Clime +and carriage) yet shall they in time fashion themselues to our cold +Northerne soile, in growth, taste &c. + +{SN: Emmits.} +Nor of the poorest, for want of strength may make them vnready to +receiue sap (and who can tell but a poore graft is tainted) nor on the +outside of your tree, for there should your tree spread but in the +middest; for there you may be sure your Tree is no whit hindered in his +growth or forme. He will stil recouer inward, more then you would wish. +If your clay clift in Summer with drought, looke well in the Chinkes for +Emmits and Earewigs, for they are cunning and close theeues about grafts +you shall finde them stirring in the morning and euening, and the rather +in the moist weather. I haue had many young buds of Graffes, euen in the +flourishing, eaten with Ants. Let this suffice for graffing, which is in +the faculty counted the chiefe secret, and because it is most vsuall it +is best knowne. + +Graffes are not to be disliked for growth, till they wither, pine, and +die. Vsually before _Midsummer_ they breake, if they liue. Some (but +few) keeping proud and greene, will not put till the second yeere, so is +it to be thought of sets. + +The first shew of putting is no sure signe of growth, it is but the sap +the graffe brought with him from his tree. + +So soone as you see the graft put for growth, take away the clay, for +then doth neither the stocke nor the graffe need it (put a little fresh +well tempered clay in the hole of the stocke) for the clay is now +tender, and rather keepes moistture then drought. + +The other waies of changing the naturall fruit of Trees, are more +curious then profitable, and therefore I mind not to bestow much labour +or time about them, onely I shall make knowne what I haue proued, and +what I doe thinke. + +{SN: Incising.} +{SN: A great stocke.} +And first of incising, which is the cutting of the backe of the boale, +a rine or branch of a tree at some bending or knee, shoulderwise with +two gashes, onely with a sharpe knife to the wood: then take a wedge, +the bignes of your graffe sharpe ended, flat on the one side, agreeing +with the tree, and round on the other side, and with that being thrust +in, raise your barke, then put in your graffe, fashioned like your wedge +iust: and lastly couer your wound, and fast it vp, and take heed of +straining. This will grow but to small purpose, for it is weake hold, +and lightly it will be vnder growth. Thus may you graft betwixt the +barke and the tree of a great stocke that will not easily be clifted: +But I haue tryed a better way for great trees, viz First, cut him off +straight, and cleanse him with your knife, then cleaue him into foure +quarters, equally with a strong cleauer: then take for euery Clift two +or three small (but hard) wedges iust of the bignesse of your grafts, +and with those Wedges driuen in with an hammer open the foure clifts so +wide (but no wider) that they may take your foure graffes, with +thrusting not with straining: and lastly couer and clay it closely, and +this is a sure and good way of grafting: or thus, clift your stocke by +his edges twice or thrice with your cleauer, and open him with your +wedge in euery clift one by one, and put in your grafts, and then couer +them. This may doe well. + +{SN: Packing thus.} +Packing on is, when you cut aslope a twig of the same bignesse with your +graft, either in or besides the knot, two inches long, and make your +graft agree iumpe with the Cyon, and gash your graft and your Cyon in +the middest of the wound, length-way, a straw breadth deepe, and thrust +the one into the other, wound to wound, sap to sap, barke to barke, then +tie them close and clay them. This may doe well. The fairest graft I +haue in my little Orchard, which I haue planted, is thus packt on, and +the branch whereon I put him, is in his plentifull roote. + +To be short in this point, cut your graft in any sort or fashion, two +inches long, and ioyne him cleanly and close to any other sprig of any +tree in the latter end of the time of grafting, when sap is somewhat +rife, and in all probability they will close and thriue: thus + +{Illustration: _The Sprig._ _The graft._ _The twig._ _The graft._} + +Or any other fashion you thinke good. + +{SN: Inoculating.} +Inoculating is an eye or bud, taken barke and all from one tree, and +placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another, cut both of one +compasse, and there bound. This must be done in Summer, when the sap is +proud. + +{SN: Graffing in the Scutchion.} +Much like vnto this is that, they call grafting in the scutchion, they +differ thus: That here you must take an eie with his leafe, or (in mine +opinion) a bud with his leaues. (Note that an eie is for a Cyon, a bud +is for flowers and fruit,) and place them on another tree, in a plaine +(for so they teach) the place or barke where you must set it, must be +thus cut with a sharpe knife, and the barke raised with a wedge, and +then the eie or budde put in and so bound vp. {TN: a diagram of an H} I +cannot denie but such may grow. And your bud if he take will flowre and +beare fruit that yeere: as some grafts & sets also, being set for +bloomes. If these two kinds thriue, they reforme but a spray, and an +vndergrowth. Thus you may place Roses on Thornes, and Cherries on +Apples, and such like. Many write much more of grafting, but to small +purpose. Whom we leaue to themselues, & their followers; & ending this +secret we come in the next Chapter to a point of knowledge most +requisite in an Arborist, as well for all other woods as for an Orchard. + + + + +CHAP. 11. + +_Of the right dressing of Trees._ + + +{SN: Necessity of dressing trees.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +If all these things aforesaid were indeed performed, as we haue shewed +them in words, you should haue a perfect Orchard in nature and +substance, begunne to your hand; And yet are all these things nothing, +if you want that skill to keepe and dresse your trees. Such is the +condition of all earthly things, whereby a man receiueth profit or +pleasure, that they degenerate presently without good ordering. Man +himselfe left to himselfe, growes from his heauenly and spirituall +generation, and becommeth beastly, yea deuillish to his owne kind, +vnlesse he be regenerate No maruell then, if Trees make their shootes, +and put their spraies disorderly. And truly (if I were worthy to iudge) +there is not a mischiefe that breedeth greater and more generall harme +to all the Orchard (especially if they be of any continuance) that euer +I saw, (I will not except three) then the want of the skilfull dressing +of trees. It is a common and vnskilfull opinion, and saying. Let all +grow, and they will beare more fruit: and if you lop away superfluous +boughes, they say, what a pitty is this? How many apples would these +haue borne? not considering there may arise hurt to your Orchard, as +well (nay rather) by abundance, as by want of wood. Sound and thriuing +plants in a good soile, will euer yeeld too much wood, and disorderly, +but neuer too little. So that a skilfull and painfull Arborist, need +neuer want matter to effect a plentifull and well drest Orchard: for it +is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes (if your Gardner +haue skill to know them) whereof your plants will yeeld abundance, and +skill will leaue sufficient well ordered. All ages both by rule and +experience doe consent to a pruining and lopping of trees: yet haue not +any that I know described vnto vs (except in darke and generall words) +what or which are those superfluous boughes, which we must take away, +and that is the chiefe and most needfull point to be knowne in lopping. +And we may well assure our selues, (as in all other Arts, so in this) +there is a vantage and dexterity, by skill, and an habite by practise +out of experience, in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind; +yet doe I not know (let me speake it with the patience of our cunning +Arborists) any thing within the compasse of humane affaires so +necessary, and so little regarded, not onely in Orchards, but also in +all other timber trees, where or whatsoeuer. + +{SN: Timber wood euill drest.} +{SN: The cause of hurts in woods.} +{SN: Dresse timber trees how.} +How many forrests and woods? wherein you shall haue for one liuely +thriuing tree, foure (nay sometimes 24.) euill thriuing, rotten and +dying trees, euen while they liue. And instead of trees thousands of +bushes and shrubs. What rottennesse? what hollownesse? what dead armes? +withered tops? curtailed trunkes? what loads of mosses? drouping +boughes? and dying branches shall you see euery where? And those that +like in this sort are in a manner all vnprofitable boughes, canked +armes, crooked, little and short boales: what an infinite number of +bushes, shrubs, and skrogs of hazels, thornes, and other profitable +wood, which might be brought by dressing to become great and goodly +trees. Consider now the cause: The lesser wood hath beene spoiled with +carelesse, vnskilfull, and vntimely stowing, and much also of the great +wood. The greater trees at the first rising haue filled and ouer-loaden +themselues with a number of wastfull boughes and suckers, which haue not +onely drawne the sap from the boale, but also haue made it knotty, and +themselues and the boale mossie for want of dressing, whereas if in the +prime of growth they had bene taken away close, all but one top +(according to this patterne) and cleane by the bulke, the strength of +all the sap should haue gone to the bulke, and so he would haue +recouered and couered his knots, and haue put forth a faire, long and +streight body (as you see) for timber profitable, huge great of bulke, +and of infinite last. + +{Illustration: _Imagine the roote to be spread farre wider._} + +If all timber trees were such (will some say) how should we haue crooked +wood for wheeles, courbs, &c. + +_Answ._ Dresse all you can, and there will be enough crooked for those +vses. + +More than this, in most places, they grow so thicke, that neither +themselues, nor earth, nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue, nor +Sunne, nor raine, nor aire can doe them, nor any thing neere or vnder +them any profit or comfort. + +I see a number of Hags, where out of one roote you shall see three or +foure (nay more, such as mens vnskilfull greedinesse, who desiring many +haue none good) pretty Okes or Ashes straight and tall, because the root +at the first shoote giues sap amaine: but if one onely of them might bee +suffered to grow, and that well and cleanely pruned, all to his very +top, what a tree should we haue in time? And we see by those rootes +continually and plentifully springing, notwithstanding so deadly +wounded. What a commodity should arise to the owner, and the +Common-wealth, if wood were cherished, and orderly dressed. + +{SN: Profit of trees dressed.} +{SN: The end of Trees.} +The wast boughes closely and skilfully taken away, would giue vs store +of fences and fewell, and the bulke of the tree in time would grow of +huge length and bignes. But here (me thinkes) I heare an vnskilfull +Arborist say, that trees haue their seuerall formes, euen by nature, +the Peare, the Holly, the Aspe, &c. grow long in bulke with few and +little armes, the Oke by nature broad, and such like. All this I graunt: +but grant me also, that there is a profitable end, and vse of euery +tree, from which if it decline (though by nature) yet man by art may +(nay must) correct it. Now other end of trees I neuer could learne, than +good timber, fruit much and good, and pleasure. Vses physicall hinder +nothing a good forme. + +{SN: Trees will take any forme.} +Neither let any man euer so much as thinke, that it vnprobable, much +lesse vnpossible, to reforme any tree of what kind soeuer. For (beleeue +me) I haue tried it, I can bring any tree (beginning by time) to any +forme. The peare and holly may be made to spread, and the Oke to close. + +{SN: The end of Trees.} +But why do I wander out of the compasse of mine Orchard, into the +Forrests and Woods? Neither yet am I from my purpose, if boales of +timber trees stand in need of all the sap, to make them great and +straight (for strong growth and dressing makes strong trees) then it +must needes be profitable for fruit (a thing more immediately seruing a +mans need) to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld: for as timber sound, +great and long, is _the good of timber trees_, and therefore they beare +no fruite of worth: so fruit, good, sound, pleasant, great and much, is +the end of fruit-trees. That gardner therefore shall performe his duty +skilfully and faithfully, which shall so dresse his trees, that they may +beare such and such store of fruit, which he shall neuer do (dare +vndertake) vnlesse he keepe this order in dressing his trees. + +{SN: How to dresse a fruit-tree.} +A fruit tree so standing, that there need none other end of dressing but +fruit (not ornaments for walkes, nor delight to such as would please +their eye onely, and yet the best forme can not but both adorne and +delight) must be parted from within two foote, or thereabouts, of the +earth, so high to giue liberty to dresse his roote, and no higher, for +drinking vp the sap that should feede his fruit, for the boale will be +first, and best serued and fed, because he is next the roote, and of +grenest waxe and substance, and that makes him longest of life, into +two, three, or foure armes, as your stocke or graffes yeelde twigs, and +euery arme into two or more branches, and euery branch into his seuerall +Cyons, still spreading by equall degrees, so that his lowest spray be +hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his highest be not past two +yards higher, rarely (especially in the middest) that no one twig touch +his fellow. Let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough +or lop equally. And when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower, than +his fellowes (as they will with weight of fruite) ease him the next +spring of his superfluous twigs, and he will rise: when any bough or +spray shall amount aboue the rest; either snub his top with a nip +betwixt your finger and your thumbe, or with a sharpe knife, and take +him cleane away, and so you may vse any Cyon you would reforme, and as +your tree shall grow in stature and strength, so let him rise with his +tops, but slowly, and earely, especially in the middest, and equally, +and in bredth also, and follow him vpward with lopping his vndergrowth +and water boughes, keeping the same distance of two yards, but not aboue +three in any wise, betwixt the lowest and the highest twigs. + +{SN: Benefits of good dressing.} +1. Thus you shall haue well liking, cleane skind, healthfull great, and +long-lasting trees. + +2. Thus shall your tree grow low, and safe from winds, for his top will +be great, broad and weighty. + +3. Thus growing broad, shall your trees beare much fruit (I dare say) +one as much as sixe of your common trees, and good without shadowing, +dropping and fretting: for his boughes, branches, and twigs shalbe many, +and those are they (not the boale) which beare the fruit. + +4. Thus shall your boale being little (not small but low) by reason of +his shortnesse, take little, and yeeld much sap to the fruit. + +5. Thus your trees by reason of strength in time of setting shall put +forth more blossomes, and more fruite, being free from taints; for +strength is a great helpe to bring forth much and safely, whereas +weakenesse failes in setting though the season be calme. + +Some vse to bare trees rootes in Winter, to stay the setting til hotter +seasons, which I discommend, because, + +1. They hurt the rootes. + +2. It stayes it nothing at all. + +3. Though it did, being small, with vs in the North, they haue their +part of our _Aprill_ and _Mayes_ frosts. + +4. Hinderance cannot profit weake trees in setting. + +5. They wast much labour. + +6. Thus shall your tree be easie to dresse, and without danger, either +to the tree or the dresser. + +7. Thus may you safely and easily gather your fruite without falling, +bruising or breaking of Cyons. + +This is the best forme of a fruit tree, which I haue here onely shadowed +out for the better capacity of them that are led more with the eye, than +the mind, crauing pardon for the deformity, because I am nothing +skilfull either in painting or caruing. + +Imagine that the paper makes but one side of the tree to appeare, the +whole round compasse will giue leaue for many more armes, boughes, +branches, and Cyons. + +{Illustration: _The perfect forme of a Fruit-tree._} + +If any thinke a tree cannot well be brought to this forme: _Experto +crede Roberto_, I can shew diuers of them vnder twenty yeeres of age. + +{SN: Time best for proining.} +The fittest time of the Moone for proyning is as of grafting, when the +sap is ready to stirre (not proudly stirring) and so to couer the wound, +and of the yeere, a moneth before (or at least when) you graffe. Dresse +Peares, Apricocks, Peaches, Cherries, and Bullys sooner. And old trees +before young plants, you may dresse at any time betwixt Leafe and Leafe. +And note, where you take any thing away, the sap the next Summer will be +putting: be sure therefore when he puts a bud in any place where you +would not haue him, rub it off with your finger. + +{SN: Dressing betime.} +And here you must remember the common homely Prouerbe: + + _Soone crookes the Tree, + That good Camrell must be._ + +{SN: Faults of euill drest trees, and the remedy.} +Beginne betime with trees, and do what you list: but if you let them +grow great and stubborne, you must do as the trees list. They will not +bend but breake, nor bee wound without danger. A small branch will +become a bough, and a bough an arme in bignesse. Then if you cut him, +his wound will fester, and hardly, without good skill, recouer: +therefore, _Obsta principys_. Of such wounds, and lesser, of any bough +cut off a handfull or more from the body, comes hollownesse, and +vntimely death. And therefore when you cut, strik close, and cleane, and +vpward, and leaue no bunch. + +{SN: The forme altered.} +This forme in some cases sometimes may be altered: If your tree, or +trees, stand neere your Walkes, if it please your fancy more, let him +not breake, till his boale be aboue you head: so may you walke vnder +your trees at your pleasure. Or if you set your fruit-trees for your +shades in your Groues, then I expect not the forme of the tree, but the +comelinesse of the walke. + +{SN: Dressing of old trees.} +All this hitherto spoken of dressing, must be vnderstood of young +plants, to be formed: it is meete somewhat be sayd for the instruction +of them that haue olde trees already formed, or rather deformed: for, +_Malum non vitatur nisi cognitum_. The faults therefore of the +disordered tree, I find to be fiue: + +{SN: Faults are fiue, and their remedies.} + 1. An vnprofitable boale. + 2. Water-boughes. + 3. Fretters. + 4. Suckers: And, + 5. One principall top. + +{SN: 1. Long boale.} +{SN: No remedy.} +A long boale asketh much feeding, and the more he hath the more he +desires, and gets (as a drunken man drinke, or a couetuous man wealth) +and the lesse remaines for the fruit, he puts his boughes into the aire, +and makes them, the fruit, and it selfe more dangered with windes: for +this I know no remedy, after that the tree is come to growth, once +euill, neuer good. + +{SN: 2. Water boughs.} +Water boughes, or vndergrowth, are such boughes as grow low vnder others +and are by them ouergrowne, ouershadowed, dropped on, and pinde for want +of plenty of sap, and by that meanes in time die: For the sap presseth +vpward; and it is like water in her course, where it findeth most issue, +thither it floweth, leauing the other lesser floes dry: euen as wealth +to wealth, and much to more. These so long as they beare, they beare +lesse, worse, and fewer fruit, and waterish. + +{SN: Remedy.} +{SN: Barke-pild, and the remedy.} +The remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme. Lop +them close and cleane, and couer the midel of the wound, the next Summer +when he is dry, with a salue made of tallow, tarre, and a very little +pitch, good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree: vnlesse +it be barke-pild, and then sear-cloath of fresh Butter, Hony, and Waxe, +presently (while the wound is greene) applyed, is a soueraigne remedy in +Summer especially. Some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of Hay, +moist, and rub it with dung. + +{SN: Fretters.} +{SN: Touching.} +{SN: Remedy.} +Fretters are, when as by the negligence of the Gardner, two or moe parts +of the tree, or of diuers trees, as armes, boughes, branches, or twigs, +grow to neere and close together, that one of them by rubbing, doth +wound another. This fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care +(at least) in the Arborist: for here the hurt is apparant, and the +remedy easie, seene to betime: galls and wounds incurable, but by +taking away those members: for let them grow, and they will be worse and +worse, & so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth, and danger +the whole tree. Auoide them betime therefore, as a common wealth doth +bosome enemies. + +{SN: Suckers.} +A Sucker is a long, proud, and disorderly Cyon, growing straight vp (for +pride of sap makes proud, long, and straight growth) cut of any lower +parts of the tree, receiuing a great part of the sap, and bearing no +fruit, till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree. These are like idle +and great Drones amongst Bees; and proud and idle members in a common +wealth. + +{SN: Remedy.} +The remedy of this is, as of water-boughes, vnlesse he be growne greater +then all the rest of the boughs, and then your Gardner (at your +discretion) may leaue him for his boale, and take away all, or the most +of the rest. If he be little, slip him, and set him, perhaps he will +take: my fairest Apple-tree was such a Slip. + +{SN: One principall top or bough, and remedy.} +One or two principall top boughes are as euill, in a manner, as Suckers, +they rise of the same cause, and receiue the same remedy; yet these are +more tolerable, because these beare fruit, yea the best: but Suckers of +long doe not beare. + +{SN: Instruments for dressing.} +I know not how your tree should be faulty, if you reforme all your vices +timely, and orderly. As these rules serue for dressing young trees and +sets in the first planting: so may they well serue to helpe old trees, +though not exactly to recouer them. + +The Instruments fittest for all these purposes, are most commonly: For +the great trees an handsome long, light Ladder of Firpoles, a little, +nimble, and strong armed Saw, and sharpe. For lesse Trees, a little and +sharpe Hatchet, a broad mouthed Chesell, strong and sharpe, with an +hand-beetle, your strong and sharpe Cleeuer, with a knock, & (which is a +most necessary Instrument amongst little trees) a great hafted and +sharpe Knife or Whittle. And as needfull is a Stoole on the top of a +Ladder of eight or moe rungs, with two backe-feet, whereon you may +safely and easefully stand to graffe, to dresse, and to gather fruit +thus formed: The feet may be fast wedged in: but the Ladder must hang +loose with two bands of iron. And thus much of dressing trees for fruit, +formerly to profit. + +{Illustration} + + + + +CHAP. 12. + +_Of Foyling._ + + +{SN: Necessity of foiling.} +There is one thing yet very necessary for make your Orchard both better, +and more lasting: Yea, so necessary, that without it your Orchard cannot +last, nor prosper long, which is neglected generally both in precepts +and in practice, viz. manuring with Foile: whereby it hapneth that when +trees (amongst other euils) through want of fatnesse to feed them, +become mossie, and in their growth are euill (or not) thriuing, it is +either attributed to some wrong cause, as age (when indeed they are but +young) or euill standing (stand they neuer so well) or such like, or +else the cause is altogether vnknowne, and so not amended. + +{SN: Trees great suckers.} +{SN: Great bodies.} +Can there be deuised any way by nature, or art, sooner or soundlier to +seeke out, and take away the heart and strength of earth, then by great +trees? Such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap. +What liuing body haue you greater then of trees? The great Sea monsters +(whereof one came a land at _Teesmouth_ in _Yorkeshire_, hard by vs, 18. +yards in length, and neere as much in compasse) seeme hideous, huge, +strange and monstrous, because they be indeed great: but especially +because they are seldome seene: But a tree liuing, come to his growth +and age, twice that length, and of a bulke neuer so great, besides his +other parts, is not admired, because he is so commonly seene. And I +doubt not, but if he were well regarded from his kirnell, by succeeding +ages, to his full strength, the most of them would double their measure. +About fifty yeeres agoe I heard by credible and constant report, That in +_Brooham_ Parke in _West more-land_, neere vnto _Penrith_, there lay a +blowne Oake, whose trunke was so bigge, that two Horse men being the one +on the one side, and the other on the other side, they could not one see +another: to which if you adde his armes, boughs, and roots, and consider +of his bignesse, what would he haue been, if preserued to the vantage. +Also I read in the History of the _West-Indians_, out of _Peter Martyr_, +that sixteene men taking hands one with another, were not able to +fathome one of those trees about. Now Nature hauing giuen to such a +faculty by large and infinite roots, taws and tangles, to draw +immediately his sustenance from our common mother the Earth (which is +like in this point to all other mothers that beare) hath also ordained +that the tree ouer loden with fruit, and wanting sap to feed all she +hath brought forth, will waine all she cannot feed, like a woman +bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats. See you not how +trees especially, by kind being great, standing so thicke and close, +that they cannot get plenty of sap, pine away all the grasse, weeds, +lesser shrubs, and trees, yea and themselues also for want of vigor of +sap? So that trees growing large, sucking the soile whereon they stand, +continually, and amaine, and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them +decaying (for what is there that wastes continually, that +shall not haue end?) must either haue supply of sucker, or else leaue +thriuing and growing. Some grounds will beare Corne while they be new, +and no longer, because their crust is shallow, and not very good, and +lying they scind and wash, and become barren. The ordinary Corne soiles +continue not fertile, with fallowing and foyling, and the best requires +supply, euen for the little body of Corne. How then can we thinke that +any ground (how good soeuer) can containe bodies of such greatnesse, and +such great feeding, without great plenty of Sap arising from good earth? +This is one of the chiefe causes, why so many of our Orchards in +_England_ are so euill thriuing when they come to growth, and our fruit +so bad. Men are loth to bestow much ground, and desire much fruit, and +will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse, nor yet feed them +with manure. Therefore of necessity Orchards must be foiled. + +{SN: Time fit for foyling.} +{SN: Kind of foyle.} +The fittest time is, when your trees are growne great, and haue neere +hand spread your earth, wanting new earth to sustaine them, which if +they doe, they will seeke abroad for better earth, and shun that, which +is barren (if they find better) as cattell euill pasturing. For nature +hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good, and to +auoid hurt. The best time of the yeere is at the Fall, that the Frost +may bite and make it tender, and the Raine wash it to the roots. The +Summer time is perillous if ye digge, because the sap fills amaine. The +best kind of Foile is such as is fat, hot, and tender. Your earth must +be but lightly opened, that the dung may goe in, and wash away; and but +shallow, lest you hurt the roots: and the spring closely and equally +made plaine againe for feare of Suckers. I could wish, that after my +trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine Orchard, that euery seuen +yeeres at least, the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke +at least. Puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully, will +not onely moisten but fatten especially in _Iune_ and _Iuly_. If it be +thicke and fat, and applied euery yeere, your Orchard shall need none +other foiling. Your ground may lye so low at the Riuer side, that the +floud standing some daies and nights thereon, shall saue you all this +labour of foiling. + + + + +CHAP. 13. + +_Of Annoyances._ + + +A Chiefe helpe to make euery thing good, is to auoid the euils thereof: +you shall neuer attaine to that good of your Orchard you looke for, +vnlesse you haue a Gardner, that can discerne the diseases of your +trees, and other annoyances of your Orchard, and find out the causes +thereof, and know & apply fit remedies for the same. For be your ground, +site, plants, and trees as you would wish, if they be wasted with +hurtfull things, what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell? +It is with an Orchard and euery tree, as with mans body, The best part +of physicke for preseruation of health, is to foresee and cure diseases. + +{SN: Two kinds of euils in an Orchard.} +All the diseases of an Orchard are of two sorts, either internall or +externall. I call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular +trees. + + 1 Galles. + 2 Canker. + 3 Mosse. + 4 Weaknes in setting. + 5 Barke bound. + 6 Barke pild. + 7 Worme. + 8 Deadly wounds. + +{SN: Galls.} +Galles, Canker, Mosse, weaknes, though they be diuers diseases: yet +(howsoeuer Authors thinke otherwise) they rise all out of the same +cause. + +Galles we haue described with their cause and remedy, in the 11. Chapter +vnder the name of fretters. + +{SN: Canker.} +Canker is the consumption of any part of the tree, barke and wood, which +also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes. + +{SN: Mosse.} +Mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all, the cause is pointed out in +the same Chapter, in the discourse of timber-wood, and partly also the +remedy: but for Mosse adde this, that at any time in summer (the Spring +is best) When the cause is remoued, with an Harecloth, immediatly after +a showre of raine, rub off your Mosse, or with a peece of weed (if the +Mosse abound) formed like a great knife. + +{SN: Weaknesse in setting.} +Weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the +same Chapter, and his remedy. All these flow from the want of roomth in +good soile, wrong planting, Chap. 7. and euill or no dressing. + +{SN: Barke-bound.} +Bark-bound (as I thinke) riseth of the same cause, and the best, & +present remedy (the causes being taken away) is with your sharpe knife +in the Spring, length-way to launch his bark throughout, on 3. or 4. +sides of his boale. + +{SN: Worme.} +{SN: Remedy.} +The disease called the Worme is thus discernd: The barke will be hoald +in diuers places like gall, the wood will die & dry, and you shall see +easily the barke swell. It is verily to be thought, that therin is bred +some worm I haue not yet thorowly sought it out, because I was neuer +troubled therewithall: but onely haue seene such trees in diuers +places. I thinke it a worme rather, because I see this disease in trees, +bringing fruit of sweet taste, and the swelling shewes as much. The +remedy (as I coniecture) is so soone as you perceiue the wound, the next +Spring cut it out barke and all, and apply Cowes pisse and vineger +presently, and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space: For I +well perceiue, if you suffer it any time, it eates the tree or bough +round, and so kils. + +Since I first wrote this Treatise, I haue changed my mind concerning the +disease called the worme, because I read in the History of the +_West-Indians_, that their trees are not troubled with the disease +called the worme or canker, which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted +humor or sap, Witnesse _Pliny_, by reason their Country is more hot then +ours, whereof I thinke the best remedy is (not disallowing the former, +considering that the worme may breed by such an humor) warme standing, +sound lopping and good dressing. + +{SN: Barke pild.} +Bark-pild you shall find with his remedy in the 11. Chapter. + +{SN: Wounds.} +Deadly wounds are when a mans Arborist wanting skill, cut off armes, +boughes or branches an inch, or (as I see sometimes) an handfull, or +halfe a foot or more from the body: These so cut cannot couer in any +time with sap, and therefore they die, and dying they perish the heart, +and so the tree becomes hollow, and with such a deadly wound cannot liue +long. + +{SN: Remedy.} +The remedy is, if you find him before he be perished, cut him close, as +in the 11. Chapter: if he be hoald, cut him close, fill his wound, tho +neuer so deepe, with morter well tempered & so close at the top his +wound with a Seare-cloth doubled and nailed on, that no aire nor raine +approach his wound. If he be not very old, and detaining, he will +recouer, and the hole being closed, his wound within shall not hurt him +for many yeeres. + +{SN: Hurts on trees.} +{SN: Ants, Earewigs, Caterpillars, and such like wormes.} +Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants, Earewigs, and Caterpillars. Of +Ants and Earewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there be no swarme of Pismires +neere your tree-root, no not in your Orchard, turne them ouer in a +frost, and powre in water, and you kill them. + +For Caterpillars, the vigilant Fruterer shall soone espy their lodging +by their web, or the decay of leaues eaten around about them. And being +seene, they are easily destroyed with your hand, or rather (if your tree +may spare it) take sprig and all: for the red peckled butterfly doth +euer put them, being her sparm, among the tender spraies for better +feeding, especially in drought, and tread them vnder your feet. I like +nothing of smoke among my trees. Vnnaturall heates are nothing good for +naturall trees. This for diseases of particular trees. + +{SN: Externall euils.} +Externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall. Naturall +things, externally hurting Orchards. + + 1 Beasts. 1 Deere. 2 Birds. 1 Bulfinch. + 2 Goates. 2 Thrush. + 3 Sheepe. 3 Blackbird. + 4 Hare. 4 Crow. + 5 Cony. 5 Pye. + 6 Cattell. + 7 Horse. &c. + + _The other things are_, + 1 Winds. + 2 Cold. + 3 Trees. + 4 Weeds. + 5 Wormes. + 6 Mowles. + 7 Filth. + 8 Poysonfull smoke. + + _Externall wilfull euils are these._ + 1 Walls. + 2 Trenches. + 3 Other works noisome done in or neere your Orchard. + 4 Euill Neighbours. + 5 A carelesse Master. + 6 An vndiscreet, negligent or no keeper. + +See you here an whole Army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the +most fruitfull trees the earth beares? assailing your good labours. Good +things haue most enemies. + +{SN: Remedy.} +A skilfull Fructerer must put so his helping hand, and disband and put +them to flight. + +{SN: Deere, &c.} +For the first ranke of beasts, besides your out strong fence, you must +haue a faire and swift Greyhound, a stone-bow, gun, and if need require, +an Apple with an hooke for a Deere, and an Hare-pipe for an Hare. + +{SN: Birds.} +Your Cherries and other Berris when they be ripe, will draw all the +Black-birds, Thrushes, and Maw Pies to your Orchard. The Bul-finch is a +deuourer of your Fruit in the bud, I haue had whole trees shald out with +them in Winter-time. + +{SN: Remedy.} +The best remedy here is a Stone bow, a Piece, especially if you haue a +Musket or Spar-hawke in Winter to make the Black bird stoope into a bush +or hedge. + +{SN: Other trees.} +The Gardner must cleanse his soile of all other trees: but fruit-trees +aforesaid Chapter 2 for which it is ordained, and I would especially +name Oakes, Elmes, Ashes, and such other great wood, but that I doubt it +should be taken as an admission of lesser trees: for I admit of nothing +to grow in mine Orchard but fruit and flowers. If sap can hardly be good +to feed our fruit-trees, why should we allow of any other, especially +those, that will becom their Masters, & wrong them in their liuelyhood. + +{SN: Winds.} +{SN: Frosts.} +And although we admit without the fence of Wall-nuts in most plaine +places, Trees middle-most, and ashes or Okes, or Elmes vtmost, set in +comely rowes equally distant with faire Allies twixt row and row to +auoide the boisterous blasts of winds, and within them also others for +Bees; yet wee admit none of these into your Orchard-plat: other remedy +then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts. + +{SN: Weeds.} +Weeds in a fertile soile (because the generall curse is so) till your +Trees grow great, will be noysome, and deforme your allies, walkes, +beds, and squares, your vnder Gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly +& handsome from them and all other filth with a Spade, weeding kniues, +rake with iron teeth: a skrapple of Iron thus formed. + +IC + +For Nettles and ground-Iuy after a showre. + +{SN: Remedy.} +When weeds, straw, stickes and all other scrapings are gathered +together, burne them not, but bury them vnder your crust in any place of +your Orchard, and they will dye and fatten your ground. + +{SN: Wormes. Moales.} +Wormes and Moales open the earth, and let in aire to the roots of your +trees, and deforme your squares and walkes, and feeding in the earth, +being in number infinite, draw on barrennesse. + +{SN: Remedy.} +Worms may be easily destroyed. Any Summer euening when it is darke, +after a showre with a candle, you may fill bushels, but you must tred +nimbly & where you cannot come to catch them so; sift the earth with +coale ashes an inch or two thicknes, and that is a plague to them, so is +sharpe grauell. + +Moales will anger you, if your Gardner or some skilful Moale-catcher +ease you not, especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of +your trees: you must watch her wel with a Moal spare, at morne, noon, +and night, when you see her vtmost hill, cast a Trench betwixt her and +her home (for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and breed in about +_Aprill_, which you may discerne by a principall hill, wherein you may +catch her, if you trench it round and sure, and watch well) or +wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage (for such she hath) there +trench, and watch, and haue her. + +{SN: Wilfull annoyances.} +Wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the +Master and Fruterer, which they beare to their Orchard. + +{SN: Remedy.} +Iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill +neighbour-hood. And then if (God blesse and giue successe to your +labours) I see not what hurt your Orchard can sustaine. + + + + +CHAP. 14. + +_Of the age of Trees._ + + +{SN: The age of trees.} +It is to be considered: All this Treatise of trees tends to this end, +that men may loue and plant Orchards, whereunto there cannot be a better +inducement then that they know (or at least be perswaded) that all that +benefit they shall reape thereby, whether of pleasure or profit, shall +not be for a day or a moneth, or one, or many (but many hundreth) +yeeres. Of good things the greatest, and most durable is alwaies the +best. If therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience, it be made +(I thinke) manifest, but I am sure probable, that a fruit tree in such a +soile and site, as is described so planted and trimmed and kept, as is +afore appointed and duely foiled, shall dure 1000 yeeres, why should we +not take paines, and be at two or three yeeres charges (for vnder seuen +yeeres will an Orchard be perfected for the first planting, and in that +time be brought to fruit) to reape such a commodity and so long lasting. + +{SN: Gathered by reason out of experience.} +Let no man thinke this to be strange, but peruse and consider the +reason. I haue Apple trees standing in my little Orchard, which I haue +knowne these forty yeeres, whose age before my time I cannot learne, it +is beyond memory, tho I haue enquired of diuers aged men of 80. yeeres +and vpwards: these trees although come into my possession very euill +ordered, mishapen, and one of them wounded to his heart, and that deadly +(for I know it will be his death) with a wound, wherein I might haue put +my foot in the heart of his bulke (now it is lesse) notwithstanding, +with that small regard they haue had since, they so like, that I assure +my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then 2. parts of 3. +which I discerne not onely by their owne growth, but also by comparing +them with the bulke of other trees. And I find them short (at least) by +so many parts in bignesse, although I know those other fruit-trees to +haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding. Herehence I +gather thus. + +{SN: Parts of a trees age.} +If my trees be a hundred yeeres old, and yet want two hundred of their +growth before they leaue encreasing, which make three hundred, then we +must needs resolue, that this three hundred yeere are but the third part +of a Trees life, because (as all things liuing besides) so trees must +haue allowed them for their increase one third, another third for their +stand, and a third part of time also for their decay. All which time of +a Tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres, three hundred for increase, three +hundred for his stand, whereof we haue the terme stature, and three +hundred for his decay, and yet I thinke (for we must coniecture by +comparing, because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees) I am +within the compasse of his age, supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of +preseruing his life. Consider the age of other liuing creatures. The +Horse and moiled Oxe wrought to an vntimely death, yet double the time +of their increase. A Dog likewise increaseth three, stanns three at +least, end in as many (or rather moe) decayes. + +{SN: Mans age.} +Euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth, and +so must it needs be with trees. A man comes not to his full growth and +strength (by common estimation) before thirty yeeres, and some slender +and cleane bodies, not till forty, so long also stands his strength, & +so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay. Euer +supposing that he be well kept with necessaries, and from and without +straines, bruises, and all other dominyring diseases. I will not say +vpon true report, that Physicke holds it possible, that a cleane body +kept by these 3. Doctors, _Doctor Dyet_, _Doctor Quiet_, and _Doctor +Merriman_, may liue neere a hundred yeeres. Neither will I here vrge the +long yeeres of _Methushalah_, and those men of that time, because you +will say, Mans dayes are shortned since the floud. But what hath +shortned them? God for mans sinnes: but by meanes, as want of knowledge, +euill gouernment, ryot, gluttony, drunkenesse, and (to be short) the +encrease of the curse, our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age. + +Now if a man, whose body is nothing (in a manner) but tender +rottennesse, whose course of life cannot by any meanes, by counsell, +restraint of Lawes, or punishment, nor hope of praise, profet, or +eturnall glory, be kept within any bounds, who is degenerate cleane from +his naturall feeding, to effeminate nicenesse, and cloying his body with +excesse of meate, drinke, sleepe &c. and to whom nothing is so pleasant +and so much desired as the causes of his owne death, as idlenesse, lust, +&c. may liue to that age: I see not but a tree of a solide substance, +not damnified by heate or cold, capable of, and subiect to any kinde of +ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him, feeding naturally, +as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities, eased of, and of +his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him, should double +the life of a man, more then twice told; and yet naturall phylosophy, +and the vniuersall consent of all Histories tell vs, that many other +liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres: As the Hart +and the Rauen. Thus reporteth that famous _Roterodam_ out of _Hesiodus_, +and many other Historiographers. The testimony of _Cicero_ in his booke +_De Senectute_, is weighty to this purpose: that we must _in posteras +ætates ferere arbores_, which can haue none other fence: but that our +fruit-trees whereof he speakes, can endure for many ages. + +What else are trees in comparison with the earth: but as haires to the +body of a man? And it is certaine, without poisoning, euill and +distemperate dyet, and vsage, or other such forcible cause, the haires +dure with the body. That they be called excrements, it is by reason of +their superfluous growth: (for cut them as often as you list, and they +will still come to their naturall length) Not in respect of their +substance, and nature. Haires endure long, and are an ornament and vse +also to the body, as trees to the earth. + +So that I resolue vpon good reason, that fruit-trees well ordered, may +liue and like a thousand yeeres, and beare fruit, and the longer, the +more, the greater, and the better, because his vigour is proud and +stronger, when his yeeres are many: You shall see old trees put their +buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young trees by +much. And I sensibly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their +fruit, as they grow greater, both for number and greatnesse. +Young Heifers bring not forth the Calues so faire, neither are they so +plentifull to milke, as when they become to be old Kine. No good +Houswife will breed of a young but of an old bird-mother: It is so in +all things naturally, therefore in trees. + +{SN: The age of timber trees.} +And if fruit-trees last to this age, how many ages is it to be supposed, +strong and huge timber-trees will last? whose huge bodies require the +yeeres of diuers _Methushalaes_, before they end their dayes, whose sap +is strong and bitter, whose barke is hard and thicke, and their +substance solid and stiffe: all which are defences of health and long +life. Their strength withstands all forcible winds, their sap of that +quality is not subiect to wormes and tainting. Their barke receiues +seldome or neuer by casualty any wound. And not onely so, but he is free +from remoualls, which are the death of millions of trees, where as the +fruit-tree in comparison is little, and often blowne downe, his sap +sweet, easily and soone tainted, his barke tender, and soone wounded, +and himselfe vsed by man, as man vseth himselfe, that is either +vnskilfully or carelessely. + +{SN: Age of trees discerned.} +It is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees, +which you may easily know, till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres, +by his knots: Reckon from his root vp an arme and so to hys top-twig, +and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot, except +lopping or remouing doe hinder. + + + + +CHAP. 15. + +_Of gathering and keeping Fruit._ + + +{SN: Generall Rule.} +{SN: Cherries, &c.} +Although it be an easie matter, when God shall send it, to gather and +keepe fruit, yet are they certaine things worthy your regard. You must +gather your fruit when it is ripe, and not before, else will it wither +and be tough and sowre. All fruit generally are ripe, when they beginne +to fall. For Trees doe as all other bearers doe, when their yong ones +are ripe, they will waine them. The Doue her Pigeons, the Cony her +Rabbets, and women their children. Some fruit tree sometimes getting a +taint in the setting with a frost or euill wind, will cast his fruit +vntimely, but not before he leaue giuing them sap, or they leaue +growing. Except from this foresaid rule, Cherries, Damsons and Bullies. +The Cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red, and sweet: Damsons and +Bulies not before the first frost. + +{SN: Apples.} +Apples are knowne to be ripe, partly by their colour, growing towards a +yellow, except the Leather-coat and some Peares and Greening. + +{SN: When.} +Timely Summer fruit will be ready, some at Midsummer, most at Lammus for +present vse; but generally noe keeping fruit before _Michal-tide_. Hard +Winter fruit and Wardens longer. + +{SN: Dry stalkes.} +Gather at the full of the Moone for keeping, gather dry for feare of +rotting. + +Gather the stalkes with all: for a little wound in fruit, is deadly: but +not the stumpe, that must beare the next fruit, nor leaues, for moisture +putrifies. + +{SN: Seuerally.} +Gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe, for all will not keepe alike, +and it is hard to discerne them, when they are mingled. + +{SN: Ouerladen trees.} +If your trees be ouer-laden (as they will be, being ordered, as is +before taught you) I like better of pulling some off (tho they be not +ripe) neere the top end of the bough, then of propping by much, the rest +shall be better fed. Propping puts the bough in danger, and frets it at +least. + +{SN: Instruments.} +{SN: Bruises.} +Instruments: A long ladder of light Firre: A stoole-ladder as in the 11. +Chapter. A gathering apron like a poake before you, made of purpose, or +a Wallet hung on a bough, or a basket with a siue bottome, or skinne +bottome, with Lathes or splinters vnder, hung in a rope to pull vp and +downe: bruise none, euery bruise is to fruit death: if you doe, vse them +presently. An hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary, breake no +boughes. + +{SN: Keeping.} +For keeping, lay them in a dry Loft, the longest keeping Apples first +and furthest on dry straw, on heapes ten or fourteene dayes, thicke, +that they may sweat. Then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth, and lay +them thinne abroad. Long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth +softly: but not in nor immediately after frost. In a loft couer well +with straw, but rather with chaffe or branne: For frost doth cause +tender rottennesse. + + + + +CHAP. 16. + +_Of Profits._ + + +Now pause with your selfe, and view the end of all your labours in an +Orchard: vnspeakable pleasure, and infinite commodity. The pleasure of +an Orchard I referre to the last Chapter for the conclusion: and in this +Chapter, a word or two of the profit, which thorowly to declare is past +my skill: and I count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the +Sunne with a Candle, or number the Starres. No man that hath but a meane +Orchard or iudgement but knowes, that the commodity of an Orchard is +great: Neither would I speake of this, being a thing so manifest to all; +but that I see, that through the carelesse lazinesse of men, it is a +thing generally neglected. But let them know, that they lose hereby the +chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping. + +Compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground, set with +fruit-trees and hearbs, so as is prescribed, and an whole acre (say it +be two) with Corne, or the best commodity you can wish, and the +Orchard shall exceed by diuers degrees. + +{SN: Cydar and Perry.} +In _France_ and some other Countries, and in _England_, they make great +vse of Cydar and Perry, thus made: Dresse euery Apple, the stalke, vpper +end, and all galles away, stampe them, and straine them, and within 24. +houres tun them vp into cleane, sweet, and sound vessels, for feare of +euill ayre, which they will readily take: and if you hang a poakefull of +Cloues, Mace, Nutmegs, Cinamon, Ginger, and pils of Lemmons in the midst +of the vessell, it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine. The +like vsage doth Perry require. + +These drinks are very wholesome, they coole, purge, and preuent hot +Agues. But I leaue this skill to Physicians. + +{SN: Fruit.} +The benefit of your Fruit, Roots and Hearbs, though it were but to eate +and sell, is much. + +{SN: Waters.} +Waters distilled of Roses, Woodbind, Angelica, are both profitable and +wondrous pleasant, and comfortable. + +{SN: Conserue.} +Saffron and Licoras will yeeld you much Conserues and Preserues, are +ornaments to your Feasts, health in your sicknesse, and a good helpe to +your friend, and to your purse. + +He that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits, is well worthy +to want, when others abound in plenty of good things. + + + + +CHAP. 17. + +_Ornaments._ + + +Me thinks hitherto we haue but a bare Orchard for fruit, and but halfe +good, so long as it wants those comely Ornaments, that should giue +beauty to all our labours, and make much for the honest delight of the +owner and his friends. + +{SN: Delight the chiefe end of Orchards.} +{SN: An Orchard delightsome.} +{SN: An Orchard is Paradise.} +{SN: Causes of wearisomnesse.} +{SN: Orchard is the remedy.} +For it is not to be doubted: but as God hath giuen man things +profitable, so hath he allowed him honest comfort, delight, and +recreation in all the workes of his hands. Nay, all his labours vnder +the Sunne without this are troubles, and vexation of mind: For what is +greedy gaine, without delight, but moyling, and turmoyling in slauery? +But comfortable delight, with content, is the good of euery thing, and +the patterne of heauen. A morsell of bread with comfort, is better by +much then a fat Oxe with vnquietnesse. And who can deny, but the +principall end of an Orchard, is the honest delight of one wearied with +the works of his lawfull calling? The very workes of, and in an Orchard +and Garden, are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours. +When God had made man after his owne Image, in a perfect state, and +would haue him to represent himselfe in authority, tranquillity, and +pleasure vpon the earth, he placed him in _Paradise_. What was +_Paradise_? but a Garden and Orchard of trees and hearbs, full of +pleasure? and nothing there but delights. The gods of the earth, +resembling the great God of heauen in authority, Maiestie, and abundance +of all things, wherein is their most delight? and whither doe they +withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate, being +tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious Controuersies? choked +(as it were) with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings, their +stomacks cloyed with variety of Banquets, their eares filled and +ouerburthened with tedious discoursings? whither? but into their +Orchards? made and prepared, dressed and destinated for that purpose, to +renue and refresh their sences, and to call home their ouer-wearied +spirits. Nay, it is (no doubt) a comfort to them, to set open their +Cazements into a most delicate Garden and Orchard, whereby they may not +onely see that, wherein they are so much delighted, but also to giue +fresh, sweet, and pleasant ayre to their Galleries and Chambers. + +{SN: All delight in Orchards.} +And looke, what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability, +prouoked with delight, the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe, if +power were answerable to our desires, whereby we shew manifestly, that +of all other delights on earth, they that are taken by Orchards, are +most excellent, and most agreeing with nature. + +{SN: This delights all the senses.} +For whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our senses, +and that onely, with delight, this makes all our sences swimme in +pleasure, and that with infinite variety, ioyned with no lesse +commodity. + +{SN: Delighteth old age.} +That famous _Philosopher_, and matchlesse Orator, _M.T.C._ prescribeth +nothing more fit, to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three +or foure score yeeres, then the pleasure of an Orchard. + +{SN: Causes of delight in an Orchard.} +What can your eye desire to see, your eares to hear, your mouth to tast, +or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an Orchard, with +abundance and variety? What more delightsome then an infinite variety of +sweet smelling flowers? decking with sundry colours, the greene mantle +of the Earth, the vniuersall Mother of vs all, so by them bespotted, so +dyed, that all the world cannot sample them, and wherein it is more fit +to admire the Dyer, then imitate his workemanship. Colouring not onely +the earth, but decking the ayre, and sweetning euery breath and spirit. + +{SN: Flowers.} +The Rose red, damaske, veluet, and double double prouince Rose, the +sweet muske Rose double and single, the double and single white Rose. +The faire and sweet senting Woodbinde, double and single, and double +double. Purple Cowslips, and double Cowslips, and double double +Cowslips. Primerose double and single. The Violet nothing behinde the +best, for smelling sweetly. A thousand more will prouoke your content. + +{SN: Borders and squares.} +And all these, by the skill of your Gardner, so comely, and orderly +placed in your Borders and Squares, and so intermingled, that none +looking thereon, cannot but wonder, to see, what Nature corrected by Art +can doe. + +{SN: Mounts.} +{SN: Whence you may shoote a Bucke.} +{SN: Dyall.} +{SN: Musique.} +When you behold in diuers corners of your Orchard _Mounts_ of stone, or +wood curiously wrought within and without, or of earth couered with +fruit-trees: Kentish Cherry, Damsons, Plummes, &c. with staires of +precious workmanship. And in some corner (or moe) a true Dyall or Clocke +and some Anticke-workes and especially siluer-sounding Musique, mixt +Instruments and voices, gracing all the rest: How will you be rapt with +delight? + +{SN: Walkes.} +{SN: Seates.} +Large Walkes, broad and long, close and open, like the _Tempe_ groues in +_Thessalie_, raised with grauell and sand, hauing seats and bankes of +Cammomile, all this delights the minde, and brings health to the body. + +{SN: Order of trees.} +View now with delight the workes of your owne hands, your fruit-trees of +all sorts, loaden with sweet blossomes, and fruit of all tasts, +operations, and colours: your trees standing in comely order which way +soeuer you looke. + +{SN: Shape of men and beasts.} +Your borders on euery side hanging and drooping with Feberries, +Raspberries, Barberries, Currens, and the rootes of your trees powdred +with Strawberries, red, white, and greene, what a pleasure is this? Your +Gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the +field, ready to giue battell: or swift running Greyhounds: or of well +sented and true running Hounds, to chase the Deere, or hunt the Hare. +This kind of hunting shall not waste your corne, nor much your coyne. + +{SN: Mazes.} +Mazes well framed a mans height, may perhaps make your friend wander in +gathering of berries, till he cannot recouer himselfe without your +helpe. + +{SN: Bowle-Alley.} +{SN: Buts.} +To haue occasion to exercise within your Orchard: it shall be a pleasure +to haue a Bowling Alley, or rather (which is more manly, and more +healthfull) a paire of Buts, to stretch your armes. + +{SN: Hearbes.} +Rosemary and sweete Eglantine are seemely ornaments about a Doore or +Window, and so is Woodbinde. + +{SN: Conduit.} +Looke Chapter 5, and you shall see the forme of a Conduite. If there +were two or more, it were not amisse. + +{SN: Riuer.} +{SN: Moats.} +And in mine opinion, I could highly commend your Orchard, if either +through it, or hard by it there should runne a pleasant Riuer with +siluer streames; you might sit in your Mount, and angle a peckled Trout, +or fleightie Eele, or some other dainty Fish. Or moats, whereon you +might row with a Boate, and fish with Nettes. + +{SN: Bees.} +Store of Bees in a dry and warme Bee-house, comely made of Fir-boords, +to sing, and sit, and feede vpon your flowers and sprouts, make a +pleasant noyse and sight. For cleanely and innocent Bees, of all other +things, loue and become, and thriue in an Orchard. If they thriue (as +they must needes, if your Gardiner bee skilfull, and loue them: for they +loue their friends, and hate none but their enemies) they will, besides +the pleasure, yeeld great profit, to pay him his wages Yea, the increase +of twenty Stockes or Stooles, with other fees will keepe your Orchard. + +You need not doubt their stings, for they hurt not whom they know, and +they know their keeper and acquaintance. If you like not to come amongst +them, you need not doubt them: for but neere their store, and in their +owne defence, they will not fight, and in that case onely (and who can +blame them?) they are manly, and fight desperately. Some (as that +Honorable Lady at _Hacknes_, whose name doth much grace mine Orchard) +vse to make seates for them in the stone wall of their Orchard, or +Garden, which is good, but wood is better. + +{SN: Vine.} +A Vine ouer-shadowing a seate, is very comely, though her Grapes with vs +ripe slowly. + +{SN: Birds.} +{SN: Nightingale.} +{SN: Robin-red-brest.} +{SN: Wren.} +One chiefe grace that adornes an Orchard, I cannot let slip: A brood of +Nightingales, who with their seuerall notes and tunes, with a strong +delightsome voyce, out of a weake body, will beare you company night and +day. She loues (and liues in) hots of woods in her hart. She will helpe +you to cleanse your trees of Caterpillers, and all noysome wormes and +flyes. The gentle Robin-red-brest will helpe her, and in winter in the +coldest stormes will keepe a part. Neither will the silly Wren be behind +in Summer, with her distinct whistle (like a sweete Recorder) to cheere +your spirits. + +{SN: Black-bird.} +{SN: Thrush.} +The Black-bird and Threstle (for I take it the Thrush sings not, but +deuoures) sing loudly in a _May_ morning and delights the eare much (and +you neede not want their company, if you haue ripe Cherries or Berries, +and would as gladly as the rest do you pleasure:) But I had rather want +their company than my fruit. + +What shall I say? A thousand of pleasant delightes are attendant in an +Orchard: and sooner shall I be weary, then I can recken the least part +of that pleasure, which one that hath and loues an Orchard, may find +therein. + +What is there of all these few that I haue reckoned, which doth not +please the eye, the eare, the smell, and taste? And by these sences as +Organes, Pipes, and windowes, these delights are carried to refresh the +gentle, generous, and noble mind. + +{SN: Your owne labour.} +To conclude, what ioy may you haue, that you liuing to such an age, +shall see the blessings of God on your labours while you liue, and leaue +behind you to heires or successors (for God will make heires) such a +worke, that many ages after your death, shall record your loue to their +Countrey? And the rather, when you consider (_Chap. 14._) to what length +of time your worke is like to last. + + +_FINIS._ + + + + + + + THE + COVNTRY + HOVSE-VVIFES + GARDEN. + +_Containing Rules for Hearbs and Seedes_ of common vse, with their times +and seasons, when to set and sow them. + +TOGETHER, + +With the Husbandry of Bees, published with secrets _very necessary for +euery House-wife_. + +As also diuerse new Knots for Gardens. + +The Contents see at large in the last Page. + +Genes. 2. 29. + +_I haue giuen vnto you euery Herbe, and euery tree, that shall be to you +for meate._ + +IC + +_LONDON_, + +Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden Vnicorne in +Pater-noster-row. 1631. + + + + +THE COVNTRY HOVSVVIFES GARDEN. + + + + +CHAP. 1. + +_The Soyle._ + + +{SN: Dry.} +{SN: Hops.} +The soyle of an Orchard and Garden, differ onely in these three points: +First, the Gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer, because hearbes being +more tender then trees, can neither abide moisture nor drought, in such +excessiue measure, as trees; and therefore hauing a dryer soyle, the +remedy is easie against drought, if need be: water soundly, which may be +done with small labour, the compasse of a Garden being nothing so great, +as of an Orchard, and this is the cause (if they know it) that Gardners +raise their squares: but if moysture trouble you, I see no remedy +without a generall danger, except in Hops, which delight much in a low +and sappy earth. + +{SN: Plaine.} +Secondly, the soyle of a Garden would be plaine and leuell, at least +euery square (for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme) the +reason: the earth of a garden wanting such helpes, as should stay the +water, which an orchard hath, and the rootes of hearbes being short, and +not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome, are more annoyed by +drought, and the soyle being mellow and loose, is soone either washt +away, or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing. + +Thirdly, if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes, and namely, of +grasse, the hearbes shall neuer thriue: for how should good hearbes +prosper, when euill weeds waxe so fast: considering good hearbes are +tender in respect of euill weedes: these being strengthened by nature, +and the other by art? Gardens haue small place in comparison, and +therefore may be more easily be fallowed, at the least one halfe yeare +before, and the better dressed after it is framed. And you shall finde +that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes, +but also is a speciall ornament, and leaues more plentifull sap for your +tender hearbes. + + + + +CHAP. 2. + +_Of the Sites._ + + +I cannot see in any sort, how the site of the one should not be good, +and fit for the other: The ends of both being one, good, wholesome, and +much fruit ioyned with delight, vnlesse trees be more able to abide the +nipping frostes than tender hearbes: but I am sure, the flowers of trees +are as soone perished with cold, as any hearbe except Pumpions, and +Melons. + + + + +CHAP. 3. + +_Of the Forme._ + + +Let that which is sayd in the Orchards forme, suffice for a garden in +generall: but for speciall formes in squares, they are as many, as there +are diuices in Gardners braines. Neither is the wit and art of a +skilfull Gardner in this poynt not to be commended, that can worke more +variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce, and of all those +things, where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied. The number +of formes, Mazes and Knots is so great, and men are so diuersly +delighted, that I leaue euery House-wife to her selfe, especially seeing +to set downe many, had bene but to fill much paper; yet lest I depriue +her of all delight and direction, let her view these few, choyse, new +formes, and note this generally, that all plots are square, and all are +bordered about with Priuit, Raisins, Fea-berries, Roses, Thorne, +Rosemary, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, or such like. + +{Illustration: The ground plot for Knots.} + +{Illustration: Cinkfoyle.} + +{Illustration: Flower-deluce.} + +{Illustration: The Trefoyle.} + +{Illustration: The Fret.} + +{Illustration: Lozenges.} + +{Illustration: Crosse-bow.} + +{Illustration: Diamond.} + +{Illustration: Ouall.} + +{Illustration: Maze.} + + + + +CHAP. 4. + +_Of the Quantity._ + + +A Garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an Orchard, both in +regard of the much weeding, dressing and remouing, and also the paines +in a Garden is not so well repaied home, as in an Orchard. It is to be +graunted, that the Kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries, +roots, cabbages, &c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a +rich Orchard: but notwithstanding I am of opinion, that it were better +for _England_, that we had more Orchards and Gardens, and more large. +And therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will. + + + + +CHAP. 5. + +_Of Fence._ + + +Seeing we allow Gardens in Orchard plots, and the benefit of a Garden is +much, they both require a strong and shrowding fence. Therefore leauing +this, let vs come to the hearbes themselues, which must be the fruit of +all these labours. + + + + +CHAP. 6. + +_Of two Gardens._ + + +Hearbes are of two sorts, and therefore it is meete (they requiring +diuers manners of Husbandry) that we haue two Gardens: A garden for +flowers, and a Kitchen garden: or a Summer garden: not that we meane so +perfect a distinction, that the Garden for flowers should or can be +without hearbes good for the Kitchen, or the Kitchen garden should want +flowers, nor on the contrary: but for the most part they would be +seuered: first, because your Garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace, +if among them you intermingle Onions, Parsnips, &c. Secondly, your +Garden that is durable, must be of one forme: but that, which is for +your Kitchens vse, must yeeld daily rootes, or other hearbes, and suffer +deformity. Thirdly, the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready, at +one time, either for gathering, or remouing. First therefore + + +_Of the Summer Garden._ + +These hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squares and knots +and all to set at _Michael-tide_, or somewhat before, that they may be +setled in, and taken with the ground before winter, though they may be +set, especially sowne in the spring. + +Roses of all sorts (spoken of in the Orchard) must be set. Some vie to +set slips and twine them, which sometimes, but seldome thriue all. + +Rosemary, Lauender, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, Time, Cowslips, Pyony, +Dasies, Cloue Gilliflowers, Pinkes, Sothernwood, Lillies, of all which +hereafter. + + +_Of the Kitchen Garden._ + +Though your Garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it +seise a profit, and exquisite forme to the eyes, yet you may not +altogether neglect this, where your hearbes for the pot do growe. And +therefore, some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd. The +rather because aboundance of Roses and Lauender yeeld much profit, and +comfort to the sences: Rose-water and Lauender, the one cordial (as also +the Violets, Burrage, and Buglas) the other reuiuing the spirits by the +sence of smelling: both most durable for smell, both in flowers and +water: you need not here raise your beds, as in the other garden, +because Summer towards, will not let too much wet annoy you. + +And these hearbes require more moysture: yet must you haue your beds +diuided, that you may goe betwixt to weede, and somewhat forme would be +expected: To which it auaileth, that you place your herbes of biggest +growth, by walles, or in borders, as Fenell, &c. and the lowest in the +middest, as Saffron, Strawberries, Onions, &c. + + + + +CHAP. 7. + +_Diuision of hearbs._ + + +Garden hearbs are innumerable, yet these are common and sufficient for +our country House-wifes. + + +_Hearbs of greatest growth._ + +Fenell, Anglica, Tansie, Hollihock, Louage, Elly Campane, French +mallows, Lillies, French poppy, Endiue, Succory and Clary. + + +_Herbes of middle growth._ + +Burrage, Buglas, Parsley, sweet Sicilly, Floure-de-luce, Stocke +Gilliflowers, Wall-flowers, Anniseedes, Coriander, Feather fewell, +Marigolds, Oculus Christi, Langdibeefe, Alexanders, Carduus Benedictus. + + +_Hearbes of smallest growth._ + +Pansy, or Harts-ease, Coast Margeram, Sauery, Strawberries, Saffron, +Lycoras, Daffadowndillies, Leekes, Chiues, Chibals, Skerots, Onions, +Batchellors buttons, Dasies, Peniroyall. + +Hitherto I haue onely reckoned vp, and put in this ranke, some hearbs. +Their Husbandry follow each in an Alphabeticall order, the better to be +found. + + + + +CHAP. 8. + +_Husbandry of Herbes._ + + +_Alexanders_ are to be renewed as _Angelica_. It is a timely Pot-hearbe. + +_Anglica_ is renued with his seede, whereof he beareth plenty the second +yeare, and so dieth. You may remoue the rootes the first yeare. The +leaues distilled, yeeld water soueraigne to expell paine from the +stomacke. The roote dried taken in the fall, stoppeth the poares against +infections. + +_Annyseedes_ make their growth, and beareth seeds the first yeere, and +dieth as _Coriander_: it is good for opening the pipes, and it is vsed +in Comfits. + +_Artichoakes_ are renewed by diuiding the rootes into sets, in _March_, +euery third or fourth yeare. They require a seuerall vsage, and +therefore a seuerall whole plot by themselues, especially considering +they are plentifull of fruite much desired. + +_Burrage_ and _Buglas_, two Cordials, renue themselues by seed yearely, +which is hard to be gathered: they are exceeding good Pot-hearbes, good +for Bees, and most comfortable for the heart and stomacke, as Quinces +and Wardens. + +_Camomile_, set rootes in bankes and walkes. It is sweete smelling, +qualifying head-ach. + +_Cabbages_ require great roome, they seed the second yeare: sow them in +_February_, remoue them when the plants are an handfull long, set deepe +and wet. Looke well in drought for the white Caterpillers worme, the +spaunes vnder the leafe closely; for euery liuing Creature doth seeke +foode and quiet shelter, and growing quicke, they draw to, and eate the +heart: you may finde them in a rainy deawy morning. + +It is a good Pothearbe, and of this hearbe called _Cole_ our Countrie +House-wiues giue their pottage their name, and call them _Caell_. + +_Carduus Benedictus_, or blessed thistle, seeds and dyes the first +yeere, the excellent vertue thereof I referre to Herbals, for we are +Gardiners, not Physitians. + +_Carrets_ are sowne late in _Aprill_ or _May_, as Turneps, else they +seede the first yeere, and then their roots are naught: the second yeere +they dye, their roots grow great, and require large roome. + +_Chibals_ or _Chiues_ haue their roots parted, as Garlick, Lillies, &c. +and so are they set euery third or fourth yeere: a good pot-hearb +opening, but euill for the eies. + +_Clarie_ is sowne, it seeds the second yeere, and dyes. It is somewhat +harsh in taste, a little in pottage is good, it strengtheneth the +reines. + +_Coast_, Roote parted make sets in _March_: it beares the second yeere: +it is vsed in Ale in _May_. + +_Coriander_ is for vsage and vses, much like Anniseeds. + +_Daffadowndillies_ haue their roots parted, and set once in three or +foure yeere, or longer time. They flower timely, and after _Midsummer_, +are scarcely seene. They are more for ornament, then for vse, so are +Daisies. + +_Daisie_-rootes parted and set, as Flowre-deluce and Camomile, when you +see them grow too thicke or decay. They be good to keepe vp, and +strengthen the edges of your borders, as Pinkes, they be red, white, +mixt. + +_Ellycampane_ root is long lasting, as is the Louage, it seeds yeerely, +you may diuide the root, and set the roote, taken in VVinter it is good +(being dryed, powdered and drunke) to kill itches. + +_Endiue_ and _Succory_ are much like in nature, shape, and vse, they +renue themselues by seed, as Fennell, and other hearbs. You may remoue +them before they put forth shankes, a good Pot-hearbe. + +_Fennell_ is renued, either by the seeds (which it beareth the second +yeere, and so yeerely in great abundance) sowne in the fall or Spring, +or by diuiding one root into many Sets, as Artichoke, it is long of +growth and life. You may remoue the roote vnshankt. It is exceeding +good for the eyes, distilled, or any otherwise taken: it is vsed in +dressing Hiues for swarmes, a very good Pot-hearbe, or for Sallets. + +_Fetherfewle_ shakes seed. Good against a shaking Feuer, taken in a +posset drinke fasting. + +_Flower-deluce_, long lasting. Diuide his roots, and set: the roots +dryed haue a sweet smell. + +_Garlicke_ may be set an handfull distance, two inches deepe, in the +edge of your beds. Part the heads into seuerall cloues, and euery cloue +set in the latter end of _February_, will increase to a great head +before _September_: good for opening, euill for eyes: when the blade is +long, fast two & two together, the heads will be bigger. + +_Hollyhocke_ riseth high, seedeth and dyeth: the chiefe vse I know is +ornament. + +_Isop_ is reasonable long lasting: young roots are good set, slips +better. A good pot-hearbe. + +_Iuly-flowers_, commonly called _Gilly-flowers_, or _Cloue-Iuly-flowers_ +(I call them so, because they flowre in _Iuly_) they haue the name of +_Cloues_, of their sent. I may well call them the King of flowers +(except the Rose) and the best sort of them are called _Queene-Iuly +flowers_. I haue of them nine or ten seuerall colours, and diuers of +them as big as Roses; of all flowers (saue the Damaske Rose) they are +the most pleasant to sight and smell: they last not past three or foure +yeeres vnremoued. Take the slips (without shanks) and set any time, saue +in extreme frost, but especially at _Michael tide_. Their vse is much in +ornament, and comforting the spirits, by the sence of smelling. + +_Iuly flowers_ of the wall, or wall-_Iuly-flowers_, wall-flowers, or +Bee-flowers, or Winter-_Iuly-flowers_, because growing in the walles, +euen in Winter, and good for Bees, will grow euen in stone walls, they +will seeme dead in Summer, and yet reuiue in Winter. They yeeld seed +plentifully, which you may sow at any time, or in any broken earth, +especially on the top of a mud-wall, but moist, you may set the root +before it be brancht, euery slip that is not flowr'd will take root, or +crop him in Summer, and he will flower in Winter: but his Winter-seed is +vntimely. This and Palmes are exceeding good, and timely for Bees. + +_Leekes_ yeeld seed the second yeere, vnremoued and die, vnlesse you +remoue them, vsuall to eate with salt and bread, as Onyons alwaies +greene, good pot-hearb, euill for the eyes. + +_Lauendar spike_ would be remoued within 7 yeeres, or eight at the most. +Slips twined as Isop and Sage, would take best at _Michael-tide_. This +flower is good for Bees, most comfortable for smelling, except Roses; +and kept dry, is as strong after a yeere, and when it is gathered. The +water of this is comfortable. + +White _Lauendar_ would be remoued sooner. + +_Lettice_ yeelds seed the first yeere, and dyes: sow betime, and if you +would haue them _Cabbage_ for Sallets, remoue them as you doe _Cabbage_. +They are vsuall in Sallets, and the pot. + +_Lillies_ white and red, remoued once in three or foure yeeres their +roots yeeld many Sets, like the Garlicke, _Michael-tide_ is the best: +they grow high, after they get roote: these roots are good to breake a +Byle, as are Mallowes and Sorrell. + +_Mallowes_, French or gagged, the first or second yeere, seed +plentifully: sow in _March_, or before, they are good for the +house-wifes pot, or to breake a bunch. + +_Marigolds_ most commonly come of seed, you may remoue the Plants, when +they be two inches long. The double Marigold, being as bigge as a little +Rose, is good for shew. They are a good Pot-hearbe. + +_Oculus Christi_, or Christs eye, seeds and dyes the first or second +yeere: you may remoue the yong Plants, but seed is better: one of these +seeds put into the eye, within three or foure houres will gather a +thicke skinne, cleere the eye, and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to +the eye. A good Pot-hearbe. + +_Onyons_ are sowne in _February_, they are gathered at _Michael-tide_, +and all the Summer long, for Sallets; as also young Parsly, Sage, +Chibals, Lettice, sweet Sicily, Fennell, &c. good alone, or with meate +as Mutton, &c. for sauce, especially for the pot. + +_Parsly_ sow the first yeere, and vse the next yeere: it seedes +plentifully, an hearbe of much vse, as sweet Sicily is. The seed and +roots are good against the Stone. + +_Parsneps_ require and whole plot, they be plentifull and common: sow +them in _February_, the Kings (that is in the middle) seed broadest and +reddest. Parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke, not good for +euill eies: When they couer the earth in a drought, to tread the tops, +make the rootes bigger. + +_Peny-royall_, or Pudding Grasse, creepes along the ground like ground +Iuie. It lasts long, like Daisies, because it puts and spreads dayly new +roots. Diuide, and remoue the roots, it hath a pleasant taste and smell, +good for the pot, or hackt meate, or Haggas Pudding. + +_Pumpions_: Set seedes with your finger, a finger deepe, late in +_March_, and so soone as they appeare, euery night if you doubt frost, +couer them, and water them continually out of a water-pot: they be very +tender, their fruit is great and waterish. + +_French poppy_ beareth a faire flower, and the Seed will make you +sleepe. + +_Raddish_ is sauce for cloyed stomacks, as Capers, Oliues, and +Cucumbers, cast the seeds all Summer long here and there, and you shall +haue them alwaies young and fresh. + +_Rosemary_, the grace of hearbs here in _England_, in other Countries +common. To set slips immediately after _Lammas_, is the surest way. +Seede sowne may proue well, so they be sowne in hot weather, somewhat +moist, and good earth: for the hearbe, though great, is nesh and tender +(as I take it) brought from hot Countries to vs in the cold North: set +thinne. It becomes a Window well. The vse is much in meates, more in +Physicke, most for Bees. + +_Rue, or Hearbe of Grace_, continually greene, the slips are set. It +lasts long as Rosemary, Sothernwood, &c. too strong for mine Housewifes +pot, vnlesse she will brue Ale therewith, against the Plague: let him +not seede, if you will haue him last. + +_Saffron_ euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at _Midsummer_: +for when all other hearbs grow most, it dyeth. It flowreth at +_Michael-tide_, and groweth all Winter: keepe his flowers from birds in +the morning, & gather the yellow (or they shape much like Lillies) dry, +and after dry them: they be precious, expelling diseases from the heart +and stomacke. + +_Sauery_ seeds and dyes the first yeere, good for my Housewifes pot and +pye. + +_Sage_: set slips in _May_, and they grow aye: Let it not seed it will +last the longer. The vse is much and common. The Monkish Prouerbe is +_tritum_: + + _Cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_ + +_Skerots_, roots are set when they be parted, as _Pyonie_, and +Flower-deluce at _Michael-tide_: the roote is but small and very sweet. +I know none other speciall vse but the Table. + +Sweet _Sicily_, long lasting, pleasantly tasting, either the seed sowne, +or the root parted, and remoued, makes increase, it is of like vse with +Parsly. + +_Strawberries_ long lasting, set roots at _Michael-tide_ or the Spring, +they be red, white and greene, and ripe, when they be great and soft, +some by _Midsummer_ with vs. The vse is: they will coole my Housewife +well, if they be put in Wine or Creame with Sugar. + +_Time_, both seeds, slips and rootes are good. If it seed not, it will +last three or foure yeeres or more, it smelleth comfortably. It hath +much vse: namely, in all cold meats, it is good for Bees. + +_Turnep_ is sowne. In the second yeere they beare plenty of seed: they +require the same time of sowing that Carrets doe: they are sicke of the +same disease that Cabbages be. The roots increaseth much, it is most +wholesome, if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth: Soueraigne +for eyes and Bees. + +I reckon these hearbs onely, because I teach my Countrey Housewife, not +skilfull Artists, and it should be an endlesse labour, and would make +the matter tedious to reckon vp _Landtheefe_, _Stocke-Iuly-flowers_, +_Charuall_, _Valerian_, _Go-to bed at noone_, _Piony_, _Licoras_, +_Tansie_, _Garden mints_, _Germander_, _Centaurie_, and a thousand such +physicke Hearbs. Let her first grow cunning in this, and then she may +enlarge her Garden as her skill and ability increaseth. And to helpe her +the more, I haue set her downe these obseruations. + + + + +CHAP. 9. + +_Generall Rules in Gardening._ + + +In the South parts Gardening may be more timely, and more safely done, +then with vs in _Yorkeshire_, because our ayre is not so fauourable, nor +our ground so good. + +2 Secondly most seeds shakt, by turning the good earth, are renued, +their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels, till the Sunne their +Father can reach them with his heat. + +3 In setting hearbs, leaue no top more then an handfull aboue the +ground, nor more then a foot vnder the earth. + +4 Twine the roots of those slips you set, if they will abide it. +Gilly-flowers are too tender. + +5 Set moist, and sowe dry. + +6 Set slips without shankes any time, except at _Midsummer_, and in +frosts. + +7 Seeding spoiles the most roots, as drawing the heart and sap from the +root. + +8 Gather for the pot and medicines, hearbs tender and greene, the sap +being in the top, but in Winter the root is best. + +9 All the hearbs in the Garden for flowers, would once in seuen yeeres +be renued, or soundly watered with puddle water, except Rosemary. + +10 In all your Gardens and Orchards, bankes and seates of Camomile, +Peny-royall, Daisies and Violets, are seemely and comfortable. + +11 These require whole plots: Artichokes, Cabbages, Turneps, Parsneps, +Onyons, Carrets, and (if you will) Saffron and Scerrits. + +12 Gather all your seeds, dead, ripe, and dry. + +13 Lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs, as vsually they doe: for +dung not melted is too hot, euen for trees. + +14 Thin setting and sewing (so the rootes stand not past a foot +distance) is profitable, for the hearbs will like the better. Greater +hearbs would haue more distance. + +15 Set and sow hearbs in their time of growth (except at _Midsummer_, +for then they are too too tender) but trees in their time of rest. + +16 A good Housewife may, and will gather store of hearbs for the pot, +about _Lammas_, and dry them, and pownd them, and in Winter they will +make good seruice. + +Thus haue I lined out a Garden to our Countrey Housewiues, and giuen +them rules for common hearbs. If any of them (as sometimes they are) be +knotty, I referre them to Chap. 3. The skill and paines of weeding the +Garden with weeding kniues or fingers, I refer to themselues, and their +maides, willing them to take the opportunitie after a showre of raine: +withall I aduise the Mistresse, either be present her selfe, or to teach +her maides to know hearbs from weeds. + + + + +CHAP. 10. + +_The Husbandry of Bees._ + + +There remaineth one necessary thing to be prescribed, which in mine +opinion makes as much for ornament as either Flowers, or forme, or +cleanlinesse, and I am sure as commodious as any of, or all the rest: +which is Bees, well ordered. And I will not account her any of my good +House-wiues, that wanteth either Bees or skilfulnesse about them. And +though I knowe some haue written well and truely, and others more +plentifully vpon this theame: yet somewhat haue I learned by experience +(being a Bee-maister my selfe) which hitherto I cannot finde put into +writing, for which I thinke our House-wiues will count themselues +beholding vnto me. + +{SN: Bee-house.