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+Project Gutenberg's A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes, by Richard Sherry
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes
+
+Author: Richard Sherry
+
+Commentator: Herbert W. Hildebrandt
+
+Release Date: March 30, 2009 [EBook #28447]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Joseph Cooper, Chris Curnow, Greg
+Lindahl and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
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+
+[Transcriber’s Note:
+
+This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file
+encoding:
+
+  ẽ ũ [e, u with overline = following n or m]
+
+If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the
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+
+The text is based on scans of two different physical copies of the same
+edition; see end of e-text for one variant reading. Other errors are
+also listed at the end of the e-text.
+
+Superscripts are shown with carets: w^t, y^e. All pilcrows ¶ in the
+body text were added by the transcriber (see endnotes).
+
+The book was originally (1550) printed together with Erasmus’s _The
+Education of Children_. The introduction (1961) mentions Erasmus
+briefly; the Index refers only to Sherry’s _Treatise_. Since the
+two texts have no connection except that Sherry is assumed to be the
+translator of the Erasmus essay, they have been made into separate
+e-texts.]
+
+
+
+
+A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES
+
+
+
+
+  A TREATISE
+  OF SCHEMES AND TROPES
+  (1550)
+  by
+  RICHARD SHERRY
+
+  and his translation of
+
+  THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
+  by
+  DESIDERIUS ERASMUS
+
+
+  A facsimile reproduction
+  with an introduction and index
+  by
+  HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT
+  _The University of Michigan_
+
+
+  Gainesville, Florida
+  SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS
+  1961
+
+
+
+
+  SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS
+  118 N.W. 26th Street
+  Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
+  Harry R. Warfel, General Editor
+
+
+  Reproduced from a copy in
+  and with the permission of
+  BODLEIAN LIBRARY
+  _Oxford_
+
+  L.C. Catalog Card Number: 61-5030
+
+
+  Manufactured in the U.S.A.
+  Letterpress by J. N. Anzel, Inc.
+  Photolithography by Edwards Brothers
+  Binding by Universal-Dixie Bindery
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Richard Sherry’s _A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes_ (1550), a familiar
+work of the Renaissance, is primarily thought of as a sixteenth-century
+English textbook on the figures. Yet it is also a mirror of one
+variation of rhetoric which came to be called the rhetoric of style. As
+a representative of this stylistic school, it offers little that is new
+to the third part of classical rhetoric. Instead, it carries forward the
+medieval concept that ornateness in communication is desirable; it
+suggests that figures are tools for achieving this ornateness; it
+supplies examples of ornateness to be imitated in writing and speaking;
+it supports knowing the figures in order to understand both secular and
+religious writings; it proposes that clarity is found in the figures. In
+short, the work assisted Englishmen to understand eloquence as well as
+to create it.
+
+Four-fifths of ancient rhetoric is omitted in the _Treatise_. The nod is
+given to elocution. Invention is discussed, but only as a tool to assist
+the communicator in amplifying his ideas, as a means to spin out his
+thoughts to extreme lengths. Arrangement, memory, and delivery are
+overlooked. Accordingly, the _Treatise_ neatly fits into the category of
+a Renaissance rhetoric on style. It is this school which recognized the
+traditional five Ciceronian parts of rhetoric, but considered style to
+be the most significant precept. The _Treatise_ is not the first to
+support an emphasis wholly on style, nor the foremost. We know that
+Aristotle’s _Rhetoric_, Cicero’s works on rhetoric, and Quintilian’s
+_Institutes_ discussed the significance of style, but they had a broad
+view. However, in England, about the time of Bede, arose a limited
+concept that rhetoric is mainly style, particularly that of the figures.
+It is this latter truncated version of rhetoric that the _Treatise_
+continues in the Renaissance. Rhetoric in Sherry’s work has lost its
+ancient meaning.
+
+The _Treatise_ is highly prescriptive. It was born in an age of rules.
+So much so, that the rhetorician who named his rules and tools was not
+out of rapport with the period. This accounts for the rigidity, the love
+of classification, and the schematic presentation of the work. It is
+nothing more than a highly organized dictionary of ancient, medieval,
+and Renaissance schemes and tropes. In fact, the major variation from
+previous Latin compilers is to be found in the headnotes relative to the
+various kinds of figures. Nor is it as thorough in handling the figures
+as its predecessors. It utilizes, however, the customary Greek and Latin
+terms and supplies a definition, but here the similarity with
+contemporaries and ancients ends. It is weak in amplification of
+examples during an age when amplification was practiced. Sherry
+economizes by selecting usually one example in support of a figure while
+contemporary cataloguers, and ancients for that matter, are more
+definitive.
+
+Whether the work was ever popular within the schools or without is
+unclear. Probably it did not have extensive success because only one
+issue of the work appeared and a revised edition was brought out in
+1555. By contrast, during the sixteenth century, Erasmus’ _De Copia_
+(1512) had at least eleven printings, Mosellanus’ _Table_ (c. 1529) had
+at least eight editions, Susenbrotus’ _Epitome_ (1541) had at least
+twenty printings, Peacham’s _Garden_ (1577) had two editions, and Day’s
+_Secretorie_ (1586) underwent at least five editions. Some of these
+works had new editions printed in the seventeenth century and would seem
+to reflect a greater public acceptance than the _Treatise_. Some were
+also written in Latin while Sherry moves in the vernacular. It still was
+an age of Latin, and Sherry in part recognized this by his alternate
+Latin and English movement in his second rhetoric on style published in
+1555. Moreover, people seemed content to remain with the giants of the
+Renaissance, notably Erasmus and his _De Copia_ instead of turning to a
+lesser light such as Sherry.
+
+The _Treatise_ does have merit. The work cannot be judged entirely by
+tallying its meager number of editions, its lack of thoroughness, or its
+artificial divisions. Its signal contribution rests upon the fact that
+it is a pioneering effort at permitting the figures to march, for the
+first time, in English. Here Sherry had an opportunity to provide the
+English reader with additional words, ideas, and material to be employed
+in vernacular communication. His efforts in his works on rhetoric,
+the two editions of the _Treatise_, provided the sixteenth century
+Englishman with the identical schemes and tropes which had been a
+heritage of the Latin language since antiquity. Hence the work can be
+called a complicated ordering of the figures, but it is also a sincere
+attempt to provide in English those figures which would lend ornateness
+to the expression of an idea.
+
+To indicate that the _Treatise_ was part of a continuing school of
+rhetoric, we must consider a few rhetoricians subsequent to Sherry’s
+work. Indeed, one notices the continuance of dictionaries of figures
+which carry the admonition that the usual manner of utterance was to be
+despised. Thomas Wilson’s _The Arte of Rhetorique_ (1553), although
+preserving the classical idea of rhetoric, also felt the definition of a
+figure employed in communication involved the uncommon. Twenty-seven
+years subsequent to Sherry, England again has a pure catalogue of the
+figures; this is Peacham’s _Garden of Eloquence_. More elaborate than
+the _Treatise_, it too suggests that rhetoric is decoration. Continued
+interest in the stylistic tools is also seen in Puttenham’s The _Arte of
+English Poesie_ (1589). When we move to the latter part of the sixteenth
+century and then change the genre as exemplified in Day’s _The English
+Secretorie_, we see a stylistic extension to the art of letter writing
+which borrowed rhetorical terms and rules and applied them to written
+correspondence. The emphasis in these rhetorics on style is the same:
+ornateness in communication is achieved through using the figures.
+
+When we look in the opposite direction, to works which preceded Sherry,
+the figures, definitions, and examples in the _Treatise_ derive more
+from contemporaries than from the ancients. It relies extensively upon
+intermediaries. Sherry explains that Erasmus and Mosellanus will be
+major sources. Hence the _De Copia_, the _Ecclesiastae_, and the
+_Tabulae de schematibus et tropis_ are used with regularity. Although
+further removed in time, the _Rhetorica ad Herennium_ is the primary
+ancient source. But beyond this first-hand reliance on the ancients,
+examples from Vergil, Cicero, and Terence, to mention several, as well
+as definitions of the figures, depend heavily upon neo-classical
+intermediaries.
+
+Appended to the text on the figures of rhetoric is a seemingly
+gratuitous section entitled “That chyldren oughte to be taught and
+brought vp gently in vertue and learnynge, and that euen forthwyth from
+theyr natiuitie: a declamacion of a briefe theme, by Erasmus of
+Roterodame.” This essay occupies almost two-thirds of the _Treatise_ and
+receives its first English translation from the Latin at the hands of
+Sherry. William Woodward in his _Desiderius Erasmus Concerning the Aim
+and Method of Education_ gave us another English translation in 1904.
+One other translation, in German, by August Israel, is entitled “Vortrag
+über die Nothwendigkeit, die Knaben gleich von der Geburt an in einer
+für Freigeborne würdigen Weise sittlich und wissenschaftlich ausbilden
+zu lassen.”
+
+The reason for the inclusion of the Erasmian essay is never clearly
+stated in the other sections of the _Treatise_. Nor do the other
+translators suppose a reason. From the internal evidence of the essay
+and from headnotes preceding it, we may assume that the purpose is one
+of supplying readers with an example of amplification of a brief theme,
+first illustrated in miniature, and then full blown into a long
+declamation. The essay does not appear to be illustrating the numerous
+figures discussed in the initial section of the work.
+
+Of Sherry we know little. Beyond the dates in the DNB, we infer from his
+works that he had an intense interest in English and had a desire for
+his countrymen to communicate well in the vernacular. He was interested
+in religion, was most likely a Protestant, and hoped to continue an
+interest in religion which he developed in his youth. He was also a
+teacher. And although Latin was still a living language, the task of
+inculcating a new tongue in the students fell to the schoolmaster;
+Sherry was active in this capacity. This does not weaken an acclamation
+we possess of the man: “He was a Person elegantly learned.”
+
+  HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT
+
+  _The University of Michigan
+  February 25, 1960_
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+  A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES
+  by _Richard Sherry_                      1
+
+    Introduction                           2
+    Eloquucion                            17
+    Of Evidence and Plainness             19
+    Of the Three Kyndes of Style          21
+    Scheme and Figure                     25
+    Faute                                 32
+    Garnyshyng and His Kyndes             38
+    Figures of Sentence                   62
+    Proves                                78
+
+  THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
+  by _Desiderius Erasmus_                 97
+
+
+
+
+  ¶ A treatise
+  of Schemes & Tropes
+  very profytable
+  for the better vnderstanding of good
+  authors, gathered out of the best
+  Grammarians & Oratours
+  by Rychard Sherry Lon
+  doner.
+
+  Whervnto is added a declamacion,
+  That chyldren euen strayt frõ their
+  infancie should be well and gent-
+  ly broughte vp in learnynge.
+  Written fyrst in Latin
+  by the most excel-
+  lent and
+  famous Clearke, Erasmus
+  of Rotero-
+  dame.
+
+
+
+
+  To the ryght worshyp
+  ful Master Thomas Brooke
+  Esquire, Rychard Shyrrey
+  wysheth health euer-
+  lastynge.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The tytle of thys worcke straunge.] I doubt
+not but that the title of this treatise all straunge
+vnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the
+fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should
+meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of
+iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting
+it hastily from thẽ, wil not once vouchsafe to reade
+it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to be
+therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a
+tryfle, & a tale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I
+doubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll be
+other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyll
+thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is
+contained therin. [Sidenote: Sheme and Trope.] These
+words, _Scheme_ and _Trope_, are not vsed in our
+Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes.
+[Sidenote: Vse maketh straũge thinges familier.] No
+more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by
+continual vse, very familier to most men, and come so
+often in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vs
+the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne
+natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys
+worde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth
+manye other lyke? And what maruail is it if these
+words haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there was
+no suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue where vnto they
+shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue
+thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men,
+whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue
+both wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to make
+it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye
+compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best.
+[Sidenote: Oure language falsely accused of
+barbarousnes.] It is not vnknowen that oure language
+for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene
+complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut in
+the toungue it selfe, but rather for slackenes of our
+coũtrimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng
+out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many
+in it: as plainly doth appere not only by the most
+excellent monumentes of our aũciẽt forewriters,
+[Sidenote: Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.] Gower, Chawcer
+and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many
+other later: [Sidenote: Syr Thomas Elyot.] inespeciall
+of y^e ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, which
+first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye
+searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all
+kynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrode
+goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and
+industrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as of
+eyther the Philosophies, hathe herebi declared the
+plentyfulnes of our mother toũge, loue toward hys
+country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles.
