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diff --git a/28398-8.txt b/28398-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2dfb1b --- /dev/null +++ b/28398-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4853 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Movement of the International Literary +Exchanges, between France and North America from January 1845 to May, 1846, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Movement of the International Literary Exchanges, between France and North America from January 1845 to May, 1846 + With Instructions for Collecting, Preparing, and Forwarding + Objects of Natural History Written by The Professors + Administrators of The Museum Of Natural History At Paris. + And Instructions Relative to Anthropology and Zoology + +Author: Various + +Commentator: Alexandre Vattemare + +Editor: Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire + +Release Date: March 24, 2009 [EBook #28398] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOVEMENT OF THE *** + + + + +Produced by Mireille Harmelin, Hélène de Mink and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France +(BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + + + + + +Note de transcription: La ponctuation et les erreurs clairement +introduites par le typographe ont été corrigées. Cependant, le texte +anglais a été écrit par des personnes dont la langue maternelle était +le français et leurs erreurs d'orthographe--et il y en a beaucoup--ont +été conservées. + +Transcriber's note: Punctuation and obvious printer errors have been +repaired. However, the English text was written by people whose native +language was French and their spelling mistakes--and there are a great +many--have been preserved. + + + + +MOVEMENT + +OF THE + +INTERNATIONAL LITTERARY EXCHANGES, + +BETWEEN + +FRANCE AND NORTH AMERICA, + +From January, 1845, to May, 1846. + +WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR + +COLLECTING, PREPARING, AND FORWARDING + +OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Written by the Professors Administrators of the Museum of natural +History at Paris. + +AND INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE TO + +ANTHROPOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY, + +BY + +M. ISIDORE GEOFFROY St-HILAIRE, + +(Both series translated by an American Lady.) + +PUBLISHED BY REQUEST. + +PARIS: + +PRINTED BY PAUL DUPONT. + +1846 + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +In the month of January last, I received the following letter: + + Paris, December 24th, 1845. + + MONSIEUR ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE, + + Sir, + + The undersigned young men, citizens of the United States of + America, now in Paris, have heard so much about the successful + realisation of your scheme of international exchanges between + France and their native land, that they are induced to take the + liberty of requesting from you a narration of the results of your + indefatigable exertions in the cause of science during the past + twelve months. They avail themselves of the occasion to testify + their gratitude for your desinterested toil and the high respect + with which they have the honor to subscribe themselves, + + Your very obedient and humble servants, + + BENJ. PERLEY POORE, of Massachusetts. + W. C. ALLAn, of Kentucky. + F. S. AINSWORTH, M. D., of Massachusetts. + J. HUNT, of Massachusetts. + BENJ. APTHORP GOULD, of Massachusetts. + EDWARD MONROE, of New-York. + JAMES M. HOPPIN, of Rhode-Island. + GEO. H. HALL, of North-Carolina. + BENJ. CHAMPNEY, of Massachusetts. + HENRY WILLARD, of Massachusetts. + W. J. PARKERSON, of Massachusetts. + H. H. J. GIBSON, of New-York. + SAMUEL WANSLOW, New-York. + GEO. C. MASON, Rhode-Island. + JNO. C. MARTIN, New-York. + FLELCHER DERBY, New-York. + J. SUMNER, Massachusetts. + HENDERSON POPE, So. Carolina. + J.-S. HARRIS, Mississipi. + THOMAS DUSTIN, Indiana. + E. HARTSHORN, Pennsylvania. + JOHN S. MILLER, Pennsylvania. + J. C. CROSS, Kentucky. + NORWOOD PENROSE, New-Jersey. + MORTON STILLE, Pennsylvania. + GEO. CATLIN, New-York. + +Considering myself highly honored by this kind invitation, I felt it +necessary to endeavour at once to gratify a desire expressed in such +flattering terms. + +But, after mature reflection, I resolved to confine myself to the +publication of official documents; and it was again necessary to +choose from these on account of my limits. I have thus been prevented +from publishing letters of the honorable president of the Court of +accounts; the director of the King's library; the secretary of the +society for the encouragement of silk culture; the president of the +Royal academy of Rouen; the perpetual secretaries of the Royal and +central agricultural society; of the academy of science, of the +academy of moral and political science. All these letters were +accompanied by documents and books which have been faithfully +transmitted to their respective destinations in the United States. + +It can be easily understood, that, obliged even to reduce the number +of documents which each testified to the positive results of the +system of exchanges, I have entirely omitted those which merely +contain promises. In the present state of things, I can only with +propriety present the public with accomplished facts. + +Why should I add any reflection to these authentic documents +which I publish? It does not become me to tell the care and anxiety +which the already acquired results have cost me. As for the kindness +and liberality of which so many proofs have been given me both in +France and America, it is visible enough through this publication. If, +on this occasion, I express my unbounded gratitude, I cannot +nevertheless forget that these favors have been granted less to my +exertions than in consequence of the hopes thereby created, and the +ends foreseen. + +I hope that this pamphlet will not be without fruit. From what has +been done, we can judge of what may be done, and inspired by the +confidence imparted by the success of the three past years, I +confidently trust that these facts will give the system of exchange a +new impulse. + +For this reason, I have determined to conclude the publication by the +instructions prepared by the administrative professors of the Museum +of natural history. Our American Brethren will be kind enough to +follow the advice of these literati in prosecuting their researches, +and sending their fruits. + +I beg leave to recommend them to the particular attention of those +societies and gentlemen in the new world who make natural history a +special study. + +The French and English languages being so familiar to the two nations, +I thought it better to keep the following Documents in the language +they were writt, fearing they might lose their originalety by being +translated. + + Paris, may 1846. + A. VATTEMARE. + + + + +PRESENT STATE + +OF THE + +SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL LITERARY EXCHANGES + +BETWEEN + +FRANCE AND NORTH AMERICA. + +EXTRACT _from the_ JOURNAL DE L'INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE (March 4. 1846.) +(_Published under the auspices of the Department of public +instruction_). + + + Nos lecteurs savent que M. le Ministre de l'instruction publique + a porté au budget soumis en ce moment à l'examen de la Chambre, + une somme de 3,000 francs destinée à acquitter les frais auxquels + donnera lieu le système d'échange de livres commencé par + l'entremise de M. Vattemare entre la France et les pays + étrangers. + + La lettre suivante, adressée par M. Alexandre Vattemare à M. le + Ministre, est une histoire abrégée mais complète du système + d'échange de livres, d'objets d'art et d'histoire naturelle entre + les nations jusqu'au 7 août 1845. Nous livrons les faits qu'elle + révèle à l'appréciation de nos lecteurs. Nous devons ajouter + seulement que, depuis cette époque, les États de New-York, de la + Virginie, de l'Indiana, de l'Illinois, de Rhode-Island, le + gouvernement du Canada ont fait à M. Vattemare des envois qui ont + été répartis entre les diverses administrations et les + établissements scientifiques de Paris; en sorte qu'il faut + aujourd'hui porter le mouvement des échanges à plus de 7,000 + volumes. + + Nous savons de plus qu'un savant américain, M. Jewett, récemment + arrivé d'Allemagne, a affirmé à M. Vattemare qu'il a vu tout + préparé pour les échanges à Dresde, à Munich, à Berlin et à + Vienne; que les bibliothécaires de ces villes lui ont parlé des + promesses du système dont ils attendent impatiemment la + réalisation. + + * * * * * + + _A Son Excellence M. le comte de Salvandy, Ministre de + l'instruction publique._ + + En 1694, on échangea les livres doubles de la Bibliothèque royale + contre les livres nouveaux qui s'imprimaient dans les pays + étrangers. Cette sorte de commerce autorisé par les ordres exprès + du roi, et qui dura quelques années, ne laissa pas que de fournir + une assez grande quantité de bons livres, surtout d'Angleterre et + d'Allemagne. + + En 1697, le P. Bouvet apporta 149 livres chinois en échange + desquels le roi donna le recueil de toutes ses estampes. + + (_Essai historique sur la Biblioth. du Roi, p. 67._) + + Colbert fit faire des copies de manuscrits pour les échanges. + C'est aussi par les ordres de Colbert qu'on fit un état des + livres doubles susceptibles d'être échangés contre d'autres qu'on + ne possédait pas. + + (PAULIN, PARIS, _les Manuscrits franç. de la Bibl. du Roi_, p. 1.) + + Monsieur le Ministre, + + Autorisé par les exemples que je viens de citer, dans mes + démarches pour établir entre la France et les nations civilisées + des deux mondes des relations régulières et permanentes d'échange + de livres, d'objets d'arts et d'histoire naturelle, je + n'entreprendrai pas de développer ce que j'appellerai la théorie + de mon système. Je parlerai seulement des faits. Vous n'avez pas + besoin d'un commentaire des actes