} +The first thing that a Gardiner about Bees must be carefull for, is an +house not stakes and stones abroad, _Sub dio_: for stakes rot and reele, +raine and weather eate your hiues, and couers, and cold most of all is +hurtfull for your Bees. Therefore you must haue an house made along, a +sure dry wall in your Garden, neere, or in your Orchard: for Bees loue +flowers and wood with their hearts. + +This is the forme, a Frame standing on posts with a Floore (if you +would haue it hold more Hiues, two Floores boorded) layd on bearers, and +backe posts, couered ouer with boords, slate-wise. + +IC + +Let the floores be without holes or clifts, least in casting time, the +Bees lye out, and loyter. + +And though your Hiues stand within an hand breadth the one of another: +yet will Bees know their home. + +In this Frame may your Bees stand drye and warme, especially if you make +doores like doores of windows to shroud them in winter, as in an house: +prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open. I my self haue deuised such +an house, and I find that it keeps and strengthens my Bees much, and my +hiues will last sixe to one. + +{SN: Hiues.} +M. _Markham_ commends Hiues of wood. I discommend them not: but straw +Hiues are in vse with vs, and I thinke with all the world, which I +commend for nimblenesse, closenesse, warmnesse and drinesse. Bees loue +no externall motions of dawbing or such like. Sometimes occasion shall +be offered to lift and turne Hiues, as shall appeare hereafter. One +light entire hiue of straw in that case is better, then one that is +dawbed, weighty and cumbersome. I wish euery hiue, for a keeping swarme, +to hold three pecks at least in measure. For too little Hiues procure +Bees, in casting time, either to lye out, and loyter, or else to cast +before they be ripe and strong, and so make weake swarmes and vntimely: +Whereas if they haue roome sufficient, they ripen timely, and casting +seasonably, are strong, and fit for labour presently. Neither would the +hiue be too too great, for then they loyter, and waste meate and +time. + +{SN: Hiuing of Bees.} +Your Bees delight in wood, for feeding, especially for casting: +therefore want not an Orchard. A _Mayes_ swarme is worth a Mares Foale: +if they want wood, they be in danger of flying away. Any time before +_Midsummer_ is good, for casting and timely before _Iuly_ is not euill. +I much like M _Markhams_ opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead +or forsaken hiue, so they be fresh & cleanly. To thinke that a swarme of +your owne, or others, will of it selfe come into such an hiue, is a +meere conceit. _Experto crede Roberto._ His smearing with honey, is to +no purpose, for the other Bees will eate it vp. If your swarme knit in +the top of a tree, as they will, if the winde beate them not to fall +downe: let the stoole or ladder described in the Orchard, doe you +seruice. + +{SN: Spelkes.} +The lesse your Spelkes are, the lesse is the waste of your honey, and +the more easily will they draw, when you take your Bees. Foure Spelkes +athwart, and one top Spelke are sufficient. The Bees will fasten their +combes to the Hiue. A little honey is good: but if you want, Fennell +will serue to rub your Hiue withall. The Hiue being drest and ready +spelkt, rubd and the hole made for their passage (I vse no hole in the +Hiue, but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keep out Mice) shake +in your Bees, or the most of them (for all commonly you cannot get) the +remainder will follow. Many vse smoke, Nettles, &c. which I vtterly +dislike: for Bees loue not to be molested. Ringing in the time of +casting is a meere fancie, violent handling of them is simply euill, +because Bees of all other creatures, loue cleanlinesse and peace. +Therefore handle them leasurely & quietly, and their Keeper whom they +know, may do with them, what he will, without hurt: Being hiued at +night, bring them to their seat. Set your hiues all of one yeere +together. + +Signes of breeding, if they be strong: + +1 They will auoid dead young Bees and Droanes. + +2 They will sweat in the morning, till it runne from them; alwaies when +they be strong. + + +_Signes of casting._ + +1 They will fly Droanes, by reason of heat. + +2 The young swarme will once or twice in some faire season, come forth +mustering, as though they would cast, to proue themselues, and goe in +againe. + +3 The night before they cast, if you lay your eare to the Hiues mouth, +yo shall heare two or three, but especially one aboue the rest, cry, Vp, +vp, vp; or, Tout, tout, tout, like a trumpet, sounding the alarum to the +battell. + +{SN: Catching.} +{SN: Clustering.} +Much descanting there is, of, and about the Master-Bee, and their +degrees, order and gouernment: but the truth in this point is rather +imagined, then demonstrated. There are some coniectures of it, _viz._ we +see in the combs diuers greater houses then the rest, & we heare +commonly the night before they cast, sometimes one Bee, sometimes two, +or more Bees, giue a lowd and seueral sound from the rest, and sometimes +Bees of greater bodies then the common sort: but what of all this? I +leane not on coniectures, but loue to set downe that I know to be true, +and leaue these things to them that loue to diuine. Keepe none weake, +for it is hazard, oftentimes with losse: Feeding will not helpe them: +for being weake, they cannot come downe to meate, or if they come downe, +they dye, because Bees weake cannot abide cold. If none of these, yet +will the other Bees being strong, smell the honey, and come and spoile, +and kill them. Some helpe is in casting time, to put two weake swarmes +together, or as M. _Markham_ well saith: Let not them cast late, by +raising them with wood or stone: but with impes (say I.) An impe is +three or foure wreathes, wrought as the hiue, the same compasse, to rase +the hiue withall: but by experience in tryall, I haue found out a better +way by Clustering, for late or weake swarmes hitherto not found out of +any that I know. That is this: After casting time, if I haue any stocke +proud, and hindered from timely casting, with former Winters pouerty, +or euill weather in casting time, with two handles and crookes, fitted +for the purpose, I turne vp that stocke so pestred with Bees, and set it +on the crowne, vpon which so turned with the mouth vpward, I place +another empty hiue well drest, and spelkt, into which without any +labour, the Swarme that would not depart, and cast, will presently +ascend, because the old Bees haue this qualitie (as all other breeding +creatures haue) to expell the young, when they haue brought them vp. + +IC + +There will the swarme build as kindely, as if they had of themselues +beene cast. But bee sure you lay betwixt the Hiues some straight and +cleanly sticke or stickes, or rather a boord with holes, to keepe them +asunder: otherwise they will ioyne their workes together so fast, that +they cannot be parted. If you so keepe them asunder at _Michael-tide_, +if you like the weight of your swarme (for the goodnesse of swarmes is +tryed by weight) so catched, you may set it by for a stocke to keepe. +Take heed in any case the combes be not broken, for then the other Bees +will smell the honey, and spoyle them. This haue I tryed to be very +profitable for the sauing of Bees. The Instrument hath this forme. The +great straight piece is wood, the rest are iron claspes and nailes, the +claspes are loose in the Stapes: Two men with two of these fastened to +the Hiue, will easily turne it vp. + +They gather not till _Iuly_; for then they be discharged of their +young, or else they are become now strong to labour, and now sap in +flowers is strong and proud: by reason of time, and force of Sunne. And +now also in the North (and not before) the hearbs of greatest vigour put +their Flowers; As Beanes, Fennell, Burrage, Rape, &c. + +The most sensible weather for them, is heat and drought, because the +nesh Bee can neither abide cold or wet: and showres (which they well +fore-see) doe interrupt their labours, vnlesse they fall on the night, +and so they further them. + +{SN: Droanes.} +After casting time, you shall benefit your stockes much, if you helpe +them to kill their Droanes, which by all probability and iudgement, are +an idle kind of Bees, and wastefull. Some say they breed and haue seene +young Droanes in taking their honey, which I know is true. But I am of +opinion, that there are also Bees which haue lost their stings, and so +being, as it were gelded, become idle and great. There is great vse of +them: _Deus, et natura nihil fecit frustra_. They hate the Bees, and +cause them cast the sooner. They neuer come foorth but when they be ouer +heated. They neuer come home loaden. After casting time, and when the +Bees want meate, you shall see the labouring Bees fasten on them, two, +three, or foure at once, as if they were theeues to be led to the +gallowes, and killing them, they cast out, and draw them farre from +home, as hatefull enemies. Our Housewife, if she be the Keeper of her +owne Bees (as she had need to be) may with her bare hand in the heate of +the day, safely destroy them in the hiues mouth. Some vse towards night, +in a hot day, to set before the mouth of the hiue a thin board, with +little holes, in at which the lesser Bees may enter, but not the +Droanes, so that you may kill them at your pleasure. + +{SN: Annoyances.} +Snayles spoile them by night like theeues: they come so quietly, and are +so fast, that the Bees feare them not. Looke earely and late, especially +in a rainie or dewey euening or morning. + +Mice are no lesse hurtfull, and the rather to hiues of straw: and +therefore couerings of straw draw them. They will in either at the +mouth, or sheere themselues an hole. The remedy is good Cats, Rats-bane +and watching. + +The cleanly Bee hateth the smoake as poison, therefore let your Bees +stand neerer your garden then your Brew-house or Kitchen. + +They say Sparrowes and Swallowes are enemies to Bees, but I see it not. + +More hiues perish by Winters cold, then by all other hurts: for the Bee +is tender and nice, and onely liues in warme weather, and dyes in cold: +And therefore let my Housewife be perswaded, that a warme dry house +before described, is the chiefest helpe she can make her Bees against +this, and many more mischiefes. Many vse against cold in Winter, to stop +vp their hiue close, and some set them in houses, perswading themselues, +that thereby they relieue their Bees. First, tossing and mouing is +hurtfull. Secondly, in houses, going, knocking, and shaking is noysome. +Thirdly, too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them: but lastly, +and especially, Bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp. For at euery +warme season of the Sunne they reuiue, and liuing eate, and eating must +needs purge abroad, (in her house) the cleanly Bee will not purge her +selfe. Iudge you what it is for any liuing creature, not to disburden +nature. Being shut vp in calme seasons, lay your care to the Hiue, and +you shall heare them yarme and yell, as so many hungred prisoners. +Therefore impound not your Bees, so profitable and free a creature. + +{SN: Taking of Bees.} +Let none stand aboue three yeares, else the combes will be blacke and +knotty, your honey will be thinne and vncleanly: and if any cast after +three yeares, it is such as haue swarmes, and old Bees kept all +together, which is great losse. Smoaking with ragges, rozen, or +brimstone, many vse: some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water, and the +water well brewde, will be good botchet. Drawe out your spelkes +immediatly with a paire of pinchars, lest the wood grow soft and swell, +and so will not be drawne, then must you cut your Hiue. + +{SN: Straining Honey.} +Let no fire come neere your hony, for fire softeneth the waxe and +drosse, and makes them runne with the hony. Fire softneth, weakeneth, +and hindereth hony for purging. Breake your combes small (when the dead +empty combes are parted from the loaden combes) into a siue, borne ouer +a great bowle, or vessell, with two staues, and so let it runne two or +three dayes. The sooner you tunne it vp, the better will it purge. Runne +your swarme honey by it selfe, and that shall be your best. The elder +your hiues are, the worse is your honey. + +{SN: Vessels.} +Vsuall vessels are of clay, but after wood be satiated with honey (for +it will leake at first: for honey is maruellously searching, the thicke, +and therefore vertuous.) I vse it rather because it will not breake so +soone, with fals, frosts, or otherwise, and greater vessels of clay +will hardly last. + +When you vse your honey, with a spoone take off the skin which it hath +put vp. + +And it is worth the regard, that bees thus vsed, if you haue but forty +stockes, shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of +ground. And thus much may suffice, to make good Housewiues loue and haue +good Gardens and Bees. + + +_Deo Laus._ + + +_FINIS._ + + + + +The Contents of the Countrey _House-wifes Garden._ + + + Chap. 1. _The Soyle._ _Pag. 77_ + + Chap. 2. _Site._ _p. 78_ + + Chap. 3. _Forme._ _p. 79_ + + Chap. 4. _Quantity._ _p. 85_ + + Chap. 5. _Fences._ _p. ibid._ + + Chap. 6. _Two Gardens._ _p. 86_ + + Chap. 7. _Diuision of herbs._ _p. 88_ + + Chap. 8. _The Husbandry of herbes._ _p. ibid._ + + Chap. 9. _Generall rules._ _p. 96_ + + Chap. 10. _The Husbandry of Bees._ _p. 98_ + _Bee-house._ _p. 98._ + _Hiues._ _p. 100._ + _Hiuing of Bees._ _p. ibid._ + _Spelkes._ _p. 101._ + _Catching._ _p. 102._ + _Clustering._ _p. 103._ + _Droanes._ _p. 104._ + _Annoyances._ _p. 105._ + _Taking of Bees._ _p. 106._ + _Straining honey._ _p. ibid._ + _Vessels._ _p. ibid._ + + + + + + + A MOST PROFITABLE + NEWE TREATISE, + From approued experience of the art + _of propagating Plants: by_ + Simon Harward. + + + + +CHAP. 1. + +_The Art of propagating Plants._ + + +{SN: 1.} +There are foure sorts of Planting, or propagating, as in laying of +shootes or little branches, whiles they are yet tender in some pit made +at their foote, as shall be sayd hereafter, or vpon a little ladder or +Basket of earth, tyed to the bottome of the branch, or in boaring a +Willow thorow, and putting the branch of the tree into the hole, as +shall be fully declared in the Chapter of Grafting. + +{SN: 2.} +There are likewise seasons to propagate in; but the best is in the +Spring, and _March_, when the trees are in the Flower, and doe begin to +grow lusty. The young planted Siens or little Grafts must be propagated +in the beginning of Winter, a foot deepe in the earth, and good manure +mingled amongst the earth, which you shall cast forth of the pit, +wherein you meane to propagate it, to tumble it in vpon it againe. In +like manner your superfluous Siens, or little Plants must be cut close +by the earth, when as they grow about some small Impe, which we meane to +propagate, for they would doe nothing but rot. For to propagate, you +must digge the earth round about the tree, that so your rootes may be +laid in a manner halfe bare. Afterward draw into length the pit on that +side where you meane to propagate, and according as you perceiue that +the roots will be best able to yeeld, and be gouerned in the same pit, +to vie them, and that with all gentlenesse, and stop close your Siens, +in such sort, as that the wreath which is in the place where it is +grafted, may be a little lower then the Siens of the new Wood, growing +out of the earth, euen so high as it possible may be. If the trees that +you would propagate be somewhat thicke, and thereby the harder to ply, +and somewhat stiffe to lay in the pit: then you may wet the stocke +almost to the midst, betwixt the roote and the wreathing place, and so +with gentle handling of it, bow downe into the pit the wood which the +grafts haue put forth, and that in as round a compasse as you can, +keeping you from breaking of it: afterward lay ouer the cut, with gummed +Waxe, or with grauell and sand. + + + + +CHAP. 2. + +_Grafting in the Barke._ + + +Grafting in the Barke, is vsed from mid-_August_, to the beginning of +Winter, and also when the Westerne winde beginneth to blow, being from +the 7. of _February_, vnto 11. of _Iune_. But there must care be had, +not to graffe in the barke in any rainy season, because it would wash +away the matter of ioyning the one and the other together, and so hinder +it. + +{SN: 3.} +Grafting in the budde, is vsed in the Summer time, from the end of +_May_, vntill _August_, as being the time when the trees are strong and +lusty, and full of sap and leaues. To wit, in a hot Countrey, from the +midst of _Iune_, vnto the midst of _Iuly_: but cold Countries, to the +midst of _August_, after some small showres of Raine. + +If the Summer be so exceeding dry, as that some trees doe withhold their +sap, you must waite the time till it doe returne. + +Graft from the full of the Moone, vntill the end of the old. + +You may graft in a Cleft, without hauing regard to the Raine, for the +sap will keepe it off. + +You may graft from mid-_August_, to the beginning of _Nouember_: Cowes +dung with straw doth mightily preserue the graft. + +It is better to graft in the euening, then the morning. + +The furniture and tooles of a Grafter, are a Basket to lay his Grafts +in, Clay, Grauell, Sand, or strong Earth, to draw ouer the plants +clouen: Mosse, Woollen clothes, barkes of Willow to ioyne to the late +things and earth before spoken, and to keepe them fast: Oziers to tye +againe vpon the barke, to keepe them firme and fast: gummed Wax, to +dresse and couer the ends and tops of the grafts newly cut, that so the +raine and cold may not hurt them, neither yet the sap rising from +belowe, be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes. A little Sawe +or hand Sawe, to sawe off the stocke of the plants, a little Knife or +Pen-knife to graffe, and to cut and sharpen the grafts, that so the +barke may not pill nor be broken; which often commeth to passe when the +graft is full of sap. You shall cut the graffe so long, as that it may +fill the cliffe of the plant, and therewithall it must be left thicker +on the barke-side, that so it may fill vp both the cliffe and other +incisions, as any need is to be made, which must be alwaies well ground, +well burnished without all rust. Two wedges, the one broad for thicke +trees, the other narrow for lesse and tender trees, both of them of box, +or some other hard and smooth wood, or steele, or of very hard iron, +that so they may need lesse labour in making them sharpe. + +A little hand-Bill to set the plants at more liberty, by cutting off +superfluous boughs, helu'd of Iuory, Box, or Brazell. + + + + +CHAP. 3. + +_Grafting in the cleft._ + + +The manner of grafting in a cleft, to wit, the stocke being clou'd, is +proper not onely to trees, which are as great as a mans legs or armes, +but also to greater. It is true that in as much as the trees cannot +easily be clouen in their stocke, that therefore it is expedient to make +incision in some one of their branches, and not in the maine body, as we +see to be practised in great Apple trees, and great Peare-trees, and as +we haue already declared heretofore. + +To graft in the cleft, you must make choise of a graft that is full of +sap and iuyce, but it must not bee, but till from after _Ianuary_ vntill +_March_: And you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded, +because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on +high, and risen to the top, and there dispersed and scattered hither and +thither, into euery sprigge and twigge, and vse nothing welcome to the +graft. + +You must likewise be resolued not to gather your graft the day you graft +in, but ten or twelue dayes before: for otherwise, if you graft it new +gathered, it will not be able easily to incorporate itselfe with the +body and stocke, where it shall be grafted; because that some part of it +will dry, and by this meanes will be a hinderance in the stocke to the +rising vp of the sap, which it should communerate vnto the graft, for +the making of it to put forth, and whereas this dried part will fall a +crumbling, and breaking thorow his rottennesse, it will cause to remaine +a concauity, or hollow place in the stock, which will be an occasion of +a like inconuenience to befall the graft. Moreouer, the graft being new +and tender, might easily be hurt of the bands, which are of necessity to +be tyed about the Stocke, to keepe the graft firme and fast. And you +must further see, that your Plant was not of late remoued, but that it +haue already fully taken root. + +When you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft, you must see +that they be cut in the end all alike. + +{SN: 7.} +See that the grafts be of one length, or not much differing, and it is +enough, that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the +Plant is once sawed, and lopped of all his small Siens and shootes round +about, as also implyed of all his branches, if it haue many: then you +must leaue but two at the most, before you come to the cleauing of it: +then put to your little Saw, or your knife, or other edged toole that is +very sharpe, cleaue it quite thorow the middest, in gentle and soft +sort: First, tying the Stocke very sure, that so it may not cleaue +further then is need: and then put to your Wedges into the cleft vntill +such time as you haue set in your grafts, and in cleauing of it, hold +the knife with the one hand, and the tree with the other, to helpe to +keepe it from cleauing too farre. Afterwards put in your wedge of Boxe +or Brazill, or bone at the small end, that so you may the better take it +out againe, when you haue set in your grafts. + +{SN: 8.} +If the Stocke be clouen, or the Barke loosed too much from the wood: +then cleaue it downe lower, and set your grafts in, and looke that their +incision bee fit, and very iustly answerable to the cleft, and that the +two saps, first, of the Plant and graft, be right and euen set one +against the other, and so handsomely fitted, as that there may not be +the least appearance of any cut or cleft. For if they doe not thus lumpe +one with another, they will neuer take one with another, because they +cannot worke their seeming matter, and as it were cartilaguous glue in +conuenient sort or manner, to the gluing of their ioynts together. You +must likewise beware, not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch, but +somewhat aside. + +The barke of your Plant being thicker then that of your Graft, you must +set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft, that so the two +saps may in any case be ioyned, and set right the one with the other but +the rinde of the Plant must be somewhat more out, then that of the +grafts on the clouen side. + +{SN: 9.} +{SN: 10.} +To the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping, you must +principally take heed, not to ouer-cleaue the Stockes of your Trees. But +before you widen the cleft of your wedges, binde, and goe about the +Stocke with two or three turnes, and that with an Ozier, close drawne +together, vnderneath the same place, where you would haue your cleft to +end, that so your Stocke cleaue not too farre, which is a very vsuall +cause of the miscarrying of grafts, in asmuch as hereby the cleft +standeth so wide and open, as that it cannot be shut, and so not grow +together againe; but in the meane time spendeth it selfe, and breatheth +out all his life in that place, which is the cause that the Stocke and +the Graft are both spilt. And this falleth out most often in Plum-trees, +& branches of trees. You must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your +grafts, and Plants, that nothing may continue open, to the end that the +wind, moisture of the clay or raine, running vpon the grafted place, do +not get in: when the plant cloueth very straight, there is not any +danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the Graft. If you leaue it +somewhat vneuen, or rough in some places, so that the saps both of the +one and of the other may the better grow, and be glued together, when +your grafts are once well ioyned to your Plants, draw out your wedges +very softly, lest you displace them againe, you may leaue there within +the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood, cutting it very +close with the head of the Stocke: Some cast glue into the cleft, some +Sugar, and some gummed Waxe. + +{SN: 11.} +If the Stocke of the Plant whereupon you intend to graft, be not so +thicke as your graft, you shall graft it after the fashion of a Goates +foot, make a cleft in the Stocke of the Plant, not direct, but byas, & +that smooth and euen, not rough: then apply and make fast thereto, the +graft withall his Barke on, and answering to the barke of the Plant. +This being done, couer the place with the fat earth and mosse of the +Woods tyed together with a strong band: sticke a pole of Wood by it, to +keepe it stedfast. + + + + +CHAP. 4. + +_Grafting like a Scutcheon._ + + +In grafting after the manner of a Scutcheon, you shall not vary nor +differ much from that of the Flute or Pipe, saue only that the +Scutcheon-like graft, hauing one eyelet, as the other hath yet the wood +of the tree whereupon the Scutcheon-like graft is grafted, hath not any +knob, or budde, as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted, after the +manner of a pipe. + +{SN: 12.} +In Summer when the trees are well replenished with sap, and that their +new Siens begin to grow somewhat hard, you shall take a shoote at the +end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree, whereof you +would faine haue some fruit, and not many of his old store or wood, and +from thence raise a good eylet, the tayle and all thereof to make your +graft. But when you choose, take the thickest, and grossest, diuide the +tayle in the middest, before you doe any thing else, casting away the +leafe (if it be not a Peare plum-tree: for that would haue two or three +leaues) without remouing any more of the said tayle: afterward with the +point of a sharpe knife, cut off the Barke of the said shoote, the +patterne of a shield, of the length of a nayle. + +{SN: 13.} +In which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together, with +the residue of the tayle which you left behinde: and for the lifting vp +of the said graft in Scutcheon, after that you haue cut the barke of the +shoote round about, without cutting of the wood within, you must take it +gently with your thumbe, and in putting it away you must presse vpon the +wood from which you pull it, that so you may bring the bud and all away +together with the Scutcheon: for if you leaue it behinde with the wood, +then were the Scutcheon nothing worth. You shall finde out if the +Scutcheon be nothing worth, if looking within when it is pulled away +from the wood of the same sute, you finde it to haue a hole within, but +more manifestly, if the bud doe stay behind in the VVood, which ought to +haue beene in the Scutcheon. + +{SN: 14.} +Thus your Scutcheon being well raised and taken off, hold it a little +by the tayle betwixt your lips, without wetting of it, euen vntill you +haue cut the Barke of the tree where you would graft it, and looke that +it be cut without any wounding of the wood within, after the manner of a +crutch, but somewhat longer then the Scutcheon that you haue to set in +it, and in no place cutting the wood within; after you haue made +incision, you must open it, and make it gape wide on both sides, but in +all manner of gentle handling, and that with little Sizers of bone, and +separating the wood and the barke a little within, euen so much as your +Scutcheon is in length and breadth: you must take heed that in doing +hereof, you do not hurt the bark. + +{SN: 15.} +{SN: 17.} +This done take your Scutcheon by the end, and your tayle which you haue +left remaining, and put into your incision made in your tree, lifting vp +softly your two sides of the incision with your said Sizers of bone, and +cause the said Scutcheon to ioyne, and lye as close as may be, with the +wood of the tree, being cut, as aforesaid, in waying a little vpon the +end of your rinde: so cut and let the vpper part of your Scutcheon lye +close vnto the vpper end of your incision, or barke of your said tree: +afterward binde your Scutcheon about with a band of Hempe, as thicke as +a pen or a quill, more or lesse, according as your tree is small or +great, taking the same Hempe in the middest, to the end that either part +of it may performe a like seruice; and wreathing and binding of the said +Scutcheon into the incision of a tree, and it must not be tyed too +strait, for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap +to the other, being hindred thereby, and neither the Scutcheon, nor yet +the Hempe must be moist or wet: and the more iustly to binde them +together, begin at the backe side of the Tree, right ouer against the +middest of the incision, and from thence come forward to ioyne them +before, aboue the eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon, crossing your band +of Hempe, so oft as the two ends meet, and from thence returning backe +againe, come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets: and thus +cast about your band still backward and forward, vntill the whole cleft +of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said Hempe, the +eylet onely excepted, and his tayle which must not be couered at all; +his tayle will fall away one part after another, and that shortly after +the ingrafting, if so be the Scutcheon will take. Leaue your trees and +Scutcheons thus bound, for the space of one moneth, and the thicker, a +great deale longer time. Afterward looke them ouer, and if you perceiue +them to grow together, vntye them, or at the leastwise cut the Hempe +behinde them, and leaue them vncouered. Cut also your branch two or +three fingers aboue that, so the impe may prosper the better: and thus +let them remaine till after Winter, about the moneth of _March_, and +_Aprill_. + +{SN: 18.} +If you perceiue that your budde of your Scutcheon doe swell and come +forward: then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts, aboue the +Scutcheon: for if it be cut off too neere the Scutcheon, at such time as +it putteth forth his first blossome, it would be a meanes greatly to +hinder the flowring of it, and cause also that it should not thriue and +prosper so well after that one yeere is past, and that the shoote +beginneth to be strong: beginning to put forth the second bud and +blossome, you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three +fingers in the top of the tree, which you left there, when you cut it in +the yeere going before, as hath beene said. + +{SN: 19.} +{SN: 20.} +{SN: 21.} +When your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length, you must +sticke down there, euen hard ioyned thereunto, little stakes, tying them +together very gently and easily; and these shall stay your shootes and +prop them vp, letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them. Thus you +may graft white Roses in red, and red in white. Thus you may graft two +or three Scutcheons: prouided that they be all of one side: for they +will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee +all staruelings, neither would they be directly one ouer another; for +the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree, and so those +aboue should consume in penury, and vndergoe the aforesaid +inconuenience. You must note, that the Scutcheon which is gathered from +the Sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre, must be cut in square forme, +and not in the plaine fashion of a Scutcheon. It is ordinary to graffe +the sweet Quince tree, bastard Peach-tree, Apricock-tree, Iuiube-tree, +sowre Cherry tree, sweet Cherry-tree, and Chestnut tree, after this +fashion, howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily, and +more profitably; although diuers be of contrary opinion, as thus best: +Take the grafts of sweet Quince tree, and bastard Peach-tree, or the +fairest wood, and best fed that you can finde, growing vpon the wood of +two yeeres old, because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the +others, and you shall graffe them vpon small Plum-tree stocks, being of +the thicknes of ones thumbe; these you shall cut after the fashion of a +Goats foot: you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides +then one, being about a foot high from the ground; you must open it with +your small wedge: and being thus grafted, it will seeme to you that it +is open but of one side; afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little +Mosse, putting thereto some gummed Wax, or clay, and binde it vp with +Oziers to keepe it surer, because the stocke is not strong enough it +selfe to hold it, and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others +are dealt withall: this is most profitable. + + +_The time of grafting._ + +All moneths are good to graft in, (the moneth of _October_ and +_Nouember_ onely excepted). But commonly, graft at that time of the +Winter, when sap beginneth to arise. + +In a cold Countrey graft later, and in a warme Countrey earlier. + +The best time generall is from the first of _February_, vntill the first +of _May_. + +The grafts must alwaies be gathered, in the old of the Moone. + +For grafts choose shootes of a yeere old, or at the furthermost two +yeeres old. + +If you must carry grafts farre, pricke them into a Turnep newly +gathered, or lay earth about the ends. + +If you set stones of Plummes, Almonds, Nuts, or Peaches: First let them +lye a little in the Sunne, and then steepe them in Milke or Water, three +or foure dayes before you put them into the earth. + +Dry the kernels of Pippins, and sow them in the end of _Nouember_. + +The stone of a Plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in _Nouember_, or +_February_. + +The Date-stone must be set the great end downwards, two cubits deepe in +the earth, in a place enriched with dung. + +The Peach-stone would be set presently after the Fruit is eaten, some +quantity of the flesh of the Peach remaining about the stone. + +If you will haue it to be excellent, graft it afterward vpon an Almond +tree. + +The little Siens of Cherry-trees, grown thicke with haire, rots, and +those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great Cherry-trees, +being remoued, doe grow better and sooner then they which come of +stones: but they must be remoued and planted while they are but two or +three yeeres old, the branches must be lopped. + + + + +The Contents of the Art of _Propagating Plants_. + + + _The Art of propagating Plants._ _page 109._ + + _Grafting in the Barke._ _p. 111._ + + _Grafting in the cleft._ _p. 113._ + + _Grafters Tooles._ + + _Time of planting & seting._ + + _Time of grafting._ + + _How to cut the stumps in grafting._ + + _Sprouts and imps: how gathered._ + + _Grafting like a Scutcheon._ _p. 116._ + + _Inoculation in the Barke._ + + _Emplaister-wise grafting._ + + _To pricke stickes to beare the first yeere._ + + _To haue Cherries or Plums without stones._ + + _To make Quinces great._ + + _To set stones of Plummes._ + + _Dates, Nut, and Peaches._ + + _To make fruit smell well._ + + _To plant Cherry-trees._ + + + + + + +THE HVSBAND MANS FRVITEFVLL ORCHARD. + + + + + For the true ordering of all sorts of + _Fruits in their due seasons; and how double_ + increase commeth by care in gathering + _yeere after yeare: as also the best way_ + of carriage by land or by water: + _With their preseruation for_ + longest continuance. + + +{SN: Cherries.} +Of all stone Fruit, Cherries are the first to be gathered: of which, +though we reckon foure sorts; _English_, _Flemish_, _Gascoyne_ and +_Blacke_, yet are they reduced to two, the early, and the ordinary: the +earely are those whose grafts came first from _France_ and _Flanders_, +and are now ripe with vs in _May_: the ordinary is our owne naturall +Cherry, and is not ripe before _Iune_; they must be carefully kept from +Birds, either with nets, noise, or other industry. + +{SN: Gathering of Cheries.} +They are not all ripe at once, nor may be gathered at once, therefore +with a light Ladder, made to stand of it selfe, without hurting the +boughes, mount to the tree, and with a gathering hooke, gather those +which be full ripe, and put them into your Cherry-pot, or Kybzey hanging +by your side, or vpon any bough you please, and be sure to breake no +stalke, but that the cherry hangs by; and pull them gently, lay them +downe tenderly, and handle them as little as you can. + +{SN: To carry Cherries.} +For the conueyance or portage of Cherries, they are best to be carried +in broad Baskets like siues, with smooth yeelding bottomes, onely two +broad laths going along the bottome: and if you doe transport them by +ship, or boate, let not the siues be fil'd to the top, lest setting one +vpon another, you bruise and hurt the Cherries: if you carry by +horse-backe, then panniers well lined with Fearne, and packt full and +close is the best and safest way. + +{SN: Other stone-fruit.} +Now for the gathering of all other stone-fruite, as Nectarines, +Apricockes, Peaches, Peare-plumbes, Damsons, Bullas, and such like, +although in their seuerall kinds, they seeme not to be ripe at once on +one tree: yet when any is ready to drop from the tree, though the other +seeme hard, yet they may also be gathered, for they haue receiued the +full substance the tree can giue them; and therefore the day being +faire, and the dew drawne away; set vp your Ladder, and as you gathered +your Cherries, so gather them: onely in the bottomes of your large +siues, where you part them, you shall lay Nettles, and likewise in the +top, for that will ripen those that are most vnready. + +{SN: Gathering of Peares.} +In gathering of Peares are three things obserued; to gather for +expence, for transportation, or to sell to the Apothecary. If for +expence, and your owne vse, then gather them as soone as they change, +and are as it were halfe ripe, and no more but those which are changed, +letting the rest hang till they change also: for thus they will ripen +kindely, and not rot so soone, as if they were full ripe at the +gathering. But if your Peares be to be transported farre either by Land +or Water, then pull one from the tree, and cut it in the middest, and if +you finde it hollow about the choare, and the kernell a large space to +lye in: although no Peare be ready to drop from the tree, yet then they +may be gathered, and then laying them on a heape one vpon another, as of +necessity they must be for transportation, they will ripen of +themselues, and eate kindly: but gathered before, they will wither, +shrinke and eate rough, losing not onely their taste, but beauty. + +Now for the manner of gathering; albeit some climb into the trees by the +boughes, and some by Ladder, yet both is amisse: the best way is with +the Ladder before spoken of, which standeth of it selfe, with a basket +and a line, which being full, you must gently let downe, and keeping the +string still in your hand, being emptied, draw it vp againe, and so +finish your labour, without troubling your selfe, or hurting the tree. + +{SN: Gathering of Apples.} +Now touching the gathering of Apples, it is to be done according to the +ripening of the fruite; your Summer apples first, and the Winter after. + +For Summer fruit, when it is ripe, some will drop from the tree, and +birds will be picking at them: But if you cut one of the greenest, and +finde it as was shew'd you before of the Peare: then you may gather +them, and in the house they will come to their ripenesse and perfection. +For your Winter fruit, you shall know the ripenesse by the obseruation +before shewed; but it must be gathered in a faire, Sunny, and dry day, +in the waine of the Moone, and no Wind in the East, also after the deaw +is gone away: for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to +rot and mildew: also you must haue an apron to gather in, and to empty +into the great baskets, and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you, which +you cannot reach with your hands at ease: the apron is to be an Ell +euery way, loopt vp to your girdle, so as it may serue for either hand +without any trouble: and when it is full, vnloose one of your loopes, +and empty it gently into the great basket, for in throwing them downe +roughly, their owne stalkes may pricke them; and those which are prickt, +will euer rot. Againe, you must gather your fruit cleane without leaues +or brunts, because the one hurts the tree, for euery brunt would be a +stalke for fruit to grow vpon: the other hurts the fruit by bruising, +and pricking it as it is layd together, and there is nothing sooner +rotteth fruit, then the greene and withered leaues lying amongst them; +neither must you gather them without any stalke at all: for such fruit +will begin to rot where the stalke stood. + +{SN: To vse the fallings.} +For such fruit as falleth from the trees, and are not gathered, they +must not be layd with the gathered fruit: and of fallings there are two +sorts, one that fals through ripenesse, and they are best, and may be +kept to bake or roast; the other windfals, and before they are ripe, and +they must be spent as they are gathered, or else they will wither and +come to nothing: and therefore it is not good by any meanes to beate +downe fruit with Poales, or to carrie them in Carts loose and iogging or +in sacks where they may be bruised. + +{SN: Carriage of fruit.} +When your fruit is gathered, you shall lay them in deepe Baskets of +Wicker, which shall containe foure or sixe bushels, and so betweene two +men, carry them to your Apple-Loft, and in shooting or laying them +downe, be very carefull that it be done with all gentlenesse, and +leasure, laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by it selfe: but if there +be want of roome hauing so many sorts that you cannot lay them +seuerally, then such some fruite as is neerest in taste and colour, and +of Winter fruit, such as will taste alike, may if need require, be laid +together, and in time you may separate them, as shall bee shewed +hereafter. But if your fruit be gathered faire from your Apple-Loft, +them must the bottomes of your Baskets be lined with greene Ferne, and +draw the stuborne ends of the same through the Basket, that none but the +soft leafe may touch the fruit, and likewise couer the tops of the +Baskets with Ferne also, and draw small cord ouer it, that the Ferne may +not fall away, nor the fruit scatter out, or iogge vp and downe: and +thus you may carry fruit by Land or by Water, by Boat, or Cart, as farre +as you please: and the Ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising, +but also ripens them, especially Peares. When your fruit is brought to +your Apple-Loft or store house, if you finde them not ripened enough, +then lay them in thicker heapes vpon Fearne, and couer them with Ferne +also: and when they are neere ripe, then vncouer them, and make the +heapes thinner, so as the ayre may passe thorow them: and if you will +not hasten the ripening of them, then lay them on the boords without any +Fearne at all. Now for Winter, or long lasting Peares, they may be packt +either in Ferne or Straw, and carried whither you please; and being come +to the iourneys end must be laid vpon sweet straw; but beware the roome +be not too warme, nor windie, and too cold, for both are hurtfull: but +in a temperate place, where they may haue ayre, but not too much. + +{SN: Of Wardens.} +Wardens are to be gathered, carried, packt, and laid as Winter Peares +are. + +{SN: Of Medlers.} +Medlers are to be gathered about _Michaelmas_, after a frost hath toucht +them; at which time they are in their full growth, and will then be +dropping from the tree, but neuer ripe vpon the tree. When they are +gathered, they must be laid in a basket, siue, barrell, or any such +caske, and wrapt about with woollen cloths, vnder, ouer, and on all +sides, and also some waight laid vpon them, with a boord betweene: for +except they be brought into a heat, they will neuer ripen kindly or +taste well. + +Now when they haue laine till you thinke some of them be ripe, the +ripest, still as they ripen, must be taken from the rest: therefore +powre them out into another siue or basket leasurely, that so you may +well finde them that be ripest, letting the hard one fall into the other +basket, and those which be ripe laid aside: the other that be halfe +ripe, seuer also into a third siue or basket: for if the ripe and halfe +ripe be kept together, the one will be mouldy, before the other be ripe: +And thus doe, till all be throughly ripe. + +{SN: Of Quinces.} +Quinces should not be laid with other fruite; for the sent is offensiue +both to other fruite, and to those that keepe the fruite or come amongst +them: therefore lay them by themselues vpon sweet strawe, where they +may haue ayre enough: they must be packt like Medlers, and gathered with +Medlers. + +{SN: To packe Apples.} +Apples must be packt in Wheat or Rye-straw, and in maunds or baskets +lyned with the same, and being gently handled, will ripen with such +packing and lying together. If seuerall sorts of apples be packt in one +maund or basket, then betweene euery sort, lay sweet strawe of a pretty +thicknesse. + +{SN: Emptying and laying apples.} +Apples must not be powred out, but with care and leasure: first, the +straw pickt cleane from them, and then gently take out euery seuerall +sort, and place them by themselues: but if for want of roome you mixe +the sorts together, then lay those together that are of equall lasting; +but if they haue all one taste, then they need no separation. Apples +that are not of the like colours should not be laid together, and if any +such be mingled, let it be amended, and those which are first ripe, let +them be first spent; and to that end, lay those apples together, that +are of one time ripening: and thus you must vse Pippins also, yet will +they endure bruises better then other fruit, and whilst they are greene +will heale one another. + +{SN: Difference in Fruit.} +Pippins though they grow of one tree, and in one ground, yet some will +last better then other some, and some will bee bigger then others of the +same kinde, according as they haue more or lesse of the Sunne, or more +or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches: therefore let +euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest, and longest +lasting. Againe, the largenesse and goodnesse of fruite consists in the +age of the tree: for as the tree increaseth, so the fruite increaseth in +bignesse, beauty, taste, and firmnesse: and otherwise, as it decreaseth. + +{SN: Transporting fruit by water.} +If you be to transport your fruit farre by water, then prouide some dry +hogges-heads or barrells, and packe in your apples, one by one with your +hand, that no empty place may be left, to occasion sogging; and you must +line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw; but not the sides, +to auoid heat: and you must bore a dozen holes at either end, to receiue +ayre so much the better; and by no meanes let them take wet. Some vse, +that transport beyond seas, to shut the fruite vnder hatches vpon straw: +but it is not so good, if caske may be gotten. + +{SN: When not to transport fruit.} +It is not good to transport fruite in _March_, when the wind blowes +bitterly, nor in frosty weather, neither in the extreme heate of Summer. + +{SN: To conuay small store of fruit.} +If the quantity be small you would carry, then you may carry them in +Dossers or Panniers, prouided they be euer filled close, and that +Cherries and Peares be lined with greene Fearne, and Apples with sweete +straw; and that, but at the bottomes and tops, not on the sides. + +{SN: Roomes for fruite.} +Winter fruite must lye neither too hot, nor too cold; too close, nor too +open: for all are offensiue. A lowe roome or Cellar that is sweet, and +either boorded or paued, and not too close, is good, from _Christmas_ +till _March_: and roomes that are seeled ouer head, and from the ground, +are good from _March_ till _May_: then the Cellar againe, from _May_ +till _Michaelmas_. The apple loft would be seeled or boorded, which if +it want, take the longest Rye-straw, and raise it against the walles, to +make a fence as high as the fruite lyeth; and let it be no thicker then +to keepe the fruite from the wall, which being moyst, may doe hurt, or +if not moist, then the dust is offensiue. + +{SN: Sorting of Fruit.} +There are some fruite which will last but vntill _Allhallontide_: they +must be laid by themselues; then those which will last till _Christmas_, +by themselues: then those which will last till it be _Candlemas_, by +themselues: those that will last till _Shrouetide_, by themselues: and +Pippins, Apple-Iohns, Peare-maines, and Winter-Russettings, which will +last all the yeere by themselues. + +Now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes, pick them out, and with +a Trey for the purpose, see you turne the heapes ouer, and leaue not a +tainted Apple in them, diuiding the hardest by themselues, and the +broken skinned by themselues to be first spent, and the rotten ones to +be cast away; and euer as you turne them, and picke them, vnder-lay them +with fresh straw: thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse, which +otherwise would rot suddenly. + +{SN: Times of stirring fruit.} +Pippins, Iohn Apples, Peare maines, and such like long lasting fruit, +need not to be turned till the weeke before _Christmas_, vnlesse they be +mixt with other of a riper kind, or that the fallings be also with them, +or much of the first straw left amongst them: the next time of turning +is at _Shroue-tide_, and after that, once a moneth till _Whitson-tide_; +and after that, once a fortnight; and euer in the turning, lay your +heapes lower and lower, and your straw very thinne: prouided you doe +none of this labour in any great frost, except it be in a close Celler. +At euery thawe, all fruit is moyst, and then they must not be touched: +neither in rainy weather, for then they will be danke also: and +therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes, and +doores, that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them, as at nine of +the clocke in the fore-noone in Winter; and at sixe in the fore-noone, +and at eight at night in Summer: onely in _March_, open not your +windowes at all. + +All lasting fruite, after the middest of _May_, beginne to wither, +because then they waxe dry, and the moisture gone, which made them looke +plumpe: they must needes wither, and be smaller; and nature decaying, +they must needes rot. And thus much touching the ordering of fruites. + + +_FINIS._ + + * * * * * + +IC + +LONDON, + +Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden Vnicorne in +Pater-noster-row. 1631. + + + + +{Transcriber's notes + + The following corrections have been made: + + Title page + "carring home" changed to "carrying home". + + Sig. A2r + "SIR HENRY BELOSSES" possible error for "SIR HENRY BELLOSES"; + not changed. + + Sig. A3v + "how ancient, how, profitable," changed to + "how ancient, how profitable,". + + "Roses on Thornes. and such like," changed to + "Roses on Thornes, and such like,". + + Sig. A4r + "_Of bough Setts._" changed to "_Of bought Setts._" + for consistency with the text. + + Sig. A4v + Page number for "_Of Foyling_" in Chapter 12 changed from 53 to 51, + for consistency with the text. + + Page number for "_Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c._" in Chapter 17 + changed from 71 to 70, for consistency with the text. + + Chapter 1, page 3 + "other offall, that fruit" changed to "all other of that fruit" + + Chapter 2, page 3 + "nor searcely with Quinces," changed to + "nor scarcely with Quinces,". + + "(not well ordered," changed to "(not well ordered)". + + Page 5 + "will pu forth suckers" changed to "will put forth suckers". + + Page 6 + "become manure to your ground" changed to + "become manure to your ground.". + + "15. or 18 inches deepe" changed to "15. or 18. inches deepe". + + Chapter 3, page 6 + "(as is before described," changed to "(as is before described)". + + Page 7 + "in _Holland_ and _Zealand_" the "a" in "and" is italicised + in the original. + + "Our old fathers can telvs" changed to "Our old fathers can tel vs". + + Page 8 + "chuse your ground low Or if you be forced" changed to + "chuse your ground low: Or if you be forced". + + Page 10 + "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth," changed to + "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth)". + + Chapter 7, page 18 + "for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)" changed to + "(for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)". + + Page 20 + "arse from some taw" changed to "arise from some taw". + + Page 21 + "I could not mislke this kind" changed to + "I could not mislike this kind". + + Page 27 + "Let not you stakes" changed to "Let not your stakes". + + "or of auy other thing" changed to "or of any other thing". + + Chapter 8, page 29 + "forty or fity yeares" changed to "forty or fifty yeares". + + "alotted to his felllow" changed to "alotted to his fellow". + + Page 30 + "vpward out of he earth" changed to "vpward out of the earth". + + Chapter 9, page 32 + "they are more subiect," changed to "they are more subiect to,". + + Chapter 10, page 33 + "commonly called a _Graft_)" changed to + "(commonly called a _Graft_)". + + Chapter 11, page 43 + "(nay more) such as mens" changed to "(nay more, such as mens". + + Page 46 + "It stayes it nothing at al" changed to "It stayes it nothing at all.". + + Chapter 12, page 53 + "wastes cotinually" changed to "wastes continually". + + Chapter 13, page 57 + "take sprig and all (for" changed to "take sprig and all: for". + + Page 58 + "cleanse his foile" changed to "cleanse his soile". + + Chapter 14, page 63 + "growth: for cut them" changed to "growth: (for cut them". + + Page 64 + "to inlarge their frust" changed to "to inlarge their fruit". + + Chapter 16, page 67 + "Orchrad shall exceed" changed to "Orchard shall exceed" + + Chapter 17, page 70 + "double double Cowslips" not changed. + + The Country Housewifes Garden + Chapter 8, page 90 + "drunke to kill itches" changed to "drunke) to kill itches". + + Page 94 + "It floweth at _Michael-tide_" changed to + "It flowreth at _Michael-tide_". + + Page 95 + "_Cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_" not changed. + Possible error for "... cui saluia ...". + + Chapter 9, page 97 + "for then they are too too tender" not changed. + + Chapter 10, page 99 + "the Beees lye out" changed to "the Bees lye out". + + Page 100 + "Neither would the hiue be too too great" not changed. + + Page 102 + "hey cannot come downe" changed to "they cannot come downe". + + Page 103 + "claspes are loose in the Stapes" not changed. + + Page 106 + "combes into a siue" changed to "combes) into a siue". + + The Art of propagating plants + Chapter 3, page 116 + The last side note has been changed from "1." to "11.". + + Chapter 4, page 120 + "aud these shall stay" changed to "and these shall stay". + + "sowre Cherry treee" changed to "sowre Cherry tree". + + The Husband mans fruitefull orchard + Page 125 + "_Gascoyne_ and Blacke" changed to "_Gascoyne_ and _Blacke_". + + Page 126 + "if you doe trasport them" changed to "if you doe transport them". + + "Nertarines, Apricockes" changed to "Nectarines, Apricockes". +} + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Orchard And Garden, by +William Lawson and Simon Harwood and Anonymous + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW ORCHARD AND GARDEN *** + +***** This file should be named 29058-8.txt or 29058-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/0/5/29058/ + +Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Orchard And Garden + or, The best way for planting, grafting, and to make any + ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North + and generall + +Author: William Lawson + Simon Harwood + Anonymous + +Release Date: June 6, 2009 [EBook #29058] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW ORCHARD AND GARDEN *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="transnote"> +<h4>Transcriber's note</h4> + +<p> +This etext contains</p> +<ol> +<li><a href="#NewOrchard">A New Orchard and Garden</a>, by William Lawson (<a href="#NO_Contents">contents</a>)</li> +<li><a href="#CHGarden">The Country Housewifes Garden</a>, by William Lawson (<a href="#CHG_Contents">contents</a>)</li> +<li><a href="#Propagating">A Most Profitable new treatise, from approved experience of the +Art of Propagating Plants</a>, by Simon Harwood (<a href="#Prop_Contents">contents</a>)</li> +<li><a href="#HFOrchard">The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard</a></li> +</ol> +<p>The first edition of "A New Orchard and Garden", which included "The +Country Housewifes Garden" appeared in 1618; many further editions +appeared over the period to 1695. The "Art of Propagating Plants" and +"The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard" appeared in all editions from 1623. +This transcript is taken from the 1631 edition. The transcriber used +a modern facsimile of the 1657 edition to clarify some doubtful +readings.</p> + +<p>The spelling and hyphenation in the original are erratic. No corrections +have been made other than those <a href="#corrections" class="correction" title="and marked like this">listed</a> at the end of the etext. The +formatting of the original tables of contents has been normalised.</p> + +<!-- +All printed page numbers are shown using spans with class "pagebreak". +All printed signatures are shown using spans with class "sigvis". +All other signatures are shown using spans with class "siginvis". +--> +</div> + + + + + +<h1> +<a name="NewOrchard" id="NewOrchard"></a> +<span class="siginvis" title="A1r"> </span><a name="Sig_A1r" id="Sig_A1r"></a> +<span class="little">A</span><br /> +NEVV ORCHARD<br /> +<span class="little">AND GARDEN</span></h1> +<p class="center"> +<span class="big">OR<br /> +The best way for planting, grafting, and to make</span><br /> +<i>any ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North,</i><br /> +and generally for the whole kingdome of <i>England</i>, as in nature,<br /> +<i>reason, situation, and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"> +With the Country Housewifes Garden for hearbes of common vse:<br /> +<span class="littl"><i>their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models</i><br /> +for trees, and plots for the best ordering of Grounds and Walkes.</span></p> + +<p class="center"> +AS ALSO,<br /> +<i>The Husbandry of Bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances</i><br /> +<span class="little">being the experience of 48 yeares labour, and now the second time corrected<br /> +and much enlarged, by <i>William Lawson</i>.<br /> +<br /> +Whereunto is newly added the Art of propagating Plants, with the true<br /> +<i>ordering of all manner of Fruits, in their gathering, <a name="corrA1ra" id="corrA1ra"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnoteA1ra" title="changed from 'carring'">carrying</a> home, & preseruation.</i></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 503px;"> +<span class="caption">Skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines.</span> +<img src="images/fpiece.png" width="503" height="332" alt="Frontispiece: 3 men digging, grafting, and planting a tree" /> +<span class="caption"><i>Nemo sibi natus.</i></span> +</div> + +<p class="center"> +<i>LONDON</i>,<br /> +Printed by <i>Nicholas Okes</i> for <span class="smcap">Iohn Harison</span>, at the golden<br /> +Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row. 1631.</p> +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="A1v"> </span><a name="Sig_A1v" id="Sig_A1v"></a> +</p> + + + + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="A2"> </span><a name="Sig_A2r" id="Sig_A2r"></a> +TO THE RIGHT<br /> +WORSHIPFVLL<br /> +<span class="smcap little">Sir Henry <a name="corrA2ra" id="corrA2ra"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnoteA2ra" title="possible error for 'Belloses'">Belosses</a></span>,<br /> +<span class="little">Knight and Baronet</span>, +</h2> +<p> +<i>Worthy Sir</i>,<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="dropcap">W</span>hen in many yeeres by long experience I had furnished this my Northerne +Orchard and Countrey Garden with needfull plants and vsefull hearbes, I +did impart the view thereof to my friends, who resorted to me to +conferre in matters of that nature, they did see it, and seeing it +desired, and I must not denie now the publishing of it (which then I +allotted to my priuate delight) for the publike profit of others. +Wherefore, though I could pleade custome the ordinarie excuse of all +Writers, to chuse a Patron and Protector of their Workes, and so shroud +my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour, yet haue I certaine +reasons to excuse this my presumption: First, the many courtesies +<span class="siginvis" title="A2v"> </span><a name="Sig_A2v" id="Sig_A2v"></a> +you +haue vouchsafed me. Secondly, your delightfull skill in matters of this +nature. Thirdly, the profit which I receiued from your learned discourse +of Fruit-trees.</p> + +<p>Fourthly, your animating and assisting of others to such endeuours. Last +of all, the rare worke of your owne in this kind: all which to publish +vnder your protection, I haue aduentured (as you see). Vouchsafe it +therefore entertainement, I pray you, and I hope you shall finde it not +the vnprofitablest seruant of your retinue: for when your serious +employments are ouerpassed, it may interpose some commoditie, and raise +your contentment out of varietie.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i><span class="big">Your Worships</span><br /> +<span style="padding-left:2em;">most bounden</span></i>,<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap" style="padding-left:6em;">William Lavvson</span>. +</p> + + + + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="A3"> </span><a name="Sig_A3r" id="Sig_A3r"></a> +THE PREFACE<br /> <span class="little">to all well minded.</span></h2> + + +<p class="italics"><span class="dropcap">A</span>rt hath her first originall out of experience, which therefore is +called the Schoole-mistresse of fooles, because she teacheth infallibly, +and plainely, as drawing her knowledge out of the course of Nature, +(which neuer failes in the generall) by the senses, feelingly +apprehending, and comparing (with the helpe of the minde) the workes of +nature; and as in all other things naturall, so especially in Trees; for +what is Art more then a prouident and skilfull Collectrix of the faults +of Nature in particular workes, apprehended by the senses? As when good +ground naturally brings forth thistles, trees stand too thicke, or too +thin, or disorderly, or (without dressing) put forth vnprofitable +suckers, and suchlike. All which and a thousand more, Art reformeth, +being taught by experience: and therefore must we count that Art the +surest, that stands vpon experimentall rules, gathered by the rule of +reason (not conceit) of all other rules the surest.</p> + +<p class="italics">Whereupon haue I of my meere and sole experience, without respect to +any former written Treatise, gathered these rules, and set them downe in +writing, not daring to hide the least talent giuen me of my Lord and +Master in Heauen: neither is this iniurious to any, though it differ +from the common opinion +<span class="siginvis" title="A3v"> </span><a name="Sig_A3v" id="Sig_A3v"></a> +in diuers points, to make it knowne to others, +what good I haue found out in this facultie by long triall and +experience. I confesse freely my want of curious skill in the Art of +planting. And I admire and praise <i>Plinie</i>, <i>Aristotle</i>, <i>Virgil</i>, +<i>Cicero</i>, and many others for wit and iudgement in this kind, and leaue +them to their times, manner, and seuerall Countries.</p> + +<p class="italics">I am not determined (neither can I worthily) to set forth the praises +of this Art: how some, and not a few, euen of the best, haue accounted +it a chiefe part of earthly happinesse, to haue faire and pleasant +Orchards, as in <i>Hesperia</i> and <i>Thessaly</i>, how all with one consent +agree, that it is a chiefe part of Husbandry (as <i>Tully de senectute</i>) +and Husbandry maintaines the world; how ancient, <a name="corrA3va" id="corrA3va"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnoteA3va" title="changed from 'how,'">how</a> +profitable, how pleasant it is, how many secrets of nature it doth +containe, how loued, how much practised in the best places, and of the +best: This hath already beene done by many. I only aime at the common +good. <i>I</i> delight not in curious conceits, as planting and graffing with +the root vpwards, inoculating Roses on <a name="corrA3vb" id="corrA3vb"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnoteA3vb" title="changed from 'Thornes.'">Thornes,</a> and such +like, although I haue heard of diuers prooued some, and read of moe.</p> + +<p class="italics">The Stationer hath (as being most desirous with me, to further the +common good) bestowed much cost and care in hauing the Knots and Models +by the best Artizan cut in great varietie, that nothing might be any way +wanting to satisfie the curious desire of those that would make vse of +this Booke.</p> + +<p class="italics">And I shew a plaine and sure way of planting, which I haue found good +by 48. yeeres (and moe) experience in the North part of <i>England</i>: I +preiudicate and enuie none, wishing yet all to abstaine from maligning +that good (to them vnknowne) which is well intended. Farewell.</p> + +<p class="center big"> +Thine, for thy good, +<i>W. L.</i> +</p> + + + + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="A4"> </span><a name="Sig_A4r" id="Sig_A4r"></a> +<a name="NO_Contents" id="NO_Contents"></a> +A Table of the things Contayned in this Booke</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="Table of contents for A New Orchard" width="70%" > + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_1">Chap. 1.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl" style="width:40%;">Of the Gardner his labour and wadges.</td><td class="tocr" ><a href="#Page_1">pag. 1</a></td> + <td class="tocl" style="width:40%;"> </td><td class="tocr" > </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_2">Chap. 2.</a></td></tr> +<tr> + <td class="tocl">Of the Soyle</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_3">p. 3</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Grasse.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_5">p. 5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The kinds of trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_3">p. 3</a></td> +<td class="tocl">Of the Crust of the earth.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_6">p. 6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of barren earth.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_4">p. 4</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_3">Chap. 3.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Lowe & neere the Riuer.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_6">p. 6</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of the Sunne.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_8">p. 8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Windes.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_8">p. 8</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Trees against a wall.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_8">p. 8</a></td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_4">Chap. 4.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of the quantity.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_10">p. 10</a></td> + <td class="tocl">What quantity of ground.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_11">p. 11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Orchards as good as a Corne-field.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_10">p. 10</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Want no hinderance.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_12">p. 12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Good as the Vineyard.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_11">p. 11</a></td> + <td class="tocl">How Land-lords by their Tenants may make flourishing Orchards.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_12">p. 12</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_5">Chap. 5.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The forme of the Orchard.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_12">p. 12</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_6">Chap. 6.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Fences.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_14">p. 14</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Pales and Rayles.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Effects of euill Fencing.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_14">p. 14</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Stone-walles.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The kinds of Fencinge.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Quicksets and Moates.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_16">p. 16</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_7">Chap. 7.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Setts.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_17">p. 17</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Suckers.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_20">p. 20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Slipps.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_17">p. 17</a></td> + <td class="tocl">A Running plant.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_20">p. 20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Burknots.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_17">p. 17</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of <a name="corrA4ra" id="corrA4ra"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnoteA4ra" title="changed from 'bough'">bought</a> Setts.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_21">p. 21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Small Setts.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_18">p. 18</a></td> + <td class="tocl">The best Sett.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_22">p. 22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Tying of Trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_19">p. 19</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Times of remouing.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_23">p. 23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Signes of diseases.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_19">p. 19</a></td> + <td class="tocl">The manner of setting.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_26">p. 26</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_8">Chap. 8.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of the distance of trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_28">p. 28</a></td> + <td class="tocl"> + <span class="siginvis" title="A4v"> </span><a name="Sig_A4v" id="Sig_A4v"></a> + The best distance.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_29">p. 29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The hurts of too neere planting.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_28">p. 28</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of wast ground in an Orchard.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_30">p. 30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">All touches hurtfull.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_29">p. 29</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_9">Chap. 9.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of the placing of trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_31">p. 31</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_10">Chap. 10.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Grafting.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_33">p. 33</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Gathering of Grafts.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_36">p. 36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The kinds of Grafting.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_34">p. 34</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Incising.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_37">p. 37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">How to Graft.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_34">p. 34</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Packing.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_38">p. 38</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">What a Graft is.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_34">p. 34</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Inoculating.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_39">p. 39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The eies of a Graft.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_34">p. 34</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Grafting in the Scutcheon.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_39">p. 39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Time of Grafting.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_35">p. 35</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_11">Chap. 11.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The right dressing of trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_40">p. 40</a></td> + <td class="tocl">How to dresse all Fruit-trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_44">p. 44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Timber-wood euill drest.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_41">p. 41</a></td> + <td class="tocl">The best times for proyning.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_47">p. 47</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The cause of hurts in wood.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_42">p. 42</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Faults of euill dressing and the remedies.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_48">p. 48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">How to dresse Timber.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_43">p. 43</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of water-boughes.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_49">p. 49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The profit of dressing.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_43">p. 43-45</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Barke-pyld.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_49">p. 49-56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Trees will take any forme.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_44">p. 44</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Instruments for dressing.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_50">p. 50</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_12">Chap. 12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Foyling.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_51">p. </a><a name="corrA4va" id="corrA4va"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnoteA4va" title="changed from '53'">51</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Time fit for Foyling.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_53">p. 53</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_13">Chap. 13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Annoyances.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_54">p. 54</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of galls cankers, mosse &c.