+What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat?
+which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune
+and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys
+natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth
+whome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equal
+wyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death to
+hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men
+verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and
+stable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and
+broughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yet
+lyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs
+to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure
+myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, what
+sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe
+oracion natural, and holpẽ by art, wherby it may most
+eloquẽtly be vttered. [Sidenote: The occasion of thys
+treatise.] Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke
+wyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters this
+present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place,
+and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and
+pleasaunte if they were gathered together, and
+handsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theire
+descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue.
+And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted with
+them, when I red them to other in y^e Latin, and that
+they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode
+authores, I was so muche the more ready to make them
+speak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mine
+old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request.
+
+¶ [Sidenote: Rodulphus Agricola.] Beside this, I was
+moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke
+Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle
+wryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth mẽ what soeuer
+they reade in straunge tongues, diligently to
+translate the same into their owne language: because
+that in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute in
+our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly
+hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and
+superfluously wryttẽ. No lerned nacion hath there
+bene but y^e learned in it haue written of schemes &
+fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei had
+perceyued the valewe.
+
+¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle
+lesure, I red ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those
+which wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies:
+fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer
+brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some.
+[Sidenote: Mosellain.] Mosellane hathe in hys tables
+shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hathe
+confoũded them together, that his second order called
+of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians
+then to hys purpose. [Sidenote: Quintilian.]
+Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the
+Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you may
+soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche as
+serued hys purpose. [Sidenote: Cicero.] Cicero in hys
+boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence
+hathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be
+tryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exãples.
+[Sidenote: Erasmus.] Erasmus in hys double copye of
+words and thynges, hath made as y^e tytle declareth
+but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litle
+bil of remembraũce. Wherefore to make these thinges
+more playne to y^e students that lyst to reade them in
+oure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, more
+thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the
+examples more aptly, & to make things defused more
+plaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the
+dylygente. I haue not translated them orderly out of
+anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many,
+and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into
+this body as you se, and set them in so playne an
+order, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and the
+vse wherevnto it serueth. Thoughe vnto greate wittes
+occupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelye
+pertayne, yet to such as perchaũce shal not haue
+perfecte instructoures, they may be commodious to
+helpe them selues for y^e better vnderstandynge of
+such good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys darre I
+saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he
+shulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche
+as al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche is
+the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. The
+common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto
+their scholers: _Hic est figura_: and sometyme to axe
+them, _Per quam figuram?_ But what profit is herein if
+they go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyng
+is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure
+to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe the proper vse
+of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as
+playne wordes as maye be. [Sidenote: A figure not to
+be vsed but for a cause.] But syth it so chaunseth y^t
+somtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the matter
+more plaĩly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then
+after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the
+sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors
+do wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe of
+schemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer in
+the writing and speaking of eloquente english men,
+then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might
+I brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in
+them but that they are to be learned euen of
+necessitie, for as muche as not only prophane authors
+wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that also
+they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye
+scripture, where if you be ignoraunte in the
+fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manye
+greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion:
+[Sidenote: Westimerus] as ryght wyll do testefy
+_Castelio Vestimerus_ and [Sidenote: Augustinus] y^t
+noble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue not
+made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer
+is it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye
+touched, and as it were with my litle fynger poynted
+to these thinges, which require a lẽger declaracion.
+For what can be hasted, and absolute to? But if God
+spare me lyfe, I truste hereafter to make it an
+introducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue
+that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by
+them selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and
+varyous authors: but that also thei shalbe able better
+to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and
+ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures.
+[Sidenote: And apte similitude.] For as lyke plesure
+is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden
+garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers,
+and that there doeth no more but beholde them, of
+whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge
+but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the
+corporall eie pleasure, knoeth of eueri one the name &
+propertye: so verelye much difference is there in
+readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne
+that do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe
+he whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other,
+whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer
+but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth
+also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye
+myghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all good
+giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all oure
+words and speache, that it may be to his honour and
+glory for euer and euer. Amen.
+
+  ¶ Geuen at London the.
+  xiii. day of Decembre.
+  Anno .M.D.L.
+
+
+
+
+  ¶ A briefe note of eloquciõ, the third
+  parte of Rhetoricke, wherunto
+  all Figures and Tropes be
+  referred.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Eloquucion] _Eloquucion_, which the Greekes
+call Phrase, whereof also the name of eloquence dothe
+ryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also is
+it the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche is
+seene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure,
+whych as Cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth,
+is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. For
+vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges,
+bothe it addeth a fulnes, and varietie: it setteth
+oute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche,
+the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue
+sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated,
+and wel soundyng, it bryngeth that greate fludde of
+eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stile and indyghtyng.
+And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, not
+only must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but also
+take hede of placinge, and settinge them in order.
+For the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth in
+wordes considered by them selues, and when they be
+ioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste be
+founde oute, and after by diligence conueniently
+coupled. For there is a garnyshynge, euen when they be
+pure and fyne by them selues, and an other, whẽ they
+be ioyned together. To chose thẽ oute finely, and
+handsomlye to bestow them in their places, after the
+mynde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thynge. So
+Marcus Antonius was wonte to say, that he had knowen
+many wel spoken men, but none eloquente. ¶ Tullye and
+Quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposiciõ were
+the partes of a wytty and prudent man, but eloquence
+of an oratour. For howe to finde out matter, and set
+it in order, may be comen to all men, whyche eyther
+make abridgementes of the excellent workes of
+aunciente wryters, and put histories in remẽbraunce,
+or that speake of anye matter them selues: but to
+vtter the mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is a
+gyft geuen to very fewe. And because we haue deuided
+eloquucion into two partes, that is, wordes symple,
+or considered by them selues, and compound or ioyned
+together in speache, accordyng to thys we saye, that
+euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes:
+euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte of
+eloquucion, composicion & dignitie, which belongeth to
+the other.
+
+
+Of Euidence and plainenes.
+
+Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thys
+be the fyrste care, to speake euidentlye after the
+dignitye and nature of thynges, and to vtter suche
+wordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no man
+may iustely reprehende. The playne and euident speche
+is learned of Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracion
+pure, and without all faute, and maketh that euerye
+thyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, and
+clerelye. Euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes that
+be in vse of daylye talke, and proper wordes that
+belonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke.
+Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name
+of the thing, but much more to the strength and power
+of the significacion: & must be considered not by
+hearyng, but by vnderstandyng. So translacion in the
+whych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuciõ,
+applieth wordes not the selfe proper thinges. But yet
+an vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in the
+oracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (as
+Cicero sayeth) oftentymes the oracion may seme
+greater, and of more antiquitie, for that Poetes do
+speake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it is
+righte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cõmitted
+in euerye language, whereby it is not pure:
+Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the whych, that on is
+committed, when anye worde is fautely spoken or
+writen: that other, when in many wordes ioyned
+together, the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed
+to that that goeth before. Of composicion and
+dygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come to
+the figures of rethoryque.
+
+
+Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge.
+
+Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an
+oraciõ, we thinke good, bryeflye, to shewe you of the
+thre kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych all
+the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that
+there be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekes
+characters, of vs figures, I trowe there is no man,
+though he be meanlye learned, but he knoweth, namely
+when we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Greke
+and latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to haue
+folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of
+wrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there hath
+bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge:
+The greate, the small, the meane.
+
+
+The greate kynde.
+
+The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kynde
+of endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuine
+power of oracion, is vsed in wayghty causes: for it
+hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes,
+proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych ar
+handled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and it
+hathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences,
+wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strength
+and grauitie. And they that vse thys kynde, bee
+vehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted and
+readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes.
+Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus
+Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius
+Rabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, agaynste
+Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes
+fall into fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graue
+oracion, whych swelleth, and is puffed vp, whych vseth
+straunge wordes hardelye translated, or to olde, and
+that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye
+talke, or more graue then the thing requyreth.
+
+
+The small kynde.
+
+The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile,
+pressed, and fyled oracion, meete for causes that be a
+lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge.
+For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen
+to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng.
+It hathe fyne sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng all
+thynges, and makynge them more playne, not more ample.
+¶ And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth in hys
+oratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and of
+purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull: Other in that
+leaues are trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge also
+and garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys
+philosophicall disputacions, in the oraciõ for
+Quincius for Roscius y^e Comedy plaier, & Terẽce,
+& Plautus in their Comedies. Such as cã not hãdsomly
+vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendernes of
+wordes, fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion.
+
+
+The meane kynde.
+
+The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of
+the lower, and yet not of the loweste, and moste comen
+wordes and sentẽces. And it is ryghtyly called the
+temperate kynde of speakyng, because it is very nygh
+vnto the small, and to the greate kynde, folowyng a
+moderacion and temper betwyxt thẽ. And it foloweth as
+we saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracion
+wyth small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences.
+Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius, for Aulus
+Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste of all in hys
+bookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to the
+kynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute,
+because it waueth hyther and thyther, as it were
+wythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng surely in no
+poynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearer
+to take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out, and
+comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes.
+
+
+Of Schemes and Tropes.
+
+[Sidenote: Scheme] Scheme is a Greke worde, and
+signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that
+daunsers vse to make, whẽ they haue won the best game,
+but by translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion,
+and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or
+payntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the fashion
+of a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten or
+spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and that
+thre sũdry waies: by figure, faute, vertue.
+
+
+Figure.
+
+Fygure, of Scheme y^e fyrst part, is a behaueoure,
+maner, or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, or
+wordes after some new wyse, other thẽ men do commenlye
+vse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes.
+Dianoias, that is of sentence, and Lexeos of worde.
+
+Figure of Dianoias, or sentence, because it properlye
+belongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of it hereafter
+in place conuenient, now wyll we entrete of the figure
+Lexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth to the
+Gramarians.
+
+
+Figure of worde.
+
+Figure Lexeos, or of worde, is when in speakyng or
+wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe
+or straunge, otherwyse then after y^e comen custume:
+& is of .ii. kyndes; diccion, & construccion.
+
+
+Figure of Diccion.
+
+Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word,
+either written or pronoũced: & hath these partes.
+
+[Sidenote: Prosthesis.] _Appositio_, apposiciõ,
+the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at the
+begynnyng of a worde, as: He all to bewretched hym.
+
+[Sidenote: Apheresis] _Ablatio_, the takynge awaye of
+a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde,
+of a letter, when we say: The pẽthesis of thys house
+is to low, for the epenthesis. Wher note this y^e word
+pẽthesis is a greke worde, & yet is vsed as an
+englishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis by
+these figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole word
+beynge as is before, epenthesis, so called because it
+is betwyxt y^e lyght & vs, as in al occupiers shops
+cõmenli it is.
+
+[Sidenote: Epenthesis.] _Interpositio_, when a letter
+is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the
+laste, as: Relligiõ for religion, relliques for
+reliques.
+
+[Sidenote: Syncope.] _Consicio_, contrary to
+Epenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from the
+myddeste of the worde, as: Idolatry for Idololatry.
+
+[Sidenote: Proparalepsis.] _Preassumpcio_, when a
+sillable is added to a word, the significacion of the
+worde therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slacken
+his matters, for to slacke his matters.
+
+[Sidenote: Apocope.] _Absissio_, y^e cuttyng away of a
+letter or sillable frõ the end of a word, as: She is a
+wel fayr may, for maid.
+
+[Sidenote: Ectasis.] _Extensio_, the making lõg of a
+sillable whych by nature is short, as: This was
+ordeined by acte, for ordined.
+
+[Sidenote: Systole.] _Contractio_, the makynge short
+of a sillable which bi nature is lõg, as He is a man
+of good perseueraũce: wher some men cõmit .ii. fautes
+at once, one y^t they take perseueraũce for
+knoweledge, which signifieth alwais cõtinuance, an
+other y^t they make this sillable (ue) short, where it
+is euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde,
+adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it is
+alwayes longe, as when they saye: I defye hym, and all
+his adherentes.
+
+[Sidenote: Synolephe.] _Delecio_, puttynge oute, when
+.ii. vowels comyng together, the first is as it were
+put out: as thone and thother, for the one and the
+other.
+
+[Sidenote: Antisthecon.] _Littera pro littera._ One
+letter for an other, as akecorne for okecorne.
+
+_Transposicio._ Transposing of letters in wrytynge,
+as chambre, for chamber.
+
+
+Figure of construccion.
+
+Figure of construccion is when the order of
+construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner.
+And the kyndes be these.
