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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/28447-0.txt b/28447-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c8f1ca --- /dev/null +++ b/28447-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3257 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes, by Richard Sherry + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes + +Author: Richard Sherry + +Commentator: Herbert W. Hildebrandt + +Release Date: March 30, 2009 [EBook #28447] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Joseph Cooper, Chris Curnow, Greg +Lindahl and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file +encoding: + + ẽ ũ [e, u with overline = following n or m] + +If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the +diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As +a last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file. + +The text is based on scans of two different physical copies of the same +edition; see end of e-text for one variant reading. Other errors are +also listed at the end of the e-text. + +Superscripts are shown with carets: w^t, y^e. All pilcrows ¶ in the +body text were added by the transcriber (see endnotes). + +The book was originally (1550) printed together with Erasmus’s _The +Education of Children_. The introduction (1961) mentions Erasmus +briefly; the Index refers only to Sherry’s _Treatise_. Since the +two texts have no connection except that Sherry is assumed to be the +translator of the Erasmus essay, they have been made into separate +e-texts.] + + + + +A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES + + + + + A TREATISE + OF SCHEMES AND TROPES + (1550) + by + RICHARD SHERRY + + and his translation of + + THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN + by + DESIDERIUS ERASMUS + + + A facsimile reproduction + with an introduction and index + by + HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT + _The University of Michigan_ + + + Gainesville, Florida + SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS + 1961 + + + + + SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS + 118 N.W. 26th Street + Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. + Harry R. Warfel, General Editor + + + Reproduced from a copy in + and with the permission of + BODLEIAN LIBRARY + _Oxford_ + + L.C. Catalog Card Number: 61-5030 + + + Manufactured in the U.S.A. + Letterpress by J. N. Anzel, Inc. + Photolithography by Edwards Brothers + Binding by Universal-Dixie Bindery + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +Richard Sherry’s _A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes_ (1550), a familiar +work of the Renaissance, is primarily thought of as a sixteenth-century +English textbook on the figures. Yet it is also a mirror of one +variation of rhetoric which came to be called the rhetoric of style. As +a representative of this stylistic school, it offers little that is new +to the third part of classical rhetoric. Instead, it carries forward the +medieval concept that ornateness in communication is desirable; it +suggests that figures are tools for achieving this ornateness; it +supplies examples of ornateness to be imitated in writing and speaking; +it supports knowing the figures in order to understand both secular and +religious writings; it proposes that clarity is found in the figures. In +short, the work assisted Englishmen to understand eloquence as well as +to create it. + +Four-fifths of ancient rhetoric is omitted in the _Treatise_. The nod is +given to elocution. Invention is discussed, but only as a tool to assist +the communicator in amplifying his ideas, as a means to spin out his +thoughts to extreme lengths. Arrangement, memory, and delivery are +overlooked. Accordingly, the _Treatise_ neatly fits into the category of +a Renaissance rhetoric on style. It is this school which recognized the +traditional five Ciceronian parts of rhetoric, but considered style to +be the most significant precept. The _Treatise_ is not the first to +support an emphasis wholly on style, nor the foremost. We know that +Aristotle’s _Rhetoric_, Cicero’s works on rhetoric, and Quintilian’s +_Institutes_ discussed the significance of style, but they had a broad +view. However, in England, about the time of Bede, arose a limited +concept that rhetoric is mainly style, particularly that of the figures. +It is this latter truncated version of rhetoric that the _Treatise_ +continues in the Renaissance. Rhetoric in Sherry’s work has lost its +ancient meaning. + +The _Treatise_ is highly prescriptive. It was born in an age of rules. +So much so, that the rhetorician who named his rules and tools was not +out of rapport with the period. This accounts for the rigidity, the love +of classification, and the schematic presentation of the work. It is +nothing more than a highly organized dictionary of ancient, medieval, +and Renaissance schemes and tropes. In fact, the major variation from +previous Latin compilers is to be found in the headnotes relative to the +various kinds of figures. Nor is it as thorough in handling the figures +as its predecessors. It utilizes, however, the customary Greek and Latin +terms and supplies a definition, but here the similarity with +contemporaries and ancients ends. It is weak in amplification of +examples during an age when amplification was practiced. Sherry +economizes by selecting usually one example in support of a figure while +contemporary cataloguers, and ancients for that matter, are more +definitive. + +Whether the work was ever popular within the schools or without is +unclear. Probably it did not have extensive success because only one +issue of the work appeared and a revised edition was brought out in +1555. By contrast, during the sixteenth century, Erasmus’ _De Copia_ +(1512) had at least eleven printings, Mosellanus’ _Table_ (c. 1529) had +at least eight editions, Susenbrotus’ _Epitome_ (1541) had at least +twenty printings, Peacham’s _Garden_ (1577) had two editions, and Day’s +_Secretorie_ (1586) underwent at least five editions. Some of these +works had new editions printed in the seventeenth century and would seem +to reflect a greater public acceptance than the _Treatise_. Some were +also written in Latin while Sherry moves in the vernacular. It still was +an age of Latin, and Sherry in part recognized this by his alternate +Latin and English movement in his second rhetoric on style published in +1555. Moreover, people seemed content to remain with the giants of the +Renaissance, notably Erasmus and his _De Copia_ instead of turning to a +lesser light such as Sherry. + +The _Treatise_ does have merit. The work cannot be judged entirely by +tallying its meager number of editions, its lack of thoroughness, or its +artificial divisions. Its signal contribution rests upon the fact that +it is a pioneering effort at permitting the figures to march, for the +first time, in English. Here Sherry had an opportunity to provide the +English reader with additional words, ideas, and material to be employed +in vernacular communication. His efforts in his works on rhetoric, +the two editions of the _Treatise_, provided the sixteenth century +Englishman with the identical schemes and tropes which had been a +heritage of the Latin language since antiquity. Hence the work can be +called a complicated ordering of the figures, but it is also a sincere +attempt to provide in English those figures which would lend ornateness +to the expression of an idea. + +To indicate that the _Treatise_ was part of a continuing school of +rhetoric, we must consider a few rhetoricians subsequent to Sherry’s +work. Indeed, one notices the continuance of dictionaries of figures +which carry the admonition that the usual manner of utterance was to be +despised. Thomas Wilson’s _The Arte of Rhetorique_ (1553), although +preserving the classical idea of rhetoric, also felt the definition of a +figure employed in communication involved the uncommon. Twenty-seven +years subsequent to Sherry, England again has a pure catalogue of the +figures; this is Peacham’s _Garden of Eloquence_. More elaborate than +the _Treatise_, it too suggests that rhetoric is decoration. Continued +interest in the stylistic tools is also seen in Puttenham’s The _Arte of +English Poesie_ (1589). When we move to the latter part of the sixteenth +century and then change the genre as exemplified in Day’s _The English +Secretorie_, we see a stylistic extension to the art of letter writing +which borrowed rhetorical terms and rules and applied them to written +correspondence. The emphasis in these rhetorics on style is the same: +ornateness in communication is achieved through using the figures. + +When we look in the opposite direction, to works which preceded Sherry, +the figures, definitions, and examples in the _Treatise_ derive more +from contemporaries than from the ancients. It relies extensively upon +intermediaries. Sherry explains that Erasmus and Mosellanus will be +major sources. Hence the _De Copia_, the _Ecclesiastae_, and the +_Tabulae de schematibus et tropis_ are used with regularity. Although +further removed in time, the _Rhetorica ad Herennium_ is the primary +ancient source. But beyond this first-hand reliance on the ancients, +examples from Vergil, Cicero, and Terence, to mention several, as well +as definitions of the figures, depend heavily upon neo-classical +intermediaries. + +Appended to the text on the figures of rhetoric is a seemingly +gratuitous section entitled “That chyldren oughte to be taught and +brought vp gently in vertue and learnynge, and that euen forthwyth from +theyr natiuitie: a declamacion of a briefe theme, by Erasmus of +Roterodame.” This essay occupies almost two-thirds of the _Treatise_ and +receives its first English translation from the Latin at the hands of +Sherry. William Woodward in his _Desiderius Erasmus Concerning the Aim +and Method of Education_ gave us another English translation in 1904. +One other translation, in German, by August Israel, is entitled “Vortrag +über die Nothwendigkeit, die Knaben gleich von der Geburt an in einer +für Freigeborne würdigen Weise sittlich und wissenschaftlich ausbilden +zu lassen.” + +The reason for the inclusion of the Erasmian essay is never clearly +stated in the other sections of the _Treatise_. Nor do the other +translators suppose a reason. From the internal evidence of the essay +and from headnotes preceding it, we may assume that the purpose is one +of supplying readers with an example of amplification of a brief theme, +first illustrated in miniature, and then full blown into a long +declamation. The essay does not appear to be illustrating the numerous +figures discussed in the initial section of the work. + +Of Sherry we know little. Beyond the dates in the DNB, we infer from his +works that he had an intense interest in English and had a desire for +his countrymen to communicate well in the vernacular. He was interested +in religion, was most likely a Protestant, and hoped to continue an +interest in religion which he developed in his youth. He was also a +teacher. And although Latin was still a living language, the task of +inculcating a new tongue in the students fell to the schoolmaster; +Sherry was active in this capacity. This does not weaken an acclamation +we possess of the man: “He was a Person elegantly learned.” + + HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT + + _The University of Michigan + February 25, 1960_ + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES + by _Richard Sherry_ 1 + + Introduction 2 + Eloquucion 17 + Of Evidence and Plainness 19 + Of the Three Kyndes of Style 21 + Scheme and Figure 25 + Faute 32 + Garnyshyng and His Kyndes 38 + Figures of Sentence 62 + Proves 78 + + THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN + by _Desiderius Erasmus_ 97 + + + + + ¶ A treatise + of Schemes & Tropes + very profytable + for the better vnderstanding of good + authors, gathered out of the best + Grammarians & Oratours + by Rychard Sherry Lon + doner. + + Whervnto is added a declamacion, + That chyldren euen strayt frõ their + infancie should be well and gent- + ly broughte vp in learnynge. + Written fyrst in Latin + by the most excel- + lent and + famous Clearke, Erasmus + of Rotero- + dame. + + + + + To the ryght worshyp + ful Master Thomas Brooke + Esquire, Rychard Shyrrey + wysheth health euer- + lastynge. + + +[Sidenote: The tytle of thys worcke straunge.] I doubt +not but that the title of this treatise all straunge +vnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the +fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should +meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of +iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting +it hastily from thẽ, wil not once vouchsafe to reade +it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to be +therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a +tryfle, & a tale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I +doubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll be +other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyll +thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is +contained therin. [Sidenote: Sheme and Trope.] These +words, _Scheme_ and _Trope_, are not vsed in our +Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes. +[Sidenote: Vse maketh straũge thinges familier.] No +more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by +continual vse, very familier to most men, and come so +often in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vs +the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne +natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys +worde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth +manye other lyke? And what maruail is it if these +words haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there was +no suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue where vnto they +shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue +thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men, +whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue +both wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to make +it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye +compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best. +[Sidenote: Oure language falsely accused of +barbarousnes.] It is not vnknowen that oure language +for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene +complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut in +the toungue it selfe, but rather for slackenes of our +coũtrimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng +out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many +in it: as plainly doth appere not only by the most +excellent monumentes of our aũciẽt forewriters, +[Sidenote: Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.] Gower, Chawcer +and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many +other later: [Sidenote: Syr Thomas Elyot.] inespeciall +of y^e ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, which +first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye +searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all +kynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrode +goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and +industrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as of +eyther the Philosophies, hathe herebi declared the +plentyfulnes of our mother toũge, loue toward hys +country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles. +What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat? +which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune +and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys +natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth +whome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equal +wyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death to +hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men +verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and +stable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and +broughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yet +lyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs +to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure +myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, what +sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe +oracion natural, and holpẽ by art, wherby it may most +eloquẽtly be vttered. [Sidenote: The occasion of thys +treatise.] Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke +wyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters this +present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place, +and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and +pleasaunte if they were gathered together, and +handsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theire +descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue. +And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted with +them, when I red them to other in y^e Latin, and that +they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode +authores, I was so muche the more ready to make them +speak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mine +old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request. + +¶ [Sidenote: Rodulphus Agricola.] Beside this, I was +moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke +Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle +wryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth mẽ what soeuer +they reade in straunge tongues, diligently to +translate the same into their owne language: because +that in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute in +our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly +hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and +superfluously wryttẽ. No lerned nacion hath there +bene but y^e learned in it haue written of schemes & +fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei had +perceyued the valewe. + +¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle +lesure, I red ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those +which wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies: +fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer +brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some. +[Sidenote: Mosellain.] Mosellane hathe in hys tables +shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hathe +confoũded them together, that his second order called +of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians +then to hys purpose. [Sidenote: Quintilian.] +Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the +Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you may +soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche as +serued hys purpose. [Sidenote: Cicero.] Cicero in hys +boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence +hathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be +tryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exãples. +[Sidenote: Erasmus.] Erasmus in hys double copye of +words and thynges, hath made as y^e tytle declareth +but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litle +bil of remembraũce. Wherefore to make these thinges +more playne to y^e students that lyst to reade them in +oure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, more +thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the +examples more aptly, & to make things defused more +plaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the +dylygente. I haue not translated them orderly out of +anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many, +and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into +this body as you se, and set them in so playne an +order, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and the +vse wherevnto it serueth. Thoughe vnto greate wittes +occupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelye +pertayne, yet to such as perchaũce shal not haue +perfecte instructoures, they may be commodious to +helpe them selues for y^e better vnderstandynge of +such good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys darre I +saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he +shulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche +as al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche is +the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. The +common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto +their scholers: _Hic est figura_: and sometyme to axe +them, _Per quam figuram?_ But what profit is herein if +they go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyng +is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure +to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe the proper vse +of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as +playne wordes as maye be. [Sidenote: A figure not to +be vsed but for a cause.] But syth it so chaunseth y^t +somtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the matter +more plaĩly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then +after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the +sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors +do wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe of +schemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer in +the writing and speaking of eloquente english men, +then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might +I brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in +them but that they are to be learned euen of +necessitie, for as muche as not only prophane authors +wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that also +they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye +scripture, where if you be ignoraunte in the +fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manye +greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion: +[Sidenote: Westimerus] as ryght wyll do testefy +_Castelio Vestimerus_ and [Sidenote: Augustinus] y^t +noble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue not +made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer +is it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye +touched, and as it were with my litle fynger poynted +to these thinges, which require a lẽger declaracion. +For what can be hasted, and absolute to? But if God +spare me lyfe, I truste hereafter to make it an +introducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue +that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by +them selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and +varyous authors: but that also thei shalbe able better +to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and +ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures. +[Sidenote: And apte similitude.] For as lyke plesure +is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden +garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers, +and that there doeth no more but beholde them, of +whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge +but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the +corporall eie pleasure, knoeth of eueri one the name & +propertye: so verelye much difference is there in +readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne +that do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe +he whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other, +whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer +but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth +also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye +myghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all good +giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all oure +words and speache, that it may be to his honour and +glory for euer and euer. Amen. + + ¶ Geuen at London the. + xiii. day of Decembre. + Anno .M.D.L. + + + + + ¶ A briefe note of eloquciõ, the third + parte of Rhetoricke, wherunto + all Figures and Tropes be + referred. + + +[Sidenote: Eloquucion] _Eloquucion_, which the Greekes +call Phrase, whereof also the name of eloquence dothe +ryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also is +it the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche is +seene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure, +whych as Cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth, +is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. For +vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges, +bothe it addeth a fulnes, and varietie: it setteth +oute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche, +the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue +sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated, +and wel soundyng, it bryngeth that greate fludde of +eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stile and indyghtyng. +And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, not +only must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but also +take hede of placinge, and settinge them in order. +For the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth in +wordes considered by them selues, and when they be +ioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste be +founde oute, and after by diligence conueniently +coupled. For there is a garnyshynge, euen when they be +pure and fyne by them selues, and an other, whẽ they +be ioyned together. To chose thẽ oute finely, and +handsomlye to bestow them in their places, after the +mynde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thynge. So +Marcus Antonius was wonte to say, that he had knowen +many wel spoken men, but none eloquente. ¶ Tullye and +Quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposiciõ were +the partes of a wytty and prudent man, but eloquence +of an oratour. For howe to finde out matter, and set +it in order, may be comen to all men, whyche eyther +make abridgementes of the excellent workes of +aunciente wryters, and put histories in remẽbraunce, +or that speake of anye matter them selues: but to +vtter the mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is a +gyft geuen to very fewe. And because we haue deuided +eloquucion into two partes, that is, wordes symple, +or considered by them selues, and compound or ioyned +together in speache, accordyng to thys we saye, that +euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes: +euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte of +eloquucion, composicion & dignitie, which belongeth to +the other. + + +Of Euidence and plainenes. + +Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thys +be the fyrste care, to speake euidentlye after the +dignitye and nature of thynges, and to vtter suche +wordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no man +may iustely reprehende. The playne and euident speche +is learned of Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracion +pure, and without all faute, and maketh that euerye +thyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, and +clerelye. Euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes that +be in vse of daylye talke, and proper wordes that +belonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke. +Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name +of the thing, but much more to the strength and power +of the significacion: & must be considered not by +hearyng, but by vnderstandyng. So translacion in the +whych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuciõ, +applieth wordes not the selfe proper thinges. But yet +an vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in the +oracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (as +Cicero sayeth) oftentymes the oracion may seme +greater, and of more antiquitie, for that Poetes do +speake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it is +righte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cõmitted +in euerye language, whereby it is not pure: +Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the whych, that on is +committed, when anye worde is fautely spoken or +writen: that other, when in many wordes ioyned +together, the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed +to that that goeth before. Of composicion and +dygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come to +the figures of rethoryque. + + +Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge. + +Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an +oraciõ, we thinke good, bryeflye, to shewe you of the +thre kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych all +the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that +there be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekes +characters, of vs figures, I trowe there is no man, +though he be meanlye learned, but he knoweth, namely +when we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Greke +and latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to haue +folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of +wrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there hath +bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge: +The greate, the small, the meane. + + +The greate kynde. + +The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kynde +of endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuine +power of oracion, is vsed in wayghty causes: for it +hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes, +proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych ar +handled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and it +hathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences, +wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strength +and grauitie. And they that vse thys kynde, bee +vehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted and +readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes. +Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus +Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius +Rabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, agaynste +Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes +fall into fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graue +oracion, whych swelleth, and is puffed vp, whych vseth +straunge wordes hardelye translated, or to olde, and +that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye +talke, or more graue then the thing requyreth. + + +The small kynde. + +The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile, +pressed, and fyled oracion, meete for causes that be a +lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge. +For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen +to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng. +It hathe fyne sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng all +thynges, and makynge them more playne, not more ample. +¶ And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth in hys +oratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and of +purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull: Other in that +leaues are trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge also +and garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys +philosophicall disputacions, in the oraciõ for +Quincius for Roscius y^e Comedy plaier, & Terẽce, +& Plautus in their Comedies. Such as cã not hãdsomly +vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendernes of +wordes, fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion. + + +The meane kynde. + +The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of +the lower, and yet not of the loweste, and moste comen +wordes and sentẽces. And it is ryghtyly called the +temperate kynde of speakyng, because it is very nygh +vnto the small, and to the greate kynde, folowyng a +moderacion and temper betwyxt thẽ. And it foloweth as +we saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracion +wyth small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences. +Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius, for Aulus +Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste of all in hys +bookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to the +kynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute, +because it waueth hyther and thyther, as it were +wythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng surely in no +poynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearer +to take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out, and +comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes. + + +Of Schemes and Tropes. + +[Sidenote: Scheme] Scheme is a Greke worde, and +signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that +daunsers vse to make, whẽ they haue won the best game, +but by translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion, +and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or +payntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the fashion +of a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten or +spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and that +thre sũdry waies: by figure, faute, vertue. + + +Figure. + +Fygure, of Scheme y^e fyrst part, is a behaueoure, +maner, or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, or +wordes after some new wyse, other thẽ men do commenlye +vse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes. +Dianoias, that is of sentence, and Lexeos of worde. + +Figure of Dianoias, or sentence, because it properlye +belongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of it hereafter +in place conuenient, now wyll we entrete of the figure +Lexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth to the +Gramarians. + + +Figure of worde. + +Figure Lexeos, or of worde, is when in speakyng or +wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe +or straunge, otherwyse then after y^e comen custume: +& is of .ii. kyndes; diccion, & construccion. + + +Figure of Diccion. + +Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word, +either written or pronoũced: & hath these partes. + +[Sidenote: Prosthesis.] _Appositio_, apposiciõ, +the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at the +begynnyng of a worde, as: He all to bewretched hym. + +[Sidenote: Apheresis] _Ablatio_, the takynge awaye of +a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde, +of a letter, when we say: The pẽthesis of thys house +is to low, for the epenthesis. Wher note this y^e word +pẽthesis is a greke worde, & yet is vsed as an +englishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis by +these figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole word +beynge as is before, epenthesis, so called because it +is betwyxt y^e lyght & vs, as in al occupiers shops +cõmenli it is. + +[Sidenote: Epenthesis.] _Interpositio_, when a letter +is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the +laste, as: Relligiõ for religion, relliques for +reliques. + +[Sidenote: Syncope.] _Consicio_, contrary to +Epenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from the +myddeste of the worde, as: Idolatry for Idololatry. + +[Sidenote: Proparalepsis.] _Preassumpcio_, when a +sillable is added to a word, the significacion of the +worde therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slacken +his matters, for to slacke his matters. + +[Sidenote: Apocope.] _Absissio_, y^e cuttyng away of a +letter or sillable frõ the end of a word, as: She is a +wel fayr may, for maid. + +[Sidenote: Ectasis.] _Extensio_, the making lõg of a +sillable whych by nature is short, as: This was +ordeined by acte, for ordined. + +[Sidenote: Systole.] _Contractio_, the makynge short +of a sillable which bi nature is lõg, as He is a man +of good perseueraũce: wher some men cõmit .ii. fautes +at once, one y^t they take perseueraũce for +knoweledge, which signifieth alwais cõtinuance, an +other y^t they make this sillable (ue) short, where it +is euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde, +adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it is +alwayes longe, as when they saye: I defye hym, and all +his adherentes. + +[Sidenote: Synolephe.] _Delecio_, puttynge oute, when +.ii. vowels comyng together, the first is as it were +put out: as thone and thother, for the one and the +other. + +[Sidenote: Antisthecon.] _Littera pro littera._ One +letter for an other, as akecorne for okecorne. + +_Transposicio._ Transposing of letters in wrytynge, +as chambre, for chamber. + + +Figure of construccion. + +Figure of construccion is when the order of +construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner. +And the kyndes be these. + +[Sidenote: Prolepsis.] _Presumpcio_, a takynge before, +or generall speakynge of those thynges whych +afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye: as, in the +meane seasõ that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais on +a sumpteous courser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was +caried to Boloygne. + +[Sidenote: Zeugma.] _Iunctio_, ioynyng, as Linacer +sayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng +that is put in the one, and not chaunged in the other +is not expressed, but lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. Before +I forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian shall drynke of +the flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is left +out, shall drynke. Or to define it more playnelye. +¶ _Iniunctio_, is when the verbe in diuerse lyke +sentences is referred to one: and that thre maner of +waies. + +[Sidenote: Presozeugma.] Fyrste when it is set before, +and is called _preiunctio_, as: There dyd ouercome in +hym, lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare, +madnesse hys reason. + +[Sidenote: Mesozeugma.] Secondlye when it is set in +the middes, & is called, _Media iunctio_, as bewtye, +eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes. + +[Sidenote: Hypozeugma.] Thyrdly whẽ it is put in the +end and is called _Postiunctio_, as bewtie by +syckenes, by sorowe, or by age decayeth. + +[Sidenote: Diazeugma.] _Disiunctio_, disiunccion, when +of those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, or +eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe, +thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrew +Cartage, cast downe Corinth, and raced Fregels. +Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth the +mynd. + +[Sidenote: Silepsis.] _Concepcio_, when in vnlike +clauses a certeyn cõmon thynge that is put in one of +thẽ, can not agre with the other, excepte it be +chaunged. But thys is more playne in the latine +because of the concordes, albeit in englyshe for the +verbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and the +Kynge was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutte +of: In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the +nexte. + +[Sidenote: Epergesis.] _Appositio_, when two +substãtiues are put together immediatly withoute any +verbe betwyxt, the one to declare the other, as in +Vyrgyll. ¶ Coridõ loued faire Alexis his masters +darlynge. + +[Sidenote: Hyperbaton] _Transgressio_, when the +ryghte order of wordes is troubled, & hath these +kyndes. + +[Sidenote: Anastrophe.] _Reuersio_, a preposterous +order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of +speakyng, as: He fell from of the wall, for he fel of +from the walle. + +[Sidenote: Hysterologia.] _Prepostera loquutio_, when +y^t that is done afterwardes, is set in speaking in +the former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres. + +[Sidenote: Tmesis] _Dissectio_, a cutting, when the +ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting +somewhat betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as here +shal appere after, for hereafter. He shal by punyshed +what man so euer offẽdeth, for whatsoeuer man. + +[Sidenote: Parenthesis] _Interpositio_, Interposicion, +is a dissoluciõ of the order of the words by putting a +sentence betwixt, as: The man (I speke it for no +harme) wyl somtime haue his owne wyll. + +[Sidenote: Eclipsis.] _Defectus_, when somewhat +lacketh in speakyng, but cõmenlye vsed to be +vnderstand, as: Good morowe, good nyght. + +[Sidenote: Antiptosis.] _Casus pro casu_, when one +case is putte for another, as me thynke it is so. + + +Faute. + +Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were a +faute, which though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet in +prose it is not to be suffered. The kyndes bee these: +obscure, inordinate, barbarous. + + +Obscure and hys partes. + +Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eyther +of the wordes, or of the settynge of them, and these +ben the partes. + +[Sidenote: Acyrologia.] _Improprietas_, when a worde +nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is +broughte into a sentence as a cloude: as you shall +haue syxe strypes you longe for. + +[Sidenote: Pleonasmus.] _Superabundancia_, when y^e +sentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, he +spake it wyth his mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes. + +[Sidenote: Perissologia.] _Sermo superfluus_, when a +sentẽce is added, y^e matter therby made neuer the +waightyer, as y^e Embassadours obteining no peace, +returned backe home, frõ whẽce they came. + +[Sidenote: Tautologia.] _Inutilis repeticio eiusdem_, +is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all +one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede, +Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus +Cluencius. Therefore that iudgemẽt was not lyke a +iudgemẽt O Iudges. + +[Sidenote: Homiologia.] _Sermo ubique sui similis_, +a greater faute then the other, is when the whole +matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde +tediousnes, as: He came thither to y^e bath, yet he +saide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me. +Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider. +Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more +when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a +tale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshe +persons. + +[Sidenote: Amphibologia.] _Ambiguitas_, when thorow +faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych +the verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better +then hys mother. + +[Sidenote: Periergia.] _Sedulitas superflua_, when +ther is in speakyng to much diligence and curiositye, +and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes, +whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that, +[Sidenote: Macrologia] that is called _Macrologia_, +whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne +and eloquent, is longer then it shulde be. + + +Inordinate and his partes. + +Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh +in the wordes: and the kyndes ben these: + +[Sidenote: Tapinosis.] _Humiliatio_, when the dygnitye +of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as +if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it +please your mastershyp. + +[Sidenote: Aschrologia.] _Turpis loquutio_, when the +words be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may be +wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to +put any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone +fynde inowe. + +[Sidenote: Cacozelia.] _Mala affectatio_, euyll +affectaciõ or leude folowyng, when the wytte lacketh +iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of +speaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy, +we fall into a vaine bablynge, or laboryng to be +brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye: +a phrase of building, or an audiẽce of shepe, as a +certẽ homely felow dyd. + +[Sidenote: Aschematistõ] _Male figuratum_, when the +oracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh his +figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne: +which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the +leaste. + +[Sidenote: Cacosintheton.] _Male collocatum_, when +wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in a +place wher thei shuld not be. + +[Sidenote: Soraismus.] _Cumulatio_, a mynglyng and +heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into +one speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into +englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or +barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long +workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their +examples be folowed, nor brought into a cõmon vsage of +speakyng. + + +Barbarie and hys partes. + +Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche frõ his +purenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partes +be these. + +[Sidenote: Barbarismus.] Barbarismus is, when a worde +is either naughtely wrytten or pronoũced cõtrary to +the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by +addicion, detracciõ, chaunging, transposynge, eyther +of a letter, a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraciõ. +Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be +called figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both the +speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you +inow. Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil +pronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng, +or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth. + +[Sidenote: Solecismus.] _Inconueniens structura_, +is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the +partes of spech in construccion, whych is marked by +all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as +when one parte is put for another, when gender for +gender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode, +number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicion +for preposiciõ, whych because it is vsed of famous +authores, instede of fautes, be called figures. + + +Vertue. + +Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in +speakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the +sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen +maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes: +Proprietie and garnyshyng. + + +Proprietie and his partes. + +Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther +be no fautes committed, but thynges done as they +shulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting. + +[Sidenote: Analogia.] _Proportio_, proporcion is, +whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By +thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye +true and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals from +the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacion +or markyng, not leanyng vpõ cause, but vpon example. +For in eloquence, the iudgement of excellẽt men +standeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst +boke. + +[Sidenote: Tasis.] _Extensio_, is that wherby a swete +and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes is +kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or +accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This +grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of y^e voyce +in pleasaunte pronunciation. + + +Garnyshyng and his kyndes. + +Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is whẽ the +oraciõ is gaylye set oute and floryshed w^t diuerse +goodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes and +delectaciõ to the hearer: and hath two kyndes, +composicion, and exornacion. + +[Sidenote: Sinthesis.] Composicion is an apte settinge +together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an +oracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be +considered that we so order our wordes, that the +sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after +a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase. +There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men & +women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather then +backewardes. In thys muste be auoyded also to often +comyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wyde +and gapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the +beginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word, +and that they ende not to much all alyke, that the +sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the +hearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consonãtes run +not to harshely together, wyth many other, which +Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour, +and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put +examples were to longe. + +Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and +sentences by disseueryng thẽ w^t diuerse goodly +colours and tropes or chaũgings of speach. + + +Tropes. + +Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures, +Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther +is a notable difference betwixt thẽ. In figure +is no alteracion in the wordes frõ their proper +significacions, but only is the oracion & sẽtence made +by thẽ more plesaũt, sharpe & vehemẽt, after y^e +affecciõ of him that speketh or writeth: to y^e which +vse although tropes also do serue, yet properlye be +they so called, because in them for necessitye or +garnyshynge, there is a mouynge and chaungynge of a +worde and sentence, from theyr owne significaciõ into +another, whych may agre wyth it by a similitude. +The former partes ben these. + +[Sidenote: Metaphora.] _Translatio_, translacion, that +is a worde translated from the thynge that it +properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre +with it by a similitude. And amonge all vertues +of speche, this is the chyefe. ¶ None perswadeth more +effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes +more euidently, none moueth more mightily the +affeccions, none maketh the oraciõ more goodlye, +pleasaunt, nor copious. + + +Translacions be diuerse. + +[Sidenote: i.] Some frõ the body to the mynd, as: +I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newely +begunne it. Also I smell where aboute you go, for I +perceyue. + +[Sidenote: ii.] From the reasonable to the +vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed the +counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men; +to bees. + +[Sidenote: iii.] From the vnreasonable to the +resonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou? +That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye. + +[Sidenote: iiii.] From the liuinge to the not liuyng. +The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. The +lande wyl spewe them oute. + +[Sidenote: v.] From the not lyuynge to the liuyng. +Cicero florisheth in eloquẽce. + +[Sidenote: vi.] From the liuyng, to the liuynge. +The iews winched against Moses. + +[Sidenote: vii.] From the not liuinge to the not +liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is +good for a greue wounde. + +[Sidenote: Catachresis.] _Abusio_, when for a certeyne +and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto +it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal +matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion +wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do +belong to vnlyke thinges. + +[Sidenote: Metalepsis.] _Transsumptio_, Transsũpcion, +is when by degrees we go to y^t that is shewed as: +he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is +vnderstand ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe +and verye depe. + +[Sidenote: Metonomia.] _Metonomya_, Transnominacion, +when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys +owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another: +& this is done diuerse waies. + +[Sidenote: i.] When the chiefe master or doar of a +thyng is put for y^e thing it self, as: Put vpon you +the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas w^t me. + +[Sidenote: ii.] When the place, or that that +cõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All +the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath +not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin. + +[Sidenote: iii.] When that that is conteyned is put +for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is +goodly buylded, for y^e house wher y^e fryers wer. + +[Sidenote: iiii.] When the doer is put for that y^t is +done, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egypte +wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also: +Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength. + +[Sidenote: v.] When y^t is done is put for y^e doer. + +[Sidenote: Synecdoche.] _Intellectio_, Intelleccion +whẽ one thyng is vnderstand by another y^t is of the +same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes. + +[Sidenote: i.] When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte, +as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues +fleshe. + +[Sidenote: ii.] By a parte the whole, as: He receyued +the straũgers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for +into hys house. + +[Sidenote: iii.] By one many, as: The Frenchemã in y^e +batail had the ouerthrow. + +[Sidenote: iiii.] By a kynd y^e general, as: If thou +se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, for +cattell. + +[Sidenote: v.] By the general the kynd: Eue the mother +of al liuing things, for of al mẽ: Preach to al +creaturs, to al mẽ + +[Sidenote: vi.] By that goeth before, the thynge that +foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he +rode a pace, or fled faste awaye. + +[Sidenote: vii.] By that y^t foloweth, the thinge +wente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face, +for w^t my labour. + +[Sidenote: viii.] By the matter, y^e thynge that is +made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it. + +¶ [Sidenote: ix.] By the signe, y^e thyng y^t is +signified as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in +the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl +signifieth night to be at hande. + +[Sidenote: Pronominacio.] _Antonomasia_ is, whych for +y^e proper name putteth some other word: As: the +Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The +Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for +Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by +faythe, for Paule. + +[Sidenote: Periphrasis.] _Circuicio_, is a larger +descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule +to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn: +by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. ¶ Example of +the fyrste: The prouidẽce of Scipio ouerthrew y^e +might of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng +sake he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew +Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his +busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys +busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y^e thyrd, you +haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by +the name of thys figure. + +By Etymologie or shewyng the reasõ of the name. Well +maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is y^t +loueth other because of his meat. + +By sygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe anye +thynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll saye that +it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whych +bryngeth in palenes into the coũtenaũce, fiersenes +of the eies, and trẽblyng in the members. + +By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for +Rethorique. + + +The second parte of Trope. + +_Allegoria_, the seconde parte of Trope is an +inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes, +and another in sentence or meanynge. + +[Sidenote: Aenigma.] _Sermo obscurus_, a riddle or +darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more thẽ the hole. + +[Sidenote: Paremia.] _Adagium_, a sayinge muche vsed +and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our +tale. + +[Sidenote: Ironia.] _Dissimulatio_, is a mockyng +whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by +the pronũciacion, or by the behaueour of the person or +by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man +in deede. + +[Sidenote: Sarcasmus.] _Amara irrisio_, is a bitter +sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng +or scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The +Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could +not saue hym selfe. + +[Sidenote: Astysmus.] _Festiua urbanitas_, is a certen +mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow +metynge w^t one that had a very whyte head, axed him +if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght. + +[Sidenote: Mycterismus.] _Subsannatio_, a skornyng by +some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, +putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke. + +[Sidenote: Antiphrasis.] _Dictio cõtrariũ +significans_, when the mock is in a worde by a +contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges, +a minion. + +[Sidenote: Charientismus.] _Graciosa nugatio_, when +wordes roughly spokẽ be molified by pleasaunt wordes: +as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you +be good master to me. + + +The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall. + +[Sidenote: Epanaphora] _Repeticio_, repeticion, when +in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng +cõtinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you +this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be +geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this +exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, +& it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth +oute, and garnysheth the oracion. + +[Sidenote: Antistrophe.] _Conuersio_, conuersion is +whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the +same worde, but w^t all one worde styll closeth vp the +sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as: +Sence the time y^e cõcord was takẽ awaye from the +citie, lyberty was takẽ awai: fidelity was takẽ away: +frẽship was takẽ away. + +[Sidenote: Symploce.] _Cõplexio_, complexion cõpriseth +both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we +declared before, y^t both all one fyrste worde shulde +be oftẽ repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one +laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out +both hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys +felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who +was transformed frõ a man into a beast, & eate haye +wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer. + +[Sidenote: Anadiplosis.] _Reduplicatio_, is a +continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or +wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the +mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth: +yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, +it is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also, +dareste thou nowe come into our syght, y^e traitour of +thy cõtrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest +thou come into oure syght? + +[Sidenote: Epanodus.] _Traduccio_, Traduccion is, +whyche maketh that whẽ all one word is oftentymes +vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the +mynde, but also make y^e oracion more trim in this +wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but +prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y^u wylt +compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke +them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but +hãdmaydens to vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete +sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of +death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the +sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii. + +[Sidenote: Sinonimia] _Nominis cõmunio_, cõmunion of +the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by +rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an +other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast +ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion, +and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The +iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and +shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for +.Q. Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy +swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was +thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that +burning of thy mynd? what desiredst y^u? what +wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the +other before, only because the wordes be chaũged, the +sentẽce remayning. + +[Sidenote: Sinathrismus.] _Frequentacio_, +frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed +thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into +one place that y^e oracion shulde be the wayghtier, +& rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why +shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an +harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for +others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural +to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to +hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to +his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, +intollerable to all men. + +[Sidenote: Epiphonesis.] _Exclamacio_, exclamaciõ is, +whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of +anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a +thynge? Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope of +men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions, +whych oftẽ tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe +downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they +can se the hauen. Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ, +obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking. + +[Sidenote: Areia.] _Execracio_, execracion: O fye vpon +Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God +alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images +made by mans hand. + +[Sidenote: Deesis.] _Obtestacio_, obtestacion, whẽ for +God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue +any thynge. As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I praye +you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, y^t +as it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf +to saue thẽ thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne. + +[Sidenote: Euche.] _Votum_, wyshynge: O wolde God that +the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan +wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia. + +[Sidenote: Epiplexis] _Increpacio_, Cicero agaynst +Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not +knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the +laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before? + +[Sidenote: Erotesis.] _Interrogacio_, Euerye +interrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, +but thys whyche when those thinges be rehearsed vp +whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that +thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he +spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, +whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes frõ the +cõmon wealthe or not? + +[Sidenote: Erotema.] _Raciocinatio_, raciocinacion is, +by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, +wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that +oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of +euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well +ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys +lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the +power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in +the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle +before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason. +Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wyl +not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a +valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them +to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, those to count +mẽ: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie +increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he +haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse. +Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am +wont to despise, not to folowe. + +[Sidenote: Prosapodosis.] _Subiectio_, when we axe of +oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere +to our selues thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? God +forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus: +O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl +you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your +prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confoũded. +Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare +that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to +Christ. + +[Sidenote: Antiphora.] _Tacite obiectioni responsio._ +whẽ we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be +obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, +Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home +hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he myght +haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely +toke away y^t excuse, saying: Troy is destroied. + +[Sidenote: Aporia.] _Dubitatio_, Dubitacion; when wee +doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld +inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth at +that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of +the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can not +tell. + +[Sidenote: Apophasis.] _Expeditio_, expedicion, when +many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be +done or not, the other are taken away, and one left +that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys +controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther +vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or +vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The +wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate +inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the +other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al +these incõueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours, +& texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour, +& scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence, +then the worde. + +[Sidenote: Epilogus.] _Conclusio_, conclusiõ is, which +by a brief argumẽtacion of these thinges that be +spoken before or done, inferreth that thynge that +necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacion +wer geuen to the Troianes, y^t Troy myght not be taken +without y^e arowes of Philectetes, and thei did +nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in +dede was Troy to be taken. + +[Sidenote: Epitrope.] _Permissio_, permission, when we +shew y^t we geue & graũt any thyng altogether to a +mans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges takẽ away, only +is left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych +only ar lefte vnto me of many, I graunte thẽ to you +and to your power. + +[Sidenote: Anacinosis.] _Cõmunicacio_, cõmunicacion +is, when we leaue sumwhat to y^e Iudges to be estemed, +thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what +hurt y^e cõmõ welth shal take hereof _Diuisio_, +[Sidenote: Dialisis.] diuision is which diuiding one +thyng frõ another, endeth thẽ both by shewing a reasõ, +thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if y^u +bee good, y^u haste not deserued it, if thou be +naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I +speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou +do remember them, I shuld but trouble you: If you haue +forgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng, +what good can I do in wordes? + +[Sidenote: Antitheton.] _Contentio_, contencion, when +the reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be +rehearsed by cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasaũt +begynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges. +Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyue +honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that +be after the fleshe, care for these thynges y^t be of +the fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care for +the thynges of the spirite. + +[Sidenote: Antithesis.] _Contrarium_, contrary is, +that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y^e one +bryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll +be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a man +trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters? +He that in familiare cõmunicacion and company of hys +friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest thẽ y^t he wil +absteine from a lye in a cõmon audience. + +[Sidenote: Colon.] _Membrum oracionis_, a mẽber of the +reasõ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely +in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but +receyued agayne w^t an other parte, thus: Thou dyddest +bothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd. Thys +exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the +perfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profite +thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thy +selfe. + +[Sidenote: Dialyton.] _Articulus_, article is, when +eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus. +By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne +enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth +enuye, wronges, power, falsehead. + +[Sidenote: Isocolon.] _Compar_, euen or equall, is +when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche +we spake before, & that they be made of euen number of +sillables: but thys equalitie must not stand by +numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in y^e +mynd. Christe afore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a +croune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, the +kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes in +on mẽber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare +of lyke lengthe. + +[Sidenote: Homioptotõ] _Similiter cadens_, fallyng al +alike is, when in the same construccion of wordes ther +be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe +same cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue, +plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is in +thẽ no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none of +talke. + +[Sidenote: Homoteleto.] _Similiter desinens_, endynge +al alyke, when words or sentẽces haue alyke endyng, +as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke +baudely. Content thy selfe w^t thy state, in thy herte +do no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate. + +[Sidenote: Climax.] _Gradacio_, is, when we rehearse +again the word y^t goth next before, & descẽd to other +thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat +vertue, vertue glory, glory hatered. [Sidenote: +Orismus.] _Definicio_, definiciõ, wher by y^e proper +effect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely +in this wyse: This is not diligẽce but couetousnes, +because y^t diligẽce is a nedy sauing of thine own: +couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens. +¶ [Sidenote: Metabasis.] _Transicio_, transiciõ is, +wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what +may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue +told, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to +hys parẽtes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius: +Because we haue spoken of y^e kind of the warre, now +wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it. +¶ [Sidenote: Paralepsis.] _Occupatia_, occupacion is, +when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl not +know of y^e thyng y^t wee speke of most of al, in this +wyse: I wyl not say that y^u tokest money of our +felowes, I wyl not stand much in thys that y^u +robbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: I passe +ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns. ¶ [Sidenote: +Asindeton.] _Dissolutio_, when the oracion lacketh +coniũccions, thus: Obey thy parẽtes, be ruled by thi +kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes. + +[Sidenote: Apostrophe.] _Auersio_, auersion, when we +turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to +another personne, eyther present or absent, or to a +thing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher, +speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may +fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter, +I wold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do, +howe far they be gone frõ that thou prescribedst them +to do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant be the thynges +that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou +geuest. + +[Sidenote: Anangeon.] _Necessum_, necessitie, when we +cõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by +necessitye, eyther of y^e person or tyme, thus: +I confesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thou +gauest me, dyd deceyue me. Also, somtyme I was in that +opinion, but the tyme so required. + +[Sidenote: Anaclasis.] _Refractio_, that is the +turninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrary +significacion, thus: I knowe kynge Ezechias that all +thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue me +suche bytternes. + +[Sidenote: Bomphiologia.] _Verborum bombus_, when +small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng +wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the +boasting souldiar, & creping smel feast. + +[Sidenote: Miosis.] _Diminutio_, when greate matters +are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beatẽ +bi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle +stryke hym. + +[Sidenote: Liptote.] _Extenuatio_, the makyng lesse of +a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit +O Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I +thanke Archias the Poete of. ¶ Cicero for Archias. + +[Sidenote: Diasirmus.] _Eleuacio_, when we make lyghte +of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs, +whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they +perteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthy +to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll another +tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example. + + + + +As oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes: +so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed, and the +fyrste order of the Rethorical figures: We nowe come +vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence, called of +Quintilian & Cicero, the ornametẽs of sentence. + + +Figures of sentence. + +[Sidenote: Particio.] Particion called also diuision & +distribucion rethoricall, is when a thing that mai be +generally spokẽ, is more largely declared, and diuided +into partes. Example: He is perfitely seene in all the +sciences. ¶ This sẽtence spoken as it were in a sũme, +may be enlarged, if seuerally you reherse vp al the +kindes of learning. There is no kynd of doctrine at al +but he is exquisitely sene in it. There is no science, +but he hathe learned it thorowly, and so learned it, +that you wolde thynke he had labored onely in it. +So maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al the +Poetes, he so aboundeth in the floures of the +Rethoricians: He hath so boulted oute the paynefull +rules of the gramarians. So perfitely knoweth he the +subtilnesse of the Logicians, and hath so soughte oute +the priuities of natural thynges, and ouercome the +harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome: he hathe +passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines, and hath +thorowlie perceyued the mathematical demõstracions. He +so knoweth the mocions of the starres, the reasons of +numbers, the measurynges of the earth, the situacions, +names & spaces of cities, mountaynes, fluddes, and +fountaynes, he so knoweth the difference and harmonies +of tunes: He so remẽbreth all hystoryes olde and late: +So knoweth all good authors, all antiquities & +nouelties, and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in +Greke as latyne. Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe +bene found and taught of good authors, al that +thorowlye hath he perceyued, knowen and remẽbred. Here +these wordes, he is perfitelye seene in all the +sciences, bee declared in theyr partes. + +[Sidenote: Enumeracio.] Enumeracion is much lyke vnto +thys, when not beynge contente at once to declare the +ende of the matter, we rehearse vp all y^t went before +it was done. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of thynges that go +before] Example: Cicero oppressed the mischeuous +purposes of Catiline. Thus maye you set it forth: The +myscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most vngracious +yonge men, whych went about the destruccion of the +citie of Rome, M Tullius the consull dyd quickelye +smell out by hys foresyghte, and by hys singuler +vigilancye sought thẽ oute, by his hyghe prudence +espyed them, by his incredible eloquence conuinced +them, and by hys graue authoritie repressed thẽ, by +force of armes subdued them, & with great happines +toke them quyte awaye. + +[Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of the causes.] Hitherto also +apperteineth, whẽ we expoũd a thyng not barely, but +repete the causes also sumwhat before, and of what +begynnynges it came of. As if not contente to haue +sayd, that the Frenchmen made bataile with the +Neapolitans, we rehearse also what wer the causes of +theyr stryfe, who was the setter forward, and what was +the occasion of the warre, what hope and truste eyther +of them had to the victorye. Of these ar many examples +in Saluste & Liuie. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of effectes, +& consequẽtes.] From thys differeth not when we do not +simplye shewe forthe the matter, but reherse also +those thynges that eyther go with it, or folowe it, +as thus: We thanke the of thys warre. Thus maye you +dilate the matter. The treasure spente vpon the +Barbariens, the youthe broken wyth laboures, the corne +troden downe, the catel driuen awaye, stretes and +vyllages euery where set on fyre, fieldes lefte +desolate, walles ouerthrowen, houses robbed, temples +spoyled, so many olde men chylderles, so manye +orphanes, so manye wyddowes, so many virgins +shamefully defiled, y^e maners of so many yong mẽ made +worse by leude liberty, so many mẽ slayne, so great +mourning, so many good artes loste, lawes oppressed, +religion blotted, al thynges of god and man +confounded, all good order of the citie corrupted: +I say all this heape of myschiefs that riseth of war, +we mai thãke the only of it, which wast y^e beginner +of this war + +[Sidenote: Energia.] _Enargia_, euidence or +perspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall, is +when a thynge is so described that it semeth to the +reader or hearer y^t he beholdeth it as it were in +doyng. Of thys figure ben many kyndes. + +The fyrste, called effiguracion or descripcion of a +thynge, whereby the figure and forme of it is set out: +as of the vniuersall flud. + +The seconde, the descripcion of a personne, when a man +is described, as are the noble menne in Plutarch, +and the Emperours in Suetonius. Howe be it the +rethoricianes vse thys worde _Prosopopeia_, that is +descripcion of a personne to comprehende the sixe +kyndes folowinge. + +[Sidenote: Charactirismus.] The thyrde kinde is called +_Charactirismus_, that is the efficcion or pycture of +the bodye or mynde, as Dauus describeth Crito, & Mitio +describeth Demea. + +[Sidenote: Prosopographia.] The .iiii. is the fainyng +of a persõ called _Prosopographia_, and is of .ii. +sorts. Fyrst y^e descripciõ of a fained person, as +Vyrgyl in the syxt of Eneid, faineth Sibil to be mad, +& fayneth the persons in hell. An other forme is whẽ +we fayne persõ, cõmunicacion, or affecte of a man or +of a beaste, to a dumme thynge, or that hath no bodye, +or to a dead man: as to the Harpies, furies, deuils, +slepe hongar, enuie, fame, vertue, iustice, and suche +lyke, the poetes fayne a person, and communicacion. +This seconde fashion the Poetes do call _Prosopopey_. +[Sidenote: Aetopeia.] The fyrst kind is called +_AEtopeia_, that is an expressiõ of maners or mylde +affeccions, and hath thre kyndes: of the whych the +fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners +somewhat longer, as of wittes, artes, vertues, vices. +Thus we expresse Thraso a boaster, and Demea a sowre +felowe. + +The seconde forme, is an expression of naturall +propensitie, and inclinacions to naturall affeccions, +as of the fathers loue toward the chyldren .&c. of +fryendshyppe, neyghbourhod & cetr. as you maye se in +hystoryes. + +¶ The thyrd kynde is the expression of lighter +affeccions, as when wee go about by fayre meanes to +gette the mery affeccions of menne to vs ward or to +other, & when the mynd is lyft vp into hope, myrth, +& laughter, and as be louyng salutations, promises, +& cõmunynges together in familiar epistles and +dialogues, and the getting of loue and fauour in the +begynnynges, and finallye thys figure doth teach, that +Rethorique is a part of flattery. [Sidenote: +Pathopeia.] The sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcion +is _Pathopeia_, that is expressyng of vehement +affeccions and perturbacions, of y^e whych ther be two +sortes. The fyrste called _Donysis_, or intencion, and +some call it imaginacion, wherby feare, anger, madnes, +hatered, enuye, and lyke other perturbacions of mynde +is shewed and described, as in Ciceros inuectiues. +Another forme is called _Oictros_, or cõmiseracion, +wherby teares be pyked out, or pyty is moued, or +forgeuenes, as in Ciceros peroraciõs, and complaintes +in Poets: And to be shorte ther is gotten no greater +admiracion or commendacion of eloquence then of these +two, _AEtopeia_, and _Pathopeia_, if they be vsed in +place. [Sidenote: dialogismus] The .vii. kind is +_Dialogismus_ whych is how often a short or long +communicacion is fayned to a person, accordyng to the +comelines of it. Such be the concious in Liuie, & +other historians. [Sidenote: Mimisis.] The .viii. kynd +is called _Mimisis_, that is folowing eyther of the +wordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye the +wordes of the person, but also the gesture: and these +foresayd sixe kindes Quintiliane dothe put vnder +_Prosopopeia_. The .ix. kynde is the descripcion of a +place, as of Carthage in the fyrst of Eneid. Referre +hither Cosmographie and Geographie. The .x. kynd is +called _Topotesia_, that is ficcion of a place, when +a place is described such one peraduenture as is not, +as of the fieldes called Elisii in Virgil: refer +hither _Astrothesiam_, that is the descripciõ of +starres. The .xi. kinde is _Chronographia_, that is +the descripcion of the tyme, as of nyght, daye, and +the foure tymes of the yere. + +[Sidenote: Amplificacio] A greate parte of eloquence +is set in increasing and diminyshing, and serueth for +thys purpose, that the thyng shulde seme as great as +it is in dede, lesser or greater then it seemeth +to manye. For the rude people haue commonly a +preposterous iudgemẽt, and take the worst thynges +for the beste, and the beste for the worst. Al +amplificacion and diminucion is taken eyther of +thinges, or of wordes. Of thynges ryse effeccions, of +words those fashions that nowe I wyll shewe. The first +waye of increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge the +worde of the thynge, when in encreasynge we vse a more +cruell worde, and a softer in diminyshynge, as when we +call an euyll man a thiefe, and saye he hathe kylled +vs, when he hathe beaten vs. And it is more vehemẽte +if by correccion we compare greater wordes wyth those +that we put before: As thou haste broughte not a +thyefe, but an extorcioner, not an adulterer, but a +rauysher. &c. ¶ Lyke vnto this is _Hyperbole_, whyche +say the more then the truthe is in deede, as when we +saye: The crye was hearde to heauen, meanyng it was a +greate crye. An other kynde is by increase, whyche is +when the thynges goyng before beynge exaggerate, +we come from them to the hyeste: As agaynste Verres. +It is a myscheuous deede to bynde a Citizen of Rome, +haynous to beate hym, what? shall I saye to hange hym? +An other waye of increase is, when wythoute +distinccion in the context and course of the oracion, +the circumstaunces sette in order, somewhat alwayes is +added bygger then the fyrste, and that we come to the +hyest by a swyfte pace. As he was not ashamed to playe +at dyce wyth iesters in the common cokerye, beynge a +prieste, a Person, a Diuine, and a Monke. There is +another kynde of amplyfienge that is by comparison +contrary to increase. For as in increase the thynges +that go before beyng exaggerat, we go from them to the +hyest, so comparison taketh increase of the lesser, +whych if they be greater in all mens opinions, that +must nedes appeare verie greate that we wyll haue +amplified: And comparison is made by ficcion, & by +puttynge to an example. By ficcion, eyther in one +degree, or in many. As in the fyrst part of the +amplifiyng of Antonies vomite, for he fayneth it had +happened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuate +person. If at supper in these great bowles of thine +thys happened vnto thee, who wolde not haue counted it +a shame: But now in y^e syght of the people of Rome +beynge a cõmon officer, master of the horse, to whom +it was shame once to belch, he wyth hys gobbets of +meat that stanke al of wyne, fylled al his lap, and +the iudgement seate. Here amplificacion is taken of +smaller thinges, and is made by one degree of many +degrees, this maye be an example. If a mã gaue the +euery yere .xl. poũd, woldest y^u not thanke him? If a +friend had redemed the out of prison w^t hys money, +woldest thou not loue hym? If eyther in battell or +shypwracke a man by hys valiantnes had saued the, +woldest thou not worshyp hym as God, and saye thou +were neuer able to make hym amendes? What ingratitude +is it then that Christ God & man, which hathe made +the, to whom thou dost owe al that thou hast, &c. so +to dispyse hym, so wyth dayely fautes to anger him, +& for so great beniuolẽce to geue hym agayn so great +contumelye and despyte? Neyther skylleth it that we +haue rehearsed ficcion and comparicion amonge +argumentes, for there is no cause why that +amplificacion and oruacion shuld not be taken out of +the same places from whence ther commeth probacion. +Nor it is no newes the selfe same thynges to be +applyed to diuerse vses. As of all circumstaunces both +of the thyng, and of the person are taken argumentes, +but euen oute of the selfe same are set affeccions and +exaggeracions, whych is manifest in the kynde +demonstratiue: As when we prayse chastitie in a yonge +man, we go not aboute to perswade that he was chaste, +but that that vertue shulde appeare greater in +floryshyng age. To lyke vse serue examples and +similitudes, as in Esaye: The Oxe knewe hys owner, and +the Asse the maunger of hys master, but Israel hathe +not knowen me. The example of the Oxe & the Asse is +not vsed for this to proue that the Hebrewes dyd not +knowe their God, but that the impietie and folishnes +of that nacion shulde be amplified. The same may be +applied to profe after thys maner. If the Oxe and Asse +knowledge theyr masters, of whõ they are norished and +do serue them, how much more conueniente is it, that +mã shuld knowledge hys maker and norisher, and serue +him bothe in bodye and mynd. Contrarye, when Paul +sayth: no man serueth in warre on his owne wages, he +proueth by similitudes, that it is not comelye, that +they that war vnder the gospell, shulde be compelled +to be carefull for their liuynge. He shuld haue +applied it to amplifiyng, if he had propouned it thus. +They that serue vnder a capteine be not careful for +their liuyng, but lokinge for the sustenaunce of their +capteine, only studye for thys to do hym faythful +seruice, howe muche more shame is it that some menne +that haue promised to fyght vnder Christ in the +gospel, to distrust such a capteyne, and studye all +they can to gather riches. Cõparison by puttyng to +example is, whẽ by setting out as it were a lyke +example, wee brynge to passe that that we exaggerate +may be thought either very lyke, eyther equal, either +bygger. ¶ And in this kynd both the whole is cõpared +to the whole, & the partes to partes: as in the +oracion of Cicero for Milo. Did I pray you y^t noble +mã Scipio being a priuat persõ kil Tiberius Gracchus +whych shaked the cõmõ wealthe but a lytle, & shall wee +beynge consulles suffer Catiline, that gothe aboute to +wast the whole worlde wyth murther and fyre? Here both +Catiline is compared to Gracchus, and the estate of +the common wealthe to the whole world, & a lytle +shakyng to slaughter, fyer and wastyng, and a priuate +person to the consuls. ¶ Ther is an amplificacion also +whẽ contraries be set together, wherby bothe the +partes seme bygger, and more euidente. As when +exhorting men to liberalitie, we shewe howe foule a +faute couetousenes is, that the foulnes of the faute +being exaggerate, the goodlines of the vertue shulde +be more encreased. There is another kynd of amplifiyng +called reasonynge, when of those thinges that eyther +folowe or go before, the hearer doth gather how great +that thynge is that we wolde to be amplified. By +thynges that go before, as when Homer armeth Achylles, +or Hector to batayle, by the greate preparacion, we +gather how sore y^e sight shal be. Of thinges y^t +folowe: How much wyne Antony dranke, when y^t hauyng +such a strong body he was not able to digeste it, but +spewed it vp the nexte daye after. Of thynges ioyned +to: as whẽ Maro sayeth to Poliphemus: He had the bodye +of a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande. Manye +other kyndes ben there of amplifiynge, which who so +wyl se more at large, may read that right excellent +boke of the famouse doctor Erasmus, whych he intituled +the preacher. + +The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe +state or principal proposion of the cause is declared +and proued by manye other proposicions and argumẽtes, +so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of +proposions. And proposicions be taken partely of those +that be cõmon, and partly of those thynges that +belonge properlye to the cause: As if a man wolde +counsell Tullye not to take the condicion offered of +Antony, that is, that by burnynge of hys bookes called +philippia, he shulde haue hys lyfe, hy myght vse +commonly these proposicions. Fyrste y^t no man oughte +to by his life so dere, that therby he shulde lose hys +immortall name. ¶ To thys generall may serue a +perticuler taken oute of circumstaunces, that it +oughte not to be done, inespecialy of Cicero, whych by +so many laboures hathe gotten vnto hym selfe an +excellente and euerlastyng name, and that hath shewed +moste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes +that deathe ought to be despised, inespeciallye seynge +that now he hath not much tyme to lyue beynge an olde +man. ¶ Agayn, another principall proposicion shall be +taken of the circũstaũces. That nothynge is worse, +then that Cicero beyng a very good mã shulde owe his +lyfe to Antonye the worst man of the world. The third +proposicion shal be cõiectural: how that Antony +craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned, +in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal +infamye to be, and the immortal glory of Cicero, whẽ +he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe, he maye +vtterlye extinguyshe Cicero. + + +¶ A copious heaping of probacions. + +[Sidenote: Proues.] So when proposicions be found, +remaineth argumẽtaciõ or proues, called in Greke +_Pistis_, because they make suretye of a doutefull +thyng. [Sidenote: Two sortes of proues.] Of proues +some be artificiall, some vnartificial. Vnartificial +be, foreiudgementes, rumoures, tormentes, tabelles, +othe, wytnesses, diuinacion, oracles. [Sidenote: +Signes be referred to proues vnartificial, & why?] To +these be referred whych the Greekes cal _Symeia_ or +sygnes: For they also commonlye are not set by the +wytte of hym that disputeth, but are ministred +otherwyse. [Sidenote: Signes wherfore.] They be called +signes properlye, whyche rysynge of the thynge it +selfe that is in question come vnder the sences of +menne, [Sidenote: Signes be referred to tyme.] as +threatninges, whych be of the time that is paste, +cryinge herde oute of a place, whyche is of the tyme +presente, palenesse of hym whyche is axed of the +murther, whyche is of the tyme folowynge, or that +bloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye slayne, when he +came that dyd the murther. [Sidenote: Two maner of +signes.] Also of signes some bee necessary, as that he +liueth whiche dothe breathe, and some probable, as +bloude in the garmente, whych myghte also come oute of +the nose, or otherwyse. [Sidenote: Proues takẽ oute of +circũstauces.] Also proues and argumentes are taken +oute of circũstaunces, partly of the person, partlye +of the cause or thyng it self, and be called also of +the Rethoricians places, neyther cleane contrarie to +those that Aristotle hath taughte, neyther the very +same: for some agree wyth them, some be all one, and +some diuerse. [Sidenote: How proues of circũstaũces +differ frõ Aristotels places.] Onlye differeth the +manour of teachynge, because the Rethoricianes do +teache a patrone, the philosopher generally helpeth +iudgement. [Sidenote: Circũstãces of person.] +Circumstaunces of the person ben these. Kinred, +nacion, contrey, kynde, age, bryngynge vp, or +discipline, hauioure of the body, fortune, condicion, +nature of the mynde, studies, affectacion, wordes +forespoken, & deedes done before, commocion, counsell, +name. [Sidenote: Kynred.] Kynred monisheth vs to +cõsider of what progeny a man dothe come. For it is +semely, and happeneth cõmonlye that the sonnes be lyke +the forefathers, and thereof procedeth causes to lyue +well or euyll: [Sidenote: Nacion] Naciõ sheweth what +disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly of +theyr owne. [Sidenote: Kynd.] The difference of kynde +is knowen to euerye man: [Sidenote: Age.] To diuerse +ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente. [Sidenote: +Educacion.] It skylleth more by whom, and by what +wayes men be brought vp, then of whom they be +begotten. [Sidenote: Hauiour of the bodie.] The +hauioure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or +foulnes, strength or weaknes: For more credible is the +accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in a +foule, and violence more probable in the strong, then +in the weake. [Sidenote: Fortune] Fortune perteineth +to ryches, kynred, friendes, seruitures, dignities, +honours. [Sidenote: Condicion.] Condicion +comprehendeth manye thynges: as whether he be noble or +not noble, an officer, or a priuate person, a father +or a sonne, a citizen or a straunger, a fre man, or a +seruaunt, a maried manne, or a single man, a father or +none, hauinge had but one wyfe, or two. [Sidenote: +The nature of the mynd] The nature of the mynde hath +manifold varieties in men. Some be fearful, some +strong, some gentle, some vehemẽt, chaste, lecherous, +glorious, modeste &c. [Sidenote: Studies] Studies, +for other be the maners of the rustical, then of the +lawyer, of the marchaunte, then of the Soldier, +of the shipman then of the phisicion. [Sidenote: +Affectacion.] To these they adde affectacion: For it +skylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde seme +to be, whether he be y^e same or not: as ryche, or +eloquent, iuste or mightie, mery or sad, a fauorer of +the people, or of the great men. [Sidenote: Wordes +spoken, & deedes done before] Both wordes that be +spoken before time, and dedes that be done, be also +considered. For of thynges that be paste, the present +be estemed, & also thinges that be to come. [Sidenote: +Commocion] Cõmocion in thys differeth from the nature +of the mynde, because that one is perpetuall, that +other for a whyle: as anger is commocion, rancour +the nature of the mynde, and feare a cõmocion, +fearefulnesse nature. + +¶ [Sidenote: Name.] To these they adde the name of the +person, of whence many tymes an argument is takẽ: as +Cicero iesteth muche vpon Verres, or sweepers name, +because beyng a strong thief, he swepte altogether. +Thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken of +thynges belongyng to a personne, so maye be also of +those that belonge to a thynge or cause, whiche places +bee so handeled of Quintiliane, that he myngleth thẽ +wyth the places whyche Aristotle hathe comprehended +in hys eyghte bookes of Topyckes. [Sidenote: +Circũstaunces of things be these.] Circumstances of +the thynges be these: Cause, place, tyme, chaunce, +facultie, instrumente, manour. And fyrste of euerye +thinge there be foure causes, efficient, materiall, +formall and finall. Matter is the receptacle of al +formes. The forme causeth it to be thys, and not +another thynge: as the reasonable soule geueth to the +body that it is a man, and the soule because it is a +substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme, whereby she is a +soule, and not an aungel. [Sidenote: Fine or ende.] +And what soeuer is made, is made to a certen ende, and +one thynge maye haue diuerse endes: as nature hathe +geuen brestes vnto women to geue milke, and also for +comlynesse of theyr bodies, neyther doth any man that +is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse, but +for that he desyreth to haue some thynge: nor there is +nothynge desyred, but vnder the consideracion of good +or profite. ¶ So the ende whyche is laste in effecte, +and fyrste in intencion, loketh vpon the gettinge of +profites, increase, and cõfirmacion of them, and also +vpon them, eschuynge of disprofites, diminyshynge, +or puttyng them awaye. But in chosyng them, false +perswacion deceyueth manye, whylest by errour they +beleue that to be good y^t is naughte. ¶ This place +therfore serueth for many thynges, to make more or +lesse. ¶ Greatly happy shulde men be, if euerye man +wolde looke vpon the marke, not the whych desyre hathe +sette before hym, but whyche God and honest reason +hath prefixed. ¶ And of such strengthe is the ende, +that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng. To +fast that the body maye obeye the mynde, to do good +workes is an holy deede. To fast to be counted holye, +is hypocrisie. To faste to encrease thy good, is +couetousenesse. To faste to be whole in thy bodie is +phisycke, and so of praiynge, almose, and other +laudable workes. After lyke maner must be wayed the +secondarie endes. [Sidenote: Place.] An other +circumstaunce of a thynge, is the place, whose +qualitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or +lesser: as to steale an holye thing out of an holy +place, is worse then some other kynde of theft. +[Sidenote: Tyme.] No lesse matter of argumentacion +ministreth the qualitie of time, which signifieth two +thynges. [Sidenote: Time hathe two significacions.] +Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present, past, +or to come: Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a +thynge, and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it, +we saye he cometh in time. And in the seuenth of Ihon, +when Christ sayth: My tyme is not yet come, tyme is +taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the +syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. &c. +[Sidenote: Chaunce.] The Rethoricianes put chaunce +vnder tyme, because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to +the time that foloweth: but of thys wyll we speke in +the place called Euent. Facultie is a power to do the +thynge that is taken in hand: and in coniectures two +thinges speciallye be considered: whether he could or +wold. Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it, and is +made more probable whẽ the nature of the mynde is +ioyned to it: as it is not like he wyl abide in his +glorye, because he is enuious and ambicious. Also when +we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge, when it +is not in his power to get agayne that is gone. + +[Sidenote: Instrument.] Instrument semeth to be a part +of facultie: for instrumentes sometyme are cause of +oure hablenes to do a thinge: and it is a more +mischeuous deede to kyl with venome thẽ with swearde. +And to instrumẽt so nie is the manour of doyng, that +almoste it is all one. But more properlye perteyne to +the manour or fashion, those thynges that be eyther +excused, or made greater by wyl: As lesse faute is it +to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie, then of +a purpose and full deliberacion. The vse of +circũstances profiteth to amplifie, to extenuate, +to euidence, to confirmacion, and probabilitie. And +hytherto be referred also the common places that +indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes +of causes, of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth, and +Aristotle in his Topyckes. But before we speake of +them, it is to be noted, that thys woorde place, is +taken foure maner of wayes. They are called common +places, because thei be entreated of, of bothe partes, +althoughe not in all one cause: as he that is sore +spoken agaynste by witnesses, swadeth that we shulde +not geue credite to witnesses. Contrarye, he that is +holpen by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses, and +so of other that we spake of before, when we entreated +of vnartificial argumentes. Lyke to thys sorte be +sentences, whyche wee exaggerate as it were wythoute +the cause, but so that they serue to the cause whiche +wee haue in hande: as bee the amplificacions of +vertues, and the exaggeracions of vices. As when wee +accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was +broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. ¶ A common +place shall bee, wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much +it profiteth to keepe goodnesse, to bee in companye +wyth good men, and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the +companye of euyll men dothe cause. + +¶ In the third sence places be called seates of +argumentes, whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to eche +kyndes of causes: As in the kynde suasorie, honest, +profitable, pleasaũt easye, necessarie. &c. In +demonstratiue kynde, kynred, contrey, goodes of the +bodye and of the mynde. In the Iudiciall kynde, +inespecial deniall, those that we spake of euen nowe. +The fourth places be general, whych declare what +belongeth to euerye thynge, and howe oute of eche of +them there be taken argumentes, partly necessary, and +partlye probable. These be commen to the Oratours with +the Logicians, albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye +written of them in hys Topickes; and in his +Rethorickes hathe not touched thẽ, and they profite +much both to iudgement, and to endightynge, but the +varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them +sumwhat darke, because amonge them selues they can not +wel agre, neyther of the names, neyther of the number, +neyther of the order. + +[Sidenote: Examples.] An example is a rehearsall of a +thynge that is done, and an applyynge of it vnto our +cause, eyther for similitude or dissimilitude, +profitable to perswade, garnyshe, and delyght. +Examples, some be taken out of hystories, some of +tales, some of fayned argumẽtes, in comedies; and +bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion. +Comparacion sheweth it equall, lesse, or bygger. +Parable is a feete similitude, whych sheweth y^e +example that is brought, either like, vnlyke or +cõtrarye. Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth +of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen, +and when it was brought into extreme losse, by theyr +valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens: So Valla, whan +thorowe the ignorãce of y^e Barbarians, learnyng was +destroyed, restored it agayn, as it wer from death +into hys former brightnes. Vnlike. As not lyke thanke +is done to Laurence and Camillus, because that the one +moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe +deliuered his contrey from the vngracious, that other +styrred vp by desyre of fame, or rather wyth an euyll +luste to checke manye, not restored agayn the lattẽ +tong oppressed, but brought it as it were into certen +rules. Cõtrary, Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about +treason, Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of +hys sonne. Comparacion sheweth y^e thing y^t is +brought, eyther equall, lesse, or bigger: Lesse, as +our elders haue warred oftentymes, because theyr +marchaũtes and mariners wer euyl entreated. What mynd +ought you to be in, so many thousande citizens of Rome +slaine at one message, and one time? Equall, as in the +same Cicero. ¶ For it happed vnto me to stand for an +offyce wyth two gentlemenne, that one very naughte, +that other very gentle, yet ouercame I Catiline by +dignitie, and Galba by fauoure. Bygger: As for Milo, +they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe +kylled a man, when M. Horacius was quitte, whyche +kylled hys owne syster. + +[Sidenote: Parable.] Parable, which some call +similitude, some cõparacion, is a comparyng of a thyng +y^t hath no life, or no bodye to our cause and +purpose, for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke. And as +example is taken of y^e dede of a man, and the person +of an hystorye, or that is fabulous and fayned, so is +comparison taken of thinges that be done, or that be +ioyned to them by nature, or by chaunce. ¶ As Attilius +retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of +kepynge faythe and promise: But a shyp in the whych +the sayles be hoysed vp, or takẽ down after the +blowyng of the winde, is a parable whiche teacheth a +wyse man to geue place to tyme, and applye hymselfe to +the world that is presente. And lyke fashion is of +dilatyng a parable, as we haue shewed in example. +For sometime it is noted in a word as: Doest thou not +vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned? Sometyme +it is more largelye declared, as in the oracion for +Murena. And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen. +&c. Analogie. + +_Icon_, called of the latines _Imago_, an Image in +Englyshe, is muche lyke to a similitude, and if you +declare it is a similitude: as if you saye: As an Asse +wyll not be driuen from her meat, no not with a club, +vntyl she be full: no more wil a warriour reste from +murther vntyll he hath fylled his mynd with it. This +is a similitude: but if you saye that a man flewe vpon +his enemies like a dragon, or lyke a lyon, it is an +Image. Howbeit an Image serueth rather to euidence or +grauitie, or iocunditie, then to a profe. There is +also a general comparacion, speciallye in the kynde +demonstratiue, person wyth person, and one thing with +an other, for praise or dispraise + +[Sidenote: Indicacio.] _Indicacio_, or authoritie, +is the cõparing of an other mans saying or sentence +vnto our cause: of the whiche ther be seuen principal +kyndes. The fyrst a comon morall sentence, as a common +principle perteyning to maners: as continuall laboure +ouercommeth all thynges, and as be the sentences of +Salomon and Cato: and all morall philosophy is ful of +suche sentences. The seconde are common rules, whych +be called dignities in euery science. The .iii. +a prouerb. The fourth called _Chria_, which is a very +short exposicion of any dede or worde wyth the name of +the author recited. The fyfte an _Enthimeme_, whyche +is a sentence of contraries: as if it be a great +praise to please good men, surely to please euyl men +it is a greate shame. The syxte called _AEnos_, that +is a saying or a sentence, taken out of a tale, as be +the interpretacions of fables, and theyr allegories. +The seuen is any answere takẽ out of the mouth of God, +or taken out of the cõmaundement of God. + +[Sidenote: Exergasia.] Expolicion is, when we tarye in +one thynge, speakynge the same in diuerse wordes and +fashions, as though it were not one matter but +diuerse. A goodlye example of the moste largest +expolicion is rehearsed in Erasmus, whych, because it +is very profitable, I wyll wholye rehearse it. A wyse +man for the cõmon wealth sake shall eschue no peryll: +euen for thys cause that it happeneth oftẽ, that wher +he wold not dye for the common wealth, he perysheth +yet of necessitie wyth the cõmon wealth. And because +all the commodities we haue be taken of our contrey, +ther ought no incõmoditie to be counted paynfull, +taken for our contrey. They therfore that flye that +peryll which must be takẽ for the cõmon wealth, do +folyshely: for neither can they auoyde it, and they be +found vngrate to the citie. But they that by their +owne peril put away the perils of their cõtrei, they +are to be counted wyse, seyng that bothe they geue to +the cõmon wealth that honour y^t they shulde geue, and +had rather dye for many, thẽ w^t many. For it is much +against reason that receiuing thy naturall lyfe by thy +contrey, to deliuer it agayne to nature when she +compelleth the, and not to geue it to thy cõtrey when +she desyreth the. And where y^u mayst wyth hye +valiauntnes & honour die for thy contrei, to haue +rather lyke a cowarde to liue in shame. And for thy +fryndes and parentes, and other acquayntance to put +thy selfe in peryll: for the cõmon wealth in the +whyche both it & that most reuerende name of the +contrey is conteyned, not to be willynge to come in +ieopardye. Wherfore as he is to be dyspised whyche +being vpon the sea had rather haue hym selfe safe, +then the ship: so is he to be rebuked, whych in +ieopardye of the commen wealthe, prouideth more for +his own then for y^e cõmon wealthe. When the shyppe +hathe ben broken, many haue ben saued: But after the +shypwrake of the cõtrey no man can escape. Whyche +thynge me thynketh Decius dyd wel perceiue, whych +reported wholy to haue bestowed hym selfe, and for the +sauegard of his men of war to haue run amonge the +myddest of hys enemyes. Wherfore he loste not hys +lyfe, but let it go: for he redemed for a thynge of +verye small pryce, a ryght dere thyng. He gaue his +life, but he receiued his contrei. He loste his life, +but he inioyed glorye, whyche written to his greate +prayse, shyneth euerye daye more and more. Wherefore +if we haue proued both by reason & by exãple, that we +be bounde to put oure selfe in peryll for the common +wealthe, they are to be counted wyse men, whych for +the sauegarde of the contrey auoyde no peryll. It +wolde be meete to exercyse chyldren in suche themes, +wherby shal be gottẽ bothe wysedome and eloquence. +And here me thynketh I maye ryghte well ende these +Rethoricall preceptes, although I be not ignoraunt +that much helpeth bothe to persuasions and copye, the +proper handlyng of tales taken oute of the nature of +beastes, dreames, fayned narracions, sumwhat lyke vnto +the truth, w^t allegories much vsed of diuines. But +because they requyre a longer treatie, for this tyme I +leaue them of, addynge vnto these before written rules +of oratory, a declamacion + bothe profitable and verye elo- + quente, wrytten by Erasmus + vnto the moste noble Duke + of Cleue, as here appe- + reth after. + + + + + ¶ Impryn- + ted at London by Iohn Day, + dwellinge ouer Aldersgate, beneth + saint Martyns. And are to be sold + at his shop by the litle conduit + in Chepesyde at the sygne + of the Resurrec- + tion. + + _Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum + solum. Per septennium._ + + + + +INDEX TO AUTHORS AND ORATORS + + + Afer, Publius Terentius, 23, 61 + Africanus, Julius, 58 + Agricola, Rodolphus, 8, 86 + Antonius, Marcus (143-87 B.C.), 18 + Archias, Aulus, 61 + Aristotle, 80, 82, 86, 88 + Augustine, Saint, 14 + Brooke, Thomas, 2, 7 + Caecina, Aulus, 24 + Calpurnius, Lucius (Piso), 22 + Castellio, Sebastianus, 14 + Catiline, Lucius, 22, 48, 51, 56, 64, 75, 90 + Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5 + Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 33, 39, 41, + 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 75, 77, 78, 82, 90 + Cluencius, Aulus, 22, 33 + Elyot, Thomas, 5 + Erasmus, Desiderius, 1, 10, 77, 93, 96, 97 + Flaccus, Lucius, 58 + Gower, John, 5 + Homer, 76 + Ligarius, Quintus, 49 + Linacre, Thomas, 29 + Livy, Titus, 65, 69 + Lydgate, John, 5 + Manilius, Gaius, 24, 59 + Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 24 + Milo, Titus Annius, 22, 75, 90 + Mosellanus, Petrus (Peter Schade), 9 + Murena, Lucius, 91 + Ovid, 53 + Plautus, Titus, 23 + Plutarch, 86 + Quintilian, 10, 18, 37, 39, 62, 69, 82 + Quintus, Caius, 23 + Rabirius, Gaius, 22 + Roscius, Quintus, 23 + Sallust, Gaius, 65 + Sestius, Publius, 51 + Sulla, Lucius, 22 + Suetonius, Gaius, 66 + Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69 + Verres, Gaius, 22, 71, 82 + Westimerus, Bartholomew (Westheimer), 14 + Wyatt, Thomas, 6 + + + + +INDEX OF FIGURES + +[Transcriber’s Note: Spelling in the Index generally corresponds to +spelling in the body text. When the spelling in the body text is +different, it is shown here in {braces}.] + + + Ablatio, 26 + Absissio, 27 + Abusio, 41 + Acyrologia, 32 + Adagium, 45 + Aenigma, 45 + Aenos, 93 + Aetopeia, 67, 69 + Allegoria, 45 + Amara irrisio, 46 + Ambiguitas, 33 + Amphibologia, 33 + Amplificacio, 70, 76 + Anacinosis, 55 + Anaclasis, 60 + Anadiplosis, 48 + Analogia, 37, 91 + Anangeon, 60 + Anastrophe, 31 + Antiphora, 53 + Antiphrasis, 46 + Antiptosis, 31 + Antisthecon, 28 + Antithesis, 56 + Antitheton, 56 + Antistrophe, 47 + Antonomasia, 44 + Apheresis, 26 + Apocope, 27 + Apophasis, 54 + Aporia, 54 + Apostrophe, 60 + Appositio, 26, 30 + Areia, 51 + Articulus, 57 + Aschematiston, 35 {Aschematistõ} + Aschrologia, 34 + Asindeton, 59 + Astrothesiam, 69 + Astysmus, 46 + Auersio, 60 + + Barbarie, 35 + Barbarismus, 36 + Bomphiologia, 61 + + Cacosintheton, 35 + Cacozelia, 34 + Casus pro casu, 31 + Catachresis, 41 + Charactirismus, 66 + Charientismus, 46 + Chria, 93 + Chronographia, 69 + Circuicio, 44 + Circumstances of thynges, 83 + Climax, 58 + Colon, 57 + Commonplaces, 86 {Common places} + Common rules, 92 + Communicacio, 55 {Cõmunicacio} + Compar, 57 + Comparison, 71, 75, 90 {75 Cõparison} + Complexio, 47 {Cõplexio} + Composicion, 38 + Concepcio, 30 + Conclusio, 55 + Consicio, 27 + Construccion, 28 + Contentio, 56 + Contractio, 27 + Contraries, 76 + Contrarium, 56 + Conuersio, 47 + Correction, 70 {Correccion} + Cosmographie, 69 + Cumulatio, 35 + + Deesis, 51 + Defectus, 31 + Definicio, 58 + Definicion, 45 + Delecio, 28 + Description, 66, 69 {Descripcion} + Dialisis, 55 + Dialogismus, 69 + Dialyton, 57 + Dianoias, 25 + Diasirmus, 61 + Diazeugma, 30 + Diccion, 26 + Dictio contrarium significans, 46 {Dictio cõtrariũ significans} + Diminutio, 61 + Disiunctio, 30 + Dissectio, 31 + Dissimulatio, 45 + Dissolutio, 59 + Distribucion, 62 + Diuisio, 55 + Donysis, 68 + Dubitatio, 54 + + Eclipsis, 31 + Ectasis, 27 + Effiguracion, 66 + Eleuacio, 61 + Eloquucion, 17 + Energia, 66 + Enthimeme, 93 + Enumeracio, 63 + Epanaphora, 47 + Epanodus, 48 + Epenthesis, 27 + Epergesis, 30 + Epilogus, 55 + Epiphonesis, 50 + Epiplexis, 51 + Epitrope, 55 + Erotema, 52 + Erotesis, 51 + Etymologie, 45 + Euche, 51 + Exaggeration, 71 {exaggerate} + Example, 74, 75, 88 + Exclamacio, 50 + Execracio, 51 + Exergasia, 93 + Exornacion, 39 + Expeditio, 54 + Expolicion, 93 + Extensio, 27, 37 + Extenuatio, 61 + + Faute (fault), 32; + obscure, 32; + inordinate, 34; + barbarous, 35 + Festiua urbanitas, 46 + Ficcion, 72 + Frequentacio, 50 + Fygure, of scheme, 25; + of diccion, 26; + of words, 26; + of construction, 28; + rethoricall, 47; + of sentences, 62 + + Garnyshyng, 38 + Geographie, 69 + Graciosa nugatio, 46 + Gradacio, 58 + + Homiologia, 33 + Homioptoton, 58 {Homioptotõ} + Homotelento, 58 {Homotelẽto} + Humiliatio, 34 + Hyperbaton, 30 (last line) + Hyperbole, 71 + Hypozeugma, 29 + Hysterologia, 31 + + Icon, 91 + Image, 91 + Improprietas, 32 + Inconueniens structura, 36 + Increase, 71 + Increpacio, 51 + Indicacio, 92 + Iniunctio, 29 + Inordinate, 34 + Intellectio, 42 + Interpositio, 27, 31 + Interrogacio, 51 + Inuencion, 77; + proposicions, 77; + artificial proues, 78; + unartificial proues, 79, 80; {Vnartificial} + circumstances of thynges, 83; + commonplaces, 86 {Common places} + Ironia, 45 + Isocolon, 57 + Iunctio, 29 + + Lexeos, 25, 26 + Liptote, 61 + Littera pro littera, 28 + + Macrologia, 34 + Mala affectatio, 34 + Male collocatum, 35 + Male figuratum, 35 + Media iunctio, 29 + Membrum oracionis, 57 + Mesezeugma, 29 + Metabasis, 59 + Metalepsis, 41 + Metaphora, 40 + Metonomia, 42 + Mimisis, 69 + Miosis, 61 + Morall sentence, 92 + Mouth of God, 93 + Mycterismus, 46 + + Necessum, 60 + Nominis communio, 49 {Nominis cõmunio} + + Obscure, 32 + Obtestacio, 51 + Occupatia, 59 + Oictros, 68 + Orismus, 58 + + Parable, 90 + Paralepsis, 59 + Paremia, 45 + Parenthesis, 31 + Particio, 62 + Pathopeia, 68, 69 + Periergia, 33 + Periphrasis, 44 + Perissologia, 32 + Permissio, 55 + Pistis, 78 + Pleonasmus, 32 + Postiunctio, 29 + Preassumpcio, 27 + Preiunctio, 29 + Prepostera loquutio, 31 + Presozeugma, 29 + Presumpcio, 28 + Probacions, 78 + Prolepsis, 28 + Pronominacio, 44 + Proparalepsis, 27 + Proportio, 37 + Proposicions, 77 + Proprietie, 37 + Prosapodosis, 53 + Prosopographia, 66 + Prosopopeia, 66, 67, 69 {67 Prosopopey} + Prosthesis, 26 + Prouerb, 93 + Proues (proof), 78-90 + + Raciocinatio, 52 + Reasonynge, 76 + Reduplicatio, 48 + Refractio, 60 + Repeticio, 47; + inutilis, 33 + Rethoricall, figures, 47; + diuision, 62 + Reuersio, 31 + + Sarcasmus, 46 + Scheme, 3, 25; + faute of, 32; + vertue of, 37 + Sedulitas superflua, 33 + Sentence, figures of, 62 + Sermo, superfluus, 32; + ubique sui similis, 33; + obscurus, 45 + Silepsis, 30 + Similiter cadens, 58; + desinens, 58 + Similitudes, 74 + Sinathrismus, 50 + Sinonimia, 49 + Sinthesis, 38 + Solecismus, 36 + Soraismus, 35 + Style, kinds, 21; + greate, 22; + small, 23; + meane, 24 + Subsannatio, 46 + Subiectio, 53 + Superabundancia, 32 + Sygnes, 45, 79 + Symeia, 79 + Symploce, 47 + Syncope, 27 + Synecdoche, 42 + Synolephe, 28 + Systole, 27 + + Tapinosis, 34 + Tacite objectioni responsio, 53 {obiectioni} + Tasis, 37 + Tautologia, 33 + Tmesis, 31 + Topotesia, 69 + Traduccio, 48 + Transgressio, 30 + Transicio, 59 + Translatio, 40 + Transposicio, 28 + Transsumptio, 41 + Tropes, 3, 39-46 + Turpis loquutio, 34 + + Verborum bombus, 61 + Votum, 51 + + Worde, 26; + compound, 19; + simple, 19 {symple} + + Zeugma, 29 + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +_Paragraphs_ + +Some paragraph breaks in this e-text are conjectural. The printed book +had the following kinds of breaks: + + --conventional paragraph with indented first line + --unambiguous paragraph with non-indented first line + --ambiguous paragraph: previous line ends with blank space, but the + space is not large enough to contain the first syllable of the + following line + --sentence break corresponds to line break: this happens randomly in + any printed book, and only becomes ambiguous when the book also has + non-indented paragraphs + +In this e-text, the second type of paragraph is marked with a pilcrow ¶. +The third type has a pilcrow ¶ but no paragraph break. The fourth type +is not marked. + + +_Errors and Inconsistencies_ (Noted by Transcriber) + +Unless otherwise noted, spelling and punctuation are unchanged. + +_Note on “homotele(n)to”_ + +In the facsimile edition, the body text has _homoteleto_ but the Index +has _homotelento_. In the other available text, the body text has +_homotelẽto_ with clear overline. The correct form is “homeoteleuton” +(in this book’s spelling, probably “homioteleuton”). + +Spelling: + + The pattern of initial “v”, non-initial “u” is followed consistently. + The spelling “they” is more common than “thei”. + The form “then” is normally used for both “then” and “than”; + “than” is rare. + The most common spelling is “wyll”, but “wyl”, “wil” and “will” + also occur. + +Word Division: + +Line-end hyphens were completely arbitrary; words split at line break +were hyphenated about two-thirds of the time. The presence or absence +of a hyphen has not been noted. Hyphenless words at line-end were joined +or separated depending on behavior elsewhere in the text: + + Always one word (re-joined at line break): + som(e)what, without, afterward(e)s + Usually one word: often()times, what()so()euer + One or two words: an()other + Usually two words: it/him/my...()self/selues; shal()be; + straight()way + Always two words: here to + +Roman Numerals: + +Numbers were printed with leading and following .period. When the number +came at the beginning or end of a line, the “outer” period was sometimes +omitted. These have been silently supplied for consistency. + +Contents: + + Faute 32 [33] + +Text: + + because that in it we sonar perceiue + [_text unchanged: “sooner”_] + to make things defused more plaine + [_text unchanged: variant of “diffused”?_] + [Sidenote: And apte similitude.] [_text unchanged: error for “An”_] + wordes not the selfe proper thinges + [_text unchanged: error for “thẽ selfe”?_] + Idolatry for Idololatry. [Idololatty] + [Sidenote: Presozeugma.] + [_text unchanged: usual form is “Prozeugma”_] + [Sidenote: Hyperbaton] [“Hyperbation”] + _Antonomasia_ [Antonomasias] + _Occupatia_, occupacion + [_text unchanged: correct form is “Occupatio”_] + [Sidenote: Energia.] [_text reads “Euergia”: intended form may be + “Enargia” as in Latin_] + [Sidenote: Charactirismus.] + [_text unchanged: usual form is “Characterismus”_] + and these foresayd sixe kindes + [_text unchanged: eight items have been listed_] + The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe state or + principal proposion of the cause is declared and proued by manye + other proposicions and argumẽtes, so set in iuste order that there + be no confusion of proposions. + [_text unchanged: “proposion” (twice) may be errors for + “proposicion”_] + Kynred monisheth vs to cõsider [Rynred] + +Punctuation and mechanical errors: + + [Sidenote: The occasion of thys treatise.] + [_“trea/ ise” at line break with invisible t_] + to al mẽ [. missing] + by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. [. missing] + Cicero for .Q. Ligarius. [_punctuation as shown_] + by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge? + [? in original] + I graunte thẽ to you and to your power + [_“to / to” at line break_] + y^e beginner of this war [. missing] + the fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners + [_“of / of” at line break_] + he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. [, for .] + for praise or dispraise [. missing] + +Index: + + Cicero ... 90 [90,] + Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69 [67 69] + + Charientismus [Charietismus] + Execracio [Excracio] + Media iunctio [iniunctio] + Mesozeugma [Mesezeugma] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes, by Richard Sherry + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES *** + +***** This file should be named 28447-0.txt or 28447-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/4/28447/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Joseph Cooper, Chris Curnow, Greg +Lindahl and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/28447-0.zip b/28447-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..53fe611 --- /dev/null +++ b/28447-0.zip diff --git a/28447-8.txt b/28447-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44ea914 --- /dev/null +++ b/28447-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3253 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes, by Richard Sherry + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes + +Author: Richard Sherry + +Commentator: Herbert W. Hildebrandt + +Release Date: March 30, 2009 [EBook #28447] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Joseph Cooper, Chris Curnow, Greg +Lindahl and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Characters that could not be fully displayed have been "unpacked" and shown in brackets: + + [en], [em] = e with overline + [un], [um] = u with overline + [in] = i with overline (once only) + +The forms (for an, am) and (for om, on) have been retained. + +The text is based on scans of two different physical copies of the same +edition; see end of e-text for one variant reading. Other errors are +also listed at the end of the e-text. + +Superscripts are shown with carets: w^t, y^e. All pilcrows in the +body text were added by the transcriber (see endnotes). + +The book was originally (1550) printed together with Erasmus's _The +Education of Children_. The introduction (1961) mentions Erasmus +briefly; the Index refers only to Sherry's _Treatise_. Since the +two texts have no connection except that Sherry is assumed to be the +translator of the Erasmus essay, they have been made into separate +e-texts.] + + + + +A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES + + + + + A TREATISE + OF SCHEMES AND TROPES + (1550) + by + RICHARD SHERRY + + and his translation of + + THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN + by + DESIDERIUS ERASMUS + + + A facsimile reproduction + with an introduction and index + by + HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT + _The University of Michigan_ + + + Gainesville, Florida + SCHOLARS' FACSIMILES & REPRINTS + 1961 + + + + + SCHOLARS' FACSIMILES & REPRINTS + 118 N.W. 26th Street + Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. + Harry R. Warfel, General Editor + + + Reproduced from a copy in + and with the permission of + BODLEIAN LIBRARY + _Oxford_ + + L.C. Catalog Card Number: 61-5030 + + + Manufactured in the U.S.A. + Letterpress by J. N. Anzel, Inc. + Photolithography by Edwards Brothers + Binding by Universal-Dixie Bindery + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +Richard Sherry's _A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes_ (1550), afamiliar +work of the Renaissance, is primarily thought of as a sixteenth-century +English textbook on the figures. Yet it is also a mirror of one +variation of rhetoric which came to be called the rhetoric of style. As +a representative of this stylistic school, it offers little that is new +to the third part of classical rhetoric. Instead, it carries forward the +medieval concept that ornateness in communication is desirable; it +suggests that figures are tools for achieving this ornateness; it +supplies examples of ornateness to be imitated in writing and speaking; +it supports knowing the figures in order to understand both secular and +religious writings; it proposes that clarity is found in the figures. In +short, the work assisted Englishmen to understand eloquence as well as +to createit. + +Four-fifths of ancient rhetoric is omitted in the _Treatise_. The nod is +given to elocution. Invention is discussed, but only as a tool to assist +the communicator in amplifying his ideas, as a means to spin out his +thoughts to extreme lengths. Arrangement, memory, and delivery are +overlooked. Accordingly, the _Treatise_ neatly fits into the category of +a Renaissance rhetoric on style. It is this school which recognized the +traditional five Ciceronian parts of rhetoric, but considered style to +be the most significant precept. The _Treatise_ is not the first to +support an emphasis wholly on style, nor the foremost. We know that +Aristotle's _Rhetoric_, Cicero's works on rhetoric, and Quintilian's +_Institutes_ discussed the significance of style, but they had a broad +view. However, in England, about the time of Bede, arose a limited +concept that rhetoric is mainly style, particularly that of the figures. +It is this latter truncated version of rhetoric that the _Treatise_ +continues in the Renaissance. Rhetoric in Sherry's work has lost its +ancient meaning. + +The _Treatise_ is highly prescriptive. It was born in an age of rules. +So much so, that the rhetorician who named his rules and tools was not +out of rapport with the period. This accounts for the rigidity, the love +of classification, and the schematic presentation of the work. It is +nothing more than a highly organized dictionary of ancient, medieval, +and Renaissance schemes and tropes. In fact, the major variation from +previous Latin compilers is to be found in the headnotes relative to the +various kinds of figures. Nor is it as thorough in handling the figures +as its predecessors. It utilizes, however, the customary Greek and Latin +terms and supplies a definition, but here the similarity with +contemporaries and ancients ends. It is weak in amplification of +examples during an age when amplification was practiced. Sherry +economizes by selecting usually one example in support of a figure while +contemporary cataloguers, and ancients for that matter, are more +definitive. + +Whether the work was ever popular within the schools or without is +unclear. Probably it did not have extensive success because only one +issue of the work appeared and a revised edition was brought out in +1555. By contrast, during the sixteenth century, Erasmus' _De Copia_ +(1512) had at least eleven printings, Mosellanus' _Table_ (c.1529) had +at least eight editions, Susenbrotus' _Epitome_ (1541) had at least +twenty printings, Peacham's _Garden_ (1577) had two editions, and Day's +_Secretorie_ (1586) underwent at least five editions. Some of these +works had new editions printed in the seventeenth century and would seem +to reflect a greater public acceptance than the _Treatise_. Some were +also written in Latin while Sherry moves in the vernacular. It still was +an age of Latin, and Sherry in part recognized this by his alternate +Latin and English movement in his second rhetoric on style published in +1555. Moreover, people seemed content to remain with the giants of the +Renaissance, notably Erasmus and his _De Copia_ instead of turning to a +lesser light such as Sherry. + +The _Treatise_ does have merit. The work cannot be judged entirely by +tallying its meager number of editions, its lack of thoroughness, or its +artificial divisions. Its signal contribution rests upon the fact that +it is a pioneering effort at permitting the figures to march, for the +first time, in English. Here Sherry had an opportunity to provide the +English reader with additional words, ideas, and material to be employed +in vernacular communication. His efforts in his works on rhetoric, +the two editions of the _Treatise_, provided the sixteenth century +Englishman with the identical schemes and tropes which had been a +heritage of the Latin language since antiquity. Hence the work can be +called a complicated ordering of the figures, but it is also a sincere +attempt to provide in English those figures which would lend ornateness +to the expression of an idea. + +To indicate that the _Treatise_ was part of a continuing school of +rhetoric, we must consider a few rhetoricians subsequent to Sherry's +work. Indeed, one notices the continuance of dictionaries of figures +which carry the admonition that the usual manner of utterance was to be +despised. Thomas Wilson's _The Arte of Rhetorique_ (1553), although +preserving the classical idea of rhetoric, also felt the definition of a +figure employed in communication involved the uncommon. Twenty-seven +years subsequent to Sherry, England again has a pure catalogue of the +figures; this is Peacham's _Garden of Eloquence_. More elaborate than +the _Treatise_, it too suggests that rhetoric is decoration. Continued +interest in the stylistic tools is also seen in Puttenham's The _Arte of +English Poesie_ (1589). When we move to the latter part of the sixteenth +century and then change the genre as exemplified in Day's _The English +Secretorie_, we see a stylistic extension to the art of letter writing +which borrowed rhetorical terms and rules and applied them to written +correspondence. The emphasis in these rhetorics on style is the same: +ornateness in communication is achieved through using the figures. + +When we look in the opposite direction, to works which preceded Sherry, +the figures, definitions, and examples in the _Treatise_ derive more +from contemporaries than from the ancients. It relies extensively upon +intermediaries. Sherry explains that Erasmus and Mosellanus will be +major sources. Hence the _De Copia_, the _Ecclesiastae_, and the +_Tabulae de schematibus et tropis_ are used with regularity. Although +further removed in time, the _Rhetorica ad Herennium_ is the primary +ancient source. But beyond this first-hand reliance on the ancients, +examples from Vergil, Cicero, and Terence, to mention several, as well +as definitions of the figures, depend heavily upon neo-classical +intermediaries. + +Appended to the text on the figures of rhetoric is a seemingly +gratuitous section entitled "That chyldren oughte to be taught and +brought vp gently in vertue and learnynge, and that euen forthwyth from +theyr natiuitie: adeclamacion of a briefe theme, by Erasmus of +Roterodame." This essay occupies almost two-thirds of the _Treatise_ and +receives its first English translation from the Latin at the hands of +Sherry. William Woodward in his _Desiderius Erasmus Concerning the Aim +and Method of Education_ gave us another English translation in 1904. +One other translation, in German, by August Israel, is entitled "Vortrag +ber die Nothwendigkeit, die Knaben gleich von der Geburt an in einer +fr Freigeborne wrdigen Weise sittlich und wissenschaftlich ausbilden +zu lassen." + +The reason for the inclusion of the Erasmian essay is never clearly +stated in the other sections of the _Treatise_. Nor do the other +translators suppose a reason. From the internal evidence of the essay +and from headnotes preceding it, we may assume that the purpose is one +of supplying readers with an example of amplification of a brief theme, +first illustrated in miniature, and then full blown into a long +declamation. The essay does not appear to be illustrating the numerous +figures discussed in the initial section of the work. + +Of Sherry we know little. Beyond the dates in the DNB, we infer from his +works that he had an intense interest in English and had a desire for +his countrymen to communicate well in the vernacular. He was interested +in religion, was most likely a Protestant, and hoped to continue an +interest in religion which he developed in his youth. He was also a +teacher. And although Latin was still a living language, the task of +inculcating a new tongue in the students fell to the schoolmaster; +Sherry was active in this capacity. This does not weaken an acclamation +we possess of the man: "He was a Person elegantly learned." + + HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT + + _The University of Michigan + February 25, 1960_ + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES + by _Richard Sherry_ 1 + + Introduction 2 + Eloquucion 17 + Of Evidence and Plainness 19 + Of the Three Kyndes of Style 21 + Scheme and Figure 25 + Faute 32 + Garnyshyng and His Kyndes 38 + Figures of Sentence 62 + Proves 78 + + THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN + by _Desiderius Erasmus_ 97 + + + + + A treatise + of Schemes & Tropes + very profytable + for the better vnderstanding of good + authors, gathered out of the best + Grammarians & Oratours + by Rychard Sherry Lon + doner. + + Whervnto is added a declamacion, + That chyldren euen strayt fr their + infancie should be well and gent- + ly broughte vp in learnynge. + Written fyrst in Latin + by the most excel- + lent and + famous Clearke, Erasmus + of Rotero- + dame. + + + + + To the ryght worshyp + ful Master Thomas Brooke + Esquire, Rychard Shyrrey + wysheth health euer- + lastynge. + + +[Sidenote: The tytle of thys worcke straunge.] Idoubt +not but that the title of this treatise all straunge +vnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the +fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should +meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of +iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting +it hastily from th[em], wil not once vouchsafe to reade +it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to be +therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a +tryfle, & a tale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I +doubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll be +other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyll +thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is +contained therin. [Sidenote: Sheme and Trope.] These +words, _Scheme_ and _Trope_, are not vsed in our +Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes. +[Sidenote: Vse maketh stra[un]ge thinges familier.] No +more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by +continual vse, very familier to most men, and come so +often in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vs +the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne +natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys +worde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth +manye other lyke? And what maruail is it if these +words haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there was +no suche thynge in oure Englishe tgue where vnto they +shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue +thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men, +whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue +both wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to make +it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye +compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best. +[Sidenote: Oure language falsely accused of +barbarousnes.] It is not vnknowen that oure language +for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene +complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut in +the toungue it selfe, but rather for slackenes of our +co[un]trimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng +out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many +in it: as plainly doth appere not only by the most +excellent monumentes of our a[un]ci[en]t forewriters, +[Sidenote: Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.] Gower, Chawcer +and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many +other later: [Sidenote: Syr Thomas Elyot.] inespeciall +of y^e ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, which +first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye +searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all +kynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrode +goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and +industrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as of +eyther the Philosophies, hathe herebi declared the +plentyfulnes of our mother to[un]ge, loue toward hys +country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles. +What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat? +which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune +and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys +natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth +whome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equal +wyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death to +hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men +verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and +stable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and +broughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yet +lyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs +to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure +myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, what +sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe +oracion natural, and holp[en] by art, wherby it may most +eloqu[en]tly be vttered. [Sidenote: The occasion of thys +treatise.] Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke +wyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters this +present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place, +and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and +pleasaunte if they were gathered together, and +handsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theire +descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue. +And bicause longe ago, Iwas well acquaynted with +them, when I red them to other in y^e Latin, and that +they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode +authores, Iwas so muche the more ready to make them +speak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mine +old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request. + + [Sidenote: Rodulphus Agricola.] Beside this, Iwas +moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke +Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle +wryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth m[en] what soeuer +they reade in straunge tongues, diligently to +translate the same into their owne language: because +that in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute in +our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly +hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and +superfluously wrytt[en]. No lerned nacion hath there +bene but y^e learned in it haue written of schemes & +fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei had +perceyued the valewe. + + Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle +lesure, Ired ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those +which wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies: +fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer +brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some. +[Sidenote: Mosellain.] Mosellane hathe in hys tables +shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hathe +confo[un]ded them together, that his second order called +of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians +then to hys purpose. [Sidenote: Quintilian.] +Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the +Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you may +soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche as +serued hys purpose. [Sidenote: Cicero.] Cicero in hys +boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence +hathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be +tryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exples. +[Sidenote: Erasmus.] Erasmus in hys double copye of +words and thynges, hath made as y^e tytle declareth +but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litle +bil of remembra[un]ce. Wherefore to make these thinges +more playne to y^e students that lyst to reade them in +oure tongue, Ihaue taken a lytle payne, more +thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the +examples more aptly, & to make things defused more +plaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the +dylygente. Ihaue not translated them orderly out of +anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many, +and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into +this body as you se, and set them in so playne an +order, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and the +vse wherevnto it serueth. Thoughe vnto greate wittes +occupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelye +pertayne, yet to such as percha[un]ce shal not haue +perfecte instructoures, they may be commodious to +helpe them selues for y^e better vnderstandynge of +such good authors as they reade. For thys darre I +saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he +shulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche +as al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche is +the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. The +common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto +their scholers: _Hic est figura_: and sometyme to axe +them, _Per quam figuram?_ But what profit is herein if +they go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyng +is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboure +to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe the proper vse +of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as +playne wordes as maye be. [Sidenote: Afigure not to +be vsed but for a cause.] But syth it so chaunseth y^t +somtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the matter +more pla[in]ly we be compelled to speake otherwyse then +after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the +sence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authors +do wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe of +schemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer in +the writing and speaking of eloquente english men, +then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might +I brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be in +them but that they are to be learned euen of +necessitie, for as muche as not only prophane authors +wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that also +they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye +scripture, where if you be ignoraunte in the +fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manye +greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion: +[Sidenote: Westimerus] as ryght wyll do testefy +_Castelio Vestimerus_ and [Sidenote: Augustinus] y^t +noble doctor saint Augustine. Iconfesse I haue not +made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer +is it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye +touched, and as it were with my litle fynger poynted +to these thinges, which require a l[en]ger declaracion. +For what can be hasted, and absolute to? But if God +spare me lyfe, Itruste hereafter to make it an +introducci, wherbi our youth not onlye shall saue +that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by +them selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and +varyous authors: but that also thei shalbe able better +to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes and +ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures. +[Sidenote: And apte similitude.] For as lyke plesure +is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden +garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers, +and that there doeth no more but beholde them, of +whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothynge +but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the +corporall eie pleasure, knoeth of eueri one the name & +propertye: so verelye much difference is there in +readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne +that do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe +he whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other, +whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouer +but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth +also the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye +myghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all good +giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all oure +words and speache, that it may be to his honour and +glory for euer and euer. Amen. + + Geuen at London the. + xiii. day of Decembre. + Anno .M.D.L. + + + + + A briefe note of eloquci, the third + parte of Rhetoricke, wherunto + all Figures and Tropes be + referred. + + +[Sidenote: Eloquucion] _Eloquucion_, which the Greekes +call Phrase, whereof also the name of eloquence dothe +ryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also is +it the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche is +seene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure, +whych as Cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth, +is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. For +vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges, +bothe it addeth a fulnes, and varietie: it setteth +oute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche, +the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue +sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated, +and wel soundyng, it bryngeth that greate fludde of +eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stile and indyghtyng. +And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, not +only must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but also +take hede of placinge, and settinge them in order. +For the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth in +wordes considered by them selues, and when they be +ioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste be +founde oute, and after by diligence conueniently +coupled. For there is a garnyshynge, euen when they be +pure and fyne by them selues, and an other, wh[en] they +be ioyned together. To chose th[em] oute finely, and +handsomlye to bestow them in their places, after the +mynde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thynge. So +Marcus Antonius was wonte to say, that he had knowen +many wel spoken men, but none eloquente. Tullye and +Quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposici were +the partes of a wytty and prudent man, but eloquence +of an oratour. For howe to finde out matter, and set +it in order, may be comen to all men, whyche eyther +make abridgementes of the excellent workes of +aunciente wryters, and put histories in rem[em]braunce, +or that speake of anye matter them selues: but to +vtter the mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is a +gyft geuen to very fewe. And because we haue deuided +eloquucion into two partes, that is, wordes symple, +or considered by them selues, and compound or ioyned +together in speache, accordyng to thys we saye, that +euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes: +euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte of +eloquucion, composicion & dignitie, which belongeth to +the other. + + +Of Euidence and plainenes. + +Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thys +be the fyrste care, to speake euidentlye after the +dignitye and nature of thynges, and to vtter suche +wordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no man +may iustely reprehende. The playne and euident speche +is learned of Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracion +pure, and without all faute, and maketh that euerye +thyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, and +clerelye. Euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes that +be in vse of daylye talke, and proper wordes that +belonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke. +Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name +of the thing, but much more to the strength and power +of the significacion: & must be considered not by +hearyng, but by vnderstandyng. So translacion in the +whych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuci, +applieth wordes not the selfe proper thinges. But yet +an vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in the +oracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (as +Cicero sayeth) oftentymes the oracion may seme +greater, and of more antiquitie, for that Poetes do +speake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it is +righte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cmitted +in euerye language, whereby it is not pure: +Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the whych, that on is +committed, when anye worde is fautely spoken or +writen: that other, when in many wordes ioyned +together, the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed +to that that goeth before. Of composicion and +dygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come to +the figures of rethoryque. + + +Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge. + +Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an +oraci, we thinke good, bryeflye, to shewe you of the +thre kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych all +the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that +there be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekes +characters, of vs figures, Itrowe there is no man, +though he be meanlye learned, but he knoweth, namely +when we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Greke +and latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to haue +folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of +wrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there hath +bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge: +The greate, the small, the meane. + + +The greate kynde. + +The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kynde +of endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuine +power of oracion, is vsed in wayghty causes: for it +hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes, +proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych ar +handled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and it +hathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences, +wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strength +and grauitie. And they that vse thys kynde, bee +vehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted and +readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes. +Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus +Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius +Rabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, agaynste +Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes +fall into fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graue +oracion, whych swelleth, and is puffed vp, whych vseth +straunge wordes hardelye translated, or to olde, and +that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye +talke, or more graue then the thing requyreth. + + +The small kynde. + +The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile, +pressed, and fyled oracion, meete for causes that be a +lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge. +For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen +to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng. +It hathe fyne sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng all +thynges, and makynge them more playne, not more ample. +And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth in hys +oratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and of +purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull: Other in that +leaues are trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge also +and garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys +philosophicall disputacions, in the oraci for +Quincius for Roscius y^e Comedy plaier, & Ter[en]ce, +& Plautus in their Comedies. Such as c not hdsomly +vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendernes of +wordes, fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion. + + +The meane kynde. + +The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of +the lower, and yet not of the loweste, and moste comen +wordes and sent[en]ces. And it is ryghtyly called the +temperate kynde of speakyng, because it is very nygh +vnto the small, and to the greate kynde, folowyng a +moderacion and temper betwyxt th[em]. And it foloweth as +we saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracion +wyth small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences. +Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius, for Aulus +Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste of all in hys +bookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to the +kynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute, +because it waueth hyther and thyther, as it were +wythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng surely in no +poynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearer +to take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out, and +comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes. + + +Of Schemes and Tropes. + +[Sidenote: Scheme] Scheme is a Greke worde, and +signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that +daunsers vse to make, wh[en] they haue won the best game, +but by translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion, +and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or +payntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the fashion +of a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten or +spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and that +thre s[un]dry waies: by figure, faute, vertue. + + +Figure. + +Fygure, of Scheme y^e fyrst part, is a behaueoure, +maner, or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, or +wordes after some new wyse, other th[en] men do commenlye +vse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes. +Dianoias, that is of sentence, and Lexeos of worde. + +Figure of Dianoias, or sentence, because it properlye +belongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of it hereafter +in place conuenient, now wyll we entrete of the figure +Lexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth to the +Gramarians. + + +Figure of worde. + +Figure Lexeos, or of worde, is when in speakyng or +wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe +or straunge, otherwyse then after y^e comen custume: +& is of .ii. kyndes; diccion, & construccion. + + +Figure of Diccion. + +Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word, +either written or prono[un]ced: & hath these partes. + +[Sidenote: Prosthesis.] _Appositio_, apposici, +the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at the +begynnyng of a worde, as: He all to bewretched hym. + +[Sidenote: Apheresis] _Ablatio_, the takynge awaye of +a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde, +of a letter, when we say: The p[en]thesis of thys house +is to low, for the epenthesis. Wher note this y^e word +p[en]thesis is a greke worde, & yet is vsed as an +englishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis by +these figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole word +beynge as is before, epenthesis, so called because it +is betwyxt y^e lyght & vs, as in al occupiers shops +cmenli itis. + +[Sidenote: Epenthesis.] _Interpositio_, when a letter +is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the +laste, as: Relligi for religion, relliques for +reliques. + +[Sidenote: Syncope.] _Consicio_, contrary to +Epenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from the +myddeste of the worde, as: Idolatry for Idololatry. + +[Sidenote: Proparalepsis.] _Preassumpcio_, when a +sillable is added to a word, the significacion of the +worde therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slacken +his matters, for to slacke his matters. + +[Sidenote: Apocope.] _Absissio_, y^e cuttyng away of a +letter or sillable fr the end of a word, as: She is a +wel fayr may, for maid. + +[Sidenote: Ectasis.] _Extensio_, the making lg of a +sillable whych by nature is short, as: This was +ordeined by acte, for ordined. + +[Sidenote: Systole.] _Contractio_, the makynge short +of a sillable which bi nature is lg, as He is a man +of good perseuera[un]ce: wher some men cmit .ii. fautes +at once, one y^t they take perseuera[un]ce for +knoweledge, which signifieth alwais ctinuance, an +other y^t they make this sillable (ue) short, where it +is euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde, +adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it is +alwayes longe, as when they saye: Idefye hym, and all +his adherentes. + +[Sidenote: Synolephe.] _Delecio_, puttynge oute, when +.ii. vowels comyng together, the first is as it were +put out: as thone and thother, for the one and the +other. + +[Sidenote: Antisthecon.] _Littera pro littera._ One +letter for an other, as akecorne for okecorne. + +_Transposicio._ Transposing of letters in wrytynge, +as chambre, for chamber. + + +Figure of construccion. + +Figure of construccion is when the order of +construccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner. +And the kyndes be these. + +[Sidenote: Prolepsis.] _Presumpcio_, a takynge before, +or generall speakynge of those thynges whych +afterwardes be declared more perticulerlye: as, in the +meane seas that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais on +a sumpteous courser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was +caried to Boloygne. + +[Sidenote: Zeugma.] _Iunctio_, ioynyng, as Linacer +sayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng +that is put in the one, and not chaunged in the other +is not expressed, but lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. Before +I forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian shall drynke of +the flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is left +out, shall drynke. Or to define it more playnelye. +_Iniunctio_, is when the verbe in diuerse lyke +sentences is referred to one: and that thre maner of +waies. + +[Sidenote: Presozeugma.] Fyrste when it is set before, +and is called _preiunctio_, as: There dyd ouercome in +hym, lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare, +madnesse hys reason. + +[Sidenote: Mesozeugma.] Secondlye when it is set in +the middes, & is called, _Media iunctio_, as bewtye, +eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes. + +[Sidenote: Hypozeugma.] Thyrdly wh[en] it is put in the +end and is called _Postiunctio_, as bewtie by +syckenes, by sorowe, or by age decayeth. + +[Sidenote: Diazeugma.] _Disiunctio_, disiunccion, when +of those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, or +eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe, +thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrew +Cartage, cast downe Corinth, and raced Fregels. +Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth the +mynd. + +[Sidenote: Silepsis.] _Concepcio_, when in vnlike +clauses a certeyn cmon thynge that is put in one of +th[em], can not agre with the other, excepte it be +chaunged. But thys is more playne in the latine +because of the concordes, albeit in englyshe for the +verbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and the +Kynge was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutte +of: In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the +nexte. + +[Sidenote: Epergesis.] _Appositio_, when two +substtiues are put together immediatly withoute any +verbe betwyxt, the one to declare the other, as in +Vyrgyll. Corid loued faire Alexis his masters +darlynge. + +[Sidenote: Hyperbaton] _Transgressio_, when the +ryghte order of wordes is troubled, & hath these +kyndes. + +[Sidenote: Anastrophe.] _Reuersio_, a preposterous +order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of +speakyng, as: He fell from of the wall, for he fel of +from the walle. + +[Sidenote: Hysterologia.] _Prepostera loquutio_, when +y^t that is done afterwardes, is set in speaking in +the former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres. + +[Sidenote: Tmesis] _Dissectio_, a cutting, when the +ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting +somewhat betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as here +shal appere after, for hereafter. He shal by punyshed +what man so euer off[en]deth, for whatsoeuer man. + +[Sidenote: Parenthesis] _Interpositio_, Interposicion, +is a dissoluci of the order of the words by putting a +sentence betwixt, as: The man (Ispeke it for no +harme) wyl somtime haue his owne wyll. + +[Sidenote: Eclipsis.] _Defectus_, when somewhat +lacketh in speakyng, but cmenlye vsed to be +vnderstand, as: Good morowe, good nyght. + +[Sidenote: Antiptosis.] _Casus pro casu_, when one +case is putte for another, as me thynke it isso. + + +Faute. + +Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were a +faute, which though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet in +prose it is not to be suffered. The kyndes bee these: +obscure, inordinate, barbarous. + + +Obscure and hys partes. + +Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eyther +of the wordes, or of the settynge of them, and these +ben the partes. + +[Sidenote: Acyrologia.] _Improprietas_, when a worde +nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is +broughte into a sentence as a cloude: as you shall +haue syxe strypes you longe for. + +[Sidenote: Pleonasmus.] _Superabundancia_, when y^e +sentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, he +spake it wyth his mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes. + +[Sidenote: Perissologia.] _Sermo superfluus_, when a +sent[en]ce is added, y^e matter therby made neuer the +waightyer, as y^e Embassadours obteining no peace, +returned backe home, fr wh[en]ce they came. + +[Sidenote: Tautologia.] _Inutilis repeticio eiusdem_, +is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in all +one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede, +Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus +Cluencius. Therefore that iudgem[en]t was not lyke a +iudgem[en]t O Iudges. + +[Sidenote: Homiologia.] _Sermo ubique sui similis_, +a greater faute then the other, is when the whole +matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde +tediousnes, as: He came thither to y^e bath, yet he +saide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me. +Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: Iwyll consider. +Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more +when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a +tale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshe +persons. + +[Sidenote: Amphibologia.] _Ambiguitas_, when thorow +faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych +the verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better +then hys mother. + +[Sidenote: Periergia.] _Sedulitas superflua_, when +ther is in speakyng to much diligence and curiositye, +and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes, +whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that, +[Sidenote: Macrologia] that is called _Macrologia_, +whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyne +and eloquent, is longer then it shuldebe. + + +Inordinate and his partes. + +Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh +in the wordes: and the kyndes ben these: + +[Sidenote: Tapinosis.] _Humiliatio_, when the dygnitye +of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as +if we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it +please your mastershyp. + +[Sidenote: Aschrologia.] _Turpis loquutio_, when the +words be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may be +wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to +put any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone +fynde inowe. + +[Sidenote: Cacozelia.] _Mala affectatio_, euyll +affectaci or leude folowyng, when the wytte lacketh +iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of +speaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy, +we fall into a vaine bablynge, or laboryng to be +brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye: +aphrase of building, or an audi[en]ce of shepe, as a +cert[en] homely felow dyd. + +[Sidenote: Aschematist] _Male figuratum_, when the +oracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh his +figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne: +which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the +leaste. + +[Sidenote: Cacosintheton.] _Male collocatum_, when +wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in a +place wher thei shuld notbe. + +[Sidenote: Soraismus.] _Cumulatio_, a mynglyng and +heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into +one speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into +englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure or +barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long +workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their +examples be folowed, nor brought into a cmon vsage of +speakyng. + + +Barbarie and hys partes. + +Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche fr his +purenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partes +be these. + +[Sidenote: Barbarismus.] Barbarismus is, when a worde +is either naughtely wrytten or prono[un]ced ctrary to +the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by +addicion, detracci, chaunging, transposynge, eyther +of a letter, asyllable, tyme, accent or aspiraci. +Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they be +called figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both the +speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue you +inow. Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil +pronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng, +or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth. + +[Sidenote: Solecismus.] _Inconueniens structura_, +is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together the +partes of spech in construccion, whych is marked by +all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as +when one parte is put for another, when gender for +gender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode, +number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicion +for preposici, whych because it is vsed of famous +authores, instede of fautes, be called figures. + + +Vertue. + +Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in +speakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the +sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comen +maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes: +Proprietie and garnyshyng. + + +Proprietie and his partes. + +Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther +be no fautes committed, but thynges done as they +shulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting. + +[Sidenote: Analogia.] _Proportio_, proporcion is, +whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By +thys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye +true and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals from +the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacion +or markyng, not leanyng vp cause, but vpon example. +For in eloquence, the iudgement of excell[en]t men +standeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrst +boke. + +[Sidenote: Tasis.] _Extensio_, is that wherby a swete +and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes is +kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or +accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This +grace specially perteineth to a turnyng of y^e voyce +in pleasaunte pronunciation. + + +Garnyshyng and his kyndes. + +Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is wh[en] the +oraci is gaylye set oute and floryshed w^t diuerse +goodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes and +delectaci to the hearer: and hath two kyndes, +composicion, and exornacion. + +[Sidenote: Sinthesis.] Composicion is an apte settinge +together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an +oracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be +considered that we so order our wordes, that the +sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word after +a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase. +There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men & +women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather then +backewardes. In thys muste be auoyded also to often +comyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wyde +and gapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the +beginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word, +and that they ende not to much all alyke, that the +sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the +hearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consontes run +not to harshely together, wyth many other, which +Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour, +and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put +examples were to longe. + +Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and +sentences by disseueryng th[em] w^t diuerse goodly +colours and tropes or cha[un]gings of speach. + + +Tropes. + +Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures, +Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther +is a notable difference betwixt th[em]. In figure +is no alteracion in the wordes fr their proper +significacions, but only is the oracion & s[en]tence +made by th[em] more plesa[un]t, sharpe & vehem[en]t, +after y^e affecci of him that speketh or writeth: +to y^e which vse although tropes also do serue, yet +properlye be they so called, because in them for +necessitye or garnyshynge, there is a mouynge and +chaungynge of a worde and sentence, from theyr owne +significaci into another, whych may agre wyth it by +a similitude. The former partes ben these. + +[Sidenote: Metaphora.] _Translatio_, translacion, that +is a worde translated from the thynge that it +properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre +with it by a similitude. And amonge all vertues +of speche, this is the chyefe. None perswadeth more +effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyes +more euidently, none moueth more mightily the +affeccions, none maketh the oraci more goodlye, +pleasaunt, nor copious. + + +Translacions be diuerse. + +[Sidenote: i.] Some fr the body to the mynd, as: +Ihaue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newely +begunne it. Also I smell where aboute you go, for I +perceyue. + +[Sidenote: ii.] From the reasonable to the +vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed the +counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men; +to bees. + +[Sidenote: iii.] From the vnreasonable to the +resonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou? +That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye. + +[Sidenote: iiii.] From the liuinge to the not liuyng. +The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. The +lande wyl spewe them oute. + +[Sidenote: v.] From the not lyuynge to the liuyng. +Cicero florisheth in eloqu[en]ce. + +[Sidenote: vi.] From the liuyng, to the liuynge. +The iews winched against Moses. + +[Sidenote: vii.] From the not liuinge to the not +liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He is +good for a greue wounde. + +[Sidenote: Catachresis.] _Abusio_, when for a certeyne +and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto +it, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal +matter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusion +wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property do +belong to vnlyke thinges. + +[Sidenote: Metalepsis.] _Transsumptio_, Transs[um]pcion, +is when by degrees we go to y^t that is shewed as: +he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is +vnderstand ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe +and verye depe. + +[Sidenote: Metonomia.] _Metonomya_, Transnominacion, +when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys +owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another: +& this is done diuerse waies. + +[Sidenote: i.] When the chiefe master or doar of a +thyng is put for y^e thing it self, as: Put vpon you +the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas w^tme. + +[Sidenote: ii.] When the place, or that that +cteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: All +the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath +not forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin. + +[Sidenote: iii.] When that that is conteyned is put +for that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens is +goodly buylded, for y^e house wher y^e fryers wer. + +[Sidenote: iiii.] When the doer is put for that y^t is +done, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egypte +wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also: +Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength. + +[Sidenote: v.] When y^t is done is put for y^e doer. + +[Sidenote: Synecdoche.] _Intellectio_, Intelleccion +wh[en] one thyng is vnderstand by another y^t is of the +same maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes. + +[Sidenote: i.] When of the whole is vnderstd a parte, +as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for calues +fleshe. + +[Sidenote: ii.] By a parte the whole, as: He receyued +the stra[un]gers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, for +into hys house. + +[Sidenote: iii.] By one many, as: The Frenchem in y^e +batail had the ouerthrow. + +[Sidenote: iiii.] By a kynd y^e general, as: If thou +se thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, for +cattell. + +[Sidenote: v.] By the general the kynd: Eue the mother +of al liuing things, for of al m[en]: Preach to al +creaturs, to alm[en] + +[Sidenote: vi.] By that goeth before, the thynge that +foloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for he +rode a pace, or fled faste awaye. + +[Sidenote: vii.] By that y^t foloweth, the thinge +wente before, as: Igot it wyth the swete of my face, +for w^t my labour. + +[Sidenote: viii.] By the matter, y^e thynge that is +made of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it. + + [Sidenote: ix.] By the signe, y^e thyng y^t is +signified as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in +the villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgyl +signifieth night to be at hande. + +[Sidenote: Pronominacio.] _Antonomasia_ is, whych for +y^e proper name putteth some other word: As: the +Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The +Philosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, for +Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified by +faythe, for Paule. + +[Sidenote: Periphrasis.] _Circuicio_, is a larger +descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule +to hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn: +by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. Example of +the fyrste: The prouid[en]ce of Scipio ouerthrew y^e +might of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake +he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew +Carthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng his +busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys +busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y^e thyrd, you +haue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by +the name of thys figure. + +By Etymologie or shewyng the reas of the name. Well +maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is y^t +loueth other because of his meat. + +By sygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe +anye thynge, as if a man vnderstdyng anger wyll +saye that it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color +whych bryngeth in palenes into the co[un]tena[un]ce, +fiersenes of the eies, and tr[em]blyng in the members. + +By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for +Rethorique. + + +The second parte of Trope. + +_Allegoria_, the seconde parte of Trope is an +inuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes, +and another in sentence or meanynge. + +[Sidenote: Aenigma.] _Sermo obscurus_, a riddle or +darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more th[en] the hole. + +[Sidenote: Paremia.] _Adagium_, a sayinge muche vsed +and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our +tale. + +[Sidenote: Ironia.] _Dissimulatio_, is a mockyng +whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by +the pron[un]ciacion, or by the behaueour of the person or +by the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest man +in deede. + +[Sidenote: Sarcasmus.] _Amara irrisio_, is a bitter +sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng +or scoffinge bytynglye, anyppyng tawnte, as: The +Iewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he could +not saue hym selfe. + +[Sidenote: Astysmus.] _Festiua urbanitas_, is a certen +mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felow +metynge w^t one that had a very whyte head, axed him +if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght. + +[Sidenote: Mycterismus.] _Subsannatio_, a skornyng by +some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, +putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke. + +[Sidenote: Antiphrasis.] _Dictio ctrari[um] +significans_, when the mock is in a worde by a +contrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges, +aminion. + +[Sidenote: Charientismus.] _Graciosa nugatio_, when +wordes roughly spok[en] be molified by pleasaunt wordes: +as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: Ipraye you +be good master tome. + + +The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall. + +[Sidenote: Epanaphora] _Repeticio_, repeticion, when +in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng +ctinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To you +this thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to be +geuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In this +exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, +& it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth +oute, and garnysheth the oracion. + +[Sidenote: Antistrophe.] _Conuersio_, conuersion is +whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the +same worde, but w^t all one worde styll closeth vp the +sentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as: +Sence the time y^e ccord was tak[en] awaye from the +citie, lyberty was tak[en] awai: fidelity was tak[en] +away: fr[en]ship was tak[en] away. + +[Sidenote: Symploce.] _Cplexio_, complexion cpriseth +both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we +declared before, y^t both all one fyrste worde shulde +be oft[en] repeted, & we shuld turne often to all one +laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put out +both hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys +felowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who +was transformed fr a man into a beast, & eate haye +wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer. + +[Sidenote: Anadiplosis.] _Reduplicatio_, is a +continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or +wordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of the +mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth: +yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, +it is thou that troublest all the houshold. Also, +dareste thou nowe come into our syght, y^e traitour of +thy ctrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darest +thou come into oure syght? + +[Sidenote: Epanodus.] _Traduccio_, Traduccion is, +whyche maketh that wh[en] all one word is oftentymes +vsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease the +mynde, but also make y^e oracion more trim in this +wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, but +prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y^u wylt +compare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke +them meete to be called ryches, whych ar but +hdmaydens to vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete +sauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour of +death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we the +sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii. + +[Sidenote: Sinonimia] _Nominis cmunio_, cmunion of +the word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde by +rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an +other word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast +ouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion, +and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. The +iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and +shall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for +.Q.Ligarius. Whose syde wolde that poynte of thy +swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was +thy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that +burning of thy mynd? what desiredst y^u? what +wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from the +other before, only because the wordes be cha[un]ged, the +sent[en]ce remayning. + +[Sidenote: Sinathrismus.] _Frequentacio_, +frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed +thorowout all the cause, are gathered together into +one place that y^e oracion shulde be the wayghtier, +& rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? why +shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an +harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for +others, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural +to his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous to +hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful to +his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, +intollerable to all men. + +[Sidenote: Epiphonesis.] _Exclamacio_, exclamaci is, +whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of +anger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, aplace, or a +thynge? Cicero in hys oratour: Odeceitful hope of +men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions, +whych oft[en] tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe +downe, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they +can se the hauen. Hereunto belgeth expectaci, +obtestaci, wishyng, rebuking. + +[Sidenote: Areia.] _Execracio_, execracion: Ofye vpon +Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God +alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images +made by mans hand. + +[Sidenote: Deesis.] _Obtestacio_, obtestacion, wh[en] for +God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haue +any thynge. As Cicero for Publius Sestius: OI praye +you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, y^t +as it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf +to saue th[em] thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne. + +[Sidenote: Euche.] _Votum_, wyshynge: Owolde God that +the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan +wyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia. + +[Sidenote: Epiplexis] _Increpacio_, Cicero agaynst +Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not +knowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest the +laste nyghte? and what the nyghte before? + +[Sidenote: Erotesis.] _Interrogacio_, Euerye +interrogaci is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, +but thys whyche when those thinges be rehearsed vp +whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth that +thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he +spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, +whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes fr the +cmon wealthe or not? + +[Sidenote: Erotema.] _Raciocinatio_, raciocinacion is, +by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, +wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that +oftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion of +euery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was well +ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys +lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the +power whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in +the punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytle +before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason. +Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? Iwyl +not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a +valiaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them +to count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, those to count +m[en]: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie +increase peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he +haue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse. +Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I am +wont to despise, not to folowe. + +[Sidenote: Prosapodosis.] _Subiectio_, when we axe of +oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere +to our selues thus: Shall we tary in synne? God +forbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus: +OIewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wyl +you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your +prophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confo[un]ded. +Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declare +that you be out of the way, & shall come agayne to +Christ. + +[Sidenote: Antiphora.] _Tacite obiectioni responsio._ +wh[en] we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be +obiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, +Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come home +hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he myght +haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely +toke away y^t excuse, saying: Troy is destroied. + +[Sidenote: Aporia.] _Dubitatio_, Dubitacion; when wee +doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld +inespecially speke of. Much hurted the cmonwealth at +that tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse of +the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, Ican not +tell. + +[Sidenote: Apophasis.] _Expeditio_, expedicion, when +many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be +done or not, the other are taken away, and one left +that we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thys +controuersie touching the sacrament must stand eyther +vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or +vpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The +wordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greate +inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the +other textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al +these incueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours, +& texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour, +& scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence, +then the worde. + +[Sidenote: Epilogus.] _Conclusio_, conclusi is, which +by a brief argum[en]tacion of these thinges that be +spoken before or done, inferreth that thynge that +necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacion +wer geuen to the Troianes, y^t Troy myght not be taken +without y^e arowes of Philectetes, and thei did +nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in +dede was Troy to be taken. + +[Sidenote: Epitrope.] _Permissio_, permission, when we +shew y^t we geue & gra[un]t any thyng altogether to a +mans wyll, thus: Because al thynges tak[en] away, only +is left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych +only ar lefte vnto me of many, Igraunte th[em] to you +and to your power. + +[Sidenote: Anacinosis.] _Cmunicacio_, cmunicacion +is, when we leaue sumwhat to y^e Iudges to be estemed, +thus: Ileaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what +hurt y^e cm welth shal take hereof _Diuisio_, +[Sidenote: Dialisis.] diuision is which diuiding one +thyng fr another, endeth th[em] both by shewing a reas, +thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if y^u +bee good, y^u haste not deserued it, if thou be +naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I +speake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou +do remember them, Ishuld but trouble you: If you haue +forgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng, +what good can I do in wordes? + +[Sidenote: Antitheton.] _Contentio_, contencion, when +the reason stdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be +rehearsed by cparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasa[un]t +begynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges. +Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyue +honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that +be after the fleshe, care for these thynges y^t be of +the fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care for +the thynges of the spirite. + +[Sidenote: Antithesis.] _Contrarium_, contrary is, +that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y^e one +bryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll +be an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a man +trust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters? +He that in familiare cmunicacion and company of hys +friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest th[en] y^t he wil +absteine from a lye in a cmon audience. + +[Sidenote: Colon.] _Membrum oracionis_, a m[em]ber of the +reas is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitely +in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but +receyued agayne w^t an other parte, thus: Thou dyddest +bothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd. Thys +exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the +perfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profite +thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thy +selfe. + +[Sidenote: Dialyton.] _Articulus_, article is, when +eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus. +By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne +enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wyth +enuye, wronges, power, falsehead. + +[Sidenote: Isocolon.] _Compar_, euen or equall, is +when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche +we spake before, & that they be made of euen number of +sillables: but thys equalitie must not stand by +numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in y^e +mynd. Christe afore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a +croune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, the +kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes in +on m[em]ber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare +of lyke lengthe. + +[Sidenote: Homioptot] _Similiter cadens_, fallyng al +alike is, when in the same construccion of wordes ther +be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe +same cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue, +plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is in +th[em] no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none of +talke. + +[Sidenote: Homoteleto.] _Similiter desinens_, endynge +al alyke, when words or sent[en]ces haue alyke endyng, +as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke +baudely. Content thy selfe w^t thy state, in thy herte +do no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate. + +[Sidenote: Climax.] _Gradacio_, is, when we rehearse +again the word y^t goth next before, & desc[en]d to other +thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat +vertue, vertue glory, glory hatered. [Sidenote: +Orismus.] _Definicio_, definici, wher by y^e proper +effect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely +in this wyse: This is not dilig[en]ce but couetousnes, +because y^t dilig[en]ce is a nedy sauing of thine own: +couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens. +[Sidenote: Metabasis.] _Transicio_, transici is, +wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what +may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue +told, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self to +hys par[en]tes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius: +Because we haue spoken of y^e kind of the warre, now +wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it. +[Sidenote: Paralepsis.] _Occupatia_, occupacion is, +when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl not +know of y^e thyng y^t wee speke of most of al, in this +wyse: Iwyl not say that y^u tokest money of our +felowes, Iwyl not stand much in thys that y^u +robbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: Ipasse +ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns. [Sidenote: +Asindeton.] _Dissolutio_, when the oracion lacketh +coni[un]ccions, thus: Obey thy par[en]tes, be ruled by +thi kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes. + +[Sidenote: Apostrophe.] _Auersio_, auersion, when we +turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to +another personne, eyther present or absent, or to a +thing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher, +speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may +fytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: OPeter, +Iwold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do, +howe far they be gone fr that thou prescribedst them +to do. Againe: Oworld, howe pleasant be the thynges +that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou +geuest. + +[Sidenote: Anangeon.] _Necessum_, necessitie, when we +cfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by +necessitye, eyther of y^e person or tyme, thus: +Iconfesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thou +gauest me, dyd deceyue me. Also, somtyme I was in that +opinion, but the tyme so required. + +[Sidenote: Anaclasis.] _Refractio_, that is the +turninge backe agayne of a worde into a ctrary +significacion, thus: Iknowe kynge Ezechias that all +thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue me +suche bytternes. + +[Sidenote: Bomphiologia.] _Verborum bombus_, when +small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyng +wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the +boasting souldiar, & creping smel feast. + +[Sidenote: Miosis.] _Diminutio_, when greate matters +are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beat[en] +bi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle +stryke hym. + +[Sidenote: Liptote.] _Extenuatio_, the makyng lesse of +a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit +O Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I +thanke Archias the Poete of. Cicero for Archias. + +[Sidenote: Diasirmus.] _Eleuacio_, when we make lyghte +of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs, +whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they +perteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthy +to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll another +tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example. + + + + +As oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes: +so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed, and the +fyrste order of the Rethorical figures: We nowe come +vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence, called of +Quintilian & Cicero, the ornamet[en]s of sentence. + + +Figures of sentence. + +[Sidenote: Particio.] Particion called also diuision & +distribucion rethoricall, is when a thing that mai be +generally spok[en], is more largely declared, and diuided +into partes. Example: He is perfitely seene in all the +sciences. This s[en]tence spoken as it were in a s[um]me, +may be enlarged, if seuerally you reherse vp al the +kindes of learning. There is no kynd of doctrine at al +but he is exquisitely sene in it. There is no science, +but he hathe learned it thorowly, and so learned it, +that you wolde thynke he had labored onely in it. +So maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al the +Poetes, he so aboundeth in the floures of the +Rethoricians: He hath so boulted oute the paynefull +rules of the gramarians. So perfitely knoweth he the +subtilnesse of the Logicians, and hath so soughte oute +the priuities of natural thynges, and ouercome the +harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome: he hathe +passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines, and hath +thorowlie perceyued the mathematical demstracions. He +so knoweth the mocions of the starres, the reasons of +numbers, the measurynges of the earth, the situacions, +names & spaces of cities, mountaynes, fluddes, and +fountaynes, he so knoweth the difference and harmonies +of tunes: He so rem[em]breth all hystoryes olde and late: +So knoweth all good authors, all antiquities & +nouelties, and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in +Greke as latyne. Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe +bene found and taught of good authors, al that +thorowlye hath he perceyued, knowen and rem[em]bred. Here +these wordes, he is perfitelye seene in all the +sciences, bee declared in theyr partes. + +[Sidenote: Enumeracio.] Enumeracion is much lyke vnto +thys, when not beynge contente at once to declare the +ende of the matter, we rehearse vp all y^t went before +it was done. [Sidenote: Enumeraci of thynges that go +before] Example: Cicero oppressed the mischeuous +purposes of Catiline. Thus maye you set it forth: The +myscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most vngracious +yonge men, whych went about the destruccion of the +citie of Rome, MTullius the consull dyd quickelye +smell out by hys foresyghte, and by hys singuler +vigilancye sought th[em] oute, by his hyghe prudence +espyed them, by his incredible eloquence conuinced +them, and by hys graue authoritie repressed th[em], by +force of armes subdued them, & with great happines +toke them quyte awaye. + +[Sidenote: Enumeraci of the causes.] Hitherto also +apperteineth, wh[en] we expo[un]d a thyng not barely, +but repete the causes also sumwhat before, and of what +begynnynges it came of. As if not contente to haue +sayd, that the Frenchmen made bataile with the +Neapolitans, we rehearse also what wer the causes of +theyr stryfe, who was the setter forward, and what was +the occasion of the warre, what hope and truste eyther +of them had to the victorye. Of these ar many examples +in Saluste & Liuie. [Sidenote: Enumeraci of effectes, +& consequ[en]tes.] From thys differeth not when we do not +simplye shewe forthe the matter, but reherse also +those thynges that eyther go with it, or folowe it, +as thus: We thanke the of thys warre. Thus maye you +dilate the matter. The treasure spente vpon the +Barbariens, the youthe broken wyth laboures, the corne +troden downe, the catel driuen awaye, stretes and +vyllages euery where set on fyre, fieldes lefte +desolate, walles ouerthrowen, houses robbed, temples +spoyled, so many olde men chylderles, so manye +orphanes, so manye wyddowes, so many virgins +shamefully defiled, y^e maners of so many yong m[en] made +worse by leude liberty, so many m[en] slayne, so great +mourning, so many good artes loste, lawes oppressed, +religion blotted, al thynges of god and man +confounded, all good order of the citie corrupted: +Isay all this heape of myschiefs that riseth of war, +we mai thke the only of it, which wast y^e beginner +of this war + +[Sidenote: Energia.] _Enargia_, euidence or +perspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall, is +when a thynge is so described that it semeth to the +reader or hearer y^t he beholdeth it as it were in +doyng. Of thys figure ben many kyndes. + +The fyrste, called effiguracion or descripcion of a +thynge, whereby the figure and forme of it is set out: +as of the vniuersall flud. + +The seconde, the descripcion of a personne, when a man +is described, as are the noble menne in Plutarch, +and the Emperours in Suetonius. Howe be it the +rethoricianes vse thys worde _Prosopopeia_, that is +descripcion of a personne to comprehende the sixe +kyndes folowinge. + +[Sidenote: Charactirismus.] The thyrde kinde is called +_Charactirismus_, that is the efficcion or pycture of +the bodye or mynde, as Dauus describeth Crito, & Mitio +describeth Demea. + +[Sidenote: Prosopographia.] The .iiii. is the fainyng +of a pers called _Prosopographia_, and is of .ii. +sorts. Fyrst y^e descripci of a fained person, as +Vyrgyl in the syxt of Eneid, faineth Sibil to be mad, +& fayneth the persons in hell. An other forme is wh[en] +we fayne pers, cmunicacion, or affecte of a man or +of a beaste, to a dumme thynge, or that hath no bodye, +or to a dead man: as to the Harpies, furies, deuils, +slepe hongar, enuie, fame, vertue, iustice, and suche +lyke, the poetes fayne a person, and communicacion. +This seconde fashion the Poetes do call _Prosopopey_. +[Sidenote: Aetopeia.] The fyrst kind is called +_AEtopeia_, that is an expressi of maners or mylde +affeccions, and hath thre kyndes: of the whych the +fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners +somewhat longer, as of wittes, artes, vertues, vices. +Thus we expresse Thraso a boaster, and Demea a sowre +felowe. + +The seconde forme, is an expression of naturall +propensitie, and inclinacions to naturall affeccions, +as of the fathers loue toward the chyldren .