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_55">p. 55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Two euills in an Orchard.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_54">p. 54</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of wilfull annoyances.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_60">p. 60</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_14">Chap. 14.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of the age of trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_60">p. 60</a></td> + <td class="tocl">The age of timber-trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_64">p. 64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The parts of a trees age.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_61">p. 61</a></td> + <td class="tocl">To discerne the age of trees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_65">p. 65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Mans age.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_62">p. 62</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_15">Chap. 15.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of gathering and keeping Fruit.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_65">p. 65</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_16">Chap. 16.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The profit of Orchards.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_67">p. 67</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Fruit, Waters and Conserue.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_68">p. 68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Cydar and Perry.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_67">p. 67</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tocchap" colspan="4"><a href="#NO_Chap_17">Chap. 17.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of Ornaments.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_68">p. 68</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_70">p. </a><a name="corrA4vb" id="corrA4vb"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnoteA4vb" title="changed from '71'">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">Of the delights.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_69">p. 69</a></td> + <td class="tocl">Of Bees.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_72">p. 72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tocl">The causes of delights.</td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_70">p. 70</a></td></tr> +</table> +</div> + + + + +<h2> +<span class="pagebreak" title="1"> </span><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a> +<span class="sigvis" title="B"> </span><a name="Sig_B1r" id="Sig_B1r"></a> +<span class="big">THE BEST, SVRE</span><br /> +AND READIEST VVAY +<br /> +<span class="little">to make a good <i>Orchard</i> and <i>Garden</i>.</span></h2> + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_1" id="NO_Chap_1"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter. 1.</span><br /> +<span class="little"><i>Of the Gardner, and his Wages.</i></span></h2> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Religious.</span> +Whosoeuer desireth & endeauoureth to haue a pleasant, and profitable +Orchard, must (if he be able) prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer, +religious, honest, skilful in that faculty, & therwithall painfull: By +religious, I meane (because many think religion but a fashion or custome +to go to Church) maintaining, & cherishing things religious: as Schooles +of learning, Churches, Tythes, Church-goods, & rights; and aboue all +things, Gods word, & the Preachers thereof, so much as he is able, +practising prayers, comfortable conference, mutuall instruction to +edifie, almes, and other works of Charity, and all out of a good +conscience.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Honest.</span> +Honesty in a Gardner, will grace your Garden, and all your house, and +helpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen, giuing offence to none, not calling +your name into question by dishonest acts, nor infecting your family by +euill counsell or example. For there is no plague so infectious as +Popery and knauery, he will not purloine your profit, nor hinder your +pleasures.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Skilfull.</span> +Concerning his skill, he must not be a Scolist, to make shew or take in +hand that, which he cannot performe, especially in so weighty a thing as +an Orchard: +<span class="siginvis" title="B1v"> </span><a name="Sig_B1v" id="Sig_B1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="2"> </span><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a> +than the which, there can be no humane thing more +excellent, either for pleasure or profit, as shall (God willing) be +proued in the treatise following. And what an hinderance shall it be, +not onely to the owner, but to the common good, that the vnspeakeble +benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost, by the audacious attempt +of an vnskilfull Arborist.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Painfull.</span> +The Gardner had not need be an idle, or lazie Lubber, for to your +Orchard being a matter of such moment, will not prosper. There will euer +be some thing to doe. Weedes are alwaies growing. The great mother of +all liuing Creatures, the Earth, is full of seed in her bowels, and any +stirring giues them heat of Sunne, and being laid neere day, they grow: +Mowles worke daily, though not alwaies alike. Winter herbes at all times +will grow (except in extreame frost.) In Winter your young trees and +herbes would be lightned of snow, and your Allyes cleansed: drifts of +snow will set Deere, Hares, and Conyes, and other noysome beasts ouer +your walles & hedges, into your Orchard. When Summer cloathes your +borders with greene and peckled colours, your Gardner must dresse his +hedges, and antike workes: watch his Bees, and hiue them: distill his +Roses and other herbes. Now begins Summer Fruit to ripe, and craue your +hand to pull them. If he haue a Garden (as he must need) to keepe, you +must needs allow him good helpe, to end his labours which are endlesse, +for no one man is sufficient for these things.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Wages.</span> +Such a Gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in +your Orchard, God shall crowne the labours of his hands with +ioyfulnesse, and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees, he will +prouoke your loue, and earne his wages, and fees belonging to +<span class="sigvis" title="B2"> </span><a name="Sig_B2r" id="Sig_B2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="3"> </span><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a> +his +place: The house being serued, fallen fruite, superfluity of herbes, and +flowers, seedes, grasses, sets, and besides <a name="corr3a" id="corr3a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote3a" title="changed from 'other offall,'">all other of</a> that fruit which your bountifull hand shall reward him +withall, will much augment his wages, and the profit of your bees will +pay you backe againe.</p> + +<p>If you be not able, nor willing to hire a gardner, keepe your profits to +your selfe, but then you must take all the pains: And for that purpose +(if you want this faculty) to instruct you, haue I vndertaken these +labours, and gathered these rules, but chiefly respecting my Countries +good.</p> + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_2" id="NO_Chap_2"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 2.</span><br /> +<span class="little"><i>Of the soyle.</i></span></h2> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Kinds of trees.</span> +<span class="dropcap">F</span>ruit-trees most common, and meetest for our Northerne Countries: (as +Apples, Peares, Cheries, Filberds, red and white Plummes, Damsons, and +Bulles,) for we meddle not with Apricockes nor Peaches, nor +<a name="corr3b" id="corr3b"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote3b" title="changed from 'searcely'">scarcely</a> with Quinces, which will not like in our cold +parts, vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of Sunne, or other like +meanes, nor with bushes, bearing berries, as Barberies, Goose-berries, +or Grosers, Raspe-berries, and such like, though the Barbery be +wholesome, and the tree may be made great: doe require (as all other +trees doe) a blacke, fat, mellow, cleane and well tempered soyle, +wherein they may gather plenty of good sap. Some thinke the Hasell would +haue a chanily rocke, and the sallow, and eller a waterish marish. +<span class="sidenote">Soyle.</span> +The +soile is made better by deluing, and other meanes, being well melted, +and the wildnesse of the earth and weedes (for euery thing subiect to +man, and seruing his vse (not well <a name="corr3c" id="corr3c"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote3c" title="changed from 'ordered,'">ordered)</a> is by nature +subiect +<span class="siginvis" title="B2v"> </span><a name="Sig_B2v" id="Sig_B2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="4"> </span><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a> +to the curse,) is killed by frosts and drought, by fallowing +and laying on heapes, and if it be wild earth, with burning.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Barren earth.</span> +If your ground be barren (for some are forced to make an Orchard of +barren ground) make a pit three quarters deepe, and two yards wide, and +round in such places, where you would set your trees, and fill the same +with fat, pure, and mellow earth, one whole foot higher then your Soile, +and therein set your Plant. For who is able to manure an whole Orchard +plot, if it be barren? But if you determine to manure the whole site, +this is your way: digge a trench halfe a yard deepe, all along the lower +(if there be a lower) side of your Orchard plot, casting vp all the +earth on the inner side, and fill the same with good short, hot, & +tender muck, and make such another Trench, and fill the same as the +first, and so the third, and so through out your ground. And by this +meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life. But be sure you set +your trees, neither in dung nor barren earth.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Plaine.</span> +Your ground must be plaine, that it may receiue, and keepe moysture, not +onely the raine falling thereon, but also water cast vpon it, or +descending from higher ground by sluices, Conduits, &c. +<span class="sidenote">Moyst.</span> +For I account +moisture in Summer very needfull in the soile of trees, & drought in +Winter. Prouided, that the ground neither be boggy, nor the inundation +be past 24. houres at any time, and but twice in the whole Summer, and +so oft in the Winter. Therefore if your plot be in a Banke, or haue a +descent, make Trenches by degrees, Allyes, Walkes, and such like, so as +the Water may be stayed from passage. And if too much water be any +hinderance to your walks (for dry walkes doe well become an Orchard, and +an Orchard them:) raise your walkes with earth first, and +<span class="sigvis" title="B3"> </span><a name="Sig_B3r" id="Sig_B3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="5"> </span><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a> +then with +stones, as bigge as Walnuts: and lastly, with grauell. In Summer you +need not doubt too much water from heauen, either to hurt the health of +your body, or of your trees. And if ouerflowing molest you after one +day, auoid it then by deepe trenching.</p> + +<p>Some for this purpose dig the soile of their Orchard to receiue +moisture, which I cannot approue: for the roots with digging are +oftentimes hurt, and especially being digged by some vnskilfull seruant: +For the Gardiner cannot doe all himselfe. And moreouer, the roots of +Apples & Peares being laid neere day, with the heate of the Sun, will +<a name="corr5a" id="corr5a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote5a" title="changed from 'pu'">put</a> forth suckers, which are a great hinderance, and sometimes +with euill guiding, the destruction of trees, vnlesse the deluing be +very shallow, and the ground laid very leuell againe. Cherries and +Plummes without deluing, will hardly or neuer (after twenty yeares) be +kept from such suckers, nor aspes.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Grasse.</span> +Grasse also is thought needfull for moisture, so you let it not touch +the roots of your trees: for it will breed mosse, and the boall of your +tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the Sunne and Ayre.</p> + +<p>Some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so, by reason of +waters standing thereon, for except in soure marshes, springs, and +continuall ouerflowings, no earth can be too moyst. Sandy & fat earth +will auoid all water falling by receit. Indeed a stiffe clay will not +receiue the water, and therefore if it be grassie or plaine, especially +hollow, the water will abide, and it wil seeme waterish, when the fault +is in the want of manuring, and other good dressing.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Naturally plaine.</span> +This plainnesse which we require, had need be naturall, because to force +an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse. For euery soile hath his +crust next day wherein +<span class="siginvis" title="B3v"> </span><a name="Sig_B3v" id="Sig_B3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="6"> </span><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a> +trees and herbes put their roots, and whence +they draw their sap, which is the best of the soile, and made fertile +with heat and cold, moisture and drought, and vnder which by reason of +the want of the said temperature, by the said foure qualities, no tree +nor herbe (in a manner) will or can put root. As may be seene if in +digging your ground, you take the weeds of most growth: as grasse or +docks, (which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare) yet bury +them vnder the crust, and they will surely dye and perish, & become +manure to your <a name="corr6a" id="corr6a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote6a" title="changed from 'ground'">ground.</a> This crust is not past 15. or <a name="corr6b" id="corr6b"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote6b" title="changed from '18'">18.</a> +inches deepe in good ground, in other grounds lesse. +<span class="sidenote">Crust of the earth.</span> +Hereby appeares the +fault of forced plaines, viz. your crust in the lower parts, is couered +with the crust of the higher parts, and both with worse earth: your +heights hauing the crust taken away, are become meerely barren: so that +either you must force a new crust, or haue an euill soile. And be sure +you leuell, before you plant, lest you be forced to remoue, or hurt your +plants by digging, and casting amongst their roots. Your ground must be +cleered as much as you may of stones, and grauell, walls, hedges, +bushes, & other weeds.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_3" id="NO_Chap_3"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 3.</span><br /> + +<span class="little"><i>Of the Site.</i></span></h2> + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>here is no difference, that I find betwixt the necessity of a good +soile, and a good site of an Orchard. For a good soile (as is before +<a name="corr6c" id="corr6c"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote6c" title="changed from 'described,'">described)</a> cannot want a good site, and if it do, the +fruit cannot be good, and a good site will much mend an euill soile. +<span class="sidenote">Low and neere a Riuer.</span> +The +best site is in low grounds, (and if you can) neere vnto a Riuer. High +grounds are not naturally fat.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sigvis" title="B4"> </span><a name="Sig_B4r" id="Sig_B4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="7"> </span><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a> +And if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand, the very descent in time +doth wash it away. It is with grounds in this case as it is with men in +a common wealth. Much will haue more: and once poore, seldome or neuer +rich. The raine will scind, and wash, and the wind will blow fatnesse +from the heights to the hollowes, where it will abide, and fatten the +earth though it were barren before.</p> + +<p>Hence it is, that we haue seldome any plaine grounds, and low, barren: +and as seldome any heights naturally fertill. It is vnspeakeable, what +fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters. Neither did +I euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a Riuer side. The +goodnesse of the soile in <i>Howle</i> or <i>Hollowdernes</i>, in <i>York-shire</i>, is +well knowne to all that know the Riuer <i>Humber</i>, and the huge bulkes of +their Cattell there. By estimation of them that haue seene the low +grounds in <i>Holland</i> <a name="corr7a" id="corr7a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote7a" title="the 'a' in 'and' is italicised in the original">and</a> <i>Zealand</i> they farre surpasse the most +Countries in <i>Europe</i> for fruitfulnesse, and only because they lie so +low. <span class="sidenote">Psal. 1. 3.<br /> +Ezek. 17. 8.<br /> +Eccl. 39. 17.</span> +The world cannot compare with <i>Ægypt</i>, for fertility, so farre as +<i>Nilus</i> doth ouer flow his bankes. So that a fitter place cannot be +chosen for an Orchard, then a low plaine by a riuer side. For besides +the fatnesse which the water brings, if any cloudy mist or raine be +stirring, it commonly falls downe to, and followes the course of the +Riuer. And where see we greater trees of bulke and bough, then standing +on or neere the waters side? If you aske why the plaines in <i>Holderns</i>, +and such countries are destitute of woods? I answer that men and cattell +(that haue put trees thence, from out of Plaines to void corners) are +better then trees. Neither are those places without trees. +<span class="sidenote">Mr. <i>Markham</i>.</span> +Our old +fathers can <a name="corr7b" id="corr7b"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote7b" title="changed from 'telvs'">tel vs</a>, how woods are decaied, & people in the +roomth of trees +<span class="siginvis" title="B4v"> </span><a name="Sig_B4v" id="Sig_B4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="8"> </span><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a> +multiplied. I haue stood somwhat long in this poynt, +because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Winds.<br /> +<a href="#NO_Chap_13">Chap. 13.</a></span> +A low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds, both for shaking +downe your vnripe fruite. Trees the most (that I know) being loaden with +wood, for want of proyning, and growing high, by the vnskilfulnesse of +the Arborist, must needes be in continuall danger of the South-west, +West, and North west winds, especially in <i>September</i> and <i>March</i>, when +the aire is most temperate from extreme heat, and cold, which are deadly +enemies to great winds. Wherefore chuse your ground <a name="corr8a" id="corr8a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote8a" title="changed from 'low'">low:</a> Or if +you be forced to plant in a higher ground, let high and strong wals, +houses, and trees, as wall-nuts, plane trees, Okes, and Ashes, placed in +good order, be your fence for winds.</p> + +<p>The sucken of your dwelling house, descending into your orchard, if it +be cleanly conueyed, is good.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Sunne.</span> +The Sunne, in some sort, is the life of the world. It maketh proud +growth, and ripens kindly, and speedily, according to the golden tearme: +<i>Annus fructificat, non tellus</i>. Therefore in the countries, neerer +approching the Zodiake, the Sunnes habitation, they haue better, and +sooner ripe fruite, then we that dwell in these frozen parts.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Trees against a wall.</span> +This prouoketh most of our great Arborists, to plant Apricockes, +Cherries and Peaches, by a wall, and with tackes, and other meanes to +spread them vpon, and fasten them to a wall, to haue the benefit of the +immoderate reflexe of the Sunne, which is commendable, for the hauing of +faire, good & soone ripe fruit. But let them know it is more hurtfull to +their trees then the benefit they reape therby: as not suffering a tree +to liue the tenth part of his age. It helpes Gardners to worke, for +first the +<span class="siginvis" title="B5r"> </span><a name="Sig_B5r" id="Sig_B5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="9"> </span><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a> +wall hinders the roots, because into a dry and hard wall of +earth or stone a tree will not, nor cannot put any root to profit, but +especially it stops the passage of sap, whereby the barke is wounded, & +the wood, & diseases grow, so that the tree becomes short of life. For +as in the body of a man, the leaning or lying on some member, wherby the +course of bloud is stopt, makes that member as it were dead for the +time, till the bloud returne to his course, and I thinke, if that +stopping should continue any time, the member would perish for want of +bloud (for the life is in the bloud) and so endanger the body: so the +sap is the life of the tree, as the bloud is to mans body: neither doth +the tree in winter (as is supposed) want his sap, no more then mans body +his bloud, which in winter, and time of sleep draws inward. So that the +dead time of winter, to a tree, is but a night of rest: for the tree at +all times, euen in winter is nourished with sap, & groweth as well as +mans body. The chilling cold may well some little time stay, or hinder +the proud course of the sap, but so little & so short a time, that in +calme & mild season, euen in the depth of winter, if you marke it, you +may easily perceiue, the sap to put out, and your trees to increase +their buds, which were formed in the summer before, & may easily be +discerned: for leaues fall not off, til they be thrust off, with the +knots or buds, wherupon it comes to passe that trees cannot beare fruit +plentifully two yeares together, and make themselues ready to blossome +against the seasonablenesse of the next Spring.</p> + +<p>And if any frost be so extreme, that it stay the sap too much, or too +long, then it kils the forward fruit in the bud, and sometimes the +tender leaues and twigs, but not the tree. Wherefore, to returne, it is +perillous to stop the sap. And where, or when, did you euer see a great +tree +<span class="siginvis" title="B5v"> </span><a name="Sig_B5v" id="Sig_B5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="10"> </span><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a> +packt on a wall? Nay, who did euer know a tree so vnkindly splat, +come to age? I haue heard of some, that out of their imaginary cunning, +haue planted such trees, on the North side of the wall, to auoide +drought, but the heate of the Sunne is as comfortable (which they should +haue regarded) as the drought is hurtfull. And although water is a +soueraigne remedy against drought, ye want of Sun is no way to be +helped. Wherefore to conclude this Chapter, let your ground lie so, that +it may haue the benefit of the South, and West Sun, and so low and +close, that it may haue moysture, and increase his fatnesse (for trees +are the greatest suckers & pillers of <a name="corr10a" id="corr10a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote10a" title="changed from 'earth,'">earth)</a> and (as much as +may be) free from great winds.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_4" id="NO_Chap_4"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 4.</span><br /> + +<span class="little"><i>Of the quantity.</i></span></h2> + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>t would be remembred what a benefit riseth, not onely to euery +particular owner of an Orchard, but also to the common wealth, by fruit, +as shall be shewed in the <a href="#NO_Chap_16">16. Chapter</a> (God willing) whereupon must +needes follow: the greater the Orchard is (being good and well kept) the +better it is, for of good things, being equally good, the biggest is the +best. +<span class="sidenote">Orchard as good as a corn-field.</span> +And if it shall appeare, that no ground a man occupieth (no, not +the corne field) yeeldeth more gaine to the purse, and house keeping +(not to speake of the vnspeakeable pleasure) quantity for quantity, than +a good Orchard (besides the cost in planting, and dressing an orchard, +is not so much by farre, as the labour and feeding of your corne fields, +nor for durance of time, comparable, besides the certainty of the on +before +<span class="siginvis" title="B6r"> </span><a name="Sig_B6r" id="Sig_B6r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="11"> </span><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a> +the other) I see not how any labour, or cost in this kind, can +be idly or wastfully bestowed, or thought too much. +<span class="sidenote">Compared with a vinyard.</span> +And what other +things is a vineyard, in those countries where vines doe thriue, than a +large Orchard of trees bearing fruit? Or what difference is there in the +iuice of the Grape, and our Cyder & Perry, but the goodnes of the soile +& clime where they grow? which maketh the one more ripe, & so more +pleasant then the other. What soeuer can be said for the benefit rising +from an orchard, that makes for the largenesse of the Orchards bounds. +<span class="sidenote">Compared with a garden.</span> +And (me thinkes) they do preposterously, that bestow more cost and +labours, and more ground in and vpon a garden than vpon an orchard, +whence they reape and may reape both more pleasure and more profit, by +infinite degrees. And further, that a Garden neuer so fresh, and faire, +and well kept, cannot continue without both renewing of the earth and +the hearbs often, in the short and ordinary age of a man: whereas your +Orchard well kept shall dure diuers hundred yeares, as shall be shewed +<a href="#NO_Chap_14">chap. 14</a>. In a large orchard there is much labour saued, in fencing, and +otherwise: for three little orchards, or few trees, being, in a manner, +all out-sides, are so blasted and dangered, and commonly in keeping +neglected, and require a great fence; whereas in a great Orchard, trees +are a mutuall fence one to another, and the keeping is regarded, and +lesse fencing serues sixe acres together, than three in seuerall +inclosures.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">What quantity of ground.</span> +Now what quantity of ground is meetest for an Orchard can no man +prescribe, but that must be left to euery mans seuerall iudgement, to be +measured according to his ability and will, for other necessaries +besides fruite must be had, and some are more delighted with orchard +then others.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="B6v"> </span><a name="Sig_B6v" id="Sig_B6v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="12"> </span><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Want is no hinderance.</span> +Let no man hauing a fit plot plead pouerty in this case, for an orchard +once planted will maintaine it selfe, and yeeld infinite profit besides. +And I am perswaded, that if men did know the right and best way of +planting, dressing, and keeping trees, and felt the profit and pleasure +thereof, both they that haue no orchards would haue them, & they that +haue orchards, would haue them larger, yea fruit-trees in their hedges, +as in <i>Worcester-shire</i>, &c. +<span class="sidenote">How Land-lords by their Tenants may make flourishing Orchards +in <i>England</i>.</span> +And I think, that the want of planting, is +a great losse to our common-wealth, & in particular, to the owners of +Lord-ships, which Land lords themselues might easily amend, by granting +longer terme, and better assurance to their tenants, who haue taken vp +this Prouerbe <i>Botch and sit, Build and flit</i>: for who will build or +plant for an other mans profit? Or the Parliament mighte ioyne euery +occupier of grounds to plant and mainetaine for so many acres of +fruitfull ground, so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit. +Thus much for quantity.</p> + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_5" id="NO_Chap_5"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 5.</span><br /> + +<span class="little"><i>Of the forme.</i></span></h2> + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he goodnesse of the soile, and site, are necessary to the wel being of +an orchard simply, but the forme is so farre necessary, as the owner +shall thinke meete, for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular +man is delighted, we leaue it to himselfe, <i>Suum cuique pulchrum</i>. +<span class="sidenote">The vsuall forme is a square.</span> +The +forme that men like in generall is a square, for although roundnesse be +<i>forma perfectissima</i>, yet that principle is good where necessity by art +doth not force some other forme. If within one large square the Gardner +shall make one round Labyrinth or Maze with some kind of Berries, it +will grace your forme, so there be +<span class="siginvis" title="B7r"> </span><a name="Sig_B7r" id="Sig_B7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="14"> </span><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a> +sufficient roomth left for walkes, +so will foure or more round knots do. For it is to be noted, that the +eye must be pleased with the forme. I haue seene squares rising by +degrees with stayes from your house-ward, according to this forme which +I haue, <i>Crassa quod aiunt Minerua</i>, with an vnsteady hand, rough hewen, +for in forming the country gardens, the better sort may vse better +formes, and more costly worke. What is needefull more to be sayd, I +referre that all (concerning the Forme,) to the <a href="#NO_Chap_17">Chapter 17</a> of the +ornaments of an Orchard.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="Table for layout only"> +<tr><td> +<p class="tight"> +<span class="siginvis" title="B7v"> </span><a name="Sig_B7v" id="Sig_B7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="13"> </span><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a><i>A.</i> Al these squares must bee set with trees, the Gardens and other +ornaments must stand in spaces betwixt the trees, & in the borders & +fences.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>B.</i> Trees 20. yards asunder.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>C.</i> Garden Knots.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>D.</i> Kitchen garden.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>E.</i> Bridge.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>F.</i> Conduit.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>G.</i> Staires.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>H.</i> Walkes set with great wood thicke.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>I.</i> Walkes set with great wood round about your Orchard.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>K.</i> The out fence.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>L.</i> The out fence set with stone-fruite.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>M.</i> Mount. To force earth for a mount, or such like set it round with +quicke, and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward, +with the earth in the midle.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>N.</i> Still-house.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>O.</i> Good standing for Bees, if you haue an house.</p> + +<p class="tight"><i>P.</i> If the riuer run by your doore, & vnder your mount, it will be +pleasant.</p> +</td> +<td> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 529px;"> +<img src="images/ill013.png" width="529" height="744" alt="Plan of garden" /> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_6" id="NO_Chap_6"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 6.</span><br /> +<span class="little"><i>Of Fences.</i></span></h2> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Effects of euill fencing.</span> +<span class="dropcap">A</span>ll your labour past and to come about an Orchard is lost vnlesse you +fence well. It shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose +at the rootes, the barke pild, the boughes and twigs cropt, your fruite +stolne, your trees broken, and your many yeares labours and hopes +destroyed, for want of fences. A chiefe care must be had in this point. +You must therefore plant in such a soile, where you may prouide a +conuenient, strong and seemely fence. For you can possesse no goods, +that haue so many enemies as an orchard, looke <a href="#NO_Chap_13">Chapter 13</a>. Fruits are so +delightsome, and desired of so many (nay, in a manner of all) and yet +few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them. Fence well +therefore, let your plot be wholly in your owne power, that you make all +your fence your selfe: for neighbours fencing is none at all, or very +carelesse. +<span class="sidenote">Let the fence be your owne.</span> +Take heed of a doore or window, (yea of a wall) of any other +mans into your orchard: yea, though it be nayld vp, or the wall be high, +for +<span class="siginvis" title="B8r"> </span><a name="Sig_B8r" id="Sig_B8r"></a><span class="pagebreak" title="15"> </span><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a> +perhaps they will proue theeues.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Kinds of fences, earthen walles.</span> +All Fences commonly are made of Earth, Stone, Bricke, Wood, or both +earth and wood. Dry wall of earth, and dry Ditches, are the worst fences +saue pales or railes, and doe waste the soonest, vnlesse they be well +copt with glooe and morter, whereon at <i>Mighill-tide</i> it will be good to +sow Wall-flowers, commonly called Bee-flowers, or winter Gilly-flowers, +because they will grow (though amongst stones) and abide the strongest +frost and drought, continually greene and flowring euen in Winter, and +haue a pleasant smell, and are timely, (that is, they will floure the +first and last of flowers) and are good for Bees. And your earthen wall +is good for Bees dry and warme. But these fences are both vnseemly, +euill to repaire, and onely for need, where stone or wood cannot be had. +Whosoeuer makes such Walles, must not pill the ground in the Orchard, +for getting earth, nor make any pits or hallowes, which are both +vnseemly and vnprofitable. Old dry earth mixt with sand is best for +these. This kind of wall will soone decay, by reason of the trees which +grow neere it, for the roots and boales of great trees, will increase, +vndermine, and ouerturne such walles, though they were of stone, as is +apparant by Ashes, Rountrees, Burt-trees, and such like, carried in the +chat, or berry, by birds into stone-walles.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Pale and Raile.</span> +Fences of dead wood, as pales, will not last, neither will railes either +last or make good fence.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Stone walls.</span> +Stone walles (where stone may be had) are the best of this sort, both +for fencing, lasting, and shrouding of your young trees. But about this +must you bestow much paines and more cost, to haue them handsome, high +and durable.</p> + + + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="B8v"> </span><a name="Sig_B8v" id="Sig_B8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="16"> </span><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Quicke wood and Moates.</span> +But of all other (in mine owne opinion) Quickwood, and Moats or Ditches +of water, where the ground is leuell, is the best fence. In vnequall +grounds, which will not keepe water, there a double ditch may be cast, +made streight and leuel on the top, two yards broad for a faire walke, +fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle, with a gutter on either side, +two yards wide, and foure foot deepe set with out, with three or foure +chesse of Thorns, and within with Cherry, Plumme, Damson, Bullys, +Filbirds, (for I loue these trees better for their fruit, and as well +for their forme, as priuit) for you may make them take any forme. And in +euery corner (and middle if you will) a mount would be raised, +whereabout the wood may claspe, powdered with wood-binde: which wil make +with dressing a faire, plesant, profitable, & sure fence. But you must +be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly, or that there be a +supply betime, either with planting new, or plashing the old where need +is. And assure your selfe, that neither wood, stone, earth, nor water, +can make so strong a fence, as this after seuen yeares growth.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Moates.</span> +Moates, Fish-ponds, and (especially at one side a Riuer) within and +without your fence, will afford you fish, fence, and moysture to your +trees, and pleasure also, if they be so great and deepe that you may +haue Swans, & other water birds, good for deuouring of vermine, and boat +for many good vses.</p> + +<p>It shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your Orchard, if you be +a niggard of your fruit. For as liberality will saue it best from +noysome neighbours, liberality I say is the best fence, so Iustice must +restraine rioters. Thus when your ground is tempered, squared, and +fenced, it is time to prouide for planting.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="C"> </span><a name="Sig_C1r" id="Sig_C1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="17"> </span><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a> + +<a name="NO_Chap_7" id="NO_Chap_7"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 7.</span><br /> +<span class="little"><i>Of Sets.</i></span></h2> + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>here is not one point (in my opinion) about an Orchard more to be +regarded, than the choyce getting and setting of good plants, either for +readinesse or hauing good fruite, or for continuall lasting. For +whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good Sets, or in getting, or +gathering, or setting his plants, shall neuer haue a good or lasting +Orchard. And I take want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe +hinderance to the most Orchards, and to many for hauing of Orchards at +all.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Slips.</span> +Some for readinesse vse slips, which seldome take roote: and if they doe +take, they cannot last, both because their roote hauing a maine wound +will in short time decay the body of the tree: and besides that rootes +being so weakely put, are soone nipt with drought or frost. I could +neuer see (lightly) any slip but of apples onely set for trees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Bur-knot.</span> +A Bur-knot kindly taken from an Apple tree, is much better and surer. +You must cut him close at the roote ende, an handfull vnder the knot. +(Some vse in Summer about <i>Lammas</i> to circumcise him, and put earth to +the knots with hay roaps, and in winter cut him off and set him, but +this is curiosity, needlesse, and danger with remouing, and drought,) +and cut away all his twigs saue one, the most principall, which in +setting you must leaue aboue the earth, burying his trunk in the crust +of the earth for his root. It matters not much what part of the bough +the twig growes out of. If it grow out of +<span class="siginvis" title="C1v"> </span><a name="Sig_C1v" id="Sig_C1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="18"> </span><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a> +or neere the roote end, some +say such an Apple will haue no coare nor kirnell. Or if it please the +Plantor, he may let his bough be crooked, and leaue out his top end, one +foote or somewhat more, wherein will be good grafting, if either you +like not, or doubt the fruite of the bough <a name="corr18a" id="corr18a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote18a" title="changed from 'for'">(for</a> commonly your +bur-knots are summer fruit) or if you thinke he will not couer his wound +safely.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Vsuall Sets.</span> +The most vsuall kind of sets, is plants with rootes growing of kirnels +of Apples, Peares, and Crabbes, or stones of Cherries, Plummes, &c. +Remoued out of a Nursery, Wood or other Orchard, into, and set in your +Orchard in their due places I grant this kind to be better than either +of the former, by much, as more sure and more durable. Herein you must +note that in sets so remoued, you get all the roots you can; and without +brusing of any; +<span class="sidenote">Maine rootes cut.</span> +I vtterly dislike the opinion of those great Gardners, +that following their Bookes would haue the maine rootes cut away, for +tops cannot growe without rootes. +<span class="sidenote">Stow sets remoued.</span> +And because none can get all the +rootes, and remouall is an hinderance, you may not leaue on all tops, +when you set them: For there is a proportion betwixt the top and root of +a tree, euen in the number (at least) in the growth. If the roots be +many, they will bring you many tops, if they be not hindred. And if you +vse to stow or top your tree too much or too low, and leaue no issue, or +little for sap, (as is to be seene in your hedges) it will hinder the +growth of rootes and boale, because such a kind of stowing is a kind of +smothering, or choaking the sap. Great wood, as Oke, Elme, Ash, &c. +being continually kept downe with sheeres, knife, axe, &c. neither boale +nor roote will thriue, but as an hedge or bush. If you intend to graff +in your Set, you may cut him closer with a greater wound, and nearer the +earth, within a +<span class="sigvis" title="C2"> </span><a name="Sig_C2r" id="Sig_C2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="19"> </span><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a> +foote or two, because the graft or grafts will couer +his wound. If you like his fruite, and would haue him to be a tree of +himselfe, be not so bold: this I can tell you, that though you do cut +his top close, and leaue nothing but his bulke, because his rootes are +few, if he be (but little) bigger than your thumbe (as I with all plants +remoued to be) he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares; by good +guidance that is. In the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his +vppermost sprig, you cut him off aslope cleanely, to that the sprigge +stand on the backe side, (and if you can Northward, that the wound may +haue the benefit of Sunne) at the vpper ende of the wound: and let that +sprigge onely be the boale. +<span class="sidenote">Generall rule.</span> +And take this for a generall rule; Euery +young plant, if he thriue, will recouer any wound aboue the earth, by +good dressing, although it be to the one halfe, and to his very heart. +<span class="sidenote">Tying of trees.</span> +This short cutting at the remoue, saues your plants from Wind, and neede +the lesse or no staking. I commend not Lying or Leaning of trees against +holds or stayres; for it breedes obstruction of sap and wounds +incureable. +<span class="sidenote">Generall rule.</span> +All remouing of trees as great as your arme, or aboue, is +dangerous: though sometime some such will grow but not continue long: +Because they be tainted with deadly wounds, either in the roote or top. +(And a tree once throughly tainted is neuer good) And though they get +some hold in the earth with some lesser taw, or tawes, which giue some +nourishment to the body of the tree: yet the heart being tainted, he +will hardly euer thriue; +<span class="sidenote">Signes of diseases, <a href="#NO_Chap_13">Chap 13.</a></span> +which you may easily discerne by the +blackenesse of the boughes at the heart, when you dresse your trees. +Also, when he is set with moe tops than the rootes can nourish, the tops +decaying, blacken the boughes, and the boughs the armes, +<span class="siginvis" title="C2v"> </span><a name="Sig_C2v" id="Sig_C2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="20"> </span><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a> +and so they +boile at the very heart. Or this taint in the remouall, if it kill not +presently, but after some short time, it may be discerned by blacknesse +or yellownesse in the barke, and a small hungred leafe. Or if your +remoued plant put forth leaues the next and second summer, and little or +few spraies, it is a great signe of a taint, and next yeares death. I +haue knowne a tree tainted in setting, yet grow, & beare blossomes for +diuers yeares: and yet for want of strength could neuer shape his fruit.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Suckers good sets.</span> +Next vnto this or rather equall with these plants, are suckers growing +out of the roots of great trees, which cherries and plums do seldome or +neuer want: and being taken kindly with their roots, will make very good +sets. And you may helpe them much by enlarging their rootes with the +taws of the tree, whence you take them. They are of two sorts: Either +growing from the very root of the tree: and here you must be carefull, +not to hurt your tree when you gather them, by ripping amongst the +rootes; and that you take them cleane away: for these are a great and +continuall annoyance to the growth of your tree: and they will hardly be +cleansed. Secondly, or they do <a name="corr20a" id="corr20a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote20a" title="changed from 'arse'">arise</a> from some taw: and these +may be taken without danger, with long and good rootes, and will soone +become trees of strength.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">A running Plant.</span> +There is another way, which I haue not throughly proued, to get not +onely plants for graffing, but sets to remaine for trees, which I call a +<i>Running Plant</i>: the manner of it is this: Take a roote or kirnell, and +put it into the middle of your plot, and the second yeare in the spring, +geld his top, if he haue one principall (as commonly by nature they +haue) and let him put forth onely foure Cyons toward the foure corners +of the orchard, as neere the earth as you can. If he put not foure, +<span class="sigvis" title="C3"> </span><a name="Sig_C3r" id="Sig_C3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="21"> </span><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a> +(which is rare) stay his top till he haue put so many. When you haue +such foure, cut the stocke aslope, as is aforesayd in this chapter, hard +aboue the vttermost sprig, & keepe those foure without Cyons cleane and +straight, till you haue them a yard and a halfe, at least, or two yards +long. Then the next spring in grassing time, lay downe those foure +sprayes, towards the foure corners of your Orchard, with their tops in +an heape of pure and good earth, and railed as high as the roote of your +Cyon (for sap will not descend) and a sod to keepe them downe, leauing +nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward. In that hill he will +put rootes, and his top new Cyons, which you must spread as before, and +so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground, or as +farre as you list. If in bending, the Cyons cracke, the matter is small, +cleanse the ground and he will recouer. Euery bended bough will put +forth branches, and become trees. If this plant be of a burre knot, +there is no doubt. I haue proued it in one branch my selfe: and I know +at <i>Wilton</i> in <i>Cleeue-land</i> a Peare-tree of a great bulke and age, +blowne close to the earth, hath put at euery knot rootes into the earth, +and from roote to top, a great number of mighty armes or trees, filling +a great roomth, like many trees, or a little Orchard. Much better may it +be done by Art in a lesse tree. And I could not <a name="corr21a" id="corr21a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote21a" title="changed from 'mislke'">mislike</a> this +kind, saue that the time will be long before it come to perfection.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Sets bought.</span> +Many vse to buy sets already grafted, which is not the best way: for +first, All remoues are dangerous: Againe, there is danger in the +carriage: Thirdly, it is a costly course of planting: Fourthly, euery +Gardner is not trusty to sell you good fruite: Fifthly, you know not +which is best, which is worst, and so may take most care about +<span class="siginvis" title="C3v"> </span><a name="Sig_C3v" id="Sig_C3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="22"> </span><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a> +your +worst trees. Lastly, this way keepes you from practise, and so from +experience in so good, Gentlemanly, Scholerlike, and profitable a +faculty.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The best sets.</span> +The onely best way (in my opinion) to haue sure and lasting sets, is +neuer to remoue: for euery remoue is an hinderance, if not a dangerous +hurt or deadly taint. This is the way. +<span class="sidenote">Vnremoued how.</span> +The plot forme being layd, and +the plot appointed where you will plant euery set in your orchard, digge +the roomth, where your sets shall stand, a yard compasse, and make the +earth mellow and cleane, and mingle it with a few coale-ashes, to auoide +wormes: and immediately after the first change of the Moone, in the +latter end of <i>February</i>, the earth being a fresh turn'd ouer, put in +euery such roomth three or foure kirnels of Apples or Peares, of the +best: euery kirnell in an hole made with your finger, finger deepe, a +foote distant one from another: and that day moneth following, as many +moe, (lest some of the former misse) in the same compasse; but not in +the same holes. Hence (God willing) shall you haue rootes enough. If +they all, or diuers of them come vp, you may draw (but not digge) vp +(nor put downe) at your pleasure, the next <i>Nouember</i>. How many soeuer +you take away, to giue or bestow elsewhere, be sure to leaue two of the +proudest. And when in your 2. and 3. yeare you Graffe, if you graffe +then at all, leaue the one of those two vngraffed, lest in graffing the +other you faile: For I find by tryall, that after first or second +graffing in the same stocke, being mist (for who hits all) the third +misse puts your stocke in deadly danger, for want of issue of sap. Yea, +though you hit in graffing, yet may your graffes with winde or otherwise +be broken downe. If your graffes or graffe prosper, you haue your +desire, in a plant vnremoued, +<span class="sigvis" title="C4"> </span><a name="Sig_C4r" id="Sig_C4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="23"> </span><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a> +without taint, and the fruite at your +owne choyce, and so you may (some little earth being remooued) pull, but +not digge vp the other Plant or Plants in that roomth. If your graffe or +stocke, or both perish, you haue another in the same place, of better +strength to worke vpon. For thriuing without snub he will ouer-lay your +grafted stocke much. And it is hardly possible to misse in graffing so +often, if your Gardiner be worth his name.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Sets vngrafted best of all.</span> +It shall not be amisse (as I iudge it) if your Kirnels be of choyce +fruite, and that you see them come forward proudly in their body, and +beare a faire and broad leafe in colour, tending to a greenish yellow +(which argues pleasant and great fruit) to try some of them vngraffed: +for although it be a long time ere this come to beare fruit, ten or +twelue yeares, or moe; and at their first bearing, the fruit will not +seeme to be like his owne kind: yet am I assured, vpon tryall, before +twenty yeares growth, such trees will increase the bignesse and +goodnesse of their fruite, and come perfectly to their owne kind. Trees +(like other breeding creatures) as they grow in yeares, bignes and +strength, so they mend their fruit. Husbands and Houswiues find this +true by experience, in the rearing of their yong store. More then this, +there is no tree like this for soundnes and dureable last, if his +keeping and dressing be answerable. I grant, the readiest way to come +soone to fruit is graffing: because in a manner, all your graffes are +taken of fruit bearing trees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Time of remouing.</span> +Now when you haue made choise of your sets to remoue, the ground being +ready, the best time is, immediatly after the fall of the leafe, in, or +about the change of the Moone, when the sap is most quiet: for then the +sap is in turning: for it makes no stay, but in the <i>extremity</i> +<span class="siginvis" title="C4v"> </span><a name="Sig_C4v" id="Sig_C4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="24"> </span><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a> +of +drought or cold. +<span class="sidenote">Generall rule.</span> +At any time in winter, may you transplant trees so you +put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting: and +therefore open, calme and moist weather is best. To remoue, the leafe +being ready to fall and not fallen, or buds apparantly put forth in a +moist warme season, for need, sometime may do well: but the safest is to +walke in the plaine trodden path.</p> + +<p>Some hold opinion that it is best remouing before the fall of the leafe, +and I heare it commonly practised in the South by our best arborists, +the leafe not fallen: and they giue the reason to be, that the +descending of the sap will make speedy rootes. But marke the reasons +following and I thinke you shall find no soundnesse, either in that +position or practise, at least in the reason.</p> + +<p>1. I say, it is dangerous to remoue when the sap is not quiet, for euery +remoue giues a maine checke to the stirring sap, by staying the course +therof in the body of your plant, as may appeare in trees remoued any +time in summer, they commonly dye, nay hardly shall you saue the life of +the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood (scarcely herbes) +if you remoue them in the pride of sap. For proud sap vniuersally staied +by remoual, euer hinders; often taints and so presently, or in very +short time kills. Sap is like bloud in mans body, in which is the life, +<a href="#Page_9"><i>Cap. 3. p. 9.</i></a> If the blood vniuersally be cold, life is excluded; so +is sap tainted by vntimely remouall. A stay by drought, or cold, is not +so dangerous (though dangerous if it be extreme) because more naturall.</p> + +<p>2. The sap neuer descends, as men suppose, but is consollidated & +transubstantiated into the substance of the tree, and passeth (alwayes +aboue the earth) vpward, not onely betwixt the barke and the wood, but +also into and in both body & barke, though not so plentifully, as may +<span class="siginvis" title="C5r"> </span><a name="Sig_C5r" id="Sig_C5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="25"> </span><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a> +appeare by a tree budding, nay fructifying two or three yeres, after he +be circumcised at the very root, like a riuer that inlargeth his channel +by a continual descent.</p> + +<p>3. I cannot perceiue what time they would haue the sap to descend. At +<i>Midsommer</i> in a biting drought it staies, but descends not, for +immediatly vpon moisture it makes second shoots, at (or before rather) +<i>Michaeltide</i>, when it shapens his buds for next yeares fruit. If at the +fal of leafe, I grant, about that time is the greatest stand, but no +descent, of sap, which begins somwhat before the leafe fall, but not +long, therfore at that time must be the best remouing, not by reason of +descent, but stay of sap.</p> + +<p>4. The sap in this course hath his profitable and apparant effects, as +the growth of the tree, couering of wounds, putting of buds, &c. +Wherupon it follows, if the sap descend, it must needs haue some effect +to shew it.</p> + +<p>5. Lastly, boughs plasht and laid lower then the root, dye for want of +sap descending, except where it is forced by the maine streame of the +sap, as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes, or except the plasht +bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne, yea vnder boughs which +we commonly call water boughs, can scarcely get sap to liue, yea in time +dye, because the sap doth presse so violently vpward, and therefore the +fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remooue soone.</span> +<i>Obiect.</i> If you say that many so remoued thriue, I say that somewhat +before the fall of the leafe (but not much) is the stand, for the fall & +the stand are not at one instant, before the stand is dangerous. But to +returne.</p> + +<p>The sooner in winter you remoue your sets, the better; the latter the +worse: For it is very perillous if a strong drought take your Sets +before they haue made good their rooting. A Plant set at the fall, shall +gaine (in a +<span class="siginvis" title="C5v"> </span><a name="Sig_C5v" id="Sig_C5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="26"> </span><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a> +a manner) a whole yeeres growth of that which is set in the +Spring after.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The manner of setting.</span> +I vse in the setting to be sure, that the earth be mouldy, (and somewhat +moist) that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or +bruising: and as I fill in earth to his root, I shake the Set easily to +and fro, to make the earth settle the better to his roots: and withall +easily with my foot I put in the earth close; for ayre is noysome, and +will follow concauities. Some prescribe Oates to be put in with the +earth. I could like it, if I could know any reason thereof: and they vse +to set their Plant with the same side toward the Sunne: but this conceit +is like the other. For first I would haue euery tree to stand so free +from shade, that not onely the root (which therefore you must keepe bare +from graffe) but body, boughes, and branches, and euery spray, may haue +the benefit of Sunne. And what hurt, if that part of the tree, that +before was shadowed, be now made partaker of the heat of the Sunne? In +turning of Bees, I know it is hurtfull, because it changeth their +entrance, passage, and whole worke: But not so in Trees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Set in the crust.</span> +Set as deepe as you can, so that in any wise you goe not beneath the +crust. Looke <a href="#NO_Chap_2">Chap. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Moysture good.</span> +We speake in the <a href="#NO_Chap_2">second Chapter</a> of moysture in generall: but now +especially hauing put your remoued plant into the earth, powre on water +(of a puddle were good) by distilling presently, and so euery weeke +twice in strong drought, so long as the earth will drinke, and refuse by +ouerflowing. For moisture mollifies, and both giues leaue to the roots +to spread, and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty & +facility. Nurses (they say) giue most & best milke after warme drinks.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="C6r"> </span><a name="Sig_C6r" id="Sig_C6r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="27"> </span><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a> +If your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of +your plant, such plant shall neuer like, or but for a time. There is +nothing more hurtfull for young trees then piercing drought. I haue +known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres +growth, & thriue well for a good time, perish for want of water, and +very many by reason of taints in setting.</p> + +<p>It is meet your sets and grafts be fenced, till they be as big as your +arme, for feare of annoyances. +<span class="sidenote">Grafts must be fenced.</span> +Many waies may sets receiue dammages, +after they be set, whether grafted or vngrafted. For although we +suppose, that no noysome beast, or other thing must haue accesse among +your trees: yet by casualty, a Dog, Cat, or such like, or your selfe, or +negligent friend bearing you company, or a shrewd boy, may tread or fall +vpon a young and tender plant or graft. To auoid these and many such +chances, you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set, +neither so neere, nor so thicke, but that it may haue the benefit of +Sun, raine, and ayre. Your stakes (small or great) would be so surely +put, or driuen into the earth, that they breake not, if any thing happen +to leane vpon them, else may the fall be more hurtfull, then the want of +the fence. Let not <a name="corr27a" id="corr27a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote27a" title="changed from 'you'">your</a> stakes shelter any weeds about your +sets, for want of Sunne is a great hinderance. Let them stand so farre +off, that your grafts spreading receiue no hurt, either by rubbing on +them, or of <a name="corr27b" id="corr27b"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote27b" title="changed from 'auy'">any</a> other thing passing by. If your stocke be long, +and high grafted (which I must discommend (except in need) because there +the sap is weake, and they are subiect to strong wind, and the lighting +of birds) tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the +clay, and let their tops stand aboue the grafts, to auoid the lighting +of Crowes, Pyes, &c. vpon your grafts. If you sticke +<span class="siginvis" title="C6v"> </span><a name="Sig_C6v" id="Sig_C6v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="28"> </span><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a> +some sharpe +thornes at the roots of your stakes, they will make hurtfull things +keepe off the better. Other better fences for your grafts I know none. +And thus much for sets and setting.</p> + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_8" id="NO_Chap_8"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 8.</span><br /> +<i>Of the distance of Trees.</i></h2> + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> Know not to what end you should prouide good ground, well fenced, & +plant good sets; and when your trees should come to profit, haue all +your labours lost, for want of due regard to the distance of placing +your trees. I haue seene many trees stand so thicke, that one could not +thriue for the throng of his neighbours. +<span class="sidenote">Hurts of too neere planting.</span> +If you doe marke it, you shall +see the tops of trees rubd off, their sides galled like a galled horses +backe, and many trees haue more stumps then boughes, and most trees no +well thriuing, but short, stumpish, and euill thriuing boughes: like a +Corne field ouer seeded, or a towne ouer peopled, or a pasture +ouer-laid, which the Gardiner must either let grow, or leaue the tree +very few boughes to beare fruit. Hence small thrift, galls, wounds, +diseases, and short life to the trees: and while they liue greene, +little, hard, worme-eaten, and euill thriuing fruit arise, to the +discomfort of the owners.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +To preuent which discommodity, one of the best remedies is the +sufficient and fit distance of trees. Therefore at the setting of your +plants you must haue such respect, that the distance of them be such, +that euery tree be not annoyance, but an helpe to his fellowes: for +trees (as all other things of the same kind) should shroud, and +<span class="siginvis" title="C7r"> </span><a name="Sig_C7r" id="Sig_C7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="29"> </span><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a> +not hurt one another. And assure your selfe that euery touch of trees (as +well vnder as aboue the earth) is hurtfull. +<span class="sidenote">Generall rule.<br /> +All touches hurtfull.</span> +Therefore this must be a +generall rule in this Art: That no tree in an Orchard well ordered, nor +bough, nor Cyon, drop vpon, or touch his fellowes. Let no man thinke +this vnpossible, but looke in the <a href="#NO_Chap_11">eleuenth Chapter</a> of dressing of trees. +If they touch, the winde will cause a forcible rub. Young twigs are +tender, if boughes or armes touch or rub, if they are strong, they make +great galls. No kind of touch therefore in trees can be good.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The best distance of trees.</span> +Now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite, and +that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth, that each tree by +probability will take and fill. And herein I am of a contrary opinion to +all them, which practise or teach the planting of trees, that euer yet I +knew, read, or heard of. For the common space betweene tree and tree is +ten foot: if twenty foot, it is thought very much. But I suppose twenty +yards distance is small enough betwixt tree and tree, or rather too too +little. For the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able +to ouer spread, and fill, so they touch not by one yard at least. Now I +am assured, and I know one Apple-tree, set of a slip <i>finger-great</i>, in +the space of 20 yeares, (which I account a very small part of a trees +age, as is shewed <a href="#NO_Chap_14">Chapter 14.</a>) hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue +yards compasse, that is, fiue or sixe yards on euery side. Here I +gather, that in forty or <a name="corr29a" id="corr29a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote29a" title="changed from 'fity'">fifty</a> yeares (which yet is but a small +time of his age) a tree in good soile, well liking, by good dressing +(for that is much auaileable to this purpose) will spread double at the +least, viz. twelue yards on a side, which being added to twelue alotted +to his <a name="corr29b" id="corr29b"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote29b" title="changed from 'felllow'">fellow</a>, make twenty and foure yards, and +<span class="siginvis" title="C7v"> </span><a name="Sig_C7v" id="Sig_C7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="30"> </span><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a> +so farre +distant must euery tree stand from another. And looke how farre a tree +spreads his boughes aboue, so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth, +or rather further, if there be no stop, nor let by walls, trees, rocks, +barren earth and such like: for an huge bulk, and strong armes, massie +boughes, many branches, and infinite twigs, require wide spreading +roots. +<span class="sidenote">The parts of a tree.</span> +The top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in, high and low, +this way and that way: but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth, +they may not goe downward, nor vpward out of <a name="corr30a" id="corr30a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote30a" title="changed from 'he'">the</a> earth, which is +their element, no more then the fish out of the water, Camelion out of +the Aire, nor Salamander out of the fire. Therefore they must needs +spread farre vnder the earth. And I dare well say, if nature would giue +leaue to man by Art, to dresse the roots of trees, to take away the +tawes and tangles, that lap and fret and grow superfluously and +disorderly, (for euery thing <i>sublunary</i> is cursed for mans sake) the +tops aboue being answerably dressed, we should haue trees of wonderfull +greatnes, and infinite durance. And I perswade myselfe that this might +be done sometimes in Winter, to trees standing in faire plaines and +kindly earth, with small or no danger at all. So that I conclude, that +twenty foure yards are the least space that Art can allot for trees to +stand distant one from another.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Waste ground in an Orchard.</span> +If you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree +and tree? I answer: If you please to plant some tree or trees in that +middle space, you may, and as your trees grow contigious, great and +thick, you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees. And this I +take to be the chiefe cause, why the most trees stand so thicke. For men +not knowing (or not regarding) this secret of needfull distance, and +louing fruit of trees +<span class="siginvis" title="C8r"> </span><a name="Sig_C8r" id="Sig_C8r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="31"> </span><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a> +planted to their handes, thinke much to pull vpp +any, though they pine one another. If you or your heires or successors +would take vp some great trees (past setting) where they stand too +thicke, be sure you doe it about <i>Midsummer</i>, and leaue no maine root. I +destinate this space of foure and twenty yards, for trees of age & +stature. More then this, you haue borders to be made for walkes with +Roses, Berries, &c.</p> + +<p>And chiefly consider: that your Orchard, for the first twenty or thirty +yeeres, will serue you for many Gardens, for Safron, Licoras, roots, and +other herbs for profit, and flowers for pleasure: so that no ground need +be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligent. But be sure you +come not neere with such deepe deluing the roots of your trees, whose +compasse you may partly discerne, by the compasse of the tops, if your +top be well spread. And vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees, be +sure no herbes will like. Let this be said for the distance of Trees.</p> + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_9" id="NO_Chap_9"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 9.</span><br /> +<i>Of the placing of Trees.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he placing of trees in an Orchard is well worth the regard: For +although it must be granted, that any of our foresaid trees (<a href="#NO_Chap_2">Chap. 2.</a>) +will like well in any part of your Orchard, being good and well drest +earth: yet are not all Trees alike worthy of a good place. And therefore +I wish that your Filbird, Plummes, Damsons, Bulesse, and such like, be +vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your Orchard into your fence: +for there is not such fertility and easefull growth, +<span class="siginvis" title="C8v"> </span><a name="Sig_C8v" id="Sig_C8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="32"> </span><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a> +as within: and +there also they are more subiect <a name="corr32a" id="corr32a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote32a" title="word omitted in original">to</a>, and can abide the blasts of +<i>Æolus</i>. The cherries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of Summer, +and the rest standing longer, are not so soone shaken as your better +fruit: neither if they suffer losse, is your losse so great. Besides +that, your fences and ditches will deuoure some of your fruit growing in +or neere your hedges. And seeing the continuance of all these (except +Nuts) is small, the care of them ought to be the lesse. And make no +doubt but the fences of a large Orchard will containe a sufficient +number of such kind of Fruit trees in the whole compasse. It is not +material, but at your pleasure, in the said fences, you may either +intermingle your seueral kinds of fruit-trees, or set euery kind by +himselfe, which order doth very well become your better and greater +fruit. Let therefore your Apples, Peares, and Quinches, possesse all the +soile of your Orchard, vnlesse you be especially affected to some of +your other kinds: and of them let your greatest trees of growth stand +furthest from Sunne, and your Quinches at the South side or end, and +your Apples in the middle, so shall none be any hinderance to his +fellowes. The Warden-tree, and Winter-Peare will challenge the +preheminence for stature. Of your Apple-trees you shall finde difference +in growth. A good Pippin will grow large, and a Costard-tree: stead them +on the North side of your other Apples, thus being placed, the least +will giue Sun to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their fellowes. +The fences and out-trees will guard all.</p> + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="D"> </span><a name="Sig_D1r" id="Sig_D1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="33"> </span><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a> +<a name="NO_Chap_10" id="NO_Chap_10"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 10.</span><br /> +<i>Of Grafting.</i></h2> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Of Grauing or Caruing.<br /> +Grafting What.</span> +<span class="dropcap">N</span>ow are we come to the most curious point of our faculty: curious in +conceit, but indeede as plaine and easie as the rest, when it is +plainely shewne, which we commonly call <i>Graffing</i>, or (after some) +<i>Grafting</i>. +I cannot <i>Etymologize</i>, nor shew the originall of the Word, +except it come of <i>Grauing</i> and <i>Caruing</i>. +<span class="sidenote">A Graffe.</span> +But the thing or matter is: +The reforming of the fruite of one tree with the fruit of another, by an +artificiall transplacing, or transposing of a twigge, bud or leafe, +<a name="corr33a" id="corr33a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote33a" title="changed from 'commonly'">(commonly</a> called a <i>Graft</i>) taken from one tree of the +same, or some other kind, and placed or put to, or into another tree in +one time and manner.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 503px;"> +<!-- same image as frontispiece. No caption. --> +<img src="images/fpiece.png" width="503" height="332" alt="3 men digging, grafting, and planting a tree" /> +</div> + + + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="D1v"> </span><a name="Sig_D1v" id="Sig_D1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="34"> </span><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Kinds of grafting.</span> +Of this there be diuers kinds, but three or foure now especially in +vse: to wit, Grafting, incising, packing on, grafting in the scutchion, +or inoculating: whereof the chiefe and most vsuall, is called grafting +(by the generall name, <i>Catahexocen</i>:) for it is the most knowne, +surest, readiest, and plainest way to haue store of good fruit.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Graft how.</span> +It is thus wrought: You must with a fine, thin, strong and sharpe Saw, +made and armed for that purpose, cut off a foot aboue the ground, or +thereabouts, in a plaine without a knot, or as neere as you can without +a knot (for some Stocks will be knotty) your Stocke, set, or plant, +being surely stayed with your foot and legge, or otherwise straight +ouerthwart (for the Stocke may be crooked) and then plaine his wound +smoothly with a sharpe knife: that done, cleaue him cleanly in the +middle with a cleauer, and a knocke or mall, and with a wedge of wood, +Iron or Bone, two handfull long at least, put into the middle of that +clift, with the same knocke, make the wound gape a straw bredth wide, +into which you must put your Graffes.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">A Graft what.</span> +The graft is a top twig taken from some other Tree (for it is folly to +put a graffe into his owne Stocke) beneath the vppermost (and sometime +in need the second) knot, and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot +(and some time out of the knot when need is) with shoulders an ynch +downeward, and so put into the stocke with some thrusting (but not +straining) barke to barke inward.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Eyes.</span> +Let your graffe haue three or foure eyes, for readinesse to put forth, +and giue issue to the sap. It is not amisse to cut off the top of your +graffe, and leaue it but fiue or sixe inches long, because commonly you +shall +<span class="sigvis" title="D2"> </span><a name="Sig_D2r" id="Sig_D2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="35"> </span><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a> +see the tops of long graffes die. The reason is this. The sap in +graffing receiues a rebuke, and cannot worke so strongly presently, and +your graffes receiue not sap so readily, as the naturall branches. When +your graffes are cleanely and closely put in, and your wedge puld out +nimbly, for feare of putting your graffes out of frame, take well +tempered morter, soundly wrought with chaffe or horse dung (for the dung +of cattell will grow hard, and straine your graffes) the quantity of a +Gooses egge, and diuide it iust, and therewithall, couer your stocke, +laying the one halfe on the one side and the other halfe on the other +side of your graffes (for thrusting against your graffes) you moue them, +and let both your hands thrust at once, and alike, and let your clay be +tender, to yeeld easily; and all, lest you moue your graffes. Some vse +to couer the clift of the Stocke, vnder the clay with a piece of barke +or leafe, some with a sear-cloth of waxe and butter, which as they be +not much needfull, so they hurt not, vnlesse that by being busie about +them, you moue your graffes from their places. They vse also mosse tyed +on aboue the clay with some bryer, wicker, or other bands. These profit +nothing. +<span class="sidenote">Generall rule.</span> +They all put the graffes in danger, with pulling and thrusting: +for I hold this generall rule in graffing and planting: if your stocke +and graffes take, and thriue (for some will take and not thriue, being +tainted by some meanes in the planting or graffing) they will (without +doubt) recouer their wounds safely and shortly.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Time of graffing.</span> +The best time of graffing from the time of remouing your stocke is the +next Spring, for that saues a second wound, and a second repulse of sap, +if your stocke be of sufficient bignesse to take a graffe from as big as +your +<span class="siginvis" title="D2v"> </span><a name="Sig_D2v" id="Sig_D2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="36"> </span><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a> +thumbe, to as big as an arme of a man. You may graffe lesse (which +I like) and bigger, which I like not so well. The best time of the yeere +is in the last part of <i>February</i>, or in <i>March</i>, or beginning of +<i>Aprill</i>, when the Sunne with his heat begins to make the sap stirre +more rankely, about the change of Moone before you see any great +apparancy of leafe or flowers but onely knots and buds, and before they +be proud, though it be sooner. Cheries, Peares, Apricocks, Quinces, and +Plummes would be gathered and grafted sooner.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Gathering graffes.</span> +The graffes may be gathered sooner in <i>February</i>, or any time within a +moneth, or two before you graffe or vpon the same day (which I commend) +If you get them any time before, for I haue knowne graffes gathered in +<i>December</i>, and doe well, take heed of drought. I haue my selfe taken a +burknot of a tree, & the same day when he was laid in the earth about +mid <i>February</i>, gathered grafts and put in him, and one of those graffes +bore the third yeere after, and the fourth plentifully. +<span class="sidenote">Graffes of old trees.</span> +Graffes of old +trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees, for they sooner +breake and bud. If you keepe graffes in the earth, moisture with the +heat of the Sun will make them sprout as fast, as if they were growing +on the tree. And therefore seeing keeping is dangerous, the surest way +(as I iudge) is to take them within a weeke of the time of your +grafting.</p> + +<p>The grafts would be taken not of the proudest twigs, for it may be your +stocke is not answerable in strength. +<span class="sidenote">Where taken.</span> +And therefore say I, the grafts +brought from South to vs in the North although they take and thriue +(which is somewhat doubtfull, by reason of the difference of the Clime +and carriage) yet shall they in time fashion themselues to our cold +Northerne soile, in growth, taste &c.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sigvis" title="D3"> </span><a name="Sig_D3r" id="Sig_D3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="37"> </span><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a> +Nor of the poorest, for want of strength may make them vnready to +receiue sap (and who can tell but a poore graft is tainted) nor on the +outside of your tree, for there should your tree spread but in the +middest; for there you may be sure your Tree is no whit hindered in his +growth or forme. He will stil recouer inward, more then you would wish. +<span class="sidenote">Emmits.