de Colbert et de Louis XIV, et + je n'ai pas besoin auprès de vous d'apologie. Ce que j'aurais + l'honneur de vous dire, vous le savez déjà; vous l'avez vu dans + les textes des _Manuscrits français_ et de l'_Essai historique_. + Je veux être ménager d'un temps que vous employez si utilement + pour l'éducation de la jeunesse et pour l'avancement des lettres. + + Permettez-moi, Monsieur le Ministre, de vous donner d'abord un + aperçu des doubles qui existent dans quelques bibliothèques de + l'étranger et de la France. C'est un essai de statistique qui fera + comprendre, mieux que tous les raisonnements, les profits que l'on + doit attendre des échanges. La bibliothèque de Munich a 200,000 + doubles; celle d'Iéna, 12,000; celle de Saint-Pétersbourg, 54,000; + à Vienne, plus de 30,000 doubles, parmi lesquels un grand nombre + d'incunables, sont enfouis dans des magasins. A Vienne encore, + 25,000 doubles encombrent la section d'entomologie du musée + brésilien. Breslau possède l'un des plus précieux manuscrits de + Froissart. On trouve à Munich le cinquième volume du roman des + _Quatre Fils Aymon_ dont les quatre premiers sont à la + bibliothèque de l'Arsenal; et à Bruxelles, dans la bibliothèque + de Bourgogne, des doubles de manuscrits précieux pour notre + histoire. En France, la bibliothèque de Metz contient plus de 500 + doubles; celle de Douai, 250; celle de Colmar, 100; des matériaux + importants pour l'histoire de diverses villes sont réunis dans la + bibliothèque d'Aix, assez indigente sur sa propre histoire: et + ainsi Lyon, Arles, Nantes sont privés de documents précieux pour + leurs anciennes annales. Les archives de la préfecture de Dijon + renferment des titres et des chartes du duché de Savoie, en + échange desquels le roi de Sardaigne nous donnerait tout ce que + nous voudrions. + + J'avais reconnu cet état de choses pour l'Allemagne, pendant les + divers voyages que j'ai faits dans ce pays. J'en avais entretenu + des savants, des hommes d'État, les rois eux-mêmes. Voici ce que + m'écrivait à cette occasion M. P. Lichtenthaler, directeur de la + bibliothèque de Munich, le 22 janvier 1833. + + «Vous vous souviendrez que dans nos entretiens je vous ai aussi + parlé de nos doubles dont nous gardons une immense quantité. Ne + vous serait-il pas possible, par vos relations à Paris, d'engager + l'administrateur des beaux-arts à entrer en échange avec notre + bibliothèque?» + + Le 6 décembre de la même année, M. le comte Maurice de + Dietrichstein, directeur général du musée à Vienne, m'adressait + une lettre dont j'extrais le passage suivant: + + «Soyez sûr que je ne négligerai ni le catalogue des doubles ni + celui des ouvrages dépareillés de la grande bibliothèque + impériale.» + + «Le plan que vous m'avez communiqué de créer un système d'échange + de doubles, entre les différents cabinets de l'Europe mérite la + plus grande attention,» m'écrivait le 20 janvier 1834 M. le comte + de Brühl, intendant général des musées du royaume de Prusse, + «Soyez assuré de l'empressement que je mettrai à entrer dans vos + vues à cet égard aussitôt que l'établissement des médailles du + musée sera assez avancé pour permettre de reconnaître l'effectif + des doubles existant dans les différentes parties de l'Institut.» + + D'autres lettres d'adhésions et d'encouragements m'ont été + écrites, le 1er août 1834, par M. le comte de Benkendorff, au + nom de l'empereur de Russie; en 1834 encore, par M. de Hauh, au + nom du roi de Danemark; le 13 janvier 1837, par M. le comte + d'Appony, ambassadeur d'Autriche; les 16 et 19 mai 1838, par MM. + Spring Rice et Poulett Thompson, ministres d'Angleterre; le 9 + mars 1839, par M. le comte de Lowenhielm, ambassadeur de Suède. + + Il résulte de cette correspondance, dont je serais heureux de + mettre les originaux sous les yeux de Votre Excellence, Monsieur + le Ministre, que partout mes ouvertures ont été accueillies avec + empressement; qu'en Bavière et en Autriche il a été donné à mon + plan un commencement d'exécution, c'est-à-dire qu'on s'est + préparé à entrer en échange aussitôt qu'il conviendra à la France + de consentir à ces relations de mutuelle bienveillance. + + Je ne vous ai parlé que des assurances officielles de concours + qui m'ont été adressées. J'aurais pu y ajouter les nombreux + témoignages de sympathie que j'ai reçus de la part des écrivains, + des savants, des artistes les plus illustres; mais j'aurais été + trop long. Je suis prêt à vous soumettre à cet égard toutes les + justifications que vous pourrez désirer. + + Dès 1835, j'étais revenu en France une première fois, et je + m'étais empressé d'écrire à M. le duc de Broglie, alors ministre + des affaires étrangères, au nom duquel il me fut répondu le 12 + juin: + + «L'utilité des travaux entrepris par M. Vattemare pour faciliter + les échanges ne paraît point contestable; et le ministre des + affaires étrangères saisira la plus prochaine occasion pour + entretenir son collègue le Ministre de l'instruction publique du + plan formé par M. Vattemare.» + + M. Pelet de la Lozère, ministre de l'instruction publique en + 1836, m'écrivait: + + «En ce qui concerne ce projet, il est impossible que le + gouvernement n'en approuve entièrement la conception et qu'il ne + fasse en même temps tout ce qui dépendra de lui pour en favoriser + l'exécution. L'intérêt avec lequel les deux chambres et + l'administration se sont empressés de l'accueillir et de s'en + occuper ne saurait vous laisser de doute à cet égard. Il est un + sûr garant de l'importance que le gouvernement lui attribue et + des résultats qu'il en attend.» + + L'intérêt des deux chambres, dont il est parlé dans cette lettre + de M. Pelet de la Lozère, s'était manifesté par une double + décision prise le 6 mars par la chambre des députés, par la + chambre des pairs, le 26. J'avais, au mois de novembre 1836, + adressé aux chambres une pétition dont les rapporteurs furent, à + la chambre des députés, M. de Guizard, au Luxembourg, M. le duc + de Fezensac. M. de Guizard avait dit dans son rapport que «la + commission ne pouvait méconnaître les résultats importants qu'on + devait raisonnablement se promettre de l'application du système + proposé; qu'elle y voyait l'avantage immense pour nos + bibliothèques, si pauvres en ouvrages étrangers, de se compléter + sous ce rapport au moyen de leurs doubles; et que, se bornât-on à + faire l'application de ces idées aux établissements nationaux, il + y aurait encore la promesse certaine d'une vie nouvelle pour nos + bibliothèques.» Le rapport de M. le duc de Fezensac n'avait pas + été moins favorable. «On peut compter, avait dit le noble + rapporteur, sur le concours loyal et éclairé des gouvernements + étrangers. M. Vattemare en a reçu plus d'une assurance; et déjà + des offres particulières d'échanges sont arrivées à la + Bibliothèque du roi. Le moment paraît favorable pour s'occuper + sérieusement de ce travail. On doit en espérer d'heureux + résultats auxquels M. Vattemare aura eu la gloire d'attacher son + nom.» + + Et les deux chambres avaient, à l'unanimité de leurs membres + présents, renvoyé ma pétition à M. le Ministre de l'instruction + publique. + + Cependant les affaires de l'État, les événements de la politique + détournèrent de la question des échanges l'attention du + gouvernement. Après trois ans de nouveaux travaux et de nouvelles + sollicitations, je me décidai à provoquer encore une fois le + concours des chambres législatives. Je présentai une seconde + pétition qui, comme la première, fut renvoyée au Ministre de + l'instruction publique avec l'assentiment du parlement tout + entier. Je ne citerai ici, pour abréger, aucun extrait ni des + rapports faits au nom de la commission des deux chambres, ni de + la lettre de M. Villemain en date du 31 août 1839, ni de celle de + M. Duchâtel en date du 14 août de la même année. Qu'il me suffise + de dire à Votre Excellence que c'étaient les mêmes félicitations, + les mêmes encouragements, les mêmes promesses. + + C'est alors qu'un honorable député, que j'avais eu l'honneur + d'entretenir quelquefois de mes idées, de mes travaux, de mes + espérances, me conseilla d'aller aux États-Unis pour y préparer + le terrain, comme je l'avais fait en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en + Russie. La tâche était laborieuse, difficile; je ne me le + dissimulai pas; mais les résultats devaient être féconds. Si + l'Amérique a peu de livres à nous donner, elle peut nous fournir + un très-grand nombre d'admirables échantillons pour nos + collections de minéralogie, d'entomologie, de botanique, etc. + Elle s'est d'ailleurs occupée avec succès de l'application des + sciences et des arts à l'industrie. C'est, en un mot, une nature + et une civilisation différentes des nôtres. Je partis. + + Embarqué au Havre le 20 octobre 1839, j'arrivai à New-York le 29 + novembre. En Europe j'avais recueilli le suffrage des savants, + des publicistes, des hommes d'État, un à un, dans la solitude et + la paix du cabinet. Je m'adressais à des esprits éclairés, à des + intelligences exercées à méditer sur les avantages de l'étude et + sur les voies de la civilisation. En Amérique j'ai eu affaire à + des corps législatifs, à des assemblées populaires. J'ai + développé mon système dans l'agitation contenue des meetings. + + Je ne veux vous exposer, Monsieur le Ministre, que les résultats + dont j'ai entre les mains les preuves authentiques, officielles. + Je n'essaierai donc pas de vous montrer la jeunesse de New-York, + de Boston, de Baltimore, du Canada, s'associant puissamment à mes + efforts par des résolutions délibérées en assemblée publique; + pourtant vous seriez touché, j'en suis certain, de la voir à + Montréal voter une messe solennelle avec _Te Deum_ d'actions de + grâces. Je ne vous dirai pas davantage que toutes les opinions, + tous les cultes se sont réunis pour m'entendre, pour me seconder, + pour me soutenir; que des associations ont été formées dans + l'unique but