&c. of +fryendshyppe, neyghbourhod & cetr. as you maye se in +hystoryes. + + The thyrd kynde is the expression of lighter +affeccions, as when wee go about by fayre meanes to +gette the mery affeccions of menne to vs ward or to +other, & when the mynd is lyft vp into hope, myrth, +& laughter, and as be louyng salutations, promises, +& cmunynges together in familiar epistles and +dialogues, and the getting of loue and fauour in the +begynnynges, and finallye thys figure doth teach, that +Rethorique is a part of flattery. [Sidenote: +Pathopeia.] The sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcion +is _Pathopeia_, that is expressyng of vehement +affeccions and perturbacions, of y^e whych ther be two +sortes. The fyrste called _Donysis_, or intencion, and +some call it imaginacion, wherby feare, anger, madnes, +hatered, enuye, and lyke other perturbacions of mynde +is shewed and described, as in Ciceros inuectiues. +Another forme is called _Oictros_, or cmiseracion, +wherby teares be pyked out, or pyty is moued, or +forgeuenes, as in Ciceros peroracis, and complaintes +in Poets: And to be shorte ther is gotten no greater +admiracion or commendacion of eloquence then of these +two, _AEtopeia_, and _Pathopeia_, if they be vsed in +place. [Sidenote: dialogismus] The .vii. kind is +_Dialogismus_ whych is how often a short or long +communicacion is fayned to a person, accordyng to the +comelines of it. Such be the concious in Liuie, & +other historians. [Sidenote: Mimisis.] The .viii. kynd +is called _Mimisis_, that is folowing eyther of the +wordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye the +wordes of the person, but also the gesture: and these +foresayd sixe kindes Quintiliane dothe put vnder +_Prosopopeia_. The .ix. kynde is the descripcion of a +place, as of Carthage in the fyrst of Eneid. Referre +hither Cosmographie and Geographie. The .x. kynd is +called _Topotesia_, that is ficcion of a place, when +a place is described such one peraduenture as is not, +as of the fieldes called Elisii in Virgil: refer +hither _Astrothesiam_, that is the descripci of +starres. The .xi. kinde is _Chronographia_, that is +the descripcion of the tyme, as of nyght, daye, and +the foure tymes of the yere. + +[Sidenote: Amplificacio] A greate parte of eloquence +is set in increasing and diminyshing, and serueth for +thys purpose, that the thyng shulde seme as great as +it is in dede, lesser or greater then it seemeth +to manye. For the rude people haue commonly a +preposterous iudgem[en]t, and take the worst thynges +for the beste, and the beste for the worst. Al +amplificacion and diminucion is taken eyther of +thinges, or of wordes. Of thynges ryse effeccions, of +words those fashions that nowe I wyll shewe. The first +waye of increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge the +worde of the thynge, when in encreasynge we vse a more +cruell worde, and a softer in diminyshynge, as when we +call an euyll man a thiefe, and saye he hathe kylled +vs, when he hathe beaten vs. And it is more vehem[en]te +if by correccion we compare greater wordes wyth those +that we put before: As thou haste broughte not a +thyefe, but an extorcioner, not an adulterer, but a +rauysher. &c. Lyke vnto this is _Hyperbole_, whyche +say the more then the truthe is in deede, as when we +saye: The crye was hearde to heauen, meanyng it was a +greate crye. An other kynde is by increase, whyche is +when the thynges goyng before beynge exaggerate, +we come from them to the hyeste: As agaynste Verres. +It is a myscheuous deede to bynde a Citizen of Rome, +haynous to beate hym, what? shall I saye to hange hym? +An other waye of increase is, when wythoute +distinccion in the context and course of the oracion, +the circumstaunces sette in order, somewhat alwayes is +added bygger then the fyrste, and that we come to the +hyest by a swyfte pace. As he was not ashamed to playe +at dyce wyth iesters in the common cokerye, beynge a +prieste, aPerson, aDiuine, and a Monke. There is +another kynde of amplyfienge that is by comparison +contrary to increase. For as in increase the thynges +that go before beyng exaggerat, we go from them to the +hyest, so comparison taketh increase of the lesser, +whych if they be greater in all mens opinions, that +must nedes appeare verie greate that we wyll haue +amplified: And comparison is made by ficcion, & by +puttynge to an example. By ficcion, eyther in one +degree, or in many. As in the fyrst part of the +amplifiyng of Antonies vomite, for he fayneth it had +happened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuate +person. If at supper in these great bowles of thine +thys happened vnto thee, who wolde not haue counted it +a shame: But now in y^e syght of the people of Rome +beynge a cmon officer, master of the horse, to whom +it was shame once to belch, he wyth hys gobbets of +meat that stanke al of wyne, fylled al his lap, and +the iudgement seate. Here amplificacion is taken of +smaller thinges, and is made by one degree of many +degrees, this maye be an example. If a m gaue the +euery yere .xl. po[un]d, woldest y^u not thanke him? If a +friend had redemed the out of prison w^t hys money, +woldest thou not loue hym? If eyther in battell or +shypwracke a man by hys valiantnes had saued the, +woldest thou not worshyp hym as God, and saye thou +were neuer able to make hym amendes? What ingratitude +is it then that Christ God & man, which hathe made +the, to whom thou dost owe al that thou hast, &c. so +to dispyse hym, so wyth dayely fautes to anger him, +& for so great beniuol[en]ce to geue hym agayn so great +contumelye and despyte? Neyther skylleth it that we +haue rehearsed ficcion and comparicion amonge +argumentes, for there is no cause why that +amplificacion and oruacion shuld not be taken out of +the same places from whence ther commeth probacion. +Nor it is no newes the selfe same thynges to be +applyed to diuerse vses. As of all circumstaunces both +of the thyng, and of the person are taken argumentes, +but euen oute of the selfe same are set affeccions and +exaggeracions, whych is manifest in the kynde +demonstratiue: As when we prayse chastitie in a yonge +man, we go not aboute to perswade that he was chaste, +but that that vertue shulde appeare greater in +floryshyng age. To lyke vse serue examples and +similitudes, as in Esaye: The Oxe knewe hys owner, and +the Asse the maunger of hys master, but Israel hathe +not knowen me. The example of the Oxe & the Asse is +not vsed for this to proue that the Hebrewes dyd not +knowe their God, but that the impietie and folishnes +of that nacion shulde be amplified. The same may be +applied to profe after thys maner. If the Oxe and Asse +knowledge theyr masters, of wh they are norished and +do serue them, how much more conueniente is it, that +m shuld knowledge hys maker and norisher, and serue +him bothe in bodye and mynd. Contrarye, when Paul +sayth: no man serueth in warre on his owne wages, he +proueth by similitudes, that it is not comelye, that +they that war vnder the gospell, shulde be compelled +to be carefull for their liuynge. He shuld haue +applied it to amplifiyng, if he had propouned it thus. +They that serue vnder a capteine be not careful for +their liuyng, but lokinge for the sustenaunce of their +capteine, only studye for thys to do hym faythful +seruice, howe muche more shame is it that some menne +that haue promised to fyght vnder Christ in the +gospel, to distrust such a capteyne, and studye all +they can to gather riches. Cparison by puttyng to +example is, wh[en] by setting out as it were a lyke +example, wee brynge to passe that that we exaggerate +may be thought either very lyke, eyther equal, either +bygger. And in this kynd both the whole is cpared +to the whole, & the partes to partes: as in the +oracion of Cicero for Milo. Did I pray you y^t noble +m Scipio being a priuat pers kil Tiberius Gracchus +whych shaked the cm wealthe but a lytle, & shall wee +beynge consulles suffer Catiline, that gothe aboute to +wast the whole worlde wyth murther and fyre? Here both +Catiline is compared to Gracchus, and the estate of +the common wealthe to the whole world, & a lytle +shakyng to slaughter, fyer and wastyng, and a priuate +person to the consuls. Ther is an amplificacion also +wh[en] contraries be set together, wherby bothe the +partes seme bygger, and more euidente. As when +exhorting men to liberalitie, we shewe howe foule a +faute couetousenes is, that the foulnes of the faute +being exaggerate, the goodlines of the vertue shulde +be more encreased. There is another kynd of amplifiyng +called reasonynge, when of those thinges that eyther +folowe or go before, the hearer doth gather how great +that thynge is that we wolde to be amplified. By +thynges that go before, as when Homer armeth Achylles, +or Hector to batayle, by the greate preparacion, we +gather how sore y^e sight shal be. Of thinges y^t +folowe: How much wyne Antony dranke, when y^t hauyng +such a strong body he was not able to digeste it, but +spewed it vp the nexte daye after. Of thynges ioyned +to: as wh[en] Maro sayeth to Poliphemus: He had the bodye +of a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande. Manye +other kyndes ben there of amplifiynge, which who so +wyl se more at large, may read that right excellent +boke of the famouse doctor Erasmus, whych he intituled +the preacher. + +The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe +state or principal proposion of the cause is declared +and proued by manye other proposicions and argum[en]tes, +so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of +proposions. And proposicions be taken partely of those +that be cmon, and partly of those thynges that +belonge properlye to the cause: As if a man wolde +counsell Tullye not to take the condicion offered of +Antony, that is, that by burnynge of hys bookes called +philippia, he shulde haue hys lyfe, hy myght vse +commonly these proposicions. Fyrste y^t no man oughte +to by his life so dere, that therby he shulde lose hys +immortall name. To thys generall may serue a +perticuler taken oute of circumstaunces, that it +oughte not to be done, inespecialy of Cicero, whych by +so many laboures hathe gotten vnto hym selfe an +excellente and euerlastyng name, and that hath shewed +moste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes +that deathe ought to be despised, inespeciallye seynge +that now he hath not much tyme to lyue beynge an olde +man. Agayn, another principall proposicion shall be +taken of the circ[um]sta[un]ces. That nothynge is worse, +then that Cicero beyng a very good m shulde owe his +lyfe to Antonye the worst man of the world. The third +proposicion shal be ciectural: how that Antony +craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned, +in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal +infamye to be, and the immortal glory of Cicero, wh[en] +he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe, he maye +vtterlye extinguyshe Cicero. + + + A copious heaping of probacions. + +[Sidenote: Proues.] So when proposicions be found, +remaineth argum[en]taci or proues, called in Greke +_Pistis_, because they make suretye of a doutefull +thyng. [Sidenote: Two sortes of proues.] Of proues +some be artificiall, some vnartificial. Vnartificial +be, foreiudgementes, rumoures, tormentes, tabelles, +othe, wytnesses, diuinacion, oracles. [Sidenote: +Signes be referred to proues vnartificial, & why?] To +these be referred whych the Greekes cal _Symeia_ or +sygnes: For they also commonlye are not set by the +wytte of hym that disputeth, but are ministred +otherwyse. [Sidenote: Signes wherfore.] They be called +signes properlye, whyche rysynge of the thynge it +selfe that is in question come vnder the sences of +menne, [Sidenote: Signes be referred to tyme.] as +threatninges, whych be of the time that is paste, +cryinge herde oute of a place, whyche is of the tyme +presente, palenesse of hym whyche is axed of the +murther, whyche is of the tyme folowynge, or that +bloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye slayne, when he +came that dyd the murther. [Sidenote: Two maner of +signes.] Also of signes some bee necessary, as that he +liueth whiche dothe breathe, and some probable, as +bloude in the garmente, whych myghte also come oute of +the nose, or otherwyse. [Sidenote: Proues tak[en] oute of +circ[um]stauces.] Also proues and argumentes are taken +oute of circ[um]staunces, partly of the person, partlye +of the cause or thyng it self, and be called also of +the Rethoricians places, neyther cleane contrarie to +those that Aristotle hath taughte, neyther the very +same: for some agree wyth them, some be all one, and +some diuerse. [Sidenote: How proues of circ[um]sta[un]ces +differ fr Aristotels places.] Onlye differeth the +manour of teachynge, because the Rethoricianes do +teache a patrone, the philosopher generally helpeth +iudgement. [Sidenote: Circ[um]stces of person.] +Circumstaunces of the person ben these. Kinred, +nacion, contrey, kynde, age, bryngynge vp, or +discipline, hauioure of the body, fortune, condicion, +nature of the mynde, studies, affectacion, wordes +forespoken, & deedes done before, commocion, counsell, +name. [Sidenote: Kynred.] Kynred monisheth vs to +csider of what progeny a man dothe come. For it is +semely, and happeneth cmonlye that the sonnes be lyke +the forefathers, and thereof procedeth causes to lyue +well or euyll: [Sidenote: Nacion] Naci sheweth what +disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly of +theyr owne. [Sidenote: Kynd.] The difference of kynde +is knowen to euerye man: [Sidenote: Age.] To diuerse +ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente. [Sidenote: +Educacion.] It skylleth more by whom, and by what +wayes men be brought vp, then of whom they be +begotten. [Sidenote: Hauiour of the bodie.] The +hauioure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or +foulnes, strength or weaknes: For more credible is the +accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in a +foule, and violence more probable in the strong, then +in the weake. [Sidenote: Fortune] Fortune perteineth +to ryches, kynred, friendes, seruitures, dignities, +honours. [Sidenote: Condicion.] Condicion +comprehendeth manye thynges: as whether he be noble or +not noble, an officer, or a priuate person, afather +or a sonne, acitizen or a straunger, afre man, or a +seruaunt, amaried manne, or a single man, afather or +none, hauinge had but one wyfe, or two. [Sidenote: +The nature of the mynd] The nature of the mynde hath +manifold varieties in men. Some be fearful, some +strong, some gentle, some vehem[en]t, chaste, lecherous, +glorious, modeste &c. [Sidenote: Studies] Studies, +for other be the maners of the rustical, then of the +lawyer, of the marchaunte, then of the Soldier, +of the shipman then of the phisicion. [Sidenote: +Affectacion.] To these they adde affectacion: For it +skylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde seme +to be, whether he be y^e same or not: as ryche, or +eloquent, iuste or mightie, mery or sad, afauorer of +the people, or of the great men. [Sidenote: Wordes +spoken, & deedes done before] Both wordes that be +spoken before time, and dedes that be done, be also +considered. For of thynges that be paste, the present +be estemed, & also thinges that be to come. [Sidenote: +Commocion] Cmocion in thys differeth from the nature +of the mynde, because that one is perpetuall, that +other for a whyle: as anger is commocion, rancour +the nature of the mynde, and feare a cmocion, +fearefulnesse nature. + + [Sidenote: Name.] To these they adde the name of the +person, of whence many tymes an argument is tak[en]: as +Cicero iesteth muche vpon Verres, or sweepers name, +because beyng a strong thief, he swepte altogether. +Thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken of +thynges belongyng to a personne, so maye be also of +those that belonge to a thynge or cause, whiche places +bee so handeled of Quintiliane, that he myngleth th[em] +wyth the places whyche Aristotle hathe comprehended +in hys eyghte bookes of Topyckes. [Sidenote: +Circ[um]staunces of things be these.] Circumstances of +the thynges be these: Cause, place, tyme, chaunce, +facultie, instrumente, manour. And fyrste of euerye +thinge there be foure causes, efficient, materiall, +formall and finall. Matter is the receptacle of al +formes. The forme causeth it to be thys, and not +another thynge: as the reasonable soule geueth to the +body that it is a man, and the soule because it is a +substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme, whereby she is a +soule, and not an aungel. [Sidenote: Fine or ende.] +And what soeuer is made, is made to a certen ende, and +one thynge maye haue diuerse endes: as nature hathe +geuen brestes vnto women to geue milke, and also for +comlynesse of theyr bodies, neyther doth any man that +is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse, but +for that he desyreth to haue some thynge: nor there is +nothynge desyred, but vnder the consideracion of good +or profite. So the ende whyche is laste in effecte, +and fyrste in intencion, loketh vpon the gettinge of +profites, increase, and cfirmacion of them, and also +vpon them, eschuynge of disprofites, diminyshynge, +or puttyng them awaye. But in chosyng them, false +perswacion deceyueth manye, whylest by errour they +beleue that to be good y^t is naughte. This place +therfore serueth for many thynges, to make more or +lesse. Greatly happy shulde men be, if euerye man +wolde looke vpon the marke, not the whych desyre hathe +sette before hym, but whyche God and honest reason +hath prefixed. And of such strengthe is the ende, +that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng. To +fast that the body maye obeye the mynde, to do good +workes is an holy deede. To fast to be counted holye, +is hypocrisie. To faste to encrease thy good, is +couetousenesse. To faste to be whole in thy bodie is +phisycke, and so of praiynge, almose, and other +laudable workes. After lyke maner must be wayed the +secondarie endes. [Sidenote: Place.] An other +circumstaunce of a thynge, is the place, whose +qualitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or +lesser: as to steale an holye thing out of an holy +place, is worse then some other kynde of theft. +[Sidenote: Tyme.] No lesse matter of argumentacion +ministreth the qualitie of time, which signifieth two +thynges. [Sidenote: Time hathe two significacions.] +Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present, past, +or to come: Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a +thynge, and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it, +we saye he cometh in time. And in the seuenth of Ihon, +when Christ sayth: My tyme is not yet come, tyme is +taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the +syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. &c. +[Sidenote: Chaunce.] The Rethoricianes put chaunce +vnder tyme, because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to +the time that foloweth: but of thys wyll we speke in +the place called Euent. Facultie is a power to do the +thynge that is taken in hand: and in coniectures two +thinges speciallye be considered: whether he could or +wold. Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it, and is +made more probable wh[en] the nature of the mynde is +ioyned to it: as it is not like he wyl abide in his +glorye, because he is enuious and ambicious. Also when +we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge, when it +is not in his power to get agayne that is gone. + +[Sidenote: Instrument.] Instrument semeth to be a part +of facultie: for instrumentes sometyme are cause of +oure hablenes to do a thinge: and it is a more +mischeuous deede to kyl with venome th[en] with swearde. +And to instrum[en]t so nie is the manour of doyng, that +almoste it is all one. But more properlye perteyne to +the manour or fashion, those thynges that be eyther +excused, or made greater by wyl: As lesse faute is it +to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie, then of +a purpose and full deliberacion. The vse of +circ[um]stances profiteth to amplifie, to extenuate, +to euidence, to confirmacion, and probabilitie. And +hytherto be referred also the common places that +indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes +of causes, of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth, and +Aristotle in his Topyckes. But before we speake of +them, it is to be noted, that thys woorde place, is +taken foure maner of wayes. They are called common +places, because thei be entreated of, of bothe partes, +althoughe not in all one cause: as he that is sore +spoken agaynste by witnesses, swadeth that we shulde +not geue credite to witnesses. Contrarye, he that is +holpen by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses, and +so of other that we spake of before, when we entreated +of vnartificial argumentes. Lyke to thys sorte be +sentences, whyche wee exaggerate as it were wythoute +the cause, but so that they serue to the cause whiche +wee haue in hande: as bee the amplificacions of +vertues, and the exaggeracions of vices. As when wee +accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was +broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. Acommon +place shall bee, wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much +it profiteth to keepe goodnesse, to bee in companye +wyth good men, and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the +companye of euyll men dothe cause. + + In the third sence places be called seates of +argumentes, whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to eche +kyndes of causes: As in the kynde suasorie, honest, +profitable, pleasa[un]t easye, necessarie. &c. In +demonstratiue kynde, kynred, contrey, goodes of the +bodye and of the mynde. In the Iudiciall kynde, +inespecial deniall, those that we spake of euen nowe. +The fourth places be general, whych declare what +belongeth to euerye thynge, and howe oute of eche of +them there be taken argumentes, partly necessary, and +partlye probable. These be commen to the Oratours with +the Logicians, albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye +written of them in hys Topickes; and in his +Rethorickes hathe not touched th[em], and they profite +much both to iudgement, and to endightynge, but the +varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them +sumwhat darke, because amonge them selues they can not +wel agre, neyther of the names, neyther of the number, +neyther of the order. + +[Sidenote: Examples.] An example is a rehearsall of a +thynge that is done, and an applyynge of it vnto our +cause, eyther for similitude or dissimilitude, +profitable to perswade, garnyshe, and delyght. +Examples, some be taken out of hystories, some of +tales, some of fayned argum[en]tes, in comedies; and +bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion. +Comparacion sheweth it equall, lesse, or bygger. +Parable is a feete similitude, whych sheweth y^e +example that is brought, either like, vnlyke or +ctrarye. Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth +of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen, +and when it was brought into extreme losse, by theyr +valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens: So Valla, whan +thorowe the ignorce of y^e Barbarians, learnyng was +destroyed, restored it agayn, as it wer from death +into hys former brightnes. Vnlike. As not lyke thanke +is done to Laurence and Camillus, because that the one +moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe +deliuered his contrey from the vngracious, that other +styrred vp by desyre of fame, or rather wyth an euyll +luste to checke manye, not restored agayn the latt[en] +tong oppressed, but brought it as it were into certen +rules. Ctrary, Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about +treason, Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of +hys sonne. Comparacion sheweth y^e thing y^t is +brought, eyther equall, lesse, or bigger: Lesse, as +our elders haue warred oftentymes, because theyr +marcha[un]tes and mariners wer euyl entreated. What mynd +ought you to be in, so many thousande citizens of Rome +slaine at one message, and one time? Equall, as in the +same Cicero. For it happed vnto me to stand for an +offyce wyth two gentlemenne, that one very naughte, +that other very gentle, yet ouercame I Catiline by +dignitie, and Galba by fauoure. Bygger: As for Milo, +they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe +kylled a man, when M.Horacius was quitte, whyche +kylled hys owne syster. + +[Sidenote: Parable.] Parable, which some call +similitude, some cparacion, is a comparyng of a thyng +y^t hath no life, or no bodye to our cause and +purpose, for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke. And as +example is taken of y^e dede of a man, and the person +of an hystorye, or that is fabulous and fayned, so is +comparison taken of thinges that be done, or that be +ioyned to them by nature, or by chaunce. As Attilius +retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of +kepynge faythe and promise: But a shyp in the whych +the sayles be hoysed vp, or tak[en] down after the +blowyng of the winde, is a parable whiche teacheth a +wyse man to geue place to tyme, and applye hymselfe to +the world that is presente. And lyke fashion is of +dilatyng a parable, as we haue shewed in example. +For sometime it is noted in a word as: Doest thou not +vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned? Sometyme +it is more largelye declared, as in the oracion for +Murena. And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen. +&c. Analogie. + +_Icon_, called of the latines _Imago_, an Image in +Englyshe, is muche lyke to a similitude, and if you +declare it is a similitude: as if you saye: As an Asse +wyll not be driuen from her meat, no not with a club, +vntyl she be full: no more wil a warriour reste from +murther vntyll he hath fylled his mynd with it. This +is a similitude: but if you saye that a man flewe vpon +his enemies like a dragon, or lyke a lyon, it is an +Image. Howbeit an Image serueth rather to euidence or +grauitie, or iocunditie, then to a profe. There is +also a general comparacion, speciallye in the kynde +demonstratiue, person wyth person, and one thing with +an other, for praise or dispraise + +[Sidenote: Indicacio.] _Indicacio_, or authoritie, +is the cparing of an other mans saying or sentence +vnto our cause: of the whiche ther be seuen principal +kyndes. The fyrst a comon morall sentence, as a common +principle perteyning to maners: as continuall laboure +ouercommeth all thynges, and as be the sentences of +Salomon and Cato: and all morall philosophy is ful of +suche sentences. The seconde are common rules, whych +be called dignities in euery science. The .iii. +aprouerb. The fourth called _Chria_, which is a very +short exposicion of any dede or worde wyth the name of +the author recited. The fyfte an _Enthimeme_, whyche +is a sentence of contraries: as if it be a great +praise to please good men, surely to please euyl men +it is a greate shame. The syxte called _AEnos_, that +is a saying or a sentence, taken out of a tale, as be +the interpretacions of fables, and theyr allegories. +The seuen is any answere tak[en] out of the mouth of God, +or taken out of the cmaundement of God. + +[Sidenote: Exergasia.] Expolicion is, when we tarye in +one thynge, speakynge the same in diuerse wordes and +fashions, as though it were not one matter but +diuerse. Agoodlye example of the moste largest +expolicion is rehearsed in Erasmus, whych, because it +is very profitable, Iwyll wholye rehearse it. Awyse +man for the cmon wealth sake shall eschue no peryll: +euen for thys cause that it happeneth oft[en], that wher +he wold not dye for the common wealth, he perysheth +yet of necessitie wyth the cmon wealth. And because +all the commodities we haue be taken of our contrey, +ther ought no incmoditie to be counted paynfull, +taken for our contrey. They therfore that flye that +peryll which must be tak[en] for the cmon wealth, do +folyshely: for neither can they auoyde it, and they be +found vngrate to the citie. But they that by their +owne peril put away the perils of their ctrei, they +are to be counted wyse, seyng that bothe they geue to +the cmon wealth that honour y^t they shulde geue, and +had rather dye for many, th[en] w^t many. For it is much +against reason that receiuing thy naturall lyfe by thy +contrey, to deliuer it agayne to nature when she +compelleth the, and not to geue it to thy ctrey when +she desyreth the. And where y^u mayst wyth hye +valiauntnes & honour die for thy contrei, to haue +rather lyke a cowarde to liue in shame. And for thy +fryndes and parentes, and other acquayntance to put +thy selfe in peryll: for the cmon wealth in the +whyche both it & that most reuerende name of the +contrey is conteyned, not to be willynge to come in +ieopardye. Wherfore as he is to be dyspised whyche +being vpon the sea had rather haue hym selfe safe, +then the ship: so is he to be rebuked, whych in +ieopardye of the commen wealthe, prouideth more for +his own then for y^e cmon wealthe. When the shyppe +hathe ben broken, many haue ben saued: But after the +shypwrake of the ctrey no man can escape. Whyche +thynge me thynketh Decius dyd wel perceiue, whych +reported wholy to haue bestowed hym selfe, and for the +sauegard of his men of war to haue run amonge the +myddest of hys enemyes. Wherfore he loste not hys +lyfe, but let it go: for he redemed for a thynge of +verye small pryce, aryght dere thyng. He gaue his +life, but he receiued his contrei. He loste his life, +but he inioyed glorye, whyche written to his greate +prayse, shyneth euerye daye more and more. Wherefore +if we haue proued both by reason & by exple, that we +be bounde to put oure selfe in peryll for the common +wealthe, they are to be counted wyse men, whych for +the sauegarde of the contrey auoyde no peryll. It +wolde be meete to exercyse chyldren in suche themes, +wherby shal be gott[en] bothe wysedome and eloquence. +And here me thynketh I maye ryghte well ende these +Rethoricall preceptes, although I be not ignoraunt +that much helpeth bothe to persuasions and copye, the +proper handlyng of tales taken oute of the nature of +beastes, dreames, fayned narracions, sumwhat lyke vnto +the truth, w^t allegories much vsed of diuines. But +because they requyre a longer treatie, for this tyme I +leaue them of, addynge vnto these before written rules +of oratory, adeclamacion + bothe profitable and verye elo- + quente, wrytten by Erasmus + vnto the moste noble Duke + of Cleue, as here appe- + reth after. + + + + + Impryn- + ted at London by Iohn Day, + dwellinge ouer Aldersgate, beneth + saint Martyns. And are to be sold + at his shop by the litle conduit + in Chepesyde at the sygne + of the Resurrec- + tion. + + _Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum + solum. Per septennium._ + + + + +INDEX TO AUTHORS AND ORATORS + + + Afer, Publius Terentius, 23, 61 + Africanus, Julius, 58 + Agricola, Rodolphus, 8, 86 + Antonius, Marcus (143-87 B.C.), 18 + Archias, Aulus, 61 + Aristotle, 80, 82, 86, 88 + Augustine, Saint, 14 + Brooke, Thomas, 2, 7 + Caecina, Aulus, 24 + Calpurnius, Lucius (Piso), 22 + Castellio, Sebastianus, 14 + Catiline, Lucius, 22, 48, 51, 56, 64, 75,90 + Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5 + Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 33, 39, 41, + 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 75, 77, 78, 82, 90 + Cluencius, Aulus, 22, 33 + Elyot, Thomas, 5 + Erasmus, Desiderius, 1, 10, 77, 93, 96, 97 + Flaccus, Lucius, 58 + Gower, John, 5 + Homer, 76 + Ligarius, Quintus, 49 + Linacre, Thomas, 29 + Livy, Titus, 65, 69 + Lydgate, John, 5 + Manilius, Gaius, 24, 59 + Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 24 + Milo, Titus Annius, 22, 75, 90 + Mosellanus, Petrus (Peter Schade), 9 + Murena, Lucius, 91 + Ovid, 53 + Plautus, Titus, 23 + Plutarch, 86 + Quintilian, 10, 18, 37, 39, 62, 69, 82 + Quintus, Caius, 23 + Rabirius, Gaius, 22 + Roscius, Quintus, 23 + Sallust, Gaius, 65 + Sestius, Publius, 51 + Sulla, Lucius, 22 + Suetonius, Gaius, 66 + Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69 + Verres, Gaius, 22, 71, 82 + Westimerus, Bartholomew (Westheimer), 14 + Wyatt, Thomas, 6 + + + + +INDEX OF FIGURES + +[Transcriber's Note: Spelling in the Index generally corresponds to +spelling in the body text. When the spelling in the body text is +different, it is shown here in {braces}.] + + + Ablatio, 26 + Absissio, 27 + Abusio, 41 + Acyrologia, 32 + Adagium, 45 + Aenigma, 45 + Aenos, 93 + Aetopeia, 67, 69 + Allegoria, 45 + Amara irrisio, 46 + Ambiguitas, 33 + Amphibologia, 33 + Amplificacio, 70, 76 + Anacinosis, 55 + Anaclasis, 60 + Anadiplosis, 48 + Analogia, 37, 91 + Anangeon, 60 + Anastrophe, 31 + Antiphora, 53 + Antiphrasis, 46 + Antiptosis, 31 + Antisthecon, 28 + Antithesis, 56 + Antitheton, 56 + Antistrophe, 47 + Antonomasia, 44 + Apheresis, 26 + Apocope, 27 + Apophasis, 54 + Aporia, 54 + Apostrophe, 60 + Appositio, 26, 30 + Areia, 51 + Articulus, 57 + Aschematiston, 35 {Aschematist} + Aschrologia, 34 + Asindeton, 59 + Astrothesiam, 69 + Astysmus, 46 + Auersio, 60 + + Barbarie, 35 + Barbarismus, 36 + Bomphiologia, 61 + + Cacosintheton, 35 + Cacozelia, 34 + Casus pro casu, 31 + Catachresis, 41 + Charactirismus, 66 + Charientismus, 46 + Chria, 93 + Chronographia, 69 + Circuicio, 44 + Circumstances of thynges, 83 + Climax, 58 + Colon, 57 + Commonplaces, 86 {Common places} + Common rules, 92 + Communicacio, 55 {Cmunicacio} + Compar, 57 + Comparison, 71, 75, 90 {75 Cparison} + Complexio, 47 {Cplexio} + Composicion, 38 + Concepcio, 30 + Conclusio, 55 + Consicio, 27 + Construccion, 28 + Contentio, 56 + Contractio, 27 + Contraries, 76 + Contrarium, 56 + Conuersio, 47 + Correction, 70 {Correccion} + Cosmographie, 69 + Cumulatio, 35 + + Deesis, 51 + Defectus, 31 + Definicio, 58 + Definicion, 45 + Delecio, 28 + Description, 66, 69 {Descripcion} + Dialisis, 55 + Dialogismus, 69 + Dialyton, 57 + Dianoias, 25 + Diasirmus, 61 + Diazeugma, 30 + Diccion, 26 + Dictio contrarium significans, 46 {Dictio ctrari[um] significans} + Diminutio, 61 + Disiunctio, 30 + Dissectio, 31 + Dissimulatio, 45 + Dissolutio, 59 + Distribucion, 62 + Diuisio, 55 + Donysis, 68 + Dubitatio, 54 + + Eclipsis, 31 + Ectasis, 27 + Effiguracion, 66 + Eleuacio, 61 + Eloquucion, 17 + Energia, 66 + Enthimeme, 93 + Enumeracio, 63 + Epanaphora, 47 + Epanodus, 48 + Epenthesis, 27 + Epergesis, 30 + Epilogus, 55 + Epiphonesis, 50 + Epiplexis, 51 + Epitrope, 55 + Erotema, 52 + Erotesis, 51 + Etymologie, 45 + Euche, 51 + Exaggeration, 71 {exaggerate} + Example, 74, 75, 88 + Exclamacio, 50 + Execracio, 51 + Exergasia, 93 + Exornacion, 39 + Expeditio, 54 + Expolicion, 93 + Extensio, 27, 37 + Extenuatio, 61 + + Faute (fault), 32; + obscure, 32; + inordinate, 34; + barbarous, 35 + Festiua urbanitas, 46 + Ficcion, 72 + Frequentacio, 50 + Fygure, of scheme, 25; + of diccion, 26; + of words, 26; + of construction, 28; + rethoricall, 47; + of sentences, 62 + + Garnyshyng, 38 + Geographie, 69 + Graciosa nugatio, 46 + Gradacio, 58 + + Homiologia, 33 + Homioptoton, 58 {Homioptot} + Homotelento, 58 {Homotel[en]to} + Humiliatio, 34 + Hyperbaton, 30 (last line) + Hyperbole, 71 + Hypozeugma, 29 + Hysterologia, 31 + + Icon, 91 + Image, 91 + Improprietas, 32 + Inconueniens structura, 36 + Increase, 71 + Increpacio, 51 + Indicacio, 92 + Iniunctio, 29 + Inordinate, 34 + Intellectio, 42 + Interpositio, 27, 31 + Interrogacio, 51 + Inuencion, 77; + proposicions, 77; + artificial proues, 78; + unartificial proues, 79, 80; {Vnartificial} + circumstances of thynges, 83; + commonplaces, 86 {Common places} + Ironia, 45 + Isocolon, 57 + Iunctio, 29 + + Lexeos, 25, 26 + Liptote, 61 + Littera pro littera, 28 + + Macrologia, 34 + Mala affectatio, 34 + Male collocatum, 35 + Male figuratum, 35 + Media iunctio, 29 + Membrum oracionis, 57 + Mesezeugma, 29 + Metabasis, 59 + Metalepsis, 41 + Metaphora, 40 + Metonomia, 42 + Mimisis, 69 + Miosis, 61 + Morall sentence, 92 + Mouth of God, 93 + Mycterismus, 46 + + Necessum, 60 + Nominis communio, 49 {Nominis cmunio} + + Obscure, 32 + Obtestacio, 51 + Occupatia, 59 + Oictros, 68 + Orismus, 58 + + Parable, 90 + Paralepsis, 59 + Paremia, 45 + Parenthesis, 31 + Particio, 62 + Pathopeia, 68, 69 + Periergia, 33 + Periphrasis, 44 + Perissologia, 32 + Permissio, 55 + Pistis, 78 + Pleonasmus, 32 + Postiunctio, 29 + Preassumpcio, 27 + Preiunctio, 29 + Prepostera loquutio, 31 + Presozeugma, 29 + Presumpcio, 28 + Probacions, 78 + Prolepsis, 28 + Pronominacio, 44 + Proparalepsis, 27 + Proportio, 37 + Proposicions, 77 + Proprietie, 37 + Prosapodosis, 53 + Prosopographia, 66 + Prosopopeia, 66, 67, 69 {67 Prosopopey} + Prosthesis, 26 + Prouerb, 93 + Proues (proof), 78-90 + + Raciocinatio, 52 + Reasonynge, 76 + Reduplicatio, 48 + Refractio, 60 + Repeticio, 47; + inutilis, 33 + Rethoricall, figures, 47; + diuision, 62 + Reuersio, 31 + + Sarcasmus, 46 + Scheme, 3, 25; + faute of, 32; + vertue of, 37 + Sedulitas superflua, 33 + Sentence, figures of, 62 + Sermo, superfluus, 32; + ubique sui similis, 33; + obscurus, 45 + Silepsis, 30 + Similiter cadens, 58; + desinens, 58 + Similitudes, 74 + Sinathrismus, 50 + Sinonimia, 49 + Sinthesis, 38 + Solecismus, 36 + Soraismus, 35 + Style, kinds, 21; + greate, 22; + small, 23; + meane, 24 + Subsannatio, 46 + Subiectio, 53 + Superabundancia, 32 + Sygnes, 45, 79 + Symeia, 79 + Symploce, 47 + Syncope, 27 + Synecdoche, 42 + Synolephe, 28 + Systole, 27 + + Tapinosis, 34 + Tacite objectioni responsio, 53 {obiectioni} + Tasis, 37 + Tautologia, 33 + Tmesis, 31 + Topotesia, 69 + Traduccio, 48 + Transgressio, 30 + Transicio, 59 + Translatio, 40 + Transposicio, 28 + Transsumptio, 41 + Tropes, 3, 39-46 + Turpis loquutio, 34 + + Verborum bombus, 61 + Votum, 51 + + Worde, 26; + compound, 19; + simple, 19 {symple} + + Zeugma, 29 + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + +_Paragraphs_ + +Some paragraph breaks in this e-text are conjectural. The printed book +had the following kinds of breaks: + + --conventional paragraph with indented first line + --unambiguous paragraph with non-indented first line + --ambiguous paragraph: previous line ends with blank space, but the + space is not large enough to contain the first syllable of the + following line + --sentence break corresponds to line break: this happens randomly in + any printed book, and only becomes ambiguous when the book also has + non-indented paragraphs + +In this e-text, the second type of paragraph is marked with a pilcrow . +The third type has a pilcrow but no paragraph break. The fourth type +is not marked. + + +_Errors and Inconsistencies_ (Noted by Transcriber) + +Unless otherwise noted, spelling and punctuation are unchanged. + +_Note on "homotele(n)to"_ + +In the facsimile edition, the body text has _homoteleto_ but the Index +has _homotelento_. In the other available text, the body text has +_homotel[en]to_ with clear overline. The correct form is "homeoteleuton" +(in this book's spelling, probably "homioteleuton"). + +Spelling: + + The pattern of initial "v", non-initial "u" is followed consistently. + The spelling "they" is more common than "thei". + The form "then" is normally used for both "then" and "than"; + "than" is rare. + The most common spelling is "wyll", but "wyl", "wil" and "will" + also occur. + +Word Division: + +Line-end hyphens were completely arbitrary; words split at line break +were hyphenated about two-thirds of the time. The presence or absence +of a hyphen has not been noted. Hyphenless words at line-end were joined +or separated depending on behavior elsewhere in the text: + + Always one word (re-joined at line break): + som(e)what, without, afterward(e)s + Usually one word: often()times, what()so()euer + One or two words: an()other + Usually two words: it/him/my...()self/selues; shal()be; + straight()way + Always two words: here to + +Roman Numerals: + +Numbers were printed with leading and following .period. When the number +came at the beginning or end of a line, the "outer" period was sometimes +omitted. These have been silently supplied for consistency. + +Contents: + + Faute 32 [33] + +Text: + + because that in it we sonar perceiue + [_text unchanged: "sooner"_] + to make things defused more plaine + [_text unchanged: variant of "diffused"?_] + [Sidenote: And apte similitude.] [_text unchanged: error for "An"_] + wordes not the selfe proper thinges + [_text unchanged: error for "th[em] selfe"?_] + Idolatry for Idololatry. [Idololatty] + [Sidenote: Presozeugma.] + [_text unchanged: usual form is "Prozeugma"_] + [Sidenote: Hyperbaton] ["Hyperbation"] + _Antonomasia_ [Antonomasias] + _Occupatia_, occupacion + [_text unchanged: correct form is "Occupatio"_] + [Sidenote: Energia.] [_text reads "Euergia": intended form may be + "Enargia" as in Latin_] + [Sidenote: Charactirismus.] + [_text unchanged: usual form is "Characterismus"_] + and these foresayd sixe kindes + [_text unchanged: eight items have been listed_] + The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe state or + principal proposion of the cause is declared and proued by manye + other proposicions and argum[en]tes, so set in iuste order that there + be no confusion of proposions. + [_text unchanged: "proposion" (twice) may be errors for + "proposicion"_] + Kynred monisheth vs to csider [Rynred] + +Punctuation and mechanical errors: + + [Sidenote: The occasion of thys treatise.] + [_"trea/ ise" at line break with invisible t_] + to alm[en] [. missing] + by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. [. missing] + Cicero for .Q.Ligarius. [_punctuation as shown_] + by callyng vpon eyther a man, aplace, or a thynge? + [? in original] + Igraunte th[em] to you and to your power + [_"to / to" at line break_] + y^e beginner of this war [. missing] + the fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners + [_"of / of" at line break_] + he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. [, for .] + for praise or dispraise [. missing] + +Index: + + Cicero ... 90 [90,] + Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69 [67 69] + + Charientismus [Charietismus] + Execracio [Excracio] + Media iunctio [iniunctio] + Mesozeugma [Mesezeugma] + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes, by Richard Sherry + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES *** + +***** This file should be named 28447-8.txt or 28447-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/4/28447/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Joseph Cooper, Chris Curnow, Greg +Lindahl and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes + +Author: Richard Sherry + +Commentator: Herbert W. Hildebrandt + +Release Date: March 30, 2009 [EBook #28447] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Joseph Cooper, Chris Curnow, Greg +Lindahl and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> includes characters that +require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +ẽ ũ <i>e, u with overline = following n or m</i></p> + +<p>If these characters do not display properly—in particular, if +the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter—or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you +may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure +that the browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode +(UTF-8). You may also need to change your browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>The text is based on scans of two different physical copies of the +same edition; see endnotes for one variant reading. Typographical errors +are marked with <ins class = "correction" +title = "like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>. All pilcrows in the body +text were added by the transcriber (see endnotes).</p> + +<p>The book was originally (1550) printed together with Erasmus’s <i>The +Education of Children</i>. The introduction (1961) mentions Erasmus +briefly; the Index refers only to Sherry’s <i>Treatise</i>. Since the +two texts have no connection except that Sherry is assumed to be the +translator of the Erasmus essay, they have been made into separate +e-texts.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#intro">Introduction</a> (1961)<br> +<a href = "#contents">Contents</a> (1961)<br> +<a href = "#treatise">Main Text</a><br> +<a href = "#index">Index</a> (1961)<br> +<a href = "#endnote">Transcriber’s Notes</a></p> + +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/titlepage.png" width = "274" height = "410" +alt = "see text page 1" title = "see text page 1"></p> + +<div class = "title"> + +<h1><span class = "sans">A TREATISE</span></h1> + +<h2><span class = "sans">OF SCHEMES AND TROPES</span><br> +<span class = "smallest">(1550)</span></h2> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h3>RICHARD SHERRY</h3> + +<h6>AND HIS TRANSLATION OF</h6> + +<h2><span class = "sans">THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN</span></h2> + +<h6>BY</h6> + +<h3>DESIDERIUS ERASMUS</h3> + +<p> </p> + +<h6>A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION</h6> + +<h6>WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND INDEX</h6> + +<h6>BY</h6> + +<h3>HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT</h3> + +<h5><i>The University of Michigan</i></h5> + +<p> </p> + +<h5><span class = "smallcaps">Gainesville, Florida</span><br> +SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS<br> +1961</h5> + + +<hr class = "spacer"> + + +<h5>SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS<br> +<span class = "smallcaps">118 N.W. 26th Street<br> +Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.<br> +Harry R. Warfel, General Editor</span></h5> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h6>REPRODUCED FROM A COPY IN<br> +AND WITH THE PERMISSION OF</h6> + +<h5>BODLEIAN LIBRARY</h5> + +<h5><i>Oxford</i></h5> + +<h5><span class = "smallcaps">L.C. Catalog Card Number: +61-5030</span></h5> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h6>MANUFACTURED IN THE U.S.A.<br> +LETTERPRESS BY J. N. ANZEL, INC.<br> +PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY BY EDWARDS BROTHERS<br> +BINDING BY UNIVERSAL-DIXIE BINDERY</h6> + +<hr class = "spacer"> + +</div> + + +<div class = "intro"> + +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +<h3><a name = "intro" id = "intro">INTRODUCTION</a></h3> + + +<p>Richard Sherry’s <i>A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes</i> (1550), +a familiar work of the Renaissance, is primarily thought of as a +sixteenth-century English textbook on the figures. Yet it is also a +mirror of one variation of rhetoric which came to be called the rhetoric +of style. As a representative of this stylistic school, it offers little +that is new to the third part of classical rhetoric. Instead, it carries +forward the medieval concept that ornateness in communication is +desirable; it suggests that figures are tools for achieving this +ornateness; it supplies examples of ornateness to be imitated in writing +and speaking; it supports knowing the figures in order to understand +both secular and religious writings; it proposes that clarity is found +in the figures. In short, the work assisted Englishmen to understand +eloquence as well as to create it.</p> + +<p>Four-fifths of ancient rhetoric is omitted in the <i>Treatise</i>. +The nod is given to elocution. Invention is discussed, but only as a +tool to assist the communicator in amplifying his ideas, as a means to +spin out his thoughts to extreme lengths. Arrangement, memory, and +delivery are overlooked. Accordingly, the <i>Treatise</i> neatly fits +into the category of a Renaissance rhetoric on style. It is this school +which recognized the traditional five Ciceronian parts of rhetoric, but +considered style to be the most significant precept. +<span class = "pagenum">vi</span> +The <i>Treatise</i> is not the first to support an emphasis wholly on +style, nor the foremost. We know that Aristotle’s <i>Rhetoric</i>, +Cicero’s works on rhetoric, and Quintilian’s <i>Institutes</i> discussed +the significance of style, but they had a broad view. However, in +England, about the time of Bede, arose a limited concept that rhetoric +is mainly style, particularly that of the figures. It is this latter +truncated version of rhetoric that the <i>Treatise</i> continues in the +Renaissance. Rhetoric in Sherry’s work has lost its ancient meaning.</p> + +<p>The <i>Treatise</i> is highly prescriptive. It was born in an age of +rules. So much so, that the rhetorician who named his rules and tools +was not out of rapport with the period. This accounts for the rigidity, +the love of classification, and the schematic presentation of the work. +It is nothing more than a highly organized dictionary of ancient, +medieval, and Renaissance schemes and tropes. In fact, the major +variation from previous Latin compilers is to be found in the headnotes +relative to the various kinds of figures. Nor is it as thorough in +handling the figures as its predecessors. It utilizes, however, the +customary Greek and Latin terms and supplies a definition, but here the +similarity with contemporaries and ancients ends. It is weak in +amplification of examples during an age when amplification was +practiced. Sherry economizes by selecting usually one example in support +of a figure while contemporary cataloguers, and ancients for that +matter, are more definitive.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +<p>Whether the work was ever popular within the schools or without is +unclear. Probably it did not have extensive success because only one +issue of the work appeared and a revised edition was brought out in +1555. By contrast, during the sixteenth century, Erasmus’ <i>De +Copia</i> (1512) had at least eleven printings, Mosellanus’ <i>Table</i> +(c. 1529) had at least eight editions, Susenbrotus’ <i>Epitome</i> +(1541) had at least twenty printings, Peacham’s <i>Garden</i> (1577) had +two editions, and Day’s <i>Secretorie</i> (1586) underwent at least five +editions. Some of these works had new editions printed in the +seventeenth century and would seem to reflect a greater public +acceptance than the <i>Treatise</i>. Some were also written in Latin +while Sherry moves in the vernacular. It still was an age of Latin, and +Sherry in part recognized this by his alternate Latin and English +movement in his second rhetoric on style published in 1555. Moreover, +people seemed content to remain with the giants of the Renaissance, +notably Erasmus and his <i>De Copia</i> instead of turning to a lesser +light such as Sherry.</p> + +<p>The <i>Treatise</i> does have merit. The work cannot be judged +entirely by tallying its meager number of editions, its lack of +thoroughness, or its artificial divisions. Its signal contribution rests +upon the fact that it is a pioneering effort at permitting the figures +to march, for the first time, in English. Here Sherry had an opportunity +to provide the English reader with additional words, ideas, and material +to be employed in vernacular communication. His efforts in his works on +rhetoric, the two editions of the <i>Treatise</i>, provided +<span class = "pagenum">viii</span> +the sixteenth century Englishman with the identical schemes and tropes +which had been a heritage of the Latin language since antiquity. Hence +the work can be called a complicated ordering of the figures, but it is +also a sincere attempt to provide in English those figures which would +lend ornateness to the expression of an idea.</p> + +<p>To indicate that the <i>Treatise</i> was part of a continuing school +of rhetoric, we must consider a few rhetoricians subsequent to Sherry’s +work. Indeed, one notices the continuance of dictionaries of figures +which carry the admonition that the usual manner of utterance was to be +despised. Thomas Wilson’s <i>The Arte of Rhetorique</i> (1553), although +preserving the classical idea of rhetoric, also felt the definition of a +figure employed in communication involved the uncommon. Twenty-seven +years subsequent to Sherry, England again has a pure catalogue of the +figures; this is Peacham’s <i>Garden of Eloquence</i>. More elaborate +than the <i>Treatise</i>, it too suggests that rhetoric is decoration. +Continued interest in the stylistic tools is also seen in Puttenham’s +The <i>Arte of English Poesie</i> (1589). When we move to the latter +part of the sixteenth century and then change the genre as exemplified +in Day’s <i>The English Secretorie</i>, we see a stylistic extension to +the art of letter writing which borrowed rhetorical terms and rules and +applied them to written correspondence. The emphasis in these rhetorics +on style is the same: ornateness in communication is achieved through +using the figures.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> +<p>When we look in the opposite direction, to works which preceded +Sherry, the figures, definitions, and examples in the <i>Treatise</i> +derive more from contemporaries than from the ancients. It relies +extensively upon intermediaries. Sherry explains that Erasmus and +Mosellanus will be major sources. Hence the <i>De Copia</i>, the +<i>Ecclesiastae</i>, and the <i>Tabulae de schematibus et tropis</i> are +used with regularity. Although further removed in time, the <i>Rhetorica +ad Herennium</i> is the primary ancient source. But beyond this +first-hand reliance on the ancients, examples from Vergil, Cicero, and +Terence, to mention several, as well as definitions of the figures, +depend heavily upon neo-classical intermediaries.</p> + +<p>Appended to the text on the figures of rhetoric is a seemingly +gratuitous section entitled “That chyldren oughte to be taught and +brought vp gently in vertue and learnynge, and that euen forthwyth from +theyr natiuitie: a declamacion of a briefe theme, by Erasmus of +Roterodame.” This essay occupies almost two-thirds of the +<i>Treatise</i> and receives its first English translation from the +Latin at the hands of Sherry. William Woodward in his <i>Desiderius +Erasmus Concerning the Aim and Method of Education</i> gave us another +English translation in 1904. One other translation, in German, by August +Israel, is entitled “Vortrag über die Nothwendigkeit, die Knaben gleich +von der Geburt an in einer für Freigeborne würdigen Weise sittlich und +wissenschaftlich ausbilden zu lassen.”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +<p>The reason for the inclusion of the Erasmian essay is never clearly +stated in the other sections of the <i>Treatise</i>. Nor do the other +translators suppose a reason. From the internal evidence of the essay +and from headnotes preceding it, we may assume that the purpose is one +of supplying readers with an example of amplification of a brief theme, +first illustrated in miniature, and then full blown into a long +declamation. The essay does not appear to be illustrating the numerous +figures discussed in the initial section of the work.</p> + +<p>Of Sherry we know little. Beyond the dates in the DNB, we infer from +his works that he had an intense interest in English and had a desire +for his countrymen to communicate well in the vernacular. He was +interested in religion, was most likely a Protestant, and hoped to +continue an interest in religion which he developed in his youth. He was +also a teacher. And although Latin was still a living language, the task +of inculcating a new tongue in the students fell to the schoolmaster; +Sherry was active in this capacity. This does not weaken an acclamation +we possess of the man: “He was a Person elegantly learned.”</p> + +<p class = "right smallcaps">Herbert W. Hildebrandt</p> + +<p><i>The University of Michigan<br> +February 25, 1960</i></p> + +<hr class = "spacer"> + +<span class = "pagenum">xi</span> +<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">TABLE OF CONTENTS</a></h3> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "contents"> +<tr> +<td> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes</span><br> +by <i>Richard Sherry</i></p> +</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Introduction</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page2">2</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Eloquucion</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page17">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Of Evidence and Plainness</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#euidence">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Of the Three Kyndes of Style</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#style_kinds">21</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Scheme and Figure</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#scheme_figure">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Faute</td> +<td class = "number"><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘33’"><a href = "#faute">32</a></ins></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Garnyshyng and His Kyndes</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#garnyshyng">38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Figures of Sentence</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#figure_sentence">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "inset"> +Proves</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#probacions">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p> +<span class = "smallcaps">The Education of Children</span><br> +by <i>Desiderius Erasmus</i></p></td> +<td class = "number"> +<ins class = "correction" title = "separate e-text">97</ins></td> +</tr> +</table> + +</div> + + + +<!-- larger type through pg 16 --> + +<div class = "titlepage"> +<a name = "page1" id = "page1"> </a> + +<p class = "center"> +<a name = "treatise" id = "treatise"> +<span class = "giant">¶ A treatise</span></a><br> +<span class = "largest">of Schemes & Tropes</span><br> +<span class = "larger">very profytable</span><br> +for the better vnderstanding of good<br> +authors, gathered out of the best<br> +Grammarians & Oratours<br> +by Rychard Sherry Lon<br> +doner.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +¶ Whervnto is added a declamacion,<br> +That chyldren euen strayt frõ their<br> +infancie should be well and gent-<br> +ly broughte vp in learnynge.<br> +Written fyrst in Latin<br> +by the most excel-<br> +lent and<br> +famous Clearke, Erasmus<br> +of Rotero-<br> +dame.</p> + +</div> + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">2</span> +<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "dedic" id = "dedic" href = "#dedictext"> +<img src = "images/dedic2.png" width = "269" height = "116" +alt = "see end of text"></a></p> + +<div class = "treatise_intro"> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +The tytle of thys worcke straunge.</span> +<span class = "titlecap"> +<img src = "images/capI_2.png" width = "94" height = "94" +alt = "I"></span> +Doubt not but that the title of this treatise all straunge vnto our +Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at the fyrst syghte to maruayle what +the matter of it should meane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe of +iudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so casting it hastily from +thẽ, wil not once vouchsafe to reade it: and if they do, yet perceiuynge +nothing to be therin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but a +tryfle, & a +<span class = "pagenum reprint">3</span> +<span class = "folionum">A.ii.</span> +<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a> +tale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as I doubte not to fynde manye, so +perhaps there wyll be other, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, +wyll thynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what is contained +therin. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Sheme and Trope.</span> +These words, <a name = "scheme" id = "scheme"><i>Scheme</i></a> and +<a name = "trope" id = "trope"><i>Trope</i></a>, are not vsed in our +Englishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Vse maketh straũge thinges familier.</span> +No more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by continual vse, very +familier to most men, and come so often in speakyng, that aswel is +knowen amongest vs the meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure owne +natiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys worde Paraphrasis, +homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wyth manye other +<span class = "pagenum reprint">4</span> +<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a> +lyke? And what maruail is it if these words haue not bene vsed +heretofore, seynge there was no suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue +where vnto they shuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyue +thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men, whych by their greate +studye enrychynge our tongue both wyth matter and wordes, haue +endeuoured to make it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye +compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Oure language falsely accused of barbarousnes.