</span> +If your clay clift in Summer with drought, looke well in the Chinkes for +Emmits and Earewigs, for they are cunning and close theeues about grafts +you shall finde them stirring in the morning and euening, and the rather +in the moist weather. I haue had many young buds of Graffes, euen in the +flourishing, eaten with Ants. Let this suffice for graffing, which is in +the faculty counted the chiefe secret, and because it is most vsuall it +is best knowne.</p> + +<p>Graffes are not to be disliked for growth, till they wither, pine, and +die. Vsually before <i>Midsummer</i> they breake, if they liue. Some (but +few) keeping proud and greene, will not put till the second yeere, so is +it to be thought of sets.</p> + +<p>The first shew of putting is no sure signe of growth, it is but the sap +the graffe brought with him from his tree.</p> + +<p>So soone as you see the graft put for growth, take away the clay, for +then doth neither the stocke nor the graffe need it (put a little fresh +well tempered clay in the hole of the stocke) for the clay is now +tender, and rather keepes moistture then drought.</p> + +<p>The other waies of changing the naturall fruit of Trees, are more +curious then profitable, and therefore I mind not to bestow much labour +or time about them, onely I shall make knowne what I haue proued, and +what I doe thinke.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Incising.</span> +And first of incising, which is the cutting of the backe +<span class="siginvis" title="D3v"> </span><a name="Sig_D3v" id="Sig_D3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="38"> </span><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a> +of the boale, +a rine or branch of a tree at some bending or knee, shoulderwise with +two gashes, onely with a sharpe knife to the wood: then take a wedge, +the bignes of your graffe sharpe ended, flat on the one side, agreeing +with the tree, and round on the other side, and with that being thrust +in, raise your barke, then put in your graffe, fashioned like your wedge +iust: and lastly couer your wound, and fast it vp, and take heed of +straining. +<span class="sidenote">A great stocke.</span> +This will grow but to small purpose, for it is weake hold, +and lightly it will be vnder growth. Thus may you graft betwixt the +barke and the tree of a great stocke that will not easily be clifted: +But I haue tryed a better way for great trees, viz First, cut him off +straight, and cleanse him with your knife, then cleaue him into foure +quarters, equally with a strong cleauer: then take for euery Clift two +or three small (but hard) wedges iust of the bignesse of your grafts, +and with those Wedges driuen in with an hammer open the foure clifts so +wide (but no wider) that they may take your foure graffes, with +thrusting not with straining: and lastly couer and clay it closely, and +this is a sure and good way of grafting: or thus, clift your stocke by +his edges twice or thrice with your cleauer, and open him with your +wedge in euery clift one by one, and put in your grafts, and then couer +them. This may doe well.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Packing thus.</span> +Packing on is, when you cut aslope a twig of the same bignesse with your +graft, either in or besides the knot, two inches long, and make your +graft agree iumpe with the Cyon, and gash your graft and your Cyon in +the middest of the wound, length-way, a straw breadth deepe, and thrust +the one into the other, wound to wound, sap to sap, barke to barke, then +tie them close and clay them. This may doe well. The fairest graft I +<span class="sigvis" title="D4"> </span><a name="Sig_D4r" id="Sig_D4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="39"> </span><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a> +haue in my little Orchard, which I haue planted, is thus packt on, and +the branch whereon I put him, is in his plentifull roote.</p> + +<p>To be short in this point, cut your graft in any sort or fashion, two +inches long, and ioyne him cleanly and close to any other sprig of any +tree in the latter end of the time of grafting, when sap is somewhat +rife, and in all probability they will close and thriue: thus</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 496px;"> +<img src="images/ill039a.png" width="496" height="44" alt="Diagrams of grafting parts" /> +<span class="caption"> <i>The Sprig.</i> <i class="pl">The graft.</i> <i class="pl">The twig.</i> <i class="pl">The graft.</i></span> +</div> + + +<p>Or any other fashion you thinke good.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Inoculating.</span> +Inoculating is an eye or bud, taken barke and all from one tree, and +placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another, cut both of one +compasse, and there bound. This must be done in Summer, when the sap is +proud.</p> + + + +<p>Much like vnto this is that, they call grafting in the scutchion, they +differ thus: That here you must take an eie with his leafe, or (in mine +opinion) a bud with his leaues. +<span class="sidenote">Graffing in the Scutchion.</span> +(Note that an eie is for a Cyon, a bud +is for flowers and fruit,) and place them on another tree, in a plaine +(for so they teach) the place or barke where you must set it, must be +thus cut <span class="huge floatr">H</span> +with a sharpe knife, +and the barke raised with a wedge, and +then the eie or budde put in and so bound vp. I cannot denie but such +may grow. And your bud if he take will flowre and beare fruit that +yeere: as some grafts & sets also, being set for bloomes. If these two +kinds thriue, they reforme but a spray, and an vndergrowth. Thus you may +place Roses on Thornes, and Cherries on Apples, and such like. Many +write much more of grafting, but to small purpose. Whom we leaue to +themselues, & their followers; & ending this secret we come in the next +<span class="siginvis" title="D4v"> </span><a name="Sig_D4v" id="Sig_D4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="40"> </span><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a> +Chapter to a point of knowledge most requisite in an Arborist, as well +for all other woods as for an Orchard.</p> + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_11" id="NO_Chap_11"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 11.</span><br /> + +<i>Of the right dressing of Trees.</i></h2> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Necessity of dressing trees.</span> +<span class="dropcap">I</span>f all these things aforesaid were indeed performed, as we haue shewed +them in words, you should haue a perfect Orchard in nature and +substance, begunne to your hand; And yet are all these things nothing, +if you want that skill to keepe and dresse your trees. Such is the +condition of all earthly things, whereby a man receiueth profit or +pleasure, that they degenerate presently without good ordering. Man +himselfe left to himselfe, growes from his heauenly and spirituall +generation, and becommeth beastly, yea deuillish to his owne kind, +vnlesse he be regenerate No maruell then, if Trees make their shootes, +and put their spraies disorderly. And truly (if I were worthy to iudge) +there is not a mischiefe that breedeth greater and more generall harme +to all the Orchard (especially if they be of any continuance) that euer +I saw, (I will not except three) then the want of the skilfull dressing +of trees. It is a common and vnskilfull opinion, and saying. Let all +grow, and they will beare more fruit: and if you lop away superfluous +boughes, they say, what a pitty is this? +<span class="sidenote">Generall rule.</span> +How many apples would these +haue borne? not considering there may arise hurt to your Orchard, as +well (nay rather) by abundance, as by want of wood. Sound and thriuing +plants in a good soile, will euer yeeld too much wood, and disorderly, +but neuer too little. So that a skilfull and painfull Arborist, need +<span class="siginvis" title="D5r"> </span><a name="Sig_D5r" id="Sig_D5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="41"> </span><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a> +neuer want matter to effect a plentifull and well drest Orchard: for it +is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes (if your Gardner +haue skill to know them) whereof your plants will yeeld abundance, and +skill will leaue sufficient well ordered. All ages both by rule and +experience doe consent to a pruining and lopping of trees: yet haue not +any that I know described vnto vs (except in darke and generall words) +what or which are those superfluous boughes, which we must take away, +and that is the chiefe and most needfull point to be knowne in lopping. +And we may well assure our selues, (as in all other Arts, so in this) +there is a vantage and dexterity, by skill, and an habite by practise +out of experience, in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind; +yet doe I not know (let me speake it with the patience of our cunning +Arborists) any thing within the compasse of humane affaires so +necessary, and so little regarded, not onely in Orchards, but also in +all other timber trees, where or whatsoeuer.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 319px;"> +<img src="images/ill042.png" width="319" height="496" alt="A stylised tree" /> +<span class="caption"> <i>Imagine the roote to be spread farre wider.</i></span> +</div> + + +<p><span class="sidenote">Timber wood euill drest.</span> +How many forrests and woods? wherein you shall haue for one liuely +thriuing tree, foure (nay sometimes 24.) euill thriuing, rotten and +dying trees, euen while they liue. And instead of trees thousands of +bushes and shrubs. What rottennesse? what hollownesse? what dead armes? +withered tops? curtailed trunkes? what loads of mosses? drouping +boughes? and dying branches shall you see euery where? And those that +like in this sort are in a manner all vnprofitable boughes, canked +armes, crooked, little and short boales: what an infinite number of +bushes, shrubs, and skrogs of hazels, thornes, and other profitable +wood, which might be brought by dressing to become great and goodly +trees. +<span class="sidenote">The cause of hurts in woods.</span> +Consider now the cause: The lesser wood hath beene spoiled +<span class="siginvis" title="D5v"> </span><a name="Sig_D5v" id="Sig_D5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="42"> </span><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a> +with +carelesse, vnskilfull, and vntimely stowing, and much also of the great +wood. The greater trees at the first rising haue filled and ouer-loaden +themselues with a number of wastfull boughes and suckers, which haue not +onely drawne the sap from the boale, but also haue made it knotty, and +themselues and the boale mossie for want of dressing, whereas if in the +prime of growth +<span class="siginvis" title="D6r"> </span><a name="Sig_D6r" id="Sig_D6r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="43"> </span><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a> +they had bene taken away close, +<span class="sidenote">Dresse timber trees how.</span> +all but one top +(according to this patterne) and cleane by the bulke, the strength of +all the sap should haue gone to the bulke, and so he would haue +recouered and couered his knots, and haue put forth a faire, long and +streight body (as you see) for timber profitable, huge great of bulke, +and of infinite last.</p> + +<p>If all timber trees were such (will some say) how should we haue crooked +wood for wheeles, courbs, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Answ.</i> Dresse all you can, and there will be enough crooked for those +vses.</p> + +<p>More than this, in most places, they grow so thicke, that neither +themselues, nor earth, nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue, nor +Sunne, nor raine, nor aire can doe them, nor any thing neere or vnder +them any profit or comfort.</p> + +<p>I see a number of Hags, where out of one roote you shall see three or +foure (nay <a name="corr43a" id="corr43a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote43a" title="changed from 'more)'">more,</a> such as mens vnskilfull greedinesse, who +desiring many haue none good) pretty Okes or Ashes straight and tall, +because the root at the first shoote giues sap amaine: but if one onely +of them might bee suffered to grow, and that well and cleanely pruned, +all to his very top, what a tree should we haue in time? And we see by +those rootes continually and plentifully springing, notwithstanding so +deadly wounded. What a commodity should arise to the owner, and the +Common-wealth, if wood were cherished, and orderly dressed.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Profit of trees dressed.</span> +The wast boughes closely and skilfully taken away, would giue vs store +of fences and fewell, and the bulke of the tree in time would grow of +huge length and bignes. But here (me thinkes) I heare an vnskilfull +Arborist say, that trees haue their seuerall formes, euen by nature, +<span class="siginvis" title="D6v"> </span><a name="Sig_D6v" id="Sig_D6v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="44"> </span><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a> +the Peare, the Holly, the Aspe, &c. grow long in bulke with few and +little armes, the Oke by nature broad, and such like. All this I graunt: +but grant me also, that there is a profitable end, and vse of euery +tree, from which if it decline (though by nature) yet man by art may +(nay must) correct it. +<span class="sidenote">The end of Trees.</span> +Now other end of trees I neuer could learne, than +good timber, fruit much and good, and pleasure. Vses physicall hinder +nothing a good forme.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Trees will take any forme.</span> +Neither let any man euer so much as thinke, that it vnprobable, much +lesse vnpossible, to reforme any tree of what kind soeuer. For (beleeue +me) I haue tried it, I can bring any tree (beginning by time) to any +forme. The peare and holly may be made to spread, and the Oke to close.</p> + +<p>But why do I wander out of the compasse of mine Orchard, into the +Forrests and Woods? Neither yet am I from my purpose, if boales of +timber trees stand in need of all the sap, to make them great and +straight (for strong growth and dressing makes strong trees) then it +must needes be profitable for fruit (a thing more immediately seruing a +mans need) to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld: +<span class="sidenote">The end of Trees.</span> +for as timber sound, +great and long, is <i>the good of timber trees</i>, and therefore they beare +no fruite of worth: so fruit, good, sound, pleasant, great and much, is +the end of fruit-trees. That gardner therefore shall performe his duty +skilfully and faithfully, which shall so dresse his trees, that they may +beare such and such store of fruit, which he shall neuer do (dare +vndertake) vnlesse he keepe this order in dressing his trees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">How to dresse a fruit-tree.</span> +A fruit tree so standing, that there need none other end of dressing but +fruit (not ornaments for walkes, nor delight to such as would please +their eye onely, and yet +<span class="siginvis" title="D7r"> </span><a name="Sig_D7r" id="Sig_D7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="45"> </span><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a> +the best forme can not but both adorne and +delight) must be parted from within two foote, or thereabouts, of the +earth, so high to giue liberty to dresse his roote, and no higher, for +drinking vp the sap that should feede his fruit, for the boale will be +first, and best serued and fed, because he is next the roote, and of +grenest waxe and substance, and that makes him longest of life, into +two, three, or foure armes, as your stocke or graffes yeelde twigs, and +euery arme into two or more branches, and euery branch into his seuerall +Cyons, still spreading by equall degrees, so that his lowest spray be +hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his highest be not past two +yards higher, rarely (especially in the middest) that no one twig touch +his fellow. Let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough +or lop equally. And when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower, than +his fellowes (as they will with weight of fruite) ease him the next +spring of his superfluous twigs, and he will rise: when any bough or +spray shall amount aboue the rest; either snub his top with a nip +betwixt your finger and your thumbe, or with a sharpe knife, and take +him cleane away, and so you may vse any Cyon you would reforme, and as +your tree shall grow in stature and strength, so let him rise with his +tops, but slowly, and earely, especially in the middest, and equally, +and in bredth also, and follow him vpward with lopping his vndergrowth +and water boughes, keeping the same distance of two yards, but not aboue +three in any wise, betwixt the lowest and the highest twigs.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Benefits of good dressing.</span> +1. Thus you shall haue well liking, cleane skind, healthfull great, and +long-lasting trees.</p> + +<p>2. Thus shall your tree grow low, and safe from winds, for his top will +be great, broad and weighty.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="D7v"> </span><a name="Sig_D7v" id="Sig_D7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="46"> </span><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a> +3. Thus growing broad, shall your trees beare much fruit (I dare say) +one as much as sixe of your common trees, and good without shadowing, +dropping and fretting: for his boughes, branches, and twigs shalbe many, +and those are they (not the boale) which beare the fruit.</p> + +<p>4. Thus shall your boale being little (not small but low) by reason of +his shortnesse, take little, and yeeld much sap to the fruit.</p> + +<p>5. Thus your trees by reason of strength in time of setting shall put +forth more blossomes, and more fruite, being free from taints; for +strength is a great helpe to bring forth much and safely, whereas +weakenesse failes in setting though the season be calme.</p> + +<p>Some vse to bare trees rootes in Winter, to stay the setting til hotter +seasons, which I discommend, because,</p> + +<p>1. They hurt the rootes.</p> + +<p>2. It stayes it nothing at <a name="corr46a" id="corr46a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote46a" title="changed from 'al'">all.</a></p> + +<p>3. Though it did, being small, with vs in the North, they haue their +part of our <i>Aprill</i> and <i>Mayes</i> frosts.</p> + +<p>4. Hinderance cannot profit weake trees in setting.</p> + +<p>5. They wast much labour.</p> + +<p>6. Thus shall your tree be easie to dresse, and without danger, either +to the tree or the dresser.</p> + +<p>7. Thus may you safely and easily gather your fruite without falling, +bruising or breaking of Cyons.</p> + +<p>This is the best forme of a fruit tree, which I haue here onely shadowed +out for the better capacity of them that are led more with the eye, than +the mind, crauing pardon for the deformity, because I am nothing +skilfull either in painting or caruing.</p> + +<p>Imagine that the paper makes but one side of the tree to appeare, the +whole round compasse will giue leaue for many more armes, boughes, +branches, and Cyons.</p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;"> +<span class="siginvis" title="D8r"> </span><a name="Sig_D8r" id="Sig_D8r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="47"> </span><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a> +<img src="images/ill047.png" width="548" height="344" alt="Diagram of a fruit tree" /> +<span class="caption"><i>The perfect forme of a Fruit-tree.</i></span> +</div> +<p>If any thinke a tree cannot well be brought to this forme: <i>Experto +crede Roberto</i>, I can shew diuers of them vnder twenty yeeres of age.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Time best for proining.</span> +The fittest time of the Moone for proyning is as of grafting, when the +sap is ready to stirre (not proudly stirring) and so to couer the wound, +and of the yeere, a moneth before (or at least when) you graffe. Dresse +Peares, Apricocks, Peaches, Cherries, and Bullys sooner. And old trees +before young plants, you may dresse at any time betwixt Leafe and Leafe. +And note, where you take any thing away, the sap the next Summer will be +putting: be sure therefore when he puts a bud in any place where you +would not haue him, rub it off with your finger.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="D8v"> </span><a name="Sig_D8v" id="Sig_D8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="48"> </span><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Dressing betime.</span> +And here you must remember the common homely Prouerbe:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>Soone crookes the Tree,</i><br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>That good Camrell must be.</i><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Beginne betime with trees, and do what you list: but if you let them +grow great and stubborne, you must do as the trees list. They will not +bend but breake, nor bee wound without danger. A small branch will +become a bough, and a bough an arme in bignesse. Then if you cut him, +his wound will fester, and hardly, without good skill, recouer: +therefore, <i>Obsta principys</i>. +<span class="sidenote">Faults of euill drest trees, and the remedy.</span> +Of such wounds, and lesser, of any bough +cut off a handfull or more from the body, comes hollownesse, and +vntimely death. And therefore when you cut, strik close, and cleane, and +vpward, and leaue no bunch.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The forme altered.</span> +This forme in some cases sometimes may be altered: If your tree, or +trees, stand neere your Walkes, if it please your fancy more, let him +not breake, till his boale be aboue you head: so may you walke vnder +your trees at your pleasure. Or if you set your fruit-trees for your +shades in your Groues, then I expect not the forme of the tree, but the +comelinesse of the walke.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Dressing of old trees.</span> +All this hitherto spoken of dressing, must be vnderstood of young +plants, to be formed: it is meete somewhat be sayd for the instruction +of them that haue olde trees already formed, or rather deformed: for, +<i>Malum non vitatur nisi cognitum</i>. The faults therefore of the +disordered tree, I find to be fiue:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Faults are fiue, and their remedies.</span> +1. An vnprofitable boale.<br /> +2. Water-boughes.<br /> +3. Fretters.<br /> +4. Suckers: And,<br /> +5. One principall top.<br /> +</p></div> + + + +<p> +<span class="sigvis" title="E"> </span><a name="Sig_E1r" id="Sig_E1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="49"> </span><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a> +<span class="sidenote">1. Long boale.</span> +A long boale asketh much feeding, and the more he hath the more he +desires, and gets (as a drunken man drinke, or a couetuous man wealth) +and the lesse remaines for the fruit, he puts his boughes into the aire, +and makes them, the fruit, and it selfe more dangered with windes: for +this I know no remedy, after that the tree is come to growth, once +euill, neuer good.<span class="sidenote">No remedy.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">2. Water boughs.</span> +Water boughes, or vndergrowth, are such boughes as grow low vnder others +and are by them ouergrowne, ouershadowed, dropped on, and pinde for want +of plenty of sap, and by that meanes in time die: For the sap presseth +vpward; and it is like water in her course, where it findeth most issue, +thither it floweth, leauing the other lesser floes dry: euen as wealth +to wealth, and much to more. These so long as they beare, they beare +lesse, worse, and fewer fruit, and waterish.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +The remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme. Lop +them close and cleane, and couer the midel of the wound, the next Summer +when he is dry, with a salue made of tallow, tarre, and a very little +pitch, good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree: +<span class="sidenote">Barke-pild, and the remedy.</span> +vnlesse +it be barke-pild, and then sear-cloath of fresh Butter, Hony, and Waxe, +presently (while the wound is greene) applyed, is a soueraigne remedy in +Summer especially. +Some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of Hay, +moist, and rub it with dung.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Fretters.</span> +Fretters are, when as by the negligence of the Gardner, two or moe parts +of the tree, or of diuers trees, as armes, boughes, branches, or twigs, +grow to neere and close together, that one of them by rubbing, doth +wound another. <span class="sidenote">Touching.</span> +This fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care +(at least) in the Arborist: for here the hurt is apparant, and the +remedy easie, seene to betime: galls +<span class="siginvis" title="E1v"> </span><a name="Sig_E1v" id="Sig_E1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="50"> </span><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a> +and wounds incurable, but by +taking away those members: <span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +for let them grow, and they will be worse and +worse, & so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth, and danger +the whole tree. +Auoide them betime therefore, as a common wealth doth +bosome enemies.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Suckers.</span> +A Sucker is a long, proud, and disorderly Cyon, growing straight vp (for +pride of sap makes proud, long, and straight growth) cut of any lower +parts of the tree, receiuing a great part of the sap, and bearing no +fruit, till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree. These are like idle +and great Drones amongst Bees; and proud and idle members in a common +wealth.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +The remedy of this is, as of water-boughes, vnlesse he be growne greater +then all the rest of the boughs, and then your Gardner (at your +discretion) may leaue him for his boale, and take away all, or the most +of the rest. If he be little, slip him, and set him, perhaps he will +take: my fairest Apple-tree was such a Slip.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">One principall top or bough, and remedy.</span> +One or two principall top boughes are as euill, in a manner, as Suckers, +they rise of the same cause, and receiue the same remedy; yet these are +more tolerable, because these beare fruit, yea the best: but Suckers of +long doe not beare.</p> + +<p>I know not how your tree should be faulty, if you reforme all your vices +timely, and orderly. As these rules serue for dressing young trees and +sets in the first planting: so may they well serue to helpe old trees, +though not exactly to recouer them.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Instruments for dressing.</span> +The Instruments fittest for all these purposes, are most commonly: For +the great trees an handsome long, light Ladder of Firpoles, a little, +nimble, and strong armed Saw, and sharpe. For lesse Trees, a little and +sharpe Hatchet, a broad mouthed Chesell, strong +<span class="sigvis" title="E2"> </span><a name="Sig_E2r" id="Sig_E2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="51"> </span><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a> +and sharpe, with an +hand-beetle, your strong and sharpe Cleeuer, with a knock, & (which is a +most necessary Instrument amongst little trees) a great hafted and +sharpe Knife or Whittle. <img class="floatr" src="images/ill051.png" width="125" height="121" alt="A step ladder" /> And as needfull is a Stoole on the top of a +Ladder of eight or moe rungs, with two backe-feet, whereon you may +safely and easefully stand to graffe, to dresse, and to gather fruit +thus formed: The feet may be fast wedged in: but the Ladder must hang +loose with two bands of iron. And thus much of dressing trees for fruit, +formerly to profit.</p> + + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_12" id="NO_Chap_12"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 12.</span><br /> + +<i>Of Foyling.</i></h2> + + + +<p><span class="sidenote">Necessity of foiling.</span> +<span class="dropcap">T</span>here is one thing yet very necessary for make your Orchard both better, +and more lasting: Yea, so necessary, that without it your Orchard cannot +last, nor prosper long, which is neglected generally both in precepts +and in practice, viz. manuring with Foile: whereby it hapneth that when +trees (amongst other euils) through want of fatnesse to feed them, +become mossie, and in their growth are euill (or not) thriuing, it is +either attributed to some wrong cause, as age (when indeed they are but +young) or euill standing (stand they neuer so well) or such like, or +else the cause is altogether vnknowne, and so not amended.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Trees great suckers.</span> +Can there be deuised any way by nature, or art, sooner or soundlier to +seeke out, and take away the heart and strength of earth, then by great +trees? <span class="sidenote">Great bodies.</span> +Such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap. +What liuing +<span class="siginvis" title="E2v"> </span><a name="Sig_E2v" id="Sig_E2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="52"> </span><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a> +body haue you greater then of trees? The great Sea monsters +(whereof one came a land at <i>Teesmouth</i> in <i>Yorkeshire</i>, hard by vs, 18. +yards in length, and neere as much in compasse) seeme hideous, huge, +strange and monstrous, because they be indeed great: but especially +because they are seldome seene: But a tree liuing, come to his growth +and age, twice that length, and of a bulke neuer so great, besides his +other parts, is not admired, because he is so commonly seene. And I +doubt not, but if he were well regarded from his kirnell, by succeeding +ages, to his full strength, the most of them would double their measure. +About fifty yeeres agoe I heard by credible and constant report, That in +<i>Brooham</i> Parke in <i>West more-land</i>, neere vnto <i>Penrith</i>, there lay a +blowne Oake, whose trunke was so bigge, that two Horse men being the one +on the one side, and the other on the other side, they could not one see +another: to which if you adde his armes, boughs, and roots, and consider +of his bignesse, what would he haue been, if preserued to the vantage. +Also I read in the History of the <i>West-Indians</i>, out of <i>Peter Martyr</i>, +that sixteene men taking hands one with another, were not able to +fathome one of those trees about. Now Nature hauing giuen to such a +faculty by large and infinite roots, taws and tangles, to draw +immediately his sustenance from our common mother the Earth (which is +like in this point to all other mothers that beare) hath also ordained +that the tree ouer loden with fruit, and wanting sap to feed all she +hath brought forth, will waine all she cannot feed, like a woman +bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats. See you not how +trees especially, by kind being great, standing so thicke and close, +that they cannot get plenty of sap, pine away all the grasse, +<span class="sigvis" title="E3"> </span><a name="Sig_E3r" id="Sig_E3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="53"> </span><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a> +weeds, +lesser shrubs, and trees, yea and themselues also for want of vigor of +sap? So that trees growing large, sucking the soile whereon they stand, +continually, and amaine, and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them +decaying (for what is there that wastes <a name="corr53a" id="corr53a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote53a" title="changed from 'cotinually'">continually</a>, that +shall not haue end?) must either haue supply of sucker, or else leaue +thriuing and growing. Some grounds will beare Corne while they be new, +and no longer, because their crust is shallow, and not very good, and +lying they scind and wash, and become barren. The ordinary Corne soiles +continue not fertile, with fallowing and foyling, and the best requires +supply, euen for the little body of Corne. How then can we thinke that +any ground (how good soeuer) can containe bodies of such greatnesse, and +such great feeding, without great plenty of Sap arising from good earth? +This is one of the chiefe causes, why so many of our Orchards in +<i>England</i> are so euill thriuing when they come to growth, and our fruit +so bad. Men are loth to bestow much ground, and desire much fruit, and +will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse, nor yet feed them +with manure. Therefore of necessity Orchards must be foiled.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Time fit for foyling.</span> +The fittest time is, when your trees are growne great, and haue neere +hand spread your earth, wanting new earth to sustaine them, which if +they doe, they will seeke abroad for better earth, and shun that, which +is barren (if they find better) as cattell euill pasturing. For nature +hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good, and to +auoid hurt. The best time of the yeere is at the Fall, that the Frost +may bite and make it tender, and the Raine wash it to the roots. The +Summer time is perillous if ye digge, because the sap fills amaine. +<span class="sidenote">Kind of foyle.</span> +The +best kind of Foile is such as is fat, hot, and +<span class="siginvis" title="E3v"> </span><a name="Sig_E3v" id="Sig_E3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="54"> </span><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a> +tender. Your earth must +be but lightly opened, that the dung may goe in, and wash away; and but +shallow, lest you hurt the roots: and the spring closely and equally +made plaine againe for feare of Suckers. I could wish, that after my +trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine Orchard, that euery seuen +yeeres at least, the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke +at least. Puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully, will +not onely moisten but fatten especially in <i>Iune</i> and <i>Iuly</i>. If it be +thicke and fat, and applied euery yeere, your Orchard shall need none +other foiling. Your ground may lye so low at the Riuer side, that the +floud standing some daies and nights thereon, shall saue you all this +labour of foiling.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_13" id="NO_Chap_13"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 13.</span><br /> + +<i>Of Annoyances.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> Chiefe helpe to make euery thing good, is to auoid the euils thereof: +you shall neuer attaine to that good of your Orchard you looke for, +vnlesse you haue a Gardner, that can discerne the diseases of your +trees, and other annoyances of your Orchard, and find out the causes +thereof, and know & apply fit remedies for the same. For be your ground, +site, plants, and trees as you would wish, if they be wasted with +hurtfull things, what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell? +It is with an Orchard and euery tree, as with mans body, The best part +of physicke for preseruation of health, is to foresee and cure diseases.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote">Two kinds of euils in an Orchard.</span> +All the diseases of an Orchard are of two sorts, either internall or +externall. I call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular +trees.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:3em"> +<span class="sigvis" title="E4"> </span><a name="Sig_E4r" id="Sig_E4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="55"> </span><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a> +1 Galles.<br /> +2 Canker.<br /> +3 Mosse.<br /> +4 Weaknes in setting.<br /> +5 Barke bound.<br /> +6 Barke pild.<br /> +7 Worme.<br /> +8 Deadly wounds. +</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Galls.</span> +Galles, Canker, Mosse, weaknes, though they be diuers diseases: yet +(howsoeuer Authors thinke otherwise) they rise all out of the same +cause.</p> + +<p>Galles we haue described with their cause and remedy, in the <a href="#NO_Chap_11">11. Chapter</a> +vnder the name of fretters.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Canker.</span> +Canker is the consumption of any part of the tree, barke and wood, which +also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Mosse.</span> +Mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all, the cause is pointed out in +the <a href="#NO_Chap_11">same Chapter</a>, in the discourse of timber-wood, and partly also the +remedy: but for Mosse adde this, that at any time in summer (the Spring +is best) When the cause is remoued, with an Harecloth, immediatly after +a showre of raine, rub off your Mosse, or with a peece of weed (if the +Mosse abound) formed like a great knife.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Weaknesse in setting.</span> +Weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the +<a href="#NO_Chap_11">same Chapter</a>, and his remedy. All these flow from the want of roomth in +good soile, wrong planting, <a href="#NO_Chap_7">Chap. 7.</a> and euill or no dressing.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Barke-bound.</span> +Bark-bound (as I thinke) riseth of the same cause, and the best, & +present remedy (the causes being taken away) is with your sharpe knife +in the Spring, length-way to launch his bark throughout, on 3. or 4. +sides of his boale.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Worme.</span> +The disease called the Worme is thus discernd: The barke will be hoald +in diuers places like gall, the wood will die & dry, and you shall see +easily the barke swell. It is verily to be thought, that therin is bred +some worm I haue not yet thorowly sought it out, because I was neuer +<span class="siginvis" title="E4v"> </span><a name="Sig_E4v" id="Sig_E4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="56"> </span><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a> +troubled therewithall: but onely haue seene such trees in diuers +places. I thinke it a worme rather, because I see this disease in trees, +bringing fruit of sweet taste, and the swelling shewes as much. +<span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +The +remedy (as I coniecture) is so soone as you perceiue the wound, the next +Spring cut it out barke and all, and apply Cowes pisse and vineger +presently, and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space: For I +well perceiue, if you suffer it any time, it eates the tree or bough +round, and so kils.</p> + +<p>Since I first wrote this Treatise, I haue changed my mind concerning the +disease called the worme, because I read in the History of the +<i>West-Indians</i>, that their trees are not troubled with the disease +called the worme or canker, which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted +humor or sap, Witnesse <i>Pliny</i>, by reason their Country is more hot then +ours, whereof I thinke the best remedy is (not disallowing the former, +considering that the worme may breed by such an humor) warme standing, +sound lopping and good dressing.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Barke pild.</span> +Bark-pild you shall find with his remedy in the <a href="#NO_Chap_11">11. Chapter</a>.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Wounds.</span> +Deadly wounds are when a mans Arborist wanting skill, cut off armes, +boughes or branches an inch, or (as I see sometimes) an handfull, or +halfe a foot or more from the body: These so cut cannot couer in any +time with sap, and therefore they die, and dying they perish the heart, +and so the tree becomes hollow, and with such a deadly wound cannot liue +long.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +The remedy is, if you find him before he be perished, cut him close, as +in the <a href="#NO_Chap_11">11. Chapter</a>: if he be hoald, cut him close, fill his wound, tho +neuer so deepe, with morter well tempered & so close at the top his +wound with a Seare-cloth doubled and nailed on, that no aire nor +<span class="siginvis" title="E5r"> </span><a name="Sig_E5r" id="Sig_E5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="57"> </span><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a> +raine +approach his wound. If he be not very old, and detaining, he will +recouer, and the hole being closed, his wound within shall not hurt him +for many yeeres.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Hurts on trees.<br /> +Ants, Earewigs, Caterpillars, and such like wormes.</span> +Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants, Earewigs, and Caterpillars. Of +Ants and Earewigs is said <a href="#NO_Chap_10">Chap. 10</a>. Let there be no swarme of Pismires +neere your tree-root, no not in your Orchard, turne them ouer in a +frost, and powre in water, and you kill them.</p> + +<p>For Caterpillars, the vigilant Fruterer shall soone espy their lodging +by their web, or the decay of leaues eaten around about them. And being +seene, they are easily destroyed with your hand, or rather (if your tree +may spare it) take sprig and <a name="corr57a" id="corr57a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote57a" title="changed from 'all ('">all: </a>for the red peckled +butterfly doth euer put them, being her sparm, among the tender spraies +for better feeding, especially in drought, and tread them vnder your +feet. I like nothing of smoke among my trees. Vnnaturall heates are +nothing good for naturall trees. This for diseases of particular trees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Externall euils.</span> +Externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall. Naturall +things, externally hurting Orchards.</p> + +<table class="left"> +<tr><td rowspan="7">1 Beasts. </td><td>1 Deere. </td><td rowspan="7">2 Birds. </td><td>1 Bulfinch.</td></tr> +<tr><td>2 Goates. </td><td>2 Thrush.</td></tr> +<tr> <td>3 Sheepe. </td><td>3 Blackbird.</td></tr> +<tr> <td>4 Hare. </td><td>4 Crow.</td></tr> +<tr> <td>5 Cony. </td><td rowspan="2">5 Pye.</td></tr> +<tr> <td>6 Cattell.</td></tr> +<tr> <td>7 Horse. </td><td>&c.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p style="margin-left:5em; text-indent:-2em;"> + <i>The other things are</i>,<br /> + 1 Winds.<br /> + 2 Cold.<br /> + 3 Trees.<br /> + 4 Weeds.<br /> + 5 Wormes.<br /> +<span class="siginvis" title="E5v"> </span><a name="Sig_E5v" id="Sig_E5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="58"> </span><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a> + 6 Mowles.<br /> + 7 Filth.<br /> + 8 Poysonfull smoke.</p> + +<p style="margin-left:5em; text-indent:-2em;"> + <i>Externall wilfull euils are these.</i><br /> + 1 Walls.<br /> + 2 Trenches.<br /> + 3 Other works noisome done in or neere your Orchard.<br /> + 4 Euill Neighbours.<br /> + 5 A carelesse Master.<br /> + 6 An vndiscreet, negligent or no keeper.<br /> +</p> + +<p>See you here an whole Army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the +most fruitfull trees the earth beares? assailing your good labours. Good +things haue most enemies.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +A skilfull Fructerer must put so his helping hand, and disband and put +them to flight.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Deere, &c.</span> +For the first ranke of beasts, besides your out strong fence, you must +haue a faire and swift Greyhound, a stone-bow, gun, and if need require, +an Apple with an hooke for a Deere, and an Hare-pipe for an Hare.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Birds.</span> +Your Cherries and other Berris when they be ripe, will draw all the +Black-birds, Thrushes, and Maw Pies to your Orchard. The Bul-finch is a +deuourer of your Fruit in the bud, I haue had whole trees shald out with +them in Winter-time.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +The best remedy here is a Stone bow, a Piece, especially if you haue a +Musket or Spar-hawke in Winter to make the Black bird stoope into a bush +or hedge.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Other trees.</span> +The Gardner must cleanse his <a name="corr58a" id="corr58a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote58a" title="changed from 'foile'">soile</a> of all other trees: but +fruit-trees aforesaid <a href="#NO_Chap_2">Chapter 2</a> for which it is ordained, and I would +especially name Oakes, Elmes, Ashes, and such other great wood, but that +I doubt it should be taken as an admission of lesser trees: for I admit +<span class="siginvis" title="E6r"> </span><a name="Sig_E6r" id="Sig_E6r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="59"> </span><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a> +of nothing to grow in mine Orchard but fruit and flowers. If sap can +hardly be good to feed our fruit-trees, why should we allow of any +other, especially those, that will becom their Masters, & wrong them in +their liuelyhood.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Winds.</span> +And although we admit without the fence of Wall-nuts in most plaine +places, Trees middle-most, and ashes or Okes, or Elmes vtmost, set in +comely rowes equally distant with faire Allies twixt row and row to +auoide the boisterous blasts of winds, and within them also others for +Bees; yet wee admit none of these into your Orchard-plat: other remedy +then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts. +<span class="sidenote">Frosts.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Weeds.</span> +Weeds in a fertile soile (because the generall curse is so) till your +Trees grow great, will be noysome, and deforme your allies, walkes, +beds, and squares, your vnder Gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly +& handsome from them and all other filth with a Spade, weeding kniues, +rake with iron teeth: a skrapple of Iron thus formed.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 203px;"> +<img src="images/ill059.png" width="203" height="59" alt="Diagram of a tool" /> +</div> + + +<p>For Nettles and ground-Iuy after a showre.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +When weeds, straw, stickes and all other scrapings are gathered +together, burne them not, but bury them vnder your crust in any place of +your Orchard, and they will dye and fatten your ground.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Wormes. <br />Moales.</span> +Wormes and Moales open the earth, and let in aire to the roots of your +trees, and deforme your squares and walkes, and feeding in the earth, +being in number infinite, draw on barrennesse.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +Worms may be easily destroyed. Any Summer euening when it is darke, +after a showre with a candle, you may fill bushels, but you must tred +nimbly & where +<span class="siginvis" title="E6v"> </span><a name="Sig_E6v" id="Sig_E6v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="60"> </span><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a> +you cannot come to catch them so; sift the earth with +coale ashes an inch or two thicknes, and that is a plague to them, so is +sharpe grauell.</p> + +<p>Moales will anger you, if your Gardner or some skilful Moale-catcher +ease you not, especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of +your trees: you must watch her wel with a Moal spare, at morne, noon, +and night, when you see her vtmost hill, cast a Trench betwixt her and +her home (for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and breed in about +<i>Aprill</i>, which you may discerne by a principall hill, wherein you may +catch her, if you trench it round and sure, and watch well) or +wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage (for such she hath) there +trench, and watch, and haue her.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Wilfull annoyances.</span> +Wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the +Master and Fruterer, which they beare to their Orchard.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Remedy.</span> +Iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill +neighbour-hood. And then if (God blesse and giue successe to your +labours) I see not what hurt your Orchard can sustaine.</p> + + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_14" id="NO_Chap_14"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 14.</span><br /> + +<i>Of the age of Trees.</i></h2> + + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>t is to be considered: All this Treatise of trees tends to this end, +that men may loue and plant Orchards, whereunto there cannot be a better +inducement then that they know (or at least be perswaded) that all that +benefit they shall reape thereby, whether of pleasure or profit, shall +not be for a day or a moneth, or one, or many (but many hundreth) +yeeres. Of good things the greatest, and most durable is alwaies the +best. <span class="sidenote">The age of trees.</span> +If therefore out of +<span class="siginvis" title="E7r"> </span><a name="Sig_E7r" id="Sig_E7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="61"> </span><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a> +reason grounded vpon experience, it be made +(I thinke) manifest, but I am sure probable, that a fruit tree in such a +soile and site, as is described so planted and trimmed and kept, as is +afore appointed and duely foiled, shall dure 1000 yeeres, why should we +not take paines, and be at two or three yeeres charges (for vnder seuen +yeeres will an Orchard be perfected for the first planting, and in that +time be brought to fruit) to reape such a commodity and so long lasting.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Gathered by reason out of experience.</span> +Let no man thinke this to be strange, but peruse and consider the +reason. I haue Apple trees standing in my little Orchard, which I haue +knowne these forty yeeres, whose age before my time I cannot learne, it +is beyond memory, tho I haue enquired of diuers aged men of 80. yeeres +and vpwards: these trees although come into my possession very euill +ordered, mishapen, and one of them wounded to his heart, and that deadly +(for I know it will be his death) with a wound, wherein I might haue put +my foot in the heart of his bulke (now it is lesse) notwithstanding, +with that small regard they haue had since, they so like, that I assure +my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then 2. parts of 3. +which I discerne not onely by their owne growth, but also by comparing +them with the bulke of other trees. And I find them short (at least) by +so many parts in bignesse, although I know those other fruit-trees to +haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding. Herehence I +gather thus.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Parts of a trees age.</span> +If my trees be a hundred yeeres old, and yet want two hundred of their +growth before they leaue encreasing, which make three hundred, then we +must needs resolue, that this three hundred yeere are but the third part +of a Trees life, because (as all things liuing besides) +<span class="siginvis" title="E7v"> </span><a name="Sig_E7v" id="Sig_E7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="62"> </span><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a> +so trees must +haue allowed them for their increase one third, another third for their +stand, and a third part of time also for their decay. All which time of +a Tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres, three hundred for increase, three +hundred for his stand, whereof we haue the terme stature, and three +hundred for his decay, and yet I thinke (for we must coniecture by +comparing, because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees) I am +within the compasse of his age, supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of +preseruing his life. Consider the age of other liuing creatures. The +Horse and moiled Oxe wrought to an vntimely death, yet double the time +of their increase. A Dog likewise increaseth three, stanns three at +least, end in as many (or rather moe) decayes.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Mans age.</span> +Euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth, and +so must it needs be with trees. A man comes not to his full growth and +strength (by common estimation) before thirty yeeres, and some slender +and cleane bodies, not till forty, so long also stands his strength, & +so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay. Euer +supposing that he be well kept with necessaries, and from and without +straines, bruises, and all other dominyring diseases. I will not say +vpon true report, that Physicke holds it possible, that a cleane body +kept by these 3. Doctors, <i>Doctor Dyet</i>, <i>Doctor Quiet</i>, and <i>Doctor +Merriman</i>, may liue neere a hundred yeeres. Neither will I here vrge the +long yeeres of <i>Methushalah</i>, and those men of that time, because you +will say, Mans dayes are shortned since the floud. But what hath +shortned them? God for mans sinnes: but by meanes, as want of knowledge, +euill gouernment, ryot, gluttony, drunkenesse, and (to be short) the +encrease of +<span class="siginvis" title="E8r"> </span><a name="Sig_E8r" id="Sig_E8r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="63"> </span><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a> +the curse, our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age.</p> + +<p>Now if a man, whose body is nothing (in a manner) but tender +rottennesse, whose course of life cannot by any meanes, by counsell, +restraint of Lawes, or punishment, nor hope of praise, profet, or +eturnall glory, be kept within any bounds, who is degenerate cleane from +his naturall feeding, to effeminate nicenesse, and cloying his body with +excesse of meate, drinke, sleepe &c. and to whom nothing is so pleasant +and so much desired as the causes of his owne death, as idlenesse, lust, +&c. may liue to that age: I see not but a tree of a solide substance, +not damnified by heate or cold, capable of, and subiect to any kinde of +ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him, feeding naturally, +as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities, eased of, and of +his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him, should double +the life of a man, more then twice told; and yet naturall phylosophy, +and the vniuersall consent of all Histories tell vs, that many other +liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres: As the Hart +and the Rauen. Thus reporteth that famous <i>Roterodam</i> out of <i>Hesiodus</i>, +and many other Historiographers. The testimony of <i>Cicero</i> in his booke +<i>De Senectute</i>, is weighty to this purpose: that we must <i>in posteras +ætates ferere arbores</i>, which can haue none other fence: but that our +fruit-trees whereof he speakes, can endure for many ages.</p> + +<p>What else are trees in comparison with the earth: but as haires to the +body of a man? And it is certaine, without poisoning, euill and +distemperate dyet, and vsage, or other such forcible cause, the haires +dure with the body. That they be called excrements, it is by reason of +their superfluous growth: <a name="corr63a" id="corr63a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote63a" title="changed from 'for'">(for</a> cut them as often as you list, +<span class="siginvis" title="E8v"> </span><a name="Sig_E8v" id="Sig_E8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="64"> </span><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a> +and they will still come to their naturall length) Not in respect of +their substance, and nature. Haires endure long, and are an ornament and +vse also to the body, as trees to the earth.</p> + +<p>So that I resolue vpon good reason, that fruit-trees well ordered, may +liue and like a thousand yeeres, and beare fruit, and the longer, the +more, the greater, and the better, because his vigour is proud and +stronger, when his yeeres are many: You shall see old trees put their +buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young trees by +much. And I sensibly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their +<a name="corr64a" id="corr64a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote64a" title="changed from 'frust'">fruit</a>, as they grow greater, both for number and greatnesse. +Young Heifers bring not forth the Calues so faire, neither are they so +plentifull to milke, as when they become to be old Kine. No good +Houswife will breed of a young but of an old bird-mother: It is so in +all things naturally, therefore in trees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">The age of timber trees.</span> +And if fruit-trees last to this age, how many ages is it to be supposed, +strong and huge timber-trees will last? whose huge bodies require the +yeeres of diuers <i>Methushalaes</i>, before they end their dayes, whose sap +is strong and bitter, whose barke is hard and thicke, and their +substance solid and stiffe: all which are defences of health and long +life. Their strength withstands all forcible winds, their sap of that +quality is not subiect to wormes and tainting. Their barke receiues +seldome or neuer by casualty any wound. And not onely so, but he is free +from remoualls, which are the death of millions of trees, where as the +fruit-tree in comparison is little, and often blowne downe, his sap +sweet, easily and soone tainted, his barke tender, and soone wounded, +and himselfe vsed by man, as man vseth himselfe, that is either + +<span class="sigvis" title="F"> </span><a name="Sig_F1r" id="Sig_F1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="65"> </span><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a> +vnskilfully or carelessely.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Age of trees discerned.</span> +It is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees, +which you may easily know, till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres, +by his knots: Reckon from his root vp an arme and so to hys top-twig, +and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot, except +lopping or remouing doe hinder.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_15" id="NO_Chap_15"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 15.</span><br /> + +<i>Of gathering and keeping Fruit.</i></h2> + + + + +<p><span class="sidenote">Generall Rule.</span> +<span class="dropcap">A</span>lthough it be an easie matter, when God shall send it, to gather and +keepe fruit, yet are they certaine things worthy your regard. You must +gather your fruit when it is ripe, and not before, else will it wither +and be tough and sowre. All fruit generally are ripe, when they beginne +to fall. For Trees doe as all other bearers doe, when their yong ones +are ripe, they will waine them. The Doue her Pigeons, the Cony her +Rabbets, and women their children. Some fruit tree sometimes getting a +taint in the setting with a frost or euill wind, will cast his fruit +vntimely, but not before he leaue giuing them sap, or they leaue +growing. <span class="sidenote">Cherries, &c.</span> +Except from this foresaid rule, Cherries, Damsons and Bullies. +The Cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red, and sweet: Damsons and +Bulies not before the first frost.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Apples.</span> +Apples are knowne to be ripe, partly by their colour, growing towards a +yellow, except the Leather-coat and some Peares and Greening.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">When.</span> +Timely Summer fruit will be ready, some at Midsummer, most at Lammus for +present vse; but generally noe keeping fruit before <i>Michal-tide</i>. Hard +Winter fruit and Wardens longer.</p> + + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="F1v"> </span><a name="Sig_F1v" id="Sig_F1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="66"> </span><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Dry stalkes.</span> +Gather at the full of the Moone for keeping, gather dry for feare of +rotting.</p> + +<p>Gather the stalkes with all: for a little wound in fruit, is deadly: but +not the stumpe, that must beare the next fruit, nor leaues, for moisture +putrifies.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Seuerally.</span> +Gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe, for all will not keepe alike, +and it is hard to discerne them, when they are mingled.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Ouerladen trees.</span> +If your trees be ouer-laden (as they will be, being ordered, as is +before taught you) I like better of pulling some off (tho they be not +ripe) neere the top end of the bough, then of propping by much, the rest +shall be better fed. Propping puts the bough in danger, and frets it at +least.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Instruments.</span> +Instruments: A long ladder of light Firre: A stoole-ladder as in the <a href="#NO_Chap_11">11. +Chapter</a>. A gathering apron like a poake before you, made of purpose, or +a Wallet hung on a bough, or a basket with a siue bottome, or skinne +bottome, with Lathes or splinters vnder, hung in a rope to pull vp and +downe: <span class="sidenote">Bruises.</span> +bruise none, euery bruise is to fruit death: if you doe, vse them +presently. An hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary, breake no +boughes.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Keeping.</span> +For keeping, lay them in a dry Loft, the longest keeping Apples first +and furthest on dry straw, on heapes ten or fourteene dayes, thicke, +that they may sweat. Then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth, and lay +them thinne abroad. Long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth +softly: but not in nor immediately after frost. In a loft couer well +with straw, but rather with chaffe or branne: For frost doth cause +tender rottennesse.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="F2"> </span><a name="Sig_F2r" id="Sig_F2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="67"> </span><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a> +<a name="NO_Chap_16" id="NO_Chap_16"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 16.</span><br /> + +<i>Of Profits.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">N</span>ow pause with your selfe, and view the end of all your labours in an +Orchard: vnspeakable pleasure, and infinite commodity. The pleasure of +an Orchard I referre to the last Chapter for the conclusion: and in this +Chapter, a word or two of the profit, which thorowly to declare is past +my skill: and I count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the +Sunne with a Candle, or number the Starres. No man that hath but a meane +Orchard or iudgement but knowes, that the commodity of an Orchard is +great: Neither would I speake of this, being a thing so manifest to all; +but that I see, that through the carelesse lazinesse of men, it is a +thing generally neglected. But let them know, that they lose hereby the +chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping.</p> + +<p>Compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground, set with +fruit-trees and hearbs, so as is prescribed, and an whole acre (say it +be two) with Corne, or the best commodity you can wish, and the +<a name="corr67a" id="corr67a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote67a" title="changed from 'Orchrad'">Orchard</a> shall exceed by diuers degrees.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Cydar and Perry.</span> +In <i>France</i> and some other Countries, and in <i>England</i>, they make great +vse of Cydar and Perry, thus made: Dresse euery Apple, the stalke, vpper +end, and all galles away, stampe them, and straine them, and within 24. +houres tun them vp into cleane, sweet, and sound vessels, for feare of +euill ayre, which they will readily take: and if you hang a poakefull of +Cloues, Mace, Nutmegs, Cinamon, Ginger, and pils of Lemmons in the midst +of the vessell, it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine. The +like vsage doth Perry require.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="F2v"> </span><a name="Sig_F2v" id="Sig_F2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="68"> </span><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a> +</p><p>These drinks are very wholesome, they coole, purge, and preuent hot +Agues. But I leaue this skill to Physicians.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Fruit.</span> +The benefit of your Fruit, Roots and Hearbs, though it were but to eate +and sell, is much.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Waters.</span> +Waters distilled of Roses, Woodbind, Angelica, are both profitable and +wondrous pleasant, and comfortable.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Conserue.</span> +Saffron and Licoras will yeeld you much Conserues and Preserues, are +ornaments to your Feasts, health in your sicknesse, and a good helpe to +your friend, and to your purse.</p> + +<p>He that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits, is well worthy +to want, when others abound in plenty of good things.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="NO_Chap_17" id="NO_Chap_17"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 17.</span><br /> + +<i>Ornaments.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">M</span>e thinks hitherto we haue but a bare Orchard for fruit, and but halfe +good, so long as it wants those comely Ornaments, that should giue +beauty to all our labours, and make much for the honest delight of the +owner and his friends.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Delight the chiefe end of Orchards.</span> +For it is not to be doubted: but as God hath giuen man things +profitable, so hath he allowed him honest comfort, delight, and +recreation in all the workes of his hands. Nay, all his labours vnder +the Sunne without this are troubles, and vexation of mind: For what is +greedy gaine, without delight, but moyling, and turmoyling in slauery? +But comfortable delight, with content, is the good of euery thing, and +the patterne of heauen. A morsell of bread with comfort, is better by +much then a fat Oxe with vnquietnesse. <span class="sidenote">An Orchard delightsome.</span> +And +<span class="sigvis" title="F3"> </span><a name="Sig_F3r" id="Sig_F3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="69"> </span><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a> +who can deny, but the +principall end of an Orchard, is the honest delight of one wearied with +the works of his lawfull calling? The very workes of, and in an Orchard +and Garden, are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours. +When God had made man after his owne Image, in a perfect state, and +would haue him to represent himselfe in authority, tranquillity, and +pleasure vpon the earth, he placed him in <i>Paradise</i>. +<span class="sidenote">An Orchard is Paradise.</span> +What was +<i>Paradise</i>? but a Garden and Orchard of trees and hearbs, full of +pleasure? and nothing there but delights. The gods of the earth, +resembling the great God of heauen in authority, Maiestie, and abundance +of all things, wherein is their most delight? <span class="sidenote">Causes of wearisomnesse.</span> +and whither doe they +withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate, being +tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious Controuersies? choked +(as it were) with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings, their +stomacks cloyed with variety of Banquets, their eares filled and +ouerburthened with tedious discoursings? whither? but into their +Orchards? <span class="sidenote">Orchard is the remedy.</span> +made and prepared, dressed and destinated for that purpose, to +renue and refresh their sences, and to call home their ouer-wearied +spirits. Nay, it is (no doubt) a comfort to them, to set open their +Cazements into a most delicate Garden and Orchard, whereby they may not +onely see that, wherein they are so much delighted, but also to giue +fresh, sweet, and pleasant ayre to their Galleries and Chambers.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">All delight in Orchards.</span> +And looke, what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability, +prouoked with delight, the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe, if +power were answerable to our desires, whereby we shew manifestly, that +of all other delights on earth, they that are taken by Orchards, +<span class="siginvis" title="F3v"> </span><a name="Sig_F3v" id="Sig_F3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="70"> </span><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a> +are +most excellent, and most agreeing with nature.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">This delights all the senses.</span> +For whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our senses, +and that onely, with delight, this makes all our sences swimme in +pleasure, and that with infinite variety, ioyned with no lesse +commodity.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Delighteth old age.</span> +That famous <i>Philosopher</i>, and matchlesse Orator, <i>M.T.C.</i> prescribeth +nothing more fit, to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three +or foure score yeeres, then the pleasure of an Orchard.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Causes of delight in an Orchard.</span> +What can your eye desire to see, your eares to hear, your mouth to tast, +or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an Orchard, with +abundance and variety? What more delightsome then an infinite variety of +sweet smelling flowers? decking with sundry colours, the greene mantle +of the Earth, the vniuersall Mother of vs all, so by them bespotted, so +dyed, that all the world cannot sample them, and wherein it is more fit +to admire the Dyer, then imitate his workemanship. Colouring not onely +the earth, but decking the ayre, and sweetning euery breath and spirit.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Flowers.</span> +The Rose red, damaske, veluet, and double double prouince Rose, the +sweet muske Rose double and single, the double and single white Rose. +The faire and sweet senting Woodbinde, double and single, and double +double. Purple Cowslips, and double Cowslips, and <a name="corr70a" id="corr70a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote70a" title="sic">double double</a> +Cowslips. Primerose double and single. The Violet nothing behinde the +best, for smelling sweetly. A thousand more will prouoke your content.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Borders and squares.</span> +And all these, by the skill of your Gardner, so comely, and orderly +placed in your Borders and Squares, and so intermingled, that none +looking thereon, cannot but wonder, to see, what Nature corrected by Art +can doe.</p> + + +<p> +<span class="sigvis" title="F4"> </span><a name="Sig_F4r" id="Sig_F4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="71"> </span><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Mounts.<br /> +Whence you may shoote a Bucke.<br /> +Dyall.<br /> +Musique.</span> +<span class="dropcap">W</span>hen you behold in diuers corners of your Orchard <i>Mounts</i> of stone, or +wood curiously wrought within and without, or of earth couered with +fruit-trees: Kentish Cherry, Damsons, Plummes, &c. with staires of +precious workmanship. +And in some corner (or moe) a true Dyall or Clocke +and some Anticke-workes and especially siluer-sounding Musique, mixt +Instruments and voices, gracing all the rest: How will you be rapt with +delight?</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Walkes.<br /> +Seates.</span> +Large Walkes, broad and long, close and open, like the <i>Tempe</i> groues in +<i>Thessalie</i>, raised with grauell and sand, hauing seats and bankes of +Cammomile, all this delights the minde, and brings health to the body.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Order of trees.</span> +View now with delight the workes of your owne hands, your fruit-trees of +all sorts, loaden with sweet blossomes, and fruit of all tasts, +operations, and colours: your trees standing in comely order which way +soeuer you looke.</p> + +<p>Your borders on euery side hanging and drooping with Feberries, +Raspberries, Barberries, Currens, and the rootes of your trees powdred +with Strawberries, red, white, and greene, what a pleasure is this? +<span class="sidenote">Shape of men and beasts.</span> +Your +Gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the +field, ready to giue battell: or swift running Greyhounds: or of well +sented and true running Hounds, to chase the Deere, or hunt the Hare. +This kind of hunting shall not waste your corne, nor much your coyne.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Mazes.</span> +Mazes well framed a mans height, may perhaps make your friend wander in +gathering of berries, till he cannot recouer himselfe without your +helpe.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Bowle-Alley.<br /> +Buts.</span> +To haue occasion to exercise within your Orchard: it shall be a pleasure +to haue a Bowling Alley, or rather +<span class="siginvis" title="F4v"> </span><a name="Sig_F4v" id="Sig_F4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="72"> </span><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a> +(which is more manly, and more +healthfull) a paire of Buts, to stretch your armes.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Hearbes.</span> +Rosemary and sweete Eglantine are seemely ornaments about a Doore or +Window, and so is Woodbinde.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Conduit.</span> +Looke <a href="#NO_Chap_5">Chapter 5</a>, and you shall see the forme of a Conduite. If there +were two or more, it were not amisse.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Riuer.</span> +And in mine opinion, I could highly commend your Orchard, if either +through it, or hard by it there should runne a pleasant Riuer with +siluer streames; you might sit in your Mount, and angle a peckled Trout, +or fleightie Eele, or some other dainty Fish. +<span class="sidenote">Moats.</span> +Or moats, whereon you +might row with a Boate, and fish with Nettes.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Bees.</span> +Store of Bees in a dry and warme Bee-house, comely made of Fir-boords, +to sing, and sit, and feede vpon your flowers and sprouts, make a +pleasant noyse and sight. For cleanely and innocent Bees, of all other +things, loue and become, and thriue in an Orchard. If they thriue (as +they must needes, if your Gardiner bee skilfull, and loue them: for they +loue their friends, and hate none but their enemies) they will, besides +the pleasure, yeeld great profit, to pay him his wages Yea, the increase +of twenty Stockes or Stooles, with other fees will keepe your Orchard.</p> + +<p>You need not doubt their stings, for they hurt not whom they know, and +they know their keeper and acquaintance. If you like not to come amongst +them, you need not doubt them: for but neere their store, and in their +owne defence, they will not fight, and in that case onely (and who can +blame them?) they are manly, and fight desperately. Some (as that +Honorable Lady +<span class="siginvis" title="F5r"> </span><a name="Sig_F5r" id="Sig_F5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="73"> </span><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a> +at <i>Hacknes</i>, whose name doth much grace mine Orchard) +vse to make seates for them in the stone wall of their Orchard, or +Garden, which is good, but wood is better.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Vine.</span> +A Vine ouer-shadowing a seate, is very comely, though her Grapes with vs +ripe slowly.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote">Birds.<br /> +Nightingale.</span> +One chiefe grace that adornes an Orchard, I cannot let slip: A brood of +Nightingales, who with their seuerall notes and tunes, with a strong +delightsome voyce, out of a weake body, will beare you company night and +day. She loues (and liues in) hots of woods in her hart. She will helpe +you to cleanse your trees of Caterpillers, and all noysome wormes and +flyes. <span class="sidenote">Robin-red-brest.<br /> +Wren.</span> +The gentle Robin-red-brest will helpe her, and in winter in the +coldest stormes will keepe a part. Neither will the silly Wren be behind +in Summer, with her distinct whistle (like a sweete Recorder) to cheere +your spirits. +</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote">Black-bird. <br /> +Thrush.</span> +The Black-bird and Threstle (for I take it the Thrush sings not, but +deuoures) sing loudly in a <i>May</i> morning and delights the eare much (and +you neede not want their company, if you haue ripe Cherries or Berries, +and would as gladly as the rest do you pleasure:) But I had rather want +their company than my fruit.</p> + +<p>What shall I say? A thousand of pleasant delightes are attendant in an +Orchard: and sooner shall I be weary, then I can recken the least part +of that pleasure, which one that hath and loues an Orchard, may find +therein.</p> + +<p>What is there of all these few that I haue reckoned, which doth not +please the eye, the eare, the smell, and taste? And by these sences as +Organes, Pipes, and windowes, these delights are carried to refresh the +gentle, generous, and noble mind.</p> + + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="F5v"> </span><a name="Sig_F5v" id="Sig_F5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="74"> </span><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Your owne labour.</span> +To conclude, what ioy may you haue, that you liuing to such an age, +shall see the blessings of God on your labours while you liue, and leaue +behind you to heires or successors (for God will make heires) such a +worke, that many ages after your death, shall record your loue to their +Countrey? And the rather, when you consider (<a href="#NO_Chap_14"><i>Chap. 14.</i></a>) to what length +of time your worke is like to last.</p> + + +<p class="center bigger gap"><i>FINIS.</i></p> + + + + + + +<h1 class="biggap"> +<span class="siginvis" title="F6r"> </span><a name="Sig_F6r" id="Sig_F6r"></a> +<span class="littlest">THE</span><br /> +COVNTRY<br /> +HOVSE-VVIFES<br /> +<span class="littlest">GARDEN.</span> +</h1> + +<p class="center"><span class="bigger"><i>Containing Rules for Hearbs and Seedes</i></span> <br /> +<span class="big">of common vse, with their times and seasons, </span><br /> +when to set and sow them.</p> + +<p class="center">TOGETHER,<br /> +With the Husbandry of Bees, published with secrets <br /> +<span class="little"><i>very necessary for euery House-wife</i>.</span></p> + +<p class="center">As also diuerse new Knots for Gardens.</p> + +<p class="center little">The Contents see at large in the <a href="#CHG_Contents">last Page</a>.</p> + +<p class="center little">Genes. 2. 29.<br /> +<i>I haue giuen vnto you euery Herbe, and euery tree, that shall be to you +for meate.</i></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 139px;"> +<img src="images/ill075.png" width="139" height="147" alt="Printers device" /> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><i>LONDON</i>,<br /> +Printed by <i>Nicholas Okes</i> for <span class="smcap">Iohn Harison</span>, at the <br /> +golden Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row. 1631.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="F6v"> </span><a name="Sig_F6v" id="Sig_F6v"></a> +</p> + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="F7r"> </span><a name="Sig_F7r" id="Sig_F7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="77"> </span><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a> +<a name="CHGarden" id="CHGarden"></a>THE COVNTRY <br /> +<span class="little">HOVSVVIFES</span><br /> +<span class="littler"> GARDEN.</span></h2> + + + + +<h2><a name="CHG_Chap_1" id="CHG_Chap_1"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 1.</span><br /> + +<i>The Soyle.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he soyle of an Orchard and Garden, differ onely in these three points: +<span class="sidenote">Dry.</span> +First, the Gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer, because hearbes being +more tender then trees, can neither abide moisture nor drought, in such +excessiue measure, as trees; and therefore hauing a dryer soyle, the +remedy is easie against drought, if need be: water soundly, which may be +done with small labour, the compasse of a Garden being nothing so great, +as of an Orchard, and this is the cause (if they know it) that Gardners +raise their squares:<span class="sidenote">Hops.</span> + but if moysture trouble you, I see no remedy +without a generall danger, except in Hops, which delight much in a low +and sappy earth.