d'appliquer mes idées; que des établissements + scientifiques ont été créés. Plus tard vous voudrez peut-être + vous faire rendre compte des faits que j'ai négligés pour être + plus bref. Je serai toujours à vos ordres, Monsieur le Ministre. + + C'est l'État de la Louisiane qui, le premier, a consacré mon + système par une mesure législative. Le 26 mars 1840, le sénat + décidait «qu'une somme de 3,000 piastres serait mise à la + disposition du gouverneur, du secrétaire d'État et de trois + personnes nommées annuellement par le gouverneur et le sénat, + afin d'être employée par eux ou par une majorité d'entre eux à + procurer les curiosités que renferme la Louisiane, tant en objets + d'art que de science ou autres, pour établir avec les musées et + les bibliothèques de l'Europe les premières communications et les + premières opérations d'échange.» + + Quelques mois après, à l'autre extrémité de l'Union, l'État du + Maine suivait l'exemple donné par la Louisiane. La législature + votait cinquante exemplaires de chaque volume des lois, + résolutions et documents publics, et 1,000 dollars (5,000 fr.) + qui devaient être employés à recueillir des spécimens d'histoire + naturelle et des productions des arts utiles pour les échanger, + sous la direction du gouverneur. + + Le bill du congrès américain a été rendu les 10 et 17 juillet + 1840. Le voici textuellement: 1º Le bibliothécaire, avec + l'autorisation du comité de la bibliothèque, pourra échanger tous + les doubles qui se trouvent dans la bibliothèque; 2º il est + autorisé également à échanger les documents; 3º à compter de ce + jour, cinquante exemplaires de chaque volume des documents, + publiés par ordre des deux chambres, seront imprimés et reliés + pour être échangés avec les puissances étrangères. + + Au Canada, par une loi du conseil spécial, approuvée par le + gouverneur général, le 6 février 1841, 50,000 livres sterling + (1,250,000 fr.) ont été votées pour subvenir aux frais de + construction d'un édifice dans lequel se trouveraient réunis un + musée, une bibliothèque, un cabinet d'histoire naturelle, une + grande salle pour les réunions publiques, et dans laquelle se + tiendraient les séances des Sociétés scientifiques, formant ainsi + un Institut, d'après les plans suggérés par M. Alexandre + Vattemare. + + Avec ces bills et ces résolutions, dont des copies authentiques + m'ont été remises officiellement, j'ai rapporté en France plus de + 1,200 volumes, des cartes géographiques, des herbiers, et un + morceau de fer oxydulé des montagnes du Missouri, que j'ai + distribués entre les divers ministères, les bibliothèques des + deux chambres, de la ville de Paris, de l'Académie des sciences, + etc. M. Dufrénoy m'a fait l'honneur de m'écrire au sujet du + morceau de fer que j'avais offert à l'École des mines: «Je vous + remercie au nom de l'École de ce magnifique échantillon. Malgré + ses dimensions presque gigantesques, plus de 0,66 de diamètre, il + est pur dans toutes ses parties.... Outre son intérêt sous le + rapport minéralogique, l'envoi de M. le sénateur Lynn est + précieux pour nous parce qu'il commence le système d'échange que + vous avez cherché à établir entre toutes les nations de l'ancien + et du nouveau continent, et qui peut seul permettre aux + collections d'histoire naturelle de se compléter.» + + De ce moment, en effet, Monsieur le Ministre, le système + d'échange était établi. L'Amérique était venue au-devant de la + France; et la France l'avait accueillie avec empressement. + Quoique abandonné à mes propres forces, j'ai entretenu avec + quelques succès les relations que j'avais eu le bonheur de nouer + entre les deux nations. De l'époque de mon retour à Paris jusqu'à + présent, il y a eu un mouvement d'échange qui peut se calculer de + la manière suivante: + + 6,000 volumes, + 316 cartes géographiques, + 240 gravures, + 150 médailles, + 2 plans en relief, + 5 caisses de minéraux, + Des herbiers. + + Une personne, que sa position m'autorise à croire bien informée, + m'a affirmé que le commerce de la librairie avait ressenti + utilement l'influence de ces échanges, qu'il s'en était accru + d'une manière notable. Je n'en sais rien; mais il m'a semblé que + je devais vous soumettre cette observation dont je n'ai pas eu le + temps de chercher la preuve, et qu'ainsi je ne puis garantir. + Toutefois, j'ajouterai qu'elle a pour moi un grand caractère de + probabilité, et que je l'avais depuis longtemps pressentie. + + Les ministères et les administrations publiques sont entrés pour + la plus grande part dans ce mouvement; mais il est de mon devoir + de dire que ni écrivain, ni publiciste, ni artiste ne m'ont + refusé leur concours; et parmi ceux qui m'ont encouragé par leurs + présents, je compte les membres les plus illustres des deux + chambres législatives. + + Dans la séance du 21 mai 1842, la chambre des députés, sur la + proposition de son bibliothécaire, a ajouté à son budget une + somme de 3,000 fr. pour les échanges; et le 14 novembre de la + même année, M. Carrey, bibliothécaire de la chambre des pairs, + m'a annoncé que M. le grand référendaire lui avait ordonné de + tenir à ma disposition 120 volumes de documents émanés de la + pairie pour le sénat des États-Unis. Par plusieurs délibérations, + dont la première est du 21 décembre 1842, le conseil municipal de + la ville de Paris est entré en relation d'échanges avec les + principales villes de l'Union américaine, New-York, Boston, + Baltimore, Washington, etc. + + De leur côté les États du Maine et du Massachusetts ont, par des + bills en date du 22 mars 1844 et 7 février 1845, voté chacun une + somme de 300 dollars (1,500 fr.) pour les frais des échanges; et + un acte de la législature du Michigan (12 mars 1844) ordonne que + l'ingénieur en chef de l'État recherche les doubles qui existent + dans les collections d'histoire naturelle de l'Université, qui + sont sous sa direction, et qu'il en fasse un rapport dans la plus + prochaine session de la législature. + + Ce ne sont là, Monsieur le Ministre, que les faits les plus + saillants qui se sont produits dans ces dernières années et + depuis mon retour d'Amérique. Je pourrais en soumettre beaucoup + d'autres à l'appréciation de Votre Excellence; mais j'en ai dit + assez pour justifier votre bienveillant intérêt si vous daignez + me l'accorder, et je craindrais d'abuser du temps que vous voulez + bien me donner si j'insistais davantage. + + Vous voyez, Monsieur le Ministre, que l'impulsion est donnée; que + le mouvement des échanges est accepté, encouragé par le zèle des + particuliers et par le concours de la puissance publique; que le + système d'échange tend à devenir ce qu'il doit être, un lien + intellectuel entre les nations, un instrument de civilisation et + de progrès. C'est aujourd'hui plus qu'une idée, une théorie; + c'est un fait. On peut en mesurer dès à présent la portée pour + l'instruction des peuples, pour l'avancement des sciences, pour + le bien de l'humanité. Croyez, Monsieur le Ministre, que si tant + de personnages éminents, tant de pouvoirs publics se sont montrés + accessibles à mes sollicitations, c'est qu'il y a une sorte de + conscience universelle qui s'attache à l'accomplissement de mon + oeuvre comme à une espérance de grandeur et de gloire pour les + nations. + + J'ai l'honneur d'être avec le plus profond respect, + Monsieur le Ministre, + De Votre Excellence, + Le très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur, + + ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE. + + * * * * * + + _Pièces jointes à la pétition de M. Vattemare._ + + Traduction du Document officiel qui accompagnait les 64 volumes + présentés le 19 février à S. E. M. le Ministre de l'instruction + publique au nom de l'État de l'Indiana. + + _Résolution adoptée par les deux chambres législatives de l'État + d'Indiana, relative aux échanges internationaux._ + + Attendu qu'un système d'échange scientifique et littéraire entre + les nations a été conçu par Alexandre Vattemare, citoyen + distingué en France, et réalisé avec succès par des échanges de + précieux ouvrages, cartes, objets d'histoire naturelle, etc., + faits entre la France et les États-Unis; + + Attendu qu'un tel système de bon vouloir et de courtoisie entre + les nations ne peut que servir les intérêts de la religion, de la + morale, de la littérature et des arts, et qu'il tend à faire de + toutes les nations civilisées un corps de travailleurs attentifs + à leur avancement mutuel; pour ces causes: + + Il est résolu par l'assemblée générale de l'État d'Indiana que le + secrétaire d'État est par les présentes autorisé et invité à + faire rechercher dans les archives publiques et relier d'une + manière convenable et durable, huit collections de toutes les + lois publiques et particulières, résolutions et documents + législatifs, publiés par ordre de l'État, ainsi que des + exemplaires des rapports de Blackfort, du rapport de l'ingénieur + des mines de l'État et de l'histoire d'Indiana et de les + transmettre audit sieur Alexandre Vattemare pour être distribués + par lui ainsi qu'il suit: 1º aux chambres législatives de France; + 2º au ministère de l'instruction publique; 3º au ministère de la + justice; 4º au ministère de l'intérieur; 5º au ministère de la + marine; 6º au ministère de l'agriculture et du commerce; 7º au + conseil municipal de la ville de Paris; 8º à l'Académie des + sciences morales et politiques. Chacune desquelles collections + devra être accompagnée d'une copie, dûment certifiée, de cette + résolution. + + Le secrétaire d'État est, en outre, invité par les présentes à + transmettre annuellement, ainsi qu'il a été ordonné ci-dessus, + toutes les lois publiques et particulières, documents, etc., + jusqu'à ce qu'il en soit ordonné autrement par la législature; et + les frais nécessaires pour la réalisation des échanges seront + pris sur le contingent et ordonnancés par l'autorité légale. + + A.