</span> +It is not vnknowen that oure language for the barbarousnes and lacke of +eloquence hathe bene complayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut +in the toungue it selfe, but +<span class = "pagenum reprint">5</span> +<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a> +rather for slackenes of our coũtrimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by +searchyng out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many in it: +as plainly doth appere not only by the most excellent monumentes of our +aũciẽt forewriters, +<span class = "sidenote"> +Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate.</span> +Gower, Chawcer and Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of many other +later: +<span class = "sidenote"> +Syr Thomas Elyot.</span> +inespeciall of y<sup>e</sup> ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, +which first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye searchinge oute the +copye of oure language in all kynde of wordes and phrases, after that +setting abrode goodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge and industrye, +aswell in historycall knowledge, as of eyther the Philosophies, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">6</span> +<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a> +hathe herebi declared the plentyfulnes of our mother toũge, loue toward +hys country, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles. What shuld I +speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat? which beside most excellente +gyftes bothe of fortune and bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys +natiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wyth whome he lyued, so +was he lykelye to haue bene equal wyth anye other before hym, had not +enuious death to hastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al men +verely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and stable, but that +quicklye it may be ouerthrowen and broughte to the grounde. Manye other +there be yet lyuynge +<span class = "pagenum reprint">7</span> +<span class = "folionum">A.iiii.</span> +<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a> +whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs to be wordes apte and +mete elogantly to declare oure myndes in al kindes of Sciences: and +that, what sentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englyshe +oracion natural, and holpẽ by art, wherby it may most eloquẽtly be +vttered. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The occasion of thys <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘trea/ ise’ at line break with invisible ‘t’">treatise</ins>.</span> +Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke wyth you, Master Brooke, +among other matters this present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in +place, and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable and pleasaunte +if they were gathered together, and handsomelye set in a playne ordre, +and wyth theire descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue. +<span class = "pagenum reprint">8</span> +<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a> +<!-- newline --> And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted with +them, when I red them to other in y<sup>e</sup> Latin, and that they +holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goode authores, I was so +muche the more ready to make them speak English, partli to renew the +pleasure of mine old studies, and partelye to satysfy your request.<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +Rodulphus Agricola.</span> +¶ Beside this, I was moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous +clarke Rodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistle wryten vnto a +frynde of hys, exhorteth mẽ what soeuer they reade in straunge tongues, +diligently to translate the same into their owne language: because that +in it we <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: ‘sooner’">sonar</ins> perceiue if there +<span class = "pagenum reprint">9</span> +<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a> +be any faute in our speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly +hangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, and superfluously wryttẽ. No +lerned nacion hath there bene but y<sup>e</sup> learned in it haue +written of schemes & fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except +thei had perceyued the valewe.<br> +¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle lesure, I red +ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of those which wrot long ago, as of other +now in our daies: fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer +brieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Mosellain.</span> +Mosellane hathe in hys tables shewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so +hathe confoũded them together, that his +<span class = "pagenum reprint">10</span> +<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a> +second order called of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians +then to hys purpose. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Quintilian.</span> +Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the Gramatical and rhetorical +Shemes, but so that you may soone perceyue he did it by the waye, as +muche as serued hys purpose. <!-- newline --> +<span class = "sidenote"> +Cicero.</span> +Cicero in hys boke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquence hathe +so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may be tryed oute by theyr +names, or by theyr exãples. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Erasmus.</span> +Erasmus in hys double copye of words and thynges, hath made as +y<sup>e</sup> tytle declareth but a comentarye of them bothe, and as it +wer a litle bil of remembraũce. <!-- newline --> Wherefore to make these +thinges more playne to y<sup>e</sup> students +<span class = "pagenum reprint">11</span> +<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a> +that lyst to reade them in oure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, +more thorowelye to try the definicions, to apply the examples more +aptly, & to make things <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: variant of ‘diffused’?">defused</ins> more plaine, as in dede +it shal ryght wel apere to the dylygente. I haue not translated +them orderly out of anye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe +many, and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them into this body +as you se, and set them in so playne an order, that redelye maye be +founde the figure, and the vse wherevnto it serueth. <!-- newline --> +Thoughe vnto greate wittes occupyed with weightye matters, they do not +greatelye pertayne, yet to such as perchaũce shal not haue perfecte +instructoures, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">12</span> +<a name = "page12" id = "page12"> </a> +they may be commodious to helpe them selues for y<sup>e</sup> better +vnder­standynge of such good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys +darre I saye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as he shulde be, +wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmuche as al togethers they belonge +to Eloquucion, whyche is the thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. +The common scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vnto their +scholers: <i>Hic est figura</i>: and sometyme to axe them, <i>Per quam +figuram?</i> But what profit is herein if they go no further? In +speakynge and wrytynge nothyng is more folyshe than to affecte or fondly +to laboure to speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe the +<span class = "pagenum reprint">13</span> +<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a> +proper vse of speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with as playne +wordes as maye be. +<span class = "sidenote"> +A figure not to be vsed but for a cause.</span> +But syth it so chaunseth y<sup>t</sup> somtyme ether of necessitie, or +to set out the matter more plaĩly we be compelled to speake otherwyse +then after common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in the sence or +meaninge of the mater that excellente authors do wryghte of, we muste +nedes runne to the helpe of schemes & fygures: which verely come no +sildomer in the writing and speaking of eloquente english men, then +either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges might I brynge in to proue +not onely a great profyt to be in them but that they are to be learned +euen of necessitie, for as muche +<span class = "pagenum reprint">14</span> +<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a> +as not only prophane authors wythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but +that also they greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holye scripture, +where if you be ignoraunte in the fyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are +lyke in manye greate doubtes to make but a slender solucion: +<span class = "sidenote"> +Westimerus</span> +as ryght wyll do testefy <i>Castelio Vestimerus</i> and +<span class = "sidenote"> +Augustinus</span> +y<sup>t</sup> noble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue not +made the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyer is it shoulde +haue ben, and that I haue but brieflye touched, and as it were with my +litle fynger poynted to these thinges, which require a lẽger +declaracion. For what can be hasted, and absolute to? <!-- newline --> +But if God spare me lyfe, I +<span class = "pagenum reprint">15</span> +<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a> +truste hereafter to make it an introducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye +shall saue that moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander by them +selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry and varyous authors: but that +also thei shalbe able better to vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye +gyftes and ornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: error for ‘An’">And</ins> apte similitude.</span> +For as lyke plesure is not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye garden +garnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers, and that there doeth +no more but beholde them, of whome it maye be sayde that he wente in for +nothynge but that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde the +corporall eie pleasure, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">16</span> +<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a> +knoeth of eueri one the name & propertye: so verelye much difference +is there in readynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of menne that +do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathe he whiche vseth arte +and iudgement, then the other, whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth +them ouer but for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wanteth also the +fruite and delectacyon that he more amplye myghte obtayne. The lyuynge +God from whome all good giftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all +oure words and speache, that it may be to his honour and glory for euer +and euer. Amen.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div treatise_intro --> + +<p class = "center">¶ Geuen at London the.<br> +xiii. day of Decembre.<br> +Anno .M.D.L.</p> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">17</span> +<span class = "folionum">B.i.</span> +<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "tropestitle" id = "tropestitle" href = "#tropestext"> +<img src = "images/text17.png" width = "256" height = "77" +alt = "see end of text"></a></p> + + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "eloquucion" id = "eloquucion">Eloquucion</a></span> +<span class = "titlecap"> +<img src = "images/capE_17.png" width = "124" height = "131" +alt = "E"></span> +<i>Loquucion</i>, which the Greekes call Phrase, whereof also the name +of eloquence dothe ryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also is +it the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche is seene that diuine +myghte and vertue of an oratoure, whych as Cicero in hys oratorie +particions defineth, is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. +For vnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges, bothe it addeth +a fulnes, and varietie: it setteth oute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of +eloquent speche, the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very graue +sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated, and wel soundyng, it +bryngeth that greate fludde of eloquence vnto a certein kynd of stile +<span class = "pagenum reprint">18</span> +<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a> +and indyghtyng. And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, not only +must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but also take hede of placinge, and +settinge them in order. <!-- newline --> For the myghte and power of +eloquucion consisteth in wordes considered by them selues, and when they +be ioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste be founde oute, and +after by diligence conueniently coupled. For there is a garnyshynge, +euen when they be pure and fyne by them selues, and an other, whẽ they +be ioyned together. <!-- newline --> To chose thẽ oute finely, and +handsomlye to bestow them in their places, after the mynde of Cicero and +Quintilian, is no easy thynge. So Marcus Antonius was wonte to say, that +he had knowen many wel spoken men, but none eloquente. ¶ Tullye and +Quintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposiciõ were the partes of a +wytty and prudent man, but eloquence of an oratour. <!-- newline --> For +howe to finde out matter, and set it in order, may be comen to all men, +whyche eyther make abridgementes +<span class = "pagenum reprint">19</span> +<span class = "folionum">B.ii.</span> +<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a> +of the excellent workes of aunciente wryters, and put histories in +remẽbraunce, or that speake of anye matter them selues: but to vtter the +mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is a gyft geuen to very fewe. +And because we haue deuided eloquucion into two partes, that is, <a name += "worde_symple" id = "worde_symple">wordes symple</a>, or considered by +them selues, and <a name = "worde_compound" id = +"worde_compound">compound</a> or ioyned together in speache, accordyng +to thys we saye, that euerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre +poyntes: euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte of eloquucion, +composicion & dignitie, which belongeth to the other.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "euidence" id = "euidence"> +Of Euidence and plainenes.</a></h5> + +<p>Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thys be the fyrste +care, to speake euidentlye after the dignitye and nature of thynges, and +to vtter suche wordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no man may +iustely reprehende. The playne and euident speche is learned of +Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracion pure, and without all faute, and +maketh that euerye +<span class = "pagenum reprint">20</span> +<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a> +thyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, and clerelye. Euerye +speche standeth by vsuall wordes that be in vse of daylye talke, and +proper wordes that belonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke. +<!-- newline --> Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the name +of the thing, but much more to the strength and power of the +significacion: & must be considered not by hearyng, but by +vnderstandyng. So translacion in the whych comonly is the greatest vse +of eloquuciõ, applieth wordes not <ins class = "correction" title = +"text unchanged: error for ‘thẽ’?">the</ins> selfe proper thinges. <!-- +newline --> But yet an vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in +the oracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (as Cicero sayeth) +oftentymes the oracion may seme greater, and of more antiquitie, for +that Poetes do speake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it is +righte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cõmitted in euerye +language, whereby it is not pure: Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the +whych, that on is committed, when anye worde is fautely spoken or +writen: +<span class = "pagenum reprint">21</span> +<span class = "folionum">B.iii.</span> +<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a> +that other, when in many wordes ioyned together, the worde that foloweth +is not wel applyed to that that goeth before. Of composicion and +dygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come to the figures of +rethoryque.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "style_kinds" id = "style_kinds"> +Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge.</a></h5> + +<p>Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oraciõ, we thinke +good, bryeflye, to shewe you of the thre kyndes of stile or endyghting, +in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that +there be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekes characters, of vs +figures, I trowe there is no man, though he be meanlye learned, but +he knoweth, namely when we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Greke +and latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to haue folowed for the mooste +parte sundrye sortes of wrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there +hath bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge: The greate, +the small, the meane.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">22</span> +<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a> +<h5><a name = "style_greate" id = "style_greate"> +The greate kynde.</a></h5> + +<p>The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kynde of +endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuine power of oracion, +is vsed in wayghty causes: for it hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye +garnyshed wordes, proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych ar +handled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and it hathe exornations +bothe of woordes and sentences, wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye +great strength and grauitie. <!-- newline --> And they that vse thys +kynde, bee vehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted and readye +thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes. <!-- newline --> Thys kynd dyd +Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus +Annius Milo, for Caius Rabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, +agaynste Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes fall into +fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graue oracion, whych swelleth, and +is puffed vp, whych vseth straunge wordes hardelye translated, or to +<span class = "pagenum reprint">23</span> +<span class = "folionum">B.iiii.</span> +<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a> +olde, and that be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke, +or more graue then the thing requyreth.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "style_small" id = "style_small">The small kynde.</a></h5> + +<p>The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile, pressed, and fyled +oracion, meete for causes that be a lytel sharper then are in the comon +vse of speakynge. For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen +to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng. It hathe fyne +sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng all thynges, and makynge them more +playne, not more ample. ¶ And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth +in hys oratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and of purpose lyke +the rude and vnskylfull: <!-- newline --> Other in that leaues are +trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge also and garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys +kynde in hys philosophicall disputacions, in the oraciõ for Quincius for +Roscius y<sup>e</sup> Comedy plaier, & Terẽce, & Plautus in +their Comedies. <!-- newline --> Such as cã not hãdsomly vse them +<span class = "pagenum reprint">24</span> +<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a> +selues in that mery conceyted slendernes of wordes, fall into a drye and +feble kynde of oracion.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "style_meane" id = "style_meane">The meane kynde.</a></h5> + +<p>The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of the lower, and +yet not of the loweste, and moste comen wordes and sentẽces. <!-- +newline --> And it is ryghtyly called the temperate kynde of speakyng, +because it is very nygh vnto the small, and to the greate kynde, +folowyng a moderacion and temper betwyxt thẽ. <!-- newline --> And it +foloweth as we saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracion wyth +small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences. Cicero vseth thys for +the lawe of Manilius, for Aulus Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste +of all in hys bookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to the +kynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute, because it waueth +hyther and thyther, as it were wythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng +surely in no poynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearer to +take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">25</span> +<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a> +and comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "scheme_figure" id = "scheme_figure"> +Of Schemes and Tropes.</a></h5> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "scheme2" id = "scheme2">Scheme</a></span> +Scheme is a Greke worde, and signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture +that daunsers vse to make, whẽ they haue won the best game, but by +translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion, and shape of anye thynge +expressed in wrytynge or payntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the +fashion of a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten or spoken +then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and that thre sũdry waies: by +figure, faute, vertue.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "fygure" id = "fygure">Figure.</a></h5> + +<p>Fygure, of Scheme y<sup>e</sup> fyrst part, is a behaueoure, maner, +or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, or wordes after some new wyse, +other thẽ men do commenlye vse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes. +Dianoias, that is of sentence, and <a name = "lexeos" id = +"lexeos">Lexeos</a> of worde.</p> + +<p>Figure of <a name = "dianoias" id = "dianoias">Dianoias</a>, or +sentence, because it properlye belongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of +it hereafter in place conuenient, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">26</span> +<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a> +now wyll we entrete of the figure Lexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth +to the Gramarians.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "figure_lexeos" id = "figure_lexeos">Figure of +worde.</a></h5> + +<p>Figure Lexeos, or of <a name = "worde" id = "worde">worde</a>, is +when in speakyng or wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe +or straunge, otherwyse then after y<sup>e</sup> comen custume: & is +of <ins class = "correction" title = "first . missing">.ii.</ins> +kyndes; diccion, & construccion.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "diccion" id = "diccion">Figure of Diccion.</a></h5> + +<p>Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word, either written +or pronoũced: & hath these partes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "prosthesis" id = "prosthesis">Prosthesis.</a></span> +<a name = "appositio" id = "appositio"><i>Appositio</i></a>, apposiciõ, +the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at the begynnyng of a +worde, as: He all to bewretched hym.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "apheresis" id = "apheresis">Apheresis</a></span> +<a name = "ablatio" id = "ablatio"><i>Ablatio</i></a>, the takynge awaye +of a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde, of a letter, +when we say: The pẽthesis of thys house is to low, for the epenthesis. +Wher note this y<sup>e</sup> word pẽthesis is a greke worde, & yet +is vsed as an englishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis by these +figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole word beynge as is before, +epenthesis, so called because +<span class = "pagenum reprint">27</span> +<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a> +it is betwyxt y<sup>e</sup> lyght & vs, as in al occupiers shops +cõmenli it is.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epenthesis" id = "epenthesis">Epenthesis.</a></span> +<a name = "interpositio" id = "interpositio"><i>Interpositio</i></a>, +when a letter is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the +laste, as: Relligiõ for religion, relliques for reliques.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "syncope" id = "syncope">Syncope.</a></span> +<a name = "consicio" id = "consicio"><i>Consicio</i></a>, contrary to +Epenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from the myddeste of the worde, +as: Idolatry for <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Idololatty’">Idololatry</ins>.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "proparalepsis" id = "proparalepsis">Proparalepsis.</a></span> +<a name = "preassumpcio" id = "preassumpcio"><i>Preassumpcio</i></a>, +when a sillable is added to a word, the significacion of the worde +therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slacken his matters, for to +slacke his matters.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "apocope" id = "apocope">Apocope.</a></span> +<a name = "absissio" id = "absissio"><i>Absissio</i></a>, y<sup>e</sup> +cuttyng away of a letter or sillable frõ the end of a word, as: She is a +wel fayr may, for maid.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "ectasis" id = "ectasis">Ectasis.</a></span> +<a name = "extensio" id = "extensio"><i>Extensio</i></a>, the making lõg +of a sillable whych by nature is short, as: This was ordeined by acte, +for ordined.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "systole" id = "systole">Systole.</a></span> +<a name = "contractio" id = "contractio"><i>Contractio</i></a>, the +makynge short of a sillable which bi nature is lõg, as He is a man of +good perseueraũce: wher some men cõmit .ii. fautes at once, one +y<sup>t</sup> they take perseueraũce for knoweledge, which signifieth +<span class = "pagenum reprint">28</span> +<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a> +alwais cõtinuance, an other y<sup>t</sup> they make this sillable (ue) +short, where it is euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde, +adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it is alwayes longe, as when +they saye: I defye hym, and all his adherentes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "synolephe" id = "synolephe">Synolephe.</a></span> +<a name = "delecio" id = "delecio"><i>Delecio</i></a>, puttynge oute, +when .ii. vowels comyng together, the first is as it were put out: as +thone and thother, for the one and the other.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "antisthecon" id = "antisthecon">Antisthecon.</a></span> +<a name = "littera_pro_littera" id = "littera_pro_littera"><i>Littera +pro littera.</i></a> One letter for an other, as akecorne for +okecorne.</p> + +<p><a name = "transposicio" id = "transposicio"><i>Transposicio.</i></a> +Transposing of letters in wrytynge, as chambre, for chamber.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "construccion" id = "construccion"> +Figure of construccion.</a></h5> + +<p>Figure of construccion is when the order of construccion is otherwyse +then after the comen maner. <!-- newline --> And the kyndes be +these.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "prolepsis" id = "prolepsis">Prolepsis.</a></span> +<a name = "presumpcio" id = "presumpcio"><i>Presumpcio</i></a>, a +takynge before, or generall speakynge of those thynges whych afterwardes +be declared more perticulerlye: as, in the meane seasõ that kyng Henry +rode royally to Calais on a sumpteous +<span class = "pagenum reprint">29</span> +<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a> +courser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot was caried to Boloygne.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "zeugma" id = "zeugma">Zeugma.</a></span> +<a name = "iunctio" id = "iunctio"><i>Iunctio</i></a>, ioynyng, as +Linacer sayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyng that is +put in the one, and not chaunged in the other is not expressed, but +lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. Before I forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian +shall drynke of the flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is left out, +shall drynke. <!-- newline --> Or to define it more playnelye. ¶ <a +name = "iniunctio" id = "iniunctio"><i>Iniunctio</i></a>, is when the +verbe in diuerse lyke sentences is referred to one: and that thre maner +of waies.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "presozeugma" id = "presozeugma"><ins class = "correction" +title = "text unchanged: usual form is ‘Prozeugma’">Presozeugma.</ins></a></span> +Fyrste when it is set before, and is called <a name = "preiunctio" id = +"preiunctio"><i>preiunctio</i></a>, as: There dyd ouercome in hym, +lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare, madnesse hys reason.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "mesozeugma" id = "mesozeugma">Mesozeugma.</a></span> +Secondlye when it is set in the middes, & is called, <a name = +"media_iunctio" id = "media_iunctio"><i>Media iunctio</i></a>, as +bewtye, eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "hypozeugma" id = "hypozeugma">Hypozeugma.</a></span> +Thyrdly whẽ it is put in the end and is called <a name = "postiunctio" +id = "postiunctio"><i>Postiunctio</i></a>, as bewtie by syckenes, by +sorowe, or by age decayeth.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">30</span> +<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "diazeugma" id = "diazeugma">Diazeugma.</a></span> +<a name = "disiunctio" id = "disiunctio"><i>Disiunctio</i></a>, +disiunccion, when of those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, or +eche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe, thus: The people +of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrew Cartage, cast downe Corinth, and +raced Fregels. Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth the +mynd.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "silepsis" id = "silepsis">Silepsis</a>.</span> +<a name = "concepcio" id = "concepcio"><i>Concepcio</i></a>, when in +vnlike clauses a certeyn cõmon thynge that is put in one of thẽ, can not +agre with the other, excepte it be chaunged. <!-- newline --> But thys +is more playne in the latine because of the concordes, albeit in +englyshe for the verbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and the Kynge +was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutte of: In the whyche +sentences the verbe agreeth wyth the nexte.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epergesis" id = "epergesis">Epergesis.</a></span> +<a name = "appositio2" id = "appositio2"><i>Appositio</i></a>, when two +substãtiues are put together immediatly withoute any verbe betwyxt, the +one to declare the other, as in Vyrgyll. ¶ Coridõ loued faire +Alexis his masters darlynge.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Hyperbation’"> +<a name = "hyperbaton" id = "hyperbaton">Hyperbaton</a></ins></span> +<a name = "transgressio" id = "transgressio"><i>Transgressio</i></a>, +when the ryghte +<span class = "pagenum reprint">31</span> +<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a> +order of wordes is troubled, & hath these kyndes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "anastrophe" id = "anastrophe">Anastrophe.</a></span> +<a name = "reuersio" id = "reuersio"><i>Reuersio</i></a>, a preposterous +order of the woordes contrarye to the good order of speakyng, as: He +fell from of the wall, for he fel of from the walle.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "hysterologia" id = "hysterologia">Hysterologia.</a></span> +<a name = "prepostera_loquutio" id = "prepostera_loquutio"><i>Prepostera +loquutio</i></a>, when y<sup>t</sup> that is done afterwardes, is set in +speaking in the former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "tmesis" id = "tmesis">Tmesis</a></span> +<a name = "dissectio" id = "dissectio"><i>Dissectio</i></a>, a cutting, +when the ioynyng of a compound worde is losed by putting somewhat +betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as here shal appere after, for +hereafter. He shal by punyshed what man so euer offẽdeth, for whatsoeuer +man.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "parenthesis" id = "parenthesis">Parenthesis</a></span> +<a name = "interpositio2" id = "interpositio2"><i>Interpositio</i></a>, +Interposicion, is a dissoluciõ of the order of the words by putting a +sentence betwixt, as: The man (I speke it for no harme) wyl somtime +haue his owne wyll.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "eclipsis" id = "eclipsis">Eclipsis.</a></span> +<a name = "defectus" id = "defectus"><i>Defectus</i></a>, when somewhat +lacketh in speakyng, but cõmenlye vsed to be vnderstand, as: Good +morowe, good nyght.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "antiptosis" id = "antiptosis">Antiptosis.</a></span> +<a name = "casus_pro_casu" id = "casus_pro_casu"><i>Casus pro +casu</i></a>, when one case is +<span class = "pagenum reprint">32</span> +<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a> +putte for another, as me thynke it is so.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "faute" id = "faute">Faute.</a></h5> + +<p>Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were a faute, which +though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet in prose it is not to be suffered. +<!-- newline --> The kyndes bee these: obscure, inordinate, +barbarous.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "obscure" id = "obscure">Obscure and hys partes.</a></h5> + +<p>Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eyther of the wordes, +or of the settynge of them, and these ben the partes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "acyrologia" id = "acyrologia">Acyrologia.</a></span> +<a name = "improprietas" id = "improprietas"><i>Improprietas</i></a>, +when a worde nothynge at all in hys proper significacion is broughte +into a sentence as a cloude: as you shall haue syxe strypes you longe +for.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "pleonasmus" id = "pleonasmus">Pleonasmus.</a></span> +<a name = "superabundancia" id = +"superabundancia"><i>Superabundancia</i></a>, when y<sup>e</sup> +sentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, he spake it wyth his +mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "perissologia" id = "perissologia">Perissologia.</a></span> +<a name = "sermo_superfluus" id = "sermo_superfluus"><i>Sermo +superfluus</i></a>, when a sentẽce is added, y<sup>e</sup> matter therby +made neuer the waightyer, as y<sup>e</sup> Embassadours obteining no +peace, returned backe home, frõ whẽce they came.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">33</span> +<span class = "folionum">C.i.</span> +<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "tautologia" id = "tautologia">Tautologia.</a></span> +<a name = "inutilis_repeticio" id = "inutilis_repeticio"><i>Inutilis +repeticio eiusdem</i></a>, is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe +in all one sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede, Cicero also +fell into, as in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius. Therefore that +iudgemẽt was not lyke a iudgemẽt O Iudges.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "homiologia" id = "homiologia">Homiologia.</a></span> +<a name = "sermo_similis" id = "sermo_similis"><i>Sermo ubique sui +similis</i></a>, a greater faute then the other, is when the whole +matter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoyde tediousnes, as: He +came thither to y<sup>e</sup> bath, yet he saide afterwardes. Here one +seruaunt bet me. Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider. +<!-- newline --> Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and more +when manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of a tale shall you +heare in many simple & halfe folyshe persons.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "amphibologia" id = "amphibologia">Amphibologia.</a></span> +<a name = "ambiguitas" id = "ambiguitas"><i>Ambiguitas</i></a>, when +thorow faute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whych the verbe +belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym better then hys mother.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "periergia" id = "periergia">Periergia.</a></span> +<a name = "sedulitas_superflua" id = "sedulitas_superflua"><i>Sedulitas +superflua</i></a>, when ther is in speakyng to much diligence and +<span class = "pagenum reprint">34</span> +<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a> +curiositye, and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes, whiche +faute is the same, or verye lyke to that, +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "macrologia" id = "macrologia">Macrologia</a></span> +that is called <i>Macrologia</i>, whych is when the sentence vpon desyre +to seme fyne and eloquent, is longer then it shulde be.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "inordinate" id = "inordinate"> +Inordinate and his partes.</a></h5> + +<p>Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lacketh in the wordes: +and the kyndes ben these:</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "tapinosis" id = "tapinosis">Tapinosis.</a></span> +<a name = "humiliatio" id = "humiliatio"><i>Humiliatio</i></a>, when the +dygnitye of the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: as if we +shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If it please your +mastershyp.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "aschrologia" id = "aschrologia">Aschrologia.</a></span> +<a name = "turpis_loquutio" id = "turpis_loquutio"><i>Turpis +loquutio</i></a>, when the words be spoken, or ioyned together, that +they may be wronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not to put +any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soone fynde inowe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "cacozelia" id = "cacozelia">Cacozelia.</a></span> +<a name = "mala_affectatio" id = "mala_affectatio"><i>Mala +affectatio</i></a>, euyll affectaciõ or leude folowyng, when the wytte +lacketh iudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner of speaking, runne +into a faute, as when affectyng copy, we fall into a vaine bablynge, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">35</span> +<span class = "folionum">C.ii.</span> +<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a> +or laboryng to be brief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye: +a phrase of building, or an audiẽce of shepe, as a certẽ homely +felow dyd.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "aschematiston" id = "aschematiston">Aschematistõ</a></span> +<a name = "male_figuratum" id = "male_figuratum"><i>Male +figuratum</i></a>, when the oracion is all playne and symple, & +lacketh his figures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne: which +faute is counted of wryters, not amonge the leaste.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "cacosintheton" id = "cacosintheton">Cacosintheton.</a></span> +<a name = "male_collocatum" id = "male_collocatum"><i>Male +collocatum</i></a>, when wordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in +a place wher thei shuld not be.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "soraismus" id = "soraismus">Soraismus.</a></span> +<a name = "cumulatio" id = "cumulatio"><i>Cumulatio</i></a>, a mynglyng +and heapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages into one speche: as +of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, into englyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be +they pure or barbarous. And although great authors somtyme in long +workes vse some of these fautes, yet must not their examples be folowed, +nor brought into a cõmon vsage of speakyng.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "barbarie" id = "barbarie">Barbarie and hys +partes.</a></h5> + +<p>Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche frõ his purenes, and +maketh it foule and rude, and the partes be these.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">36</span> +<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "barbarismus" id = "barbarismus">Barbarismus.</a></span> +Barbarismus is, when a worde is either naughtely wrytten or pronoũced +cõtrary to the ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done by +addicion, detracciõ, chaunging, transposynge, eyther of a letter, +a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraciõ. <!-- newline --> Hereof we +haue shewed exampels partly wher they be called figures, and partly, +doute ye not, but both the speakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll +gyue you inow. <!-- newline --> Hytherto be referred the fautes of euil +pronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng, or contrarye of +speakyng in the mouth.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "solecismus" id = "solecismus">Solecismus.</a></span> +<a name = "inconueniens_structura" id = +"inconueniens_structura"><i>Inconueniens structura</i></a>, is an vnmete +and vnconuenient ioynynge together the partes of spech in construccion, +whych is marked by all thynges that belong to the partes of speche: as +when one parte is put for another, when gender for gender, case for +case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode, number for number, aduerbe for +aduerbe, preposicion for preposiciõ, whych because it is vsed of famous +authores, instede of fautes, be called figures.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">37</span> +<span class = "folionum">C.iii.</span> +<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a> + +<h5><a name = "vertue" id = "vertue">Vertue.</a></h5> + +<p>Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye in speakynge, the +thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when the sentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp +aboue the comen maner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes: +Proprietie and garnyshyng.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "proprietie" id = "proprietie"> +Proprietie and his partes.</a></h5> + +<p>Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion ther be no fautes +committed, but thynges done as they shulde be. The partes bee +proposicion, and accenting.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "analogia" id = "analogia">Analogia.</a></span> +<a name = "proportio" id = "proportio"><i>Proportio</i></a>, proporcion +is, whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. By thys the +barbarous tonge is seperated from the verye true and naturall speche, as +be the fyne metals from the grosser. To speke is no faute, but an +obseruacion or markyng, not leanyng vpõ cause, but vpon example. For in +eloquence, the iudgement of excellẽt men standeth for reason, as saythe +Quintilian in hys fyrst boke.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "tasis" id = "tasis">Tasis.</a></span> +<a name = "extensio2" id = "extensio2"><i>Extensio</i></a>, is that +wherby a swete and pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes +<span class = "pagenum reprint">38</span> +<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a> +of wordes is kepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure or +accent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. This grace specially +perteineth to a turnyng of y<sup>e</sup> voyce in pleasaunte +pronunciation.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "garnyshyng" id = "garnyshyng"> +Garnyshyng and his kyndes.</a></h5> + +<p>Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is whẽ the oraciõ is +gaylye set oute and floryshed w<sup>t</sup> diuerse goodly figures, +causyng much pleasauntnes and delectaciõ to the hearer: and hath two +kyndes, composicion, and exornacion.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "sinthesis" id = "sinthesis">Sinthesis.</a></span> +<a name = "composicion" id = "composicion">Composicion</a> is an apte +settinge together of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of an oracion +to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste be considered that we so order +our wordes, that the sentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word +after a stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase. There is +also a naturall order, as to saye: men & women, daye and nyght, +easte, and weste, rather then backewardes. <!-- newline --> In thys +muste be auoyded also to often comyng together of vowels, which make the +oracion wyde and +<span class = "pagenum reprint">39</span> +<span class = "folionum">C.iiii.</span> +<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a> +gapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in the beginning of wordes, +to much repeting of one word, and that they ende not to much all alyke, +that the sentence be not held on to longe, which werieth the hearer, and +the speaker: nor that manye consonãtes run not to harshely together, +wyth many other, which Cicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys +oratour, and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to put examples were +to longe.</p> + +<p><a name = "exornacion" id = "exornacion">Exornacion</a> is a fyne +polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng thẽ w<sup>t</sup> +diuerse goodly colours and tropes or chaũgings of speach.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "tropes" id = "tropes">Tropes.</a></h5> + +<p>Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures, Tropes also be +comprehended: Neuerthelesse ther is a notable difference betwixt thẽ. In +figure is no alteracion in the wordes frõ their proper significacions, +but only is the oracion & sẽtence made by thẽ more plesaũt, sharpe +& vehemẽt, after y<sup>e</sup> affecciõ of him that speketh or +writeth: to y<sup>e</sup> which vse although tropes also do serue, yet +properlye be they so +<span class = "pagenum reprint">40</span> +<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a> +called, because in them for necessitye or garnyshynge, there is a +mouynge and chaungynge of a worde and sentence, from theyr owne +significaciõ into another, whych may agre wyth it by a similitude. The +former partes ben these.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "metaphora" id = "metaphora">Metaphora.</a></span> +<a name = "translatio" id = "translatio"><i>Translatio</i></a>, +translacion, that is a worde translated from the thynge that it +properlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agre with it by a +similitude. And amonge all vertues of speche, this is the chyefe. +¶ None perswadeth more effecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before +oure eyes more euidently, none moueth more mightily the affeccions, none +maketh the oraciõ more goodlye, pleasaunt, nor copious.</p> + + +<h5>Translacions be diuerse.</h5> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +i.</span> +Some frõ the body to the mynd, as: I haue but lately tasted the +Hebrue tonge, for newely begunne it. <!-- newline --> Also I smell where +aboute you go, for I perceyue.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +ii.</span> +From the reasonable to the vnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe +applyed the counselles and fashion of warres belongynge to +<span class = "pagenum reprint">41</span> +<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a> +men; to bees.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +iii.</span> +From the vnreasonable to the resonable. What whinest thou, what +chatterest thou? That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +iiii.</span> +From the liuinge to the not liuyng. The mouthe of the well, the fatnes +of the earth. The lande wyl spewe them oute.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +v.</span> +From the not lyuynge to the liuyng. Cicero florisheth in eloquẽce.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +vi.</span> +From the liuyng, to the liuynge. The iews winched against Moses.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +vii.</span> +From the not liuinge to the not liuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys +mouth. He is good for a greue wounde.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "catachresis" id = "catachresis">Catachresis.</a></span> +<a name = "abusio" id = "abusio"><i>Abusio</i></a>, when for a certeyne +and proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vnto it, as when we +say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smal matter. Here maye we soone +perceyue that by abusion wee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych +property do belong to vnlyke thinges.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "metalepsis" id = "metalepsis">Metalepsis.</a></span> +<a name = "transsumptio" id = "transsumptio"><i>Transsumptio</i></a>, +Transsũpcion, is when by degrees we go to y<sup>t</sup> that is shewed +as: he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke is vnderstand +<span class = "pagenum reprint">42</span> +<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a> +ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downe and verye depe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "metonomia" id = "metonomia">Metonomia.</a></span> +<a name = "metonomya" id = "metonomya"><i>Metonomya</i></a>, +Transnominacion, when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hys +owne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another: & this is done +diuerse waies.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +i.</span> +When the chiefe master or doar of a thyng is put for y<sup>e</sup> thing +it self, as: Put vpon you the Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas +w<sup>t</sup> me.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +ii.</span> +When the place, or that that cõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in +it, as: All the round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hath not +forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +iii.</span> +When that that is conteyned is put for that that doth conteine, as: The +fryer Austens is goodly buylded, for y<sup>e</sup> house wher +y<sup>e</sup> fryers wer.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +iiii.</span> +When the doer is put for that y<sup>t</sup> is done, as: God brought the +Israelites out of Egypte wyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. +Also: Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +v.</span> +When y<sup>t</sup> is done is put for y<sup>e</sup> doer.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "synecdoche" id = "synecdoche">Synecdoche.</a></span> +<a name = "intellectio" id = "intellectio"><i>Intellectio</i></a>, +Intelleccion whẽ one +<span class = "pagenum reprint">43</span> +<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a> +thyng is vnderstand by another y<sup>t</sup> is of the same maner and +kynd, and this is done many wayes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +i.</span> +When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte, as: Abraham set a calfe before +them, for calues fleshe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +ii.</span> +By a parte the whole, as: He receyued the straũgers vnder the succour of +hys house rofe, for into hys house.