+
+[Sidenote: Prolepsis.] _Presumpcio_, a takynge before,
+or generall speakynge of those thynges whych
+afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye: as, in the
+meane seasõ that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais on
+a sumpteous courser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was
+caried to Boloygne.
+
+[Sidenote: Zeugma.] _Iunctio_, ioynyng, as Linacer
+sayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng
+that is put in the one, and not chaunged in the other
+is not expressed, but lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. Before
+I forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian shall drynke of
+the flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is left
+out, shall drynke. Or to define it more playnelye.
+¶ _Iniunctio_, is when the verbe in diuerse lyke
+sentences is referred to one: and that thre maner of
+waies.
+
+[Sidenote: Presozeugma.] Fyrste when it is set before,
+and is called _preiunctio_, as: There dyd ouercome in
+hym, lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare,
+madnesse hys reason.
+
+[Sidenote: Mesozeugma.] Secondlye when it is set in
+the middes, & is called, _Media iunctio_, as bewtye,
+eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes.
+
+[Sidenote: Hypozeugma.] Thyrdly whẽ it is put in the
+end and is called _Postiunctio_, as bewtie by
+syckenes, by sorowe, or by age decayeth.
+
+[Sidenote: Diazeugma.] _Disiunctio_, disiunccion, when
+of those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, or
+eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe,
+thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrew
+Cartage, cast downe Corinth, and raced Fregels.
+Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth the
+mynd.
+
+[Sidenote: Silepsis.] _Concepcio_, when in vnlike
+clauses a certeyn cõmon thynge that is put in one of
+thẽ, can not agre with the other, excepte it be
+chaunged. But thys is more playne in the latine
+because of the concordes, albeit in englyshe for the
+verbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and the
+Kynge was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutte
+of: In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the
+nexte.
+
+[Sidenote: Epergesis.] _Appositio_, when two
+substãtiues are put together immediatly withoute any
+verbe betwyxt, the one to declare the other, as in
+Vyrgyll. ¶ Coridõ loued faire Alexis his masters
+darlynge.
+
+[Sidenote: Hyperbaton] _Transgressio_, when the
+ryghte order of wordes is troubled, & hath these
+kyndes.
+
+[Sidenote: Anastrophe.] _Reuersio_, a preposterous
+order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of
+speakyng, as: He fell from of the wall, for he fel of
+from the walle.
+
+[Sidenote: Hysterologia.] _Prepostera loquutio_, when
+y^t that is done afterwardes, is set in speaking in
+the former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres.
+
+[Sidenote: Tmesis] _Dissectio_, a cutting, when the
+ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting
+somewhat betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as here
+shal appere after, for hereafter. He shal by punyshed
+what man so euer offẽdeth, for whatsoeuer man.
+
+[Sidenote: Parenthesis] _Interpositio_, Interposicion,
+is a dissoluciõ of the order of the words by putting a
+sentence betwixt, as: The man (I speke it for no
+harme) wyl somtime haue his owne wyll.
+
+[Sidenote: Eclipsis.] _Defectus_, when somewhat
+lacketh in speakyng, but cõmenlye vsed to be
+vnderstand, as: Good morowe, good nyght.
+
+[Sidenote: Antiptosis.] _Casus pro casu_, when one
+case is putte for another, as me thynke it is so.
+
+
+Faute.
+
+Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were a
+faute, which though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet in
+prose it is not to be suffered. The kyndes bee these:
+obscure, inordinate, barbarous.
+
+
+Obscure and hys partes.
+
+Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eyther
+of the wordes, or of the settynge of them, and these
+ben the partes.
+
+[Sidenote: Acyrologia.] _Improprietas_, when a worde
+nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is
+broughte into a sentence as a cloude: as you shall
+haue syxe strypes you longe for.
+
+[Sidenote: Pleonasmus.] _Superabundancia_, when y^e
+sentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, he
+spake it wyth his mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes.
+
+[Sidenote: Perissologia.] _Sermo superfluus_, when a
+sentẽce is added, y^e matter therby made neuer the
+waightyer, as y^e Embassadours obteining no peace,
+returned backe home, frõ whẽce they came.
+
+[Sidenote: Tautologia.] _Inutilis repeticio eiusdem_,
+is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all
+one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede,
+Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus
+Cluencius. Therefore that iudgemẽt was not lyke a
+iudgemẽt O Iudges.
+
+[Sidenote: Homiologia.] _Sermo ubique sui similis_,
+a greater faute then the other, is when the whole
+matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde
+tediousnes, as: He came thither to y^e bath, yet he
+saide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me.
+Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider.
+Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more
+when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a
+tale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshe
+persons.
+
+[Sidenote: Amphibologia.] _Ambiguitas_, when thorow
+faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych
+the verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better
+then hys mother.
+
+[Sidenote: Periergia.] _Sedulitas superflua_, when
+ther is in speakyng to much diligence and curiositye,
+and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes,
+whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that,
+[Sidenote: Macrologia] that is called _Macrologia_,
+whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne
+and eloquent, is longer then it shulde be.
+
+
+Inordinate and his partes.
+
+Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh
+in the wordes: and the kyndes ben these:
+
+[Sidenote: Tapinosis.] _Humiliatio_, when the dygnitye
+of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as
+if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it
+please your mastershyp.
+
+[Sidenote: Aschrologia.] _Turpis loquutio_, when the
+words be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may be
+wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to
+put any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone
+fynde inowe.
+
+[Sidenote: Cacozelia.] _Mala affectatio_, euyll
+affectaciõ or leude folowyng, when the wytte lacketh
+iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of
+speaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy,
+we fall into a vaine bablynge, or laboryng to be
+brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye:
+a phrase of building, or an audiẽce of shepe, as a
+certẽ homely felow dyd.
+
+[Sidenote: Aschematistõ] _Male figuratum_, when the
+oracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh his
+figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne:
+which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the
+leaste.
+
+[Sidenote: Cacosintheton.] _Male collocatum_, when
+wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in a
+place wher thei shuld not be.
+
+[Sidenote: Soraismus.] _Cumulatio_, a mynglyng and
+heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into
+one speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into
+englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or
+barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long
+workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their
+examples be folowed, nor brought into a cõmon vsage of
+speakyng.
+
+
+Barbarie and hys partes.
+
+Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche frõ his
+purenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partes
+be these.
+
+[Sidenote: Barbarismus.] Barbarismus is, when a worde
+is either naughtely wrytten or pronoũced cõtrary to
+the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by
+addicion, detracciõ, chaunging, transposynge, eyther
+of a letter, a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraciõ.
+Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be
+called figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both the
+speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you
+inow. Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil
+pronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng,
+or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth.
+
+[Sidenote: Solecismus.] _Inconueniens structura_,
+is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the
+partes of spech in construccion, whych is marked by
+all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as
+when one parte is put for another, when gender for
+gender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode,
+number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicion
+for preposiciõ, whych because it is vsed of famous
+authores, instede of fautes, be called figures.
+
+
+Vertue.
+
+Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in
+speakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the
+sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen
+maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes:
+Proprietie and garnyshyng.
+
+
+Proprietie and his partes.
+
+Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther
+be no fautes committed, but thynges done as they
+shulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting.
+
+[Sidenote: Analogia.] _Proportio_, proporcion is,
+whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By
+thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye
+true and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals from
+the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacion
+or markyng, not leanyng vpõ cause, but vpon example.
+For in eloquence, the iudgement of excellẽt men
+standeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst
+boke.
+
+[Sidenote: Tasis.] _Extensio_, is that wherby a swete
+and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes is
+kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or
+accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This
+grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of y^e voyce
+in pleasaunte pronunciation.
+
+
+Garnyshyng and his kyndes.
+
+Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is whẽ the
+oraciõ is gaylye set oute and floryshed w^t diuerse
+goodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes and
+delectaciõ to the hearer: and hath two kyndes,
+composicion, and exornacion.
+
+[Sidenote: Sinthesis.] Composicion is an apte settinge
+together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an
+oracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be
+considered that we so order our wordes, that the
+sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after
+a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase.
+There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men &
+women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather then
+backewardes. In thys muste be auoyded also to often
+comyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wyde
+and gapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the
+beginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word,
+and that they ende not to much all alyke, that the
+sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the
+hearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consonãtes run
+not to harshely together, wyth many other, which
+Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour,
+and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put
+examples were to longe.
+
+Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and
+sentences by disseueryng thẽ w^t diuerse goodly
+colours and tropes or chaũgings of speach.
+
+
+Tropes.
+
+Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures,
+Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther
+is a notable difference betwixt thẽ. In figure
+is no alteracion in the wordes frõ their proper
+significacions, but only is the oracion & sẽtence made
+by thẽ more plesaũt, sharpe & vehemẽt, after y^e
+affecciõ of him that speketh or writeth: to y^e which
+vse although tropes also do serue, yet properlye be
+they so called, because in them for necessitye or
+garnyshynge, there is a mouynge and chaungynge of a
+worde and sentence, from theyr owne significaciõ into
+another, whych may agre wyth it by a similitude.
+The former partes ben these.
+
+[Sidenote: Metaphora.] _Translatio_, translacion, that
+is a worde translated from the thynge that it
+properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre
+with it by a similitude. And amonge all vertues
+of speche, this is the chyefe. ¶ None perswadeth more
+effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes
+more euidently, none moueth more mightily the
+affeccions, none maketh the oraciõ more goodlye,
+pleasaunt, nor copious.
+
+
+Translacions be diuerse.
+
+[Sidenote: i.] Some frõ the body to the mynd, as:
+I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newely
+begunne it. Also I smell where aboute you go, for I
+perceyue.
+
+[Sidenote: ii.] From the reasonable to the
+vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed the
+counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men;
+to bees.
+
+[Sidenote: iii.] From the vnreasonable to the
+resonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou?
+That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye.
+
+[Sidenote: iiii.] From the liuinge to the not liuyng.
+The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. The
+lande wyl spewe them oute.
+
+[Sidenote: v.] From the not lyuynge to the liuyng.
+Cicero florisheth in eloquẽce.
+
+[Sidenote: vi.] From the liuyng, to the liuynge.
+The iews winched against Moses.
+
+[Sidenote: vii.] From the not liuinge to the not
+liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is
+good for a greue wounde.
+
+[Sidenote: Catachresis.] _Abusio_, when for a certeyne
+and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto
+it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal
+matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion
+wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do
+belong to vnlyke thinges.
+
+[Sidenote: Metalepsis.] _Transsumptio_, Transsũpcion,
+is when by degrees we go to y^t that is shewed as:
+he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is
+vnderstand ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe
+and verye depe.
+
+[Sidenote: Metonomia.] _Metonomya_, Transnominacion,
+when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys
+owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another:
+& this is done diuerse waies.
+
+[Sidenote: i.] When the chiefe master or doar of a
+thyng is put for y^e thing it self, as: Put vpon you
+the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas w^t me.
+
+[Sidenote: ii.] When the place, or that that
+cõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All
+the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath
+not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin.
+
+[Sidenote: iii.] When that that is conteyned is put
+for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is
+goodly buylded, for y^e house wher y^e fryers wer.
+
+[Sidenote: iiii.] When the doer is put for that y^t is
+done, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egypte
+wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also:
+Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength.
+
+[Sidenote: v.] When y^t is done is put for y^e doer.
+
+[Sidenote: Synecdoche.] _Intellectio_, Intelleccion
+whẽ one thyng is vnderstand by another y^t is of the
+same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes.
+
+[Sidenote: i.] When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte,
+as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues
+fleshe.
+
+[Sidenote: ii.] By a parte the whole, as: He receyued
+the straũgers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for
+into hys house.
+
+[Sidenote: iii.] By one many, as: The Frenchemã in y^e
+batail had the ouerthrow.
+
+[Sidenote: iiii.] By a kynd y^e general, as: If thou
+se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, for
+cattell.
+
+[Sidenote: v.] By the general the kynd: Eue the mother
+of al liuing things, for of al mẽ: Preach to al
+creaturs, to al mẽ
+
+[Sidenote: vi.] By that goeth before, the thynge that
+foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he
+rode a pace, or fled faste awaye.
+
+[Sidenote: vii.] By that y^t foloweth, the thinge
+wente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face,
+for w^t my labour.
+
+[Sidenote: viii.] By the matter, y^e thynge that is
+made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it.
+
+¶ [Sidenote: ix.] By the signe, y^e thyng y^t is
+signified as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in
+the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl
+signifieth night to be at hande.