-L. ROBINSON, + _Président de la chambre des représentants._ + + JESSE D. BRIGHT, + _Président du sénat._ + + Approuvé + 15 janvier 1844, + JAMES WHITE. + + Je soussigné, John H. Thompson, secrétaire d'État, certifie que + cette copie de la résolution ci-dessus est en tout conforme à + l'original inscrit sur le registre conservé dans ce bureau. En + foi de quoi je l'ai signé et y ai fait apposer le sceau de + l'État. + + Fait à Indianopolis, le premier jour d'août de l'an de Notre + Seigneur 1844, la trentième année de l'État et de l'indépendance + des États-Unis la soixante-dixième. + + JOHN H. THOMPSON, + _Secrétaire d'État._ + + _Lettre de lord Sydenham (Poulett Thomson), ministre du commerce + d'Angleterre et gouverneur général du Canada._ + + Maison du gouvernement, 13 décembre 1840. + + Monsieur, + + Ayant déjà eu l'occasion, en Europe, de vous témoigner + l'admiration que j'éprouvais, tant pour votre système d'échange + que pour le zèle que vous mettez à son perfectionnement, il est + presque superflu de vous le répéter; mais je ne puis me refuser + le plaisir de vous en renouveler l'assurance depuis que j'ai vu + l'extension que vous lui avez donnée en Amérique, et surtout au + Canada. + + Je ne voyais autrefois dans vos travaux qu'un moyen puissant + d'augmenter les richesses littéraires des divers pays, par + l'échange de leur superflu; mais je reconnais maintenant un but + encore plus noble et plus utile: vous servir du terrain neutre + des sciences et des arts pour faire taire les haines de race ou + de parti, et unir, par un lien commun, les hommes estimables que + des différences politiques ou personnelles ont trop longtemps + séparés. + + Veuillez croire, Monsieur, que mes voeux les plus sincères + accompagnent vos efforts, et que je serais flatté de pouvoir leur + prêter mon faible appui. Votre triomphe sera celui de l'humanité. + + Agréez l'assurance de mon sincère dévouement, + + SYDENHAM. + + * * * * * + + _Traduction d'une lettre de M. T. W. Murdoch, secrétaire en chef + du gouvernement du Canada à M. Vattemare._ + + Montréal, 19 décembre 1840. + + Monsieur, + + Je reçois l'ordre du gouverneur général de vous informer que, + dans le but de favoriser le projet pour l'accomplissement duquel + vous êtes venu dans ce pays, c'est-à-dire l'échange, parmi toutes + les nations, des publications d'un intérêt général, Son + Excellence a ordonné au greffier du conseil spécial de mettre à + votre disposition un exemplaire complet des journaux du conseil + législatif et de la chambre d'assemblée de cette province, de + même que tout autre document public dont il aurait le double. Ces + documents, destinés par son Excellence à être présentés à la + chambre des députés et des pairs de France, vous seront adressés + où vous le désirerez, et au moment que vous jugerez le plus + convenable; et Son Excellence espère qu'en échange vous pourrez + obtenir pour ce pays un exemplaire des documents publiés par le + gouvernement français. _La commune origine des lois de ce pays et + du Bas-Canada, ainsi que la similitude de langage existant entre + les Français et une grande partie des habitants de cette + province, rendront un tel échange intéressant et avantageux._ + + * * * * * + + _Traduction d'une lettre de M. A. T. Holmes, président de la + Société d'histoire naturelle de Montréal._ + + 22 janvier 1841. + + Monsieur, + + Officiellement constitué comme Président de la Société d'histoire + naturelle, l'organe de la partie scientifique de notre + population, je ne puis vous laisser partir pour les pays où votre + présence se fait désirer, sans vous exprimer notre reconnaissance + pour les bienfaits immenses dont vous sont redevables cette ville + et ce pays. Vous êtes venu parmi nous étranger, dont le nom était + connu, il est vrai, lié qu'il était à cette grande idée + d'échanges internationaux, système de peu d'intérêt pour nous, + qui étions trop insignifiants pour y participer. La surprise et + l'incrédulité, quant au succès, furent donc les premières + émotions soulevées par votre proposition de rendre le Canada + partie intégrante de cette grande union nationale que vous avez + en partie établie dans l'ancien monde, et dans laquelle vous vous + efforcez, avec un zèle philanthropique et désintéressé, de faire + entrer le nouveau. Ces sentiments ont fait place à l'admiration, + lorsque, après avoir fait connaître vos plans, vous avez commencé + avec énergie et persévérance à engager la coopération des corps + publics et des individus, et à combattre les obstacles que les + circonstances malheureuses dans lesquelles se trouve ce pays ont + semés sur votre route. Vous avez enfin réussi, et, en nous + quittant, vous emportez la preuve de l'utilité de votre visite et + de votre résidence prolongée. Vos ardents désirs pour notre bien + vont être satisfaits, et nous espérons voir bientôt s'élever dans + notre ville un monument qui, sans porter le nom de Vattemare, + sera désigné comme son oeuvre aux générations futures. Vous aurez + ainsi créé les moyens d'unir le Canada avec les autres nations + dans le magnifique et bienveillant système d'échanges + internationaux, plan qui ne doit pas seulement être considéré + sous le point de vue commercial, mais comme un grand levier moral + qui resserrera les liens qui unissent les différentes nations de + la terre en une seule famille. _Le Canada_ ne manque, sous aucun + rapport, des richesses nécessaires pour venir au-devant des + offres de nos frères transatlantiques; car, quoiqu'il ne possède + aucun des trésors fruits d'une longue civilisation, comme des + antiquités, des ouvrages de littérature et d'arts, _les + productions naturelles de nos pays_, estimées comme elles le sont + en Europe, et qui ne demandent que de l'industrie pour être + rassemblées, seraient cependant tout à fait dignes d'être + échangées contre les livres, modèles et spécimens qui ne + manqueraient pas de nous être envoyés des plus anciennes + contrées. Je suis, etc. + + * * * * * + + _Lettre de monseigneur l'évêque de Montréal, Bas-Canada._ + + Montréal, 23 novembre. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai toujours considéré le genre humain comme ne formant qu'un + même corps, qui a pour membres toutes les nations du globe, et + pour âme la divine Providence qui préside à tous les événements + d'ici-bas. Un des grands bienfaits du christianisme est d'unir + intimement tous ces membres dispersés par toute la terre; et si + les passions humaines ne venaient pas rompre ces liens sacrés que + la religion tend sans cesse à former, tous les peuples ne + formeraient plus qu'un même peuple, ne seraient plus qu'une seule + et même famille dont Dieu serait le père. + + Toute institution qui tendra à cimenter une union aussi parfaite + sera donc à mes yeux une oeuvre éminemment utile; voilà pourquoi + je ne puis m'empêcher de donner toute mon admiration à ce plan + par lequel vous travaillez à unir toutes les nations dans une + immense association de science, de lumière et d'industrie. + + Par vos efforts, toutes ces richesses deviendront un trésor + commun où les plus pauvres pourront puiser avec abondance. Aussi, + nul doute que vous ne rencontriez de toutes parts la sympathie et + le concours le plus empressé; ce sont, du moins, les sentiments + qui animent à votre égard l'évêque de Montréal et son clergé. + + Je prie Dieu, qui vous a déjà donné tant de succès, de vouloir + bien couronner par vous cette oeuvre excellente, dont toute la + gloire sera à lui et le profit au genre humain. Ce sera sans + doute pour vous une récompense telle que vous ne pouvez en + espérer une plus grande ici bas. + + J'ai l'honneur d'être, etc. + + IG., év. de Montréal. + + +In 1844, I addressed a memorial to the several members of the French +cabinet, requesting their support; this memorial, somewhat similar to +the above, to His Excellency count Salvandy, minister of public +instruction, was supported by the following postscripts, from peers +and deputies belonging to the several political parties. + + PEERS. + + Le zèle désintéressé de M. Vattemare, l'idée généreuse et grande + qu'il a conçue d'établir, entre les différents États de l'Europe + et de l'Amérique, un échange de livres et d'objets d'art, ont + mérité et obtenu à plusieurs reprises l'intérêt de la Chambre des + pairs, qui, dans sa dernière session, avait émis le voeu qu'une + Commission permanente fût instituée dans le but de régulariser et + de faciliter ces échanges. + + Ces témoignages de haute sympathie ont été jusqu'à présent + stériles. Persuadés qu'il est digne de la France d'établir ainsi + la première un lien intellectuel entre les peuples des deux + continents, les soussignés recommandent avec la plus vive + instance la pétition de M. Vattemare. + + Paris, le 25 février 1844. + + MM. + Le comte DARU, + Le comte DE GRAMMONT, + C. DE VANDEUL, + M. BÉRENGER (de la Drôme), + H. PASSY, + Le baron DE MAREUIL, + C. PERRIER, + F. FAURE, + V. COUSIN, + Le lieutenant général baron DARIULE, + Le lieutenant général baron GOURGAUD, + Le duc DE FEZENSAC, + PERSIL, + Le vicomte SÉGUR-LAMOIGNON, + Le baron DE SAINT-DIDIER, + KÉRATRY, + Le général BAUDRAN, + Le comte BEUGNOT, + Le comte TASCHER, + Le lieutenant général DE CUBIÈRES, + LE BRUN, + Le comte DE PORTALIS, + Le baron DE BUSSIÈRE, + Le baron DE BARANTE, + Le marquis BARTHÉLEMY, + Le marquis D'AUDIFFRET, + Le général comte DE MONTESQUIOU, + Le baron DE VANDEUVRE, + A. prince de WAGRAM, + Le comte DUROSNEL, + Le lieutenant général baron PELET, + J.