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote">Plaine.</span> +Secondly, the soyle of a Garden would be plaine and +<span class="siginvis" title="F7v"> </span><a name="Sig_F7v" id="Sig_F7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="78"> </span><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a> +leuell, at least +euery square (for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme) the +reason: the earth of a garden wanting such helpes, as should stay the +water, which an orchard hath, and the rootes of hearbes being short, and +not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome, are more annoyed by +drought, and the soyle being mellow and loose, is soone either washt +away, or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing.</p> + +<p>Thirdly, if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes, and namely, of +grasse, the hearbes shall neuer thriue: for how should good hearbes +prosper, when euill weeds waxe so fast: considering good hearbes are +tender in respect of euill weedes: these being strengthened by nature, +and the other by art? Gardens haue small place in comparison, and +therefore may be more easily be fallowed, at the least one halfe yeare +before, and the better dressed after it is framed. And you shall finde +that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes, +but also is a speciall ornament, and leaues more plentifull sap for your +tender hearbes.</p> + + + + +<h2><a name="CHG_Chap_2" id="CHG_Chap_2"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 2.</span><br /> +<i>Of the Sites.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span> cannot see in any sort, how the site of the one should not be good, +and fit for the other: The ends of both being one, good, wholesome, and +much fruit ioyned with delight, vnlesse trees be more able to abide the +nipping frostes than tender hearbes: but I am sure, the flowers of trees +are as soone perished with cold, as any hearbe except Pumpions, and +Melons.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="F8r"> </span><a name="Sig_F8r" id="Sig_F8r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="79"> </span><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a> +<a name="CHG_Chap_3" id="CHG_Chap_3"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 3.</span><br /> +<i>Of the Forme.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">L</span>et that which is sayd in the Orchards forme, suffice for a garden in +generall: but for speciall formes in squares, they are as many, as there +are diuices in Gardners braines. Neither is the wit and art of a +skilfull Gardner in this poynt not to be commended, that can worke more +variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce, and of all those +things, where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied. The number +of formes, Mazes and Knots is so great, and men are so diuersly +delighted, that I leaue euery House-wife to her selfe, especially seeing +to set downe many, had bene but to fill much paper; yet lest I depriue +her of all delight and direction, let her view these few, choyse, new +formes, and note this generally, that all plots are square, and all are +bordered about with Priuit, Raisins, Fea-berries, Roses, Thorne, +Rosemary, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, or such like.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +<span class="siginvis" title="F8v"> </span><a name="Sig_F8v" id="Sig_F8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="80"> </span><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a> +The ground plot for Knots. +</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill080a.png" width="398" height="398" alt="Plan of framework" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight">Cinkfoyle. +</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill080b.png" width="398" height="392" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +<span class="sigvis" title="G"> </span><a name="Sig_G1r" id="Sig_G1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="81"> </span><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a> +Flower-deluce. +</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill081a.png" width="406" height="391" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +The Trefoyle. +</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill081b.png" width="398" height="398" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +<span class="siginvis" title="G1v"> </span><a name="Sig_G1v" id="Sig_G1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="82"> </span><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a> +The Fret. +</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill082a.png" width="406" height="391" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +Lozenges.</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill082b.png" width="395" height="386" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +<span class="sigvis" title="G2"> </span><a name="Sig_G2r" id="Sig_G2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="83"> </span><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a> +Crosse-bow.</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill083a.png" width="404" height="390" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +Diamond.</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill083b.png" width="403" height="389" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +<span class="siginvis" title="G2v"> </span><a name="Sig_G2v" id="Sig_G2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="84"> </span><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a> +Ouall.</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill084a.png" width="401" height="395" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="tight"> +Maze.</td> +<td> +<img src="images/ill084b.png" width="402" height="392" alt="Plan of a knot" /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="G3"> </span><a name="Sig_G3r" id="Sig_G3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="85"> </span><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a> +<a name="CHG_Chap_4" id="CHG_Chap_4"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 4.</span><br /> + +<i>Of the Quantity.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">A</span> Garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an Orchard, both in +regard of the much weeding, dressing and remouing, and also the paines +in a Garden is not so well repaied home, as in an Orchard. It is to be +graunted, that the Kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries, +roots, cabbages, &c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a +rich Orchard: but notwithstanding I am of opinion, that it were better +for <i>England</i>, that we had more Orchards and Gardens, and more large. +And therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="CHG_Chap_5" id="CHG_Chap_5"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 5.</span><br /> + +<i>Of Fence.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">S</span>eeing we allow Gardens in Orchard plots, and the benefit of a Garden is +much, they both require a strong and shrowding fence. Therefore leauing +this, let vs come to the hearbes themselues, which must be the fruit of +all these labours.</p> + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="G3v"> </span><a name="Sig_G3v" id="Sig_G3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="86"> </span><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a> +<a name="CHG_Chap_6" id="CHG_Chap_6"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 6.</span><br /> + +<i>Of two Gardens.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">H</span>earbes are of two sorts, and therefore it is meete (they requiring +diuers manners of Husbandry) that we haue two Gardens: A garden for +flowers, and a Kitchen garden: or a Summer garden: not that we meane so +perfect a distinction, that the Garden for flowers should or can be +without hearbes good for the Kitchen, or the Kitchen garden should want +flowers, nor on the contrary: but for the most part they would be +seuered: first, because your Garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace, +if among them you intermingle Onions, Parsnips, &c. Secondly, your +Garden that is durable, must be of one forme: but that, which is for +your Kitchens vse, must yeeld daily rootes, or other hearbes, and suffer +deformity. Thirdly, the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready, at +one time, either for gathering, or remouing. First therefore</p> + + +<h3><i>Of the Summer Garden.</i></h3> + +<p>These hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squares and knots +and all to set at <i>Michael-*tide</i>, or somewhat before, that they may be +setled in, and taken with the ground before winter, though they may be +set, especially sowne in the spring.</p> + +<p>Roses of all sorts (spoken of in the Orchard) must +<span class="sigvis" title="G4"> </span><a name="Sig_G4r" id="Sig_G4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="87"> </span><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a> +be set. Some vie to +set slips and twine them, which sometimes, but seldome thriue all.</p> + +<p>Rosemary, Lauender, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, Time, Cowslips, Pyony, +Dasies, Cloue Gilliflowers, Pinkes, Sothernwood, Lillies, of all which +hereafter.</p> + + +<h3><i>Of the Kitchen Garden.</i></h3> + +<p>Though your Garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it +seise a profit, and exquisite forme to the eyes, yet you may not +altogether neglect this, where your hearbes for the pot do growe. And +therefore, some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd. The +rather because aboundance of Roses and Lauender yeeld much profit, and +comfort to the sences: Rose-water and Lauender, the one cordial (as also +the Violets, Burrage, and Buglas) the other reuiuing the spirits by the +sence of smelling: both most durable for smell, both in flowers and +water: you need not here raise your beds, as in the other garden, +because Summer towards, will not let too much wet annoy you.</p> + +<p>And these hearbes require more moysture: yet must you haue your beds +diuided, that you may goe betwixt to weede, and somewhat forme would be +expected: To which it auaileth, that you place your herbes of biggest +growth, by walles, or in borders, as Fenell, &c. and the lowest in the +middest, as Saffron, Strawberries, Onions, &c.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="G4v"> </span><a name="Sig_G4v" id="Sig_G4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="88"> </span><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a> +<a name="CHG_Chap_7" id="CHG_Chap_7"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 7.</span><br /> + +<i>Diuision of hearbs.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>arden hearbs are innumerable, yet these are common and sufficient for +our country House-wifes.</p> + + +<h3><i>Hearbs of greatest growth.</i></h3> + +<p>Fenell, Anglica, Tansie, Hollihock, Louage, Elly Campane, French +mallows, Lillies, French poppy, Endiue, Succory and Clary.</p> + + +<h3><i>Herbes of middle growth.</i></h3> + +<p>Burrage, Buglas, Parsley, sweet Sicilly, Floure-de-luce, Stocke +Gilliflowers, Wall-flowers, Anniseedes, Coriander, Feather fewell, +Marigolds, Oculus Christi, Langdibeefe, Alexanders, Carduus Benedictus.</p> + + +<h3><i>Hearbes of smallest growth.</i></h3> + +<p>Pansy, or Harts-ease, Coast Margeram, Sauery, Strawberries, Saffron, +Lycoras, Daffadowndillies, Leekes, Chiues, Chibals, Skerots, Onions, +Batchellors buttons, Dasies, Peniroyall.</p> + +<p>Hitherto I haue onely reckoned vp, and put in this ranke, some hearbs. +Their Husbandry follow each in an Alphabeticall order, the better to be +found.</p> + + + +<h2><a name="CHG_Chap_8" id="CHG_Chap_8"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 8.</span><br /> + +<i>Husbandry of Herbes.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap"><i>A</i></span><i>lexanders</i> are to be renewed as <i>Angelica</i>. It is a timely Pot-hearbe.</p> + +<p><i>Anglica</i> is renued with his seede, whereof he beareth plenty the second +yeare, and so dieth. You may remoue the rootes the first yeare. The +leaues distilled, +<span class="siginvis" title="G5r"> </span><a name="Sig_G5r" id="Sig_G5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="89"> </span><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a> +yeeld water soueraigne to expell paine from the +stomacke. The roote dried taken in the fall, stoppeth the poares against +infections.</p> + +<p><i>Annyseedes</i> make their growth, and beareth seeds the first yeere, and +dieth as <i>Coriander</i>: it is good for opening the pipes, and it is vsed +in Comfits.</p> + +<p><i>Artichoakes</i> are renewed by diuiding the rootes into sets, in <i>March</i>, +euery third or fourth yeare. They require a seuerall vsage, and +therefore a seuerall whole plot by themselues, especially considering +they are plentifull of fruite much desired.</p> + +<p><i>Burrage</i> and <i>Buglas</i>, two Cordials, renue themselues by seed yearely, +which is hard to be gathered: they are exceeding good Pot-hearbes, good +for Bees, and most comfortable for the heart and stomacke, as Quinces +and Wardens.</p> + +<p><i>Camomile</i>, set rootes in bankes and walkes. It is sweete smelling, +qualifying head-ach.</p> + +<p><i>Cabbages</i> require great roome, they seed the second yeare: sow them in +<i>February</i>, remoue them when the plants are an handfull long, set deepe +and wet. Looke well in drought for the white Caterpillers worme, the +spaunes vnder the leafe closely; for euery liuing Creature doth seeke +foode and quiet shelter, and growing quicke, they draw to, and eate the +heart: you may finde them in a rainy deawy morning.</p> + +<p>It is a good Pothearbe, and of this hearbe called <i>Cole</i> our Countrie +House-wiues giue their pottage their name, and call them <i>Caell</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Carduus Benedictus</i>, or blessed thistle, seeds and dyes the first +yeere, the excellent vertue thereof I referre to Herbals, for we are +Gardiners, not Physitians.</p> + +<p><i>Carrets</i> are sowne late in <i>Aprill</i> or <i>May</i>, as Turneps, +<span class="siginvis" title="G5v"> </span><a name="Sig_G5v" id="Sig_G5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="90"> </span><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a> +else they +seede the first yeere, and then their roots are naught: the second yeere +they dye, their roots grow great, and require large roome.</p> + +<p><i>Chibals</i> or <i>Chiues</i> haue their roots parted, as Garlick, Lillies, &c. +and so are they set euery third or fourth yeere: a good pot-hearb +opening, but euill for the eies.</p> + +<p><i>Clarie</i> is sowne, it seeds the second yeere, and dyes. It is somewhat +harsh in taste, a little in pottage is good, it strengtheneth the +reines.</p> + +<p><i>Coast</i>, Roote parted make sets in <i>March</i>: it beares the second yeere: +it is vsed in Ale in <i>May</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Coriander</i> is for vsage and vses, much like Anniseeds.</p> + +<p><i>Daffadowndillies</i> haue their roots parted, and set once in three or +foure yeere, or longer time. They flower timely, and after <i>Midsummer</i>, +are scarcely seene. They are more for ornament, then for vse, so are +Daisies.</p> + +<p><i>Daisie</i>-rootes parted and set, as Flowre-deluce and Camomile, when you +see them grow too thicke or decay. They be good to keepe vp, and +strengthen the edges of your borders, as Pinkes, they be red, white, +mixt.</p> + +<p><i>Ellycampane</i> root is long lasting, as is the Louage, it seeds yeerely, +you may diuide the root, and set the roote, taken in VVinter it is good +(being dryed, powdered and <a name="corr90a" id="corr90a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote90a" title="changed from 'drunke'">drunke)</a> to kill itches.</p> + +<p><i>Endiue</i> and <i>Succory</i> are much like in nature, shape, and vse, they +renue themselues by seed, as Fennell, and other hearbs. You may remoue +them before they put forth shankes, a good Pot-hearbe.</p> + +<p><i>Fennell</i> is renued, either by the seeds (which it beareth the second +yeere, and so yeerely in great abundance) sowne in the fall or Spring, +or by diuiding one root into many Sets, as Artichoke, it is long of +growth +<span class="siginvis" title="G6r"> </span><a name="Sig_G6r" id="Sig_G6r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="91"> </span><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a> +and life. You may remoue the roote vnshankt. It is exceeding +good for the eyes, distilled, or any otherwise taken: it is vsed in +dressing Hiues for swarmes, a very good Pot-hearbe, or for Sallets.</p> + +<p><i>Fetherfewle</i> shakes seed. Good against a shaking Feuer, taken in a +posset drinke fasting.</p> + +<p><i>Flower-deluce</i>, long lasting. Diuide his roots, and set: the roots +dryed haue a sweet smell.</p> + +<p><i>Garlicke</i> may be set an handfull distance, two inches deepe, in the +edge of your beds. Part the heads into seuerall cloues, and euery cloue +set in the latter end of <i>February</i>, will increase to a great head +before <i>September</i>: good for opening, euill for eyes: when the blade is +long, fast two & two together, the heads will be bigger.</p> + +<p><i>Hollyhocke</i> riseth high, seedeth and dyeth: the chiefe vse I know is +ornament.</p> + +<p><i>Isop</i> is reasonable long lasting: young roots are good set, slips +better. A good pot-hearbe.</p> + +<p><i>Iuly-flowers</i>, commonly called <i>Gilly-flowers</i>, or <i>Cloue-Iuly-flowers</i> +(I call them so, because they flowre in <i>Iuly</i>) they haue the name of +<i>Cloues</i>, of their sent. I may well call them the King of flowers +(except the Rose) and the best sort of them are called <i>Queene-Iuly +flowers</i>. I haue of them nine or ten seuerall colours, and diuers of +them as big as Roses; of all flowers (saue the Damaske Rose) they are +the most pleasant to sight and smell: they last not past three or foure +yeeres vnremoued. Take the slips (without shanks) and set any time, saue +in extreme frost, but especially at <i>Michael tide</i>. Their vse is much in +ornament, and comforting the spirits, by the sence of smelling.</p> + +<p><i>Iuly flowers</i> of the wall, or wall-<i>Iuly-flowers</i>, wall-flowers, or +Bee-flowers, or Winter-<i>Iuly-flowers</i>, because +<span class="siginvis" title="G6v"> </span><a name="Sig_G6v" id="Sig_G6v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="92"> </span><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a> +growing in the walles, +euen in Winter, and good for Bees, will grow euen in stone walls, they +will seeme dead in Summer, and yet reuiue in Winter. They yeeld seed +plentifully, which you may sow at any time, or in any broken earth, +especially on the top of a mud-wall, but moist, you may set the root +before it be brancht, euery slip that is not flowr'd will take root, or +crop him in Summer, and he will flower in Winter: but his Winter-seed is +vntimely. This and Palmes are exceeding good, and timely for Bees.</p> + +<p><i>Leekes</i> yeeld seed the second yeere, vnremoued and die, vnlesse you +remoue them, vsuall to eate with salt and bread, as Onyons alwaies +greene, good pot-hearb, euill for the eyes.</p> + +<p><i>Lauendar spike</i> would be remoued within 7 yeeres, or eight at the most. +Slips twined as Isop and Sage, would take best at <i>Michael-tide</i>. This +flower is good for Bees, most comfortable for smelling, except Roses; +and kept dry, is as strong after a yeere, and when it is gathered. The +water of this is comfortable.</p> + +<p>White <i>Lauendar</i> would be remoued sooner.</p> + +<p><i>Lettice</i> yeelds seed the first yeere, and dyes: sow betime, and if you +would haue them <i>Cabbage</i> for Sallets, remoue them as you doe <i>Cabbage</i>. +They are vsuall in Sallets, and the pot.</p> + +<p><i>Lillies</i> white and red, remoued once in three or foure yeeres their +roots yeeld many Sets, like the Garlicke, <i>Michael-tide</i> is the best: +they grow high, after they get roote: these roots are good to breake a +Byle, as are Mallowes and Sorrell.</p> + +<p><i>Mallowes</i>, French or gagged, the first or second yeere, seed +plentifully: sow in <i>March</i>, or before, they are good for the +house-wifes pot, or to breake a bunch.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="G7r"> </span><a name="Sig_G7r" id="Sig_G7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="93"> </span><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a> +<i>Marigolds</i> most commonly come of seed, you may remoue the Plants, when +they be two inches long. The double Marigold, being as bigge as a little +Rose, is good for shew. They are a good Pot-hearbe.</p> + +<p><i>Oculus Christi</i>, or Christs eye, seeds and dyes the first or second +yeere: you may remoue the yong Plants, but seed is better: one of these +seeds put into the eye, within three or foure houres will gather a +thicke skinne, cleere the eye, and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to +the eye. A good Pot-hearbe.</p> + +<p><i>Onyons</i> are sowne in <i>February</i>, they are gathered at <i>Michael-tide</i>, +and all the Summer long, for Sallets; as also young Parsly, Sage, +Chibals, Lettice, sweet Sicily, Fennell, &c. good alone, or with meate +as Mutton, &c. for sauce, especially for the pot.</p> + +<p><i>Parsly</i> sow the first yeere, and vse the next yeere: it seedes +plentifully, an hearbe of much vse, as sweet Sicily is. The seed and +roots are good against the Stone.</p> + +<p><i>Parsneps</i> require and whole plot, they be plentifull and common: sow +them in <i>February</i>, the Kings (that is in the middle) seed broadest and +reddest. Parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke, not good for +euill eies: When they couer the earth in a drought, to tread the tops, +make the rootes bigger.</p> + +<p><i>Peny-royall</i>, or Pudding Grasse, creepes along the ground like ground +Iuie. It lasts long, like Daisies, because it puts and spreads dayly new +roots. Diuide, and remoue the roots, it hath a pleasant taste and smell, +good for the pot, or hackt meate, or Haggas Pudding.</p> + +<p><i>Pumpions</i>: Set seedes with your finger, a finger deepe, late in +<i>March</i>, and so soone as they appeare, euery night if you doubt frost, +couer them, and water them continually out of a water-pot: they be very +tender, +<span class="siginvis" title="G7v"> </span><a name="Sig_G7v" id="Sig_G7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="94"> </span><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a> +their fruit is great and waterish.</p> + +<p><i>French poppy</i> beareth a faire flower, and the Seed will make you +sleepe.</p> + +<p><i>Raddish</i> is sauce for cloyed stomacks, as Capers, Oliues, and +Cucumbers, cast the seeds all Summer long here and there, and you shall +haue them alwaies young and fresh.</p> + +<p><i>Rosemary</i>, the grace of hearbs here in <i>England</i>, in other Countries +common. To set slips immediately after <i>Lammas</i>, is the surest way. +Seede sowne may proue well, so they be sowne in hot weather, somewhat +moist, and good earth: for the hearbe, though great, is nesh and tender +(as I take it) brought from hot Countries to vs in the cold North: set +thinne. It becomes a Window well. The vse is much in meates, more in +Physicke, most for Bees.</p> + +<p><i>Rue, or Hearbe of Grace</i>, continually greene, the slips are set. It +lasts long as Rosemary, Sothernwood, &c. too strong for mine Housewifes +pot, vnlesse she will brue Ale therewith, against the Plague: let him +not seede, if you will haue him last.</p> + +<p><i>Saffron</i> euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at <i>Midsummer</i>: +for when all other hearbs grow most, it dyeth. It <a name="corr94a" id="corr94a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote94a" title="changed from 'floweth'">flowreth</a> +at <i>Michael-tide</i>, and groweth all Winter: keepe his flowers from birds +in the morning, & gather the yellow (or they shape much like Lillies) +dry, and after dry them: they be precious, expelling diseases from the +heart and stomacke.</p> + +<p><i>Sauery</i> seeds and dyes the first yeere, good for my Housewifes pot and +pye.</p> + +<p><i>Sage</i>: set slips in <i>May</i>, and they grow aye: Let it not seed it will +last the longer. The vse is much and common. The Monkish Prouerbe is +<i>tritum</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p> +<span class="siginvis" title="G8r"> </span><a name="Sig_G8r" id="Sig_G8r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="95"> </span><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a> +<i>Cur moritur homo, <a name="corr95a" id="corr95a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote95a" title="possible error for 'cui'">cum</a> saluia crescit in horto?</i></p></div> + +<p><i>Skerots</i>, roots are set when they be parted, as <i>Pyonie</i>, and +Flower-deluce at <i>Michael-tide</i>: the roote is but small and very sweet. +I know none other speciall vse but the Table.</p> + +<p>Sweet <i>Sicily</i>, long lasting, pleasantly tasting, either the seed sowne, +or the root parted, and remoued, makes increase, it is of like vse with +Parsly.</p> + +<p><i>Strawberries</i> long lasting, set roots at <i>Michael-tide</i> or the Spring, +they be red, white and greene, and ripe, when they be great and soft, +some by <i>Midsummer</i> with vs. The vse is: they will coole my Housewife +well, if they be put in Wine or Creame with Sugar.</p> + +<p><i>Time</i>, both seeds, slips and rootes are good. If it seed not, it will +last three or foure yeeres or more, it smelleth comfortably. It hath +much vse: namely, in all cold meats, it is good for Bees.</p> + +<p><i>Turnep</i> is sowne. In the second yeere they beare plenty of seed: they +require the same time of sowing that Carrets doe: they are sicke of the +same disease that Cabbages be. The roots increaseth much, it is most +wholesome, if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth: Soueraigne +for eyes and Bees.</p> + +<p>I reckon these hearbs onely, because I teach my Countrey Housewife, not +skilfull Artists, and it should be an endlesse labour, and would make +the matter tedious to reckon vp <i>Landtheefe</i>, <i>Stocke-Iuly-flowers</i>, +<i>Charuall</i>, <i>Valerian</i>, <i>Go-to bed at noone</i>, <i>Piony</i>, <i>Licoras</i>, +<i>Tansie</i>, <i>Garden mints</i>, <i>Germander</i>, <i>Centaurie</i>, and a thousand such +physicke Hearbs. Let her first grow cunning in this, and then she may +enlarge her Garden as her skill and ability increaseth. And to helpe her +the more, I haue set her downe these obseruations.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="G8v"> </span><a name="Sig_G8v" id="Sig_G8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="96"> </span><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a> +<a name="CHG_Chap_9" id="CHG_Chap_9"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 9.</span><br /> +<i>Generall Rules in Gardening.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n the South parts Gardening may be more timely, and more safely done, +then with vs in <i>Yorkeshire</i>, because our ayre is not so fauourable, nor +our ground so good.</p> + +<p>2 Secondly most seeds shakt, by turning the good earth, are renued, +their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels, till the Sunne their +Father can reach them with his heat.</p> + +<p>3 In setting hearbs, leaue no top more then an handfull aboue the +ground, nor more then a foot vnder the earth.</p> + +<p>4 Twine the roots of those slips you set, if they will abide it. +Gilly-flowers are too tender.</p> + +<p>5 Set moist, and sowe dry.</p> + +<p>6 Set slips without shankes any time, except at <i>Midsummer</i>, and in +frosts.</p> + +<p>7 Seeding spoiles the most roots, as drawing the heart and sap from the +root.</p> + +<p>8 Gather for the pot and medicines, hearbs tender and greene, the sap +being in the top, but in Winter the root is best.</p> + +<p>9 All the hearbs in the Garden for flowers, would once in seuen yeeres +be renued, or soundly watered with puddle water, except Rosemary.</p> + +<p>10 In all your Gardens and Orchards, bankes and seates of Camomile, +Peny-royall, Daisies and Violets, are seemely and comfortable.</p> + +<p>11 These require whole plots: Artichokes, Cabbages, Turneps, Parsneps, +Onyons, Carrets, and (if you +<span class="sigvis" title="H"> </span><a name="Sig_H1r" id="Sig_H1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="97"> </span><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a> +will) Saffron and Scerrits.</p> + +<p>12 Gather all your seeds, dead, ripe, and dry.</p> + +<p>13 Lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs, as vsually they doe: for +dung not melted is too hot, euen for trees.</p> + +<p>14 Thin setting and sewing (so the rootes stand not past a foot +distance) is profitable, for the hearbs will like the better. Greater +hearbs would haue more distance.</p> + +<p>15 Set and sow hearbs in their time of growth (except at <i>Midsummer</i>, +for then they are <a name="corr97a" id="corr97a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote97a" title="sic">too too</a> tender) but trees in their time of +rest.</p> + +<p>16 A good Housewife may, and will gather store of hearbs for the pot, +about <i>Lammas</i>, and dry them, and pownd them, and in Winter they will +make good seruice.</p> + +<p>Thus haue I lined out a Garden to our Countrey Housewiues, and giuen +them rules for common hearbs. If any of them (as sometimes they are) be +knotty, I referre them to <a href="#CHG_Chap_3">Chap. 3</a>. The skill and paines of weeding the +Garden with weeding kniues or fingers, I refer to themselues, and their +maides, willing them to take the opportunitie after a showre of raine: +withall I aduise the Mistresse, either be present her selfe, or to teach +her maides to know hearbs from weeds.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="H1v"> </span><a name="Sig_H1v" id="Sig_H1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="98"> </span><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a> +<a name="CHG_Chap_10" id="CHG_Chap_10"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 10.</span><br /> + +<i>The Husbandry of Bees.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>here remaineth one necessary thing to be prescribed, which in mine +opinion makes as much for ornament as either Flowers, or forme, or +cleanlinesse, and I am sure as commodious as any of, or all the rest: +which is Bees, well ordered. And I will not account her any of my good +House-wiues, that wanteth either Bees or skilfulnesse about them. And +though I knowe some haue written well and truely, and others more +plentifully vpon this theame: yet somewhat haue I learned by experience +(being a Bee-maister my selfe) which hitherto I cannot finde put into +writing, for which I thinke our House-wiues will count themselues +beholding vnto me.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Bee-house.</span> +The first thing that a Gardiner about Bees must be carefull for, is an +house not stakes and stones abroad, <i>Sub dio</i>: for stakes rot and reele, +raine and weather eate your hiues, and couers, and cold most of all is +hurtfull for your Bees. Therefore you must haue an house made along, a +sure dry wall in your Garden, neere, or in your Orchard: for Bees loue +flowers and wood with their hearts.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sigvis" title="H2"> </span><a name="Sig_H2r" id="Sig_H2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="99"> </span><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a> +This is the forme, a Frame standing on posts with a Floore (if you +would haue it hold more Hiues, two Floores boorded) layd on bearers, and +backe posts, couered ouer with boords, slate-wise.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;"> +<img src="images/ill099.png" width="348" height="326" alt="Form of a bee hive" /> +</div> + + +<p>Let the floores be without holes or clifts, least in casting time, the +<a name="corr99a" id="corr99a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote99a" title="changed from 'Beees'">Bees</a> lye out, and loyter.</p> + +<p>And though your Hiues stand within an hand breadth the one of another: +yet will Bees know their home.</p> + +<p>In this Frame may your Bees stand drye and warme, especially if you make +doores like doores of windows to shroud them in winter, as in an house: +prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open. I my self haue +<span class="siginvis" title="H2v"> </span><a name="Sig_H2v" id="Sig_H2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="100"> </span><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a> +deuised such +an house, and I find that it keeps and strengthens my Bees much, and my +hiues will last sixe to one.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Hiues.</span> +M. <i>Markham</i> commends Hiues of wood. I discommend them not: but straw +Hiues are in vse with vs, and I thinke with all the world, which I +commend for nimblenesse, closenesse, warmnesse and drinesse. Bees loue +no externall motions of dawbing or such like. Sometimes occasion shall +be offered to lift and turne Hiues, as shall appeare hereafter. One +light entire hiue of straw in that case is better, then one that is +dawbed, weighty and cumbersome. I wish euery hiue, for a keeping swarme, +to hold three pecks at least in measure. For too little Hiues procure +Bees, in casting time, either to lye out, and loyter, or else to cast +before they be ripe and strong, and so make weake swarmes and vntimely: +Whereas if they haue roome sufficient, they ripen timely, and casting +seasonably, are strong, and fit for labour presently. Neither would the +hiue be <a name="corr100a" id="corr100a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote100a" title="sic">too too</a> great, for then they loyter, and waste meate and +time.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Hiuing of Bees.</span> +Your Bees delight in wood, for feeding, especially for casting: +therefore want not an Orchard. A <i>Mayes</i> swarme is worth a Mares Foale: +if they want wood, they be in danger of flying away. Any time before +<i>Midsummer</i> is good, for casting and timely before <i>Iuly</i> is not euill. +I much like M <i>Markhams</i> opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead +or forsaken hiue, so they be fresh & cleanly. To thinke that a swarme of +your owne, or others, will of it selfe come into such an hiue, is a +meere conceit. <i>Experto crede Roberto.</i> His smearing with honey, is to +no purpose, for the other Bees will eate it vp. If your swarme knit in +the top of a tree, as they will, if the winde beate them not to fall +<span class="sigvis" title="H3"> </span><a name="Sig_H3r" id="Sig_H3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="101"> </span><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a> +downe: let the stoole or ladder described in the Orchard, doe you +seruice.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Spelkes.</span> +The lesse your Spelkes are, the lesse is the waste of your honey, and +the more easily will they draw, when you take your Bees. Foure Spelkes +athwart, and one top Spelke are sufficient. The Bees will fasten their +combes to the Hiue. A little honey is good: but if you want, Fennell +will serue to rub your Hiue withall. The Hiue being drest and ready +spelkt, rubd and the hole made for their passage (I vse no hole in the +Hiue, but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keep out Mice) shake +in your Bees, or the most of them (for all commonly you cannot get) the +remainder will follow. Many vse smoke, Nettles, &c. which I vtterly +dislike: for Bees loue not to be molested. Ringing in the time of +casting is a meere fancie, violent handling of them is simply euill, +because Bees of all other creatures, loue cleanlinesse and peace. +Therefore handle them leasurely & quietly, and their Keeper whom they +know, may do with them, what he will, without hurt: Being hiued at +night, bring them to their seat. Set your hiues all of one yeere +together.</p> + +<p>Signes of breeding, if they be strong:</p> + +<p>1 They will auoid dead young Bees and Droanes.</p> + +<p>2 They will sweat in the morning, till it runne from them; alwaies when +they be strong.</p> + + +<h3><i>Signes of casting.</i></h3> + +<p>1 They will fly Droanes, by reason of heat.</p> + +<p>2 The young swarme will once or twice in some faire season, come forth +mustering, as though they would cast, to proue themselues, and goe in +againe.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="H3v"> </span><a name="Sig_H3v" id="Sig_H3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="102"> </span><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a> +3 The night before they cast, if you lay your eare to the Hiues mouth, +yo shall heare two or three, but especially one aboue the rest, cry, Vp, +vp, vp; or, Tout, tout, tout, like a trumpet, sounding the alarum to the +battell.</p> + +<p>Much descanting there is, of, and about the Master-Bee, and their +degrees, order and gouernment: but the truth in this point is rather +imagined, then demonstrated. There are some coniectures of it, <i>viz.</i> we +see in the combs diuers greater houses then the rest, & we heare +commonly the night before they cast, sometimes one Bee, sometimes two, +or more Bees, giue a lowd and seueral sound from the rest, and sometimes +Bees of greater bodies then the common sort: but what of all this? I +leane not on coniectures, but loue to set downe that I know to be true, +and leaue these things to them that loue to diuine. Keepe none weake, +for it is hazard, oftentimes with losse: Feeding will not helpe them: +for being weake, <a name="corr102a" id="corr102a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote102a" title="changed from 'hey'">they</a> cannot come downe to meate, or if they +come downe, they dye, because Bees weake cannot abide cold. If none of +these, yet will the other Bees being strong, smell the honey, and come +and spoile, and kill them. +<span class="sidenote">Catching.</span> +Some helpe is in casting time, to put two +weake swarmes together, or as M. <i>Markham</i> well saith: Let not them cast +late, by raising them with wood or stone: but with impes (say I.) +An +impe is three or foure wreathes, wrought as the hiue, the same compasse, +to rase the hiue withall: +<span class="sidenote">Clustering.</span> +but by experience in tryall, I haue found out +a better way by Clustering, for late or weake swarmes hitherto not found +out of any that I know. +That is this: After casting time, if I haue any +stocke proud, and hindered from timely casting, with former Winters +<span class="sigvis" title="H4"> </span><a name="Sig_H4r" id="Sig_H4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="103"> </span><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a> +pouerty, or euill weather in casting time, with two handles and +crookes, fitted for the purpose, I turne vp that stocke so pestred with +Bees, and set it on the crowne, vpon which so turned with the mouth +vpward, I place another empty hiue well drest, and spelkt, into which +without any labour, the Swarme that would not depart, and cast, will +presently ascend, because the old Bees haue this qualitie (as all other +breeding creatures haue) to expell the young, when they haue brought +them vp.</p> + +<p>There will the swarme build as kindely, as if they had of themselues +beene cast. But bee sure you lay betwixt the Hiues some straight and +cleanly sticke or stickes, or rather a boord with holes, to keepe them +asunder: otherwise they will ioyne their workes together so fast, that +they cannot be parted. If you so keepe them asunder at <i>Michael-tide</i>, +if you like the weight of your swarme (for the goodnesse of swarmes is +tryed by weight) so catched, you may set it by for a stocke to keepe. +Take heed in any case the combes be not broken, for then the other Bees +will smell the honey, and spoyle them. This haue I tryed to be very +profitable for the sauing of Bees. The Instrument hath this forme. The +great straight piece is wood, the rest are iron claspes and nailes, the +claspes are loose in the <a name="corr103a" id="corr103a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote103a" title="sic">Stapes</a>: Two men with two +of these fastened to the Hiue, will easily turne it vp.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 192px;"> +<img src="images/ill103.png" width="192" height="101" alt="Device with two hooks" /> +</div> +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="H4v"> </span><a name="Sig_H4v" id="Sig_H4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="104"> </span><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a> +They gather not till <i>Iuly</i>; for then they be discharged of their +young, or else they are become now strong to labour, and now sap in +flowers is strong and proud: by reason of time, and force of Sunne. And +now also in the North (and not before) the hearbs of greatest vigour put +their Flowers; As Beanes, Fennell, Burrage, Rape, &c.</p> + +<p>The most sensible weather for them, is heat and drought, because the +nesh Bee can neither abide cold or wet: and showres (which they well +fore-see) doe interrupt their labours, vnlesse they fall on the night, +and so they further them.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Droanes.</span> +After casting time, you shall benefit your stockes much, if you helpe +them to kill their Droanes, which by all probability and iudgement, are +an idle kind of Bees, and wastefull. Some say they breed and haue seene +young Droanes in taking their honey, which I know is true. But I am of +opinion, that there are also Bees which haue lost their stings, and so +being, as it were gelded, become idle and great. There is great vse of +them: <i>Deus, et natura nihil fecit frustra</i>. They hate the Bees, and +cause them cast the sooner. They neuer come foorth but when they be ouer +heated. They neuer come home loaden. After casting time, and when the +Bees want meate, you shall see the labouring Bees fasten on them, two, +three, or foure at once, as if they were theeues to be led to the +gallowes, and killing them, they cast out, and draw them farre from +home, as hatefull enemies. Our Housewife, if she be the Keeper of her +owne Bees (as she had need to be) may with her bare hand in the heate of +the day, safely destroy them in the hiues mouth. Some vse towards night, +in a hot day, to set before the mouth of +<span class="siginvis" title="H5r"> </span><a name="Sig_H5r" id="Sig_H5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="105"> </span><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a> +the hiue a thin board, with +little holes, in at which the lesser Bees may enter, but not the +Droanes, so that you may kill them at your pleasure.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Annoyances.</span> +Snayles spoile them by night like theeues: they come so quietly, and are +so fast, that the Bees feare them not. Looke earely and late, especially +in a rainie or dewey euening or morning.</p> + +<p>Mice are no lesse hurtfull, and the rather to hiues of straw: and +therefore couerings of straw draw them. They will in either at the +mouth, or sheere themselues an hole. The remedy is good Cats, Rats-bane +and watching.</p> + +<p>The cleanly Bee hateth the smoake as poison, therefore let your Bees +stand neerer your garden then your Brew-house or Kitchen.</p> + +<p>They say Sparrowes and Swallowes are enemies to Bees, but I see it not.</p> + +<p>More hiues perish by Winters cold, then by all other hurts: for the Bee +is tender and nice, and onely liues in warme weather, and dyes in cold: +And therefore let my Housewife be perswaded, that a warme dry house +before described, is the chiefest helpe she can make her Bees against +this, and many more mischiefes. Many vse against cold in Winter, to stop +vp their hiue close, and some set them in houses, perswading themselues, +that thereby they relieue their Bees. First, tossing and mouing is +hurtfull. Secondly, in houses, going, knocking, and shaking is noysome. +Thirdly, too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them: but lastly, +and especially, Bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp. For at euery +warme season of the Sunne they reuiue, and liuing eate, and eating must +needs purge abroad, (in her house) the cleanly Bee will not purge +<span class="siginvis" title="H5v"> </span><a name="Sig_H5v" id="Sig_H5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="106"> </span><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a> +her +selfe. Iudge you what it is for any liuing creature, not to disburden +nature. Being shut vp in calme seasons, lay your care to the Hiue, and +you shall heare them yarme and yell, as so many hungred prisoners. +Therefore impound not your Bees, so profitable and free a creature.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Taking of Bees.</span> +Let none stand aboue three yeares, else the combes will be blacke and +knotty, your honey will be thinne and vncleanly: and if any cast after +three yeares, it is such as haue swarmes, and old Bees kept all +together, which is great losse. Smoaking with ragges, rozen, or +brimstone, many vse: some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water, and the +water well brewde, will be good botchet. Drawe out your spelkes +immediatly with a paire of pinchars, lest the wood grow soft and swell, +and so will not be drawne, then must you cut your Hiue.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Straining Honey.</span> +Let no fire come neere your hony, for fire softeneth the waxe and +drosse, and makes them runne with the hony. Fire softneth, weakeneth, +and hindereth hony for purging. Breake your combes small (when the dead +empty combes are parted from the loaden <a name="corr106a" id="corr106a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote106a" title="changed from 'combes'">combes)</a> into a siue, +borne ouer a great bowle, or vessell, with two staues, and so let it +runne two or three dayes. The sooner you tunne it vp, the better will it +purge. Runne your swarme honey by it selfe, and that shall be your best. +The elder your hiues are, the worse is your honey.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Vessels.</span> +Vsuall vessels are of clay, but after wood be satiated with honey (for +it will leake at first: for honey is maruellously searching, the thicke, +and therefore vertuous.) I vse it rather because it will not breake so +soone, with fals, frosts, or otherwise, and greater vessels +<span class="siginvis" title="H6r"> </span><a name="Sig_H6r" id="Sig_H6r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="107"> </span><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a> +of clay +will hardly last.</p> + +<p>When you vse your honey, with a spoone take off the skin which it hath +put vp.</p> + +<p>And it is worth the regard, that bees thus vsed, if you haue but forty +stockes, shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of +ground. And thus much may suffice, to make good Housewiues loue and haue +good Gardens and Bees.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Deo Laus.</i></p> + + +<p class="center bigger gap"><i>FINIS.</i></p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="H6v"> </span><a name="Sig_H6v" id="Sig_H6v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="108"> </span><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a> +<a name="CHG_Contents" id="CHG_Contents"></a>The Contents of the Countrey <br /> +<span class="little"><i>House-wifes Garden.</i></span></h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="Table of contents for the Country Housewifes Garden" > +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_1">Chap. 1.</a></td><td> <i>The Soyle.</i> </td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_77">Pag. 77</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Bee-house.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_98">p. 98</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_2">Chap. 2.</a> </td><td><i>Site.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_78">p. 78</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Hiues.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_100">p. 100</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_3">Chap. 3.</a> </td><td><i>Forme.</i> </td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_79">p. 79</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Hiuing of Bees.</i> </td><td class="tocr">p. ibid.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_4">Chap. 4.</a></td><td> <i>Quantity.</i> </td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_85">p. 85</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Spelkes.</i> </td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_101">p. 101</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_5">Chap. 5.</a> </td><td><i>Fences.</i></td><td class="tocr">p. ibid.</td> + <td> </td><td><i>Catching.</i> </td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_102">p. 102</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_6">Chap. 6.</a> </td><td><i>Two Gardens.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_86">p. 86</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Clustering.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_103">p. 103</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_7">Chap. 7.</a> </td><td><i>Diuision of herbs.</i> </td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_88">p. 88</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Droanes.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_104">p. 104</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_8">Chap. 8.</a> </td><td><i>The Husbandry of herbes.</i></td><td class="tocr">p. ibid.</td> + <td> </td><td><i>Annoyances.</i> </td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_105">p. 105</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#CHG_Chap_9">Chap. 9.</a> </td><td><i>Generall rules.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_96">p. 96</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Taking of Bees.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_106">p. 106</a>.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2"><a href="#CHG_Chap_10">Chap. 10.</a> </td><td rowspan="2"><i>The Husbandry of Bees.</i></td><td rowspan="2" class="tocr"><a href="#Page_98">p. 98</a></td> + <td> </td><td><i>Straining honey.</i> </td><td class="tocr">p. ibid.</td></tr> +<tr> + <td> </td><td><i>Vessels.</i></td><td class="tocr">p. ibid.</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<h1 class="biggap"> +<span class="siginvis" title="H7r"> </span><a name="Sig_H7r" id="Sig_H7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="109"> </span><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a> +<a name="Propagating" id="Propagating"></a> +A MOST PROFITABLE<br /> +<span class="little">NEWE TREATISE,</span><br /> +<span class="littler">From approued experience of the art</span><br /> +<span class="littlest"><i>of propagating Plants: by</i></span><br /> +<span class="littlest">Simon Harward.</span></h1> + +<h2><a name="Prop_Chap_1" id="Prop_Chap_1"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 1.</span><br /> +<i>The Art of propagating Plants.</i></h2> + + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">1.</span> +<span class="dropcap">T</span>here are foure sorts of Planting, or propagating, as in laying of +shootes or little branches, whiles they are yet tender in some pit made +at their foote, as shall be sayd hereafter, or vpon a little ladder or +Basket of earth, tyed to the bottome of the branch, or in boaring a +Willow thorow, and putting the branch of the tree into the hole, as +shall be fully declared in the Chapter of Grafting.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">2.</span> +There are likewise seasons to propagate in; but the best is in the +Spring, and <i>March</i>, when the trees are +<span class="siginvis" title="H7v"> </span><a name="Sig_H7v" id="Sig_H7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="110"> </span><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a> +in the Flower, and doe begin to +grow lusty. The young planted Siens or little Grafts must be propagated +in the beginning of Winter, a foot deepe in the earth, and good manure +mingled amongst the earth, which you shall cast forth of the pit, +wherein you meane to propagate it, to tumble it in vpon it againe. In +like manner your superfluous Siens, or little Plants must be cut close +by the earth, when as they grow about some small Impe, which we meane to +propagate, for they would doe nothing but rot. For to propagate, you +must digge the earth round about the tree, that so your rootes may be +laid in a manner halfe bare. Afterward draw into length the pit on that +side where you meane to propagate, and according as you perceiue that +the roots will be best able to yeeld, and be gouerned in the same pit, +to vie them, and that with all gentlenesse, and stop close your Siens, +in such sort, as that the wreath which is in the place where it is +grafted, may be a little lower then the Siens of the new Wood, growing +out of the earth, euen so high as it possible may be. If the trees that +you would propagate be somewhat thicke, and thereby the harder to ply, +and somewhat stiffe to lay in the pit: then you may wet the stocke +almost to the midst, betwixt the roote and the wreathing place, and so +with gentle handling of it, bow downe into the pit the wood which the +grafts haue put forth, and that in as round a compasse as you can, +keeping you from breaking of it: afterward lay ouer the cut, with gummed +Waxe, or with grauell and sand.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="H8r"> </span><a name="Sig_H8r" id="Sig_H8r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="111"> </span><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a> +<a name="Prop_Chap_2" id="Prop_Chap_2"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 2.</span><br /> + +<i>Grafting in the Barke.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">G</span>rafting in the Barke, is vsed from mid-<i>August</i>, to the beginning of +Winter, and also when the Westerne winde beginneth to blow, being from +the 7. of <i>February</i>, vnto 11. of <i>Iune</i>. But there must care be had, +not to graffe in the barke in any rainy season, because it would wash +away the matter of ioyning the one and the other together, and so hinder +it.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">3.</span> +Grafting in the budde, is vsed in the Summer time, from the end of +<i>May</i>, vntill <i>August</i>, as being the time when the trees are strong and +lusty, and full of sap and leaues. To wit, in a hot Countrey, from the +midst of <i>Iune</i>, vnto the midst of <i>Iuly</i>: but cold Countries, to the +midst of <i>August</i>, after some small showres of Raine.</p> + +<p>If the Summer be so exceeding dry, as that some trees doe withhold their +sap, you must waite the time till it doe returne.</p> + +<p>Graft from the full of the Moone, vntill the end of the old.</p> + +<p>You may graft in a Cleft, without hauing regard to the Raine, for the +sap will keepe it off.</p> + +<p>You may graft from mid-<i>August</i>, to the beginning of <i>Nouember</i>: Cowes +dung with straw doth mightily preserue the graft.</p> + +<p>It is better to graft in the euening, then the morning.</p> + +<p>The furniture and tooles of a Grafter, are a Basket to lay his Grafts +in, Clay, Grauell, Sand, or strong Earth, to draw ouer the plants +clouen: Mosse, +<span class="siginvis" title="H8v"> </span><a name="Sig_H8v" id="Sig_H8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="112"> </span><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a> +Woollen clothes, barkes of Willow to ioyne to the late +things and earth before spoken, and to keepe them fast: Oziers to tye +againe vpon the barke, to keepe them firme and fast: gummed Wax, to +dresse and couer the ends and tops of the grafts newly cut, that so the +raine and cold may not hurt them, neither yet the sap rising from +belowe, be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes. A little Sawe +or hand Sawe, to sawe off the stocke of the plants, a little Knife or +Pen-knife to graffe, and to cut and sharpen the grafts, that so the +barke may not pill nor be broken; which often commeth to passe when the +graft is full of sap. You shall cut the graffe so long, as that it may +fill the cliffe of the plant, and therewithall it must be left thicker +on the barke-side, that so it may fill vp both the cliffe and other +incisions, as any need is to be made, which must be alwaies well ground, +well burnished without all rust. Two wedges, the one broad for thicke +trees, the other narrow for lesse and tender trees, both of them of box, +or some other hard and smooth wood, or steele, or of very hard iron, +that so they may need lesse labour in making them sharpe.</p> + +<p>A little hand-Bill to set the plants at more liberty, by cutting off +superfluous boughs, helu'd of Iuory, Box, or Brazell.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="sigvis" title="I"> </span><a name="Sig_I1r" id="Sig_I1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="113"> </span><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a> +<a name="Prop_Chap_3" id="Prop_Chap_3"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 3.</span><br /> + +<i>Grafting in the cleft.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">T</span>he manner of grafting in a cleft, to wit, the stocke being clou'd, is +proper not onely to trees, which are as great as a mans legs or armes, +but also to greater. It is true that in as much as the trees cannot +easily be clouen in their stocke, that therefore it is expedient to make +incision in some one of their branches, and not in the maine body, as we +see to be practised in great Apple trees, and great Peare-trees, and as +we haue already declared heretofore.</p> + +<p>To graft in the cleft, you must make choise of a graft that is full of +sap and iuyce, but it must not bee, but till from after <i>Ianuary</i> vntill +<i>March</i>: And you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded, +because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on +high, and risen to the top, and there dispersed and scattered hither and +thither, into euery sprigge and twigge, and vse nothing welcome to the +graft.</p> + +<p>You must likewise be resolued not to gather your graft the day you graft +in, but ten or twelue dayes before: for otherwise, if you graft it new +gathered, it will not be able easily to incorporate itselfe with the +body and stocke, where it shall be grafted; because that some part of it +will dry, and by this meanes will be a hinderance in the stocke to the +rising vp of the sap, which it should communerate vnto the graft, for +the making of it to put forth, and whereas this dried part will fall a +crumbling, and breaking thorow his rottennesse, it will cause to remaine +a concauity, or hollow place in the stock, which will be an occasion of +a like inconuenience +<span class="siginvis" title="I1v"> </span><a name="Sig_I1v" id="Sig_I1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="114"> </span><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a> +to befall the graft. Moreouer, the graft being new +and tender, might easily be hurt of the bands, which are of necessity to +be tyed about the Stocke, to keepe the graft firme and fast. And you +must further see, that your Plant was not of late remoued, but that it +haue already fully taken root.</p> + +<p>When you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft, you must see +that they be cut in the end all alike.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">7.</span> +See that the grafts be of one length, or not much differing, and it is +enough, that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the +Plant is once sawed, and lopped of all his small Siens and shootes round +about, as also implyed of all his branches, if it haue many: then you +must leaue but two at the most, before you come to the cleauing of it: +then put to your little Saw, or your knife, or other edged toole that is +very sharpe, cleaue it quite thorow the middest, in gentle and soft +sort: First, tying the Stocke very sure, that so it may not cleaue +further then is need: and then put to your Wedges into the cleft vntill +such time as you haue set in your grafts, and in cleauing of it, hold +the knife with the one hand, and the tree with the other, to helpe to +keepe it from cleauing too farre. Afterwards put in your wedge of Boxe +or Brazill, or bone at the small end, that so you may the better take it +out againe, when you haue set in your grafts.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">8.</span> +If the Stocke be clouen, or the Barke loosed too much from the wood: +then cleaue it downe lower, and set your grafts in, and looke that their +incision bee fit, and very iustly answerable to the cleft, and that the +two saps, first, of the Plant and graft, be right and euen set one +against the other, and so handsomely fitted, as +<span class="sigvis" title="I2"> </span><a name="Sig_I2r" id="Sig_I2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="115"> </span><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a> +that there may not be +the least appearance of any cut or cleft. For if they doe not thus lumpe +one with another, they will neuer take one with another, because they +cannot worke their seeming matter, and as it were cartilaguous glue in +conuenient sort or manner, to the gluing of their ioynts together. You +must likewise beware, not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch, but +somewhat aside.</p> + +<p>The barke of your Plant being thicker then that of your Graft, you must +set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft, that so the two +saps may in any case be ioyned, and set right the one with the other but +the rinde of the Plant must be somewhat more out, then that of the +grafts on the clouen side.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">9.</span> +To the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping, you must +principally take heed, not to ouer-cleaue the Stockes of your Trees. But +before you widen the cleft of your wedges, binde, and goe about the +Stocke with two or three turnes, and that with an Ozier, close drawne +together, vnderneath the same place, where you would haue your cleft to +end, that so your Stocke cleaue not too farre, which is a very vsuall +cause of the miscarrying of grafts, in asmuch as hereby the cleft +standeth so wide and open, as that it cannot be shut, and so not grow +together againe; but in the meane time spendeth it selfe, and breatheth +out all his life in that place, which is the cause that the Stocke and +the Graft are both spilt. And this falleth out most often in Plum-trees, +& branches of trees. You must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your +grafts, and Plants, that nothing may continue open, to the end that the +wind, moisture of the clay or raine, running vpon the grafted place, do +not get in: when the plant cloueth very +<span class="siginvis" title="I2v"> </span><a name="Sig_I2v" id="Sig_I2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="116"> </span><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a> +straight, there is not any +danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the Graft. +<span class="sidenote">10.</span> +If you leaue it +somewhat vneuen, or rough in some places, so that the saps both of the +one and of the other may the better grow, and be glued together, when +your grafts are once well ioyned to your Plants, draw out your wedges +very softly, lest you displace them againe, you may leaue there within +the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood, cutting it very +close with the head of the Stocke: Some cast glue into the cleft, some +Sugar, and some gummed Waxe.</p> + + +<p>If the Stocke of the Plant whereupon you intend to graft, be not so +thicke as your graft, you shall graft it after the fashion of a Goates +foot, +<span class="sidenote"><a name="corr116a" id="corr116a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote116a" title="changed from '1.'">11.</a></span> + make a cleft in the Stocke of the Plant, not direct, but byas, & +that smooth and euen, not rough: then apply and make fast thereto, the +graft withall his Barke on, and answering to the barke of the Plant. +This being done, couer the place with the fat earth and mosse of the +Woods tyed together with a strong band: sticke a pole of Wood by it, to +keepe it stedfast.</p> + +<h2> +<a name="Prop_Chap_4" id="Prop_Chap_4"></a><span class="smcap">Chap. 4.</span><br /> + +<i>Grafting like a Scutcheon.</i></h2> + + +<p><span class="dropcap">I</span>n grafting after the manner of a Scutcheon, you shall not vary nor +differ much from that of the Flute or Pipe, saue only that the +Scutcheon-like graft, hauing one eyelet, as the other hath yet the wood +of the tree whereupon the Scutcheon-like graft is grafted, hath not any +knob, or budde, as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted, +<span class="sigvis" title="I3"> </span><a name="Sig_I3r" id="Sig_I3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="117"> </span><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a> +after the +manner of a pipe.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">12.</span> +In Summer when the trees are well replenished with sap, and that their +new Siens begin to grow somewhat hard, you shall take a shoote at the +end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree, whereof you +would faine haue some fruit, and not many of his old store or wood, and +from thence raise a good eylet, the tayle and all thereof to make your +graft. But when you choose, take the thickest, and grossest, diuide the +tayle in the middest, before you doe any thing else, casting away the +leafe (if it be not a Peare plum-tree: for that would haue two or three +leaues) without remouing any more of the said tayle: afterward with the +point of a sharpe knife, cut off the Barke of the said shoote, the +patterne of a shield, of the length of a nayle.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">13.</span> +In which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together, with +the residue of the tayle which you left behinde: and for the lifting vp +of the said graft in Scutcheon, after that you haue cut the barke of the +shoote round about, without cutting of the wood within, you must take it +gently with your thumbe, and in putting it away you must presse vpon the +wood from which you pull it, that so you may bring the bud and all away +together with the Scutcheon: for if you leaue it behinde with the wood, +then were the Scutcheon nothing worth. You shall finde out if the +Scutcheon be nothing worth, if looking within when it is pulled away +from the wood of the same sute, you finde it to haue a hole within, but +more manifestly, if the bud doe stay behind in the VVood, which ought to +haue beene in the Scutcheon.</p> + +<p> +Thus your Scutcheon being well raised and taken +<span class="siginvis" title="I3v"> </span><a name="Sig_I3v" id="Sig_I3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="118"> </span><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a> +off, hold it a little +by the tayle betwixt your lips, +<span class="sidenote">14.</span> +without wetting of it, euen vntill you +haue cut the Barke of the tree where you would graft it, and looke that +it be cut without any wounding of the wood within, after the manner of a +crutch, but somewhat longer then the Scutcheon that you haue to set in +it, and in no place cutting the wood within; after you haue made +incision, you must open it, and make it gape wide on both sides, but in +all manner of gentle handling, and that with little Sizers of bone, and +separating the wood and the barke a little within, euen so much as your +Scutcheon is in length and breadth: you must take heed that in doing +hereof, you do not hurt the bark.</p> + +<p>This done take your Scutcheon by the end, and your tayle which you haue +left remaining, and put into your incision made in your tree, +<span class="sidenote">15.</span> +lifting vp +softly your two sides of the incision with your said Sizers of bone, and +cause the said Scutcheon to ioyne, and lye as close as may be, with the +wood of the tree, being cut, as aforesaid, in waying a little vpon the +end of your rinde: so cut and let the vpper part of your Scutcheon lye +close vnto the vpper end of your incision, or barke of your said tree: +afterward binde your Scutcheon about with a band of Hempe, as thicke as +a pen or a quill, more or lesse, according as your tree is small or +great, taking the same Hempe in the middest, to the end that either part +of it may performe a like seruice; and wreathing and binding of the said +Scutcheon into the incision of a tree, and it must not be tyed too +strait, for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap +to the other, being hindred thereby, and neither the Scutcheon, nor yet +the Hempe must be moist or wet: and the more iustly +<span class="sigvis" title="I4"> </span><a name="Sig_I4r" id="Sig_I4r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="119"> </span><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a> +to binde them +together, begin at the backe side of the Tree, right ouer against the +middest of the incision, and from thence come forward to ioyne them +before, aboue the eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon, crossing your band +of Hempe, so oft as the two ends meet, and from thence returning backe +againe, come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets: and thus +cast about your band still backward and forward, vntill the whole cleft +of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said Hempe, the +eylet onely excepted, and his tayle which must not be couered at all; +<span class="sidenote">17.</span> +his tayle will fall away one part after another, and that shortly after +the ingrafting, if so be the Scutcheon will take. Leaue your trees and +Scutcheons thus bound, for the space of one moneth, and the thicker, a +great deale longer time. Afterward looke them ouer, and if you perceiue +them to grow together, vntye them, or at the leastwise cut the Hempe +behinde them, and leaue them vncouered. Cut also your branch two or +three fingers aboue that, so the impe may prosper the better: and thus +let them remaine till after Winter, about the moneth of <i>March</i>, and +<i>Aprill</i>.</p> + +<p>If you perceiue that your budde of your Scutcheon doe swell and come +forward: then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts, aboue the +Scutcheon: +<span class="sidenote">18.</span> +for if it be cut off too neere the Scutcheon, at such time as +it putteth forth his first blossome, it would be a meanes greatly to +hinder the flowring of it, and cause also that it should not thriue and +prosper so well after that one yeere is past, and that the shoote +beginneth to be strong: beginning to put forth the second bud and +blossome, you must goe forward to cut off +<span class="siginvis" title="I4v"> </span><a name="Sig_I4v" id="Sig_I4v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="120"> </span><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a> +in byas-wise the three +fingers in the top of the tree, which you left there, when you cut it in +the yeere going before, as hath beene said.</p> + + + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">19.</span> +When your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length, you must +sticke down there, euen hard ioyned thereunto, little stakes, tying them +together very gently and easily; <a name="corr120a" id="corr120a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote120a" title="changed from 'aud'">and</a> these shall stay your +shootes and prop them vp, letting the winde from doing any harme vnto +them. Thus you may graft white Roses in red, and red in white. Thus you +may graft two or three Scutcheons: prouided that they be all of one +side: for they will not be set equally together in height because then +they would bee all staruelings, neither would they be directly one ouer +another; +<span class="sidenote">20.</span> +for the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree, +and so those aboue should consume in penury, and vndergoe the aforesaid +inconuenience. You must note, that the Scutcheon which is gathered from +the Sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre, must be cut in square forme, +and not in the plaine fashion of a Scutcheon. It is ordinary to graffe +the sweet Quince tree, bastard Peach-tree, Apricock-tree, Iuiube-tree, +sowre Cherry <a name="corr120b" id="corr120b"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote120b" title="changed from 'treee'">tree</a>, sweet Cherry-tree, and Chestnut tree, after +this fashion, howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily, +and more profitably; although diuers be of contrary opinion, as thus +best: Take the grafts of sweet Quince tree, and bastard Peach-tree, or +the fairest wood, and best fed that you can finde, growing vpon the wood +of two yeeres old, +<span class="sidenote">21.</span> +because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the +others, and you shall graffe them vpon small Plum-tree stocks, being of +the thicknes of ones thumbe; these you shall cut after the fashion of a +Goats foot: you +<span class="siginvis" title="I5r"> </span><a name="Sig_I5r" id="Sig_I5r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="121"> </span><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a> +shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides +then one, being about a foot high from the ground; you must open it with +your small wedge: and being thus grafted, it will seeme to you that it +is open but of one side; afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little +Mosse, putting thereto some gummed Wax, or clay, and binde it vp with +Oziers to keepe it surer, because the stocke is not strong enough it +selfe to hold it, and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others +are dealt withall: this is most profitable.</p> + + +<h3><i>The time of grafting.</i></h3> + +<p>All moneths are good to graft in, (the moneth of <i>October</i> and +<i>Nouember</i> onely excepted). But commonly, graft at that time of the +Winter, when sap beginneth to arise.</p> + +<p>In a cold Countrey graft later, and in a warme Countrey earlier.</p> + +<p>The best time generall is from the first of <i>February</i>, vntill the first +of <i>May</i>.</p> + +<p>The grafts must alwaies be gathered, in the old of the Moone.</p> + +<p>For grafts choose shootes of a yeere old, or at the furthermost two +yeeres old.</p> + +<p>If you must carry grafts farre, pricke them into a Turnep newly +gathered, or lay earth about the ends.</p> + +<p>If you set stones of Plummes, Almonds, Nuts, or Peaches: First let them +lye a little in the Sunne, and then steepe them in Milke or Water, three +or foure dayes before you put them into the earth.</p> + +<p>Dry the kernels of Pippins, and sow them in the end of <i>Nouember</i>.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="I5v"> </span><a name="Sig_I5v" id="Sig_I5v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="122"> </span><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a> +The stone of a Plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in <i>Nouember</i>, or +<i>February</i>.</p> + +<p>The Date-stone must be set the great end downwards, two cubits deepe in +the earth, in a place enriched with dung.</p> + +<p>The Peach-stone would be set presently after the Fruit is eaten, some +quantity of the flesh of the Peach remaining about the stone.</p> + +<p>If you will haue it to be excellent, graft it afterward vpon an Almond +tree.</p> + +<p>The little Siens of Cherry-trees, grown thicke with haire, rots, and +those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great Cherry-trees, +being remoued, doe grow better and sooner then they which come of +stones: but they must be remoued and planted while they are but two or +three yeeres old, the branches must be lopped.</p> + + + +<h2> +<span class="siginvis" title="I6r"> </span><a name="Sig_I6r" id="Sig_I6r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="123"> </span><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a> +<a name="Prop_Contents" id="Prop_Contents"></a>The Contents of the Art of <br /> +<span class="little"><i>Propagating Plants</i>.</span></h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table summary="Table of contents for the Art of propagating Plants" > +<tr> + <td><i>The Art of propagating Plants.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_109">page 109.</a></td> + <td><i>Inoculation in the Barke.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Grafting in the Barke.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_111">p. 111</a>.</td> + <td><i>Emplaister-wise grafting.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Grafting in the cleft.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_113">p. 113</a>.</td> + <td><i>To pricke stickes to beare the first yeere.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Grafters Tooles.</i></td><td> </td> + <td><i>To haue Cherries or Plums without stones.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Time of planting & seting.</i></td><td> </td> + <td><i>To make Quinces great.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Time of grafting.</i></td><td> </td> + <td><i>To set stones of Plummes.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>How to cut the stumps in grafting.</i></td><td> </td> + <td><i>Dates, Nut, and Peaches.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Sprouts and imps: how gathered.</i></td><td> </td> + <td><i>To make fruit smell well.</i></td></tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Grafting like a Scutcheon.</i></td><td class="tocr"><a href="#Page_116">p. 116</a>.</td> + <td><i>To plant Cherry-trees.</i></td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="I6v"> </span><a name="Sig_I6v" id="Sig_I6v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="124"> </span><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a> + +</p> + + + + + +<h1> +<span class="siginvis" title="I7r"> </span><a name="Sig_I7r" id="Sig_I7r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="125"> </span><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a> +<a name="HFOrchard" id="HFOrchard"></a><span class="littler">THE</span><br /> + HVSBAND MANS <br /> +<span class="little">FRVITEFVLL ORCHARD.</span></h1> + + + + +<p class="center"> +<span class="bigger">For the true ordering of all sorts of</span><br /> +<span class="big"><i>Fruits in their due seasons; and how double</i></span><br /> +<span class="big">increase commeth by care in gathering</span><br /> +<i>yeere after yeare: as also the best way</i><br /> +of carriage by land or by water:<br /> +<span class="little"><i>With their preseruation for</i></span><br /> +<span class="little">longest continuance.</span> +</p> + + + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Cherries.</span> +<span class="dropcap">O</span>f all stone Fruit, Cherries are the first to be gathered: of which, +though we reckon foure sorts; <i>English</i>, <i>Flemish</i>, <i>Gascoyne</i> and +<a name="corr125a" id="corr125a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote125a" title="not italicised in original"><i>Blacke</i></a>, yet are they reduced to two, the early, and the +ordinary: the earely are those whose grafts came first from <i>France</i> and +<i>Flanders</i>, and are now ripe with vs in <i>May</i>: the ordinary is our owne +naturall Cherry, and is not ripe before <i>Iune</i>; they must be carefully +kept from Birds, either with +<span class="siginvis" title="I7v"> </span><a name="Sig_I7v" id="Sig_I7v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="126"> </span><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a> +nets, noise, or other industry.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Gathering of Cheries.</span> +They are not all ripe at once, nor may be gathered at once, therefore +with a light Ladder, made to stand of it selfe, without hurting the +boughes, mount to the tree, and with a gathering hooke, gather those +which be full ripe, and put them into your Cherry-pot, or Kybzey hanging +by your side, or vpon any bough you please, and be sure to breake no +stalke, but that the cherry hangs by; and pull them gently, lay them +downe tenderly, and handle them as little as you can.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">To carry Cherries.