+
+[Sidenote: Pronominacio.] _Antonomasia_ is, whych for
+y^e proper name putteth some other word: As: the
+Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The
+Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for
+Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by
+faythe, for Paule.
+
+[Sidenote: Periphrasis.] _Circuicio_, is a larger
+descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule
+to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn:
+by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. ¶ Example of
+the fyrste: The prouidẽce of Scipio ouerthrew y^e
+might of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng
+sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew
+Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his
+busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys
+busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y^e thyrd, you
+haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by
+the name of thys figure.
+
+By Etymologie or shewyng the reasõ of the name. Well
+maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is y^t
+loueth other because of his meat.
+
+By sygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe anye
+thynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll saye that
+it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whych
+bryngeth in palenes into the coũtenaũce, fiersenes
+of the eies, and trẽblyng in the members.
+
+By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for
+Rethorique.
+
+
+The second parte of Trope.
+
+_Allegoria_, the seconde parte of Trope is an
+inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes,
+and another in sentence or meanynge.
+
+[Sidenote: Aenigma.] _Sermo obscurus_, a riddle or
+darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more thẽ the hole.
+
+[Sidenote: Paremia.] _Adagium_, a sayinge muche vsed
+and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our
+tale.
+
+[Sidenote: Ironia.] _Dissimulatio_, is a mockyng
+whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by
+the pronũciacion, or by the behaueour of the person or
+by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man
+in deede.
+
+[Sidenote: Sarcasmus.] _Amara irrisio_, is a bitter
+sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng
+or scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The
+Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could
+not saue hym selfe.
+
+[Sidenote: Astysmus.] _Festiua urbanitas_, is a certen
+mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow
+metynge w^t one that had a very whyte head, axed him
+if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght.
+
+[Sidenote: Mycterismus.] _Subsannatio_, a skornyng by
+some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose,
+putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke.
+
+[Sidenote: Antiphrasis.] _Dictio cõtrariũ
+significans_, when the mock is in a worde by a
+contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges,
+a minion.
+
+[Sidenote: Charientismus.] _Graciosa nugatio_, when
+wordes roughly spokẽ be molified by pleasaunt wordes:
+as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you
+be good master to me.
+
+
+The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall.
+
+[Sidenote: Epanaphora] _Repeticio_, repeticion, when
+in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng
+cõtinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you
+this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be
+geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this
+exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes,
+& it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth
+oute, and garnysheth the oracion.
+
+[Sidenote: Antistrophe.] _Conuersio_, conuersion is
+whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the
+same worde, but w^t all one worde styll closeth vp the
+sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as:
+Sence the time y^e cõcord was takẽ awaye from the
+citie, lyberty was takẽ awai: fidelity was takẽ away:
+frẽship was takẽ away.
+
+[Sidenote: Symploce.] _Cõplexio_, complexion cõpriseth
+both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we
+declared before, y^t both all one fyrste worde shulde
+be oftẽ repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one
+laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out
+both hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys
+felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who
+was transformed frõ a man into a beast, & eate haye
+wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer.
+
+[Sidenote: Anadiplosis.] _Reduplicatio_, is a
+continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or
+wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the
+mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth:
+yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou,
+it is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also,
+dareste thou nowe come into our syght, y^e traitour of
+thy cõtrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest
+thou come into oure syght?
+
+[Sidenote: Epanodus.] _Traduccio_, Traduccion is,
+whyche maketh that whẽ all one word is oftentymes
+vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the
+mynde, but also make y^e oracion more trim in this
+wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but
+prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y^u wylt
+compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke
+them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but
+hãdmaydens to vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete
+sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of
+death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the
+sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii.
+
+[Sidenote: Sinonimia] _Nominis cõmunio_, cõmunion of
+the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by
+rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an
+other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast
+ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion,
+and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The
+iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and
+shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for
+.Q. Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy
+swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was
+thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that
+burning of thy mynd? what desiredst y^u? what
+wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the
+other before, only because the wordes be chaũged, the
+sentẽce remayning.
+
+[Sidenote: Sinathrismus.] _Frequentacio_,
+frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed
+thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into
+one place that y^e oracion shulde be the wayghtier,
+& rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why
+shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an
+harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for
+others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural
+to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to
+hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to
+his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally,
+intollerable to all men.
+
+[Sidenote: Epiphonesis.] _Exclamacio_, exclamaciõ is,
+whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of
+anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a
+thynge? Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope of
+men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions,
+whych oftẽ tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe
+downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they
+can se the hauen. Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ,
+obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking.
+
+[Sidenote: Areia.] _Execracio_, execracion: O fye vpon
+Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God
+alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images
+made by mans hand.
+
+[Sidenote: Deesis.] _Obtestacio_, obtestacion, whẽ for
+God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue
+any thynge. As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I praye
+you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, y^t
+as it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf
+to saue thẽ thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne.
+
+[Sidenote: Euche.] _Votum_, wyshynge: O wolde God that
+the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan
+wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia.
+
+[Sidenote: Epiplexis] _Increpacio_, Cicero agaynst
+Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not
+knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the
+laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before?
+
+[Sidenote: Erotesis.] _Interrogacio_, Euerye
+interrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme,
+but thys whyche when those thinges be rehearsed vp
+whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that
+thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he
+spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges,
+whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes frõ the
+cõmon wealthe or not?
+
+[Sidenote: Erotema.] _Raciocinatio_, raciocinacion is,
+by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe,
+wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that
+oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of
+euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well
+ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys
+lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the
+power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in
+the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle
+before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason.
+Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wyl
+not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a
+valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them
+to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, those to count
+mẽ: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie
+increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he
+haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse.
+Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am
+wont to despise, not to folowe.
+
+[Sidenote: Prosapodosis.] _Subiectio_, when we axe of
+oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere
+to our selues thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? God
+forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus:
+O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl
+you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your
+prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confoũded.
+Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare
+that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to
+Christ.
+
+[Sidenote: Antiphora.] _Tacite obiectioni responsio._
+whẽ we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be
+obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide,
+Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home
+hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he myght
+haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely
+toke away y^t excuse, saying: Troy is destroied.
+
+[Sidenote: Aporia.] _Dubitatio_, Dubitacion; when wee
+doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld
+inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth at
+that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of
+the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can not
+tell.
+
+[Sidenote: Apophasis.] _Expeditio_, expedicion, when
+many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be
+done or not, the other are taken away, and one left
+that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys
+controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther
+vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or
+vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The
+wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate
+inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the
+other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al
+these incõueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours,
+& texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour,
+& scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence,
+then the worde.
+
+[Sidenote: Epilogus.] _Conclusio_, conclusiõ is, which
+by a brief argumẽtacion of these thinges that be
+spoken before or done, inferreth that thynge that
+necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacion
+wer geuen to the Troianes, y^t Troy myght not be taken
+without y^e arowes of Philectetes, and thei did
+nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in
+dede was Troy to be taken.
+
+[Sidenote: Epitrope.] _Permissio_, permission, when we
+shew y^t we geue & graũt any thyng altogether to a
+mans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges takẽ away, only
+is left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych
+only ar lefte vnto me of many, I graunte thẽ to you
+and to your power.
+
+[Sidenote: Anacinosis.] _Cõmunicacio_, cõmunicacion
+is, when we leaue sumwhat to y^e Iudges to be estemed,
+thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what
+hurt y^e cõmõ welth shal take hereof _Diuisio_,
+[Sidenote: Dialisis.] diuision is which diuiding one
+thyng frõ another, endeth thẽ both by shewing a reasõ,
+thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if y^u
+bee good, y^u haste not deserued it, if thou be
+naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I
+speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou
+do remember them, I shuld but trouble you: If you haue
+forgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng,
+what good can I do in wordes?
+
+[Sidenote: Antitheton.] _Contentio_, contencion, when
+the reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be
+rehearsed by cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasaũt
+begynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges.
+Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyue
+honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that
+be after the fleshe, care for these thynges y^t be of
+the fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care for
+the thynges of the spirite.
+
+[Sidenote: Antithesis.] _Contrarium_, contrary is,
+that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y^e one
+bryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll
+be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a man
+trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters?
+He that in familiare cõmunicacion and company of hys
+friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest thẽ y^t he wil
+absteine from a lye in a cõmon audience.
+
+[Sidenote: Colon.] _Membrum oracionis_, a mẽber of the
+reasõ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely
+in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but
+receyued agayne w^t an other parte, thus: Thou dyddest
+bothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd. Thys
+exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the
+perfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profite
+thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thy
+selfe.
+
+[Sidenote: Dialyton.] _Articulus_, article is, when
+eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus.
+By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne
+enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth
+enuye, wronges, power, falsehead.
+
+[Sidenote: Isocolon.] _Compar_, euen or equall, is
+when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche
+we spake before, & that they be made of euen number of
+sillables: but thys equalitie must not stand by
+numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in y^e
+mynd. Christe afore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a
+croune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, the
+kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes in
+on mẽber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare
+of lyke lengthe.
+
+[Sidenote: Homioptotõ] _Similiter cadens_, fallyng al
+alike is, when in the same construccion of wordes ther
+be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe
+same cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue,
+plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is in
+thẽ no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none of
+talke.
+
+[Sidenote: Homoteleto.] _Similiter desinens_, endynge
+al alyke, when words or sentẽces haue alyke endyng,
+as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke
+baudely. Content thy selfe w^t thy state, in thy herte
+do no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate.
+
+[Sidenote: Climax.] _Gradacio_, is, when we rehearse
+again the word y^t goth next before, & descẽd to other
+thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat
+vertue, vertue glory, glory hatered. [Sidenote:
+Orismus.] _Definicio_, definiciõ, wher by y^e proper
+effect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely
+in this wyse: This is not diligẽce but couetousnes,
+because y^t diligẽce is a nedy sauing of thine own:
+couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens.
+¶ [Sidenote: Metabasis.] _Transicio_, transiciõ is,
+wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what
+may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue
+told, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to
+hys parẽtes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius:
+Because we haue spoken of y^e kind of the warre, now
+wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it.
+¶ [Sidenote: Paralepsis.] _Occupatia_, occupacion is,
+when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl not
+know of y^e thyng y^t wee speke of most of al, in this
+wyse: I wyl not say that y^u tokest money of our
+felowes, I wyl not stand much in thys that y^u
+robbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: I passe
+ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns. ¶ [Sidenote:
+Asindeton.] _Dissolutio_, when the oracion lacketh
+coniũccions, thus: Obey thy parẽtes, be ruled by thi
+kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes.
+
+[Sidenote: Apostrophe.] _Auersio_, auersion, when we
+turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to
+another personne, eyther present or absent, or to a
+thing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher,
+speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may
+fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter,
+I wold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do,
+howe far they be gone frõ that thou prescribedst them
+to do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant be the thynges
+that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou
+geuest.
+
+[Sidenote: Anangeon.] _Necessum_, necessitie, when we
+cõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by
+necessitye, eyther of y^e person or tyme, thus:
+I confesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thou
+gauest me, dyd deceyue me. Also, somtyme I was in that
+opinion, but the tyme so required.
+
+[Sidenote: Anaclasis.] _Refractio_, that is the
+turninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrary
+significacion, thus: I knowe kynge Ezechias that all
+thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue me
+suche bytternes.
+
+[Sidenote: Bomphiologia.] _Verborum bombus_, when
+small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng
+wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the
+boasting souldiar, & creping smel feast.
+
+[Sidenote: Miosis.] _Diminutio_, when greate matters
+are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beatẽ
+bi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle
+stryke hym.
+
+[Sidenote: Liptote.] _Extenuatio_, the makyng lesse of
+a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit
+O Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I
+thanke Archias the Poete of. ¶ Cicero for Archias.
+
+[Sidenote: Diasirmus.] _Eleuacio_, when we make lyghte
+of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs,
+whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they
+perteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthy
+to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll another
+tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example.
+
+
+
+
+As oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes:
+so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed, and the
+fyrste order of the Rethorical figures: We nowe come
+vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence, called of
+Quintilian & Cicero, the ornametẽs of sentence.
+
+
+Figures of sentence.
+
+[Sidenote: Particio.] Particion called also diuision &
+distribucion rethoricall, is when a thing that mai be
+generally spokẽ, is more largely declared, and diuided
+into partes. Example: He is perfitely seene in all the
+sciences. ¶ This sẽtence spoken as it were in a sũme,
+may be enlarged, if seuerally you reherse vp al the
+kindes of learning. There is no kynd of doctrine at al
+but he is exquisitely sene in it. There is no science,
+but he hathe learned it thorowly, and so learned it,
+that you wolde thynke he had labored onely in it.