-E. GAUTIER, + Le duc de PLAISANCE. + + DÉPUTIES. + + Les soussignés, bien pénétrés de l'avantage de consolider et + d'étendre, au point de vue de la science, de la littérature, des + arts, et aussi au profit de la civilisation, le système + d'échanges établi par M. Alexandre Vattemare entre la France et + les États-Unis, avec une intelligence, une persévérance et un + désintéressement dignes des plus grands éloges, prennent la + confiance de recommander de la manière la plus vive et la plus + instante la requête ci-jointe. + + Les soussignés, en prêtant leur appui à cette demande, + s'associent, autant qu'il est en eux, à une grande pensée, à une + belle et noble tâche dans laquelle M. Vattemare a besoin d'être + encouragé et soutenu pour qu'il puisse la continuer et + entreprendre, avec les divers États de l'Europe, ce qu'il a si + heureusement tenté avec l'Amérique du nord. + + Paris, le 28 février 1844. + + MM. + BIGNON, + Le comte D'ANGEVILLE, + ARMEZ, + Le général BELLONET, + Le lieutenant général baron DE BERTHOIS, + Le baron BOISSY-D'ANGLAS, + DE CARNÉ, + CRÉMIEUX, + DALLOS, + A. DENIS, + DUGABÉ, + DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, + DE L'ESPÉE, + DE LAFARELLE, + G. LAFAYETTE, + LE PRÉVOST, + J. DE LASTEYRIE, + LEDRU-ROLLIN, + CHAPUYS DE MONTLAVILLE, + F. BARROT, + G. DE BEAUMONT, + BILLAULT, + AD. CHASLES, + C. CLÉMENT, + DE CORMENIN, + VIVIEN, + ESTANCELIN, + Le comte D'ETCHEGOYEN, + ETIENNE, + FULCHIRON, + Le comte DE GASPARIN, + E. DE GIRARDIN, + DE GOLBÉRY, + A. GOUIN, + V. GRANDIN, + Le comte D'HAUTERIVE, + Le général comte D'HOUDETOT, + LACROSSE, + Le baron LADOUCETTE, + Le vicomte DARU, + Le vicomte N. DE MONTESQUIOU, + ODILON BARROT, + C. DE RÉMUSAT, + Le comte ROGER, + SAINT-MARC-GIRARDIN, + DE SAINT-PRIEST, + L. TALABOT, + A. DE TOCQUEVILLE, + DE TRACY, + TUEUX, + J. VATOUT, + VITET, + SAINT-ALBIN. + + * * * * * + + _Extract from the report on the Budget for 1847, presented april + 15th 1846 to the chamber of deputies, by M. Bignon, chairman of + the committee of the budget. Read and passed May 26._ + + CHAMBRE DES DEPUTÉS (Session 1846.) + + CHAPITRE XIX. + + _Service des bibliothèques publiques_, 170,223 francs. + + Une dépense nouvelle de 3,000 fr. est introduite dans ce + chapitre; elle couvre, sous un faible chiffre, une question + importante, celle des échanges de publications littéraires, + scientifiques et artistiques avec l'étranger. Quel que soit le + bénéfice que nous attendions du développement de cette pensée, + nous ne vous exprimerions pas la nôtre si elle devait engager + l'État dans des dépenses de quelque importance; mais, + heureusement, votre commission n'éprouve aucun embarras à cet + égard, car il ne peut être question que de quelques frais + d'emballage et de transport. Nous ne pouvons que féliciter M. le + ministre de l'instruction publique d'avoir compris tout + l'avantage que pouvait recueillir le pays d'un vaste système + d'échange et de chercher à en réaliser le bienfait en plaçant + cette opération sous son patronage. Que d'ouvrages restent + enfouis dans les dépôts publics, dans les divers ministères, aux + archives des chambres législatives, qui proviennent des + publications et des souscriptions, qui n'ont aucune valeur pour + la France, parce que toutes les bibliothèques les possèdent, et + que les collections étrangères accepteraient avec empressement et + recueilleraient avec soin et réciproquement. Si nous devons en + juger par quelques essais tentés avec les États-Unis, ces + propositions d'échanges, étendues à tous les États civilisés, se + trouvent bien accueillies, car, presque partout l'Union + américaine a témoigné, par son empressement à répondre à cet + appel et par sa libéralité, et nous dirons presque par sa + magnificence, de l'intérêt qu'elle portait à ces communications + de la pensée, qui ne peuvent que fortifier les bons rapports qui + existent entre eux et nous. + + Nous vous proposons d'accorder le crédit de 3,000 fr. qui vous + est demandé, et d'inviter M. le ministre à donner à sa pensée + tout le développement qu'elle comporte. + + * * * * * + + _From the minister of public works._ + + 27 juin 1844. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai reçu votre lettre, en date du mois dernier, par laquelle + vous demandez, pour l'Institut national, et pour les États du + Maine et du Massachusetts, en retour de divers dons faits à + l'École des mines, trois exemplaires de la carte géologique de la + France. + + Je me fais un plaisir de vous annoncer que je viens d'inviter M. + l'ingénieur en chef des mines Dufrénoy à faire préparer et à vous + adresser, pour la destination indiquée dans votre lettre, trois + exemplaires de la carte et du premier volume de texte, le seul + qui ait paru jusqu'ici. + + Recevez, etc., + + _Le ministre secrétaire d'État des travaux publics_, + S. DUMON. + + * * * * * + + _From the same._ + + 18 décembre 1844. + + Monsieur, + + En réponse à votre lettre du 3 de ce mois, je vous adresse, pour + l'Institut national des États-Unis d'Amérique, un exemplaire de + la médaille frappée en commémoration de la loi du 11 juin 1842, + qui a classé les grandes lignes des chemins de fer du royaume. + + Recevez, etc. + + _Le ministre des travaux publics_, + S. DUMON. + + * * * * * + + _From the minister of agriculture and commerce._ + + 25 décembre 1844. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai reçu, par votre intermédiaire, les lettres de MM. les + secrétaires d'État de la Pensylvanie et du Massachusetts, + m'accusant réception des collections de la Statistique générale + de France, que je leur ai adressées à votre demande. + + Je m'empresse de leur envoyer deux nouveaux volumes de ce grand + ouvrage; et je vous prie de prendre les précautions nécessaires + pour qu'ils leur parviennent; car le petit nombre d'exemplaires + de cette continuation du travail général en fait des livres rares + qu'on ne pourrait remplacer. + + Je suis bien aise d'apprendre, Monsieur, que les États-Unis + apprécient, ainsi qu'on le fait ici, les soins nombreux et + persévérants, que vous prenez pour l'échange, entre les deux + pays, des travaux qui peuvent étendre le domaine des + connaissances utiles à l'amélioration de la société. + + Recevez, etc. + + _Le ministre de l'agriculture et du commerce._ + + Pour le ministre: + _Le conseiller d'État secrétaire général_, + CAMILLE PAGANEL. + + * * * * * + + _From H. E. the keeper of the seals, minister of justice and + religious worship._ + + Paris, janvier 1845. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai l'honneur de vous adresser, suivant la demande que vous m'en + avez faite, cinq exemplaires de chacun des comptes généraux de + l'administration de la justice criminelle et de la justice civile + et commerciale en France pendant l'année 1843. + + Ces exemplaires sont destinés l'un au congrès des États-Unis, les + autres aux États de New-York, de Pensylvanie, de la Louisiane et + du Missouri. + + Je vous serai infiniment obligé de vouloir bien, en transmettant + ces comptes, interposer vos bons offices pour me procurer les + documents de même nature qui seraient recueillis et publiés dans + les États de l'Union. + + Recevez, etc., + + _Le garde des sceaux ministre de la justice et des cultes._ + + Par autorisation: + _Le maître des requêtes directeur_, + MEILHEURAT. + + * * * * * + + _From the honorable count de Rambuteau, prefect of the Seine._ + + Paris, le 20 février 1845. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai reçu avec la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de + m'adresser le 17 janvier dernier, les ouvrages dont la ville de + Baltimore a bien voulu faire hommage à la ville de Paris. + + Suivant votre désir, j'ai mis sous les yeux du conseil municipal + le présent qui lui est offert ainsi que la lettre de M. le maire + de Baltimore. Les sentiments qui y sont exprimés ont été + dignement appréciés et je me fais un plaisir de vous rappeler + tout l'intérêt que j'attache aux témoignages de sympathie que + reçoit la ville de Paris. + + Recevez, etc. + + * * * * * + + _From H. E. the minister of marine and the colonies._ + + Paris, le 22 février 1845. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai l'honneur de vous donner avis que, pour vous procurer des + facilités dans les échanges de livres, entre les États-Unis et la + France, et conformément à la demande que vous m'en avez faite, + j'ai prévenu M. le commissaire général, chef de la marine au + Havre, que je vous autorisais à lui adresser les ballots de + livres que vous auriez à faire passer de France aux États-Unis. + + M. le commissaire général m'a répondu qu'il a donné des ordres + pour que ces ballots soient reçus et emmagasinés au Havre; et il + s'entendra avec vous pour les expédier vers leur destination, à + mesure que les occasions viendront à se présenter. + + Recevez, etc. + + _Le vice-amiral, pair de France, secrétaire d'État de la marine + et des colonies_, + Baron DE MACKAU. + + * * * * * + + _From the professors, administrators of the Museum of natural + history._ + + Paris, le 28 février 1845. + + Monsieur, + + L'administration du muséum vous remercie des soins que vous avez + bien voulu donner à la réception de deux caisses de géologie et + minéralogie et d'un exemplaire de la géologie de Jackson offert + au muséum par l'État du Maine. + + Vous savez que trois exemplaires des archives du muséum, que M. + le ministre de l'instruction publique avait bien voulu, sur notre + demande, accorder à plusieurs états de l'union américaine, ont + été adressés par lui immédiatement, et, à ce qu'il paraît, à + d'autres établissements que ceux que nous avions indiqués. Déjà + nous avons signalé cette erreur à M. le ministre et nous avons + demandé qu'elle fût rectifiée, s'il était encore possible, + d'après l'état des exemplaires en disponibilité au ministère. + Nous n'avons pas encore reçu de réponse et nous comptons faire de + nouvelles démarches à ce sujet. + + On achève en ce moment l'impression des nouvelles instructions + pour la récolte et la préparation des objets d'histoire + naturelle. Dès qu'elle sera achevée, nous vous en adresserons + quelques exemplaires pour les transmettre à vos correspondants + d'Amérique. + + Recevez, etc. + + _Les professeurs administrateurs du muséum._ + + _Le directeur_, + E. CHEVREUL. + + _Le secrétaire_, + B. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. + + _Le trésorier_, + De Jussieu. + + * * * * * + + _From the department of war._ + + 4 avril 1845. + + Monsieur, + + Je me suis empressé de donner des ordres pour que la carte des + limites du Canada fût jointe à celle que le dépôt général de la + guerre a déjà reçue. Veuillez agréer mes remercîments de la + remise de cette carte qui m'a doublement intéressé en raison de + son origine et des localités qu'elle représente. + + Vous trouverez ci-joint une collection complète de toutes les + cartes publiées à la fin de 1844 sur le nord de l'Afrique, qui + comprend la régence de Tunis, l'Algérie et l'empire du Maroc. Je + vous adresse également une de nos plus belles cartes + autographiées, celle du département de la Seine-Inférieure. Vous + voudrez bien envoyer ces cartes aux États-Unis d'Amérique, en les + répartissant comme vous le jugerez convenable. + + Recevez, etc. + + _Le pair de France, lieutenant général, directeur_, + PELET. + + * * * * * + + _From M. Dufrénoy, chief engineer, inspector of the + royal school of mines._ + + 10 août 1845. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai l'honneur de vous remercier des trois caisses de roches que + vous avez adressées à l'École des mines de la part de l'État du + Maine. Je vous prierai, en accusant réception de cet envoi, qui + fait connaître la constitution géologique de cet État, de + demander que les échantillons soient emballés avec plus de soin; + car une partie d'entre eux s'étaient frottés les uns contre les + autres et avaient perdu cette fraîcheur qui est utile pour + l'examen de leur caractère extérieur; dans la circonstance + présente, le dommage n'est pas considérable, attendu que ce ne + sont que des roches que l'on peut retailler; mais pour des + minéraux, le mal serait irréparable. + + Je vous remercie aussi du rapport de M. Jackson; cet ouvrage, + accompagné de son atlas, a été déposé dans la Bibliothèque de + l'École des mines. + + Je profiterai de cette lettre pour vous demander si vous pourriez + nous procurer quelques échantillons des minéraux décrits + récemment par M. Schepard, notamment le Warwickle et l'Edwarszte; + dans le cas où vous pourriez le faire, je vous demanderai la + permission de vous en adresser une liste. + + L'École des mines est fort reconnaissante des ouvrages que vous + lui avez déjà procurés; elle regarde que, grâce à votre + persévérance, le système d'échange qui peut enrichir les + établissements publics sans de grandes dépenses, prendra une + grande extension; et vous pourrez alors vous féliciter d'avoir + rendu un service important aux pays qui l'auront adopté. + + Recevez, etc. + + _L'inspecteur de l'École_, + DUFRÉNOY. + + * * * * * + + _From the secretary of state from the department of the + interior._ + + 27 octobre 1845. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai reçu avec votre lettre du 7 de ce mois, celle qui m'a été + adressée par M. le secrétaire d'État du Massachusetts pour + m'accuser réception de médailles et documents émanés de mon + ministère, que je vous avais remis pour cet État; j'ai reçu en + même temps les publications suivantes: + + 1º Trois volumes contenant les rapports officiels et les lois + votées par la législature du Massachusetts pendant la session de + 1845. + + 2º Rapports scientifiques sur la géologie et l'histoire + naturelle de cet État, 4 volumes in-8º et 1 volume in-4º avec + cartes et planches. + + 3º Une carte générale du même État. + + J'ai l'honneur de vous remercier de l'envoi de ces documents, + ainsi que de l'avis que vous me donnez de la décision prise par + l'État de Massachusetts de me faire adresser régulièrement chaque + année tous ceux qui pourraient intéresser mon département. Je + continuerai, de mon côté, à disposer en faveur de ce gouvernement + des documents publiés par mon ministère qui seront de nature à + présenter un intérêt général d'administration. + + Pour le ministre de l'intérieur, + _Le sous-secrétaire d'État_, + A. PASSY. + + * * * * * + + _From the minister of the navy and colonies._ + + Paris, 3 février 1846. + + Monsieur, + + Vous m'avez prié de mettre à votre disposition quelques + exemplaires des documents publiés par la direction des colonies, + afin de les distribuer entre plusieurs États de l'Union + américaine que vous me désignez comme étant entrés dans la voie + du système général d'échange de livres que vous vous efforcez + d'introduire et de faire prévaloir parmi les nations civilisées. + + Dans le désir de ne laisser échapper aucune occasion d'augmenter + les bonnes relations qui existent entre la France et les + États-Unis et de concourir au progrès des sciences et des + lumières, j'ai l'honneur de vous annoncer que j'ai accueilli + votre demande. + + Je donne en conséquence l'ordre de vous envoyer six exemplaires + de chacune des publications suivantes: (_Suit la liste._) + + Recevez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération distinguée. + + Pour le vice-amiral, pair de France, ministre secrétaire d'État + de la marine et des colonies, + + _Le sous-secrétaire d'État_, + JUBELIN. + + * * * * * + + _From the minister of the interior._ + + Paris, le 11 février 1846. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai reçu la collection des documents publiés par la législature + de l'Indiana (États-Unis d'Amérique), en 64 volumes reliés, que + vous m'avez adressés pour la bibliothèque de mon département, en + même temps que votre lettre du 28 janvier dernier. + + Je vous remercie de l'envoi de ces publications intéressantes + dans lesquelles mon administration pourra trouver des + renseignements utiles. J'ai fait placer ces volumes conformément + à vos intentions, dans la bibliothèque administrative de mon + ministère. + + Je vous prie de transmettre mes remercîments à M. le Secrétaire + d'État du gouvernement de l'Indiana, et de lui faire connaître + que je saisirai toutes les occasions qui me permettront de mettre + à la disposition de la législature de cet État les publications + administratives émanées de mon ministère et qui seront de nature + à l'intéresser. + + J'ai pris en considération la demande que vous m'adressez dans le + but d'obtenir, pour les autres États de l'Amérique du nord, + quelques-uns des ouvrages auxquels mon département souscrit; et + je me ferai un véritable plaisir d'y donner suite. + + En accueillant cette demande avec la faveur qu'elle mérite, je + serai heureux de pouvoir coopérer à l'échange international des + productions de l'esprit humain dans les deux hémisphères, et de + contribuer ainsi au progrès général de la civilisation. + + Recevez, etc., + + _Le ministre de l'intérieur._ + + Pour le ministre: + _Le sous-secrétaire d'État_, + A. PASSY. + + * * * * * + + _From His. Ex. the minister of public works._ + + Paris, 26 février 1846. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai reçu, avec la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de + m'écrire le 10 février, divers documents relatifs aux travaux + publics. + + Je vous remercie de l'envoi de ces documents, que je viens de + faire déposer au bureau central de statistique du ministère des + travaux publics. + + Il m'est agréable, Monsieur, de pouvoir vous adresser, pour + contribuer à la réalisation de votre projet d'échanges + internationaux, un certain nombre d'ouvrages, documents, cartes + et médailles; vous en trouverez le bordereau ci-joint. + + Recevez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération distinguée. + + _Le ministre des travaux publics,_ + S. DUMON. + + * * * * * + + _From the prefect of the Seine._ + + Paris, le 26 mars 1846. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai reçu avec une vive satisfaction les divers ouvrages qui, par + votre intermédiaire, ont été adressés à la ville de Paris par les + États du Maine, du Massachusetts, de l'Indiana et des villes de + New-York et de Baltimore, ainsi que du Canada. + + J'ai mis ces ouvrages sous les yeux du conseil municipal, qui + s'est montré extrêmement sensible à cet hommage, ainsi qu'aux + témoignages de sympathie exprimés par les résolutions dont vous + avez bien voulu me transmettre une copie. + + Je lui ai soumis en même temps des propositions pour l'envoi par + la ville de Paris de nouveaux documents administratifs, en + échange de ceux qui lui étaient si gracieusement offerts. + + Le conseil n'a pu encore délibérer sur ces propositions; mais + j'espère qu'il lui sera possible de s'en occuper incessamment. + + Les États et villes d'Amérique qui entretiennent ces relations + amicales avec la ville de Paris peuvent être assurés de tout + l'intérêt que j'attache à cet échange de sentiments mutuels + d'estime et de sympathie. + + Agréez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération + très-distinguée. + + _Le pair de France, préfet,_ + Comte DE RAMBUTEAU. + + * * * * * + + _From His Ex. the minister of the interior._ + + Paris, le 22 avril 1846. + + Monsieur, + + J'ai l'honneur de vous annoncer que, par ordonnance du 5 avril, + le roi a bien voulu, sur ma proposition, accorder à l'Institut + national des États-Unis d'Amérique, un exemplaire, papier fin, du + grand ouvrage sur l'Expédition d'Égypte. + + M. Jomard, conservateur de la Bibliothèque royale, tient dès ce + moment cet exemplaire à votre disposition. + + Je me félicite, Monsieur, d'avoir pu faire en cette circonstance + une chose qui soit agréable à l'Institut national des États-Unis. + + Recevez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération distinguée. + + _Le ministre secrétaire d'État de l'intérieur,_ + DUCHATEL. + + A M. Vattemare. + + * * * * * + + LOUIS-PHILIPPE, ROI DES FRANÇAIS, + + A tous présents et à venir, salut: + + Sur le rapport de notre ministre secrétaire d'État au département + de l'intérieur; + + NOUS AVONS ORDONNÉ ET ORDONNONS CE QUI SUIT: + + ART. 1er. + + Un exemplaire papier fin du grand ouvrage de l'Égypte est donné à + l'Institut national des États-Unis d'Amérique. + + ART. 2. + + Notre ministre secrétaire d'État au département de l'intérieur + est chargé