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +iii.</span> +By one many, as: The Frenchemã in y<sup>e</sup> batail had the +ouerthrow.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +iiii.</span> +By a kynd y<sup>e</sup> general, as: If thou se thyne enemies Asse fal +vnder his burden, for cattell.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +v.</span> +By the general the kynd: Eue the mother of al liuing things, for of al +mẽ: Preach to al creaturs, to al mẽ<ins class = "correction" title += ". missing"> </ins></p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +vi.</span> +By that goeth before, the thynge that foloweth, as: He set hys spurres +to hys horse, for he rode a pace, or fled faste awaye.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +vii.</span> +By that y<sup>t</sup> foloweth, the thinge wente before, as: I got +it wyth the swete of my face, for w<sup>t</sup> my labour.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +viii.</span> +By the matter, y<sup>e</sup> thynge that is made of it, as: Fleshe and +bloude shewed the not it.<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +ix.</span> +¶ By the signe, y<sup>e</sup> thyng y<sup>t</sup> is signified +<span class = "pagenum reprint">44</span> +<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a> +as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes in the villages smoke a farre of: +wherby Vyrgyl signifieth night to be at hande.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "pronominacio" id = "pronominacio">Pronominacio.</a></span> +<a name = "antonomasia" id = "antonomasia"><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘Antonomasias’"><i>Antonomasia</i></ins></a> is, +whych for y<sup>e</sup> proper name putteth some other word: As: the +Archebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. The Philosopher lyed that +the worlde was eternall, for Aristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be +iustified by faythe, for Paule.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "periphrasis" id = "periphrasis">Periphrasis.</a></span> +<a name = "circuicio" id = "circuicio"><i>Circuicio</i></a>, is a larger +descripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee foule to hyde it, or if +it be bryefe to make it more playn: by etimology, by sygnes, by +definicion<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. +</ins>¶ Example of the fyrste: The prouidẽce of Scipio ouerthrew +y<sup>e</sup> might of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyng sake he +myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrew Carthage. Of the nexte: +When Saule was doyng his busines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hys +busines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y<sup>e</sup> thyrd, you haue the +larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called by the name of thys +figure.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">45</span> +<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a> +<p>By <a name = "etymologie" id = "etymologie">Etymologie</a> or shewyng +the reasõ of the name. Well maye he be called a parasite, for a parasite +is y<sup>t</sup> loueth other because of his meat.</p> + +<p>By <a name = "sygnes" id = "sygnes">sygnes</a>, as when by certeine +notes, we describe anye thynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll saye +that it is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whych bryngeth in palenes +into the coũtenaũce, fiersenes of the eies, and trẽblyng in the +members.</p> + +<p>By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, for Rethorique.</p> + + +<h5>The second parte of Trope.</h5> + +<p><a name = "allegoria" id = "allegoria"><i>Allegoria</i></a>, the +seconde parte of Trope is an inuersion of wordes, where it is one in +wordes, and another in sentence or meanynge.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "aenigma" id = "aenigma">Aenigma.</a></span> +<a name = "sermo_obscurus" id = "sermo_obscurus"><i>Sermo +obscurus</i></a>, a riddle or darke allegorie, as: The halfe is more thẽ +the hole.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "paremia" id = "paremia">Paremia.</a></span> +<a name = "adagium" id = "adagium"><i>Adagium</i></a>, a sayinge muche +vsed and notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in our tale.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "ironia" id = "ironia">Ironia.</a></span> +<a name = "dissimulatio" id = "dissimulatio"><i>Dissimulatio</i></a>, is +a mockyng whiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther by the +pronũciacion, or +<span class = "pagenum reprint">46</span> +<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a> +by the behaueour of the person or by the nature of the thyng, as You are +an honest man in deede.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "sarcasmus" id = "sarcasmus">Sarcasmus.</a></span> +<a name = "amara_irrisio" id = "amara_irrisio"><i>Amara irrisio</i></a>, +is a bitter sporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyng or +scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: The Iewes saide to +Christ, he saued other, but he could not saue hym selfe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "astysmus" id = "astysmus">Astysmus.</a></span> +<a name = "festiua_urbanitas" id = "festiua_urbanitas"><i>Festiua +urbanitas</i></a>, is a certen mery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a +mery felow metynge w<sup>t</sup> one that had a very whyte head, axed +him if he had lyen in the snowe al nyght.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "mycterismus" id = "mycterismus">Mycterismus.</a></span> +<a name = "subsannatio" id = "subsannatio"><i>Subsannatio</i></a>, a +skornyng by some iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, putting +out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "antiphrasis" id = "antiphrasis">Antiphrasis.</a></span> +<a name = "dictio_contrarium_significans" id = +"dictio_contrarium_significans"><i>Dictio cõtrariũ significans</i></a>, +when the mock is in a worde by a contrarye sence, as when we call a +fustilugges, a minion.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "charientismus" id = "charientismus">Charientismus.</a></span> +<a name = "graciosa_nugatio" id = "graciosa_nugatio"><i>Graciosa +nugatio</i></a>, when wordes roughly spokẽ be molified by pleasaunt +wordes: as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye you be +good master to me.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">47</span> +<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a> +<h5><a name = "figure_rethoricall" id = "figure_rethoricall"> +The fyrst order of the</a><br> +figures Rethoricall.</h5> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epanaphora" id = "epanaphora">Epanaphora</a></span> +<a name = "repeticio" id = "repeticio"><i>Repeticio</i></a>, repeticion, +when in lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyng cõtinually at +one & the selfe same word, thus: To you this thyng is to be +ascribed, to you thanke is to be geuen, to you thys thynge shal be +honour. In this exornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, +& it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably setteth oute, and +garnysheth the oracion.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "antistrophe" id = "antistrophe">Antistrophe.</a></span> +<a name = "conuersio" id = "conuersio"><i>Conuersio</i></a>, conuersion +is whych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and the same worde, but +w<sup>t</sup> all one worde styll closeth vp the sentence, & it is +contrary to that other before, as: Sence the time y<sup>e</sup> cõcord +was takẽ awaye from the citie, lyberty was takẽ awai: fidelity was takẽ +away: frẽship was takẽ away.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "symploce" id = "symploce">Symploce.</a></span> +<a name = "complexio" id = "complexio"><i>Cõplexio</i></a>, complexion +cõpriseth both two exornacions, both this, & that whych we declared +before, y<sup>t</sup> both all one fyrste worde shulde be oftẽ repeted, +& we shuld turne often to all one laste word, as: Who toke Sedechias +prisoner, & put out both +<span class = "pagenum reprint">48</span> +<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a> +hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hys felowes into the +burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Who was transformed frõ a man into a +beast, & eate haye wyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "anadiplosis" id = "anadiplosis">Anadiplosis.</a></span> +<a name = "reduplicatio" id = "reduplicatio"><i>Reduplicatio</i></a>, is +a continent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, or wordes, for the more +vehemence, and some affect of the mynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he +liueth, liueth: yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, it +is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also, dareste thou nowe +come into our syght, y<sup>e</sup> traitour of thy cõtrei? Thou traitour +I say of thy contrei, darest thou come into oure syght?</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epanodus" id = "epanodus">Epanodus.</a></span> +<a name = "traduccio" id = "traduccio"><i>Traduccio</i></a>, Traduccion +is, whyche maketh that whẽ all one word is oftentymes vsed, that yet it +doth not onlye not displease the mynde, but also make y<sup>e</sup> +oracion more trim in this wyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, +but prefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y<sup>u</sup> wylt compare +ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynke them meete to be called +ryches, whych ar but hãdmaydens +<span class = "pagenum reprint">49</span> +<span class = "folionum">D.i.</span> +<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a> +to vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swete sauour of Christ. To the one +part are we the sauour of death vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are +we the sauour of lyfe vnto lyfe .ii.Cor.ii.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "sinonimia" id = "sinonimia">Sinonimia</a></span> +<a name = "nominis_communio" id = "nominis_communio"><i>Nominis +cõmunio</i></a>, cõmunion of the word, when we renewe not the selfe same +worde by rehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth an other +word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hast ouerthrowen the comon wealth +euen from the foundacion, and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. +The iuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, and shall be multiplyed +as the Ceder tre. Cicero for <ins class = "correction" title = "leading . in original">.Q.</ins> Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that +poynte of thy swerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what was thy +mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, that burning of thy mynd? what +desiredst y<sup>u</sup>? what wyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys +figure from the other before, only because the wordes be chaũged, the +sentẽce remayning.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">50</span> +<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "sinathrismus" id = "sinathrismus">Sinathrismus.</a></span> +<a name = "frequentacio" id = "frequentacio"><i>Frequentacio</i></a>, +frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersed thorowout all the +cause, are gathered together into one place that y<sup>e</sup> oracion +shulde be the wayghtier, & rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he +without? why shuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is an +harlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte for others, gredy, +intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural to his parentes, vnkynd to hys +frindes, troubleous to hys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, +dysdaynful to his equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, intollerable +to all men.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epiphonesis" id = "epiphonesis">Epiphonesis.</a></span> +<a name = "exclamacio" id = "exclamacio"><i>Exclamacio</i></a>, +exclamaciõ is, whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or of anger, +by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge<ins class = +"correction" title = "? in original">? </ins>Cicero in hys oratour: +O deceitful hope of men, and frayle fortune: & our vayne +contencions, whych oftẽ tymes are broken in the myd way, rushe downe, +and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before they can se the hauen. +Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ, obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">51</span> +<span class = "folionum">D.ii.</span> +<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "areia" id = "areia">Areia.</a></span> +<a name = "execracio" id = "execracio"><i>Execracio</i></a>, execracion: +O fye vpon Idolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto God +alone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Images made by mans +hand.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "deesis" id = "deesis">Deesis.</a></span> +<a name = "obtestacio" id = "obtestacio"><i>Obtestacio</i></a>, +obtestacion, whẽ for God, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to +haue any thynge. <!-- newline --> As Cicero for Publius Sestius: +O I praye you, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, +y<sup>t</sup> as it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsaf to +saue thẽ thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "euche" id = "euche">Euche.</a></span> +<a name = "votum" id = "votum"><i>Votum</i></a>, wyshynge: O wolde +God that the adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whan wyth hys +nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epiplexis" id = "epiplexis">Epiplexis</a></span> +<a name = "increpacio" id = "increpacio"><i>Increpacio</i></a>, Cicero +agaynst Catiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are not knowen? and +that we knowe not what thou dyddest the laste nyghte? and what the +nyghte before?</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "erotesis" id = "erotesis">Erotesis.</a></span> +<a name = "interrogacio" id = "interrogacio"><i>Interrogacio</i></a>, +Euerye interrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, but thys +whyche when +<span class = "pagenum reprint">52</span> +<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a> +those thinges be rehearsed vp whiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, +strengthneth that thynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that he +spake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, whether dyd he put +away our felowes myndes frõ the cõmon wealthe or not?</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "erotema" id = "erotema">Erotema.</a></span> +<a name = "raciocinatio" id = "raciocinatio"><i>Raciocinatio</i></a>, +raciocinacion is, by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, +wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & that oftentymes we +demaund of our selues a declaracion of euery proposicion after thys +maner: Thys was well ordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hys +lyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for the power whyche +fortune had geuen vs, it to consume in the punyshement of them whom the +same fortune a lytle before had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste +reason. <!-- newline --> Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? +I wyl not remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of a valiaunte +man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, them to count enemyes: suche as +be ouercome, those +<span class = "pagenum reprint">53</span> +<span class = "folionum">D.iii.</span> +<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a> +to count mẽ: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitie increase +peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde he haue done so? Verelye he +wolde not haue bene so wyse. Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such +foly I am wont to despise, not to folowe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "prosapodosis" id = "prosapodosis">Prosapodosis.</a></span> +<a name = "subiectio" id = "subiectio"><i>Subiectio</i></a>, when we axe +of oure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answere to our selues +thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? God forbyd. Or compell our +aduersarye to answer thus: O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of +Christe. Wyl you saye that you haue not youre Messias? but your prophets +say the contrarye. Your Types are confoũded. Whom wyl you be iudged by? +by Hystories? Oures declare that you be out of the way, & shall come +agayne to Christ.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "antiphora" id = "antiphora">Antiphora.</a></span> +<a name = "tacite_obiectioni_responsio" id = +"tacite_obiectioni_responsio"><i>Tacite obiectioni responsio.</i></a> +whẽ we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely be obiected agaynst +vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, Penelope wylling her husband +Vlysses to come home hymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he +<span class = "pagenum reprint">54</span> +<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a> +myght haue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuely toke away +y<sup>t</sup> excuse, saying: Troy is destroied.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "aporia" id = "aporia">Aporia.</a></span> +<a name = "dubitatio" id = "dubitatio"><i>Dubitatio</i></a>, Dubitacion; +when wee doute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuld inespecially +speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth at that tyme, whether I shuld saye +the folyshenesse of the consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can +not tell.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "apophasis" id = "apophasis">Apophasis.</a></span> +<a name = "expeditio" id = "expeditio"><i>Expeditio</i></a>, expedicion, +when many reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte be done or not, +the other are taken away, and one left that we entende, thus: It muste +needes bee that thys controuersie touching the sacrament must stand +eyther vpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; or vpon the +meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. The wordes as they stande, brynge +wyth them greate inconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and the other +textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth al these incõueniences, +& satisfieth reason, expositours, & texts of the scripture, +wherfore wyt, expositour, & scripture thinketh it better to take the +sentence, then the worde.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">55</span> +<span class = "folionum">D.iiii.</span> +<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epilogus" id = "epilogus">Epilogus.</a></span> +<a name = "conclusio" id = "conclusio"><i>Conclusio</i></a>, conclusiõ +is, which by a brief argumẽtacion of these thinges that be spoken before +or done, inferreth that thynge that necessarilye shulde folowe, thus: +And if a reuelacion wer geuen to the Troianes, y<sup>t</sup> Troy myght +not be taken without y<sup>e</sup> arowes of Philectetes, and thei did +nothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that in dede was Troy to be +taken.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "epitrope" id = "epitrope">Epitrope.</a></span> +<a name = "permissio" id = "permissio"><i>Permissio</i></a>, permission, +when we shew y<sup>t</sup> we geue & graũt any thyng altogether to a +mans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges takẽ away, only is left vnto +me my body & mynd, these thynges, whych only ar lefte vnto me of +many, I graunte thẽ <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘to/to’ at line break">to</ins> you and to your power.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "anacinosis" id = "anacinosis">Anacinosis.</a></span> +<a name = "communicacio" id = "communicacio"><i>Cõmunicacio</i></a>, +cõmunicacion is, when we leaue sumwhat to y<sup>e</sup> Iudges to be +estemed, thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought what hurt +y<sup>e</sup> cõmõ welth shal take hereof <a name = "diuisio" id = +"diuisio"><i>Diuisio</i></a>, +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "dialisis" id = "dialisis">Dialisis.</a></span> +diuision is which diuiding one thyng frõ another, endeth thẽ both by +shewing a reasõ, thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if +y<sup>u</sup> bee good, y<sup>u</sup> haste not deserued +<span class = "pagenum reprint">56</span> +<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a> +it, if thou be naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld I speake +of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thou do remember them, +I shuld but trouble you: If you haue forgotten them, when by deede +I haue profited nothyng, what good can I do in wordes?</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "antitheton" id = "antitheton">Antitheton.</a></span> +<a name = "contentio" id = "contentio"><i>Contentio</i></a>, contencion, +when the reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries be rehearsed by +cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasaũt begynnynges, but the same hathe +verye bytter endynges. Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not +lyue honestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They that be after the +fleshe, care for these thynges y<sup>t</sup> be of the fleshe. They that +be after the spirite, care for the thynges of the spirite.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "antithesis" id = "antithesis">Antithesis.</a></span> +<a name = "contrarium" id = "contrarium"><i>Contrarium</i></a>, contrary +is, that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y<sup>e</sup> one bryefely +and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyll be an enemy to hys owne +rekenyngs, how shuld a man trust that he wold be a frind to other mens +matters? He that in familiare cõmunicacion and company +<span class = "pagenum reprint">57</span> +<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a> +of hys friendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest thẽ y<sup>t</sup> he wil +absteine from a lye in a cõmon audience.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "colon" id = "colon">Colon.</a></span> +<a name = "membrum_oracionis" id = "membrum_oracionis"><i>Membrum +oracionis</i></a>, a mẽber of the reasõ is so called when a thinge is +shewed perfitely in fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, but +receyued agayne w<sup>t</sup> an other parte, thus: Thou dyddest bothe +profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd. <!-- newline --> Thys +exornacion may be made of two partes only, but the perfiteste is made of +thre, thus: Thou diddest profite thine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst +no good to thy selfe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "dialyton" id = "dialyton">Dialyton.</a></span> +<a name = "articulus" id = "articulus"><i>Articulus</i></a>, article is, +when eche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus. By sharpnes, +voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyne enemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst +thyne enemyes wyth enuye, wronges, power, falsehead.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "isocolon" id = "isocolon">Isocolon.</a></span> +<a name = "compar" id = "compar"><i>Compar</i></a>, euen or equall, is +when the oracion hath in it the partes of the whyche we spake before, +& that they be made of euen number of sillables: but thys equalitie +must not stand by numbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in +y<sup>e</sup> mynd. Christe +<span class = "pagenum reprint">58</span> +<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a> +afore the Iudge was led, & on hys head a croune of thorne was putte, +in token that in dede, the kynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo +wordes in on mẽber then in an other, yet sound they to the eare of lyke +lengthe.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "homioptoton" id = "homioptoton">Homioptotõ</a></span> +<a name = "similiter_cadens" id = "similiter_cadens"><i>Similiter +cadens</i></a>, fallyng al alike is, when in the same construccion of +wordes ther be two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfe same +cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue, plenteful of money. +Cicero for Flaccus: There is in thẽ no varietie of opinion, none of +wyll, none of talke.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "homotelento" id = "homotelento">Homotelẽto.</a><a class = +"tag" name = "endtag1" id = "endtag1" href = "#endnote1">*</a></span> +<a name = "similiter_desinens" id = "similiter_desinens"><i>Similiter +desinens</i></a>, endynge al alyke, when words or sentẽces haue alyke +endyng, as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to speke baudely. +Content thy selfe w<sup>t</sup> thy state, in thy herte do no man hate, +be not the cause of stryfe and bate.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "climax" id = "climax">Climax.</a></span> +<a name = "gradacio" id = "gradacio"><i>Gradacio</i></a>, is, when we +rehearse again the word y<sup>t</sup> goth next before, & descẽd to +other thinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gat vertue, vertue +glory, glory hatered. <!-- newline --> +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "orismus" id = "orismus">Orismus.</a></span> +<a name = "definicio" id = "definicio"><i>Definicio</i></a>, definiciõ, +wher by y<sup>e</sup> proper +<span class = "pagenum reprint">59</span> +<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a> +effect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutely in this wyse: +This is not diligẽce but couetousnes, because y<sup>t</sup> diligẽce is +a nedy sauing of thine own: couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other +mens. <span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "metabasis" id = "metabasis">Metabasis.</a></span> +¶ <a name = "transicio" id = "transicio"><i>Transicio</i></a>, +transiciõ is, wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & what +may folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I haue told, now ye shal +hear how he hath shewed him self to hys parẽtes. Also Cicero for the law +of Manilius: Because we haue spoken of y<sup>e</sup> kind of the warre, +now wyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "paralepsis" id = "paralepsis">Paralepsis.</a></span> +¶ <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: correct form is ‘Occupatio’"><a name = "occupatia" id = +"occupatia"><i>Occupatia</i></a></ins>, occupacion is, when we make as +though we do not knowe, or wyl not know of y<sup>e</sup> thyng +y<sup>t</sup> wee speke of most of al, in this wyse: I wyl not say +that y<sup>u</sup> tokest money of our felowes, I wyl not stand +much in thys that y<sup>u</sup> robbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens +houses: I passe ouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "asindeton" id = "asindeton">Asindeton.</a></span> +¶ <a name = "dissolutio" id = "dissolutio"><i>Dissolutio</i></a>, +when the oracion lacketh coniũccions, thus: Obey thy parẽtes, be ruled +by thi kinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">60</span> +<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "apostrophe" id = "apostrophe">Apostrophe.</a></span> +<a name = "auersio" id = "auersio"><i>Auersio</i></a>, auersion, when we +turne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake to another personne, +eyther present or absent, or to a thing to the whych we fayne a person, +as a precher, speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, may fytly +turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter, I wold thou +liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do, howe far they be gone frõ +that thou prescribedst them to do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant +be the thynges that thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thou +geuest.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "anangeon" id = "anangeon">Anangeon.</a></span> +<a name = "necessum" id = "necessum"><i>Necessum</i></a>, necessitie, +when we cõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it by necessitye, +eyther of y<sup>e</sup> person or tyme, thus: I confesse that thys +I dyd. But the woman that thou gauest me, dyd deceyue me. <!-- newline +--> Also, somtyme I was in that opinion, but the tyme so required.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "anaclasis" id = "anaclasis">Anaclasis.</a></span> +<a name = "refractio" id = "refractio"><i>Refractio</i></a>, that is the +turninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrary significacion, thus: +I knowe kynge Ezechias that all thys lyfe is but bitternes, but I +praye thee, gyue me suche bytternes.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">61</span> +<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "bomphiologia" id = "bomphiologia">Bomphiologia.</a></span> +<a name = "verborum_bombus" id = "verborum_bombus"><i>Verborum +bombus</i></a>, when small & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great +gasyng wordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of the boasting +souldiar, & creping smel feast.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "miosis" id = "miosis">Miosis.</a></span> +<a name = "diminutio" id = "diminutio"><i>Diminutio</i></a>, when greate +matters are made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beatẽ bi a +knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytle stryke hym.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "liptote" id = "liptote">Liptote.</a></span> +<a name = "extenuatio" id = "extenuatio"><i>Extenuatio</i></a>, the +makyng lesse of a thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any wit O +Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may I thanke Archias the Poete +of. ¶ Cicero for Archias.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "diasirmus" id = "diasirmus">Diasirmus.</a></span> +<a name = "eleuacio" id = "eleuacio"><i>Eleuacio</i></a>, when we make +lyghte of, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs, whych to +aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye they perteyne not to the purpose, +or that they are vnworthy to be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll +another tyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example.</p> + + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">62</span> +<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a> + +<p><span class = "titlecap"> +<img src = "images/capA_62.png" width = "92" height = "87" +alt = "A"></span> +S oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes: so now these preceptes +of grammer finyshed, and the fyrste order of the Rethorical figures: We +nowe come vnto that greate declaracion of eloquence, called of +Quintilian & Cicero, the ornametẽs of sentence.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "figure_sentence" id = "figure_sentence"> +Figures of sentence.</a></h5> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "particio" id = "particio">Particio.</a></span> +Particion called also <a name = "rethoricall_diuision" id = +"rethoricall_diuision">diuision</a> & <a name = "distribucion" id = +"distribucion">distribucion</a> rethoricall, is when a thing that mai be +generally spokẽ, is more largely declared, and diuided into partes. +Example: He is perfitely seene in all the sciences. ¶ This sẽtence +spoken as it were in a sũme, may be enlarged, if seuerally you reherse +vp al the kindes of learning. There is no kynd of doctrine at al but he +is exquisitely sene in it. <!-- newline --> There is no science, but he +hathe learned it thorowly, and so learned it, that you wolde thynke he +had labored onely in it. So maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al +the Poetes, he so aboundeth in the floures of the Rethoricians: He hath +so boulted oute the paynefull +<span class = "pagenum reprint">63</span> +<a name = "page63" id = "page63"> </a> +rules of the gramarians. So perfitely knoweth he the subtilnesse of the +Logicians, and hath so soughte oute the priuities of natural thynges, +and ouercome the harde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome: he hathe +passed thorowe the secretes of the diuines, and hath thorowlie perceyued +the mathematical demõstracions. He so knoweth the mocions of the +starres, the reasons of numbers, the measurynges of the earth, the +situacions, names & spaces of cities, mountaynes, fluddes, and +fountaynes, he so knoweth the difference and harmonies of tunes: He so +remẽbreth all hystoryes olde and late: So knoweth all good authors, all +antiquities & nouelties, and also is perfitelye well seene as wel in +Greke as latyne. Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathe bene found and +taught of good authors, al that thorowlye hath he perceyued, knowen and +remẽbred. Here these wordes, he is perfitelye seene in all the sciences, +bee declared in theyr partes.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "enumeracio" id = "enumeracio">Enumeracio.</a></span> +Enumeracion is much lyke vnto thys, when not beynge contente +<span class = "pagenum reprint">64</span> +<a name = "page64" id = "page64"> </a> +at once to declare the ende of the matter, we rehearse vp all +y<sup>t</sup> went before it was done. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Enumeraciõ of thynges that go before</span> +Example: Cicero oppressed the mischeuous purposes of Catiline. Thus maye +you set it forth: The myscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most +vngracious yonge men, whych went about the destruccion of the citie of +Rome, M Tullius the consull dyd quickelye smell out by hys +foresyghte, and by hys singuler vigilancye sought thẽ oute, by his hyghe +prudence espyed them, by his incredible eloquence conuinced them, and by +hys graue authoritie repressed thẽ, by force of armes subdued them, +& with great happines toke them quyte awaye.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +Enumeraciõ of the causes.</span> +Hitherto also apperteineth, whẽ we expoũd a thyng not barely, but repete +the causes also sumwhat before, and of what begynnynges it came of. As +if not contente to haue sayd, that the Frenchmen made bataile with the +Neapolitans, we rehearse also what wer the causes of theyr stryfe, who +was the setter forward, and what was the occasion of the warre, what +hope and truste +<span class = "pagenum reprint">65</span> +<span class = "folionum">E.i.</span> +<a name = "page65" id = "page65"> </a> +eyther of them had to the victorye. <!-- newline --> Of these ar many +examples in Saluste & Liuie. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Enumeraciõ of effectes, & consequẽtes.</span> +From thys differeth not when we do not simplye shewe forthe the matter, +but reherse also those thynges that eyther go with it, or folowe it, as +thus: We thanke the of thys warre. Thus maye you dilate the matter. The +treasure spente vpon the Barbariens, the youthe broken wyth laboures, +the corne troden downe, the catel driuen awaye, stretes and vyllages +euery where set on fyre, fieldes lefte desolate, walles ouerthrowen, +houses robbed, temples spoyled, so many olde men chylderles, so manye +orphanes, so manye wyddowes, so many virgins shamefully defiled, +y<sup>e</sup> maners of so many yong mẽ made worse by leude liberty, so +many mẽ slayne, so great mourning, so many good artes loste, lawes +oppressed, religion blotted, al thynges of god and man confounded, all +good order of the citie corrupted: I say all this heape of +myschiefs that riseth of war, we mai thãke the only of it, which wast +y<sup>e</sup> beginner of this war<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing"> </ins></p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">66</span> +<a name = "page66" id = "page66"> </a> +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "energia" id = "energia"> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Euergia’; intended form may be ‘Enargia’">Energia</ins></a>.</span> +<a name = "enargia" id = "enargia"><i>Enargia</i></a>, euidence or +perspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall, is when a thynge is so +described that it semeth to the reader or hearer y<sup>t</sup> he +beholdeth it as it were in doyng. Of thys figure ben many kyndes.</p> + +<p>The fyrste, called <a name = "effiguracion" id = +"effiguracion">effiguracion</a> or <a name = "descripcion" id = +"descripcion">descripcion</a> of a thynge, whereby the figure and forme +of it is set out: as of the vniuersall flud.</p> + +<p>The seconde, the descripcion of a personne, when a man is described, +as are the noble menne in Plutarch, and the Emperours in Suetonius. Howe +be it the rethoricianes vse thys worde <a name = "prosopopeia" id = +"prosopopeia"><i>Prosopopeia</i></a>, that is descripcion of a personne +to comprehende the sixe kyndes folowinge.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: usual form is ‘Characterismus’">Charactirismus.</ins></span> +The thyrde kinde is called <a name = "charactirismus" id = +"charactirismus"><i>Charactirismus</i></a>, that is the efficcion or +pycture of the bodye or mynde, as Dauus describeth Crito, & Mitio +describeth Demea.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "prosopographia" id = +"prosopographia">Prosopographia.</a></span> +The .iiii. is the fainyng of a persõ called <i>Prosopographia</i>, and +is of <ins class = "correction" title = "second . missing">.ii.</ins> +sorts. Fyrst y<sup>e</sup> descripciõ of a fained +<span class = "pagenum reprint">67</span> +<span class = "folionum">E.ii.</span> +<a name = "page67" id = "page67"> </a> +person, as Vyrgyl in the syxt of Eneid, faineth Sibil to be mad, & +fayneth the persons in hell. An other forme is whẽ we fayne persõ, +cõmunicacion, or affecte of a man or of a beaste, to a dumme thynge, or +that hath no bodye, or to a dead man: as to the Harpies, furies, deuils, +slepe hongar, enuie, fame, vertue, iustice, and suche lyke, the poetes +fayne a person, and communicacion. This seconde fashion the Poetes do +call <a name = "prosopopey" id = "prosopopey"><i>Prosopopey</i></a>. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "aetopeia" id = "aetopeia">Aetopeia.</a></span> +The fyrst kind is called <i>AEtopeia</i>, that is an expressiõ of maners +or mylde affeccions, and hath thre kyndes: of the whych the fyrst is a +significacion or expression <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘of/of’ at line break">of</ins> maners somewhat longer, as of +wittes, artes, vertues, vices. Thus we expresse Thraso a boaster, and +Demea a sowre felowe.</p> + +<p>The seconde forme, is an expression of naturall propensitie, and +inclinacions to naturall affeccions, as of the fathers loue toward the +chyldren .&c. of fryendshyppe, neyghbourhod & cetr. as you maye +se in hystoryes.<br> +<span class = "pagenum reprint">68</span> +<a name = "page68" id = "page68"> </a> +¶ The thyrd kynde is the expression of lighter affeccions, as when wee +go about by fayre meanes to gette the mery affeccions of menne to vs +ward or to other, & when the mynd is lyft vp into hope, myrth, & +laughter, and as be louyng salutations, promises, & cõmunynges +together in familiar epistles and dialogues, and the getting of loue and +fauour in the begynnynges, and finallye thys figure doth teach, that +Rethorique is a part of flattery. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "pathopeia" id = "pathopeia">Pathopeia.</a></span> +The sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcion is <i>Pathopeia</i>, that is +expressyng of vehement affeccions and perturbacions, of y<sup>e</sup> +whych ther be two sortes. <!-- newline --> The fyrste called <a name = +"donysis" id = "donysis"><i>Donysis</i></a>, or intencion, and some call +it imaginacion, wherby feare, anger, madnes, hatered, enuye, and lyke +other perturbacions of mynde is shewed and described, as in Ciceros +inuectiues. <!-- newline --> Another forme is called <a name = "oictros" +id = "oictros"><i>Oictros</i></a>, or cõmiseracion, wherby teares be +pyked out, or pyty is moued, or forgeuenes, as in Ciceros peroraciõs, +and complaintes in Poets: And to +<span class = "pagenum reprint">69</span> +<span class = "folionum">E.iii.</span> +<a name = "page69" id = "page69"> </a> +be shorte ther is gotten no greater admiracion or commendacion of +eloquence then of these two, <a name = "aetopeia2" id = +"aetopeia2"><i>AEtopeia</i></a>, and <a name = "pathopeia2" id = +"pathopeia2"><i>Pathopeia</i></a>, if they be vsed in place. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "dialogismus" id = "dialogismus">dialogismus</a></span> +The .vii. kind is <i>Dialogismus</i> whych is how often a short or long +communicacion is fayned to a person, accordyng to the comelines of it. +Such be the concious in Liuie, & other historians. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "mimisis" id = "mimisis">Mimisis.</a></span> +The .viii. kynd is called <i>Mimisis</i>, that is folowing eyther of the +wordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye the wordes of the +person, but also the gesture: and these foresayd <ins class = +"correction" title = "text unchanged: eight items have been listed">sixe</ins> kindes Quintiliane dothe put vnder <a name = +"prosopopeia3" id = "prosopopeia3"><i>Prosopopeia</i></a>. The .ix. +kynde is the <a name = "descripcion2" id = +"descripcion2">descripcion</a> of a place, as of Carthage in the fyrst +of Eneid. Referre hither <a name = "cosmographie" id = +"cosmographie">Cosmographie</a> and <a name = "geographie" id = +"geographie">Geographie</a>. The .x. kynd is called <a name = +"topotesia" id = "topotesia"><i>Topotesia</i></a>, that is ficcion of a +place, when a place is described such one peraduenture as is not, as of +the fieldes called Elisii in Virgil: refer hither <a name = +"astrothesiam" id = "astrothesiam"><i>Astrothesiam</i></a>, that is the +descripciõ of starres. The .xi. kinde is <a name = "chronographia" id = +"chronographia"><i>Chronographia</i></a>, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">70</span> +<a name = "page70" id = "page70"> </a> +that is the descripcion of the tyme, as of nyght, daye, and the foure +tymes of the yere.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "amplificacio" id = "amplificacio">Amplificacio</a></span> +A greate parte of eloquence is set in increasing and diminyshing, and +serueth for thys purpose, that the thyng shulde seme as great as it is +in dede, lesser or greater then it seemeth to manye. For the rude people +haue commonly a preposterous iudgemẽt, and take the worst thynges for +the beste, and the beste for the worst. Al amplificacion and diminucion +is taken eyther of thinges, or of wordes. Of thynges ryse effeccions, of +words those fashions that nowe I wyll shewe. The first waye of +increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge the worde of the thynge, when +in encreasynge we vse a more cruell worde, and a softer in diminyshynge, +as when we call an euyll man a thiefe, and saye he hathe kylled vs, when +he hathe beaten vs. And it is more vehemẽte if by <a name = "correccion" +id = "correccion">correccion</a> we compare greater wordes wyth those +that we put before: As thou haste broughte not a thyefe, but an +extorcioner, not +<span class = "pagenum reprint">71</span> +<span class = "folionum">E.iiii.</span> +<a name = "page71" id = "page71"> </a> +an adulterer, but a rauysher. &c. ¶ Lyke vnto this is <a name = +"hyperbole" id = "hyperbole"><i>Hyperbole</i></a>, whyche say the more +then the truthe is in deede, as when we saye: The crye was hearde to +heauen, meanyng it was a greate crye. An other kynde is by <a name = +"increase" id = "increase">increase</a>, whyche is when the thynges +goyng before beynge <a name = "exaggerate" id = +"exaggerate">exaggerate</a>, we come from them to the hyeste: As +agaynste Verres. It is a myscheuous deede to bynde a Citizen of Rome, +haynous to beate hym, what? shall I saye to hange hym? An other waye of +increase is, when wythoute distinccion in the context and course of the +oracion, the circumstaunces sette in order, somewhat alwayes is added +bygger then the fyrste, and that we come to the hyest by a swyfte pace. +As he was not ashamed to playe at dyce wyth iesters in the common +cokerye, beynge a prieste, a Person, a Diuine, and a Monke. +There is another kynde of amplyfienge that is by <a name = "comparison" +id = "comparison">comparison</a> contrary to increase. For as in +increase the thynges that go before beyng exaggerat, we go from +<span class = "pagenum reprint">72</span> +<a name = "page72" id = "page72"> </a> +them to the hyest, so comparison taketh increase of the lesser, whych if +they be greater in all mens opinions, that must nedes appeare verie +greate that we wyll haue amplified: And comparison is made by <a name = +"ficcion" id = "ficcion">ficcion</a>, & by puttynge to an example. +<!-- newline --> By ficcion, eyther in one degree, or in many. As in the +fyrst part of the amplifiyng of Antonies vomite, for he fayneth it had +happened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuate person. If at supper in +these great bowles of thine thys happened vnto thee, who wolde not haue +counted it a shame: But now in y<sup>e</sup> syght of the people of Rome +beynge a cõmon officer, master of the horse, to whom it was shame once +to belch, he wyth hys gobbets of meat that stanke al of wyne, fylled al +his lap, and the iudgement seate. Here amplificacion is taken of smaller +thinges, and is made by one degree of many degrees, this maye be an +example. If a mã gaue the euery yere <ins class = "correction" title = +"first . missing">.xl.</ins> poũd, woldest y<sup>u</sup> not thanke him? +If a friend had redemed the out of prison w<sup>t</sup> hys money, +woldest thou +<span class = "pagenum reprint">73</span> +<a name = "page73" id = "page73"> </a> +not loue hym? If eyther in battell or shypwracke a man by hys valiantnes +had saued the, woldest thou not worshyp hym as God, and saye thou were +neuer able to make hym amendes? What ingratitude is it then that Christ +God & man, which hathe made the, to whom thou dost owe al that thou +hast, &c. so to dispyse hym, so wyth dayely fautes to anger him, +& for so great beniuolẽce to geue hym agayn so great contumelye and +despyte? Neyther skylleth it that we haue rehearsed ficcion and +comparicion amonge argumentes, for there is no cause why that +amplificacion and oruacion shuld not be taken out of the same places +from whence ther commeth probacion. Nor it is no newes the selfe same +thynges to be applyed to diuerse vses. As of all circumstaunces both of +the thyng, and of the person are taken argumentes, but euen oute of the +selfe same are set affeccions and exaggeracions, whych is manifest in +the kynde demonstratiue: As when we prayse chastitie in a yonge man, we +go not +<span class = "pagenum reprint">74</span> +<a name = "page74" id = "page74"> </a> +aboute to perswade that he was chaste, but that that vertue shulde +appeare greater in floryshyng age. <!-- newline --> To lyke vse serue +examples and <a name = "similitudes" id = "similitudes">similitudes</a>, +as in Esaye: The Oxe knewe hys owner, and the Asse the maunger of hys +master, but Israel hathe not knowen me. The <a name = "example" id = +"example">example</a> of the Oxe & the Asse is not vsed for this to +proue that the Hebrewes dyd not knowe their God, but that the impietie +and folishnes of that nacion shulde be amplified. <!-- newline --> The +same may be applied to profe after thys maner. If the Oxe and Asse +knowledge theyr masters, of whõ they are norished and do serue them, how +much more conueniente is it, that mã shuld knowledge hys maker and +norisher, and serue him bothe in bodye and mynd. Contrarye, when Paul +sayth: no man serueth in warre on his owne wages, he proueth by +similitudes, that it is not comelye, that they that war vnder the +gospell, shulde be compelled to be carefull for their liuynge. <!-- +newline --> He shuld haue applied it to amplifiyng, if he had propouned +it thus. +<span class = "pagenum reprint">75</span> +<a name = "page75" id = "page75"> </a> +<!-- newline --> They that serue vnder a capteine be not careful for +their liuyng, but lokinge for the sustenaunce of their capteine, only +studye for thys to do hym faythful seruice, howe muche more shame is it +that some menne that haue promised to fyght vnder Christ in the gospel, +to distrust such a capteyne, and studye all they can to gather riches. +<a name = "comparison2" id = "comparison2">Cõparison</a> by puttyng to +<a name = "example2" id = "example2">example</a> is, whẽ by setting out +as it were a lyke example, wee brynge to passe that that we exaggerate +may be thought either very lyke, eyther equal, either bygger. ¶ And +in this kynd both the whole is cõpared to the whole, & the partes to +partes: as in the oracion of Cicero for Milo. Did I pray you +y<sup>t</sup> noble mã Scipio being a priuat persõ kil Tiberius Gracchus +whych shaked the cõmõ wealthe but a lytle, & shall wee beynge +consulles suffer Catiline, that gothe aboute to wast the whole worlde +wyth murther and fyre? Here both Catiline is compared to Gracchus, and +the estate of the common wealthe to the whole world, & a lytle +shakyng +<span class = "pagenum reprint">76</span> +<a name = "page76" id = "page76"> </a> +to slaughter, fyer and wastyng, and a priuate person to the consuls. +¶ Ther is an <a name = "amplificacion" id = +"amplificacion">amplificacion</a> also whẽ <a name = "contraries" id = +"contraries">contraries</a> be set together, wherby bothe the partes +seme bygger, and more euidente. As when exhorting men to liberalitie, we +shewe howe foule a faute couetousenes is, that the foulnes of the faute +being exaggerate, the goodlines of the vertue shulde be more encreased. +There is another kynd of amplifiyng called <a name = "reasonynge" id = +"reasonynge">reasonynge</a>, when of those thinges that eyther folowe or +go before, the hearer doth gather how great that thynge is that we wolde +to be amplified. By thynges that go before, as when Homer armeth +Achylles, or Hector to batayle, by the greate preparacion, we gather how +sore y<sup>e</sup> sight shal be. Of thinges y<sup>t</sup> folowe: How +much wyne Antony dranke, when y<sup>t</sup> hauyng such a strong body he +was not able to digeste it, but spewed it vp the nexte daye after. Of +thynges ioyned to: as whẽ Maro sayeth to Poliphemus: He had the bodye of +a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande. Manye other +<span class = "pagenum reprint">77</span> +<a name = "page77" id = "page77"> </a> +kyndes ben there of amplifiynge, which who so wyl se more at large, may +read that right excellent boke of the famouse doctor Erasmus, whych he +intituled the preacher.</p> + +<p>The <a name = "inuencion" id = "inuencion">inuencion</a> of many +<a name = "proposicions" id = "proposicions">proposicions</a> is, when the +chyefe state or principal <ins class = "correction" title = "text unchanged: error for ‘proposicion’?">proposion</ins>of the cause is +declared and proued by manye other proposicions and argumẽtes, so set in +iuste order that there be no confusion of <ins class = "correction" +title = "text unchanged: error for ‘proposicion’?">proposions</ins>. And +proposicions be taken partely of those that be cõmon, and partly of +those thynges that belonge properlye to the cause: As if a man wolde +counsell Tullye not to take the condicion offered of Antony, that is, +that by burnynge of hys bookes called philippia, he shulde haue hys +lyfe, hy myght vse commonly these proposicions. Fyrste y<sup>t</sup> no +man oughte to by his life so dere, that therby he shulde lose hys +immortall name. ¶ To thys generall may serue a perticuler taken +oute of circumstaunces, that it oughte not to be done, inespecialy of +Cicero, whych by so many laboures hathe gotten vnto +<span class = "pagenum reprint">78</span> +<a name = "page78" id = "page78"> </a> +hym selfe an excellente and euerlastyng name, and that hath shewed moste +eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes that deathe ought to be +despised, inespeciallye seynge that now he hath not much tyme to lyue +beynge an olde man. ¶ Agayn, another principall proposicion shall +be taken of the circũstaũces. That nothynge is worse, then that Cicero +beyng a very good mã shulde owe his lyfe to Antonye the worst man of the +world. The third proposicion shal be cõiectural: how that Antony +craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned, in the whych he +perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal infamye to be, and the immortal glory +of Cicero, whẽ he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe, he maye +vtterlye extinguyshe Cicero.