+So maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al the
+Poetes, he so aboundeth in the floures of the
+Rethoricians: He hath so boulted oute the paynefull
+rules of the gramarians. So perfitely knoweth he the
+subtilnesse of the Logicians, and hath so soughte oute
+the priuities of natural thynges, and ouercome the
+harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome: he hathe
+passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines, and hath
+thorowlie perceyued the mathematical demõstracions. He
+so knoweth the mocions of the starres, the reasons of
+numbers, the measurynges of the earth, the situacions,
+names & spaces of cities, mountaynes, fluddes, and
+fountaynes, he so knoweth the difference and harmonies
+of tunes: He so remẽbreth all hystoryes olde and late:
+So knoweth all good authors, all antiquities &
+nouelties, and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in
+Greke as latyne. Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe
+bene found and taught of good authors, al that
+thorowlye hath he perceyued, knowen and remẽbred. Here
+these wordes, he is perfitelye seene in all the
+sciences, bee declared in theyr partes.
+
+[Sidenote: Enumeracio.] Enumeracion is much lyke vnto
+thys, when not beynge contente at once to declare the
+ende of the matter, we rehearse vp all y^t went before
+it was done. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of thynges that go
+before] Example: Cicero oppressed the mischeuous
+purposes of Catiline. Thus maye you set it forth: The
+myscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most vngracious
+yonge men, whych went about the destruccion of the
+citie of Rome, M Tullius the consull dyd quickelye
+smell out by hys foresyghte, and by hys singuler
+vigilancye sought thẽ oute, by his hyghe prudence
+espyed them, by his incredible eloquence conuinced
+them, and by hys graue authoritie repressed thẽ, by
+force of armes subdued them, & with great happines
+toke them quyte awaye.
+
+[Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of the causes.] Hitherto also
+apperteineth, whẽ we expoũd a thyng not barely, but
+repete the causes also sumwhat before, and of what
+begynnynges it came of. As if not contente to haue
+sayd, that the Frenchmen made bataile with the
+Neapolitans, we rehearse also what wer the causes of
+theyr stryfe, who was the setter forward, and what was
+the occasion of the warre, what hope and truste eyther
+of them had to the victorye. Of these ar many examples
+in Saluste & Liuie. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of effectes,
+& consequẽtes.] From thys differeth not when we do not
+simplye shewe forthe the matter, but reherse also
+those thynges that eyther go with it, or folowe it,
+as thus: We thanke the of thys warre. Thus maye you
+dilate the matter. The treasure spente vpon the
+Barbariens, the youthe broken wyth laboures, the corne
+troden downe, the catel driuen awaye, stretes and
+vyllages euery where set on fyre, fieldes lefte
+desolate, walles ouerthrowen, houses robbed, temples
+spoyled, so many olde men chylderles, so manye
+orphanes, so manye wyddowes, so many virgins
+shamefully defiled, y^e maners of so many yong mẽ made
+worse by leude liberty, so many mẽ slayne, so great
+mourning, so many good artes loste, lawes oppressed,
+religion blotted, al thynges of god and man
+confounded, all good order of the citie corrupted:
+I say all this heape of myschiefs that riseth of war,
+we mai thãke the only of it, which wast y^e beginner
+of this war
+
+[Sidenote: Energia.] _Enargia_, euidence or
+perspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall, is
+when a thynge is so described that it semeth to the
+reader or hearer y^t he beholdeth it as it were in
+doyng. Of thys figure ben many kyndes.
+
+The fyrste, called effiguracion or descripcion of a
+thynge, whereby the figure and forme of it is set out:
+as of the vniuersall flud.
+
+The seconde, the descripcion of a personne, when a man
+is described, as are the noble menne in Plutarch,
+and the Emperours in Suetonius. Howe be it the
+rethoricianes vse thys worde _Prosopopeia_, that is
+descripcion of a personne to comprehende the sixe
+kyndes folowinge.
+
+[Sidenote: Charactirismus.] The thyrde kinde is called
+_Charactirismus_, that is the efficcion or pycture of
+the bodye or mynde, as Dauus describeth Crito, & Mitio
+describeth Demea.
+
+[Sidenote: Prosopographia.] The .iiii. is the fainyng
+of a persõ called _Prosopographia_, and is of .ii.
+sorts. Fyrst y^e descripciõ of a fained person, as
+Vyrgyl in the syxt of Eneid, faineth Sibil to be mad,
+& fayneth the persons in hell. An other forme is whẽ
+we fayne persõ, cõmunicacion, or affecte of a man or
+of a beaste, to a dumme thynge, or that hath no bodye,
+or to a dead man: as to the Harpies, furies, deuils,
+slepe hongar, enuie, fame, vertue, iustice, and suche
+lyke, the poetes fayne a person, and communicacion.
+This seconde fashion the Poetes do call _Prosopopey_.
+[Sidenote: Aetopeia.] The fyrst kind is called
+_AEtopeia_, that is an expressiõ of maners or mylde
+affeccions, and hath thre kyndes: of the whych the
+fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners
+somewhat longer, as of wittes, artes, vertues, vices.
+Thus we expresse Thraso a boaster, and Demea a sowre
+felowe.
+
+The seconde forme, is an expression of naturall
+propensitie, and inclinacions to naturall affeccions,
+as of the fathers loue toward the chyldren .&c. of
+fryendshyppe, neyghbourhod & cetr. as you maye se in
+hystoryes.
+
+¶ The thyrd kynde is the expression of lighter
+affeccions, as when wee go about by fayre meanes to
+gette the mery affeccions of menne to vs ward or to
+other, & when the mynd is lyft vp into hope, myrth,
+& laughter, and as be louyng salutations, promises,
+& cõmunynges together in familiar epistles and
+dialogues, and the getting of loue and fauour in the
+begynnynges, and finallye thys figure doth teach, that
+Rethorique is a part of flattery. [Sidenote:
+Pathopeia.] The sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcion
+is _Pathopeia_, that is expressyng of vehement
+affeccions and perturbacions, of y^e whych ther be two
+sortes. The fyrste called _Donysis_, or intencion, and
+some call it imaginacion, wherby feare, anger, madnes,
+hatered, enuye, and lyke other perturbacions of mynde
+is shewed and described, as in Ciceros inuectiues.
+Another forme is called _Oictros_, or cõmiseracion,
+wherby teares be pyked out, or pyty is moued, or
+forgeuenes, as in Ciceros peroraciõs, and complaintes
+in Poets: And to be shorte ther is gotten no greater
+admiracion or commendacion of eloquence then of these
+two, _AEtopeia_, and _Pathopeia_, if they be vsed in
+place. [Sidenote: dialogismus] The .vii. kind is
+_Dialogismus_ whych is how often a short or long
+communicacion is fayned to a person, accordyng to the
+comelines of it. Such be the concious in Liuie, &
+other historians. [Sidenote: Mimisis.] The .viii. kynd
+is called _Mimisis_, that is folowing eyther of the
+wordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye the
+wordes of the person, but also the gesture: and these
+foresayd sixe kindes Quintiliane dothe put vnder
+_Prosopopeia_. The .ix. kynde is the descripcion of a
+place, as of Carthage in the fyrst of Eneid. Referre
+hither Cosmographie and Geographie. The .x. kynd is
+called _Topotesia_, that is ficcion of a place, when
+a place is described such one peraduenture as is not,
+as of the fieldes called Elisii in Virgil: refer
+hither _Astrothesiam_, that is the descripciõ of
+starres. The .xi. kinde is _Chronographia_, that is
+the descripcion of the tyme, as of nyght, daye, and
+the foure tymes of the yere.
+
+[Sidenote: Amplificacio] A greate parte of eloquence
+is set in increasing and diminyshing, and serueth for
+thys purpose, that the thyng shulde seme as great as
+it is in dede, lesser or greater then it seemeth
+to manye. For the rude people haue commonly a
+preposterous iudgemẽt, and take the worst thynges
+for the beste, and the beste for the worst. Al
+amplificacion and diminucion is taken eyther of
+thinges, or of wordes. Of thynges ryse effeccions, of
+words those fashions that nowe I wyll shewe. The first
+waye of increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge the
+worde of the thynge, when in encreasynge we vse a more
+cruell worde, and a softer in diminyshynge, as when we
+call an euyll man a thiefe, and saye he hathe kylled
+vs, when he hathe beaten vs. And it is more vehemẽte
+if by correccion we compare greater wordes wyth those
+that we put before: As thou haste broughte not a
+thyefe, but an extorcioner, not an adulterer, but a
+rauysher. &c. ¶ Lyke vnto this is _Hyperbole_, whyche
+say the more then the truthe is in deede, as when we
+saye: The crye was hearde to heauen, meanyng it was a
+greate crye. An other kynde is by increase, whyche is
+when the thynges goyng before beynge exaggerate,
+we come from them to the hyeste: As agaynste Verres.
+It is a myscheuous deede to bynde a Citizen of Rome,
+haynous to beate hym, what? shall I saye to hange hym?
+An other waye of increase is, when wythoute
+distinccion in the context and course of the oracion,
+the circumstaunces sette in order, somewhat alwayes is
+added bygger then the fyrste, and that we come to the
+hyest by a swyfte pace. As he was not ashamed to playe
+at dyce wyth iesters in the common cokerye, beynge a
+prieste, a Person, a Diuine, and a Monke. There is
+another kynde of amplyfienge that is by comparison
+contrary to increase. For as in increase the thynges
+that go before beyng exaggerat, we go from them to the
+hyest, so comparison taketh increase of the lesser,
+whych if they be greater in all mens opinions, that
+must nedes appeare verie greate that we wyll haue
+amplified: And comparison is made by ficcion, & by
+puttynge to an example. By ficcion, eyther in one
+degree, or in many. As in the fyrst part of the
+amplifiyng of Antonies vomite, for he fayneth it had
+happened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuate
+person. If at supper in these great bowles of thine
+thys happened vnto thee, who wolde not haue counted it
+a shame: But now in y^e syght of the people of Rome
+beynge a cõmon officer, master of the horse, to whom
+it was shame once to belch, he wyth hys gobbets of
+meat that stanke al of wyne, fylled al his lap, and
+the iudgement seate. Here amplificacion is taken of
+smaller thinges, and is made by one degree of many
+degrees, this maye be an example. If a mã gaue the
+euery yere .xl. poũd, woldest y^u not thanke him? If a
+friend had redemed the out of prison w^t hys money,
+woldest thou not loue hym? If eyther in battell or
+shypwracke a man by hys valiantnes had saued the,
+woldest thou not worshyp hym as God, and saye thou
+were neuer able to make hym amendes? What ingratitude
+is it then that Christ God & man, which hathe made
+the, to whom thou dost owe al that thou hast, &c. so
+to dispyse hym, so wyth dayely fautes to anger him,
+& for so great beniuolẽce to geue hym agayn so great
+contumelye and despyte? Neyther skylleth it that we
+haue rehearsed ficcion and comparicion amonge
+argumentes, for there is no cause why that
+amplificacion and oruacion shuld not be taken out of
+the same places from whence ther commeth probacion.
+Nor it is no newes the selfe same thynges to be
+applyed to diuerse vses. As of all circumstaunces both
+of the thyng, and of the person are taken argumentes,
+but euen oute of the selfe same are set affeccions and
+exaggeracions, whych is manifest in the kynde
+demonstratiue: As when we prayse chastitie in a yonge
+man, we go not aboute to perswade that he was chaste,
+but that that vertue shulde appeare greater in
+floryshyng age. To lyke vse serue examples and
+similitudes, as in Esaye: The Oxe knewe hys owner, and
+the Asse the maunger of hys master, but Israel hathe
+not knowen me. The example of the Oxe & the Asse is
+not vsed for this to proue that the Hebrewes dyd not
+knowe their God, but that the impietie and folishnes
+of that nacion shulde be amplified. The same may be
+applied to profe after thys maner. If the Oxe and Asse
+knowledge theyr masters, of whõ they are norished and
+do serue them, how much more conueniente is it, that
+mã shuld knowledge hys maker and norisher, and serue
+him bothe in bodye and mynd. Contrarye, when Paul
+sayth: no man serueth in warre on his owne wages, he
+proueth by similitudes, that it is not comelye, that
+they that war vnder the gospell, shulde be compelled
+to be carefull for their liuynge. He shuld haue
+applied it to amplifiyng, if he had propouned it thus.