</span> +For the conueyance or portage of Cherries, they are best to be carried +in broad Baskets like siues, with smooth yeelding bottomes, onely two +broad laths going along the bottome: and if you doe +<a name="corr126a" id="corr126a"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote126a" title="changed from 'trasport'">transport</a> them by ship, or boate, let not the siues be +fil'd to the top, lest setting one vpon another, you bruise and hurt the +Cherries: if you carry by horse-backe, then panniers well lined with +Fearne, and packt full and close is the best and safest way.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Other stone-fruit.</span> +Now for the gathering of all other stone-fruite, as +<a name="corr126b" id="corr126b"></a><a class="correction" href="#cnote126b" title="changed from 'Nertarines'">Nectarines</a>, Apricockes, Peaches, Peare-plumbes, Damsons, +Bullas, and such like, although in their seuerall kinds, they seeme not +to be ripe at once on one tree: yet when any is ready to drop from the +tree, though the other seeme hard, yet they may also be gathered, for +they haue receiued the full substance the tree can giue them; and +therefore the day being faire, and the dew drawne away; set vp your +Ladder, and as you gathered your Cherries, so gather them: onely in the +bottomes of your large siues, where you part them, you shall lay +Nettles, and likewise in the top, for that will ripen those that are +most vnready.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Gathering of Peares.</span> +In gathering of Peares are three things obserued; +<span class="siginvis" title="I8r"> </span><a name="Sig_I8r" id="Sig_I8r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="127"> </span><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a> +to gather for +expence, for transportation, or to sell to the Apothecary. If for +expence, and your owne vse, then gather them as soone as they change, +and are as it were halfe ripe, and no more but those which are changed, +letting the rest hang till they change also: for thus they will ripen +kindely, and not rot so soone, as if they were full ripe at the +gathering. But if your Peares be to be transported farre either by Land +or Water, then pull one from the tree, and cut it in the middest, and if +you finde it hollow about the choare, and the kernell a large space to +lye in: although no Peare be ready to drop from the tree, yet then they +may be gathered, and then laying them on a heape one vpon another, as of +necessity they must be for transportation, they will ripen of +themselues, and eate kindly: but gathered before, they will wither, +shrinke and eate rough, losing not onely their taste, but beauty.</p> + +<p>Now for the manner of gathering; albeit some climb into the trees by the +boughes, and some by Ladder, yet both is amisse: the best way is with +the Ladder before spoken of, which standeth of it selfe, with a basket +and a line, which being full, you must gently let downe, and keeping the +string still in your hand, being emptied, draw it vp againe, and so +finish your labour, without troubling your selfe, or hurting the tree.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Gathering of Apples.</span> +Now touching the gathering of Apples, it is to be done according to the +ripening of the fruite; your Summer apples first, and the Winter after.</p> + +<p>For Summer fruit, when it is ripe, some will drop from the tree, and +birds will be picking at them: But if you cut one of the greenest, and +finde it as was +<span class="siginvis" title="I8v"> </span><a name="Sig_I8v" id="Sig_I8v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="128"> </span><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a> +shew'd you before of the Peare: then you may gather +them, and in the house they will come to their ripenesse and perfection. +For your Winter fruit, you shall know the ripenesse by the obseruation +before shewed; but it must be gathered in a faire, Sunny, and dry day, +in the waine of the Moone, and no Wind in the East, also after the deaw +is gone away: for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to +rot and mildew: also you must haue an apron to gather in, and to empty +into the great baskets, and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you, which +you cannot reach with your hands at ease: the apron is to be an Ell +euery way, loopt vp to your girdle, so as it may serue for either hand +without any trouble: and when it is full, vnloose one of your loopes, +and empty it gently into the great basket, for in throwing them downe +roughly, their owne stalkes may pricke them; and those which are prickt, +will euer rot. Againe, you must gather your fruit cleane without leaues +or brunts, because the one hurts the tree, for euery brunt would be a +stalke for fruit to grow vpon: the other hurts the fruit by bruising, +and pricking it as it is layd together, and there is nothing sooner +rotteth fruit, then the greene and withered leaues lying amongst them; +neither must you gather them without any stalke at all: for such fruit +will begin to rot where the stalke stood.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">To vse the fallings.</span> +For such fruit as falleth from the trees, and are not gathered, they +must not be layd with the gathered fruit: and of fallings there are two +sorts, one that fals through ripenesse, and they are best, and may be +kept to bake or roast; the other windfals, and before they are ripe, and +they must be spent as they are gathered, or else they will wither and +come to nothing: and +<span class="sigvis" title="K"> </span><a name="Sig_K1r" id="Sig_K1r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="129"> </span><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a> +therefore it is not good by any meanes to beate +downe fruit with Poales, or to carrie them in Carts loose and iogging or +in sacks where they may be bruised.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Carriage of fruit.</span> +When your fruit is gathered, you shall lay them in deepe Baskets of +Wicker, which shall containe foure or sixe bushels, and so betweene two +men, carry them to your Apple-Loft, and in shooting or laying them +downe, be very carefull that it be done with all gentlenesse, and +leasure, laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by it selfe: but if there +be want of roome hauing so many sorts that you cannot lay them +seuerally, then such some fruite as is neerest in taste and colour, and +of Winter fruit, such as will taste alike, may if need require, be laid +together, and in time you may separate them, as shall bee shewed +hereafter. But if your fruit be gathered faire from your Apple-Loft, +them must the bottomes of your Baskets be lined with greene Ferne, and +draw the stuborne ends of the same through the Basket, that none but the +soft leafe may touch the fruit, and likewise couer the tops of the +Baskets with Ferne also, and draw small cord ouer it, that the Ferne may +not fall away, nor the fruit scatter out, or iogge vp and downe: and +thus you may carry fruit by Land or by Water, by Boat, or Cart, as farre +as you please: and the Ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising, +but also ripens them, especially Peares. When your fruit is brought to +your Apple-Loft or store house, if you finde them not ripened enough, +then lay them in thicker heapes vpon Fearne, and couer them with Ferne +also: and when they are neere ripe, then vncouer them, and make the +heapes thinner, so as the ayre may passe thorow them: and if you +<span class="siginvis" title="K1v"> </span><a name="Sig_K1v" id="Sig_K1v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="130"> </span><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a> +will +not hasten the ripening of them, then lay them on the boords without any +Fearne at all. Now for Winter, or long lasting Peares, they may be packt +either in Ferne or Straw, and carried whither you please; and being come +to the iourneys end must be laid vpon sweet straw; but beware the roome +be not too warme, nor windie, and too cold, for both are hurtfull: but +in a temperate place, where they may haue ayre, but not too much.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Of Wardens.</span> +Wardens are to be gathered, carried, packt, and laid as Winter Peares +are.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Of Medlers.</span> +Medlers are to be gathered about <i>Michaelmas</i>, after a frost hath toucht +them; at which time they are in their full growth, and will then be +dropping from the tree, but neuer ripe vpon the tree. When they are +gathered, they must be laid in a basket, siue, barrell, or any such +caske, and wrapt about with woollen cloths, vnder, ouer, and on all +sides, and also some waight laid vpon them, with a boord betweene: for +except they be brought into a heat, they will neuer ripen kindly or +taste well.</p> + +<p>Now when they haue laine till you thinke some of them be ripe, the +ripest, still as they ripen, must be taken from the rest: therefore +powre them out into another siue or basket leasurely, that so you may +well finde them that be ripest, letting the hard one fall into the other +basket, and those which be ripe laid aside: the other that be halfe +ripe, seuer also into a third siue or basket: for if the ripe and halfe +ripe be kept together, the one will be mouldy, before the other be ripe: +And thus doe, till all be throughly ripe.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Of Quinces.</span> +Quinces should not be laid with other fruite; for the sent is offensiue +both to other fruite, and to those that keepe the fruite or come amongst +them: therefore +<span class="sigvis" title="K2"> </span><a name="Sig_K2r" id="Sig_K2r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="131"> </span><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a> +lay them by themselues vpon sweet strawe, where they +may haue ayre enough: they must be packt like Medlers, and gathered with +Medlers.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">To packe Apples.</span> +Apples must be packt in Wheat or Rye-straw, and in maunds or baskets +lyned with the same, and being gently handled, will ripen with such +packing and lying together. If seuerall sorts of apples be packt in one +maund or basket, then betweene euery sort, lay sweet strawe of a pretty +thicknesse.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Emptying and laying apples.</span> +Apples must not be powred out, but with care and leasure: first, the +straw pickt cleane from them, and then gently take out euery seuerall +sort, and place them by themselues: but if for want of roome you mixe +the sorts together, then lay those together that are of equall lasting; +but if they haue all one taste, then they need no separation. Apples +that are not of the like colours should not be laid together, and if any +such be mingled, let it be amended, and those which are first ripe, let +them be first spent; and to that end, lay those apples together, that +are of one time ripening: and thus you must vse Pippins also, yet will +they endure bruises better then other fruit, and whilst they are greene +will heale one another.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Difference in Fruit.</span> +Pippins though they grow of one tree, and in one ground, yet some will +last better then other some, and some will bee bigger then others of the +same kinde, according as they haue more or lesse of the Sunne, or more +or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches: therefore let +euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest, and longest +lasting. Againe, the largenesse and goodnesse of fruite consists in the +age of the tree: for as the tree increaseth, so the fruite increaseth in +bignesse, beauty, taste, and firmnesse: and otherwise, as it decreaseth.</p> + +<p> +<span class="siginvis" title="K2v"> </span><a name="Sig_K2v" id="Sig_K2v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="132"> </span><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Transporting fruit by water.</span> +If you be to transport your fruit farre by water, then prouide some dry +hogges-heads or barrells, and packe in your apples, one by one with your +hand, that no empty place may be left, to occasion sogging; and you must +line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw; but not the sides, +to auoid heat: and you must bore a dozen holes at either end, to receiue +ayre so much the better; and by no meanes let them take wet. Some vse, +that transport beyond seas, to shut the fruite vnder hatches vpon straw: +but it is not so good, if caske may be gotten.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">When not to transport fruit.</span> +It is not good to transport fruite in <i>March</i>, when the wind blowes +bitterly, nor in frosty weather, neither in the extreme heate of Summer.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">To conuay small store of fruit.</span> +If the quantity be small you would carry, then you may carry them in +Dossers or Panniers, prouided they be euer filled close, and that +Cherries and Peares be lined with greene Fearne, and Apples with sweete +straw; and that, but at the bottomes and tops, not on the sides.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Roomes for fruite.</span> +Winter fruite must lye neither too hot, nor too cold; too close, nor too +open: for all are offensiue. A lowe roome or Cellar that is sweet, and +either boorded or paued, and not too close, is good, from <i>Christmas</i> +till <i>March</i>: and roomes that are seeled ouer head, and from the ground, +are good from <i>March</i> till <i>May</i>: then the Cellar againe, from <i>May</i> +till <i>Michaelmas</i>. The apple loft would be seeled or boorded, which if +it want, take the longest Rye-straw, and raise it against the walles, to +make a fence as high as the fruite lyeth; and let it be no thicker then +to keepe the fruite from the wall, which being moyst, may doe hurt, or +if not moist, then the dust is offensiue.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sigvis" title="K3"> </span><a name="Sig_K3r" id="Sig_K3r"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="133"> </span><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a> +<span class="sidenote">Sorting of Fruit.</span> +There are some fruite which will last but vntill <i>Allhallontide</i>: they +must be laid by themselues; then those which will last till <i>Christmas</i>, +by themselues: then those which will last till it be <i>Candlemas</i>, by +themselues: those that will last till <i>Shrouetide</i>, by themselues: and +Pippins, Apple-Iohns, Peare-maines, and Winter-Russettings, which will +last all the yeere by themselues.</p> + +<p>Now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes, pick them out, and with +a Trey for the purpose, see you turne the heapes ouer, and leaue not a +tainted Apple in them, diuiding the hardest by themselues, and the +broken skinned by themselues to be first spent, and the rotten ones to +be cast away; and euer as you turne them, and picke them, vnder-lay them +with fresh straw: thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse, which +otherwise would rot suddenly.</p> + +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Times of stirring fruit.</span> +Pippins, Iohn Apples, Peare maines, and such like long lasting fruit, +need not to be turned till the weeke before <i>Christmas</i>, vnlesse they be +mixt with other of a riper kind, or that the fallings be also with them, +or much of the first straw left amongst them: the next time of turning +is at <i>Shroue-tide</i>, and after that, once a moneth till <i>Whitson-tide</i>; +and after that, once a fortnight; and euer in the turning, lay your +heapes lower and lower, and your straw very thinne: prouided you doe +none of this labour in any great frost, except it be in a close Celler. +At euery thawe, all fruit is moyst, and then they must not be touched: +neither in rainy weather, for then they will be danke also: and +therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes, and +doores, that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them, as at nine of +the +<span class="siginvis" title="K3v"> </span><a name="Sig_K3v" id="Sig_K3v"></a> +<span class="pagebreak" title="134"> </span><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a> +clocke in the fore-noone in Winter; and at sixe in the fore-noone, +and at eight at night in Summer: onely in <i>March</i>, open not your +windowes at all.</p> + +<p>All lasting fruite, after the middest of <i>May</i>, beginne to wither, +because then they waxe dry, and the moisture gone, which made them looke +plumpe: they must needes wither, and be smaller; and nature decaying, +they must needes rot. And thus much touching the ordering of fruites.</p> + + +<p class="center bigger gap"><i>FINIS.</i></p> + +<hr /> + + +<p class="center gapbelow"><i>LONDON</i>,<br /> + +Printed by <i>Nicholas Okes</i> for <span class="smcap">Iohn Harison</span>, at the <br /> +golden Vnicorne in +Pater-noster-row. 1631.</p> + + + + +<div class="transnote"> +<h4><a name="corrections" id="corrections"></a> +Transcriber's notes</h4> +<p>The following corrections have been made:</p> + +<p><a href="#NewOrchard">A New Orchard and Garden</a><br /> +<a href="#Sig_A1r">Title page</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnoteA1ra" id="cnoteA1ra"></a> +"carring home" changed to "<a href="#corrA1ra">carrying</a> home".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Sig_A2r">Sig. A2r</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnoteA2ra" id="cnoteA2ra"></a> +"<span class="smcap">Sir Henry <a href="#corrA2ra">Belosses</a></span>" possible error for "<span class="smcap">Sir Henry Belloses</span>"; +not changed.</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Sig_A3v">Sig. A3v</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnoteA3va" id="cnoteA3va"></a> +"how ancient, how, profitable," changed to +"how ancient, <a href="#corrA3va">how</a> profitable,".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnoteA3vb" id="cnoteA3vb"></a> +"Roses on Thornes. and such like," changed to +"Roses on <a href="#corrA3vb">Thornes,</a> and such like,".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Sig_A4r">Sig. A4r</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnoteA4ra" id="cnoteA4ra"></a> +"<i>Of bough Setts.</i>" changed to "<i>Of <a href="#corrA4ra">bought</a> Setts.</i>" +for consistency with the text.</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Sig_A4v">Sig. A4v</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnoteA4va" id="cnoteA4va"></a> +Page number for "<i>Of Foyling</i>" in Chapter 12 changed from 53 to <a href="#corrA4va">51</a>, +for consistency with the text.</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnoteA4vb" id="cnoteA4vb"></a> +Page number for "<i>Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c.</i>" in Chapter 17 +changed from 71 to <a href="#corrA4vb">70</a>, for consistency with the text.</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_1">Chapter 1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">page 3</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote3a" id="cnote3a"></a> +"other offall, that fruit" changed to "<a href="#corr3a">all other of </a>that fruit"</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_2">Chapter 2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">page 3</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote3b" id="cnote3b"></a> +"nor searcely with Quinces," changed to +"nor <a href="#corr3b">scarcely</a> with Quinces,".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote3c" id="cnote3c"></a> +"(not well ordered," changed to "(not well <a href="#corr3c">ordered)</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_5">Page 5</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote5a" id="cnote5a"></a> +"will pu forth suckers" changed to " will <a href="#corr5a">put</a> forth suckers".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_6">Page 6</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote6a" id="cnote6a"></a> +"become manure to your ground" changed to +"become manure to your <a href="#corr6a">ground.</a>".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote6b" id="cnote6b"></a> +"15. or 18 inches deepe" changed to "15. or <a href="#corr6b">18.</a> inches deepe".</p> + + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_3">Chapter 3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">page 6</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote6c" id="cnote6c"></a> +"(as is before described," changed to "(as is before <a href="#corr6c">described)</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_7">Page 7</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote7a" id="cnote7a"></a> +"in <i>Holland</i> <i>a</i>nd <i>Zealand</i>" changed to "in <i>Holland</i> <a href="#corr7a">and</a> <i>Zealand</i>".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote7b" id="cnote7b"></a> +"Our old fathers can telvs" changed to "Our old fathers can <a href="#corr7b">tel vs</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_8">Page 8</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote8a" id="cnote8a"></a> +"chuse your ground low Or if you be forced" changed to +"chuse your ground <a href="#corr8a">low:</a> Or if you be forced".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_10">Page 10</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote10a" id="cnote10a"></a> +"(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth," changed to +"(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of <a href="#corr10a">earth)</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_7">Chapter 7</a>, <a href="#Page_18">page 18</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote18a" id="cnote18a"></a> +"for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)" changed to +"<a href="#corr18a">(for</a> commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_20">Page 20</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote20a" id="cnote20a"></a> +"arse from some taw" changed to "<a href="#corr20a">arise</a> from some taw".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_21">Page 21</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote21a" id="cnote21a"></a> +"I could not mislke this kind" changed to +"I could not <a href="#corr21a">mislike</a> this kind".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_27">Page 27</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote27a" id="cnote27a"></a> +"Let not you stakes" changed to "Let not <a href="#corr27a">your</a> stakes".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote27b" id="cnote27b"></a> +"or of auy other thing" changed to "or of <a href="#corr27b">any</a> other thing".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_8">Chapter 8</a>, <a href="#Page_29">page 29</a></p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote29a" id="cnote29a"></a> +"forty or fity yeares" changed to "forty or <a href="#corr29a">fifty</a> yeares".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote29b" id="cnote29b"></a> +"alotted to his felllow" changed to "alotted to his <a href="#corr29b">fellow</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_30">Page 30</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote30a" id="cnote30a"></a> +"vpward out of he earth" changed to "vpward out of <a href="#corr30a">the</a> earth".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_9">Chapter 9</a>, <a href="#Page_32">page 32</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote32a" id="cnote32a"></a> +"they are more subiect," changed to "they are more subiect <a href="#corr32a">to</a>,".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_10">Chapter 10</a>, <a href="#Page_33">page 33</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote33a" id="cnote33a"></a> +"commonly called a <i>Graft</i>)" changed to +"<a href="#corr33a">(commonly</a> called a <i>Graft</i>)".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_11">Chapter 11</a>, <a href="#Page_43">page 43</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote43a" id="cnote43a"></a> +"(nay more) such as mens" changed to "(nay <a href="#corr43a">more,</a> such as mens".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_46">Page 46</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote46a" id="cnote46a"></a> +"It stayes it nothing at al" changed to "It stayes it nothing at <a href="#corr46a">all.</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_12">Chapter 12</a>, <a href="#Page_53">page 53</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote53a" id="cnote53a"></a> +"wastes cotinually" changed to "wastes <a href="#corr53a">continually</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_13">Chapter 13</a>, <a href="#Page_57">page 57</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote57a" id="cnote57a"></a> +"take sprig and all (for" changed to "take sprig and <a href="#corr57a">all: </a>for".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_58">Page 58</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote58a" id="cnote58a"></a> +"cleanse his foile" changed to "cleanse his <a href="#corr58a">soile</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_14">Chapter 14</a>, <a href="#Page_63">page 63</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote63a" id="cnote63a"></a> +"growth: for cut them" changed to "growth: <a href="#corr63a">(for</a> cut them".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_64">Page 64</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote64a" id="cnote64a"></a> +"to inlarge their frust" changed to "to inlarge their <a href="#corr64a">fruit</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_14">Chapter 16</a>, <a href="#Page_67">page 67</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote67a" id="cnote67a"></a> +"Orchrad shall exceed" changed to "<a href="#corr67a">Orchard</a> shall exceed"</p> + +<p> +<a href="#NO_Chap_17">Chapter 17</a>, <a href="#Page_70">page 70</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote70a" id="cnote70a"></a> +"<a href="#corr70a">double double</a> Cowslips" not changed.</p> + +<p> +<a href="#CHGarden">The Country Housewifes Garden</a><br /> +<a href="#CHG_Chap_8">Chapter 8</a>, <a href="#Page_90">page 90</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote90a" id="cnote90a"></a> +"drunke to kill itches" changed to "<a href="#corr90a">drunke)</a> to kill itches".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_94">Page 94</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote94a" id="cnote94a"></a> +"It floweth at <i>Michael-tide</i>" changed to +"It <a href="#corr94a">flowreth</a> at <i>Michael-tide</i>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_95">Page 95</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote95a" id="cnote95a"></a> +"<i>Cur moritur homo, <a href="#corr95a">cum</a> saluia crescit in horto?</i>" not changed. +Possible error for "... cui saluia ...".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#CHG_Chap_9">Chapter 9</a>, <a href="#Page_97">page 97</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote97a" id="cnote97a"></a> +"for then they are <a href="#corr97a">too too</a> tender" not changed.</p> + +<p> +<a href="#CHG_Chap_10">Chapter 10</a>, <a href="#Page_99">page 99</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote99a" id="cnote99a"></a> +"the Beees lye out" changed to "the <a href="#corr99a">Bees</a> lye out".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_100">Page 100</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote100a" id="cnote100a"></a> +"Neither would the hiue be <a href="#corr100a">too too</a> great" not changed.</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_102">Page 102</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote102a" id="cnote102a"></a> +"hey cannot come downe" changed to "<a href="#corr102a">they</a> cannot come downe".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_103">Page 103</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote103a" id="cnote103a"></a> +"claspes are loose in the <a href="#corr103a">Stapes</a>" not changed.</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_106">Page 106</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote106a" id="cnote106a"></a> +"combes into a siue" changed to "<a href="#corr106a">combes)</a> into a siue".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Propagating">The Art of propagating plants</a><br /> +<a href="#Prop_Chap_3">Chapter 3</a>, <a href="#Page_116">page 116</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote116a" id="cnote116a"></a> +The last side note has been changed from "1." to "<a href="#corr116a">11</a>.".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Prop_Chap_4">Chapter 4</a>, <a href="#Page_120">page 120</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote120a" id="cnote120a"></a> +"aud these shall stay" changed to "<a href="#corr120a">and</a> these shall stay".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote120b" id="cnote120b"></a> +"sowre Cherry treee" changed to "sowre Cherry <a href="#corr120b">tree</a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#HFOrchard">The Husband mans fruitefull orchard</a><br /> +<a href="#Page_125">Page 125</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote125a" id="cnote125a"></a> +"<i>Gascoyne</i> and Blacke" changed to "<i>Gascoyne</i> and <a href="#corr125a"><i>Blacke</i></a>".</p> + +<p> +<a href="#Page_126">Page 126</a></p> +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote126a" id="cnote126a"></a> +"if you doe trasport them" changed to "if you doe <a href="#corr126a">transport</a> them".</p> + +<p class="cnote"><a name="cnote126b" id="cnote126b"></a> +"Nertarines, Apricockes" changed to "<a href="#corr126b">Nectarines</a>, Apricockes". +</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Orchard And Garden, by +William Lawson and Simon Harwood and Anonymous + +*** END OF THIS 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Orchard And Garden + or, The best way for planting, grafting, and to make any + ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North + and generall + +Author: William Lawson + Simon Harwood + Anonymous + +Release Date: June 6, 2009 [EBook #29058] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW ORCHARD AND GARDEN *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +{Transcriber's note: + + This etext contains + 1. A New Orchard and Garden, by William Lawson + 2. The Country Housewifes Garden, by William Lawson + 3. A Most Profitable new treatise, from approved experience of the + Art of Propagating Plants, by Simon Harwood + 4. The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard + + The first edition of "A New Orchard and Garden", which included "The + Country Housewifes Garden" appeared in 1618; many further editions + appeared over the period to 1695. The "Art of Propagating Plants" and + "The Husband Mans Fruitful Orchard" appeared in all editions from 1623. + This transcript is taken from the 1631 edition. The transcriber used + a modern facsimile of the 1657 edition to clarify some doubtful + readings. + + The spelling and hyphenation in the original are erratic. No corrections + have been made other than those listed at the end of the etext. The + formatting of the original tables of contents has been normalised. + + Sidenotes are enclosed in braces, prefixed with "SN" and placed before + the paragraph in which they appear. + + Transcriber's notes in the text are enclosed in braces and prefixed with + "TN". +} + + + + + + + A + NEVV ORCHARD + AND GARDEN + + OR + + The best way for planting, grafting, and to make + _any ground good, for a rich Orchard: Particularly in the North,_ + and generally for the whole kingdome of _England_, as in nature, + _reason, situation, and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare_. + + With the Country Housewifes Garden for hearbes of common vse: + _their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models_ + for trees, and plots for the best ordering of Grounds and Walkes. + + AS ALSO, + + _The Husbandry of Bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances_ + being the experience of 48 yeares labour, and now the second time + corrected and much enlarged, by _William Lawson_. + + Whereunto is newly added the Art of propagating Plants, with the true + _ordering of all manner of Fruits, in their gathering, + carrying home, & preseruation._ + + {Illustration: Skill and paines bring fruitfull gaines. + _Nemo sibi natus._} + + _LONDON_, + Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden + Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row. 1631. + + + + + TO THE RIGHT + WORSHIPFVLL + SIR HENRY BELOSSES, + Knight and Baronet, + + _Worthy Sir_, + +When in many yeeres by long experience I had furnished this my Northerne +Orchard and Countrey Garden with needfull plants and vsefull hearbes, I +did impart the view thereof to my friends, who resorted to me to +conferre in matters of that nature, they did see it, and seeing it +desired, and I must not denie now the publishing of it (which then I +allotted to my priuate delight) for the publike profit of others. +Wherefore, though I could pleade custome the ordinarie excuse of all +Writers, to chuse a Patron and Protector of their Workes, and so shroud +my selfe from scandall vnder your honourable fauour, yet haue I certaine +reasons to excuse this my presumption: First, the many courtesies you +haue vouchsafed me. Secondly, your delightfull skill in matters of this +nature. Thirdly, the profit which I receiued from your learned discourse +of Fruit-trees. + +Fourthly, your animating and assisting of others to such endeuours. Last +of all, the rare worke of your owne in this kind: all which to publish +vnder your protection, I haue aduentured (as you see). Vouchsafe it +therefore entertainement, I pray you, and I hope you shall finde it not +the vnprofitablest seruant of your retinue: for when your serious +employments are ouerpassed, it may interpose some commoditie, and raise +your contentment out of varietie. + + _Your Worships + most bounden_, + + WILLIAM LAVVSON. + + + + +THE PREFACE to all well minded. + + +_Art hath her first originall out of experience, which therefore is +called the Schoole-mistresse of fooles, because she teacheth infallibly, +and plainely, as drawing her knowledge out of the course of Nature, +(which neuer failes in the generall) by the senses, feelingly +apprehending, and comparing (with the helpe of the minde) the workes of +nature; and as in all other things naturall, so especially in Trees; for +what is Art more then a prouident and skilfull Collectrix of the faults +of Nature in particular workes, apprehended by the senses? As when good +ground naturally brings forth thistles, trees stand too thicke, or too +thin, or disorderly, or (without dressing) put forth vnprofitable +suckers, and suchlike. All which and a thousand more, Art reformeth, +being taught by experience: and therefore must we count that Art the +surest, that stands vpon experimentall rules, gathered by the rule of +reason (not conceit) of all other rules the surest._ + +_Whereupon haue I of my meere and sole experience, without respect to +any former written Treatise, gathered these rules, and set them downe in +writing, not daring to hide the least talent giuen me of my Lord and +Master in Heauen: neither is this iniurious to any, though it differ +from the common opinion in diuers points, to make it knowne to others, +what good I haue found out in this facultie by long triall and +experience. I confesse freely my want of curious skill in the Art of +planting. And I admire and praise _Plinie_, _Aristotle_, _Virgil_, +_Cicero_, and many others for wit and iudgement in this kind, and leaue +them to their times, manner, and seuerall Countries._ + +_I am not determined (neither can I worthily) to set forth the praises +of this Art: how some, and not a few, euen of the best, haue accounted +it a chiefe part of earthly happinesse, to haue faire and pleasant +Orchards, as in _Hesperia_ and _Thessaly_, how all with one consent +agree, that it is a chiefe part of Husbandry (as _Tully de senectute_) +and Husbandry maintaines the world; how ancient, how profitable, how +pleasant it is, how many secrets of nature it doth containe, how loued, +how much practised in the best places, and of the best: This hath +already beene done by many. I only aime at the common good. _I_ delight +not in curious conceits, as planting and graffing with the root vpwards, +inoculating Roses on Thornes, and such like, although I haue heard of +diuers prooued some, and read of moe._ + +_The Stationer hath (as being most desirous with me, to further the +common good) bestowed much cost and care in hauing the Knots and Models +by the best Artizan cut in great varietie, that nothing might be any way +wanting to satisfie the curious desire of those that would make vse of +this Booke._ + +_And I shew a plaine and sure way of planting, which I haue found good +by 48. yeeres (and moe) experience in the North part of _England_: I +preiudicate and enuie none, wishing yet all to abstaine from maligning +that good (to them vnknowne) which is well intended. Farewell._ + + Thine, for thy good, + _W. L._ + + + + +A Table of the things Contayned in this Booke + + CHAP. 1. + _Of the Gardner his labour and wadges._ _pag. 1_ + + CHAP. 2. + _Of the Soyle._ _p. 3_ + _The kinds of trees._ _p. 3_ + _Of barren earth._ _p. 4_ + _Of Grasse._ _p. 5_ + _Of the Crust of the earth._ _p. 6_ + + CHAP. 3. + _Lowe & neere the Riuer_. _p. 6_ + _Of Windes._ _p. 8_ + _Of the Sunne._ _p. 8_ + _Trees against a wall._ _p. 8_ + + CHAP. 4. + _Of the quantity._ _p. 10_ + _Orchards as good as a Corne-field._ _p. 10_ + _Good as the Vineyard._ _p. 11_ + _What quantity of ground._ _p. 11_ + _Want no hinderance._ _p. 12_ + _How Land-lords by their Tenants may make + flourishing Orchards._ _p. 12_ + + CHAP. 5. + _The forme of the Orchard._ _p. 12_ + + CHAP. 6. + _Of Fences._ _p. 14_ + _Effects of euill Fencing._ _p. 14_ + _The kinds of Fencinge._ _p. 15_ + _Of Pales and Rayles._ _p. 15_ + _Of Stone-walles._ _p. 15_ + _Of Quicksets and Moates._ _p. 16_ + + CHAP. 7. + _Of Setts._ _p. 17_ + _Of Slipps._ _p. 17_ + _Of Burknots._ _p. 17_ + _Of Small Setts._ _p. 18_ + _Tying of Trees._ _p. 19_ + _Signes of diseases._ _p. 19_ + _Of Suckers._ _p. 20_ + _A Running plant._ _p. 20_ + _Of bought Setts._ _p. 21_ + _The best Sett._ _p. 22_ + _Times of remouing._ _p. 23_ + _The manner of setting._ _p. 26_ + + CHAP. 8. + _Of the distance of trees._ _p. 28_ + _The hurts of too neere planting._ _p. 28_ + _All touches hurtfull._ _p. 29_ + _The best distance._ _p. 29_ + _Of wast ground in an Orchard._ _p. 30_ + + CHAP. 9. + _Of the placing of trees._ _p. 31_ + + CHAP. 10. + _Of Grafting._ _p. 33_ + _The kinds of Grafting._ _p. 34_ + _How to Graft._ _p. 34_ + _What a Graft is._ _p. 34_ + _The eies of a Graft._ _p. 34_ + _Time of Grafting._ _p. 35_ + _Gathering of Grafts._ _p. 36_ + _Of Incising._ _p. 37_ + _Of Packing._ _p. 38_ + _Of Inoculating._ _p. 39_ + _Grafting in the Scutcheon._ _p. 39_ + + CHAP. 11. + _The right dressing of trees._ _p. 40_ + _Timber-wood euill drest._ _p. 41_ + _The cause of hurts in wood._ _p. 42_ + _How to dresse Timber._ _p. 43_ + _The profit of dressing._ _p. 43-45_ + _Trees will take any forme._ _p. 44_ + _How to dresse all Fruit-trees._ _p. 44_ + _The best times for proyning._ _p. 47_ + _Faults of euill dressing and the remedies._ _p. 48_ + _Of water-boughes._ _p. 49_ + _Barke-pyld._ _p. 49-56_ + _Instruments for dressing._ _p. 50_ + + CHAP. 12 + _Of Foyling._ _p. 51_ + _Time fit for Foyling._ _p. 53_ + + CHAP. 13 + _Of Annoyances._ _p. 54_ + _Two euills in an Orchard._ _p. 54_ + _Of galls cankers, mosse &c._ _p. 55_ + _Of wilfull annoyances._ _p. 60_ + + CHAP. 14. + _Of the age of trees._ _p. 60_ + _The parts of a trees age._ _p. 61_ + _Of Mans age._ _p. 62_ + _The age of timber-trees._ _p. 64_ + _To discerne the age of trees._ _p. 65_ + + CHAP. 15. + _Of gathering and keeping Fruit._ _p. 65_ + + CHAP. 16. + _The profit of Orchards._ _p. 67_ + _Of Cydar and Perry._ _p. 67_ + _Of Fruit, Waters and Conserue._ _p. 68_ + + CHAP. 17. + _Of Ornaments._ _p. 68_ + _Of the delights._ _p. 69_ + _The causes of delights._ _p. 70_ + _Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c._ _p. 70_ + _Of Bees._ _p. 72_ + + + + +THE BEST, SVRE AND READIEST VVAY to make a good _Orchard_ and _Garden_. + + + + +CHAPTER. 1. + +_Of the Gardner, and his Wages._ + + +{SN: Religious.} +Whosoeuer desireth & endeauoureth to haue a pleasant, and profitable +Orchard, must (if he be able) prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer, +religious, honest, skilful in that faculty, & therwithall painfull: By +religious, I meane (because many think religion but a fashion or custome +to go to Church) maintaining, & cherishing things religious: as Schooles +of learning, Churches, Tythes, Church-goods, & rights; and aboue all +things, Gods word, & the Preachers thereof, so much as he is able, +practising prayers, comfortable conference, mutuall instruction to +edifie, almes, and other works of Charity, and all out of a good +conscience. + +{SN: Honest.} +Honesty in a Gardner, will grace your Garden, and all your house, and +helpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen, giuing offence to none, not calling +your name into question by dishonest acts, nor infecting your family by +euill counsell or example. For there is no plague so infectious as +Popery and knauery, he will not purloine your profit, nor hinder your +pleasures. + +{SN: Skilfull.} +Concerning his skill, he must not be a Scolist, to make shew or take in +hand that, which he cannot performe, especially in so weighty a thing as +an Orchard: than the which, there can be no humane thing more +excellent, either for pleasure or profit, as shall (God willing) be +proued in the treatise following. And what an hinderance shall it be, +not onely to the owner, but to the common good, that the vnspeakeble +benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost, by the audacious attempt +of an vnskilfull Arborist. + +{SN: Painfull.} +The Gardner had not need be an idle, or lazie Lubber, for to your +Orchard being a matter of such moment, will not prosper. There will euer +be some thing to doe. Weedes are alwaies growing. The great mother of +all liuing Creatures, the Earth, is full of seed in her bowels, and any +stirring giues them heat of Sunne, and being laid neere day, they grow: +Mowles worke daily, though not alwaies alike. Winter herbes at all times +will grow (except in extreame frost.) In Winter your young trees and +herbes would be lightned of snow, and your Allyes cleansed: drifts of +snow will set Deere, Hares, and Conyes, and other noysome beasts ouer +your walles & hedges, into your Orchard. When Summer cloathes your +borders with greene and peckled colours, your Gardner must dresse his +hedges, and antike workes: watch his Bees, and hiue them: distill his +Roses and other herbes. Now begins Summer Fruit to ripe, and craue your +hand to pull them. If he haue a Garden (as he must need) to keepe, you +must needs allow him good helpe, to end his labours which are endlesse, +for no one man is sufficient for these things. + +{SN: Wages.} +Such a Gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in +your Orchard, God shall crowne the labours of his hands with +ioyfulnesse, and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees, he will +prouoke your loue, and earne his wages, and fees belonging to his +place: The house being serued, fallen fruite, superfluity of herbes, and +flowers, seedes, grasses, sets, and besides all other of that fruit +which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall, will much augment +his wages, and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe. + +If you be not able, nor willing to hire a gardner, keepe your profits to +your selfe, but then you must take all the pains: And for that purpose +(if you want this faculty) to instruct you, haue I vndertaken these +labours, and gathered these rules, but chiefly respecting my Countries +good. + + + + +CHAP. 2. + +_Of the soyle._ + + +{SN: Kinds of trees.} +{SN: Soyle.} +Fruit-trees most common, and meetest for our Northerne Countries: (as +Apples, Peares, Cheries, Filberds, red and white Plummes, Damsons, and +Bulles,) for we meddle not with Apricockes nor Peaches, nor scarcely +with Quinces, which will not like in our cold parts, vnlesse they be +helped with some reflex of Sunne, or other like meanes, nor with bushes, +bearing berries, as Barberies, Goose-berries, or Grosers, Raspe-berries, +and such like, though the Barbery be wholesome, and the tree may be made +great: doe require (as all other trees doe) a blacke, fat, mellow, +cleane and well tempered soyle, wherein they may gather plenty of good +sap. Some thinke the Hasell would haue a chanily rocke, and the sallow, +and eller a waterish marish. The soile is made better by deluing, and +other meanes, being well melted, and the wildnesse of the earth and +weedes (for euery thing subiect to man, and seruing his vse (not well +ordered) is by nature subiect to the curse,) is killed by frosts and +drought, by fallowing and laying on heapes, and if it be wild earth, +with burning. + +{SN: Barren earth.} +If your ground be barren (for some are forced to make an Orchard of +barren ground) make a pit three quarters deepe, and two yards wide, and +round in such places, where you would set your trees, and fill the same +with fat, pure, and mellow earth, one whole foot higher then your Soile, +and therein set your Plant. For who is able to manure an whole Orchard +plot, if it be barren? But if you determine to manure the whole site, +this is your way: digge a trench halfe a yard deepe, all along the lower +(if there be a lower) side of your Orchard plot, casting vp all the +earth on the inner side, and fill the same with good short, hot, & +tender muck, and make such another Trench, and fill the same as the +first, and so the third, and so through out your ground. And by this +meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life. But be sure you set +your trees, neither in dung nor barren earth. + +{SN: Plaine.} +{SN: Moyst.} +Your ground must be plaine, that it may receiue, and keepe moysture, not +onely the raine falling thereon, but also water cast vpon it, or +descending from higher ground by sluices, Conduits, &c. For I account +moisture in Summer very needfull in the soile of trees, & drought in +Winter. Prouided, that the ground neither be boggy, nor the inundation +be past 24. houres at any time, and but twice in the whole Summer, and +so oft in the Winter. Therefore if your plot be in a Banke, or haue a +descent, make Trenches by degrees, Allyes, Walkes, and such like, so as +the Water may be stayed from passage. And if too much water be any +hinderance to your walks (for dry walkes doe well become an Orchard, and +an Orchard them:) raise your walkes with earth first, and then with +stones, as bigge as Walnuts: and lastly, with grauell. In Summer you +need not doubt too much water from heauen, either to hurt the health of +your body, or of your trees. And if ouerflowing molest you after one +day, auoid it then by deepe trenching. + +Some for this purpose dig the soile of their Orchard to receiue +moisture, which I cannot approue: for the roots with digging are +oftentimes hurt, and especially being digged by some vnskilfull seruant: +For the Gardiner cannot doe all himselfe. And moreouer, the roots of +Apples & Peares being laid neere day, with the heate of the Sun, will +put forth suckers, which are a great hinderance, and sometimes +with euill guiding, the destruction of trees, vnlesse the deluing be +very shallow, and the ground laid very leuell againe. Cherries and +Plummes without deluing, will hardly or neuer (after twenty yeares) be +kept from such suckers, nor aspes. + +{SN: Grasse.} +Grasse also is thought needfull for moisture, so you let it not touch +the roots of your trees: for it will breed mosse, and the boall of your +tree neere the earth would haue the comfort of the Sunne and Ayre. + +Some take their ground to be too moist when it is not so, by reason of +waters standing thereon, for except in soure marshes, springs, and +continuall ouerflowings, no earth can be too moyst. Sandy & fat earth +will auoid all water falling by receit. Indeed a stiffe clay will not +receiue the water, and therefore if it be grassie or plaine, especially +hollow, the water will abide, and it wil seeme waterish, when the fault +is in the want of manuring, and other good dressing. + +{SN: Naturally plaine.} +{SN: Crust of the earth.} +This plainnesse which we require, had need be naturall, because to force +an vneuen ground will destroy the fatnesse. For euery soile hath his +crust next day wherein trees and herbes put their roots, and whence +they draw their sap, which is the best of the soile, and made fertile +with heat and cold, moisture and drought, and vnder which by reason of +the want of the said temperature, by the said foure qualities, no tree +nor herbe (in a manner) will or can put root. As may be seene if in +digging your ground, you take the weeds of most growth: as grasse or +docks, (which will grow though they lie vpon the earth bare) yet bury +them vnder the crust, and they will surely dye and perish, & become +manure to your ground. This crust is not past 15. or 18. inches deepe in +good ground, in other grounds lesse. Hereby appeares the fault of forced +plaines, viz. your crust in the lower parts, is couered with the crust +of the higher parts, and both with worse earth: your heights hauing the +crust taken away, are become meerely barren: so that either you must +force a new crust, or haue an euill soile. And be sure you leuell, +before you plant, lest you be forced to remoue, or hurt your plants by +digging, and casting amongst their roots. Your ground must be cleered as +much as you may of stones, and grauell, walls, hedges, bushes, & other +weeds. + + + + +CHAP. 3. + +_Of the Site._ + + +{SN: Low and neere a Riuer.} +There is no difference, that I find betwixt the necessity of a good +soile, and a good site of an Orchard. For a good soile (as is before +described) cannot want a good site, and if it do, the fruit cannot be +good, and a good site will much mend an euill soile. The best site is in +low grounds, (and if you can) neere vnto a Riuer. High grounds are not +naturally fat. + +And if they haue any fatnesse by mans hand, the very descent in time +doth wash it away. It is with grounds in this case as it is with men in +a common wealth. Much will haue more: and once poore, seldome or neuer +rich. The raine will scind, and wash, and the wind will blow fatnesse +from the heights to the hollowes, where it will abide, and fatten the +earth though it were barren before. + +{SN: Psal. 1. 3.} +{SN: Ezek. 17. 8.} +{SN: Eccl. 39. 17.} +{SN: Mr. _Markham_.} +Hence it is, that we haue seldome any plaine grounds, and low, barren: +and as seldome any heights naturally fertill. It is vnspeakeable, what +fatnesse is brought to low grounds by inundations of waters. Neither did +I euer know any barren ground in a low plaine by a Riuer side. The +goodnesse of the soile in _Howle_ or _Hollowdernes_, in _York-shire_, is +well knowne to all that know the Riuer _Humber_, and the huge bulkes of +their Cattell there. By estimation of them that haue seene the low +grounds in _Holland_ and _Zealand_ they farre surpasse the most +Countries in _Europe_ for fruitfulnesse, and only because they lie so +low. The world cannot compare with _AEgypt_, for fertility, so farre as +_Nilus_ doth ouer flow his bankes. So that a fitter place cannot be +chosen for an Orchard, then a low plaine by a riuer side. For besides +the fatnesse which the water brings, if any cloudy mist or raine be +stirring, it commonly falls downe to, and followes the course of the +Riuer. And where see we greater trees of bulke and bough, then standing +on or neere the waters side? If you aske why the plaines in _Holderns_, +and such countries are destitute of woods? I answer that men and cattell +(that haue put trees thence, from out of Plaines to void corners) are +better then trees. Neither are those places without trees. Our old +fathers can tel vs, how woods are decaied, & people in the +roomth of trees multiplied. I haue stood somwhat long in this poynt, +because some do condemne a moist soile for fruit-trees. + +{SN: Winds. Chap. 13.} +A low ground is good to auoide the danger of winds, both for shaking +downe your vnripe fruite. Trees the most (that I know) being loaden with +wood, for want of proyning, and growing high, by the vnskilfulnesse of +the Arborist, must needes be in continuall danger of the South-west, +West, and North west winds, especially in _September_ and _March_, when +the aire is most temperate from extreme heat, and cold, which are deadly +enemies to great winds. Wherefore chuse your ground low: Or if you be +forced to plant in a higher ground, let high and strong wals, houses, +and trees, as wall-nuts, plane trees, Okes, and Ashes, placed in good +order, be your fence for winds. + +The sucken of your dwelling house, descending into your orchard, if it +be cleanly conueyed, is good. + +{SN: Sunne.} +The Sunne, in some sort, is the life of the world. It maketh proud +growth, and ripens kindly, and speedily, according to the golden tearme: +_Annus fructificat, non tellus_. Therefore in the countries, neerer +approching the Zodiake, the Sunnes habitation, they haue better, and +sooner ripe fruite, then we that dwell in these frozen parts. + +{SN: Trees against a wall.} +This prouoketh most of our great Arborists, to plant Apricockes, +Cherries and Peaches, by a wall, and with tackes, and other meanes to +spread them vpon, and fasten them to a wall, to haue the benefit of the +immoderate reflexe of the Sunne, which is commendable, for the hauing of +faire, good & soone ripe fruit. But let them know it is more hurtfull to +their trees then the benefit they reape therby: as not suffering a tree +to liue the tenth part of his age. It helpes Gardners to worke, for +first the wall hinders the roots, because into a dry and hard wall of +earth or stone a tree will not, nor cannot put any root to profit, but +especially it stops the passage of sap, whereby the barke is wounded, & +the wood, & diseases grow, so that the tree becomes short of life. For +as in the body of a man, the leaning or lying on some member, wherby the +course of bloud is stopt, makes that member as it were dead for the +time, till the bloud returne to his course, and I thinke, if that +stopping should continue any time, the member would perish for want of +bloud (for the life is in the bloud) and so endanger the body: so the +sap is the life of the tree, as the bloud is to mans body: neither doth +the tree in winter (as is supposed) want his sap, no more then mans body +his bloud, which in winter, and time of sleep draws inward. So that the +dead time of winter, to a tree, is but a night of rest: for the tree at +all times, euen in winter is nourished with sap, & groweth as well as +mans body. The chilling cold may well some little time stay, or hinder +the proud course of the sap, but so little & so short a time, that in +calme & mild season, euen in the depth of winter, if you marke it, you +may easily perceiue, the sap to put out, and your trees to increase +their buds, which were formed in the summer before, & may easily be +discerned: for leaues fall not off, til they be thrust off, with the +knots or buds, wherupon it comes to passe that trees cannot beare fruit +plentifully two yeares together, and make themselues ready to blossome +against the seasonablenesse of the next Spring. + +And if any frost be so extreme, that it stay the sap too much, or too +long, then it kils the forward fruit in the bud, and sometimes the +tender leaues and twigs, but not the tree. Wherefore, to returne, it is +perillous to stop the sap. And where, or when, did you euer see a great +tree packt on a wall? Nay, who did euer know a tree so vnkindly splat, +come to age? I haue heard of some, that out of their imaginary cunning, +haue planted such trees, on the North side of the wall, to auoide +drought, but the heate of the Sunne is as comfortable (which they should +haue regarded) as the drought is hurtfull. And although water is a +soueraigne remedy against drought, ye want of Sun is no way to be +helped. Wherefore to conclude this Chapter, let your ground lie so, that +it may haue the benefit of the South, and West Sun, and so low and +close, that it may haue moysture, and increase his fatnesse (for trees +are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth) and (as much as +may be) free from great winds. + + + + +CHAP. 4. + +_Of the quantity._ + + +{SN: Orchard as good as a corn-field.} +{SN: Compared with a vinyard.} +{SN: Compared with a garden.} +It would be remembred what a benefit riseth, not onely to euery +particular owner of an Orchard, but also to the common wealth, by fruit, +as shall be shewed in the 16. Chapter (God willing) whereupon must +needes follow: the greater the Orchard is (being good and well kept) the +better it is, for of good things, being equally good, the biggest is the +best. And if it shall appeare, that no ground a man occupieth (no, not +the corne field) yeeldeth more gaine to the purse, and house keeping +(not to speake of the vnspeakeable pleasure) quantity for quantity, than +a good Orchard (besides the cost in planting, and dressing an orchard, +is not so much by farre, as the labour and feeding of your corne fields, +nor for durance of time, comparable, besides the certainty of the on +before the other) I see not how any labour, or cost in this kind, can +be idly or wastfully bestowed, or thought too much. And what other +things is a vineyard, in those countries where vines doe thriue, than a +large Orchard of trees bearing fruit? Or what difference is there in the +iuice of the Grape, and our Cyder & Perry, but the goodnes of the soile +& clime where they grow? which maketh the one more ripe, & so more +pleasant then the other. What soeuer can be said for the benefit rising +from an orchard, that makes for the largenesse of the Orchards bounds. +And (me thinkes) they do preposterously, that bestow more cost and +labours, and more ground in and vpon a garden than vpon an orchard, +whence they reape and may reape both more pleasure and more profit, by +infinite degrees. And further, that a Garden neuer so fresh, and faire, +and well kept, cannot continue without both renewing of the earth and +the hearbs often, in the short and ordinary age of a man: whereas your +Orchard well kept shall dure diuers hundred yeares, as shall be shewed +chap. 14. In a large orchard there is much labour saued, in fencing, and +otherwise: for three little orchards, or few trees, being, in a manner, +all out-sides, are so blasted and dangered, and commonly in keeping +neglected, and require a great fence; whereas in a great Orchard, trees +are a mutuall fence one to another, and the keeping is regarded, and +lesse fencing serues sixe acres together, than three in seuerall +inclosures. + +{SN: What quantity of ground.} +Now what quantity of ground is meetest for an Orchard can no man +prescribe, but that must be left to euery mans seuerall iudgement, to be +measured according to his ability and will, for other necessaries +besides fruite must be had, and some are more delighted with orchard +then others. + +{SN: Want is no hinderance.} +{SN: How Land-lords by their Tenants may make flourishing Orchards +in _England_.} +Let no man hauing a fit plot plead pouerty in this case, for an orchard +once planted will maintaine it selfe, and yeeld infinite profit besides. +And I am perswaded, that if men did know the right and best way of +planting, dressing, and keeping trees, and felt the profit and pleasure +thereof, both they that haue no orchards would haue them, & they that +haue orchards, would haue them larger, yea fruit-trees in their hedges, +as in _Worcester-shire_, &c. And I think, that the want of planting, is +a great losse to our common-wealth, & in particular, to the owners of +Lord-ships, which Land lords themselues might easily amend, by granting +longer terme, and better assurance to their tenants, who haue taken vp +this Prouerbe _Botch and sit, Build and flit_: for who will build or +plant for an other mans profit? Or the Parliament mighte ioyne euery +occupier of grounds to plant and mainetaine for so many acres of +fruitfull ground, so many seuerall trees or kinds of trees for fruit. +Thus much for quantity. + + + + +CHAP. 5. + +_Of the forme._ + + +{SN: The vsuall forme is a square.} +The goodnesse of the soile, and site, are necessary to the wel being of +an orchard simply, but the forme is so farre necessary, as the owner +shall thinke meete, for that kind of forme wherewith euery particular +man is delighted, we leaue it to himselfe, _Suum cuique pulchrum_. The +forme that men like in generall is a square, for although roundnesse be +_forma perfectissima_, yet that principle is good where necessity by art +doth not force some other forme. If within one large square the Gardner +shall make one round Labyrinth or Maze with some kind of Berries, it +will grace your forme, so there be sufficient roomth left for walkes, +so will foure or more round knots do. For it is to be noted, that the +eye must be pleased with the forme. I haue seene squares rising by +degrees with stayes from your house-ward, according to this forme which +I haue, _Crassa quod aiunt Minerua_, with an vnsteady hand, rough hewen, +for in forming the country gardens, the better sort may vse better +formes, and more costly worke. What is needefull more to be sayd, I +referre that all (concerning the Forme,) to the Chapter 17 of the +ornaments of an Orchard. + +{Illustration: + +_A._ Al these squares must bee set with trees, the Gardens and other +ornaments must stand in spaces betwixt the trees, & in the borders & +fences. + +_B._ Trees 20. yards asunder. + +_C._ Garden Knots. + +_D._ Kitchen garden. + +_E._ Bridge. + +_F._ Conduit. + +_G._ Staires. + +_H._ Walkes set with great wood thicke. + +_I._ Walkes set with great wood round about your Orchard. + +_K._ The out fence. + +_L._ The out fence set with stone-fruite. + +_M._ Mount. To force earth for a mount, or such like set it round with +quicke, and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward, +with the earth in the midle. + +_N._ Still-house. + +_O._ Good standing for Bees, if you haue an house. + +_P._ If the riuer run by your doore, & vnder your mount, it will be +pleasant.} + + + + +CHAP. 6. + +_Of Fences._ + + +{SN: Effects of euill fencing.} +{SN: Let the fence be your owne.} +All your labour past and to come about an Orchard is lost vnlesse you +fence well. It shall grieue you much to see your young sets rubd loose +at the rootes, the barke pild, the boughes and twigs cropt, your fruite +stolne, your trees broken, and your many yeares labours and hopes +destroyed, for want of fences. A chiefe care must be had in this point. +You must therefore plant in such a soile, where you may prouide a +conuenient, strong and seemely fence. For you can possesse no goods, +that haue so many enemies as an orchard, looke Chapter 13. Fruits are so +delightsome, and desired of so many (nay, in a manner of all) and yet +few will be at cost and take paines to prouide them. Fence well +therefore, let your plot be wholly in your owne power, that you make all +your fence your selfe: for neighbours fencing is none at all, or very +carelesse. Take heed of a doore or window, (yea of a wall) of any other +mans into your orchard: yea, though it be nayld vp, or the wall be high, +for perhaps they will proue theeues. + +{SN: Kinds of fences, earthen walles.} +All Fences commonly are made of Earth, Stone, Bricke, Wood, or both +earth and wood. Dry wall of earth, and dry Ditches, are the worst fences +saue pales or railes, and doe waste the soonest, vnlesse they be well +copt with glooe and morter, whereon at _Mighill-tide_ it will be good to +sow Wall-flowers, commonly called Bee-flowers, or winter Gilly-flowers, +because they will grow (though amongst stones) and abide the strongest +frost and drought, continually greene and flowring euen in Winter, and +haue a pleasant smell, and are timely, (that is, they will floure the +first and last of flowers) and are good for Bees. And your earthen wall +is good for Bees dry and warme. But these fences are both vnseemly, +euill to repaire, and onely for need, where stone or wood cannot be had. +Whosoeuer makes such Walles, must not pill the ground in the Orchard, +for getting earth, nor make any pits or hallowes, which are both +vnseemly and vnprofitable. Old dry earth mixt with sand is best for +these. This kind of wall will soone decay, by reason of the trees which +grow neere it, for the roots and boales of great trees, will increase, +vndermine, and ouerturne such walles, though they were of stone, as is +apparant by Ashes, Rountrees, Burt-trees, and such like, carried in the +chat, or berry, by birds into stone-walles. + +{SN: Pale and Raile.} +Fences of dead wood, as pales, will not last, neither will railes either +last or make good fence. + +{SN: Stone walls.} +Stone walles (where stone may be had) are the best of this sort, both +for fencing, lasting, and shrouding of your young trees. But about this +must you bestow much paines and more cost, to haue them handsome, high +and durable. + +{SN: Quicke wood and Moates.} +But of all other (in mine owne opinion) Quickwood, and Moats or Ditches +of water, where the ground is leuell, is the best fence. In vnequall +grounds, which will not keepe water, there a double ditch may be cast, +made streight and leuel on the top, two yards broad for a faire walke, +fiue or sixe foot higher then the soyle, with a gutter on either side, +two yards wide, and foure foot deepe set with out, with three or foure +chesse of Thorns, and within with Cherry, Plumme, Damson, Bullys, +Filbirds, (for I loue these trees better for their fruit, and as well +for their forme, as priuit) for you may make them take any forme. And in +euery corner (and middle if you will) a mount would be raised, +whereabout the wood may claspe, powdered with wood-binde: which wil make +with dressing a faire, plesant, profitable, & sure fence. But you must +be sure that your quicke thornes either grow wholly, or that there be a +supply betime, either with planting new, or plashing the old where need +is. And assure your selfe, that neither wood, stone, earth, nor water, +can make so strong a fence, as this after seuen yeares growth. + +{SN: Moates.} +Moates, Fish-ponds, and (especially at one side a Riuer) within and +without your fence, will afford you fish, fence, and moysture to your +trees, and pleasure also, if they be so great and deepe that you may +haue Swans, & other water birds, good for deuouring of vermine, and boat +for many good vses. + +It shall hardly auaile you to make any fence for your Orchard, if you be +a niggard of your fruit. For as liberality will saue it best from +noysome neighbours, liberality I say is the best fence, so Iustice must +restraine rioters. Thus when your ground is tempered, squared, and +fenced, it is time to prouide for planting. + + + + +CHAP. 7. + +_Of Sets._ + + +There is not one point (in my opinion) about an Orchard more to be +regarded, than the choyce getting and setting of good plants, either for +readinesse or hauing good fruite, or for continuall lasting. For +whosoeuer shall faile in the choyce of good Sets, or in getting, or +gathering, or setting his plants, shall neuer haue a good or lasting +Orchard. And I take want of skill in this faculty to be a chiefe +hinderance to the most Orchards, and to many for hauing of Orchards at +all. + +{SN: Slips.} +Some for readinesse vse slips, which seldome take roote: and if they doe +take, they cannot last, both because their roote hauing a maine wound +will in short time decay the body of the tree: and besides that rootes +being so weakely put, are soone nipt with drought or frost. I could +neuer see (lightly) any slip but of apples onely set for trees. + +{SN: Bur-knot.} +A Bur-knot kindly taken from an Apple tree, is much better and surer. +You must cut him close at the roote ende, an handfull vnder the knot. +(Some vse in Summer about _Lammas_ to circumcise him, and put earth to +the knots with hay roaps, and in winter cut him off and set him, but +this is curiosity, needlesse, and danger with remouing, and drought,) +and cut away all his twigs saue one, the most principall, which in +setting you must leaue aboue the earth, burying his trunk in the crust +of the earth for his root. It matters not much what part of the bough +the twig growes out of. If it grow out of or neere the roote end, some +say such an Apple will haue no coare nor kirnell. Or if it please the +Plantor, he may let his bough be crooked, and leaue out his top end, one +foote or somewhat more, wherein will be good grafting, if either you +like not, or doubt the fruite of the bough (for commonly your +bur-knots are summer fruit) or if you thinke he will not couer his wound +safely. + +{SN: Vsuall Sets.} +{SN: Maine rootes cut.} +{SN: Stow sets remoued.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +{SN: Tying of trees.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +{SN: Signes of diseases, Chap 13.} +The most vsuall kind of sets, is plants with rootes growing of kirnels +of Apples, Peares, and Crabbes, or stones of Cherries, Plummes, &c. +Remoued out of a Nursery, Wood or other Orchard, into, and set in your +Orchard in their due places I grant this kind to be better than either +of the former, by much, as more sure and more durable. Herein you must +note that in sets so remoued, you get all the roots you can; and without +brusing of any; I vtterly dislike the opinion of those great Gardners, +that following their Bookes would haue the maine rootes cut away, for +tops cannot growe without rootes. And because none can get all the +rootes, and remouall is an hinderance, you may not leaue on all tops, +when you set them: For there is a proportion betwixt the top and root of +a tree, euen in the number (at least) in the growth. If the roots be +many, they will bring you many tops, if they be not hindred. And if you +vse to stow or top your tree too much or too low, and leaue no issue, or +little for sap, (as is to be seene in your hedges) it will hinder the +growth of rootes and boale, because such a kind of stowing is a kind of +smothering, or choaking the sap. Great wood, as Oke, Elme, Ash, &c. +being continually kept downe with sheeres, knife, axe, &c. neither boale +nor roote will thriue, but as an hedge or bush. If you intend to graff +in your Set, you may cut him closer with a greater wound, and nearer the +earth, within a foote or two, because the graft or grafts will couer +his wound. If you like his fruite, and would haue him to be a tree of +himselfe, be not so bold: this I can tell you, that though you do cut +his top close, and leaue nothing but his bulke, because his rootes are +few, if he be (but little) bigger than your thumbe (as I with all plants +remoued to be) he will safely recouer wound within seuen yeares; by good +guidance that is. In the next time of dressing immediatly aboue his +vppermost sprig, you cut him off aslope cleanely, to that the sprigge +stand on the backe side, (and if you can Northward, that the wound may +haue the benefit of Sunne) at the vpper ende of the wound: and let that +sprigge onely be the boale. And take this for a generall rule; Euery +young plant, if he thriue, will recouer any wound aboue the earth, by +good dressing, although it be to the one halfe, and to his very heart. +This short cutting at the remoue, saues your plants from Wind, and neede +the lesse or no staking. I commend not Lying or Leaning of trees against +holds or stayres; for it breedes obstruction of sap and wounds +incureable. All remouing of trees as great as your arme, or aboue, is +dangerous: though sometime some such will grow but not continue long: +Because they be tainted with deadly wounds, either in the roote or top. +(And a tree once throughly tainted is neuer good) And though they get +some hold in the earth with some lesser taw, or tawes, which giue some +nourishment to the body of the tree: yet the heart being tainted, he +will hardly euer thriue; which you may easily discerne by the +blackenesse of the boughes at the heart, when you dresse your trees. +Also, when he is set with moe tops than the rootes can nourish, the tops +decaying, blacken the boughes, and the boughs the armes, and so they +boile at the very heart. Or this taint in the remouall, if it kill not +presently, but after some short time, it may be discerned by blacknesse +or yellownesse in the barke, and a small hungred leafe. Or if your +remoued plant put forth leaues the next and second summer, and little or +few spraies, it is a great signe of a taint, and next yeares death. I +haue knowne a tree tainted in setting, yet grow, & beare blossomes for +diuers yeares: and yet for want of strength could neuer shape his fruit. + +{SN: Suckers good sets.} +Next vnto this or rather equall with these plants, are suckers growing +out of the roots of great trees, which cherries and plums do seldome or +neuer want: and being taken kindly with their roots, will make very good +sets. And you may helpe them much by enlarging their rootes with the +taws of the tree, whence you take them. They are of two sorts: Either +growing from the very root of the tree: and here you must be carefull, +not to hurt your tree when you gather them, by ripping amongst the +rootes; and that you take them cleane away: for these are a great and +continuall annoyance to the growth of your tree: and they will hardly be +cleansed. Secondly, or they do arise from some taw: and these may be +taken without danger, with long and good rootes, and will soone become +trees of strength. + +{SN: A running Plant.} +There is another way, which I haue not throughly proued, to get not +onely plants for graffing, but sets to remaine for trees, which I call a +_Running Plant_: the manner of it is this: Take a roote or kirnell, and +put it into the middle of your plot, and the second yeare in the spring, +geld his top, if he haue one principall (as commonly by nature they +haue) and let him put forth onely foure Cyons toward the foure corners +of the orchard, as neere the earth as you can. If he put not foure, +(which is rare) stay his top till he haue put so many. When you haue +such foure, cut the stocke aslope, as is aforesayd in this chapter, hard +aboue the vttermost sprig, & keepe those foure without Cyons cleane and +straight, till you haue them a yard and a halfe, at least, or two yards +long. Then the next spring in grassing time, lay downe those foure +sprayes, towards the foure corners of your Orchard, with their tops in +an heape of pure and good earth, and railed as high as the roote of your +Cyon (for sap will not descend) and a sod to keepe them downe, leauing +nine or twelue inches of the top to looke vpward. In that hill he will +put rootes, and his top new Cyons, which you must spread as before, and +so from hill to hill till he spread the compasse of your ground, or as +farre as you list. If in bending, the Cyons cracke, the matter is small, +cleanse the ground and he will recouer. Euery bended bough will put +forth branches, and become trees. If this plant be of a burre knot, +there is no doubt. I haue proued it in one branch my selfe: and I know +at _Wilton_ in _Cleeue-land_ a Peare-tree of a great bulke and age, +blowne close to the earth, hath put at euery knot rootes into the earth, +and from roote to top, a great number of mighty armes or trees, filling +a great roomth, like many trees, or a little Orchard. Much better may it +be done by Art in a lesse tree. And I could not mislike this +kind, saue that the time will be long before it come to perfection. + +{SN: Sets bought.} +Many vse to buy sets already grafted, which is not the best way: for +first, All remoues are dangerous: Againe, there is danger in the +carriage: Thirdly, it is a costly course of planting: Fourthly, euery +Gardner is not trusty to sell you good fruite: Fifthly, you know not +which is best, which is worst, and so may take most care about your +worst trees. Lastly, this way keepes you from practise, and so from +experience in so good, Gentlemanly, Scholerlike, and profitable a +faculty. + +{SN: The best sets.} +{SN: Vnremoued how.} +The onely best way (in my opinion) to haue sure and lasting sets, is +neuer to remoue: for euery remoue is an hinderance, if not a dangerous +hurt or deadly taint. This is the way. The plot forme being layd, and +the plot appointed where you will plant euery set in your orchard, digge +the roomth, where your sets shall stand, a yard compasse, and make the +earth mellow and cleane, and mingle it with a few coale-ashes, to auoide +wormes: and immediately after the first change of the Moone, in the +latter end of _February_, the earth being a fresh turn'd ouer, put in +euery such roomth three or foure kirnels of Apples or Peares, of the +best: euery kirnell in an hole made with your finger, finger deepe, a +foote distant one from another: and that day moneth following, as many +moe, (lest some of the former misse) in the same compasse; but not in +the same holes. Hence (God willing) shall you haue rootes enough. If +they all, or diuers of them come vp, you may draw (but not digge) vp +(nor put downe) at your pleasure, the next _Nouember_. How many soeuer +you take away, to giue or bestow elsewhere, be sure to leaue two of the +proudest. And when in your 2. and 3. yeare you Graffe, if you graffe +then at all, leaue the one of those two vngraffed, lest in graffing the +other you faile: For I find by tryall, that after first or second +graffing in the same stocke, being mist (for who hits all) the third +misse puts your stocke in deadly danger, for want of issue of sap. Yea, +though you hit in graffing, yet may your graffes with winde or otherwise +be broken downe. If your graffes or graffe prosper, you haue your +desire, in a plant vnremoued, without taint, and the fruite at your +owne choyce, and so you may (some little earth being remooued) pull, but +not digge vp the other Plant or Plants in that roomth. If your graffe or +stocke, or both perish, you haue another in the same place, of better +strength to worke vpon. For thriuing without snub he will ouer-lay your +grafted stocke much. And it is hardly possible to misse in graffing so +often, if your Gardiner be worth his name. + +{SN: Sets vngrafted best of all.} +It shall not be amisse (as I iudge it) if your Kirnels be of choyce +fruite, and that you see them come forward proudly in their body, and +beare a faire and broad leafe in colour, tending to a greenish yellow +(which argues pleasant and great fruit) to try some of them vngraffed: +for although it be a long time ere this come to beare fruit, ten or +twelue yeares, or moe; and at their first bearing, the fruit will not +seeme to be like his owne kind: yet am I assured, vpon tryall, before +twenty yeares growth, such trees will increase the bignesse and +goodnesse of their fruite, and come perfectly to their owne kind. Trees +(like other breeding creatures) as they grow in yeares, bignes and +strength, so they mend their fruit. Husbands and Houswiues find this +true by experience, in the rearing of their yong store. More then this, +there is no tree like this for soundnes and dureable last, if his +keeping and dressing be answerable. I grant, the readiest way to come +soone to fruit is graffing: because in a manner, all your graffes are +taken of fruit bearing trees. + +{SN: Time of remouing.