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "probacions" id = "probacions"> +¶ A copious heaping of probacions.</a></h5> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"><a name = "proues" id = "proues"> +Proues.</a></span> +So when proposicions be found, remaineth argumẽtaciõ or proues, called +in Greke <a name = "pistis" id = "pistis"><i>Pistis</i></a>, because +they make suretye of a doutefull thyng. <!-- newline --> +<span class = "sidenote"> +Two sortes of proues.</span> +Of proues some be <a name = "artificiall" id = +"artificiall">artificiall</a>, some vnartificial. <a name = +"unartificial" id = "unartificial">Vnartificial</a> be, foreiudgementes, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">79</span> +<a name = "page79" id = "page79"> </a> +rumoures, tormentes, tabelles, othe, wytnesses, diuinacion, oracles. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Signes be referred to proues vnartificial, & why?</span> +To these be referred whych the Greekes cal <a name = "symeia" id = +"symeia"><i>Symeia</i></a> or <a name = "sygnes2" id = +"sygnes2">sygnes</a>: For they also commonlye are not set by the wytte +of hym that disputeth, but are ministred otherwyse. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Signes wherfore.</span> +They be called signes properlye, whyche rysynge of the thynge it selfe +that is in question come vnder the sences of menne, +<span class = "sidenote"> +Signes be referred to tyme.</span> +as threatninges, whych be of the time that is paste, cryinge herde oute +of a place, whyche is of the tyme presente, palenesse of hym whyche is +axed of the murther, whyche is of the tyme folowynge, or that bloud +leapte oute of the bodye latelye slayne, when he came that dyd the +murther. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Two maner of signes.</span> +Also of signes some bee necessary, as that he liueth whiche dothe +breathe, and some probable, as bloude in the garmente, whych myghte also +come oute of the nose, or otherwyse. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Proues takẽ oute of circũstauces.</span> +Also proues and argumentes are taken oute of circũstaunces, partly of +the person, partlye of the cause or thyng it self, and be called also of +the Rethoricians +<span class = "pagenum reprint">80</span> +<a name = "page80" id = "page80"> </a> +places, neyther cleane contrarie to those that Aristotle hath taughte, +neyther the very same: for some agree wyth them, some be all one, and +some diuerse. +<span class = "sidenote"> +How proues of circũstaũces differ frõ Aristotels places.</span> +Onlye differeth the manour of teachynge, because the Rethoricianes do +teache a patrone, the philosopher generally helpeth iudgement. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Circũstãces of person.</span> +Circumstaunces of the person ben these. Kinred, nacion, contrey, kynde, +age, bryngynge vp, or discipline, hauioure of the body, fortune, +condicion, nature of the mynde, studies, affectacion, wordes forespoken, +& deedes done before, commocion, counsell, name. <!-- newline --> +<span class = "sidenote"> +Kynred.</span> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Rynred’">Kynred</ins> +monisheth vs to cõsider of what progeny a man dothe come. For it is +semely, and happeneth cõmonlye that the sonnes be lyke the forefathers, +and thereof procedeth causes to lyue well or euyll: +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "nacion" id = "nacion">Nacion</a></span> +Naciõ sheweth what disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly +of theyr owne. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Kynd.</span> +The difference of kynde is knowen to euerye man: +<span class = "sidenote"> +Age.</span> +To diuerse ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Educacion.</span> +It skylleth more by whom, and by what wayes men be +<span class = "pagenum reprint">81</span> +<span class = "folionum">F.i.</span> +<a name = "page81" id = "page81"> </a> +brought vp, then of whom they be begotten. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Hauiour of the bodie.</span> +The hauioure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or foulnes, strength or +weaknes: For more credible is the accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body +then in a foule, and violence more probable in the strong, then in the +weake. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "fortune" id = "fortune">Fortune</a></span> +Fortune perteineth to ryches, kynred, friendes, seruitures, dignities, +honours. <!-- newline --> +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "condicion" id = "condicion">Condicion.</a></span> +Condicion comprehendeth manye thynges: as whether he be noble or not +noble, an officer, or a priuate person, a father or a sonne, +a citizen or a straunger, a fre man, or a seruaunt, +a maried manne, or a single man, a father or none, hauinge had +but one wyfe, or two. +<span class = "sidenote"> +The nature of the mynd</span> +The nature of the mynde hath manifold varieties in men. Some be fearful, +some strong, some gentle, some vehemẽt, chaste, lecherous, glorious, +modeste &c. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "studies" id = "studies">Studies</a></span> +Studies, for other be the maners of the rustical, then of the lawyer, of +the marchaunte, then of the Soldier, of the shipman then of the +phisicion. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "affectacion" id = "affectacion">Affectacion.</a></span> +To these they adde affectacion: For it skylleth muche what maner man +euerye one wolde seme +<span class = "pagenum reprint">82</span> +<a name = "page82" id = "page82"> </a> +to be, whether he be y<sup>e</sup> same or not: as ryche, or eloquent, +iuste or mightie, mery or sad, a fauorer of the people, or of the +great men. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Wordes spoken, & deedes done before</span> +Both wordes that be spoken before time, and dedes that be done, be also +considered. For of thynges that be paste, the present be estemed, & +also thinges that be to come. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Commocion</span> +Cõmocion in thys differeth from the nature of the mynde, because that +one is perpetuall, that other for a whyle: as anger is commocion, +rancour the nature of the mynde, and feare a cõmocion, fearefulnesse +nature.<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +Name.</span> +¶ To these they adde the name of the person, of whence many tymes an +argument is takẽ: as Cicero iesteth muche vpon Verres, or sweepers name, +because beyng a strong thief, he swepte altogether. Thus haue we shewed +that much matter may be taken of thynges belongyng to a personne, so +maye be also of those that belonge to a thynge or cause, whiche places +bee so handeled of Quintiliane, that he myngleth thẽ wyth the places +whyche Aristotle hathe comprehended in hys eyghte +<span class = "pagenum reprint">83</span> +<span class = "folionum">F.ii.</span> +<a name = "page83" id = "page83"> </a> +bookes of Topyckes. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "circumstances_of_thynges" id = +"circumstances_of_thynges">Circũstaunces of things be these.</a></span> +Circumstances of the thynges be these: Cause, place, tyme, chaunce, +facultie, instrumente, manour. And fyrste of euerye thinge there be +foure causes, efficient, materiall, formall and finall. Matter is the +receptacle of al formes. The forme causeth it to be thys, and not +another thynge: as the reasonable soule geueth to the body that it is a +man, and the soule because it is a substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme, +whereby she is a soule, and not an aungel. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Fine or ende.</span> +And what soeuer is made, is made to a certen ende, and one thynge maye +haue diuerse endes: as nature hathe geuen brestes vnto women to geue +milke, and also for comlynesse of theyr bodies, neyther doth any man +that is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse, but for that he +desyreth to haue some thynge: nor there is nothynge desyred, but vnder +the consideracion of good or profite. ¶ So the ende whyche is laste +in effecte, and fyrste in intencion, loketh vpon the gettinge of +profites, increase, and cõfirmacion of them, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">84</span> +<a name = "page84" id = "page84"> </a> +and also vpon them, eschuynge of disprofites, diminyshynge, or puttyng +them awaye. But in chosyng them, false perswacion deceyueth manye, +whylest by errour they beleue that to be good y<sup>t</sup> is naughte. +¶ This place therfore serueth for many thynges, to make more or +lesse. ¶ Greatly happy shulde men be, if euerye man wolde looke +vpon the marke, not the whych desyre hathe sette before hym, but whyche +God and honest reason hath prefixed. ¶ And of such strengthe is the +ende, that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng. To fast that +the body maye obeye the mynde, to do good workes is an holy deede. To +fast to be counted holye, is hypocrisie. To faste to encrease thy good, +is couetousenesse. To faste to be whole in thy bodie is phisycke, and so +of praiynge, almose, and other laudable workes. After lyke maner must be +wayed the secondarie endes. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Place.</span> +An other circumstaunce of a thynge, is the place, whose qualitie +oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or lesser: as to steale an +holye +<span class = "pagenum reprint">85</span> +<span class = "folionum">F.iii.</span> +<a name = "page85" id = "page85"> </a> +thing out of an holy place, is worse then some other kynde of theft. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Tyme.</span> +No lesse matter of argumentacion ministreth the qualitie of time, which +signifieth two thynges. +<span class = "sidenote"> +Time hathe two significacions.</span> +Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present, past, or to come: +Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a thynge, and so when a man +cometh as we wold haue it, we saye he cometh in time. <!-- newline --> +And in the seuenth of Ihon, when Christ sayth: My tyme is not yet come, +tyme is taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the syxt to the +Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. &c. +<span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "chaunce" id = "chaunce">Chaunce.</a></span> +The Rethoricianes put chaunce vnder tyme, because the ende of a thynge +perteyneth to the time that foloweth: but of thys wyll we speke in the +place called Euent. Facultie is a power to do the thynge that is taken +in hand: and in coniectures two thinges speciallye be considered: +whether he could or wold. Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it, and +is made more probable whẽ the nature of the mynde is ioyned to it: as it +is not like he wyl abide in his +<span class = "pagenum reprint">86</span> +<a name = "page86" id = "page86"> </a> +glorye, because he is enuious and ambicious. Also when we counsell one +to leaue of vayne mournynge, when it is not in his power to get agayne +that is gone.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "instrument" id = "instrument">Instrument.</a></span> +Instrument semeth to be a part of facultie: for instrumentes sometyme +are cause of oure hablenes to do a thinge: and it is a more mischeuous +deede to kyl with venome thẽ with swearde. And to instrumẽt so nie is +the manour of doyng, that almoste it is all one. But more properlye +perteyne to the manour or fashion, those thynges that be eyther excused, +or made greater by wyl: As lesse faute is it to fall into a vice by +ignorance or frailtie, then of a purpose and full deliberacion. <!-- +newline --> The vse of circũstances profiteth to amplifie, to extenuate, +to euidence, to confirmacion, and probabilitie. <!-- newline --> And +hytherto be referred also the <a name = "common_places" id = +"common_places">common places</a> that indifferentlye apperteyne to all +kyndes and partes of causes, of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth, and +Aristotle in his Topyckes. But before we speake of them, it is to be +noted, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">87</span> +<span class = "folionum">F.iiii.</span> +<a name = "page87" id = "page87"> </a> +that thys woorde place, is taken foure maner of wayes. They are called +common places, because thei be entreated of, of bothe partes, althoughe +not in all one cause: as he that is sore spoken agaynste by witnesses, +swadeth that we shulde not geue credite to witnesses. Contrarye, he that +is holpen by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses, and so of other that +we spake of before, when we entreated of vnartificial argumentes. Lyke +to thys sorte be sentences, whyche wee exaggerate as it were wythoute +the cause, but so that they serue to the cause whiche wee haue in hande: +as bee the amplificacions of vertues, and the exaggeracions of vices. As +when wee accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was broughte to +do also the mischeuouse deede<ins class = "correction" title = "text has , for .">. </ins>¶ A common place shall bee, wyth wordes to +exaggerate howe much it profiteth to keepe goodnesse, to bee in companye +wyth good men, and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the companye of euyll +men dothe cause.<br> +<span class = "pagenum reprint">88</span> +<a name = "page88" id = "page88"> </a> +¶ In the third sence places be called seates of argumentes, whyche the +Rethoricianes do applie to eche kyndes of causes: As in the kynde +suasorie, honest, profitable, pleasaũt easye, necessarie. &c. In +demonstratiue kynde, kynred, contrey, goodes of the bodye and of the +mynde. In the Iudiciall kynde, inespecial deniall, those that we spake +of euen nowe. The fourth places be general, whych declare what belongeth +to euerye thynge, and howe oute of eche of them there be taken +argumentes, partly necessary, and partlye probable. These be commen to +the Oratours with the Logicians, albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye +written of them in hys Topickes; and in his Rethorickes hathe not +touched thẽ, and they profite much both to iudgement, and to +endightynge, but the varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them +sumwhat darke, because amonge them selues they can not wel agre, neyther +of the names, neyther of the number, neyther of the order.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "examples" id = "examples">Examples.</a></span> +An example is a rehearsall of a +<span class = "pagenum reprint">89</span> +<a name = "page89" id = "page89"> </a> +thynge that is done, and an applyynge of it vnto our cause, eyther for +similitude or dissimilitude, profitable to perswade, garnyshe, and +delyght. Examples, some be taken out of hystories, some of tales, some +of fayned argumẽtes, in comedies; and bothe sortes be dilated by parable +and comparacion. Comparacion sheweth it equall, lesse, or bygger. +Parable is a feete similitude, whych sheweth y<sup>e</sup> example that +is brought, either like, vnlyke or cõtrarye. Lyke as Camillus restored +the common wealth of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen, +and when it was brought into extreme losse, by theyr valiauntnesse +expelled the Barbariens: So Valla, whan thorowe the ignorãce of +y<sup>e</sup> Barbarians, learnyng was destroyed, restored it agayn, as +it wer from death into hys former brightnes. Vnlike. As not lyke thanke +is done to Laurence and Camillus, because that the one moued by vertue +wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe deliuered his contrey from the +vngracious, that other styrred vp by desyre +<span class = "pagenum reprint">90</span> +<a name = "page90" id = "page90"> </a> +of fame, or rather wyth an euyll luste to checke manye, not restored +agayn the lattẽ tong oppressed, but brought it as it were into certen +rules. Cõtrary, Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about treason, Manlius +punished by death the valiauntnes of hys sonne. <a name = "comparacion" +id = "comparacion">Comparacion</a> sheweth y<sup>e</sup> thing +y<sup>t</sup> is brought, eyther equall, lesse, or bigger: Lesse, as our +elders haue warred oftentymes, because theyr marchaũtes and mariners wer +euyl entreated. What mynd ought you to be in, so many thousande citizens +of Rome slaine at one message, and one time? Equall, as in the same +Cicero. ¶ For it happed vnto me to stand for an offyce wyth two +gentlemenne, that one very naughte, that other very gentle, yet ouercame +I Catiline by dignitie, and Galba by fauoure. Bygger: As for Milo, they +saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe kylled a man, when +M. Horacius was quitte, whyche kylled hys owne syster.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "parable" id = "parable">Parable.</a></span> +Parable, which some call similitude, some cõparacion, is a comparyng +<span class = "pagenum reprint">91</span> +<a name = "page91" id = "page91"> </a> +of a thyng y<sup>t</sup> hath no life, or no bodye to our cause and +purpose, for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke. <!-- newline --> And as +example is taken of y<sup>e</sup> dede of a man, and the person of an +hystorye, or that is fabulous and fayned, so is comparison taken of +thinges that be done, or that be ioyned to them by nature, or by +chaunce. ¶ As Attilius retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an +example of kepynge faythe and promise: But a shyp in the whych the +sayles be hoysed vp, or takẽ down after the blowyng of the winde, is a +parable whiche teacheth a wyse man to geue place to tyme, and applye +hymselfe to the world that is presente. And lyke fashion is of dilatyng +a parable, as we haue shewed in example. <!-- newline --> For sometime +it is noted in a word as: Doest thou not vnderstand that the sayles +muste be turned? Sometyme it is more largelye declared, as in the +oracion for Murena. And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen. +&c. <a name = "analogie" id = "analogie">Analogie</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "icon" id = "icon"><i>Icon</i></a>, called of the latines +<a name = "imago" id = "imago"><i>Imago</i></a>, an Image in Englyshe, +is muche +<span class = "pagenum reprint">92</span> +<a name = "page92" id = "page92"> </a> +lyke to a similitude, and if you declare it is a similitude: as if you +saye: As an Asse wyll not be driuen from her meat, no not with a club, +vntyl she be full: no more wil a warriour reste from murther vntyll he +hath fylled his mynd with it. This is a similitude: but if you saye that +a man flewe vpon his enemies like a dragon, or lyke a lyon, it is an +Image. Howbeit an Image serueth rather to euidence or grauitie, or +iocunditie, then to a profe. There is also a general comparacion, +speciallye in the kynde demonstratiue, person wyth person, and one thing +with an other, for praise or dispraise<ins class = "correction" title = +". missing"> </ins></p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "indicacio" id = "indicacio">Indicacio.</a></span> +<i>Indicacio</i>, or authoritie, is the cõparing of an other mans saying +or sentence vnto our cause: of the whiche ther be seuen principal +kyndes. <!-- newline --> The fyrst a comon <a name = "morall_sentence" +id = "morall_sentence">morall sentence</a>, as a common principle +perteyning to maners: as continuall laboure ouercommeth all thynges, and +as be the sentences of Salomon and Cato: and all morall philosophy is +ful of suche sentences. The seconde are <a name = "common_rules" id = +"common_rules">common rules</a>, whych be called +<span class = "pagenum reprint">93</span> +<a name = "page93" id = "page93"> </a> +dignities in euery science. The .iii. a <a name = "prouerb" id = +"prouerb">prouerb</a>. The fourth called <a name = "chria" id = +"chria"><i>Chria</i></a>, which is a very short exposicion of any dede +or worde wyth the name of the author recited. The fyfte an <a name = +"enthimeme" id = "enthimeme"><i>Enthimeme</i></a>, whyche is a sentence +of contraries: as if it be a great praise to please good men, surely to +please euyl men it is a greate shame. The syxte called <a name = "aenos" +id = "aenos"><i>AEnos</i></a>, that is a saying or a sentence, taken out +of a tale, as be the interpretacions of fables, and theyr allegories. +The seuen is any answere takẽ out of the <a name = "mouth_of_god" id = +"mouth_of_god">mouth of God</a>, or taken out of the cõmaundement of +God.</p> + +<p><span class = "sidenote"> +<a name = "exergasia" id = "exergasia">Exergasia.</a></span> +<a name = "expolicion" id = "expolicion">Expolicion</a> is, when we +tarye in one thynge, speakynge the same in diuerse wordes and fashions, +as though it were not one matter but diuerse. A goodlye example of +the moste largest expolicion is rehearsed in Erasmus, whych, because it +is very profitable, I wyll wholye rehearse it. A wyse man for +the cõmon wealth sake shall eschue no peryll: euen for thys cause that +it happeneth oftẽ, that wher he wold not +<span class = "pagenum reprint">94</span> +<a name = "page94" id = "page94"> </a> +dye for the common wealth, he perysheth yet of necessitie wyth the cõmon +wealth. And because all the commodities we haue be taken of our contrey, +ther ought no incõmoditie to be counted paynfull, taken for our contrey. +They therfore that flye that peryll which must be takẽ for the cõmon +wealth, do folyshely: for neither can they auoyde it, and they be found +vngrate to the citie. <!-- newline --> But they that by their owne peril +put away the perils of their cõtrei, they are to be counted wyse, seyng +that bothe they geue to the cõmon wealth that honour y<sup>t</sup> they +shulde geue, and had rather dye for many, thẽ w<sup>t</sup> many. For it +is much against reason that receiuing thy naturall lyfe by thy contrey, +to deliuer it agayne to nature when she compelleth the, and not to geue +it to thy cõtrey when she desyreth the. And where y<sup>u</sup> mayst +wyth hye valiauntnes & honour die for thy contrei, to haue rather +lyke a cowarde to liue in shame. And for thy fryndes and parentes, and +other acquayntance to put thy selfe in peryll: for the +<span class = "pagenum reprint">95</span> +<a name = "page95" id = "page95"> </a> +cõmon wealth in the whyche both it & that most reuerende name of the +contrey is conteyned, not to be willynge to come in ieopardye. Wherfore +as he is to be dyspised whyche being vpon the sea had rather haue hym +selfe safe, then the ship: so is he to be rebuked, whych in ieopardye of +the commen wealthe, prouideth more for his own then for y<sup>e</sup> +cõmon wealthe. When the shyppe hathe ben broken, many haue ben saued: +But after the shypwrake of the cõtrey no man can escape. Whyche thynge +me thynketh Decius dyd wel perceiue, whych reported wholy to haue +bestowed hym selfe, and for the sauegard of his men of war to haue run +amonge the myddest of hys enemyes. Wherfore he loste not hys lyfe, but +let it go: for he redemed for a thynge of verye small pryce, +a ryght dere thyng. He gaue his life, but he receiued his contrei. +<!-- newline --> He loste his life, but he inioyed glorye, whyche +written to his greate prayse, shyneth euerye daye more and more. +Wherefore if we haue proued both by reason & by exãple, +<span class = "pagenum reprint">96</span> +<a name = "page96" id = "page96"> </a> +that we be bounde to put oure selfe in peryll for the common wealthe, +they are to be counted wyse men, whych for the sauegarde of the contrey +auoyde no peryll. It wolde be meete to exercyse chyldren in suche +themes, wherby shal be gottẽ bothe wysedome and eloquence. And here me +thynketh I maye ryghte well ende these Rethoricall preceptes, although I +be not ignoraunt that much helpeth bothe to persuasions and copye, the +proper handlyng of tales taken oute of the nature of beastes, dreames, +fayned narracions, sumwhat lyke vnto the truth, w<sup>t</sup> allegories +much vsed of diuines. <!-- newline --> But because they requyre a longer +treatie, for this tyme I leaue them of, addynge vnto these before +written rules of oratory, a declamacion</p> +<p class = "center nospace" style = "width: 16em;"> +bothe profitable and verye elo-<br> +quente, wrytten by Erasmus<br> +vnto the moste noble Duke<br> +of Cleue, as here appe-<br> +reth after.</p> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum reprint">232</span> +<a name = "page232" id = "page232"> </a> +<p class = "center"> +¶ Impryn-<br> +ted at London by Iohn Day,<br> +dwellinge ouer Aldersgate, beneth<br> +saint Martyns. And are to be sold<br> +at his shop by the litle conduit<br> +in Chepesyde at the sygne<br> +of the Resurrec-<br> +tion.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum<br> +solum. Per septennium.</i></p> + +</div> +<!-- end div maintext --> + + +<span class = "pagenum">233</span> + +<h4><a name = "index" id = "index"> +INDEX TO AUTHORS AND ORATORS</a></h4> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Links in this section lead to the top of the page.</p> + +<div class = "index"> +<p>Afer, Publius Terentius, <a href = "#page23">23</a>, +<a href = "#page61">61</a></p> +<p>Africanus, Julius, <a href = "#page58">58</a></p> +<p>Agricola, Rodolphus, <a href = "#page8">8</a>, +<a href = "#page86">86</a></p> +<p>Antonius, Marcus (143-87 B.C.), <a href = "#page18">18</a></p> +<p>Archias, Aulus, <a href = "#page61">61</a></p> +<p>Aristotle, <a href = "#page80">80</a>, +<a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<a href = "#page86">86</a>, +<a href = "#page88">88</a></p> +<p>Augustine, Saint, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p> +<p>Brooke, Thomas, <a href = "#page2">2</a>, +<a href = "#page7">7</a></p> +<p>Caecina, Aulus, <a href = "#page24">24</a></p> +<p>Calpurnius, Lucius (Piso), <a href = "#page22">22</a></p> +<p>Castellio, Sebastianus, <a href = "#page14">14</a></p> +<p>Catiline, Lucius, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, +<a href = "#page48">48</a>, <a href = "#page51">51</a>, +<a href = "#page56">56</a>, <a href = "#page64">64</a>, +<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page90">90</a></p> +<p>Chaucer, Geoffrey, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p> +<p>Cicero, Marcus Tullius, <a href = "#page10">10</a>, +<a href = "#page17">17</a>, <a href = "#page18">18</a>, +<a href = "#page19">19</a>, +<a href = "#page20">20</a>,<ins class = "correction" title = "text has blank space"> </ins><a href = "#page22">22</a>, +<a href = "#page23">23</a>, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page33">33</a>, <a href = "#page39">39</a>, +<a href = "#page41">41</a>, <a href = "#page48">48</a>, +<a href = "#page49">49</a>, <a href = "#page50">50</a>, +<a href = "#page51">51</a>, <a href = "#page56">56</a>, +<a href = "#page58">58</a>, <a href = "#page59">59</a>, +<a href = "#page61">61</a>, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, +<a href = "#page64">64</a>, <a href = "#page68">68</a>, +<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page78">78</a>, <a href = "#page82">82</a>, +<ins class = "correction" title = "text has final comma"><a href = +"#page90">90</a></ins></p> +<p>Cluencius, Aulus, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, +<a href = "#page33">33</a></p> +<p>Elyot, Thomas, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p> +<p>Erasmus, Desiderius, <a href = "#page1">1</a>, +<a href = "#page10">10</a>, <a href = "#page77">77</a>, +<a href = "#page93">93</a>, <a href = "#page96">96</a>, +<ins class = "correction" title = "separate e-text">97</ins></p> +<p>Flaccus, Lucius, <a href = "#page58">58</a></p> +<p>Gower, John, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p> +<p>Homer, <a href = "#page76">76</a></p> +<p>Ligarius, Quintus, <a href = "#page49">49</a></p> +<p>Linacre, Thomas, <a href = "#page29">29</a></p> +<p>Livy, Titus, <a href = "#page65">65</a>, +<a href = "#page69">69</a></p> +<p>Lydgate, John, <a href = "#page5">5</a></p> +<p>Manilius, Gaius, <a href = "#page24">24</a>, +<a href = "#page59">59</a></p> +<p>Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, <a href = "#page24">24</a></p> +<p>Milo, Titus Annius, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, +<a href = "#page75">75</a>, <a href = "#page90">90</a></p> +<p>Mosellanus, Petrus (Peter Schade), <a href = "#page9">9</a></p> +<p>Murena, Lucius, <a href = "#page91">91</a></p> +<p>Ovid, <a href = "#page53">53</a></p> +<p>Plautus, Titus, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p> +<p>Plutarch, <a href = "#page86">86</a></p> +<p>Quintilian, <a href = "#page10">10</a>, +<a href = "#page18">18</a>, <a href = "#page37">37</a>, +<a href = "#page39">39</a>, <a href = "#page62">62</a>, +<a href = "#page69">69</a>, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p> +<p>Quintus, Caius, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p> +<p>Rabirius, Gaius, <a href = "#page22">22</a></p> +<p>Roscius, Quintus, <a href = "#page23">23</a></p> +<p>Sallust, Gaius, <a href = "#page65">65</a></p> +<p>Sestius, Publius, <a href = "#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Sulla, Lucius, <a href = "#page22">22</a></p> +<p>Suetonius, Gaius, <a href = "#page66">66</a></p> +<p>Vergil, <a href = "#page29">29</a>, +<a href = "#page30">30</a>, <a href = "#page40">40</a>, +<a href = "#page44">44</a>, +<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing"><a href = +"#page67">67</a>,</ins> <a href = "#page69">69</a></p> +<p>Verres, Gaius, <a href = "#page22">22</a>, +<a href = "#page71">71</a>, <a href = "#page82">82</a></p> +<p>Westimerus, Bartholomew (Westheimer), <a href = "#page14">14</a></p> +<p>Wyatt, Thomas, <a href = "#page6">6</a></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">234</span> +<h4>INDEX OF FIGURES</h4> + +<p class = "mynote"> +Links in this section lead directly to the referenced word. In general, +Greek-derived terms are in sidenotes, and Latin-derived terms are +printed in different type. English terms appear either in the body text +(generally uncapitalized) or as section headers.</p> + +<table class = "index" summary = "named figures"> +<tr> +<td> +<p>Ablatio, <a href = "#ablatio">26</a></p> +<p>Absissio, <a href = "#absissio">27</a></p> +<p>Abusio, <a href = "#abusio">41</a></p> +<p>Acyrologia, <a href = "#acyrologia">32</a></p> +<p>Adagium, <a href = "#adagium">45</a></p> +<p>Aenigma, <a href = "#aenigma">45</a></p> +<p>Aenos, <a href = "#aenos">93</a></p> +<p>Aetopeia, <a href = "#aetopeia">67</a>, +<a href = "#aetopeia2">69</a></p> +<p>Allegoria, <a href = "#allegoria">45</a></p> +<p>Amara irrisio, <a href = "#amara_irrisio">46</a></p> +<p>Ambiguitas, <a href = "#ambiguitas">33</a></p> +<p>Amphibologia, <a href = "#amphibologia">33</a></p> +<p>Amplificacio, <a href = "#amplificacio">70</a>, +<a href = "#amplificacion">76</a></p> +<p>Anacinosis, <a href = "#anacinosis">55</a></p> +<p>Anaclasis, <a href = "#anaclasis">60</a></p> +<p>Anadiplosis, <a href = "#anadiplosis">48</a></p> +<p>Analogia, <a href = "#analogia">37</a>, +<a href = "#analogie">91</a></p> +<p>Anangeon, <a href = "#anangeon">60</a></p> +<p>Anastrophe, <a href = "#anastrophe">31</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Antiphora, <a href = "#antiphora">53</a></p> +<p>Antiphrasis, <a href = "#antiphrasis">46</a></p> +<p>Antiptosis, <a href = "#antiptosis">31</a></p> +<p>Antisthecon, <a href = "#antisthecon">28</a></p> +<p>Antithesis, <a href = "#antithesis">56</a></p> +<p>Antitheton, <a href = "#antitheton">56</a></p> +<p>Antistrophe, <a href = "#antistrophe">47</a></p> +<p>Antonomasia, <a href = "#antonomasia">44</a></p> +<p>Apheresis, <a href = "#apheresis">26</a></p> +<p>Apocope, <a href = "#apocope">27</a></p> +<p>Apophasis, <a href = "#apophasis">54</a></p> +<p>Aporia, <a href = "#aporia">54</a></p> +<p>Apostrophe, <a href = "#apostrophe">60</a></p> +<p>Appositio, <a href = "#appositio">26</a>, +<a href = "#appositio2">30</a></p> +<p>Areia, <a href = "#areia">51</a></p> +<p>Articulus, <a href = "#articulus">57</a></p> +<p>Aschematiston, <a href = "#aschematiston">35</a></p> +<p>Aschrologia, <a href = "#aschrologia">34</a></p> +<p>Asindeton, <a href = "#asindeton">59</a></p> +<p>Astrothesiam, <a href = "#astrothesiam">69</a></p> +<p>Astysmus, <a href = "#astysmus">46</a></p> +<p>Auersio, <a href = "#auersio">60</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p>Barbarie, <a href = "#barbarie">35</a></p> +<p>Barbarismus, <a href = "#barbarismus">36</a></p> +<p>Bomphiologia, <a href = "#bomphiologia">61</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Cacosintheton, <a href = "#cacosintheton">35</a></p> +<p>Cacozelia, <a href = "#cacozelia">34</a></p> +<p>Casus pro casu, <a href = "#casus_pro_casu">31</a></p> +<p>Catachresis, <a href = "#catachresis">41</a></p> +<p>Charactirismus, <a href = "#charactirismus">66</a></p> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Charietismus’">Charientismus</ins>, <a href = +"#charientismus">46</a></p> +<p>Chria, <a href = "#chria">93</a></p> +<p>Chronographia, <a href = "#chronographia">69</a></p> +<p>Circuicio, <a href = "#circuicio">44</a></p> +<p>Circumstances of thynges, <a href = +"#circumstances_of_thynges">83</a></p> +<p>Climax, <a href = "#climax">58</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">235</span> +<p>Colon, <a href = "#colon">57</a></p> +<p><ins class = "notation" title = "body text has ‘common places’">Commonplaces</ins>, <a href = "#common_places">86</a></p> +<p>Common rules, <a href = "#common_rules">92</a></p> +<p>Communicacio, <a href = "#communicacio">55</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Compar, <a href = "#compar">57</a></p> +<p>Comparison, <a href = "#comparison">71</a>, +<a href = "#comparison2">75</a>, <a href = "#comparacion">90</a></p> +<p>Complexio, <a href = "#complexio">47</a></p> +<p>Composicion, <a href = "#composicion">38</a></p> +<p>Concepcio, <a href = "#concepcio">30</a></p> +<p>Conclusio, <a href = "#conclusio">55</a></p> +<p>Consicio, <a href = "#consicio">27</a></p> +<p>Construccion, <a href = "#construccion">28</a></p> +<p>Contentio, <a href = "#contentio">56</a></p> +<p>Contractio, <a href = "#contractio">27</a></p> +<p>Contraries, <a href = "#contraries">76</a></p> +<p>Contrarium, <a href = "#contrarium">56</a></p> +<p>Conuersio, <a href = "#conuersio">47</a></p> +<p><ins class = "notation" title = "body text has ‘correccion’">Correction</ins>, <a href = "#correccion">70</a></p> +<p>Cosmographie, <a href = "#cosmographie">69</a></p> +<p>Cumulatio, <a href = "#cumulatio">35</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Deesis, <a href = "#deesis">51</a></p> +<p>Defectus, <a href = "#defectus">31</a></p> +<p>Definicio, <a href = "#definicio">58</a></p> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "reference uncertain">Definicion</ins>, 45</p> +<p>Delecio, <a href = "#delecio">28</a></p> +<p><ins class = "notation" title = "body text has ‘descripcion’">Description</ins>, <a href = "#descripcion">66</a>, +<a href = "#descripcion2">69</a></p> +<p>Dialisis, <a href = "#dialisis">55</a></p> +<p>Dialogismus, <a href = "#dialogismus">69</a></p> +<p>Dialyton, <a href = "#dialyton">57</a></p> +<p>Dianoias, <a href = "#dianoias">25</a></p> +<p>Diasirmus, <a href = "#diasirmus">61</a></p> +<p>Diazeugma, <a href = "#diazeugma">30</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Diccion, <a href = "#diccion">26</a></p> +<p>Dictio contrarium significans, <a href = +"#dictio_contrarium_significans">46</a></p> +<p>Diminutio, <a href = "#diminutio">61</a></p> +<p>Disiunctio, <a href = "#disiunctio">30</a></p> +<p>Dissectio, <a href = "#dissectio">31</a></p> +<p>Dissimulatio, <a href = "#dissimulatio">45</a></p> +<p>Dissolutio, <a href = "#dissolutio">59</a></p> +<p>Distribucion, <a href = "#distribucion">62</a></p> +<p>Diuisio, <a href = "#diuisio">55</a></p> +<p>Donysis, <a href = "#donysis">68</a></p> +<p>Dubitatio, <a href = "#dubitatio">54</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Eclipsis, <a href = "#eclipsis">31</a></p> +<p>Ectasis, <a href = "#ectasis">27</a></p> +<p>Effiguracion, <a href = "#effiguracion">66</a></p> +<p>Eleuacio, <a href = "#eleuacio">61</a></p> +<p>Eloquucion, <a href = "#eloquucion">17</a></p> +<p>Energia, <a href = "#energia">66</a></p> +<p>Enthimeme, <a href = "#enthimeme">93</a></p> +<p>Enumeracio, <a href = "#enumeracio">63</a></p> +<p>Epanaphora, <a href = "#epanaphora">47</a></p> +<p>Epanodus, <a href = "#epanodus">48</a></p> +<p>Epenthesis, <a href = "#epenthesis">27</a></p> +<p>Epergesis, <a href = "#epergesis">30</a></p> +<p>Epilogus, <a href = "#epilogus">55</a></p> +<p>Epiphonesis, <a href = "#epiphonesis">50</a></p> +<p>Epiplexis, <a href = "#epiplexis">51</a></p> +<p>Epitrope, <a href = "#epitrope">55</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Erotema, <a href = "#erotema">52</a></p> +<p>Erotesis, <a href = "#erotesis">51</a></p> +<p>Etymologie, <a href = "#etymologie">45</a></p> +<p>Euche, <a href = "#euche">51</a></p> +<p><ins class = "notation" title = "body text has ‘exaggerate’">Exaggeration</ins>, <a href = "#exaggerate">71</a></p> +<p>Example, <a href = "#example">74</a>, <a href = "#example2">75</a>, +<a href = "#examples">88</a></p> +<p>Exclamacio, <a href = "#exclamacio">50</a></p> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Excracio’">Execracio</ins>, <a href = "#execracio">51</a></p> +<p>Exergasia, <a href = "#exergasia">93</a></p> +<p>Exornacion, <a href = "#exornacion">39</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">236</span> +<p>Expeditio, <a href = "#expeditio">54</a></p> +<p>Expolicion, <a href = "#expolicion">93</a></p> +<p>Extensio, <a href = "#extensio">27</a>, <a href = +"#extensio2">37</a></p> +<p>Extenuatio, <a href = "#extenuatio">61</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Faute (fault), <a href = "#faute">32</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">obscure, <a href = "#obscure">32</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">inordinate, <a href = "#inordinate">34</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">barbarous, <a href = "#barbarie">35</a></p> +<p>Festiua urbanitas, <a href = "#festiua_urbanitas">46</a></p> +<p>Ficcion, <a href = "#ficcion">72</a></p> +<p>Frequentacio, <a href = "#frequentacio">50</a></p> +<p>Fygure, of scheme, <a href = "#fygure">25</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">of diccion, <a href = "#diccion">26</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">of words, <a href = "#figure_lexeos">26</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">of construction, <a href = +"#construccion">28</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">rethoricall, <a href = +"#figure_rethoricall">47</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">of sentences, <a href = "#figure_sentence">62</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Garnyshyng, <a href = "#garnyshyng">38</a></p> +<p>Geographie, <a href = "#geographie">69</a></p> +<p>Graciosa nugatio, <a href = "#graciosa_nugatio">46</a></p> +<p>Gradacio, <a href = "#gradacio">58</a></p> + +<p class = "letter"> +Homiologia, <a href = "#homiologia">33</a></p> +<p>Homioptoton, <a href = "#homioptoton">58</a></p> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "spelling unchanged: see body text and note">Homotelento</ins>, <a href = "#homotelento">58</a></p> +<p>Humiliatio, <a href = "#humiliatio">34</a></p> +<p>Hyperbaton, <a href = "#hyperbaton">30</a> (last line)</p> +<p>Hyperbole, <a href = "#hyperbole">71</a></p> +<p>Hypozeugma, <a href = "#hypozeugma">29</a></p> +<p>Hysterologia, <a href = "#hysterologia">31</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Icon, <a href = "#icon">91</a></p> +<p>Image, <a href = "#imago">91</a></p> +<p>Improprietas, <a href = "#improprietas">32</a></p> +<p>Inconueniens structura, <a href = +"#inconueniens_structura">36</a></p> +<p>Increase, <a href = "#increase">71</a></p> +<p>Increpacio, <a href = "#increpacio">51</a></p> +<p>Indicacio, <a href = "#indicacio">92</a></p> +<p>Iniunctio, <a href = "#iniunctio">29</a></p> +<p>Inordinate, <a href = "#inordinate">34</a></p> +<p>Intellectio, <a href = "#intellectio">42</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Interpositio, <a href = "#interpositio">27</a>, <a href = +"#interpositio2">31</a></p> +<p>Interrogacio, <a href = "#interrogacio">51</a></p> +<p>Inuencion, <a href = "#inuencion">77</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">proposicions, <a href = "#proposicions">77</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">artificial proues, <a href = +"#artificiall">78</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">unartificial proues, <a href = "#unartificial">79, +80</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">circumstances of thynges, <a href = +"#circumstances_of_thynges">83</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">commonplaces, <a href = "#common_places">86</a></p> +<p>Ironia, <a href = "#ironia">45</a></p> +<p>Isocolon, <a href = "#isocolon">57</a></p> +<p>Iunctio, <a href = "#iunctio">29</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p>Lexeos, <a href = "#lexeos">25</a>, <a href = +"#figure_lexeos">26</a></p> +<p>Liptote, <a href = "#liptote">61</a></p> +<p>Littera pro littera, <a href = "#littera_pro_littera">28</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Macrologia, <a href = "#macrologia">34</a></p> +<p>Mala affectatio, <a href = "#mala_affectatio">34</a></p> +<p>Male collocatum, <a href = "#male_collocatum">35</a></p> +<p>Male figuratum, <a href = "#male_figuratum">35</a></p> +<p>Media <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘iniunctio’">iunctio</ins>, <a href = "#media_iunctio">29</a></p> +<p>Membrum oracionis, <a href = "#membrum_oracionis">57</a></p> +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Mesezeugma’">Mesozeugma</ins>, <a href = "#mesozeugma">29</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Metabasis, <a href = "#metabasis">59</a></p> +<p>Metalepsis, <a href = "#metalepsis">41</a></p> +<p>Metaphora, <a href = "#metaphora">40</a></p> +<p>Metonomia, <a href = "#metonomia">42</a></p> +<p>Mimisis, <a href = "#mimisis">69</a></p> +<p>Miosis, <a href = "#miosis">61</a></p> +<p>Morall sentence, <a href = "#morall_sentence">92</a></p> +<p>Mouth of God, <a href = "#mouth_of_god">93</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">237</span> +<p>Mycterismus, <a href = "#mycterismus">46</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Necessum, <a href = "#necessum">60</a></p> +<p>Nominis communio, <a href = "#nominis_communio">49</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Obscure, <a href = "#obscure">32</a></p> +<p>Obtestacio, <a href = "#obtestacio">51</a></p> +<p>Occupatia, <a href = "#occupatia">59</a></p> +<p>Oictros, <a href = "#oictros">68</a></p> +<p>Orismus, <a href = "#orismus">58</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Parable, <a href = "#parable">90</a></p> +<p>Paralepsis, <a href = "#paralepsis">59</a></p> +<p>Paremia, <a href = "#paremia">45</a></p> +<p>Parenthesis, <a href = "#parenthesis">31</a></p> +<p>Particio, <a href = "#particio">62</a></p> +<p>Pathopeia, <a href = "#pathopeia">68</a>, +<a href = "#pathopeia2">69</a></p> +<p>Periergia, <a href = "#periergia">33</a></p> +<p>Periphrasis, <a href = "#periphrasis">44</a></p> +<p>Perissologia, <a href = "#perissologia">32</a></p> +<p>Permissio, <a href = "#permissio">55</a></p> +<p>Pistis, <a href = "#pistis">78</a></p> +<p>Pleonasmus, <a href = "#pleonasmus">32</a></p> +<p>Postiunctio, <a href = "#postiunctio">29</a></p> +<p>Preassumpcio, <a href = "#preassumpcio">27</a></p> +<p>Preiunctio, <a href = "#preiunctio">29</a></p> +<p>Prepostera loquutio, <a href = "#prepostera_loquutio">31</a></p> +<p>Presozeugma, <a href = "#presozeugma">29</a></p> +<p>Presumpcio, <a href = "#presumpcio">28</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Probacions, <a href = "#probacions">78</a></p> +<p>Prolepsis, <a href = "#prolepsis">28</a></p> +<p>Pronominacio, <a href = "#pronominacio">44</a></p> +<p>Proparalepsis, <a href = "#proparalepsis">27</a></p> +<p>Proportio, <a href = "#proportio">37</a></p> +<p>Proposicions, <a href = "#proposicions">77</a></p> +<p>Proprietie, <a href = "#proprietie">37</a></p> +<p>Prosapodosis, <a href = "#prosapodosis">53</a></p> +<p>Prosopographia, <a href = "#prosopographia">66</a></p> +<p>Prosopopeia, <a href = "#prosopopeia">66</a>, <a href = +"#prosopopey">67</a>, <a href = "#prosopopeia3">69</a></p> +<p>Prosthesis, <a href = "#prosthesis">26</a></p> +<p>Prouerb, <a href = "#prouerb">93</a></p> +<p>Proues (proof), <a href = "#proues">78-90</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Raciocinatio, <a href = "#raciocinatio">52</a></p> +<p>Reasonynge, <a href = "#reasonynge">76</a></p> +<p>Reduplicatio, <a href = "#reduplicatio">48</a></p> +<p>Refractio, <a href = "#refractio">60</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Repeticio, <a href = "#repeticio">47</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">inutilis, <a href = "#inutilis_repeticio">33</a></p> +<p>Rethoricall, figures, <a href = "#figure_rethoricall">47</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">diuision, <a href = +"#rethoricall_diuision">62</a></p> +<p>Reuersio, <a href = "#reuersio">31</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Sarcasmus, <a href = "#sarcasmus">46</a></p> +<p>Scheme, <a href = "#scheme">3</a>, <a href = "#scheme2">25</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">faute of, <a href = "#faute">32</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">vertue of, <a href = "#vertue">37</a></p> +<p>Sedulitas superflua, <a href = "#sedulitas_superflua">33</a></p> +<p>Sentence, figures of, <a href = "#figure_sentence">62</a></p> +<p>Sermo, superfluus, <a href = "#sermo_superfluus">32</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">ubique sui similis, <a href = +"#sermo_similis">33</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">obscurus, <a href = "#sermo_obscurus">45</a></p> +<p>Silepsis, <a href = "#silepsis">30</a></p> +<p>Similiter cadens, <a href = "#similiter_cadens">58</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">desinens, <a href = "#similiter_desinens">58</a></p> +<p>Similitudes, <a href = "#similitudes">74</a></p> +<p>Sinathrismus, <a href = "#sinathrismus">50</a></p> +<p>Sinonimia, <a href = "#sinonimia">49</a></p> +<p>Sinthesis, <a href = "#sinthesis">38</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Solecismus, <a href = "#solecismus">36</a></p> +<p>Soraismus, <a href = "#soraismus">35</a></p> +<p>Style, kinds, <a href = "#style_kinds">21</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">greate, <a href = "#style_greate">22</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">small, <a href = "#style_small">23</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">meane, <a href = "#style_meane">24</a></p> +<span class = "pagenum">238</span> +<p>Subsannatio, <a href = "#subsannatio">46</a></p> +<p>Subiectio, <a href = "#subiectio">53</a></p> +<p>Superabundancia, <a href = "#superabundancia">32</a></p> +<p>Sygnes, <a href = "#sygnes">45</a>, <a href = "#sygnes2">79</a></p> +<p>Symeia, <a href = "#symeia">79</a></p> +<p>Symploce, <a href = "#symploce">47</a></p> +<p>Syncope, <a href = "#syncope">27</a></p> +<p>Synecdoche, <a href = "#synecdoche">42</a></p> +<p>Synolephe, <a href = "#synolephe">28</a></p> +<p>Systole, <a href = "#systole">27</a></p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p>Tapinosis, <a href = "#tapinosis">34</a></p> +<p>Tacite <ins class = "notation" title = "body text has ‘obiectioni’">objectioni</ins> responsio, <a href = +"#tacite_obiectioni_responsio">53</a></p> +<p>Tasis, <a href = "#tasis">37</a></p> +<p>Tautologia, <a href = "#tautologia">33</a></p> +<p>Tmesis, <a href = "#tmesis">31</a></p> +<p>Topotesia, <a href = "#topotesia">69</a></p> +<p>Traduccio, <a href = "#traduccio">48</a></p> +<p>Transgressio, <a href = "#transgressio">30</a></p> +<p>Transicio, <a href = "#transicio">59</a></p> +<p>Translatio, <a href = "#translatio">40</a></p> +<p>Transposicio, <a href = "#transposicio">28</a></p> +<p>Transsumptio, <a href = "#transsumptio">41</a></p> +<p>Tropes, <a href = "#trope">3</a>, <a href = "#tropes">39-46</a></p> +<p>Turpis loquutio, <a href = "#turpis_loquutio">34</a></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Verborum bombus, <a href = "#verborum_bombus">61</a></p> +<p>Votum, <a href = "#votum">51</a></p> + +<p class = "letter"> +Worde, <a href = "#worde">26</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">compound, <a href = "#worde_compound">19</a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">simple, <a href = "#worde_symple">19</a></p> + +<p class = "letter"> +Zeugma, <a href = "#zeugma">29</a></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class = "endnote"> + +<h5><a name = "dedictext" id = "dedictext" href = "#dedic"> +Dedication</a></h5> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "largest">To the ryght worshyp</span><br> +<span class = "larger">ful Master Thomas Brooke</span><br> +Esquire, Rychard Shyrrey<br> +wysheth health euer-<br> +lastynge.</p> + +<h5><a name = "tropestext" id = "tropestext" href = "#tropestitle"> +Figures and Tropes</a></h5> + +<p class = "center"> +¶ A briefe note of eloquciõ, the third<br> +parte of Rhetoricke, wherunto<br> +all Figures and Tropes be<br> +referred.</p> + +<h4><a name = "endnote" id = "endnote">Notes on the Text</a></h4> + +<h5>Paragraphs</h5> + +<p>Some paragraph breaks in this e-text are conjectural. The printed +book had the following kinds of breaks:</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p>conventional paragraph with indented first line</p> +<p>unambiguous paragraph with non-indented first line</p> +<p>ambiguous paragraph: previous line ends with blank space, but the +space is not large enough to contain the first syllable of the +following line</p> +<p>sentence break corresponds to line break: this happens randomly in +any printed book, and only becomes ambiguous when the book also has +non-indented paragraphs</p> +</div> + +<p>In this e-text, the second type of paragraph is marked with a simple +line break (no extra space) and pilcrow ¶. The third type has a +pilcrow ¶ but no line break. The fourth type is not marked.</p> + +<h5>Transcriber’s Footnote</h5> + +<p><a name = "endnote1" id = "endnote1" href = "#endtag1">*</a> +<b>homotelento, -teleto</b>: <br> +In the facsimile edition, the body text has <i>homoteleto</i> but +the Index has <i>homotelento</i>. In the other available text, the body +text has <i>homotelẽto</i> with clear overline. The correct form is +“homeoteleuton” (in this book’s spelling, probably “homioteleuton”).</p> + +<h5>Spelling</h5> + +<p>The pattern of initial <b>v</b>, non-initial <b>u</b> is followed +consistently.</p> +<p>The spelling “they” is more common than “thei”.</p> +<p>The form “then” is normally used for both “then” and “than”; “than” +is rare.</p> +<p>The most common spelling is “wyll”, but “wyl”, “wil” and “will” also +occur.</p> + +<h5>Word Division</h5> + +<p>Line-end hyphens were completely arbitrary; words split at line break +were hyphenated about two-thirds of the time. The presence or absence of +a hyphen has not been noted. Hyphenless words at line-end were joined or +separated depending on behavior elsewhere in the text:</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>Always one word</i> (re-joined at line break): som(e)what, +without, afterward(e)s</p> +<p><i>Usually one word:</i> often( )times, what( )so( )euer</p> +<p><i>One or two words:</i> an( )other</p> +<p><i>Usually two words:</i> it/him/my...( )self/selues; shal( )be; +straight( )way</p> +<p><i>Always two words:</i> here to</p> +</div> + +<h5>Roman Numerals</h5> + +<p>Numbers were printed with leading and following .period. When the +number came at the beginning or end of a line, the “outer” period was +sometimes omitted. These have been supplied for consistency.</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes, by Richard Sherry + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES *** + +***** This file should be named 28447-h.htm or 28447-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/4/28447/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Joseph Cooper, Chris Curnow, Greg +Lindahl and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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