+They that serue vnder a capteine be not careful for
+their liuyng, but lokinge for the sustenaunce of their
+capteine, only studye for thys to do hym faythful
+seruice, howe muche more shame is it that some menne
+that haue promised to fyght vnder Christ in the
+gospel, to distrust such a capteyne, and studye all
+they can to gather riches. Cõparison by puttyng to
+example is, whẽ by setting out as it were a lyke
+example, wee brynge to passe that that we exaggerate
+may be thought either very lyke, eyther equal, either
+bygger. ¶ And in this kynd both the whole is cõpared
+to the whole, & the partes to partes: as in the
+oracion of Cicero for Milo. Did I pray you y^t noble
+mã Scipio being a priuat persõ kil Tiberius Gracchus
+whych shaked the cõmõ wealthe but a lytle, & shall wee
+beynge consulles suffer Catiline, that gothe aboute to
+wast the whole worlde wyth murther and fyre? Here both
+Catiline is compared to Gracchus, and the estate of
+the common wealthe to the whole world, & a lytle
+shakyng to slaughter, fyer and wastyng, and a priuate
+person to the consuls. ¶ Ther is an amplificacion also
+whẽ contraries be set together, wherby bothe the
+partes seme bygger, and more euidente. As when
+exhorting men to liberalitie, we shewe howe foule a
+faute couetousenes is, that the foulnes of the faute
+being exaggerate, the goodlines of the vertue shulde
+be more encreased. There is another kynd of amplifiyng
+called reasonynge, when of those thinges that eyther
+folowe or go before, the hearer doth gather how great
+that thynge is that we wolde to be amplified. By
+thynges that go before, as when Homer armeth Achylles,
+or Hector to batayle, by the greate preparacion, we
+gather how sore y^e sight shal be. Of thinges y^t
+folowe: How much wyne Antony dranke, when y^t hauyng
+such a strong body he was not able to digeste it, but
+spewed it vp the nexte daye after. Of thynges ioyned
+to: as whẽ Maro sayeth to Poliphemus: He had the bodye
+of a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande. Manye
+other kyndes ben there of amplifiynge, which who so
+wyl se more at large, may read that right excellent
+boke of the famouse doctor Erasmus, whych he intituled
+the preacher.
+
+The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe
+state or principal proposion of the cause is declared
+and proued by manye other proposicions and argumẽtes,
+so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of
+proposions. And proposicions be taken partely of those
+that be cõmon, and partly of those thynges that
+belonge properlye to the cause: As if a man wolde
+counsell Tullye not to take the condicion offered of
+Antony, that is, that by burnynge of hys bookes called
+philippia, he shulde haue hys lyfe, hy myght vse
+commonly these proposicions. Fyrste y^t no man oughte
+to by his life so dere, that therby he shulde lose hys
+immortall name. ¶ To thys generall may serue a
+perticuler taken oute of circumstaunces, that it
+oughte not to be done, inespecialy of Cicero, whych by
+so many laboures hathe gotten vnto hym selfe an
+excellente and euerlastyng name, and that hath shewed
+moste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes
+that deathe ought to be despised, inespeciallye seynge
+that now he hath not much tyme to lyue beynge an olde
+man. ¶ Agayn, another principall proposicion shall be
+taken of the circũstaũces. That nothynge is worse,
+then that Cicero beyng a very good mã shulde owe his
+lyfe to Antonye the worst man of the world. The third
+proposicion shal be cõiectural: how that Antony
+craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned,
+in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal
+infamye to be, and the immortal glory of Cicero, whẽ
+he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe, he maye
+vtterlye extinguyshe Cicero.
+
+
+¶ A copious heaping of probacions.
+
+[Sidenote: Proues.] So when proposicions be found,
+remaineth argumẽtaciõ or proues, called in Greke
+_Pistis_, because they make suretye of a doutefull
+thyng. [Sidenote: Two sortes of proues.] Of proues
+some be artificiall, some vnartificial. Vnartificial
+be, foreiudgementes, rumoures, tormentes, tabelles,
+othe, wytnesses, diuinacion, oracles. [Sidenote:
+Signes be referred to proues vnartificial, & why?] To
+these be referred whych the Greekes cal _Symeia_ or
+sygnes: For they also commonlye are not set by the
+wytte of hym that disputeth, but are ministred
+otherwyse. [Sidenote: Signes wherfore.] They be called
+signes properlye, whyche rysynge of the thynge it
+selfe that is in question come vnder the sences of
+menne, [Sidenote: Signes be referred to tyme.] as
+threatninges, whych be of the time that is paste,
+cryinge herde oute of a place, whyche is of the tyme
+presente, palenesse of hym whyche is axed of the
+murther, whyche is of the tyme folowynge, or that
+bloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye slayne, when he
+came that dyd the murther. [Sidenote: Two maner of
+signes.] Also of signes some bee necessary, as that he
+liueth whiche dothe breathe, and some probable, as
+bloude in the garmente, whych myghte also come oute of
+the nose, or otherwyse. [Sidenote: Proues takẽ oute of
+circũstauces.] Also proues and argumentes are taken
+oute of circũstaunces, partly of the person, partlye
+of the cause or thyng it self, and be called also of
+the Rethoricians places, neyther cleane contrarie to
+those that Aristotle hath taughte, neyther the very
+same: for some agree wyth them, some be all one, and
+some diuerse. [Sidenote: How proues of circũstaũces
+differ frõ Aristotels places.] Onlye differeth the
+manour of teachynge, because the Rethoricianes do
+teache a patrone, the philosopher generally helpeth
+iudgement. [Sidenote: Circũstãces of person.]
+Circumstaunces of the person ben these. Kinred,
+nacion, contrey, kynde, age, bryngynge vp, or
+discipline, hauioure of the body, fortune, condicion,
+nature of the mynde, studies, affectacion, wordes
+forespoken, & deedes done before, commocion, counsell,
+name. [Sidenote: Kynred.] Kynred monisheth vs to
+cõsider of what progeny a man dothe come. For it is
+semely, and happeneth cõmonlye that the sonnes be lyke
+the forefathers, and thereof procedeth causes to lyue
+well or euyll: [Sidenote: Nacion] Naciõ sheweth what
+disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly of
+theyr owne. [Sidenote: Kynd.] The difference of kynde
+is knowen to euerye man: [Sidenote: Age.] To diuerse
+ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente. [Sidenote:
+Educacion.] It skylleth more by whom, and by what
+wayes men be brought vp, then of whom they be
+begotten. [Sidenote: Hauiour of the bodie.] The
+hauioure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or
+foulnes, strength or weaknes: For more credible is the
+accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in a
+foule, and violence more probable in the strong, then
+in the weake. [Sidenote: Fortune] Fortune perteineth
+to ryches, kynred, friendes, seruitures, dignities,
+honours. [Sidenote: Condicion.] Condicion
+comprehendeth manye thynges: as whether he be noble or
+not noble, an officer, or a priuate person, a father
+or a sonne, a citizen or a straunger, a fre man, or a
+seruaunt, a maried manne, or a single man, a father or
+none, hauinge had but one wyfe, or two. [Sidenote:
+The nature of the mynd] The nature of the mynde hath
+manifold varieties in men. Some be fearful, some
+strong, some gentle, some vehemẽt, chaste, lecherous,
+glorious, modeste &c. [Sidenote: Studies] Studies,
+for other be the maners of the rustical, then of the
+lawyer, of the marchaunte, then of the Soldier,
+of the shipman then of the phisicion. [Sidenote:
+Affectacion.] To these they adde affectacion: For it
+skylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde seme
+to be, whether he be y^e same or not: as ryche, or
+eloquent, iuste or mightie, mery or sad, a fauorer of
+the people, or of the great men. [Sidenote: Wordes
+spoken, & deedes done before] Both wordes that be
+spoken before time, and dedes that be done, be also
+considered. For of thynges that be paste, the present
+be estemed, & also thinges that be to come. [Sidenote:
+Commocion] Cõmocion in thys differeth from the nature
+of the mynde, because that one is perpetuall, that
+other for a whyle: as anger is commocion, rancour
+the nature of the mynde, and feare a cõmocion,
+fearefulnesse nature.
+
+¶ [Sidenote: Name.] To these they adde the name of the
+person, of whence many tymes an argument is takẽ: as
+Cicero iesteth muche vpon Verres, or sweepers name,
+because beyng a strong thief, he swepte altogether.
+Thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken of
+thynges belongyng to a personne, so maye be also of
+those that belonge to a thynge or cause, whiche places
+bee so handeled of Quintiliane, that he myngleth thẽ
+wyth the places whyche Aristotle hathe comprehended
+in hys eyghte bookes of Topyckes. [Sidenote:
+Circũstaunces of things be these.] Circumstances of
+the thynges be these: Cause, place, tyme, chaunce,
+facultie, instrumente, manour. And fyrste of euerye
+thinge there be foure causes, efficient, materiall,
+formall and finall. Matter is the receptacle of al
+formes. The forme causeth it to be thys, and not
+another thynge: as the reasonable soule geueth to the
+body that it is a man, and the soule because it is a
+substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme, whereby she is a
+soule, and not an aungel. [Sidenote: Fine or ende.]
+And what soeuer is made, is made to a certen ende, and
+one thynge maye haue diuerse endes: as nature hathe
+geuen brestes vnto women to geue milke, and also for
+comlynesse of theyr bodies, neyther doth any man that
+is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse, but
+for that he desyreth to haue some thynge: nor there is
+nothynge desyred, but vnder the consideracion of good
+or profite. ¶ So the ende whyche is laste in effecte,
+and fyrste in intencion, loketh vpon the gettinge of
+profites, increase, and cõfirmacion of them, and also
+vpon them, eschuynge of disprofites, diminyshynge,
+or puttyng them awaye. But in chosyng them, false
+perswacion deceyueth manye, whylest by errour they
+beleue that to be good y^t is naughte. ¶ This place
+therfore serueth for many thynges, to make more or
+lesse. ¶ Greatly happy shulde men be, if euerye man
+wolde looke vpon the marke, not the whych desyre hathe
+sette before hym, but whyche God and honest reason
+hath prefixed. ¶ And of such strengthe is the ende,
+that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng. To
+fast that the body maye obeye the mynde, to do good
+workes is an holy deede. To fast to be counted holye,
+is hypocrisie. To faste to encrease thy good, is
+couetousenesse. To faste to be whole in thy bodie is
+phisycke, and so of praiynge, almose, and other
+laudable workes. After lyke maner must be wayed the
+secondarie endes. [Sidenote: Place.] An other
+circumstaunce of a thynge, is the place, whose
+qualitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or
+lesser: as to steale an holye thing out of an holy
+place, is worse then some other kynde of theft.
+[Sidenote: Tyme.] No lesse matter of argumentacion
+ministreth the qualitie of time, which signifieth two
+thynges. [Sidenote: Time hathe two significacions.]
+Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present, past,
+or to come: Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a
+thynge, and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it,
+we saye he cometh in time. And in the seuenth of Ihon,
+when Christ sayth: My tyme is not yet come, tyme is
+taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the
+syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. &c.
+[Sidenote: Chaunce.] The Rethoricianes put chaunce
+vnder tyme, because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to
+the time that foloweth: but of thys wyll we speke in
+the place called Euent. Facultie is a power to do the
+thynge that is taken in hand: and in coniectures two
+thinges speciallye be considered: whether he could or
+wold. Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it, and is
+made more probable whẽ the nature of the mynde is
+ioyned to it: as it is not like he wyl abide in his
+glorye, because he is enuious and ambicious. Also when
+we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge, when it
+is not in his power to get agayne that is gone.
+
+[Sidenote: Instrument.] Instrument semeth to be a part
+of facultie: for instrumentes sometyme are cause of
+oure hablenes to do a thinge: and it is a more
+mischeuous deede to kyl with venome thẽ with swearde.