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +Now when you haue made choise of your sets to remoue, the ground being +ready, the best time is, immediatly after the fall of the leafe, in, or +about the change of the Moone, when the sap is most quiet: for then the +sap is in turning: for it makes no stay, but in the _extremity_ of +drought or cold. At any time in winter, may you transplant trees so you +put no ice nor snow to the root of your plant in the setting: and +therefore open, calme and moist weather is best. To remoue, the leafe +being ready to fall and not fallen, or buds apparantly put forth in a +moist warme season, for need, sometime may do well: but the safest is to +walke in the plaine trodden path. + +Some hold opinion that it is best remouing before the fall of the leafe, +and I heare it commonly practised in the South by our best arborists, +the leafe not fallen: and they giue the reason to be, that the +descending of the sap will make speedy rootes. But marke the reasons +following and I thinke you shall find no soundnesse, either in that +position or practise, at least in the reason. + +1. I say, it is dangerous to remoue when the sap is not quiet, for euery +remoue giues a maine checke to the stirring sap, by staying the course +therof in the body of your plant, as may appeare in trees remoued any +time in summer, they commonly dye, nay hardly shall you saue the life of +the most young and tender plant of any kinde of wood (scarcely herbes) +if you remoue them in the pride of sap. For proud sap vniuersally staied +by remoual, euer hinders; often taints and so presently, or in very +short time kills. Sap is like bloud in mans body, in which is the life, +_Cap. 3. p. 9._ If the blood vniuersally be cold, life is excluded; so +is sap tainted by vntimely remouall. A stay by drought, or cold, is not +so dangerous (though dangerous if it be extreme) because more naturall. + +2. The sap neuer descends, as men suppose, but is consollidated & +transubstantiated into the substance of the tree, and passeth (alwayes +aboue the earth) vpward, not onely betwixt the barke and the wood, but +also into and in both body & barke, though not so plentifully, as may +appeare by a tree budding, nay fructifying two or three yeres, after he +be circumcised at the very root, like a riuer that inlargeth his channel +by a continual descent. + +3. I cannot perceiue what time they would haue the sap to descend. At +_Midsommer_ in a biting drought it staies, but descends not, for +immediatly vpon moisture it makes second shoots, at (or before rather) +_Michaeltide_, when it shapens his buds for next yeares fruit. If at the +fal of leafe, I grant, about that time is the greatest stand, but no +descent, of sap, which begins somwhat before the leafe fall, but not +long, therfore at that time must be the best remouing, not by reason of +descent, but stay of sap. + +4. The sap in this course hath his profitable and apparant effects, as +the growth of the tree, couering of wounds, putting of buds, &c. +Wherupon it follows, if the sap descend, it must needs haue some effect +to shew it. + +5. Lastly, boughs plasht and laid lower then the root, dye for want of +sap descending, except where it is forced by the maine streame of the +sap, as in top boughs hanging like water in pipes, or except the plasht +bough lying on the ground put rootes of his owne, yea vnder boughs which +we commonly call water boughs, can scarcely get sap to liue, yea in time +dye, because the sap doth presse so violently vpward, and therefore the +fairest shootes and fruits are alwayes in the top. + +{SN: Remooue soone.} +_Obiect._ If you say that many so remoued thriue, I say that somewhat +before the fall of the leafe (but not much) is the stand, for the fall & +the stand are not at one instant, before the stand is dangerous. But to +returne. + +The sooner in winter you remoue your sets, the better; the latter the +worse: For it is very perillous if a strong drought take your Sets +before they haue made good their rooting. A Plant set at the fall, shall +gaine (in a a manner) a whole yeeres growth of that which is set in the +Spring after. + +{SN: The manner of setting.} +I vse in the setting to be sure, that the earth be mouldy, (and somewhat +moist) that it may runne among the small tangles without straining or +bruising: and as I fill in earth to his root, I shake the Set easily to +and fro, to make the earth settle the better to his roots: and withall +easily with my foot I put in the earth close; for ayre is noysome, and +will follow concauities. Some prescribe Oates to be put in with the +earth. I could like it, if I could know any reason thereof: and they vse +to set their Plant with the same side toward the Sunne: but this conceit +is like the other. For first I would haue euery tree to stand so free +from shade, that not onely the root (which therefore you must keepe bare +from graffe) but body, boughes, and branches, and euery spray, may haue +the benefit of Sunne. And what hurt, if that part of the tree, that +before was shadowed, be now made partaker of the heat of the Sunne? In +turning of Bees, I know it is hurtfull, because it changeth their +entrance, passage, and whole worke: But not so in Trees. + +{SN: Set in the crust.} +Set as deepe as you can, so that in any wise you goe not beneath the +crust. Looke Chap. 2. + +{SN: Moysture good.} +We speake in the second Chapter of moysture in generall: but now +especially hauing put your remoued plant into the earth, powre on water +(of a puddle were good) by distilling presently, and so euery weeke +twice in strong drought, so long as the earth will drinke, and refuse by +ouerflowing. For moisture mollifies, and both giues leaue to the roots +to spread, and makes the earth yeeld sap and nourishment with plenty & +facility. Nurses (they say) giue most & best milke after warme drinks. + +If your ground be such that it will keepe no moisture at the root of +your plant, such plant shall neuer like, or but for a time. There is +nothing more hurtfull for young trees then piercing drought. I haue +known trees of good stature after they haue beene of diuers yeeres +growth, & thriue well for a good time, perish for want of water, and +very many by reason of taints in setting. + +{SN: Grafts must be fenced.} +It is meet your sets and grafts be fenced, till they be as big as your +arme, for feare of annoyances. Many waies may sets receiue dammages, +after they be set, whether grafted or vngrafted. For although we +suppose, that no noysome beast, or other thing must haue accesse among +your trees: yet by casualty, a Dog, Cat, or such like, or your selfe, or +negligent friend bearing you company, or a shrewd boy, may tread or fall +vpon a young and tender plant or graft. To auoid these and many such +chances, you must stake them round a pretty distance from the set, +neither so neere, nor so thicke, but that it may haue the benefit of +Sun, raine, and ayre. Your stakes (small or great) would be so surely +put, or driuen into the earth, that they breake not, if any thing happen +to leane vpon them, else may the fall be more hurtfull, then the want of +the fence. Let not your stakes shelter any weeds about your sets, for +want of Sunne is a great hinderance. Let them stand so farre off, that +your grafts spreading receiue no hurt, either by rubbing on them, or of +any other thing passing by. If your stocke be long, and high grafted +(which I must discommend (except in need) because there the sap is +weake, and they are subiect to strong wind, and the lighting of birds) +tie easily with a soft list three or foure prickes vnder the clay, and +let their tops stand aboue the grafts, to auoid the lighting of Crowes, +Pyes, &c. vpon your grafts. If you sticke some sharpe thornes at the +roots of your stakes, they will make hurtfull things keepe off the +better. Other better fences for your grafts I know none. And thus much +for sets and setting. + + + + +CHAP. 8. + +_Of the distance of Trees._ + + +{SN: Hurts of too neere planting.} +I Know not to what end you should prouide good ground, well fenced, & +plant good sets; and when your trees should come to profit, haue all +your labours lost, for want of due regard to the distance of placing +your trees. I haue seene many trees stand so thicke, that one could not +thriue for the throng of his neighbours. If you doe marke it, you shall +see the tops of trees rubd off, their sides galled like a galled horses +backe, and many trees haue more stumps then boughes, and most trees no +well thriuing, but short, stumpish, and euill thriuing boughes: like a +Corne field ouer seeded, or a towne ouer peopled, or a pasture +ouer-laid, which the Gardiner must either let grow, or leaue the tree +very few boughes to beare fruit. Hence small thrift, galls, wounds, +diseases, and short life to the trees: and while they liue greene, +little, hard, worme-eaten, and euill thriuing fruit arise, to the +discomfort of the owners. + +{SN: Remedy.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +{SN: All touches hurtfull.} +To preuent which discommodity, one of the best remedies is the +sufficient and fit distance of trees. Therefore at the setting of your +plants you must haue such respect, that the distance of them be such, +that euery tree be not annoyance, but an helpe to his fellowes: for +trees (as all other things of the same kind) should shroud, and not +hurt one another. And assure your selfe that euery touch of trees (as +well vnder as aboue the earth) is hurtfull. Therefore this must be a +generall rule in this Art: That no tree in an Orchard well ordered, nor +bough, nor Cyon, drop vpon, or touch his fellowes. Let no man thinke +this vnpossible, but looke in the eleuenth Chapter of dressing of trees. +If they touch, the winde will cause a forcible rub. Young twigs are +tender, if boughes or armes touch or rub, if they are strong, they make +great galls. No kind of touch therefore in trees can be good. + +{SN: The best distance of trees.} +{SN: The parts of a tree.} +Now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite, and +that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth, that each tree by +probability will take and fill. And herein I am of a contrary opinion to +all them, which practise or teach the planting of trees, that euer yet I +knew, read, or heard of. For the common space betweene tree and tree is +ten foot: if twenty foot, it is thought very much. But I suppose twenty +yards distance is small enough betwixt tree and tree, or rather too too +little. For the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able +to ouer spread, and fill, so they touch not by one yard at least. Now I +am assured, and I know one Apple-tree, set of a slip _finger-great_, in +the space of 20 yeares, (which I account a very small part of a trees +age, as is shewed Chapter 14.) hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue +yards compasse, that is, fiue or sixe yards on euery side. Here I +gather, that in forty or fifty yeares (which yet is but a small time of +his age) a tree in good soile, well liking, by good dressing (for that +is much auaileable to this purpose) will spread double at the least, +viz. twelue yards on a side, which being added to twelue alotted to his +fellow, make twenty and foure yards, and so farre distant must euery +tree stand from another. And looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes +aboue, so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth, or rather further, +if there be no stop, nor let by walls, trees, rocks, barren earth and +such like: for an huge bulk, and strong armes, massie boughes, many +branches, and infinite twigs, require wide spreading roots. The top hath +the vast aire to spread his boughs in, high and low, this way and that +way: but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth, they may not goe +downward, nor vpward out of the earth, which is their element, no more +then the fish out of the water, Camelion out of the Aire, nor Salamander +out of the fire. Therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth. +And I dare well say, if nature would giue leaue to man by Art, to dresse +the roots of trees, to take away the tawes and tangles, that lap and +fret and grow superfluously and disorderly, (for euery thing _sublunary_ +is cursed for mans sake) the tops aboue being answerably dressed, we +should haue trees of wonderfull greatnes, and infinite durance. And I +perswade myselfe that this might be done sometimes in Winter, to trees +standing in faire plaines and kindly earth, with small or no danger at +all. So that I conclude, that twenty foure yards are the least space +that Art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another. + +{SN: Waste ground in an Orchard.} +If you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree +and tree? I answer: If you please to plant some tree or trees in that +middle space, you may, and as your trees grow contigious, great and +thick, you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees. And this I +take to be the chiefe cause, why the most trees stand so thicke. For men +not knowing (or not regarding) this secret of needfull distance, and +louing fruit of trees planted to their handes, thinke much to pull vpp +any, though they pine one another. If you or your heires or successors +would take vp some great trees (past setting) where they stand too +thicke, be sure you doe it about _Midsummer_, and leaue no maine root. I +destinate this space of foure and twenty yards, for trees of age & +stature. More then this, you haue borders to be made for walkes with +Roses, Berries, &c. + +And chiefly consider: that your Orchard, for the first twenty or thirty +yeeres, will serue you for many Gardens, for Safron, Licoras, roots, and +other herbs for profit, and flowers for pleasure: so that no ground need +be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligent. But be sure you +come not neere with such deepe deluing the roots of your trees, whose +compasse you may partly discerne, by the compasse of the tops, if your +top be well spread. And vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees, be +sure no herbes will like. Let this be said for the distance of Trees. + + + + +CHAP. 9. + +_Of the placing of Trees._ + + +The placing of trees in an Orchard is well worth the regard: For +although it must be granted, that any of our foresaid trees (Chap. 2.) +will like well in any part of your Orchard, being good and well drest +earth: yet are not all Trees alike worthy of a good place. And therefore +I wish that your Filbird, Plummes, Damsons, Bulesse, and such like, be +vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your Orchard into your fence: +for there is not such fertility and easefull growth, as within: and +there also they are more subiect to, and can abide the blasts of +_AEolus_. The cherries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of Summer, +and the rest standing longer, are not so soone shaken as your better +fruit: neither if they suffer losse, is your losse so great. Besides +that, your fences and ditches will deuoure some of your fruit growing in +or neere your hedges. And seeing the continuance of all these (except +Nuts) is small, the care of them ought to be the lesse. And make no +doubt but the fences of a large Orchard will containe a sufficient +number of such kind of Fruit trees in the whole compasse. It is not +material, but at your pleasure, in the said fences, you may either +intermingle your seueral kinds of fruit-trees, or set euery kind by +himselfe, which order doth very well become your better and greater +fruit. Let therefore your Apples, Peares, and Quinches, possesse all the +soile of your Orchard, vnlesse you be especially affected to some of +your other kinds: and of them let your greatest trees of growth stand +furthest from Sunne, and your Quinches at the South side or end, and +your Apples in the middle, so shall none be any hinderance to his +fellowes. The Warden-tree, and Winter-Peare will challenge the +preheminence for stature. Of your Apple-trees you shall finde difference +in growth. A good Pippin will grow large, and a Costard-tree: stead them +on the North side of your other Apples, thus being placed, the least +will giue Sun to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their fellowes. +The fences and out-trees will guard all. + + + + +CHAP. 10. + +_Of Grafting._ + + +{SN: Of Grauing or Caruing.} +{SN: Grafting What.} +{SN: A Graffe.} +Now are we come to the most curious point of our faculty: curious in +conceit, but indeede as plaine and easie as the rest, when it is +plainely shewne, which we commonly call _Graffing_, or (after some) +_Grafting_. I cannot _Etymologize_, nor shew the originall of the Word, +except it come of _Grauing_ and _Caruing_. But the thing or matter is: +The reforming of the fruite of one tree with the fruit of another, by an +artificiall transplacing, or transposing of a twigge, bud or leafe, +(commonly called a _Graft_) taken from one tree of the same, or some +other kind, and placed or put to, or into another tree in one time and +manner. + +{Illustration} + +{SN: Kinds of grafting.} +Of this there be diuers kinds, but three or foure now especially in +vse: to wit, Grafting, incising, packing on, grafting in the scutchion, +or inoculating: whereof the chiefe and most vsuall, is called grafting +(by the generall name, _Catahexocen_:) for it is the most knowne, +surest, readiest, and plainest way to haue store of good fruit. + +{SN: Graft how.} +It is thus wrought: You must with a fine, thin, strong and sharpe Saw, +made and armed for that purpose, cut off a foot aboue the ground, or +thereabouts, in a plaine without a knot, or as neere as you can without +a knot (for some Stocks will be knotty) your Stocke, set, or plant, +being surely stayed with your foot and legge, or otherwise straight +ouerthwart (for the Stocke may be crooked) and then plaine his wound +smoothly with a sharpe knife: that done, cleaue him cleanly in the +middle with a cleauer, and a knocke or mall, and with a wedge of wood, +Iron or Bone, two handfull long at least, put into the middle of that +clift, with the same knocke, make the wound gape a straw bredth wide, +into which you must put your Graffes. + +{SN: A Graft what.} +The graft is a top twig taken from some other Tree (for it is folly to +put a graffe into his owne Stocke) beneath the vppermost (and sometime +in need the second) knot, and with a sharpe knife fitted in the knot +(and some time out of the knot when need is) with shoulders an ynch +downeward, and so put into the stocke with some thrusting (but not +straining) barke to barke inward. + +{SN: Eyes.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +Let your graffe haue three or foure eyes, for readinesse to put forth, +and giue issue to the sap. It is not amisse to cut off the top of your +graffe, and leaue it but fiue or sixe inches long, because commonly you +shall see the tops of long graffes die. The reason is this. The sap in +graffing receiues a rebuke, and cannot worke so strongly presently, and +your graffes receiue not sap so readily, as the naturall branches. When +your graffes are cleanely and closely put in, and your wedge puld out +nimbly, for feare of putting your graffes out of frame, take well +tempered morter, soundly wrought with chaffe or horse dung (for the dung +of cattell will grow hard, and straine your graffes) the quantity of a +Gooses egge, and diuide it iust, and therewithall, couer your stocke, +laying the one halfe on the one side and the other halfe on the other +side of your graffes (for thrusting against your graffes) you moue them, +and let both your hands thrust at once, and alike, and let your clay be +tender, to yeeld easily; and all, lest you moue your graffes. Some vse +to couer the clift of the Stocke, vnder the clay with a piece of barke +or leafe, some with a sear-cloth of waxe and butter, which as they be +not much needfull, so they hurt not, vnlesse that by being busie about +them, you moue your graffes from their places. They vse also mosse tyed +on aboue the clay with some bryer, wicker, or other bands. These profit +nothing. They all put the graffes in danger, with pulling and thrusting: +for I hold this generall rule in graffing and planting: if your stocke +and graffes take, and thriue (for some will take and not thriue, being +tainted by some meanes in the planting or graffing) they will (without +doubt) recouer their wounds safely and shortly. + +{SN: Time of graffing.} +The best time of graffing from the time of remouing your stocke is the +next Spring, for that saues a second wound, and a second repulse of sap, +if your stocke be of sufficient bignesse to take a graffe from as big as +your thumbe, to as big as an arme of a man. You may graffe lesse (which +I like) and bigger, which I like not so well. The best time of the yeere +is in the last part of _February_, or in _March_, or beginning of +_Aprill_, when the Sunne with his heat begins to make the sap stirre +more rankely, about the change of Moone before you see any great +apparancy of leafe or flowers but onely knots and buds, and before they +be proud, though it be sooner. Cheries, Peares, Apricocks, Quinces, and +Plummes would be gathered and grafted sooner. + +{SN: Gathering graffes.} +{SN: Graffes of old trees.} +The graffes may be gathered sooner in _February_, or any time within a +moneth, or two before you graffe or vpon the same day (which I commend) +If you get them any time before, for I haue knowne graffes gathered in +_December_, and doe well, take heed of drought. I haue my selfe taken a +burknot of a tree, & the same day when he was laid in the earth about +mid _February_, gathered grafts and put in him, and one of those graffes +bore the third yeere after, and the fourth plentifully. Graffes of old +trees would be gathered sooner then of young trees, for they sooner +breake and bud. If you keepe graffes in the earth, moisture with the +heat of the Sun will make them sprout as fast, as if they were growing +on the tree. And therefore seeing keeping is dangerous, the surest way +(as I iudge) is to take them within a weeke of the time of your +grafting. + +{SN: Where taken.} +The grafts would be taken not of the proudest twigs, for it may be your +stocke is not answerable in strength. And therefore say I, the grafts +brought from South to vs in the North although they take and thriue +(which is somewhat doubtfull, by reason of the difference of the Clime +and carriage) yet shall they in time fashion themselues to our cold +Northerne soile, in growth, taste &c. + +{SN: Emmits.} +Nor of the poorest, for want of strength may make them vnready to +receiue sap (and who can tell but a poore graft is tainted) nor on the +outside of your tree, for there should your tree spread but in the +middest; for there you may be sure your Tree is no whit hindered in his +growth or forme. He will stil recouer inward, more then you would wish. +If your clay clift in Summer with drought, looke well in the Chinkes for +Emmits and Earewigs, for they are cunning and close theeues about grafts +you shall finde them stirring in the morning and euening, and the rather +in the moist weather. I haue had many young buds of Graffes, euen in the +flourishing, eaten with Ants. Let this suffice for graffing, which is in +the faculty counted the chiefe secret, and because it is most vsuall it +is best knowne. + +Graffes are not to be disliked for growth, till they wither, pine, and +die. Vsually before _Midsummer_ they breake, if they liue. Some (but +few) keeping proud and greene, will not put till the second yeere, so is +it to be thought of sets. + +The first shew of putting is no sure signe of growth, it is but the sap +the graffe brought with him from his tree. + +So soone as you see the graft put for growth, take away the clay, for +then doth neither the stocke nor the graffe need it (put a little fresh +well tempered clay in the hole of the stocke) for the clay is now +tender, and rather keepes moistture then drought. + +The other waies of changing the naturall fruit of Trees, are more +curious then profitable, and therefore I mind not to bestow much labour +or time about them, onely I shall make knowne what I haue proued, and +what I doe thinke. + +{SN: Incising.} +{SN: A great stocke.} +And first of incising, which is the cutting of the backe of the boale, +a rine or branch of a tree at some bending or knee, shoulderwise with +two gashes, onely with a sharpe knife to the wood: then take a wedge, +the bignes of your graffe sharpe ended, flat on the one side, agreeing +with the tree, and round on the other side, and with that being thrust +in, raise your barke, then put in your graffe, fashioned like your wedge +iust: and lastly couer your wound, and fast it vp, and take heed of +straining. This will grow but to small purpose, for it is weake hold, +and lightly it will be vnder growth. Thus may you graft betwixt the +barke and the tree of a great stocke that will not easily be clifted: +But I haue tryed a better way for great trees, viz First, cut him off +straight, and cleanse him with your knife, then cleaue him into foure +quarters, equally with a strong cleauer: then take for euery Clift two +or three small (but hard) wedges iust of the bignesse of your grafts, +and with those Wedges driuen in with an hammer open the foure clifts so +wide (but no wider) that they may take your foure graffes, with +thrusting not with straining: and lastly couer and clay it closely, and +this is a sure and good way of grafting: or thus, clift your stocke by +his edges twice or thrice with your cleauer, and open him with your +wedge in euery clift one by one, and put in your grafts, and then couer +them. This may doe well. + +{SN: Packing thus.} +Packing on is, when you cut aslope a twig of the same bignesse with your +graft, either in or besides the knot, two inches long, and make your +graft agree iumpe with the Cyon, and gash your graft and your Cyon in +the middest of the wound, length-way, a straw breadth deepe, and thrust +the one into the other, wound to wound, sap to sap, barke to barke, then +tie them close and clay them. This may doe well. The fairest graft I +haue in my little Orchard, which I haue planted, is thus packt on, and +the branch whereon I put him, is in his plentifull roote. + +To be short in this point, cut your graft in any sort or fashion, two +inches long, and ioyne him cleanly and close to any other sprig of any +tree in the latter end of the time of grafting, when sap is somewhat +rife, and in all probability they will close and thriue: thus + +{Illustration: _The Sprig._ _The graft._ _The twig._ _The graft._} + +Or any other fashion you thinke good. + +{SN: Inoculating.} +Inoculating is an eye or bud, taken barke and all from one tree, and +placed in the roome of another eie or bud of another, cut both of one +compasse, and there bound. This must be done in Summer, when the sap is +proud. + +{SN: Graffing in the Scutchion.} +Much like vnto this is that, they call grafting in the scutchion, they +differ thus: That here you must take an eie with his leafe, or (in mine +opinion) a bud with his leaues. (Note that an eie is for a Cyon, a bud +is for flowers and fruit,) and place them on another tree, in a plaine +(for so they teach) the place or barke where you must set it, must be +thus cut with a sharpe knife, and the barke raised with a wedge, and +then the eie or budde put in and so bound vp. {TN: a diagram of an H} I +cannot denie but such may grow. And your bud if he take will flowre and +beare fruit that yeere: as some grafts & sets also, being set for +bloomes. If these two kinds thriue, they reforme but a spray, and an +vndergrowth. Thus you may place Roses on Thornes, and Cherries on +Apples, and such like. Many write much more of grafting, but to small +purpose. Whom we leaue to themselues, & their followers; & ending this +secret we come in the next Chapter to a point of knowledge most +requisite in an Arborist, as well for all other woods as for an Orchard. + + + + +CHAP. 11. + +_Of the right dressing of Trees._ + + +{SN: Necessity of dressing trees.} +{SN: Generall rule.} +If all these things aforesaid were indeed performed, as we haue shewed +them in words, you should haue a perfect Orchard in nature and +substance, begunne to your hand; And yet are all these things nothing, +if you want that skill to keepe and dresse your trees. Such is the +condition of all earthly things, whereby a man receiueth profit or +pleasure, that they degenerate presently without good ordering. Man +himselfe left to himselfe, growes from his heauenly and spirituall +generation, and becommeth beastly, yea deuillish to his owne kind, +vnlesse he be regenerate No maruell then, if Trees make their shootes, +and put their spraies disorderly. And truly (if I were worthy to iudge) +there is not a mischiefe that breedeth greater and more generall harme +to all the Orchard (especially if they be of any continuance) that euer +I saw, (I will not except three) then the want of the skilfull dressing +of trees. It is a common and vnskilfull opinion, and saying. Let all +grow, and they will beare more fruit: and if you lop away superfluous +boughes, they say, what a pitty is this? How many apples would these +haue borne? not considering there may arise hurt to your Orchard, as +well (nay rather) by abundance, as by want of wood. Sound and thriuing +plants in a good soile, will euer yeeld too much wood, and disorderly, +but neuer too little. So that a skilfull and painfull Arborist, need +neuer want matter to effect a plentifull and well drest Orchard: for it +is an easie matter to take away superfluous boughes (if your Gardner +haue skill to know them) whereof your plants will yeeld abundance, and +skill will leaue sufficient well ordered. All ages both by rule and +experience doe consent to a pruining and lopping of trees: yet haue not +any that I know described vnto vs (except in darke and generall words) +what or which are those superfluous boughes, which we must take away, +and that is the chiefe and most needfull point to be knowne in lopping. +And we may well assure our selues, (as in all other Arts, so in this) +there is a vantage and dexterity, by skill, and an habite by practise +out of experience, in the performance hereof for the profit of mankind; +yet doe I not know (let me speake it with the patience of our cunning +Arborists) any thing within the compasse of humane affaires so +necessary, and so little regarded, not onely in Orchards, but also in +all other timber trees, where or whatsoeuer. + +{SN: Timber wood euill drest.} +{SN: The cause of hurts in woods.} +{SN: Dresse timber trees how.} +How many forrests and woods? wherein you shall haue for one liuely +thriuing tree, foure (nay sometimes 24.) euill thriuing, rotten and +dying trees, euen while they liue. And instead of trees thousands of +bushes and shrubs. What rottennesse? what hollownesse? what dead armes? +withered tops? curtailed trunkes? what loads of mosses? drouping +boughes? and dying branches shall you see euery where? And those that +like in this sort are in a manner all vnprofitable boughes, canked +armes, crooked, little and short boales: what an infinite number of +bushes, shrubs, and skrogs of hazels, thornes, and other profitable +wood, which might be brought by dressing to become great and goodly +trees. Consider now the cause: The lesser wood hath beene spoiled with +carelesse, vnskilfull, and vntimely stowing, and much also of the great +wood. The greater trees at the first rising haue filled and ouer-loaden +themselues with a number of wastfull boughes and suckers, which haue not +onely drawne the sap from the boale, but also haue made it knotty, and +themselues and the boale mossie for want of dressing, whereas if in the +prime of growth they had bene taken away close, all but one top +(according to this patterne) and cleane by the bulke, the strength of +all the sap should haue gone to the bulke, and so he would haue +recouered and couered his knots, and haue put forth a faire, long and +streight body (as you see) for timber profitable, huge great of bulke, +and of infinite last. + +{Illustration: _Imagine the roote to be spread farre wider._} + +If all timber trees were such (will some say) how should we haue crooked +wood for wheeles, courbs, &c. + +_Answ._ Dresse all you can, and there will be enough crooked for those +vses. + +More than this, in most places, they grow so thicke, that neither +themselues, nor earth, nor any thing vnder or neere them can thriue, nor +Sunne, nor raine, nor aire can doe them, nor any thing neere or vnder +them any profit or comfort. + +I see a number of Hags, where out of one roote you shall see three or +foure (nay more, such as mens vnskilfull greedinesse, who desiring many +haue none good) pretty Okes or Ashes straight and tall, because the root +at the first shoote giues sap amaine: but if one onely of them might bee +suffered to grow, and that well and cleanely pruned, all to his very +top, what a tree should we haue in time? And we see by those rootes +continually and plentifully springing, notwithstanding so deadly +wounded. What a commodity should arise to the owner, and the +Common-wealth, if wood were cherished, and orderly dressed. + +{SN: Profit of trees dressed.} +{SN: The end of Trees.} +The wast boughes closely and skilfully taken away, would giue vs store +of fences and fewell, and the bulke of the tree in time would grow of +huge length and bignes. But here (me thinkes) I heare an vnskilfull +Arborist say, that trees haue their seuerall formes, euen by nature, +the Peare, the Holly, the Aspe, &c. grow long in bulke with few and +little armes, the Oke by nature broad, and such like. All this I graunt: +but grant me also, that there is a profitable end, and vse of euery +tree, from which if it decline (though by nature) yet man by art may +(nay must) correct it. Now other end of trees I neuer could learne, than +good timber, fruit much and good, and pleasure. Vses physicall hinder +nothing a good forme. + +{SN: Trees will take any forme.} +Neither let any man euer so much as thinke, that it vnprobable, much +lesse vnpossible, to reforme any tree of what kind soeuer. For (beleeue +me) I haue tried it, I can bring any tree (beginning by time) to any +forme. The peare and holly may be made to spread, and the Oke to close. + +{SN: The end of Trees.} +But why do I wander out of the compasse of mine Orchard, into the +Forrests and Woods? Neither yet am I from my purpose, if boales of +timber trees stand in need of all the sap, to make them great and +straight (for strong growth and dressing makes strong trees) then it +must needes be profitable for fruit (a thing more immediately seruing a +mans need) to haue all the sap his roote can yeeld: for as timber sound, +great and long, is _the good of timber trees_, and therefore they beare +no fruite of worth: so fruit, good, sound, pleasant, great and much, is +the end of fruit-trees. That gardner therefore shall performe his duty +skilfully and faithfully, which shall so dresse his trees, that they may +beare such and such store of fruit, which he shall neuer do (dare +vndertake) vnlesse he keepe this order in dressing his trees. + +{SN: How to dresse a fruit-tree.} +A fruit tree so standing, that there need none other end of dressing but +fruit (not ornaments for walkes, nor delight to such as would please +their eye onely, and yet the best forme can not but both adorne and +delight) must be parted from within two foote, or thereabouts, of the +earth, so high to giue liberty to dresse his roote, and no higher, for +drinking vp the sap that should feede his fruit, for the boale will be +first, and best serued and fed, because he is next the roote, and of +grenest waxe and substance, and that makes him longest of life, into +two, three, or foure armes, as your stocke or graffes yeelde twigs, and +euery arme into two or more branches, and euery branch into his seuerall +Cyons, still spreading by equall degrees, so that his lowest spray be +hardly without the reach of a mans hand, and his highest be not past two +yards higher, rarely (especially in the middest) that no one twig touch +his fellow. Let him spread as farre as he list without his maister-bough +or lop equally. And when any bough doth grow sadder and fall lower, than +his fellowes (as they will with weight of fruite) ease him the next +spring of his superfluous twigs, and he will rise: when any bough or +spray shall amount aboue the rest; either snub his top with a nip +betwixt your finger and your thumbe, or with a sharpe knife, and take +him cleane away, and so you may vse any Cyon you would reforme, and as +your tree shall grow in stature and strength, so let him rise with his +tops, but slowly, and earely, especially in the middest, and equally, +and in bredth also, and follow him vpward with lopping his vndergrowth +and water boughes, keeping the same distance of two yards, but not aboue +three in any wise, betwixt the lowest and the highest twigs. + +{SN: Benefits of good dressing.} +1. Thus you shall haue well liking, cleane skind, healthfull great, and +long-lasting trees. + +2. Thus shall your tree grow low, and safe from winds, for his top will +be great, broad and weighty. + +3. Thus growing broad, shall your trees beare much fruit (I dare say) +one as much as sixe of your common trees, and good without shadowing, +dropping and fretting: for his boughes, branches, and twigs shalbe many, +and those are they (not the boale) which beare the fruit. + +4. Thus shall your boale being little (not small but low) by reason of +his shortnesse, take little, and yeeld much sap to the fruit. + +5. Thus your trees by reason of strength in time of setting shall put +forth more blossomes, and more fruite, being free from taints; for +strength is a great helpe to bring forth much and safely, whereas +weakenesse failes in setting though the season be calme. + +Some vse to bare trees rootes in Winter, to stay the setting til hotter +seasons, which I discommend, because, + +1. They hurt the rootes. + +2. It stayes it nothing at all. + +3. Though it did, being small, with vs in the North, they haue their +part of our _Aprill_ and _Mayes_ frosts. + +4. Hinderance cannot profit weake trees in setting. + +5. They wast much labour. + +6. Thus shall your tree be easie to dresse, and without danger, either +to the tree or the dresser. + +7. Thus may you safely and easily gather your fruite without falling, +bruising or breaking of Cyons. + +This is the best forme of a fruit tree, which I haue here onely shadowed +out for the better capacity of them that are led more with the eye, than +the mind, crauing pardon for the deformity, because I am nothing +skilfull either in painting or caruing. + +Imagine that the paper makes but one side of the tree to appeare, the +whole round compasse will giue leaue for many more armes, boughes, +branches, and Cyons. + +{Illustration: _The perfect forme of a Fruit-tree._} + +If any thinke a tree cannot well be brought to this forme: _Experto +crede Roberto_, I can shew diuers of them vnder twenty yeeres of age. + +{SN: Time best for proining.} +The fittest time of the Moone for proyning is as of grafting, when the +sap is ready to stirre (not proudly stirring) and so to couer the wound, +and of the yeere, a moneth before (or at least when) you graffe. Dresse +Peares, Apricocks, Peaches, Cherries, and Bullys sooner. And old trees +before young plants, you may dresse at any time betwixt Leafe and Leafe. +And note, where you take any thing away, the sap the next Summer will be +putting: be sure therefore when he puts a bud in any place where you +would not haue him, rub it off with your finger. + +{SN: Dressing betime.} +And here you must remember the common homely Prouerbe: + + _Soone crookes the Tree, + That good Camrell must be._ + +{SN: Faults of euill drest trees, and the remedy.} +Beginne betime with trees, and do what you list: but if you let them +grow great and stubborne, you must do as the trees list. They will not +bend but breake, nor bee wound without danger. A small branch will +become a bough, and a bough an arme in bignesse. Then if you cut him, +his wound will fester, and hardly, without good skill, recouer: +therefore, _Obsta principys_. Of such wounds, and lesser, of any bough +cut off a handfull or more from the body, comes hollownesse, and +vntimely death. And therefore when you cut, strik close, and cleane, and +vpward, and leaue no bunch. + +{SN: The forme altered.} +This forme in some cases sometimes may be altered: If your tree, or +trees, stand neere your Walkes, if it please your fancy more, let him +not breake, till his boale be aboue you head: so may you walke vnder +your trees at your pleasure. Or if you set your fruit-trees for your +shades in your Groues, then I expect not the forme of the tree, but the +comelinesse of the walke. + +{SN: Dressing of old trees.} +All this hitherto spoken of dressing, must be vnderstood of young +plants, to be formed: it is meete somewhat be sayd for the instruction +of them that haue olde trees already formed, or rather deformed: for, +_Malum non vitatur nisi cognitum_. The faults therefore of the +disordered tree, I find to be fiue: + +{SN: Faults are fiue, and their remedies.} + 1. An vnprofitable boale. + 2. Water-boughes. + 3. Fretters. + 4. Suckers: And, + 5. One principall top. + +{SN: 1. Long boale.} +{SN: No remedy.} +A long boale asketh much feeding, and the more he hath the more he +desires, and gets (as a drunken man drinke, or a couetuous man wealth) +and the lesse remaines for the fruit, he puts his boughes into the aire, +and makes them, the fruit, and it selfe more dangered with windes: for +this I know no remedy, after that the tree is come to growth, once +euill, neuer good. + +{SN: 2. Water boughs.} +Water boughes, or vndergrowth, are such boughes as grow low vnder others +and are by them ouergrowne, ouershadowed, dropped on, and pinde for want +of plenty of sap, and by that meanes in time die: For the sap presseth +vpward; and it is like water in her course, where it findeth most issue, +thither it floweth, leauing the other lesser floes dry: euen as wealth +to wealth, and much to more. These so long as they beare, they beare +lesse, worse, and fewer fruit, and waterish. + +{SN: Remedy.} +{SN: Barke-pild, and the remedy.} +The remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme. Lop +them close and cleane, and couer the midel of the wound, the next Summer +when he is dry, with a salue made of tallow, tarre, and a very little +pitch, good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree: vnlesse +it be barke-pild, and then sear-cloath of fresh Butter, Hony, and Waxe, +presently (while the wound is greene) applyed, is a soueraigne remedy in +Summer especially. Some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of Hay, +moist, and rub it with dung. + +{SN: Fretters.} +{SN: Touching.} +{SN: Remedy.} +Fretters are, when as by the negligence of the Gardner, two or moe parts +of the tree, or of diuers trees, as armes, boughes, branches, or twigs, +grow to neere and close together, that one of them by rubbing, doth +wound another. This fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care +(at least) in the Arborist: for here the hurt is apparant, and the +remedy easie, seene to betime: galls and wounds incurable, but by +taking away those members: for let them grow, and they will be worse and +worse, & so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth, and danger +the whole tree. Auoide them betime therefore, as a common wealth doth +bosome enemies. + +{SN: Suckers.} +A Sucker is a long, proud, and disorderly Cyon, growing straight vp (for +pride of sap makes proud, long, and straight growth) cut of any lower +parts of the tree, receiuing a great part of the sap, and bearing no +fruit, till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree. These are like idle +and great Drones amongst Bees; and proud and idle members in a common +wealth. + +{SN: Remedy.} +The remedy of this is, as of water-boughes, vnlesse he be growne greater +then all the rest of the boughs, and then your Gardner (at your +discretion) may leaue him for his boale, and take away all, or the most +of the rest. If he be little, slip him, and set him, perhaps he will +take: my fairest Apple-tree was such a Slip. + +{SN: One principall top or bough, and remedy.} +One or two principall top boughes are as euill, in a manner, as Suckers, +they rise of the same cause, and receiue the same remedy; yet these are +more tolerable, because these beare fruit, yea the best: but Suckers of +long doe not beare. + +{SN: Instruments for dressing.} +I know not how your tree should be faulty, if you reforme all your vices +timely, and orderly. As these rules serue for dressing young trees and +sets in the first planting: so may they well serue to helpe old trees, +though not exactly to recouer them. + +The Instruments fittest for all these purposes, are most commonly: For +the great trees an handsome long, light Ladder of Firpoles, a little, +nimble, and strong armed Saw, and sharpe. For lesse Trees, a little and +sharpe Hatchet, a broad mouthed Chesell, strong and sharpe, with an +hand-beetle, your strong and sharpe Cleeuer, with a knock, & (which is a +most necessary Instrument amongst little trees) a great hafted and +sharpe Knife or Whittle. And as needfull is a Stoole on the top of a +Ladder of eight or moe rungs, with two backe-feet, whereon you may +safely and easefully stand to graffe, to dresse, and to gather fruit +thus formed: The feet may be fast wedged in: but the Ladder must hang +loose with two bands of iron. And thus much of dressing trees for fruit, +formerly to profit. + +{Illustration} + + + + +CHAP. 12. + +_Of Foyling._ + + +{SN: Necessity of foiling.} +There is one thing yet very necessary for make your Orchard both better, +and more lasting: Yea, so necessary, that without it your Orchard cannot +last, nor prosper long, which is neglected generally both in precepts +and in practice, viz. manuring with Foile: whereby it hapneth that when +trees (amongst other euils) through want of fatnesse to feed them, +become mossie, and in their growth are euill (or not) thriuing, it is +either attributed to some wrong cause, as age (when indeed they are but +young) or euill standing (stand they neuer so well) or such like, or +else the cause is altogether vnknowne, and so not amended. + +{SN: Trees great suckers.} +{SN: Great bodies.} +Can there be deuised any way by nature, or art, sooner or soundlier to +seeke out, and take away the heart and strength of earth, then by great +trees? Such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap. +What liuing body haue you greater then of trees? The great Sea monsters +(whereof one came a land at _Teesmouth_ in _Yorkeshire_, hard by vs, 18. +yards in length, and neere as much in compasse) seeme hideous, huge, +strange and monstrous, because they be indeed great: but especially +because they are seldome seene: But a tree liuing, come to his growth +and age, twice that length, and of a bulke neuer so great, besides his +other parts, is not admired, because he is so commonly seene. And I +doubt not, but if he were well regarded from his kirnell, by succeeding +ages, to his full strength, the most of them would double their measure. +About fifty yeeres agoe I heard by credible and constant report, That in +_Brooham_ Parke in _West more-land_, neere vnto _Penrith_, there lay a +blowne Oake, whose trunke was so bigge, that two Horse men being the one +on the one side, and the other on the other side, they could not one see +another: to which if you adde his armes, boughs, and roots, and consider +of his bignesse, what would he haue been, if preserued to the vantage. +Also I read in the History of the _West-Indians_, out of _Peter Martyr_, +that sixteene men taking hands one with another, were not able to +fathome one of those trees about. Now Nature hauing giuen to such a +faculty by large and infinite roots, taws and tangles, to draw +immediately his sustenance from our common mother the Earth (which is +like in this point to all other mothers that beare) hath also ordained +that the tree ouer loden with fruit, and wanting sap to feed all she +hath brought forth, will waine all she cannot feed, like a woman +bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats. See you not how +trees especially, by kind being great, standing so thicke and close, +that they cannot get plenty of sap, pine away all the grasse, weeds, +lesser shrubs, and trees, yea and themselues also for want of vigor of +sap? So that trees growing large, sucking the soile whereon they stand, +continually, and amaine, and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them +decaying (for what is there that wastes continually, that +shall not haue end?) must either haue supply of sucker, or else leaue +thriuing and growing. Some grounds will beare Corne while they be new, +and no longer, because their crust is shallow, and not very good, and +lying they scind and wash, and become barren. The ordinary Corne soiles +continue not fertile, with fallowing and foyling, and the best requires +supply, euen for the little body of Corne. How then can we thinke that +any ground (how good soeuer) can containe bodies of such greatnesse, and +such great feeding, without great plenty of Sap arising from good earth? +This is one of the chiefe causes, why so many of our Orchards in +_England_ are so euill thriuing when they come to growth, and our fruit +so bad. Men are loth to bestow much ground, and desire much fruit, and +will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse, nor yet feed them +with manure. Therefore of necessity Orchards must be foiled. + +{SN: Time fit for foyling.} +{SN: Kind of foyle.} +The fittest time is, when your trees are growne great, and haue neere +hand spread your earth, wanting new earth to sustaine them, which if +they doe, they will seeke abroad for better earth, and shun that, which +is barren (if they find better) as cattell euill pasturing. For nature +hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good, and to +auoid hurt. The best time of the yeere is at the Fall, that the Frost +may bite and make it tender, and the Raine wash it to the roots. The +Summer time is perillous if ye digge, because the sap fills amaine. The +best kind of Foile is such as is fat, hot, and tender. Your earth must +be but lightly opened, that the dung may goe in, and wash away; and but +shallow, lest you hurt the roots: and the spring closely and equally +made plaine againe for feare of Suckers. I could wish, that after my +trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine Orchard, that euery seuen +yeeres at least, the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke +at least. Puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully, will +not onely moisten but fatten especially in _Iune_ and _Iuly_. If it be +thicke and fat, and applied euery yeere, your Orchard shall need none +other foiling. Your ground may lye so low at the Riuer side, that the +floud standing some daies and nights thereon, shall saue you all this +labour of foiling. + + + + +CHAP. 13. + +_Of Annoyances._ + + +A Chiefe helpe to make euery thing good, is to auoid the euils thereof: +you shall neuer attaine to that good of your Orchard you looke for, +vnlesse you haue a Gardner, that can discerne the diseases of your +trees, and other annoyances of your Orchard, and find out the causes +thereof, and know & apply fit remedies for the same. For be your ground, +site, plants, and trees as you would wish, if they be wasted with +hurtfull things, what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell? +It is with an Orchard and euery tree, as with mans body, The best part +of physicke for preseruation of health, is to foresee and cure diseases. + +{SN: Two kinds of euils in an Orchard.} +All the diseases of an Orchard are of two sorts, either internall or +externall. I call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular +trees. + + 1 Galles. + 2 Canker. + 3 Mosse. + 4 Weaknes in setting. + 5 Barke bound. + 6 Barke pild. + 7 Worme. + 8 Deadly wounds. + +{SN: Galls.} +Galles, Canker, Mosse, weaknes, though they be diuers diseases: yet +(howsoeuer Authors thinke otherwise) they rise all out of the same +cause. + +Galles we haue described with their cause and remedy, in the 11. Chapter +vnder the name of fretters. + +{SN: Canker.} +Canker is the consumption of any part of the tree, barke and wood, which +also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes. + +{SN: Mosse.} +Mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all, the cause is pointed out in +the same Chapter, in the discourse of timber-wood, and partly also the +remedy: but for Mosse adde this, that at any time in summer (the Spring +is best) When the cause is remoued, with an Harecloth, immediatly after +a showre of raine, rub off your Mosse, or with a peece of weed (if the +Mosse abound) formed like a great knife. + +{SN: Weaknesse in setting.} +Weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the +same Chapter, and his remedy. All these flow from the want of roomth in +good soile, wrong planting, Chap. 7. and euill or no dressing. + +{SN: Barke-bound.} +Bark-bound (as I thinke) riseth of the same cause, and the best, & +present remedy (the causes being taken away) is with your sharpe knife +in the Spring, length-way to launch his bark throughout, on 3. or 4. +sides of his boale. + +{SN: Worme.} +{SN: Remedy.} +The disease called the Worme is thus discernd: The barke will be hoald +in diuers places like gall, the wood will die & dry, and you shall see +easily the barke swell. It is verily to be thought, that therin is bred +some worm I haue not yet thorowly sought it out, because I was neuer +troubled therewithall: but onely haue seene such trees in diuers +places. I thinke it a worme rather, because I see this disease in trees, +bringing fruit of sweet taste, and the swelling shewes as much. The +remedy (as I coniecture) is so soone as you perceiue the wound, the next +Spring cut it out barke and all, and apply Cowes pisse and vineger +presently, and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space: For I +well perceiue, if you suffer it any time, it eates the tree or bough +round, and so kils. + +Since I first wrote this Treatise, I haue changed my mind concerning the +disease called the worme, because I read in the History of the +_West-Indians_, that their trees are not troubled with the disease +called the worme or canker, which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted +humor or sap, Witnesse _Pliny_, by reason their Country is more hot then +ours, whereof I thinke the best remedy is (not disallowing the former, +considering that the worme may breed by such an humor) warme standing, +sound lopping and good dressing. + +{SN: Barke pild.} +Bark-pild you shall find with his remedy in the 11. Chapter. + +{SN: Wounds.} +Deadly wounds are when a mans Arborist wanting skill, cut off armes, +boughes or branches an inch, or (as I see sometimes) an handfull, or +halfe a foot or more from the body: These so cut cannot couer in any +time with sap, and therefore they die, and dying they perish the heart, +and so the tree becomes hollow, and with such a deadly wound cannot liue +long. + +{SN: Remedy.} +The remedy is, if you find him before he be perished, cut him close, as +in the 11. Chapter: if he be hoald, cut him close, fill his wound, tho +neuer so deepe, with morter well tempered & so close at the top his +wound with a Seare-cloth doubled and nailed on, that no aire nor raine +approach his wound. If he be not very old, and detaining, he will +recouer, and the hole being closed, his wound within shall not hurt him +for many yeeres. + +{SN: Hurts on trees.} +{SN: Ants, Earewigs, Caterpillars, and such like wormes.} +Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants, Earewigs, and Caterpillars. Of +Ants and Earewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there be no swarme of Pismires +neere your tree-root, no not in your Orchard, turne them ouer in a +frost, and powre in water, and you kill them. + +For Caterpillars, the vigilant Fruterer shall soone espy their lodging +by their web, or the decay of leaues eaten around about them. And being +seene, they are easily destroyed with your hand, or rather (if your tree +may spare it) take sprig and all: for the red peckled butterfly doth +euer put them, being her sparm, among the tender spraies for better +feeding, especially in drought, and tread them vnder your feet. I like +nothing of smoke among my trees. Vnnaturall heates are nothing good for +naturall trees. This for diseases of particular trees. + +{SN: Externall euils.} +Externall hurts are either things naturall or artificiall. Naturall +things, externally hurting Orchards. + + 1 Beasts. 1 Deere. 2 Birds. 1 Bulfinch. + 2 Goates. 2 Thrush. + 3 Sheepe. 3 Blackbird. + 4 Hare. 4 Crow. + 5 Cony. 5 Pye. + 6 Cattell. + 7 Horse. &c. + + _The other things are_, + 1 Winds. + 2 Cold. + 3 Trees. + 4 Weeds. + 5 Wormes. + 6 Mowles. + 7 Filth. + 8 Poysonfull smoke. + + _Externall wilfull euils are these._ + 1 Walls. + 2 Trenches. + 3 Other works noisome done in or neere your Orchard. + 4 Euill Neighbours. + 5 A carelesse Master. + 6 An vndiscreet, negligent or no keeper. + +See you here an whole Army of mischeifes banded in troupes against the +most fruitfull trees the earth beares? assailing your good labours. Good +things haue most enemies. + +{SN: Remedy.} +A skilfull Fructerer must put so his helping hand, and disband and put +them to flight. + +{SN: Deere, &c.} +For the first ranke of beasts, besides your out strong fence, you must +haue a faire and swift Greyhound, a stone-bow, gun, and if need require, +an Apple with an hooke for a Deere, and an Hare-pipe for an Hare. + +{SN: Birds.} +Your Cherries and other Berris when they be ripe, will draw all the +Black-birds, Thrushes, and Maw Pies to your Orchard. The Bul-finch is a +deuourer of your Fruit in the bud, I haue had whole trees shald out with +them in Winter-time. + +{SN: Remedy.} +The best remedy here is a Stone bow, a Piece, especially if you haue a +Musket or Spar-hawke in Winter to make the Black bird stoope into a bush +or hedge. + +{SN: Other trees.} +The Gardner must cleanse his soile of all other trees: but fruit-trees +aforesaid Chapter 2 for which it is ordained, and I would especially +name Oakes, Elmes, Ashes, and such other great wood, but that I doubt it +should be taken as an admission of lesser trees: for I admit of nothing +to grow in mine Orchard but fruit and flowers. If sap can hardly be good +to feed our fruit-trees, why should we allow of any other, especially +those, that will becom their Masters, & wrong them in their liuelyhood. + +{SN: Winds.} +{SN: Frosts.} +And although we admit without the fence of Wall-nuts in most plaine +places, Trees middle-most, and ashes or Okes, or Elmes vtmost, set in +comely rowes equally distant with faire Allies twixt row and row to +auoide the boisterous blasts of winds, and within them also others for +Bees; yet wee admit none of these into your Orchard-plat: other remedy +then this haue wee none against the nipping frosts. + +{SN: Weeds.} +Weeds in a fertile soile (because the generall curse is so) till your +Trees grow great, will be noysome, and deforme your allies, walkes, +beds, and squares, your vnder Gardners must labour to keepe all cleanly +& handsome from them and all other filth with a Spade, weeding kniues, +rake with iron teeth: a skrapple of Iron thus formed. + +IC + +For Nettles and ground-Iuy after a showre. + +{SN: Remedy.} +When weeds, straw, stickes and all other scrapings are gathered +together, burne them not, but bury them vnder your crust in any place of +your Orchard, and they will dye and fatten your ground. + +{SN: Wormes. Moales.} +Wormes and Moales open the earth, and let in aire to the roots of your +trees, and deforme your squares and walkes, and feeding in the earth, +being in number infinite, draw on barrennesse. + +{SN: Remedy.} +Worms may be easily destroyed. Any Summer euening when it is darke, +after a showre with a candle, you may fill bushels, but you must tred +nimbly & where you cannot come to catch them so; sift the earth with +coale ashes an inch or two thicknes, and that is a plague to them, so is +sharpe grauell. + +Moales will anger you, if your Gardner or some skilful Moale-catcher +ease you not, especially hauing made their fortresses among the roots of +your trees: you must watch her wel with a Moal spare, at morne, noon, +and night, when you see her vtmost hill, cast a Trench betwixt her and +her home (for she hath a principall mansion to dwell and breed in about +_Aprill_, which you may discerne by a principall hill, wherein you may +catch her, if you trench it round and sure, and watch well) or +wheresoeuer you can discerne a single passage (for such she hath) there +trench, and watch, and haue her. + +{SN: Wilfull annoyances.} +Wilfull annoyances must be preuented and auoided by the loue of the +Master and Fruterer, which they beare to their Orchard. + +{SN: Remedy.} +Iustice and liberality will put away euill neighbours or euill +neighbour-hood. And then if (God blesse and giue successe to your +labours) I see not what hurt your Orchard can sustaine. + + + + +CHAP. 14. + +_Of the age of Trees._ + + +{SN: The age of trees.} +It is to be considered: All this Treatise of trees tends to this end, +that men may loue and plant Orchards, whereunto there cannot be a better +inducement then that they know (or at least be perswaded) that all that +benefit they shall reape thereby, whether of pleasure or profit, shall +not be for a day or a moneth, or one, or many (but many hundreth) +yeeres. Of good things the greatest, and most durable is alwaies the +best. If therefore out of reason grounded vpon experience, it be made +(I thinke) manifest, but I am sure probable, that a fruit tree in such a +soile and site, as is described so planted and trimmed and kept, as is +afore appointed and duely foiled, shall dure 1000 yeeres, why should we +not take paines, and be at two or three yeeres charges (for vnder seuen +yeeres will an Orchard be perfected for the first planting, and in that +time be brought to fruit) to reape such a commodity and so long lasting. + +{SN: Gathered by reason out of experience.} +Let no man thinke this to be strange, but peruse and consider the +reason. I haue Apple trees standing in my little Orchard, which I haue +knowne these forty yeeres, whose age before my time I cannot learne, it +is beyond memory, tho I haue enquired of diuers aged men of 80. yeeres +and vpwards: these trees although come into my possession very euill +ordered, mishapen, and one of them wounded to his heart, and that deadly +(for I know it will be his death) with a wound, wherein I might haue put +my foot in the heart of his bulke (now it is lesse) notwithstanding, +with that small regard they haue had since, they so like, that I assure +my selfe they are not come to their growth by more then 2. parts of 3. +which I discerne not onely by their owne growth, but also by comparing +them with the bulke of other trees. And I find them short (at least) by +so many parts in bignesse, although I know those other fruit-trees to +haue beene much hindred in their stature by euill guiding. Herehence I +gather thus. + +{SN: Parts of a trees age.} +If my trees be a hundred yeeres old, and yet want two hundred of their +growth before they leaue encreasing, which make three hundred, then we +must needs resolue, that this three hundred yeere are but the third part +of a Trees life, because (as all things liuing besides) so trees must +haue allowed them for their increase one third, another third for their +stand, and a third part of time also for their decay. All which time of +a Tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres, three hundred for increase, three +hundred for his stand, whereof we haue the terme stature, and three +hundred for his decay, and yet I thinke (for we must coniecture by +comparing, because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees) I am +within the compasse of his age, supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of +preseruing his life. Consider the age of other liuing creatures. The +Horse and moiled Oxe wrought to an vntimely death, yet double the time +of their increase. A Dog likewise increaseth three, stanns three at +least, end in as many (or rather moe) decayes. + +{SN: Mans age.} +Euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth, and +so must it needs be with trees. A man comes not to his full growth and +strength (by common estimation) before thirty yeeres, and some slender +and cleane bodies, not till forty, so long also stands his strength, & +so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay. Euer +supposing that he be well kept with necessaries, and from and without +straines, bruises, and all other dominyring diseases. I will not say +vpon true report, that Physicke holds it possible, that a cleane body +kept by these 3. Doctors, _Doctor Dyet_, _Doctor Quiet_, and _Doctor +Merriman_, may liue neere a hundred yeeres. Neither will I here vrge the +long yeeres of _Methushalah_, and those men of that time, because you +will say, Mans dayes are shortned since the floud. But what hath +shortned them? God for mans sinnes: but by meanes, as want of knowledge, +euill gouernment, ryot, gluttony, drunkenesse, and (to be short) the +encrease of the curse, our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age. + +Now if a man, whose body is nothing (in a manner) but tender +rottennesse, whose course of life cannot by any meanes, by counsell, +restraint of Lawes, or punishment, nor hope of praise, profet, or +eturnall glory, be kept within any bounds, who is degenerate cleane from +his naturall feeding, to effeminate nicenesse, and cloying his body with +excesse of meate, drinke, sleepe &c. and to whom nothing is so pleasant +and so much desired as the causes of his owne death, as idlenesse, lust, +&c. may liue to that age: I see not but a tree of a solide substance, +not damnified by heate or cold, capable of, and subiect to any kinde of +ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him, feeding naturally, +as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities, eased of, and of +his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him, should double +the life of a man, more then twice told; and yet naturall phylosophy, +and the vniuersall consent of all Histories tell vs, that many other +liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres: As the Hart +and the Rauen. Thus reporteth that famous _Roterodam_ out of _Hesiodus_, +and many other Historiographers. The testimony of _Cicero_ in his booke +_De Senectute_, is weighty to this purpose: that we must _in posteras +aetates ferere arbores_, which can haue none other fence: but that our +fruit-trees whereof he speakes, can endure for many ages. + +What else are trees in comparison with the earth: but as haires to the +body of a man? And it is certaine, without poisoning, euill and +distemperate dyet, and vsage, or other such forcible cause, the haires +dure with the body. That they be called excrements, it is by reason of +their superfluous growth: (for cut them as often as you list, and they +will still come to their naturall length) Not in respect of their +substance, and nature. Haires endure long, and are an ornament and vse +also to the body, as trees to the earth. + +So that I resolue vpon good reason, that fruit-trees well ordered, may +liue and like a thousand yeeres, and beare fruit, and the longer, the +more, the greater, and the better, because his vigour is proud and +stronger, when his yeeres are many: You shall see old trees put their +buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then young trees by +much. And I sensibly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their +fruit, as they grow greater, both for number and greatnesse. +Young Heifers bring not forth the Calues so faire, neither are they so +plentifull to milke, as when they become to be old Kine. No good +Houswife will breed of a young but of an old bird-mother: It is so in +all things naturally, therefore in trees. + +{SN: The age of timber trees.} +And if fruit-trees last to this age, how many ages is it to be supposed, +strong and huge timber-trees will last? whose huge bodies require the +yeeres of diuers _Methushalaes_, before they end their dayes, whose sap +is strong and bitter, whose barke is hard and thicke, and their +substance solid and stiffe: all which are defences of health and long +life. Their strength withstands all forcible winds, their sap of that +quality is not subiect to wormes and tainting. Their barke receiues +seldome or neuer by casualty any wound. And not onely so, but he is free +from remoualls, which are the death of millions of trees, where as the +fruit-tree in comparison is little, and often blowne downe, his sap +sweet, easily and soone tainted, his barke tender, and soone wounded, +and himselfe vsed by man, as man vseth himselfe, that is either +vnskilfully or carelessely. + +{SN: Age of trees discerned.} +It is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees, +which you may easily know, till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres, +by his knots: Reckon from his root vp an arme and so to hys top-twig, +and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot, except +lopping or remouing doe hinder. + + + + +CHAP. 15. + +_Of gathering and keeping Fruit._ + + +{SN: Generall Rule.} +{SN: Cherries, &c.} +Although it be an easie matter, when God shall send it, to gather and +keepe fruit, yet are they certaine things worthy your regard. You must +gather your fruit when it is ripe, and not before, else will it wither +and be tough and sowre. All fruit generally are ripe, when they beginne +to fall. For Trees doe as all other bearers doe, when their yong ones +are ripe, they will waine them. The Doue her Pigeons, the Cony her +Rabbets, and women their children. Some fruit tree sometimes getting a +taint in the setting with a frost or euill wind, will cast his fruit +vntimely, but not before he leaue giuing them sap, or they leaue +growing. Except from this foresaid rule, Cherries, Damsons and Bullies. +The Cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red, and sweet: Damsons and +Bulies not before the first frost. + +{SN: Apples.} +Apples are knowne to be ripe, partly by their colour, growing towards a +yellow, except the Leather-coat and some Peares and Greening. + +{SN: When.} +Timely Summer fruit will be ready, some at Midsummer, most at Lammus for +present vse; but generally noe keeping fruit before _Michal-tide_. Hard +Winter fruit and Wardens longer. + +{SN: Dry stalkes.} +Gather at the full of the Moone for keeping, gather dry for feare of +rotting. + +Gather the stalkes with all: for a little wound in fruit, is deadly: but +not the stumpe, that must beare the next fruit, nor leaues, for moisture +putrifies. + +{SN: Seuerally.} +Gather euery kind seuerally by it selfe, for all will not keepe alike, +and it is hard to discerne them, when they are mingled. + +{SN: Ouerladen trees.} +If your trees be ouer-laden (as they will be, being ordered, as is +before taught you) I like better of pulling some off (tho they be not +ripe) neere the top end of the bough, then of propping by much, the rest +shall be better fed. Propping puts the bough in danger, and frets it at +least. + +{SN: Instruments.} +{SN: Bruises.} +Instruments: A long ladder of light Firre: A stoole-ladder as in the 11. +Chapter. A gathering apron like a poake before you, made of purpose, or +a Wallet hung on a bough, or a basket with a siue bottome, or skinne +bottome, with Lathes or splinters vnder, hung in a rope to pull vp and +downe: bruise none, euery bruise is to fruit death: if you doe, vse them +presently. An hooke to pull boughs to you is necessary, breake no +boughes. + +{SN: Keeping.} +For keeping, lay them in a dry Loft, the longest keeping Apples first +and furthest on dry straw, on heapes ten or fourteene dayes, thicke, +that they may sweat. Then dry them with a soft and cleane cloth, and lay +them thinne abroad. Long keeping fruit would be turned once in a moneth +softly: but not in nor immediately after frost. In a loft couer well +with straw, but rather with chaffe or branne: For frost doth cause +tender rottennesse. + + + + +CHAP. 16. + +_Of Profits._ + + +Now pause with your selfe, and view the end of all your labours in an +Orchard: vnspeakable pleasure, and infinite commodity. The pleasure of +an Orchard I referre to the last Chapter for the conclusion: and in this +Chapter, a word or two of the profit, which thorowly to declare is past +my skill: and I count it as if a man should attempt to adde light to the +Sunne with a Candle, or number the Starres. No man that hath but a meane +Orchard or iudgement but knowes, that the commodity of an Orchard is +great: Neither would I speake of this, being a thing so manifest to all; +but that I see, that through the carelesse lazinesse of men, it is a +thing generally neglected. But let them know, that they lose hereby the +chiefest good which belongs to house-keeping. + +Compare the commodity that commeth of halfe an acre of ground, set with +fruit-trees and hearbs, so as is prescribed, and an whole acre (say it +be two) with Corne, or the best commodity you can wish, and the +Orchard shall exceed by diuers degrees. + +{SN: Cydar and Perry.} +In _France_ and some other Countries, and in _England_, they make great +vse of Cydar and Perry, thus made: Dresse euery Apple, the stalke, vpper +end, and all galles away, stampe them, and straine them, and within 24. +houres tun them vp into cleane, sweet, and sound vessels, for feare of +euill ayre, which they will readily take: and if you hang a poakefull of +Cloues, Mace, Nutmegs, Cinamon, Ginger, and pils of Lemmons in the midst +of the vessell, it will make it as wholesome and pleasant as wine. The +like vsage doth Perry require. + +These drinks are very wholesome, they coole, purge, and preuent hot +Agues. But I leaue this skill to Physicians. + +{SN: Fruit.} +The benefit of your Fruit, Roots and Hearbs, though it were but to eate +and sell, is much. + +{SN: Waters.} +Waters distilled of Roses, Woodbind, Angelica, are both profitable and +wondrous pleasant, and comfortable. + +{SN: Conserue.} +Saffron and Licoras will yeeld you much Conserues and Preserues, are +ornaments to your Feasts, health in your sicknesse, and a good helpe to +your friend, and to your purse. + +He that will not be moued with such vnspeakable profits, is well worthy +to want, when others abound in plenty of good things. + + + + +CHAP. 17. + +_Ornaments._ + + +Me thinks hitherto we haue but a bare Orchard for fruit, and but halfe +good, so long as it wants those comely Ornaments, that should giue +beauty to all our labours, and make much for the honest delight of the +owner and his friends. + +{SN: Delight the chiefe end of Orchards.} +{SN: An Orchard delightsome.} +{SN: An Orchard is Paradise.} +{SN: Causes of wearisomnesse.} +{SN: Orchard is the remedy.} +For it is not to be doubted: but as God hath giuen man things +profitable, so hath he allowed him honest comfort, delight, and +recreation in all the workes of his hands. Nay, all his labours vnder +the Sunne without this are troubles, and vexation of mind: For what is +greedy gaine, without delight, but moyling, and turmoyling in slauery? +But comfortable delight, with content, is the good of euery thing, and +the patterne of heauen. A morsell of bread with comfort, is better by +much then a fat Oxe with vnquietnesse. And who can deny, but the +principall end of an Orchard, is the honest delight of one wearied with +the works of his lawfull calling? The very workes of, and in an Orchard +and Garden, are better then the ease and rest of and from other labours. +When God had made man after his owne Image, in a perfect state, and +would haue him to represent himselfe in authority, tranquillity, and +pleasure vpon the earth, he placed him in _Paradise_. What was +_Paradise_? but a Garden and Orchard of trees and hearbs, full of +pleasure? and nothing there but delights. The gods of the earth, +resembling the great God of heauen in authority, Maiestie, and abundance +of all things, wherein is their most delight? and whither doe they +withdraw themselues from the troublesome affaires of their estate, being +tyred with the hearing and iudging of litigious Controuersies? choked +(as it were) with the close ayres of their sumptuous buildings, their +stomacks cloyed with variety of Banquets, their eares filled and +ouerburthened with tedious discoursings? whither? but into their +Orchards? made and prepared, dressed and destinated for that purpose, to +renue and refresh their sences, and to call home their ouer-wearied +spirits. Nay, it is (no doubt) a comfort to them, to set open their +Cazements into a most delicate Garden and Orchard, whereby they may not +onely see that, wherein they are so much delighted, but also to giue +fresh, sweet, and pleasant ayre to their Galleries and Chambers. + +{SN: All delight in Orchards.} +And looke, what these men do by reason of their greatnes and ability, +prouoked with delight, the same doubtlesse would euery of vs doe, if +power were answerable to our desires, whereby we shew manifestly, that +of all other delights on earth, they that are taken by Orchards, are +most excellent, and most agreeing with nature. + +{SN: This delights all the senses.} +For whereas euery other pleasure commonly filles some one of our senses, +and that onely, with delight, this makes all our sences swimme in +pleasure, and that with infinite variety, ioyned with no lesse +commodity. + +{SN: Delighteth old age.} +That famous _Philosopher_, and matchlesse Orator, _M.T.C._ prescribeth +nothing more fit, to take away the tediousnesse and heauy load of three +or foure score yeeres, then the pleasure of an Orchard. + +{SN: Causes of delight in an Orchard.} +What can your eye desire to see, your eares to hear, your mouth to tast, +or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an Orchard, with +abundance and variety? What more delightsome then an infinite variety of +sweet smelling flowers? decking with sundry colours, the greene mantle +of the Earth, the vniuersall Mother of vs all, so by them bespotted, so +dyed, that all the world cannot sample them, and wherein it is more fit +to admire the Dyer, then imitate his workemanship. Colouring not onely +the earth, but decking the ayre, and sweetning euery breath and spirit. + +{SN: Flowers.} +The Rose red, damaske, veluet, and double double prouince Rose, the +sweet muske Rose double and single, the double and single white Rose. +The faire and sweet senting Woodbinde, double and single, and double +double. Purple Cowslips, and double Cowslips, and double double +Cowslips. Primerose double and single. The Violet nothing behinde the +best, for smelling sweetly. A thousand more will prouoke your content. + +{SN: Borders and squares.} +And all these, by the skill of your Gardner, so comely, and orderly +placed in your Borders and Squares, and so intermingled, that none +looking thereon, cannot but wonder, to see, what Nature corrected by Art +can doe. + +{SN: Mounts.} +{SN: Whence you may shoote a Bucke.} +{SN: Dyall.} +{SN: Musique.} +When you behold in diuers corners of your Orchard _Mounts_ of stone, or +wood curiously wrought within and without, or of earth couered with +fruit-trees: Kentish Cherry, Damsons, Plummes, &c. with staires of +precious workmanship. And in some corner (or moe) a true Dyall or Clocke +and some Anticke-workes and especially siluer-sounding Musique, mixt +Instruments and voices, gracing all the rest: How will you be rapt with +delight? + +{SN: Walkes.} +{SN: Seates.} +Large Walkes, broad and long, close and open, like the _Tempe_ groues in +_Thessalie_, raised with grauell and sand, hauing seats and bankes of +Cammomile, all this delights the minde, and brings health to the body. + +{SN: Order of trees.} +View now with delight the workes of your owne hands, your fruit-trees of +all sorts, loaden with sweet blossomes, and fruit of all tasts, +operations, and colours: your trees standing in comely order which way +soeuer you looke. + +{SN: Shape of men and beasts.} +Your borders on euery side hanging and drooping with Feberries, +Raspberries, Barberries, Currens, and the rootes of your trees powdred +with Strawberries, red, white, and greene, what a pleasure is this? Your +Gardner can frame your lesser wood to the shape of men armed in the +field, ready to giue battell: or swift running Greyhounds: or of well +sented and true running Hounds, to chase the Deere, or hunt the Hare. +This kind of hunting shall not waste your corne, nor much your coyne. + +{SN: Mazes.} +Mazes well framed a mans height, may perhaps make your friend wander in +gathering of berries, till he cannot recouer himselfe without your +helpe. + +{SN: Bowle-Alley.} +{SN: Buts.} +To haue occasion to exercise within your Orchard: it shall be a pleasure +to haue a Bowling Alley, or rather (which is more manly, and more +healthfull) a paire of Buts, to stretch your armes. + +{SN: Hearbes.} +Rosemary and sweete Eglantine are seemely ornaments about a Doore or +Window, and so is Woodbinde. + +{SN: Conduit.} +Looke Chapter 5, and you shall see the forme of a Conduite. If there +were two or more, it were not amisse. + +{SN: Riuer.} +{SN: Moats.} +And in mine opinion, I could highly commend your Orchard, if either +through it, or hard by it there should runne a pleasant Riuer with +siluer streames; you might sit in your Mount, and angle a peckled Trout, +or fleightie Eele, or some other dainty Fish. Or moats, whereon you +might row with a Boate, and fish with Nettes. + +{SN: Bees.} +Store of Bees in a dry and warme Bee-house, comely made of Fir-boords, +to sing, and sit, and feede vpon your flowers and sprouts, make a +pleasant noyse and sight. For cleanely and innocent Bees, of all other +things, loue and become, and thriue in an Orchard. If they thriue (as +they must needes, if your Gardiner bee skilfull, and loue them: for they +loue their friends, and hate none but their enemies) they will, besides +the pleasure, yeeld great profit, to pay him his wages Yea, the increase +of twenty Stockes or Stooles, with other fees will keepe your Orchard. + +You need not doubt their stings, for they hurt not whom they know, and +they know their keeper and acquaintance. If you like not to come amongst +them, you need not doubt them: for but neere their store, and in their +owne defence, they will not fight, and in that case onely (and who can +blame them?) they are manly, and fight desperately. Some (as that +Honorable Lady at _Hacknes_, whose name doth much grace mine Orchard) +vse to make seates for them in the stone wall of their Orchard, or +Garden, which is good, but wood is better. + +{SN: Vine.