+And to instrumẽt so nie is the manour of doyng, that
+almoste it is all one. But more properlye perteyne to
+the manour or fashion, those thynges that be eyther
+excused, or made greater by wyl: As lesse faute is it
+to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie, then of
+a purpose and full deliberacion. The vse of
+circũstances profiteth to amplifie, to extenuate,
+to euidence, to confirmacion, and probabilitie. And
+hytherto be referred also the common places that
+indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes
+of causes, of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth, and
+Aristotle in his Topyckes. But before we speake of
+them, it is to be noted, that thys woorde place, is
+taken foure maner of wayes. They are called common
+places, because thei be entreated of, of bothe partes,
+althoughe not in all one cause: as he that is sore
+spoken agaynste by witnesses, swadeth that we shulde
+not geue credite to witnesses. Contrarye, he that is
+holpen by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses, and
+so of other that we spake of before, when we entreated
+of vnartificial argumentes. Lyke to thys sorte be
+sentences, whyche wee exaggerate as it were wythoute
+the cause, but so that they serue to the cause whiche
+wee haue in hande: as bee the amplificacions of
+vertues, and the exaggeracions of vices. As when wee
+accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was
+broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. ¶ A common
+place shall bee, wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much
+it profiteth to keepe goodnesse, to bee in companye
+wyth good men, and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the
+companye of euyll men dothe cause.
+
+¶ In the third sence places be called seates of
+argumentes, whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to eche
+kyndes of causes: As in the kynde suasorie, honest,
+profitable, pleasaũt easye, necessarie. &c. In
+demonstratiue kynde, kynred, contrey, goodes of the
+bodye and of the mynde. In the Iudiciall kynde,
+inespecial deniall, those that we spake of euen nowe.
+The fourth places be general, whych declare what
+belongeth to euerye thynge, and howe oute of eche of
+them there be taken argumentes, partly necessary, and
+partlye probable. These be commen to the Oratours with
+the Logicians, albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye
+written of them in hys Topickes; and in his
+Rethorickes hathe not touched thẽ, and they profite
+much both to iudgement, and to endightynge, but the
+varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them
+sumwhat darke, because amonge them selues they can not
+wel agre, neyther of the names, neyther of the number,
+neyther of the order.
+
+[Sidenote: Examples.] An example is a rehearsall of a
+thynge that is done, and an applyynge of it vnto our
+cause, eyther for similitude or dissimilitude,
+profitable to perswade, garnyshe, and delyght.
+Examples, some be taken out of hystories, some of
+tales, some of fayned argumẽtes, in comedies; and
+bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion.
+Comparacion sheweth it equall, lesse, or bygger.
+Parable is a feete similitude, whych sheweth y^e
+example that is brought, either like, vnlyke or
+cõtrarye. Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth
+of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen,
+and when it was brought into extreme losse, by theyr
+valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens: So Valla, whan
+thorowe the ignorãce of y^e Barbarians, learnyng was
+destroyed, restored it agayn, as it wer from death
+into hys former brightnes. Vnlike. As not lyke thanke
+is done to Laurence and Camillus, because that the one
+moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe
+deliuered his contrey from the vngracious, that other
+styrred vp by desyre of fame, or rather wyth an euyll
+luste to checke manye, not restored agayn the lattẽ
+tong oppressed, but brought it as it were into certen
+rules. Cõtrary, Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about
+treason, Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of
+hys sonne. Comparacion sheweth y^e thing y^t is
+brought, eyther equall, lesse, or bigger: Lesse, as
+our elders haue warred oftentymes, because theyr
+marchaũtes and mariners wer euyl entreated. What mynd
+ought you to be in, so many thousande citizens of Rome
+slaine at one message, and one time? Equall, as in the
+same Cicero. ¶ For it happed vnto me to stand for an
+offyce wyth two gentlemenne, that one very naughte,
+that other very gentle, yet ouercame I Catiline by
+dignitie, and Galba by fauoure. Bygger: As for Milo,
+they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe
+kylled a man, when M. Horacius was quitte, whyche
+kylled hys owne syster.
+
+[Sidenote: Parable.] Parable, which some call
+similitude, some cõparacion, is a comparyng of a thyng
+y^t hath no life, or no bodye to our cause and
+purpose, for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke. And as
+example is taken of y^e dede of a man, and the person
+of an hystorye, or that is fabulous and fayned, so is
+comparison taken of thinges that be done, or that be
+ioyned to them by nature, or by chaunce. ¶ As Attilius
+retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of
+kepynge faythe and promise: But a shyp in the whych
+the sayles be hoysed vp, or takẽ down after the
+blowyng of the winde, is a parable whiche teacheth a
+wyse man to geue place to tyme, and applye hymselfe to
+the world that is presente. And lyke fashion is of
+dilatyng a parable, as we haue shewed in example.
+For sometime it is noted in a word as: Doest thou not
+vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned? Sometyme
+it is more largelye declared, as in the oracion for
+Murena. And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen.
+&c. Analogie.
+
+_Icon_, called of the latines _Imago_, an Image in
+Englyshe, is muche lyke to a similitude, and if you
+declare it is a similitude: as if you saye: As an Asse
+wyll not be driuen from her meat, no not with a club,
+vntyl she be full: no more wil a warriour reste from
+murther vntyll he hath fylled his mynd with it. This
+is a similitude: but if you saye that a man flewe vpon
+his enemies like a dragon, or lyke a lyon, it is an
+Image. Howbeit an Image serueth rather to euidence or
+grauitie, or iocunditie, then to a profe. There is
+also a general comparacion, speciallye in the kynde
+demonstratiue, person wyth person, and one thing with
+an other, for praise or dispraise
+
+[Sidenote: Indicacio.] _Indicacio_, or authoritie,
+is the cõparing of an other mans saying or sentence
+vnto our cause: of the whiche ther be seuen principal
+kyndes. The fyrst a comon morall sentence, as a common
+principle perteyning to maners: as continuall laboure
+ouercommeth all thynges, and as be the sentences of
+Salomon and Cato: and all morall philosophy is ful of
+suche sentences. The seconde are common rules, whych
+be called dignities in euery science. The .iii.
+a prouerb. The fourth called _Chria_, which is a very
+short exposicion of any dede or worde wyth the name of
+the author recited. The fyfte an _Enthimeme_, whyche
+is a sentence of contraries: as if it be a great
+praise to please good men, surely to please euyl men
+it is a greate shame. The syxte called _AEnos_, that
+is a saying or a sentence, taken out of a tale, as be
+the interpretacions of fables, and theyr allegories.
+The seuen is any answere takẽ out of the mouth of God,
+or taken out of the cõmaundement of God.
+
+[Sidenote: Exergasia.] Expolicion is, when we tarye in
+one thynge, speakynge the same in diuerse wordes and
+fashions, as though it were not one matter but
+diuerse. A goodlye example of the moste largest
+expolicion is rehearsed in Erasmus, whych, because it
+is very profitable, I wyll wholye rehearse it. A wyse
+man for the cõmon wealth sake shall eschue no peryll:
+euen for thys cause that it happeneth oftẽ, that wher
+he wold not dye for the common wealth, he perysheth
+yet of necessitie wyth the cõmon wealth. And because
+all the commodities we haue be taken of our contrey,
+ther ought no incõmoditie to be counted paynfull,
+taken for our contrey. They therfore that flye that
+peryll which must be takẽ for the cõmon wealth, do
+folyshely: for neither can they auoyde it, and they be
+found vngrate to the citie. But they that by their
+owne peril put away the perils of their cõtrei, they
+are to be counted wyse, seyng that bothe they geue to
+the cõmon wealth that honour y^t they shulde geue, and
+had rather dye for many, thẽ w^t many. For it is much
+against reason that receiuing thy naturall lyfe by thy
+contrey, to deliuer it agayne to nature when she
+compelleth the, and not to geue it to thy cõtrey when
+she desyreth the. And where y^u mayst wyth hye
+valiauntnes & honour die for thy contrei, to haue
+rather lyke a cowarde to liue in shame. And for thy
+fryndes and parentes, and other acquayntance to put
+thy selfe in peryll: for the cõmon wealth in the
+whyche both it & that most reuerende name of the
+contrey is conteyned, not to be willynge to come in
+ieopardye. Wherfore as he is to be dyspised whyche
+being vpon the sea had rather haue hym selfe safe,
+then the ship: so is he to be rebuked, whych in
+ieopardye of the commen wealthe, prouideth more for
+his own then for y^e cõmon wealthe. When the shyppe
+hathe ben broken, many haue ben saued: But after the
+shypwrake of the cõtrey no man can escape. Whyche
+thynge me thynketh Decius dyd wel perceiue, whych
+reported wholy to haue bestowed hym selfe, and for the
+sauegard of his men of war to haue run amonge the
+myddest of hys enemyes. Wherfore he loste not hys
+lyfe, but let it go: for he redemed for a thynge of
+verye small pryce, a ryght dere thyng. He gaue his
+life, but he receiued his contrei. He loste his life,
+but he inioyed glorye, whyche written to his greate
+prayse, shyneth euerye daye more and more. Wherefore
+if we haue proued both by reason & by exãple, that we
+be bounde to put oure selfe in peryll for the common
+wealthe, they are to be counted wyse men, whych for
+the sauegarde of the contrey auoyde no peryll. It
+wolde be meete to exercyse chyldren in suche themes,
+wherby shal be gottẽ bothe wysedome and eloquence.
+And here me thynketh I maye ryghte well ende these
+Rethoricall preceptes, although I be not ignoraunt
+that much helpeth bothe to persuasions and copye, the
+proper handlyng of tales taken oute of the nature of
+beastes, dreames, fayned narracions, sumwhat lyke vnto
+the truth, w^t allegories much vsed of diuines. But
+because they requyre a longer treatie, for this tyme I
+leaue them of, addynge vnto these before written rules
+of oratory, a declamacion
+  bothe profitable and verye elo-
+    quente, wrytten by Erasmus
+     vnto the moste noble Duke
+      of Cleue, as here appe-
+            reth after.
+
+
+
+
+  ¶ Impryn-
+  ted at London by Iohn Day,
+  dwellinge ouer Aldersgate, beneth
+  saint Martyns. And are to be sold
+  at his shop by the litle conduit
+  in Chepesyde at the sygne
+  of the Resurrec-
+  tion.
+
+  _Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum
+  solum. Per septennium._
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO AUTHORS AND ORATORS
+
+
+  Afer, Publius Terentius, 23, 61
+  Africanus, Julius, 58
+  Agricola, Rodolphus, 8, 86
+  Antonius, Marcus (143-87 B.C.), 18
+  Archias, Aulus, 61
+  Aristotle, 80, 82, 86, 88
+  Augustine, Saint, 14
+  Brooke, Thomas, 2, 7
+  Caecina, Aulus, 24
+  Calpurnius, Lucius (Piso), 22
+  Castellio, Sebastianus, 14
+  Catiline, Lucius, 22, 48, 51, 56, 64, 75, 90
+  Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5
+  Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 33, 39, 41,
+    48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 75, 77, 78, 82, 90
+  Cluencius, Aulus, 22, 33
+  Elyot, Thomas, 5
+  Erasmus, Desiderius, 1, 10, 77, 93, 96, 97
+  Flaccus, Lucius, 58
+  Gower, John, 5
+  Homer, 76
+  Ligarius, Quintus, 49
+  Linacre, Thomas, 29
+  Livy, Titus, 65, 69
+  Lydgate, John, 5
+  Manilius, Gaius, 24, 59
+  Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 24
+  Milo, Titus Annius, 22, 75, 90
+  Mosellanus, Petrus (Peter Schade), 9
+  Murena, Lucius, 91
+  Ovid, 53
+  Plautus, Titus, 23
+  Plutarch, 86
+  Quintilian, 10, 18, 37, 39, 62, 69, 82
+  Quintus, Caius, 23
+  Rabirius, Gaius, 22
+  Roscius, Quintus, 23
+  Sallust, Gaius, 65
+  Sestius, Publius, 51
+  Sulla, Lucius, 22
+  Suetonius, Gaius, 66
+  Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69
+  Verres, Gaius, 22, 71, 82
+  Westimerus, Bartholomew (Westheimer), 14
+  Wyatt, Thomas, 6
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF FIGURES
+
+[Transcriber’s Note: Spelling in the Index generally corresponds to
+spelling in the body text. When the spelling in the body text is
+different, it is shown here in {braces}.]
+
+
+  Ablatio, 26
+  Absissio, 27
+  Abusio, 41
+  Acyrologia, 32
+  Adagium, 45
+  Aenigma, 45
+  Aenos, 93
+  Aetopeia, 67, 69
+  Allegoria, 45
+  Amara irrisio, 46
+  Ambiguitas, 33
+  Amphibologia, 33
+  Amplificacio, 70, 76
+  Anacinosis, 55
+  Anaclasis, 60
+  Anadiplosis, 48
+  Analogia, 37, 91
+  Anangeon, 60
+  Anastrophe, 31
+  Antiphora, 53
+  Antiphrasis, 46
+  Antiptosis, 31
+  Antisthecon, 28
+  Antithesis, 56
+  Antitheton, 56
+  Antistrophe, 47
+  Antonomasia, 44
+  Apheresis, 26
+  Apocope, 27
+  Apophasis, 54
+  Aporia, 54
+  Apostrophe, 60
+  Appositio, 26, 30
+  Areia, 51
+  Articulus, 57
+  Aschematiston, 35  {Aschematistõ}
+  Aschrologia, 34
+  Asindeton, 59
+  Astrothesiam, 69
+  Astysmus, 46
+  Auersio, 60
+
+  Barbarie, 35
+  Barbarismus, 36
+  Bomphiologia, 61
+
+  Cacosintheton, 35
+  Cacozelia, 34
+  Casus pro casu, 31
+  Catachresis, 41
+  Charactirismus, 66
+  Charientismus, 46
+  Chria, 93
+  Chronographia, 69
+  Circuicio, 44
+  Circumstances of thynges, 83
+  Climax, 58
+  Colon, 57
+  Commonplaces, 86  {Common places}
+  Common rules, 92
+  Communicacio, 55  {Cõmunicacio}
+  Compar, 57
+  Comparison, 71, 75, 90  {75 Cõparison}
+  Complexio, 47  {Cõplexio}
+  Composicion, 38
+  Concepcio, 30
+  Conclusio, 55
+  Consicio, 27
+  Construccion, 28
+  Contentio, 56
+  Contractio, 27
+  Contraries, 76
+  Contrarium, 56
+  Conuersio, 47
+  Correction, 70  {Correccion}
+  Cosmographie, 69
+  Cumulatio, 35
+
+  Deesis, 51
+  Defectus, 31
+  Definicio, 58
+  Definicion, 45
+  Delecio, 28
+  Description, 66, 69  {Descripcion}
+  Dialisis, 55
+  Dialogismus, 69
+  Dialyton, 57
+  Dianoias, 25
+  Diasirmus, 61
+  Diazeugma, 30
+  Diccion, 26
+  Dictio contrarium significans, 46  {Dictio cõtrariũ significans}
+  Diminutio, 61
+  Disiunctio, 30
+  Dissectio, 31
+  Dissimulatio, 45
+  Dissolutio, 59
+  Distribucion, 62
+  Diuisio, 55
+  Donysis, 68
+  Dubitatio, 54
+
+  Eclipsis, 31
+  Ectasis, 27
+  Effiguracion, 66
+  Eleuacio, 61
+  Eloquucion, 17
+  Energia, 66
+  Enthimeme, 93
+  Enumeracio, 63
+  Epanaphora, 47
+  Epanodus, 48
+  Epenthesis, 27
+  Epergesis, 30
+  Epilogus, 55
+  Epiphonesis, 50
+  Epiplexis, 51
+  Epitrope, 55
+  Erotema, 52
+  Erotesis, 51
+  Etymologie, 45
+  Euche, 51
+  Exaggeration, 71  {exaggerate}
+  Example, 74, 75, 88
+  Exclamacio, 50
+  Execracio, 51
+  Exergasia, 93
+  Exornacion, 39
+  Expeditio, 54
+  Expolicion, 93
+  Extensio, 27, 37
+  Extenuatio, 61
+
+  Faute (fault), 32;
+    obscure, 32;
+    inordinate, 34;
+    barbarous, 35
+  Festiua urbanitas, 46
+  Ficcion, 72
+  Frequentacio, 50
+  Fygure, of scheme, 25;
+    of diccion, 26;
+    of words, 26;
+    of construction, 28;
+    rethoricall, 47;
+    of sentences, 62
+
+  Garnyshyng, 38
+  Geographie, 69
+  Graciosa nugatio, 46
+  Gradacio, 58
+
+  Homiologia, 33
+  Homioptoton, 58  {Homioptotõ}
+  Homotelento, 58  {Homotelẽto}
+  Humiliatio, 34
+  Hyperbaton, 30 (last line)
+  Hyperbole, 71
+  Hypozeugma, 29
+  Hysterologia, 31
+
+  Icon, 91
+  Image, 91
+  Improprietas, 32
+  Inconueniens structura, 36
+  Increase, 71
+  Increpacio, 51
+  Indicacio, 92
+  Iniunctio, 29
+  Inordinate, 34
+  Intellectio, 42
+  Interpositio, 27, 31
+  Interrogacio, 51
+  Inuencion, 77;
+    proposicions, 77;
+    artificial proues, 78;
+    unartificial proues, 79, 80;  {Vnartificial}
+    circumstances of thynges, 83;
+    commonplaces, 86  {Common places}
+  Ironia, 45
+  Isocolon, 57
+  Iunctio, 29
+
+  Lexeos, 25, 26
+  Liptote, 61
+  Littera pro littera, 28
+
+  Macrologia, 34
+  Mala affectatio, 34
+  Male collocatum, 35
+  Male figuratum, 35
+  Media iunctio, 29
+  Membrum oracionis, 57
+  Mesezeugma, 29
+  Metabasis, 59
+  Metalepsis, 41
+  Metaphora, 40
+  Metonomia, 42
+  Mimisis, 69
+  Miosis, 61
+  Morall sentence, 92
+  Mouth of God, 93
+  Mycterismus, 46
+
+  Necessum, 60
+  Nominis communio, 49  {Nominis cõmunio}
+
+  Obscure, 32
+  Obtestacio, 51
+  Occupatia, 59
+  Oictros, 68
+  Orismus, 58
+
+  Parable, 90
+  Paralepsis, 59
+  Paremia, 45
+  Parenthesis, 31
+  Particio, 62
+  Pathopeia, 68, 69
+  Periergia, 33
+  Periphrasis, 44
+  Perissologia, 32
+  Permissio, 55
+  Pistis, 78
+  Pleonasmus, 32
+  Postiunctio, 29
+  Preassumpcio, 27
+  Preiunctio, 29
+  Prepostera loquutio, 31
+  Presozeugma, 29
+  Presumpcio, 28
+  Probacions, 78
+  Prolepsis, 28
+  Pronominacio, 44
+  Proparalepsis, 27
+  Proportio, 37
+  Proposicions, 77
+  Proprietie, 37
+  Prosapodosis, 53
+  Prosopographia, 66
+  Prosopopeia, 66, 67, 69  {67 Prosopopey}
+  Prosthesis, 26
+  Prouerb, 93
+  Proues (proof), 78-90
+
+  Raciocinatio, 52
+  Reasonynge, 76
+  Reduplicatio, 48
+  Refractio, 60
+  Repeticio, 47;
+    inutilis, 33
+  Rethoricall, figures, 47;
+    diuision, 62
+  Reuersio, 31
+
+  Sarcasmus, 46
+  Scheme, 3, 25;
+    faute of, 32;
+    vertue of, 37
+  Sedulitas superflua, 33
+  Sentence, figures of, 62
+  Sermo, superfluus, 32;
+    ubique sui similis, 33;
+    obscurus, 45
+  Silepsis, 30
+  Similiter cadens, 58;
+    desinens, 58
+  Similitudes, 74
+  Sinathrismus, 50
+  Sinonimia, 49
+  Sinthesis, 38
+  Solecismus, 36
+  Soraismus, 35
+  Style, kinds, 21;
+    greate, 22;
+    small, 23;
+    meane, 24
+  Subsannatio, 46
+  Subiectio, 53
+  Superabundancia, 32
+  Sygnes, 45, 79
+  Symeia, 79
+  Symploce, 47
+  Syncope, 27
+  Synecdoche, 42
+  Synolephe, 28
+  Systole, 27
+
+  Tapinosis, 34
+  Tacite objectioni responsio, 53  {obiectioni}
+  Tasis, 37
+  Tautologia, 33
+  Tmesis, 31
+  Topotesia, 69
+  Traduccio, 48
+  Transgressio, 30
+  Transicio, 59
+  Translatio, 40
+  Transposicio, 28
+  Transsumptio, 41
+  Tropes, 3, 39-46
+  Turpis loquutio, 34
+
+  Verborum bombus, 61
+  Votum, 51
+
+  Worde, 26;
+    compound, 19;
+    simple, 19  {symple}
+
+  Zeugma, 29
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+           *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Paragraphs_
+
+Some paragraph breaks in this e-text are conjectural. The printed book
+had the following kinds of breaks:
+
+  --conventional paragraph with indented first line
+  --unambiguous paragraph with non-indented first line
+  --ambiguous paragraph: previous line ends with blank space, but the
+    space is not large enough to contain the first syllable of the
+    following line
+  --sentence break corresponds to line break: this happens randomly in
+    any printed book, and only becomes ambiguous when the book also has
+    non-indented paragraphs
+
+In this e-text, the second type of paragraph is marked with a pilcrow ¶.
+The third type has a pilcrow ¶ but no paragraph break. The fourth type
+is not marked.
+
+
+_Errors and Inconsistencies_ (Noted by Transcriber)
+
+Unless otherwise noted, spelling and punctuation are unchanged.
+
+_Note on “homotele(n)to”_
+
+In the facsimile edition, the body text has _homoteleto_ but the Index
+has _homotelento_. In the other available text, the body text has
+_homotelẽto_ with clear overline. The correct form is “homeoteleuton”
+(in this book’s spelling, probably “homioteleuton”).
+
+Spelling:
+
+  The pattern of initial “v”, non-initial “u” is followed consistently.
+  The spelling “they” is more common than “thei”.
+  The form “then” is normally used for both “then” and “than”;
+    “than” is rare.
+  The most common spelling is “wyll”, but “wyl”, “wil” and “will”
+    also occur.
+
+Word Division:
+
+Line-end hyphens were completely arbitrary; words split at line break
+were hyphenated about two-thirds of the time. The presence or absence
+of a hyphen has not been noted. Hyphenless words at line-end were joined
+or separated depending on behavior elsewhere in the text:
+
+  Always one word (re-joined at line break):
+    som(e)what, without, afterward(e)s
+  Usually one word: often()times, what()so()euer
+  One or two words: an()other
+  Usually two words: it/him/my...()self/selues; shal()be;
+    straight()way
+  Always two words: here to
+
+Roman Numerals:
+
+Numbers were printed with leading and following .period. When the number
+came at the beginning or end of a line, the “outer” period was sometimes
+omitted. These have been silently supplied for consistency.
+
+Contents:
+
+  Faute  32  [33]
+
+Text:
+
+  because that in it we sonar perceiue
+    [_text unchanged: “sooner”_]
+  to make things defused more plaine
+    [_text unchanged: variant of “diffused”?_]
+  [Sidenote: And apte similitude.]  [_text unchanged: error for “An”_]
+  wordes not the selfe proper thinges
+    [_text unchanged: error for “thẽ selfe”?_]
+  Idolatry for Idololatry.  [Idololatty]
+  [Sidenote: Presozeugma.]
+    [_text unchanged: usual form is “Prozeugma”_]
+  [Sidenote: Hyperbaton]  [“Hyperbation”]
+  _Antonomasia_  [Antonomasias]
+  _Occupatia_, occupacion
+    [_text unchanged: correct form is “Occupatio”_]
+  [Sidenote: Energia.]  [_text reads “Euergia”: intended form may be
+    “Enargia” as in Latin_]
+  [Sidenote: Charactirismus.]
+    [_text unchanged: usual form is “Characterismus”_]
+  and these foresayd sixe kindes
+    [_text unchanged: eight items have been listed_]
+  The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe state or
+  principal proposion of the cause is declared and proued by manye
+  other proposicions and argumẽtes, so set in iuste order that there
+  be no confusion of proposions.
+    [_text unchanged: “proposion” (twice) may be errors for
+    “proposicion”_]
+  Kynred monisheth vs to cõsider  [Rynred]
+
+Punctuation and mechanical errors:
+
+  [Sidenote: The occasion of thys treatise.]
+    [_“trea/ ise” at line break with invisible t_]
+  to al mẽ  [. missing]
+  by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion.  [. missing]
+  Cicero for .Q. Ligarius.  [_punctuation as shown_]
+  by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge?
+    [? in original]
+  I graunte thẽ to you and to your power
+    [_“to / to” at line break_]
+  y^e beginner of this war  [. missing]
+  the fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners
+    [_“of / of” at line break_]
+  he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede.  [, for .]
+  for praise or dispraise  [. missing]
+
+Index:
+
+  Cicero ... 90  [90,]
+  Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69  [67 69]
+
+  Charientismus  [Charietismus]
+  Execracio  [Excracio]
+  Media iunctio  [iniunctio]
+  Mesozeugma  [Mesezeugma]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes, by Richard Sherry
+
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