} +A Vine ouer-shadowing a seate, is very comely, though her Grapes with vs +ripe slowly. + +{SN: Birds.} +{SN: Nightingale.} +{SN: Robin-red-brest.} +{SN: Wren.} +One chiefe grace that adornes an Orchard, I cannot let slip: A brood of +Nightingales, who with their seuerall notes and tunes, with a strong +delightsome voyce, out of a weake body, will beare you company night and +day. She loues (and liues in) hots of woods in her hart. She will helpe +you to cleanse your trees of Caterpillers, and all noysome wormes and +flyes. The gentle Robin-red-brest will helpe her, and in winter in the +coldest stormes will keepe a part. Neither will the silly Wren be behind +in Summer, with her distinct whistle (like a sweete Recorder) to cheere +your spirits. + +{SN: Black-bird.} +{SN: Thrush.} +The Black-bird and Threstle (for I take it the Thrush sings not, but +deuoures) sing loudly in a _May_ morning and delights the eare much (and +you neede not want their company, if you haue ripe Cherries or Berries, +and would as gladly as the rest do you pleasure:) But I had rather want +their company than my fruit. + +What shall I say? A thousand of pleasant delightes are attendant in an +Orchard: and sooner shall I be weary, then I can recken the least part +of that pleasure, which one that hath and loues an Orchard, may find +therein. + +What is there of all these few that I haue reckoned, which doth not +please the eye, the eare, the smell, and taste? And by these sences as +Organes, Pipes, and windowes, these delights are carried to refresh the +gentle, generous, and noble mind. + +{SN: Your owne labour.} +To conclude, what ioy may you haue, that you liuing to such an age, +shall see the blessings of God on your labours while you liue, and leaue +behind you to heires or successors (for God will make heires) such a +worke, that many ages after your death, shall record your loue to their +Countrey? And the rather, when you consider (_Chap. 14._) to what length +of time your worke is like to last. + + +_FINIS._ + + + + + + + THE + COVNTRY + HOVSE-VVIFES + GARDEN. + +_Containing Rules for Hearbs and Seedes_ of common vse, with their times +and seasons, when to set and sow them. + +TOGETHER, + +With the Husbandry of Bees, published with secrets _very necessary for +euery House-wife_. + +As also diuerse new Knots for Gardens. + +The Contents see at large in the last Page. + +Genes. 2. 29. + +_I haue giuen vnto you euery Herbe, and euery tree, that shall be to you +for meate._ + +IC + +_LONDON_, + +Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden Vnicorne in +Pater-noster-row. 1631. + + + + +THE COVNTRY HOVSVVIFES GARDEN. + + + + +CHAP. 1. + +_The Soyle._ + + +{SN: Dry.} +{SN: Hops.} +The soyle of an Orchard and Garden, differ onely in these three points: +First, the Gardens soyle would be somewhat dryer, because hearbes being +more tender then trees, can neither abide moisture nor drought, in such +excessiue measure, as trees; and therefore hauing a dryer soyle, the +remedy is easie against drought, if need be: water soundly, which may be +done with small labour, the compasse of a Garden being nothing so great, +as of an Orchard, and this is the cause (if they know it) that Gardners +raise their squares: but if moysture trouble you, I see no remedy +without a generall danger, except in Hops, which delight much in a low +and sappy earth. + +{SN: Plaine.} +Secondly, the soyle of a Garden would be plaine and leuell, at least +euery square (for we purpose the square to be the fittest forme) the +reason: the earth of a garden wanting such helpes, as should stay the +water, which an orchard hath, and the rootes of hearbes being short, and +not able to fetch their liquor from the bottome, are more annoyed by +drought, and the soyle being mellow and loose, is soone either washt +away, or sends out his heart by too much drenching and washing. + +Thirdly, if a garden soyle be not cleere of weedes, and namely, of +grasse, the hearbes shall neuer thriue: for how should good hearbes +prosper, when euill weeds waxe so fast: considering good hearbes are +tender in respect of euill weedes: these being strengthened by nature, +and the other by art? Gardens haue small place in comparison, and +therefore may be more easily be fallowed, at the least one halfe yeare +before, and the better dressed after it is framed. And you shall finde +that cleane keeping doth not onely auoide danger of gathering weedes, +but also is a speciall ornament, and leaues more plentifull sap for your +tender hearbes. + + + + +CHAP. 2. + +_Of the Sites._ + + +I cannot see in any sort, how the site of the one should not be good, +and fit for the other: The ends of both being one, good, wholesome, and +much fruit ioyned with delight, vnlesse trees be more able to abide the +nipping frostes than tender hearbes: but I am sure, the flowers of trees +are as soone perished with cold, as any hearbe except Pumpions, and +Melons. + + + + +CHAP. 3. + +_Of the Forme._ + + +Let that which is sayd in the Orchards forme, suffice for a garden in +generall: but for speciall formes in squares, they are as many, as there +are diuices in Gardners braines. Neither is the wit and art of a +skilfull Gardner in this poynt not to be commended, that can worke more +variety for breeding of more delightsome choyce, and of all those +things, where the owner is able and desirous to be satisfied. The number +of formes, Mazes and Knots is so great, and men are so diuersly +delighted, that I leaue euery House-wife to her selfe, especially seeing +to set downe many, had bene but to fill much paper; yet lest I depriue +her of all delight and direction, let her view these few, choyse, new +formes, and note this generally, that all plots are square, and all are +bordered about with Priuit, Raisins, Fea-berries, Roses, Thorne, +Rosemary, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, or such like. + +{Illustration: The ground plot for Knots.} + +{Illustration: Cinkfoyle.} + +{Illustration: Flower-deluce.} + +{Illustration: The Trefoyle.} + +{Illustration: The Fret.} + +{Illustration: Lozenges.} + +{Illustration: Crosse-bow.} + +{Illustration: Diamond.} + +{Illustration: Ouall.} + +{Illustration: Maze.} + + + + +CHAP. 4. + +_Of the Quantity._ + + +A Garden requireth not so large a scope of ground as an Orchard, both in +regard of the much weeding, dressing and remouing, and also the paines +in a Garden is not so well repaied home, as in an Orchard. It is to be +graunted, that the Kitchin garden doth yeeld rich gaines by berries, +roots, cabbages, &c. yet these are no way comparable to the fruits of a +rich Orchard: but notwithstanding I am of opinion, that it were better +for _England_, that we had more Orchards and Gardens, and more large. +And therefore we leaue the quantity to euery mans ability and will. + + + + +CHAP. 5. + +_Of Fence._ + + +Seeing we allow Gardens in Orchard plots, and the benefit of a Garden is +much, they both require a strong and shrowding fence. Therefore leauing +this, let vs come to the hearbes themselues, which must be the fruit of +all these labours. + + + + +CHAP. 6. + +_Of two Gardens._ + + +Hearbes are of two sorts, and therefore it is meete (they requiring +diuers manners of Husbandry) that we haue two Gardens: A garden for +flowers, and a Kitchen garden: or a Summer garden: not that we meane so +perfect a distinction, that the Garden for flowers should or can be +without hearbes good for the Kitchen, or the Kitchen garden should want +flowers, nor on the contrary: but for the most part they would be +seuered: first, because your Garden flowers shall suffer some disgrace, +if among them you intermingle Onions, Parsnips, &c. Secondly, your +Garden that is durable, must be of one forme: but that, which is for +your Kitchens vse, must yeeld daily rootes, or other hearbes, and suffer +deformity. Thirdly, the hearbs of both will not be both alike ready, at +one time, either for gathering, or remouing. First therefore + + +_Of the Summer Garden._ + +These hearbs and flowers are comely and durable for squares and knots +and all to set at _Michael-tide_, or somewhat before, that they may be +setled in, and taken with the ground before winter, though they may be +set, especially sowne in the spring. + +Roses of all sorts (spoken of in the Orchard) must be set. Some vie to +set slips and twine them, which sometimes, but seldome thriue all. + +Rosemary, Lauender, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, Time, Cowslips, Pyony, +Dasies, Cloue Gilliflowers, Pinkes, Sothernwood, Lillies, of all which +hereafter. + + +_Of the Kitchen Garden._ + +Though your Garden for flowers doth in a sort peculiarly challenge to it +seise a profit, and exquisite forme to the eyes, yet you may not +altogether neglect this, where your hearbes for the pot do growe. And +therefore, some here make comely borders with the hearbes aforesayd. The +rather because aboundance of Roses and Lauender yeeld much profit, and +comfort to the sences: Rose-water and Lauender, the one cordial (as also +the Violets, Burrage, and Buglas) the other reuiuing the spirits by the +sence of smelling: both most durable for smell, both in flowers and +water: you need not here raise your beds, as in the other garden, +because Summer towards, will not let too much wet annoy you. + +And these hearbes require more moysture: yet must you haue your beds +diuided, that you may goe betwixt to weede, and somewhat forme would be +expected: To which it auaileth, that you place your herbes of biggest +growth, by walles, or in borders, as Fenell, &c. and the lowest in the +middest, as Saffron, Strawberries, Onions, &c. + + + + +CHAP. 7. + +_Diuision of hearbs._ + + +Garden hearbs are innumerable, yet these are common and sufficient for +our country House-wifes. + + +_Hearbs of greatest growth._ + +Fenell, Anglica, Tansie, Hollihock, Louage, Elly Campane, French +mallows, Lillies, French poppy, Endiue, Succory and Clary. + + +_Herbes of middle growth._ + +Burrage, Buglas, Parsley, sweet Sicilly, Floure-de-luce, Stocke +Gilliflowers, Wall-flowers, Anniseedes, Coriander, Feather fewell, +Marigolds, Oculus Christi, Langdibeefe, Alexanders, Carduus Benedictus. + + +_Hearbes of smallest growth._ + +Pansy, or Harts-ease, Coast Margeram, Sauery, Strawberries, Saffron, +Lycoras, Daffadowndillies, Leekes, Chiues, Chibals, Skerots, Onions, +Batchellors buttons, Dasies, Peniroyall. + +Hitherto I haue onely reckoned vp, and put in this ranke, some hearbs. +Their Husbandry follow each in an Alphabeticall order, the better to be +found. + + + + +CHAP. 8. + +_Husbandry of Herbes._ + + +_Alexanders_ are to be renewed as _Angelica_. It is a timely Pot-hearbe. + +_Anglica_ is renued with his seede, whereof he beareth plenty the second +yeare, and so dieth. You may remoue the rootes the first yeare. The +leaues distilled, yeeld water soueraigne to expell paine from the +stomacke. The roote dried taken in the fall, stoppeth the poares against +infections. + +_Annyseedes_ make their growth, and beareth seeds the first yeere, and +dieth as _Coriander_: it is good for opening the pipes, and it is vsed +in Comfits. + +_Artichoakes_ are renewed by diuiding the rootes into sets, in _March_, +euery third or fourth yeare. They require a seuerall vsage, and +therefore a seuerall whole plot by themselues, especially considering +they are plentifull of fruite much desired. + +_Burrage_ and _Buglas_, two Cordials, renue themselues by seed yearely, +which is hard to be gathered: they are exceeding good Pot-hearbes, good +for Bees, and most comfortable for the heart and stomacke, as Quinces +and Wardens. + +_Camomile_, set rootes in bankes and walkes. It is sweete smelling, +qualifying head-ach. + +_Cabbages_ require great roome, they seed the second yeare: sow them in +_February_, remoue them when the plants are an handfull long, set deepe +and wet. Looke well in drought for the white Caterpillers worme, the +spaunes vnder the leafe closely; for euery liuing Creature doth seeke +foode and quiet shelter, and growing quicke, they draw to, and eate the +heart: you may finde them in a rainy deawy morning. + +It is a good Pothearbe, and of this hearbe called _Cole_ our Countrie +House-wiues giue their pottage their name, and call them _Caell_. + +_Carduus Benedictus_, or blessed thistle, seeds and dyes the first +yeere, the excellent vertue thereof I referre to Herbals, for we are +Gardiners, not Physitians. + +_Carrets_ are sowne late in _Aprill_ or _May_, as Turneps, else they +seede the first yeere, and then their roots are naught: the second yeere +they dye, their roots grow great, and require large roome. + +_Chibals_ or _Chiues_ haue their roots parted, as Garlick, Lillies, &c. +and so are they set euery third or fourth yeere: a good pot-hearb +opening, but euill for the eies. + +_Clarie_ is sowne, it seeds the second yeere, and dyes. It is somewhat +harsh in taste, a little in pottage is good, it strengtheneth the +reines. + +_Coast_, Roote parted make sets in _March_: it beares the second yeere: +it is vsed in Ale in _May_. + +_Coriander_ is for vsage and vses, much like Anniseeds. + +_Daffadowndillies_ haue their roots parted, and set once in three or +foure yeere, or longer time. They flower timely, and after _Midsummer_, +are scarcely seene. They are more for ornament, then for vse, so are +Daisies. + +_Daisie_-rootes parted and set, as Flowre-deluce and Camomile, when you +see them grow too thicke or decay. They be good to keepe vp, and +strengthen the edges of your borders, as Pinkes, they be red, white, +mixt. + +_Ellycampane_ root is long lasting, as is the Louage, it seeds yeerely, +you may diuide the root, and set the roote, taken in VVinter it is good +(being dryed, powdered and drunke) to kill itches. + +_Endiue_ and _Succory_ are much like in nature, shape, and vse, they +renue themselues by seed, as Fennell, and other hearbs. You may remoue +them before they put forth shankes, a good Pot-hearbe. + +_Fennell_ is renued, either by the seeds (which it beareth the second +yeere, and so yeerely in great abundance) sowne in the fall or Spring, +or by diuiding one root into many Sets, as Artichoke, it is long of +growth and life. You may remoue the roote vnshankt. It is exceeding +good for the eyes, distilled, or any otherwise taken: it is vsed in +dressing Hiues for swarmes, a very good Pot-hearbe, or for Sallets. + +_Fetherfewle_ shakes seed. Good against a shaking Feuer, taken in a +posset drinke fasting. + +_Flower-deluce_, long lasting. Diuide his roots, and set: the roots +dryed haue a sweet smell. + +_Garlicke_ may be set an handfull distance, two inches deepe, in the +edge of your beds. Part the heads into seuerall cloues, and euery cloue +set in the latter end of _February_, will increase to a great head +before _September_: good for opening, euill for eyes: when the blade is +long, fast two & two together, the heads will be bigger. + +_Hollyhocke_ riseth high, seedeth and dyeth: the chiefe vse I know is +ornament. + +_Isop_ is reasonable long lasting: young roots are good set, slips +better. A good pot-hearbe. + +_Iuly-flowers_, commonly called _Gilly-flowers_, or _Cloue-Iuly-flowers_ +(I call them so, because they flowre in _Iuly_) they haue the name of +_Cloues_, of their sent. I may well call them the King of flowers +(except the Rose) and the best sort of them are called _Queene-Iuly +flowers_. I haue of them nine or ten seuerall colours, and diuers of +them as big as Roses; of all flowers (saue the Damaske Rose) they are +the most pleasant to sight and smell: they last not past three or foure +yeeres vnremoued. Take the slips (without shanks) and set any time, saue +in extreme frost, but especially at _Michael tide_. Their vse is much in +ornament, and comforting the spirits, by the sence of smelling. + +_Iuly flowers_ of the wall, or wall-_Iuly-flowers_, wall-flowers, or +Bee-flowers, or Winter-_Iuly-flowers_, because growing in the walles, +euen in Winter, and good for Bees, will grow euen in stone walls, they +will seeme dead in Summer, and yet reuiue in Winter. They yeeld seed +plentifully, which you may sow at any time, or in any broken earth, +especially on the top of a mud-wall, but moist, you may set the root +before it be brancht, euery slip that is not flowr'd will take root, or +crop him in Summer, and he will flower in Winter: but his Winter-seed is +vntimely. This and Palmes are exceeding good, and timely for Bees. + +_Leekes_ yeeld seed the second yeere, vnremoued and die, vnlesse you +remoue them, vsuall to eate with salt and bread, as Onyons alwaies +greene, good pot-hearb, euill for the eyes. + +_Lauendar spike_ would be remoued within 7 yeeres, or eight at the most. +Slips twined as Isop and Sage, would take best at _Michael-tide_. This +flower is good for Bees, most comfortable for smelling, except Roses; +and kept dry, is as strong after a yeere, and when it is gathered. The +water of this is comfortable. + +White _Lauendar_ would be remoued sooner. + +_Lettice_ yeelds seed the first yeere, and dyes: sow betime, and if you +would haue them _Cabbage_ for Sallets, remoue them as you doe _Cabbage_. +They are vsuall in Sallets, and the pot. + +_Lillies_ white and red, remoued once in three or foure yeeres their +roots yeeld many Sets, like the Garlicke, _Michael-tide_ is the best: +they grow high, after they get roote: these roots are good to breake a +Byle, as are Mallowes and Sorrell. + +_Mallowes_, French or gagged, the first or second yeere, seed +plentifully: sow in _March_, or before, they are good for the +house-wifes pot, or to breake a bunch. + +_Marigolds_ most commonly come of seed, you may remoue the Plants, when +they be two inches long. The double Marigold, being as bigge as a little +Rose, is good for shew. They are a good Pot-hearbe. + +_Oculus Christi_, or Christs eye, seeds and dyes the first or second +yeere: you may remoue the yong Plants, but seed is better: one of these +seeds put into the eye, within three or foure houres will gather a +thicke skinne, cleere the eye, and bolt it selfe forth without hurt to +the eye. A good Pot-hearbe. + +_Onyons_ are sowne in _February_, they are gathered at _Michael-tide_, +and all the Summer long, for Sallets; as also young Parsly, Sage, +Chibals, Lettice, sweet Sicily, Fennell, &c. good alone, or with meate +as Mutton, &c. for sauce, especially for the pot. + +_Parsly_ sow the first yeere, and vse the next yeere: it seedes +plentifully, an hearbe of much vse, as sweet Sicily is. The seed and +roots are good against the Stone. + +_Parsneps_ require and whole plot, they be plentifull and common: sow +them in _February_, the Kings (that is in the middle) seed broadest and +reddest. Parsneps are sustenance for a strong stomacke, not good for +euill eies: When they couer the earth in a drought, to tread the tops, +make the rootes bigger. + +_Peny-royall_, or Pudding Grasse, creepes along the ground like ground +Iuie. It lasts long, like Daisies, because it puts and spreads dayly new +roots. Diuide, and remoue the roots, it hath a pleasant taste and smell, +good for the pot, or hackt meate, or Haggas Pudding. + +_Pumpions_: Set seedes with your finger, a finger deepe, late in +_March_, and so soone as they appeare, euery night if you doubt frost, +couer them, and water them continually out of a water-pot: they be very +tender, their fruit is great and waterish. + +_French poppy_ beareth a faire flower, and the Seed will make you +sleepe. + +_Raddish_ is sauce for cloyed stomacks, as Capers, Oliues, and +Cucumbers, cast the seeds all Summer long here and there, and you shall +haue them alwaies young and fresh. + +_Rosemary_, the grace of hearbs here in _England_, in other Countries +common. To set slips immediately after _Lammas_, is the surest way. +Seede sowne may proue well, so they be sowne in hot weather, somewhat +moist, and good earth: for the hearbe, though great, is nesh and tender +(as I take it) brought from hot Countries to vs in the cold North: set +thinne. It becomes a Window well. The vse is much in meates, more in +Physicke, most for Bees. + +_Rue, or Hearbe of Grace_, continually greene, the slips are set. It +lasts long as Rosemary, Sothernwood, &c. too strong for mine Housewifes +pot, vnlesse she will brue Ale therewith, against the Plague: let him +not seede, if you will haue him last. + +_Saffron_ euery third yeere his roots would be remoued at _Midsummer_: +for when all other hearbs grow most, it dyeth. It flowreth at +_Michael-tide_, and groweth all Winter: keepe his flowers from birds in +the morning, & gather the yellow (or they shape much like Lillies) dry, +and after dry them: they be precious, expelling diseases from the heart +and stomacke. + +_Sauery_ seeds and dyes the first yeere, good for my Housewifes pot and +pye. + +_Sage_: set slips in _May_, and they grow aye: Let it not seed it will +last the longer. The vse is much and common. The Monkish Prouerbe is +_tritum_: + + _Cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_ + +_Skerots_, roots are set when they be parted, as _Pyonie_, and +Flower-deluce at _Michael-tide_: the roote is but small and very sweet. +I know none other speciall vse but the Table. + +Sweet _Sicily_, long lasting, pleasantly tasting, either the seed sowne, +or the root parted, and remoued, makes increase, it is of like vse with +Parsly. + +_Strawberries_ long lasting, set roots at _Michael-tide_ or the Spring, +they be red, white and greene, and ripe, when they be great and soft, +some by _Midsummer_ with vs. The vse is: they will coole my Housewife +well, if they be put in Wine or Creame with Sugar. + +_Time_, both seeds, slips and rootes are good. If it seed not, it will +last three or foure yeeres or more, it smelleth comfortably. It hath +much vse: namely, in all cold meats, it is good for Bees. + +_Turnep_ is sowne. In the second yeere they beare plenty of seed: they +require the same time of sowing that Carrets doe: they are sicke of the +same disease that Cabbages be. The roots increaseth much, it is most +wholesome, if it be sowne in a good and well tempered earth: Soueraigne +for eyes and Bees. + +I reckon these hearbs onely, because I teach my Countrey Housewife, not +skilfull Artists, and it should be an endlesse labour, and would make +the matter tedious to reckon vp _Landtheefe_, _Stocke-Iuly-flowers_, +_Charuall_, _Valerian_, _Go-to bed at noone_, _Piony_, _Licoras_, +_Tansie_, _Garden mints_, _Germander_, _Centaurie_, and a thousand such +physicke Hearbs. Let her first grow cunning in this, and then she may +enlarge her Garden as her skill and ability increaseth. And to helpe her +the more, I haue set her downe these obseruations. + + + + +CHAP. 9. + +_Generall Rules in Gardening._ + + +In the South parts Gardening may be more timely, and more safely done, +then with vs in _Yorkeshire_, because our ayre is not so fauourable, nor +our ground so good. + +2 Secondly most seeds shakt, by turning the good earth, are renued, +their mother the earth keeping them in her bowels, till the Sunne their +Father can reach them with his heat. + +3 In setting hearbs, leaue no top more then an handfull aboue the +ground, nor more then a foot vnder the earth. + +4 Twine the roots of those slips you set, if they will abide it. +Gilly-flowers are too tender. + +5 Set moist, and sowe dry. + +6 Set slips without shankes any time, except at _Midsummer_, and in +frosts. + +7 Seeding spoiles the most roots, as drawing the heart and sap from the +root. + +8 Gather for the pot and medicines, hearbs tender and greene, the sap +being in the top, but in Winter the root is best. + +9 All the hearbs in the Garden for flowers, would once in seuen yeeres +be renued, or soundly watered with puddle water, except Rosemary. + +10 In all your Gardens and Orchards, bankes and seates of Camomile, +Peny-royall, Daisies and Violets, are seemely and comfortable. + +11 These require whole plots: Artichokes, Cabbages, Turneps, Parsneps, +Onyons, Carrets, and (if you will) Saffron and Scerrits. + +12 Gather all your seeds, dead, ripe, and dry. + +13 Lay no dung to the roots of your hearbs, as vsually they doe: for +dung not melted is too hot, euen for trees. + +14 Thin setting and sewing (so the rootes stand not past a foot +distance) is profitable, for the hearbs will like the better. Greater +hearbs would haue more distance. + +15 Set and sow hearbs in their time of growth (except at _Midsummer_, +for then they are too too tender) but trees in their time of rest. + +16 A good Housewife may, and will gather store of hearbs for the pot, +about _Lammas_, and dry them, and pownd them, and in Winter they will +make good seruice. + +Thus haue I lined out a Garden to our Countrey Housewiues, and giuen +them rules for common hearbs. If any of them (as sometimes they are) be +knotty, I referre them to Chap. 3. The skill and paines of weeding the +Garden with weeding kniues or fingers, I refer to themselues, and their +maides, willing them to take the opportunitie after a showre of raine: +withall I aduise the Mistresse, either be present her selfe, or to teach +her maides to know hearbs from weeds. + + + + +CHAP. 10. + +_The Husbandry of Bees._ + + +There remaineth one necessary thing to be prescribed, which in mine +opinion makes as much for ornament as either Flowers, or forme, or +cleanlinesse, and I am sure as commodious as any of, or all the rest: +which is Bees, well ordered. And I will not account her any of my good +House-wiues, that wanteth either Bees or skilfulnesse about them. And +though I knowe some haue written well and truely, and others more +plentifully vpon this theame: yet somewhat haue I learned by experience +(being a Bee-maister my selfe) which hitherto I cannot finde put into +writing, for which I thinke our House-wiues will count themselues +beholding vnto me. + +{SN: Bee-house.} +The first thing that a Gardiner about Bees must be carefull for, is an +house not stakes and stones abroad, _Sub dio_: for stakes rot and reele, +raine and weather eate your hiues, and couers, and cold most of all is +hurtfull for your Bees. Therefore you must haue an house made along, a +sure dry wall in your Garden, neere, or in your Orchard: for Bees loue +flowers and wood with their hearts. + +This is the forme, a Frame standing on posts with a Floore (if you +would haue it hold more Hiues, two Floores boorded) layd on bearers, and +backe posts, couered ouer with boords, slate-wise. + +IC + +Let the floores be without holes or clifts, least in casting time, the +Bees lye out, and loyter. + +And though your Hiues stand within an hand breadth the one of another: +yet will Bees know their home. + +In this Frame may your Bees stand drye and warme, especially if you make +doores like doores of windows to shroud them in winter, as in an house: +prouided you leaue the hiues mouths open. I my self haue deuised such +an house, and I find that it keeps and strengthens my Bees much, and my +hiues will last sixe to one. + +{SN: Hiues.} +M. _Markham_ commends Hiues of wood. I discommend them not: but straw +Hiues are in vse with vs, and I thinke with all the world, which I +commend for nimblenesse, closenesse, warmnesse and drinesse. Bees loue +no externall motions of dawbing or such like. Sometimes occasion shall +be offered to lift and turne Hiues, as shall appeare hereafter. One +light entire hiue of straw in that case is better, then one that is +dawbed, weighty and cumbersome. I wish euery hiue, for a keeping swarme, +to hold three pecks at least in measure. For too little Hiues procure +Bees, in casting time, either to lye out, and loyter, or else to cast +before they be ripe and strong, and so make weake swarmes and vntimely: +Whereas if they haue roome sufficient, they ripen timely, and casting +seasonably, are strong, and fit for labour presently. Neither would the +hiue be too too great, for then they loyter, and waste meate and +time. + +{SN: Hiuing of Bees.} +Your Bees delight in wood, for feeding, especially for casting: +therefore want not an Orchard. A _Mayes_ swarme is worth a Mares Foale: +if they want wood, they be in danger of flying away. Any time before +_Midsummer_ is good, for casting and timely before _Iuly_ is not euill. +I much like M _Markhams_ opinion for hiuing a swarme in combes of a dead +or forsaken hiue, so they be fresh & cleanly. To thinke that a swarme of +your owne, or others, will of it selfe come into such an hiue, is a +meere conceit. _Experto crede Roberto._ His smearing with honey, is to +no purpose, for the other Bees will eate it vp. If your swarme knit in +the top of a tree, as they will, if the winde beate them not to fall +downe: let the stoole or ladder described in the Orchard, doe you +seruice. + +{SN: Spelkes.} +The lesse your Spelkes are, the lesse is the waste of your honey, and +the more easily will they draw, when you take your Bees. Foure Spelkes +athwart, and one top Spelke are sufficient. The Bees will fasten their +combes to the Hiue. A little honey is good: but if you want, Fennell +will serue to rub your Hiue withall. The Hiue being drest and ready +spelkt, rubd and the hole made for their passage (I vse no hole in the +Hiue, but a piece of wood hoal'd to saue the hiue & keep out Mice) shake +in your Bees, or the most of them (for all commonly you cannot get) the +remainder will follow. Many vse smoke, Nettles, &c. which I vtterly +dislike: for Bees loue not to be molested. Ringing in the time of +casting is a meere fancie, violent handling of them is simply euill, +because Bees of all other creatures, loue cleanlinesse and peace. +Therefore handle them leasurely & quietly, and their Keeper whom they +know, may do with them, what he will, without hurt: Being hiued at +night, bring them to their seat. Set your hiues all of one yeere +together. + +Signes of breeding, if they be strong: + +1 They will auoid dead young Bees and Droanes. + +2 They will sweat in the morning, till it runne from them; alwaies when +they be strong. + + +_Signes of casting._ + +1 They will fly Droanes, by reason of heat. + +2 The young swarme will once or twice in some faire season, come forth +mustering, as though they would cast, to proue themselues, and goe in +againe. + +3 The night before they cast, if you lay your eare to the Hiues mouth, +yo shall heare two or three, but especially one aboue the rest, cry, Vp, +vp, vp; or, Tout, tout, tout, like a trumpet, sounding the alarum to the +battell. + +{SN: Catching.} +{SN: Clustering.} +Much descanting there is, of, and about the Master-Bee, and their +degrees, order and gouernment: but the truth in this point is rather +imagined, then demonstrated. There are some coniectures of it, _viz._ we +see in the combs diuers greater houses then the rest, & we heare +commonly the night before they cast, sometimes one Bee, sometimes two, +or more Bees, giue a lowd and seueral sound from the rest, and sometimes +Bees of greater bodies then the common sort: but what of all this? I +leane not on coniectures, but loue to set downe that I know to be true, +and leaue these things to them that loue to diuine. Keepe none weake, +for it is hazard, oftentimes with losse: Feeding will not helpe them: +for being weake, they cannot come downe to meate, or if they come downe, +they dye, because Bees weake cannot abide cold. If none of these, yet +will the other Bees being strong, smell the honey, and come and spoile, +and kill them. Some helpe is in casting time, to put two weake swarmes +together, or as M. _Markham_ well saith: Let not them cast late, by +raising them with wood or stone: but with impes (say I.) An impe is +three or foure wreathes, wrought as the hiue, the same compasse, to rase +the hiue withall: but by experience in tryall, I haue found out a better +way by Clustering, for late or weake swarmes hitherto not found out of +any that I know. That is this: After casting time, if I haue any stocke +proud, and hindered from timely casting, with former Winters pouerty, +or euill weather in casting time, with two handles and crookes, fitted +for the purpose, I turne vp that stocke so pestred with Bees, and set it +on the crowne, vpon which so turned with the mouth vpward, I place +another empty hiue well drest, and spelkt, into which without any +labour, the Swarme that would not depart, and cast, will presently +ascend, because the old Bees haue this qualitie (as all other breeding +creatures haue) to expell the young, when they haue brought them vp. + +IC + +There will the swarme build as kindely, as if they had of themselues +beene cast. But bee sure you lay betwixt the Hiues some straight and +cleanly sticke or stickes, or rather a boord with holes, to keepe them +asunder: otherwise they will ioyne their workes together so fast, that +they cannot be parted. If you so keepe them asunder at _Michael-tide_, +if you like the weight of your swarme (for the goodnesse of swarmes is +tryed by weight) so catched, you may set it by for a stocke to keepe. +Take heed in any case the combes be not broken, for then the other Bees +will smell the honey, and spoyle them. This haue I tryed to be very +profitable for the sauing of Bees. The Instrument hath this forme. The +great straight piece is wood, the rest are iron claspes and nailes, the +claspes are loose in the Stapes: Two men with two of these fastened to +the Hiue, will easily turne it vp. + +They gather not till _Iuly_; for then they be discharged of their +young, or else they are become now strong to labour, and now sap in +flowers is strong and proud: by reason of time, and force of Sunne. And +now also in the North (and not before) the hearbs of greatest vigour put +their Flowers; As Beanes, Fennell, Burrage, Rape, &c. + +The most sensible weather for them, is heat and drought, because the +nesh Bee can neither abide cold or wet: and showres (which they well +fore-see) doe interrupt their labours, vnlesse they fall on the night, +and so they further them. + +{SN: Droanes.} +After casting time, you shall benefit your stockes much, if you helpe +them to kill their Droanes, which by all probability and iudgement, are +an idle kind of Bees, and wastefull. Some say they breed and haue seene +young Droanes in taking their honey, which I know is true. But I am of +opinion, that there are also Bees which haue lost their stings, and so +being, as it were gelded, become idle and great. There is great vse of +them: _Deus, et natura nihil fecit frustra_. They hate the Bees, and +cause them cast the sooner. They neuer come foorth but when they be ouer +heated. They neuer come home loaden. After casting time, and when the +Bees want meate, you shall see the labouring Bees fasten on them, two, +three, or foure at once, as if they were theeues to be led to the +gallowes, and killing them, they cast out, and draw them farre from +home, as hatefull enemies. Our Housewife, if she be the Keeper of her +owne Bees (as she had need to be) may with her bare hand in the heate of +the day, safely destroy them in the hiues mouth. Some vse towards night, +in a hot day, to set before the mouth of the hiue a thin board, with +little holes, in at which the lesser Bees may enter, but not the +Droanes, so that you may kill them at your pleasure. + +{SN: Annoyances.} +Snayles spoile them by night like theeues: they come so quietly, and are +so fast, that the Bees feare them not. Looke earely and late, especially +in a rainie or dewey euening or morning. + +Mice are no lesse hurtfull, and the rather to hiues of straw: and +therefore couerings of straw draw them. They will in either at the +mouth, or sheere themselues an hole. The remedy is good Cats, Rats-bane +and watching. + +The cleanly Bee hateth the smoake as poison, therefore let your Bees +stand neerer your garden then your Brew-house or Kitchen. + +They say Sparrowes and Swallowes are enemies to Bees, but I see it not. + +More hiues perish by Winters cold, then by all other hurts: for the Bee +is tender and nice, and onely liues in warme weather, and dyes in cold: +And therefore let my Housewife be perswaded, that a warme dry house +before described, is the chiefest helpe she can make her Bees against +this, and many more mischiefes. Many vse against cold in Winter, to stop +vp their hiue close, and some set them in houses, perswading themselues, +that thereby they relieue their Bees. First, tossing and mouing is +hurtfull. Secondly, in houses, going, knocking, and shaking is noysome. +Thirdly, too much heate in an house is vnnaturall for them: but lastly, +and especially, Bees cannot abide to be stopt close vp. For at euery +warme season of the Sunne they reuiue, and liuing eate, and eating must +needs purge abroad, (in her house) the cleanly Bee will not purge her +selfe. Iudge you what it is for any liuing creature, not to disburden +nature. Being shut vp in calme seasons, lay your care to the Hiue, and +you shall heare them yarme and yell, as so many hungred prisoners. +Therefore impound not your Bees, so profitable and free a creature. + +{SN: Taking of Bees.} +Let none stand aboue three yeares, else the combes will be blacke and +knotty, your honey will be thinne and vncleanly: and if any cast after +three yeares, it is such as haue swarmes, and old Bees kept all +together, which is great losse. Smoaking with ragges, rozen, or +brimstone, many vse: some vse drowning in a tub of cleane water, and the +water well brewde, will be good botchet. Drawe out your spelkes +immediatly with a paire of pinchars, lest the wood grow soft and swell, +and so will not be drawne, then must you cut your Hiue. + +{SN: Straining Honey.} +Let no fire come neere your hony, for fire softeneth the waxe and +drosse, and makes them runne with the hony. Fire softneth, weakeneth, +and hindereth hony for purging. Breake your combes small (when the dead +empty combes are parted from the loaden combes) into a siue, borne ouer +a great bowle, or vessell, with two staues, and so let it runne two or +three dayes. The sooner you tunne it vp, the better will it purge. Runne +your swarme honey by it selfe, and that shall be your best. The elder +your hiues are, the worse is your honey. + +{SN: Vessels.} +Vsuall vessels are of clay, but after wood be satiated with honey (for +it will leake at first: for honey is maruellously searching, the thicke, +and therefore vertuous.) I vse it rather because it will not breake so +soone, with fals, frosts, or otherwise, and greater vessels of clay +will hardly last. + +When you vse your honey, with a spoone take off the skin which it hath +put vp. + +And it is worth the regard, that bees thus vsed, if you haue but forty +stockes, shall yeeld you more commodity cleerely than forty acres of +ground. And thus much may suffice, to make good Housewiues loue and haue +good Gardens and Bees. + + +_Deo Laus._ + + +_FINIS._ + + + + +The Contents of the Countrey _House-wifes Garden._ + + + Chap. 1. _The Soyle._ _Pag. 77_ + + Chap. 2. _Site._ _p. 78_ + + Chap. 3. _Forme._ _p. 79_ + + Chap. 4. _Quantity._ _p. 85_ + + Chap. 5. _Fences._ _p. ibid._ + + Chap. 6. _Two Gardens._ _p. 86_ + + Chap. 7. _Diuision of herbs._ _p. 88_ + + Chap. 8. _The Husbandry of herbes._ _p. ibid._ + + Chap. 9. _Generall rules._ _p. 96_ + + Chap. 10. _The Husbandry of Bees._ _p. 98_ + _Bee-house._ _p. 98._ + _Hiues._ _p. 100._ + _Hiuing of Bees._ _p. ibid._ + _Spelkes._ _p. 101._ + _Catching._ _p. 102._ + _Clustering._ _p. 103._ + _Droanes._ _p. 104._ + _Annoyances._ _p. 105._ + _Taking of Bees._ _p. 106._ + _Straining honey._ _p. ibid._ + _Vessels._ _p. ibid._ + + + + + + + A MOST PROFITABLE + NEWE TREATISE, + From approued experience of the art + _of propagating Plants: by_ + Simon Harward. + + + + +CHAP. 1. + +_The Art of propagating Plants._ + + +{SN: 1.} +There are foure sorts of Planting, or propagating, as in laying of +shootes or little branches, whiles they are yet tender in some pit made +at their foote, as shall be sayd hereafter, or vpon a little ladder or +Basket of earth, tyed to the bottome of the branch, or in boaring a +Willow thorow, and putting the branch of the tree into the hole, as +shall be fully declared in the Chapter of Grafting. + +{SN: 2.} +There are likewise seasons to propagate in; but the best is in the +Spring, and _March_, when the trees are in the Flower, and doe begin to +grow lusty. The young planted Siens or little Grafts must be propagated +in the beginning of Winter, a foot deepe in the earth, and good manure +mingled amongst the earth, which you shall cast forth of the pit, +wherein you meane to propagate it, to tumble it in vpon it againe. In +like manner your superfluous Siens, or little Plants must be cut close +by the earth, when as they grow about some small Impe, which we meane to +propagate, for they would doe nothing but rot. For to propagate, you +must digge the earth round about the tree, that so your rootes may be +laid in a manner halfe bare. Afterward draw into length the pit on that +side where you meane to propagate, and according as you perceiue that +the roots will be best able to yeeld, and be gouerned in the same pit, +to vie them, and that with all gentlenesse, and stop close your Siens, +in such sort, as that the wreath which is in the place where it is +grafted, may be a little lower then the Siens of the new Wood, growing +out of the earth, euen so high as it possible may be. If the trees that +you would propagate be somewhat thicke, and thereby the harder to ply, +and somewhat stiffe to lay in the pit: then you may wet the stocke +almost to the midst, betwixt the roote and the wreathing place, and so +with gentle handling of it, bow downe into the pit the wood which the +grafts haue put forth, and that in as round a compasse as you can, +keeping you from breaking of it: afterward lay ouer the cut, with gummed +Waxe, or with grauell and sand. + + + + +CHAP. 2. + +_Grafting in the Barke._ + + +Grafting in the Barke, is vsed from mid-_August_, to the beginning of +Winter, and also when the Westerne winde beginneth to blow, being from +the 7. of _February_, vnto 11. of _Iune_. But there must care be had, +not to graffe in the barke in any rainy season, because it would wash +away the matter of ioyning the one and the other together, and so hinder +it. + +{SN: 3.} +Grafting in the budde, is vsed in the Summer time, from the end of +_May_, vntill _August_, as being the time when the trees are strong and +lusty, and full of sap and leaues. To wit, in a hot Countrey, from the +midst of _Iune_, vnto the midst of _Iuly_: but cold Countries, to the +midst of _August_, after some small showres of Raine. + +If the Summer be so exceeding dry, as that some trees doe withhold their +sap, you must waite the time till it doe returne. + +Graft from the full of the Moone, vntill the end of the old. + +You may graft in a Cleft, without hauing regard to the Raine, for the +sap will keepe it off. + +You may graft from mid-_August_, to the beginning of _Nouember_: Cowes +dung with straw doth mightily preserue the graft. + +It is better to graft in the euening, then the morning. + +The furniture and tooles of a Grafter, are a Basket to lay his Grafts +in, Clay, Grauell, Sand, or strong Earth, to draw ouer the plants +clouen: Mosse, Woollen clothes, barkes of Willow to ioyne to the late +things and earth before spoken, and to keepe them fast: Oziers to tye +againe vpon the barke, to keepe them firme and fast: gummed Wax, to +dresse and couer the ends and tops of the grafts newly cut, that so the +raine and cold may not hurt them, neither yet the sap rising from +belowe, be constrained to returne againe vnto the shootes. A little Sawe +or hand Sawe, to sawe off the stocke of the plants, a little Knife or +Pen-knife to graffe, and to cut and sharpen the grafts, that so the +barke may not pill nor be broken; which often commeth to passe when the +graft is full of sap. You shall cut the graffe so long, as that it may +fill the cliffe of the plant, and therewithall it must be left thicker +on the barke-side, that so it may fill vp both the cliffe and other +incisions, as any need is to be made, which must be alwaies well ground, +well burnished without all rust. Two wedges, the one broad for thicke +trees, the other narrow for lesse and tender trees, both of them of box, +or some other hard and smooth wood, or steele, or of very hard iron, +that so they may need lesse labour in making them sharpe. + +A little hand-Bill to set the plants at more liberty, by cutting off +superfluous boughs, helu'd of Iuory, Box, or Brazell. + + + + +CHAP. 3. + +_Grafting in the cleft._ + + +The manner of grafting in a cleft, to wit, the stocke being clou'd, is +proper not onely to trees, which are as great as a mans legs or armes, +but also to greater. It is true that in as much as the trees cannot +easily be clouen in their stocke, that therefore it is expedient to make +incision in some one of their branches, and not in the maine body, as we +see to be practised in great Apple trees, and great Peare-trees, and as +we haue already declared heretofore. + +To graft in the cleft, you must make choise of a graft that is full of +sap and iuyce, but it must not bee, but till from after _Ianuary_ vntill +_March_: And you must not thus graft in any tree that is already budded, +because a great part of the iuyce and sap would be already mounted vp on +high, and risen to the top, and there dispersed and scattered hither and +thither, into euery sprigge and twigge, and vse nothing welcome to the +graft. + +You must likewise be resolued not to gather your graft the day you graft +in, but ten or twelue dayes before: for otherwise, if you graft it new +gathered, it will not be able easily to incorporate itselfe with the +body and stocke, where it shall be grafted; because that some part of it +will dry, and by this meanes will be a hinderance in the stocke to the +rising vp of the sap, which it should communerate vnto the graft, for +the making of it to put forth, and whereas this dried part will fall a +crumbling, and breaking thorow his rottennesse, it will cause to remaine +a concauity, or hollow place in the stock, which will be an occasion of +a like inconuenience to befall the graft. Moreouer, the graft being new +and tender, might easily be hurt of the bands, which are of necessity to +be tyed about the Stocke, to keepe the graft firme and fast. And you +must further see, that your Plant was not of late remoued, but that it +haue already fully taken root. + +When you are minded to graft many grafts into one cleft, you must see +that they be cut in the end all alike. + +{SN: 7.} +See that the grafts be of one length, or not much differing, and it is +enough, that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the +Plant is once sawed, and lopped of all his small Siens and shootes round +about, as also implyed of all his branches, if it haue many: then you +must leaue but two at the most, before you come to the cleauing of it: +then put to your little Saw, or your knife, or other edged toole that is +very sharpe, cleaue it quite thorow the middest, in gentle and soft +sort: First, tying the Stocke very sure, that so it may not cleaue +further then is need: and then put to your Wedges into the cleft vntill +such time as you haue set in your grafts, and in cleauing of it, hold +the knife with the one hand, and the tree with the other, to helpe to +keepe it from cleauing too farre. Afterwards put in your wedge of Boxe +or Brazill, or bone at the small end, that so you may the better take it +out againe, when you haue set in your grafts. + +{SN: 8.} +If the Stocke be clouen, or the Barke loosed too much from the wood: +then cleaue it downe lower, and set your grafts in, and looke that their +incision bee fit, and very iustly answerable to the cleft, and that the +two saps, first, of the Plant and graft, be right and euen set one +against the other, and so handsomely fitted, as that there may not be +the least appearance of any cut or cleft. For if they doe not thus lumpe +one with another, they will neuer take one with another, because they +cannot worke their seeming matter, and as it were cartilaguous glue in +conuenient sort or manner, to the gluing of their ioynts together. You +must likewise beware, not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch, but +somewhat aside. + +The barke of your Plant being thicker then that of your Graft, you must +set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft, that so the two +saps may in any case be ioyned, and set right the one with the other but +the rinde of the Plant must be somewhat more out, then that of the +grafts on the clouen side. + +{SN: 9.} +{SN: 10.} +To the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping, you must +principally take heed, not to ouer-cleaue the Stockes of your Trees. But +before you widen the cleft of your wedges, binde, and goe about the +Stocke with two or three turnes, and that with an Ozier, close drawne +together, vnderneath the same place, where you would haue your cleft to +end, that so your Stocke cleaue not too farre, which is a very vsuall +cause of the miscarrying of grafts, in asmuch as hereby the cleft +standeth so wide and open, as that it cannot be shut, and so not grow +together againe; but in the meane time spendeth it selfe, and breatheth +out all his life in that place, which is the cause that the Stocke and +the Graft are both spilt. And this falleth out most often in Plum-trees, +& branches of trees. You must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your +grafts, and Plants, that nothing may continue open, to the end that the +wind, moisture of the clay or raine, running vpon the grafted place, do +not get in: when the plant cloueth very straight, there is not any +danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the Graft. If you leaue it +somewhat vneuen, or rough in some places, so that the saps both of the +one and of the other may the better grow, and be glued together, when +your grafts are once well ioyned to your Plants, draw out your wedges +very softly, lest you displace them againe, you may leaue there within +the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood, cutting it very +close with the head of the Stocke: Some cast glue into the cleft, some +Sugar, and some gummed Waxe. + +{SN: 11.} +If the Stocke of the Plant whereupon you intend to graft, be not so +thicke as your graft, you shall graft it after the fashion of a Goates +foot, make a cleft in the Stocke of the Plant, not direct, but byas, & +that smooth and euen, not rough: then apply and make fast thereto, the +graft withall his Barke on, and answering to the barke of the Plant. +This being done, couer the place with the fat earth and mosse of the +Woods tyed together with a strong band: sticke a pole of Wood by it, to +keepe it stedfast. + + + + +CHAP. 4. + +_Grafting like a Scutcheon._ + + +In grafting after the manner of a Scutcheon, you shall not vary nor +differ much from that of the Flute or Pipe, saue only that the +Scutcheon-like graft, hauing one eyelet, as the other hath yet the wood +of the tree whereupon the Scutcheon-like graft is grafted, hath not any +knob, or budde, as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted, after the +manner of a pipe. + +{SN: 12.} +In Summer when the trees are well replenished with sap, and that their +new Siens begin to grow somewhat hard, you shall take a shoote at the +end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree, whereof you +would faine haue some fruit, and not many of his old store or wood, and +from thence raise a good eylet, the tayle and all thereof to make your +graft. But when you choose, take the thickest, and grossest, diuide the +tayle in the middest, before you doe any thing else, casting away the +leafe (if it be not a Peare plum-tree: for that would haue two or three +leaues) without remouing any more of the said tayle: afterward with the +point of a sharpe knife, cut off the Barke of the said shoote, the +patterne of a shield, of the length of a nayle. + +{SN: 13.} +In which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together, with +the residue of the tayle which you left behinde: and for the lifting vp +of the said graft in Scutcheon, after that you haue cut the barke of the +shoote round about, without cutting of the wood within, you must take it +gently with your thumbe, and in putting it away you must presse vpon the +wood from which you pull it, that so you may bring the bud and all away +together with the Scutcheon: for if you leaue it behinde with the wood, +then were the Scutcheon nothing worth. You shall finde out if the +Scutcheon be nothing worth, if looking within when it is pulled away +from the wood of the same sute, you finde it to haue a hole within, but +more manifestly, if the bud doe stay behind in the VVood, which ought to +haue beene in the Scutcheon. + +{SN: 14.} +Thus your Scutcheon being well raised and taken off, hold it a little +by the tayle betwixt your lips, without wetting of it, euen vntill you +haue cut the Barke of the tree where you would graft it, and looke that +it be cut without any wounding of the wood within, after the manner of a +crutch, but somewhat longer then the Scutcheon that you haue to set in +it, and in no place cutting the wood within; after you haue made +incision, you must open it, and make it gape wide on both sides, but in +all manner of gentle handling, and that with little Sizers of bone, and +separating the wood and the barke a little within, euen so much as your +Scutcheon is in length and breadth: you must take heed that in doing +hereof, you do not hurt the bark. + +{SN: 15.} +{SN: 17.} +This done take your Scutcheon by the end, and your tayle which you haue +left remaining, and put into your incision made in your tree, lifting vp +softly your two sides of the incision with your said Sizers of bone, and +cause the said Scutcheon to ioyne, and lye as close as may be, with the +wood of the tree, being cut, as aforesaid, in waying a little vpon the +end of your rinde: so cut and let the vpper part of your Scutcheon lye +close vnto the vpper end of your incision, or barke of your said tree: +afterward binde your Scutcheon about with a band of Hempe, as thicke as +a pen or a quill, more or lesse, according as your tree is small or +great, taking the same Hempe in the middest, to the end that either part +of it may performe a like seruice; and wreathing and binding of the said +Scutcheon into the incision of a tree, and it must not be tyed too +strait, for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap +to the other, being hindred thereby, and neither the Scutcheon, nor yet +the Hempe must be moist or wet: and the more iustly to binde them +together, begin at the backe side of the Tree, right ouer against the +middest of the incision, and from thence come forward to ioyne them +before, aboue the eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon, crossing your band +of Hempe, so oft as the two ends meet, and from thence returning backe +againe, come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets: and thus +cast about your band still backward and forward, vntill the whole cleft +of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said Hempe, the +eylet onely excepted, and his tayle which must not be couered at all; +his tayle will fall away one part after another, and that shortly after +the ingrafting, if so be the Scutcheon will take. Leaue your trees and +Scutcheons thus bound, for the space of one moneth, and the thicker, a +great deale longer time. Afterward looke them ouer, and if you perceiue +them to grow together, vntye them, or at the leastwise cut the Hempe +behinde them, and leaue them vncouered. Cut also your branch two or +three fingers aboue that, so the impe may prosper the better: and thus +let them remaine till after Winter, about the moneth of _March_, and +_Aprill_. + +{SN: 18.} +If you perceiue that your budde of your Scutcheon doe swell and come +forward: then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts, aboue the +Scutcheon: for if it be cut off too neere the Scutcheon, at such time as +it putteth forth his first blossome, it would be a meanes greatly to +hinder the flowring of it, and cause also that it should not thriue and +prosper so well after that one yeere is past, and that the shoote +beginneth to be strong: beginning to put forth the second bud and +blossome, you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three +fingers in the top of the tree, which you left there, when you cut it in +the yeere going before, as hath beene said. + +{SN: 19.} +{SN: 20.} +{SN: 21.} +When your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length, you must +sticke down there, euen hard ioyned thereunto, little stakes, tying them +together very gently and easily; and these shall stay your shootes and +prop them vp, letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them. Thus you +may graft white Roses in red, and red in white. Thus you may graft two +or three Scutcheons: prouided that they be all of one side: for they +will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee +all staruelings, neither would they be directly one ouer another; for +the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree, and so those +aboue should consume in penury, and vndergoe the aforesaid +inconuenience. You must note, that the Scutcheon which is gathered from +the Sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre, must be cut in square forme, +and not in the plaine fashion of a Scutcheon. It is ordinary to graffe +the sweet Quince tree, bastard Peach-tree, Apricock-tree, Iuiube-tree, +sowre Cherry tree, sweet Cherry-tree, and Chestnut tree, after this +fashion, howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily, and +more profitably; although diuers be of contrary opinion, as thus best: +Take the grafts of sweet Quince tree, and bastard Peach-tree, or the +fairest wood, and best fed that you can finde, growing vpon the wood of +two yeeres old, because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the +others, and you shall graffe them vpon small Plum-tree stocks, being of +the thicknes of ones thumbe; these you shall cut after the fashion of a +Goats foot: you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides +then one, being about a foot high from the ground; you must open it with +your small wedge: and being thus grafted, it will seeme to you that it +is open but of one side; afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little +Mosse, putting thereto some gummed Wax, or clay, and binde it vp with +Oziers to keepe it surer, because the stocke is not strong enough it +selfe to hold it, and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others +are dealt withall: this is most profitable. + + +_The time of grafting._ + +All moneths are good to graft in, (the moneth of _October_ and +_Nouember_ onely excepted). But commonly, graft at that time of the +Winter, when sap beginneth to arise. + +In a cold Countrey graft later, and in a warme Countrey earlier. + +The best time generall is from the first of _February_, vntill the first +of _May_. + +The grafts must alwaies be gathered, in the old of the Moone. + +For grafts choose shootes of a yeere old, or at the furthermost two +yeeres old. + +If you must carry grafts farre, pricke them into a Turnep newly +gathered, or lay earth about the ends. + +If you set stones of Plummes, Almonds, Nuts, or Peaches: First let them +lye a little in the Sunne, and then steepe them in Milke or Water, three +or foure dayes before you put them into the earth. + +Dry the kernels of Pippins, and sow them in the end of _Nouember_. + +The stone of a Plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in _Nouember_, or +_February_. + +The Date-stone must be set the great end downwards, two cubits deepe in +the earth, in a place enriched with dung. + +The Peach-stone would be set presently after the Fruit is eaten, some +quantity of the flesh of the Peach remaining about the stone. + +If you will haue it to be excellent, graft it afterward vpon an Almond +tree. + +The little Siens of Cherry-trees, grown thicke with haire, rots, and +those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great Cherry-trees, +being remoued, doe grow better and sooner then they which come of +stones: but they must be remoued and planted while they are but two or +three yeeres old, the branches must be lopped. + + + + +The Contents of the Art of _Propagating Plants_. + + + _The Art of propagating Plants._ _page 109._ + + _Grafting in the Barke._ _p. 111._ + + _Grafting in the cleft._ _p. 113._ + + _Grafters Tooles._ + + _Time of planting & seting._ + + _Time of grafting._ + + _How to cut the stumps in grafting._ + + _Sprouts and imps: how gathered._ + + _Grafting like a Scutcheon._ _p. 116._ + + _Inoculation in the Barke._ + + _Emplaister-wise grafting._ + + _To pricke stickes to beare the first yeere._ + + _To haue Cherries or Plums without stones._ + + _To make Quinces great._ + + _To set stones of Plummes._ + + _Dates, Nut, and Peaches._ + + _To make fruit smell well._ + + _To plant Cherry-trees._ + + + + + + +THE HVSBAND MANS FRVITEFVLL ORCHARD. + + + + + For the true ordering of all sorts of + _Fruits in their due seasons; and how double_ + increase commeth by care in gathering + _yeere after yeare: as also the best way_ + of carriage by land or by water: + _With their preseruation for_ + longest continuance. + + +{SN: Cherries.} +Of all stone Fruit, Cherries are the first to be gathered: of which, +though we reckon foure sorts; _English_, _Flemish_, _Gascoyne_ and +_Blacke_, yet are they reduced to two, the early, and the ordinary: the +earely are those whose grafts came first from _France_ and _Flanders_, +and are now ripe with vs in _May_: the ordinary is our owne naturall +Cherry, and is not ripe before _Iune_; they must be carefully kept from +Birds, either with nets, noise, or other industry. + +{SN: Gathering of Cheries.} +They are not all ripe at once, nor may be gathered at once, therefore +with a light Ladder, made to stand of it selfe, without hurting the +boughes, mount to the tree, and with a gathering hooke, gather those +which be full ripe, and put them into your Cherry-pot, or Kybzey hanging +by your side, or vpon any bough you please, and be sure to breake no +stalke, but that the cherry hangs by; and pull them gently, lay them +downe tenderly, and handle them as little as you can. + +{SN: To carry Cherries.} +For the conueyance or portage of Cherries, they are best to be carried +in broad Baskets like siues, with smooth yeelding bottomes, onely two +broad laths going along the bottome: and if you doe transport them by +ship, or boate, let not the siues be fil'd to the top, lest setting one +vpon another, you bruise and hurt the Cherries: if you carry by +horse-backe, then panniers well lined with Fearne, and packt full and +close is the best and safest way. + +{SN: Other stone-fruit.} +Now for the gathering of all other stone-fruite, as Nectarines, +Apricockes, Peaches, Peare-plumbes, Damsons, Bullas, and such like, +although in their seuerall kinds, they seeme not to be ripe at once on +one tree: yet when any is ready to drop from the tree, though the other +seeme hard, yet they may also be gathered, for they haue receiued the +full substance the tree can giue them; and therefore the day being +faire, and the dew drawne away; set vp your Ladder, and as you gathered +your Cherries, so gather them: onely in the bottomes of your large +siues, where you part them, you shall lay Nettles, and likewise in the +top, for that will ripen those that are most vnready. + +{SN: Gathering of Peares.} +In gathering of Peares are three things obserued; to gather for +expence, for transportation, or to sell to the Apothecary. If for +expence, and your owne vse, then gather them as soone as they change, +and are as it were halfe ripe, and no more but those which are changed, +letting the rest hang till they change also: for thus they will ripen +kindely, and not rot so soone, as if they were full ripe at the +gathering. But if your Peares be to be transported farre either by Land +or Water, then pull one from the tree, and cut it in the middest, and if +you finde it hollow about the choare, and the kernell a large space to +lye in: although no Peare be ready to drop from the tree, yet then they +may be gathered, and then laying them on a heape one vpon another, as of +necessity they must be for transportation, they will ripen of +themselues, and eate kindly: but gathered before, they will wither, +shrinke and eate rough, losing not onely their taste, but beauty. + +Now for the manner of gathering; albeit some climb into the trees by the +boughes, and some by Ladder, yet both is amisse: the best way is with +the Ladder before spoken of, which standeth of it selfe, with a basket +and a line, which being full, you must gently let downe, and keeping the +string still in your hand, being emptied, draw it vp againe, and so +finish your labour, without troubling your selfe, or hurting the tree. + +{SN: Gathering of Apples.} +Now touching the gathering of Apples, it is to be done according to the +ripening of the fruite; your Summer apples first, and the Winter after. + +For Summer fruit, when it is ripe, some will drop from the tree, and +birds will be picking at them: But if you cut one of the greenest, and +finde it as was shew'd you before of the Peare: then you may gather +them, and in the house they will come to their ripenesse and perfection. +For your Winter fruit, you shall know the ripenesse by the obseruation +before shewed; but it must be gathered in a faire, Sunny, and dry day, +in the waine of the Moone, and no Wind in the East, also after the deaw +is gone away: for the least wet or moysture will make them subiect to +rot and mildew: also you must haue an apron to gather in, and to empty +into the great baskets, and a hooke to draw the boughes vnto you, which +you cannot reach with your hands at ease: the apron is to be an Ell +euery way, loopt vp to your girdle, so as it may serue for either hand +without any trouble: and when it is full, vnloose one of your loopes, +and empty it gently into the great basket, for in throwing them downe +roughly, their owne stalkes may pricke them; and those which are prickt, +will euer rot. Againe, you must gather your fruit cleane without leaues +or brunts, because the one hurts the tree, for euery brunt would be a +stalke for fruit to grow vpon: the other hurts the fruit by bruising, +and pricking it as it is layd together, and there is nothing sooner +rotteth fruit, then the greene and withered leaues lying amongst them; +neither must you gather them without any stalke at all: for such fruit +will begin to rot where the stalke stood. + +{SN: To vse the fallings.} +For such fruit as falleth from the trees, and are not gathered, they +must not be layd with the gathered fruit: and of fallings there are two +sorts, one that fals through ripenesse, and they are best, and may be +kept to bake or roast; the other windfals, and before they are ripe, and +they must be spent as they are gathered, or else they will wither and +come to nothing: and therefore it is not good by any meanes to beate +downe fruit with Poales, or to carrie them in Carts loose and iogging or +in sacks where they may be bruised. + +{SN: Carriage of fruit.} +When your fruit is gathered, you shall lay them in deepe Baskets of +Wicker, which shall containe foure or sixe bushels, and so betweene two +men, carry them to your Apple-Loft, and in shooting or laying them +downe, be very carefull that it be done with all gentlenesse, and +leasure, laying euery sort of fruit seuerall by it selfe: but if there +be want of roome hauing so many sorts that you cannot lay them +seuerally, then such some fruite as is neerest in taste and colour, and +of Winter fruit, such as will taste alike, may if need require, be laid +together, and in time you may separate them, as shall bee shewed +hereafter. But if your fruit be gathered faire from your Apple-Loft, +them must the bottomes of your Baskets be lined with greene Ferne, and +draw the stuborne ends of the same through the Basket, that none but the +soft leafe may touch the fruit, and likewise couer the tops of the +Baskets with Ferne also, and draw small cord ouer it, that the Ferne may +not fall away, nor the fruit scatter out, or iogge vp and downe: and +thus you may carry fruit by Land or by Water, by Boat, or Cart, as farre +as you please: and the Ferne doth not onely keepe them from bruising, +but also ripens them, especially Peares. When your fruit is brought to +your Apple-Loft or store house, if you finde them not ripened enough, +then lay them in thicker heapes vpon Fearne, and couer them with Ferne +also: and when they are neere ripe, then vncouer them, and make the +heapes thinner, so as the ayre may passe thorow them: and if you will +not hasten the ripening of them, then lay them on the boords without any +Fearne at all. Now for Winter, or long lasting Peares, they may be packt +either in Ferne or Straw, and carried whither you please; and being come +to the iourneys end must be laid vpon sweet straw; but beware the roome +be not too warme, nor windie, and too cold, for both are hurtfull: but +in a temperate place, where they may haue ayre, but not too much. + +{SN: Of Wardens.} +Wardens are to be gathered, carried, packt, and laid as Winter Peares +are. + +{SN: Of Medlers.} +Medlers are to be gathered about _Michaelmas_, after a frost hath toucht +them; at which time they are in their full growth, and will then be +dropping from the tree, but neuer ripe vpon the tree. When they are +gathered, they must be laid in a basket, siue, barrell, or any such +caske, and wrapt about with woollen cloths, vnder, ouer, and on all +sides, and also some waight laid vpon them, with a boord betweene: for +except they be brought into a heat, they will neuer ripen kindly or +taste well. + +Now when they haue laine till you thinke some of them be ripe, the +ripest, still as they ripen, must be taken from the rest: therefore +powre them out into another siue or basket leasurely, that so you may +well finde them that be ripest, letting the hard one fall into the other +basket, and those which be ripe laid aside: the other that be halfe +ripe, seuer also into a third siue or basket: for if the ripe and halfe +ripe be kept together, the one will be mouldy, before the other be ripe: +And thus doe, till all be throughly ripe. + +{SN: Of Quinces.} +Quinces should not be laid with other fruite; for the sent is offensiue +both to other fruite, and to those that keepe the fruite or come amongst +them: therefore lay them by themselues vpon sweet strawe, where they +may haue ayre enough: they must be packt like Medlers, and gathered with +Medlers. + +{SN: To packe Apples.} +Apples must be packt in Wheat or Rye-straw, and in maunds or baskets +lyned with the same, and being gently handled, will ripen with such +packing and lying together. If seuerall sorts of apples be packt in one +maund or basket, then betweene euery sort, lay sweet strawe of a pretty +thicknesse. + +{SN: Emptying and laying apples.} +Apples must not be powred out, but with care and leasure: first, the +straw pickt cleane from them, and then gently take out euery seuerall +sort, and place them by themselues: but if for want of roome you mixe +the sorts together, then lay those together that are of equall lasting; +but if they haue all one taste, then they need no separation. Apples +that are not of the like colours should not be laid together, and if any +such be mingled, let it be amended, and those which are first ripe, let +them be first spent; and to that end, lay those apples together, that +are of one time ripening: and thus you must vse Pippins also, yet will +they endure bruises better then other fruit, and whilst they are greene +will heale one another. + +{SN: Difference in Fruit.} +Pippins though they grow of one tree, and in one ground, yet some will +last better then other some, and some will bee bigger then others of the +same kinde, according as they haue more or lesse of the Sunne, or more +or lesse of the droppings of the trees or vpper branches: therefore let +euery one make most of that fruite which is fairest, and longest +lasting. Againe, the largenesse and goodnesse of fruite consists in the +age of the tree: for as the tree increaseth, so the fruite increaseth in +bignesse, beauty, taste, and firmnesse: and otherwise, as it decreaseth. + +{SN: Transporting fruit by water.} +If you be to transport your fruit farre by water, then prouide some dry +hogges-heads or barrells, and packe in your apples, one by one with your +hand, that no empty place may be left, to occasion sogging; and you must +line your vessell at both ends with fine sweet straw; but not the sides, +to auoid heat: and you must bore a dozen holes at either end, to receiue +ayre so much the better; and by no meanes let them take wet. Some vse, +that transport beyond seas, to shut the fruite vnder hatches vpon straw: +but it is not so good, if caske may be gotten. + +{SN: When not to transport fruit.} +It is not good to transport fruite in _March_, when the wind blowes +bitterly, nor in frosty weather, neither in the extreme heate of Summer. + +{SN: To conuay small store of fruit.} +If the quantity be small you would carry, then you may carry them in +Dossers or Panniers, prouided they be euer filled close, and that +Cherries and Peares be lined with greene Fearne, and Apples with sweete +straw; and that, but at the bottomes and tops, not on the sides. + +{SN: Roomes for fruite.} +Winter fruite must lye neither too hot, nor too cold; too close, nor too +open: for all are offensiue. A lowe roome or Cellar that is sweet, and +either boorded or paued, and not too close, is good, from _Christmas_ +till _March_: and roomes that are seeled ouer head, and from the ground, +are good from _March_ till _May_: then the Cellar againe, from _May_ +till _Michaelmas_. The apple loft would be seeled or boorded, which if +it want, take the longest Rye-straw, and raise it against the walles, to +make a fence as high as the fruite lyeth; and let it be no thicker then +to keepe the fruite from the wall, which being moyst, may doe hurt, or +if not moist, then the dust is offensiue. + +{SN: Sorting of Fruit.} +There are some fruite which will last but vntill _Allhallontide_: they +must be laid by themselues; then those which will last till _Christmas_, +by themselues: then those which will last till it be _Candlemas_, by +themselues: those that will last till _Shrouetide_, by themselues: and +Pippins, Apple-Iohns, Peare-maines, and Winter-Russettings, which will +last all the yeere by themselues. + +Now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes, pick them out, and with +a Trey for the purpose, see you turne the heapes ouer, and leaue not a +tainted Apple in them, diuiding the hardest by themselues, and the +broken skinned by themselues to be first spent, and the rotten ones to +be cast away; and euer as you turne them, and picke them, vnder-lay them +with fresh straw: thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse, which +otherwise would rot suddenly. + +{SN: Times of stirring fruit.} +Pippins, Iohn Apples, Peare maines, and such like long lasting fruit, +need not to be turned till the weeke before _Christmas_, vnlesse they be +mixt with other of a riper kind, or that the fallings be also with them, +or much of the first straw left amongst them: the next time of turning +is at _Shroue-tide_, and after that, once a moneth till _Whitson-tide_; +and after that, once a fortnight; and euer in the turning, lay your +heapes lower and lower, and your straw very thinne: prouided you doe +none of this labour in any great frost, except it be in a close Celler. +At euery thawe, all fruit is moyst, and then they must not be touched: +neither in rainy weather, for then they will be danke also: and +therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes, and +doores, that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them, as at nine of +the clocke in the fore-noone in Winter; and at sixe in the fore-noone, +and at eight at night in Summer: onely in _March_, open not your +windowes at all. + +All lasting fruite, after the middest of _May_, beginne to wither, +because then they waxe dry, and the moisture gone, which made them looke +plumpe: they must needes wither, and be smaller; and nature decaying, +they must needes rot. And thus much touching the ordering of fruites. + + +_FINIS._ + + * * * * * + +IC + +LONDON, + +Printed by _Nicholas Okes_ for IOHN HARISON, at the golden Vnicorne in +Pater-noster-row. 1631. + + + + +{Transcriber's notes + + The following corrections have been made: + + Title page + "carring home" changed to "carrying home". + + Sig. A2r + "SIR HENRY BELOSSES" possible error for "SIR HENRY BELLOSES"; + not changed. + + Sig. A3v + "how ancient, how, profitable," changed to + "how ancient, how profitable,". + + "Roses on Thornes. and such like," changed to + "Roses on Thornes, and such like,". + + Sig. A4r + "_Of bough Setts._" changed to "_Of bought Setts._" + for consistency with the text. + + Sig. A4v + Page number for "_Of Foyling_" in Chapter 12 changed from 53 to 51, + for consistency with the text. + + Page number for "_Of Flowers, Borders, Mounts &c._" in Chapter 17 + changed from 71 to 70, for consistency with the text. + + Chapter 1, page 3 + "other offall, that fruit" changed to "all other of that fruit" + + Chapter 2, page 3 + "nor searcely with Quinces," changed to + "nor scarcely with Quinces,". + + "(not well ordered," changed to "(not well ordered)". + + Page 5 + "will pu forth suckers" changed to "will put forth suckers". + + Page 6 + "become manure to your ground" changed to + "become manure to your ground.". + + "15. or 18 inches deepe" changed to "15. or 18. inches deepe". + + Chapter 3, page 6 + "(as is before described," changed to "(as is before described)". + + Page 7 + "in _Holland_ and _Zealand_" the "a" in "and" is italicised + in the original. + + "Our old fathers can telvs" changed to "Our old fathers can tel vs". + + Page 8 + "chuse your ground low Or if you be forced" changed to + "chuse your ground low: Or if you be forced". + + Page 10 + "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth," changed to + "(for trees are the greatest suckers & pillers of earth)". + + Chapter 7, page 18 + "for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)" changed to + "(for commonly your bur-knots are summer fruit)". + + Page 20 + "arse from some taw" changed to "arise from some taw". + + Page 21 + "I could not mislke this kind" changed to + "I could not mislike this kind". + + Page 27 + "Let not you stakes" changed to "Let not your stakes". + + "or of auy other thing" changed to "or of any other thing". + + Chapter 8, page 29 + "forty or fity yeares" changed to "forty or fifty yeares". + + "alotted to his felllow" changed to "alotted to his fellow". + + Page 30 + "vpward out of he earth" changed to "vpward out of the earth". + + Chapter 9, page 32 + "they are more subiect," changed to "they are more subiect to,". + + Chapter 10, page 33 + "commonly called a _Graft_)" changed to + "(commonly called a _Graft_)". + + Chapter 11, page 43 + "(nay more) such as mens" changed to "(nay more, such as mens". + + Page 46 + "It stayes it nothing at al" changed to "It stayes it nothing at all.". + + Chapter 12, page 53 + "wastes cotinually" changed to "wastes continually". + + Chapter 13, page 57 + "take sprig and all (for" changed to "take sprig and all: for". + + Page 58 + "cleanse his foile" changed to "cleanse his soile". + + Chapter 14, page 63 + "growth: for cut them" changed to "growth: (for cut them". + + Page 64 + "to inlarge their frust" changed to "to inlarge their fruit". + + Chapter 16, page 67 + "Orchrad shall exceed" changed to "Orchard shall exceed" + + Chapter 17, page 70 + "double double Cowslips" not changed. + + The Country Housewifes Garden + Chapter 8, page 90 + "drunke to kill itches" changed to "drunke) to kill itches". + + Page 94 + "It floweth at _Michael-tide_" changed to + "It flowreth at _Michael-tide_". + + Page 95 + "_Cur moritur homo, cum saluia crescit in horto?_" not changed. + Possible error for "... cui saluia ...". + + Chapter 9, page 97 + "for then they are too too tender" not changed. + + Chapter 10, page 99 + "the Beees lye out" changed to "the Bees lye out". + + Page 100 + "Neither would the hiue be too too great" not changed. + + Page 102 + "hey cannot come downe" changed to "they cannot come downe". + + Page 103 + "claspes are loose in the Stapes" not changed. + + Page 106 + "combes into a siue" changed to "combes) into a siue". + + The Art of propagating plants + Chapter 3, page 116 + The last side note has been changed from "1." to "11.". + + Chapter 4, page 120 + "aud these shall stay" changed to "and these shall stay". + + "sowre Cherry treee" changed to "sowre Cherry tree". + + The Husband mans fruitefull orchard + Page 125 + "_Gascoyne_ and Blacke" changed to "_Gascoyne_ and _Blacke_". + + Page 126 + "if you doe trasport them" changed to "if you doe transport them". + + "Nertarines, Apricockes" changed to "Nectarines, Apricockes". +} + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Orchard And Garden, by +William Lawson and Simon Harwood and Anonymous + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW ORCHARD AND GARDEN *** + +***** This file should be named 29058.txt or 29058.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/0/5/29058/ + +Produced by Louise Pryor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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