de l'exécution de la présente ordonnance. + + Au palais des Tuileries, le 5 avril 1846. + + Signé: LOUIS-PHILIPPE. + + Par le roi: + _Le ministre secrétaire d'État au département de l'intérieur_, + Signé T. DUCHATEL. + + Pour ampliation: + _Le sous-secrétaire d'État au département de l'intérieur_, + A. PASSY. + + * * * * * + +Such are the feelings towards the establishment of the system of +international literary exchanges in France; as for those of your own +country, although each one of you is already acquainted with the warm +sympathy with which my proposals were received, while in the U.S., yet +I thought it well to publish the following documents showing not only +the continuation but the increased favor bestowed upon my humble +efforts in the consolidation of this additional link so well adapted +to strengthen more and more our fraternal union, but as a stimulus for +those states who have not yet entered into this enlightened and +peaceful confederacy, and to bring forth the true character of this +generous nation, whose love for the propagation of knowledge would +prevent her from shrinking from any sacrifices calculated for the +improvement of the human race. + + + + +STATE OF MARYLAND. + + RESOLUTIONS + + Adopted by the first and second branches of the city council of + Baltimore and submitted for the approval of the Mayor, February + 26th, 1844. + + _Resolved by the mayor and city council of Baltimore_, That the + thanks of the city of Baltimore be, and are hereby presented to + the city of Paris for the splendid donation of books which have + been presented by the said city to the city of Baltimore. She + cordially reciprocates the sentiment that such testimonials + presented by _the cities of France_ to those of the _United + States_, have a favorable effect on litterature and science and + on the fine arts, and on the sympathy and ancient friendship so + happily existing between the United States and France. + + _Resolved_, That the following books and maps be presented in the + name of the city of Baltimore to the city of Paris, as a + testimonial of the sense entertained of the friendship of the + said city in presenting sundry valuable books to the city of + Baltimore. + + And be it resolved that the chairman of the committee be + authorised by and with the approbation of the mayor, to draw on + the Register for the sum necessary to carry the foregoing + resolution into effect. + + T. YATES WALSH, president, first branch. + + ROBERT HOWARD, president, second branch. + + + + +STATE OF MAINE. + + RESOLVE to promote Mutual Literary and Scientific Exchanges with + Foreign Countries. + + _Resolved_, That there be hereafter fifty additional copies of + each volume of laws, resolves, and public documents printed by + order of the Legislature, be printed and bound for the purpose of + exchange in foreign countries[1]. + + _Resolved_, That the Governor be authorized to transmit any of + the above extra copies to the agents of foreign countries in the + United States, authorized to receive the same for the above + purpose, and that he be further authorized to make exchange of + the same. + + _Resolved_, That a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars be + appropriated from the Treasury, for the collection and exchange + of original specimens of natural history and productions of + useful art, to be expended under the direction of the Governor + for the purpose aforesaid. + + In the House of Representatives, March 19, 1841. Read and passed, + + JOSIAH S. LITTLE, Speaker. + In Senate March 20, 1841. + R. H. VOSE, President. + + March 20, Approved, + EDWARD KENT. + + [1] About two hundred volumes, bound three maps and four cases of + minerals were transmitted. + + * * * * * + + RESOLVES authorizing the appointment of an agent of international + exchanges with foreign countries. + + _Resolved_, That the Governor, with the advice and consent of the + council, is hereby authorized to appoint some suitable person, + residing in the city of Paris, France, to be the agent of the + state of Maine, for the purpose of receiving and transmitting to + and from the secretary of state, all such books, documents and + other objects of international exchange as may be directed to his + care in pursuance of certain «resolves to promote mutual literary + and scientific exchanges with foreign countries» approved March + twentieth, eighteen hundred and forty one. «Resolves in favor of + the American Athenæum» at Paris, approved March twenty second, + eighteen hundred and forty three. + + _Resolved_, That the Governor and council are hereby authorized + to audit and allow all necessary charges of such agent for + receiving, packing up, carriage and exportation of said objects + of international exchange; provided the sum shall not exceed + three hundred dollars; and the Governor is hereby authorized to + draw his warrant upon the treasurer, for the payment of such + charges, out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated. + + In the House of Representatives, March 22, 1844. Read and passed. + + DAVID DUNN, Speaker, + + In the Senate, March 22, 1844. Read and passed. + + JOHN W. DANA, President. + + March 22, 1844. Approved, H. J. ANDERSON. + + * * * * * + + To Alexander Vattemare, of the city of Paris, kingdom of France, + greeting. + + In conformity with the provisions of a Resolve of the Legislature + of this state, entitled «Resolve authorizing the appointment of + an Agent of international exchanges with foreign countries» + Approved March twenty second, one thousand eight hundred and + forty four, I have, with the advice and consent of the executive + council of Maine, appointed you an Agent to execute any and all + of the duties required by said Resolve, and as contemplated in + your communication to the executive of this state, under date of + October tenth, eighteen hundred and forty three. + + H. J. ANDERSON. + + [L. S.] By the Governor, + + WITNESS, HUGH J. ANDERSON our Governor, and the seal of the state + hereunto affixed this twenty sixth day of March in the year of + our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty four, and of the + independence of the United States the sixty eighth. + + + PHILIP C. JOHNSON, + Secretary of state. + + + + +STATE OF MICHIGAN. + + Preamble and joint resolutions relative to Mons. Vattemare's + system of international literary exchanges. + + WHEREAS Mons. Alexandre Vattemare, a citizen of France, has with + an unexampled zeal devoted his time, his energies and his fortune + to the philanthropic effort of establishing an intellectual + confederacy among the nations of the earth; + + AND WHEREAS his system of international literary exchanges is not + only promotive of science and the improvement of literature and + the arts, but is also conducive to the fraternization of + governments and the diffusion of civilization through out the + globe; + + AND WHEREAS the project has been approved by the chambers and + ministers of France, by the congress of the United States and the + legislatures of several of the States, and by the statesmen and + literati of both nations, + + Be it therefore _resolved_ the senate and house of + representatives of the state of Michigan that in greatful + acknowledgment of his desinterested labors in the cause of + humanity and for the valuable works presented by him to the + state, the thanks of the people of Michigan are respectfully + tendered to Mons. Alexandre Vattemare by the representatives of + the people in legislature convened. + + _Resolved_ that his excellency the governor be and he hereby is + authorized and requested to receive the parcel of books + transmitted by Mons. Vattemare through Lewis Cass Jr. Esqr. to + the state of Michigan and also the parcel consigned to E. Thayer + and Co., forwarding merchants in the city of New-York, and to + place the same in the state library. + + _Resolved_ that his excellency be and he hereby is further + authorized and requested to transmit to Mons. Vattemare a copy of + the revised statutes and session laws of the state of Michigan + together with the journals and documents of both houses of the + legislature and such maps of the several counties as are now + completed. + + _Resolved_ that the state geologist be and he hereby is + authorized and requested to examine and report to the next + legislature what duplicate specimens of the natural history of + Michigan are in his department of the University. + + _Resolved_ that our senators in congress be instructed, and our + representatives be requested to use their best efforts to obtain + the appointment of Mons. Alexandre Vattemare as an agent of the + general government to act in behalf of this state, with power to + conduct literary exchanges between France and the United States. + + _Resolved_ that his excellency be and he is hereby requested to + transmit a copy of these resolutions and the report of the + committee on education to Mons. Alexandre Vattemare and to each + of our senators and representatives in congress. + + EDWIN N. LOTHROP, + Speaker of the house of representatives. + + EDWIN M. CURT, + President of the senate, (_pro tem_). + + Approved, March 12, 1844. + + JNO. S. BARRY. + + + + +STATE OF ILLINOIS'S. + + Historical Society, Upper Alton III, August 15th, 1844. + + To A. VATTEMARE, esqr. + + Dear sir, + + ..........On the 24 July your letter and communication for the governor + of the state were both read and afforded much gratification. + Thanks were voted to the liberal donor the marquis de Pastoret + for his present of books, "Histoire de la législation des + peuples". The society feel greatly indebted to you for the + interest you have exhibited in its prosperity and advancement. + + _Mr. senator Brease delivered an address of three hours length + before the society, describing Lasalle's discoveries and the + labors of the French missionaries among the Indians in this state + 150 years ago._ He was directed to transmit your communication to + the governor and urge its importance upon the legislature. A + strong impulse was given us by your zeal and our hopes greatly + encouraged. + + We shall soon make up a box for you of minerals--lead ore from + Galena and the South part of the state--Coal--specimens of rocks + and boulders found on our large praries, and if possible, a + prarie hen or grouse as the English call it, etc., etc. + + Respectfully, + + ADIEL SHERWOOD. + Corresponding Secretary. + + + + +DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. + + War Department, Washington, December 30th, 1844. + + Sir, + + I had the honor on the 1st of november to acknowledge the receipt + of your letter of the 7th of September last, presenting to this + department in the name of M. Dumon, minister of public works, + the beautiful and interesting geological map of France, and at + the same time I desired you to convey to M. Dumon the thanks of + the department for so valuable an acquisition to its library. + + Your desinterested and persevering efforts to establish a system + of international exchanges of works of science and art are duly + appreciated in our country. The results of those efforts we have + all witnessed with great admiration in the fine engravings and + rare books and medals, the contribution and donations of some of + the highest and most meritorious men of France to the library and + museum of the National Institute. + + Allow me, in the name of this department to send to your care a + complete series of an illustrated history of the Indian tribes of + North-America exhibiting likenesses of their most distinguished + leaders, which you will please to present to the minister of + public works with the assurance of my distinguished consideration + and regard. + + Your obedient servant, + + WM. WILKINS, + Secretary of War. + + Alexandre VATTEMARE, Esq.; + Paris. + + * * * * * + + _From the Honorable Reverdy Johnson, U.S. senator from Maryland._ + + + Senate chamber, February 18, 1846. + + My dear Sir, + + I have just had the gratification of receiving your letter of the + 28th of January. From the manifestation already evinced by this + body, I am sure that they will liberally meet all your wishes + about the exchanges. + + Just before I got your letter they passed unanimously a + resolution providing that the librarian of Congress transmit to + the Minister of Justice of France "a _complete series of the + reports of all the decisions of the supreme court of the U.S., + and of the circuit and district courts thereof, and a complete + copy of the public statutes of the United States_," and making an + ample provision for executing it. This resolution will no doubt + receive the sanction of the House of representatives. + + Your presents to the National Institute I received and delivered, + paying all the charges. Any other gift which you may wish to + forward to me will be gratefully received. + + I hope that the day is now come when your spirit will animate the + enlightened men of both Nations and Sciences, and the Arts be + found the leading objects of all. + + Not despairing of having again the pleasure of seeing you, I am + truly your friend, + + REVERDY JOHNSON. + + * * * * * + + _From the Hon. R. B. Taney, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme + Court._ + + + March 21 st 1846. + + Sir, + + I have at length the pleasure of announcing to you that congress + have passed a resolution authorising the transmission and + presentation to the minister of justice of France of the reports + of the decisions in all of the different courts of the United + States as far as they have been published since the foundation of + the Government; together with a copy of the laws passed by + congress. Inclosed I send you a copy of the resolution, wich was + passed unanimously. + + There is now preparing under the authority of congress, a new + edition of the laws of the United States much more complete and + satisfactory than any heretofore published, which is not yet + quite ready for delivery. And as I wish to send all of the books + at the same time I shall delay the transmission of the reports, + until I can send with them this new edition of the acts of + congress. They will however I hope be ready in a month or two; + and I shall take much pleasure in transmitting them with the + reports as early as practicable. + + You know how much I have regretted the delay in acknowledging the + courtesy of the minister of Justice of France, by a suitable + return. But feel assured that he as well as yourself will impute + it to accidental causes wich I have heretofore explained. + + With great respect, I am, Sir, + + Your obedient servant, + + R. B. TANEY. + + Mr. ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE, Paris. + + * * * * * + + TWENTY-NINTHE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, + + At the First session, begun and held at the city of Washington, + on monday the first day of December, one thousand eight hundred + and forty-five. + + A RESOLUTION, to authorise the transmission and presentation of + books to the minister of justice of France, in exchange for books + received from him. + + _Resolved_, by the senate and house of Representatives of the + United States of America, in congress assembled, that the + librarian of congress be, and he hereby is, authorised and + directed to procure a complete series of reports of all the + decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and of the + circuit and district courts thereof, wich have been heretofore + published; as also a complete copy of the Public Statutes at + Large of the United States, now being edited by Richard Peters, + esq, by authority of congress, the whole to be uniformly bound + and lettered, and to cause the same under the direction of the + chief justice of the said Supreme Court, to be transmitted and + presented to the minister of justice of France, in return and + exchange for works of French Law heretofore presented by the + minister to the Supreme Court aforesaid. + + SECTION 2. _And be it further Resolved_, that for the purpose + aforesaid, there be appropriated, out of any money in the + treasury not otherwise appropriated, a sum not exceeding five + hundred dollars. + + JOHN W. DAVIS, + Speaker of the house of Representatives. + + G. M. DALLAS, + Vice President of the U.S. and President of the Senate. + + _Approved_, March 4 th, 1846. + JAMES K. POLK. + + * * * * * + + THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE. _From an article in the New-York Review + of September, 1845, by the Hon. Joseph Ingersoll, Senator from + Pennsylvania._ + + In the beginning of the year 1842, an intercourse was opened + which has been already productive of rich results, and may in the + future confer immense advantages. Dr. Linn, of the United States + Senate, sent to the _School of Mines_, of Paris, a specimen of + oxide of iron taken from the iron mountain of Missouri. It was + done at the request of Mr. Alexandre Vattemare, of that city, who + had not a great while before visited Washington, and communicated + to Dr. Linn, and through him to the "National Institution," the + letter of Mons. Dufresnoy, "Chief Engineer and Director of the + Royal School of Mines." It is declared to be the ornament of + their collections. In the name of the Council of the School he + returns thanks "for this magnificent specimen," which he + pronounces, notwithstanding its almost gigantic dimensions, + (sixty-six millimetres in diameter,) complete in all its parts. + Besides its interest in a mineralogical point of view, he adds + that the present of Mr. Linn is highly esteemed by them, because + it commences the system of exchange which Mr. Vattemare had + sought to establish between all the nations of the new and the + old continents, and which he says alone can secure the completion + of their collections. From the period when this correspondence + took place, Mr. Vattemare seems to have devoted his intelligent + and active mind to this object. He has been the means of + procuring and forwarding to Washington a perpetual supply of + splendid and valuable productions. His countrymen are always on + the march of improvement in the various departments of the + elegant arts. Every description of magnificent engraving has been + communicated. Box after box of books has come from him in + unmeasured profusion. It would be endless to recapitulate the + objects of his friendly contribution. They are referred to + emphatically because they have especially served to set in motion + that system of exchange, without which nothing can be completely + deserving of the name of a collection. That Mr. Vattemare does + not weary in his efforts needed no new proof. As lately as the + 9th of June, 1845, he announces that he has received for the + National Institute, from M. Le Brun, Peer of France, Director of + the Royal Printing-office, etc., the complete collection of the + Journal des Savans, from 1816 to 1845, twenty-nine quarto + volumes, bound. "This most interesting and valuable collection," + he says, "was last year granted to the National Institute at the + request of M. Le Brun, by the Minister of Justice, etc. M. Le + Brun has also sent to me a copy of his works, to be presented to + the Institute as a token of his friendship and good wishes. From + the War department of France, a complete collection of all the + documents and works, illustrated with a great number of maps, + etc., of the French possessions in North Africa, including the + neighboring States, viz., the Empires of Morocco, Tunis, etc., + published by order and under the superintendence of the Minister + of War--sixteen volumes, folio, quarto, and octavo. From the + Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, twenty-five works on + Agriculture and Commerce. From the Minister of the Interior, a + beautiful collection of _bronze medals_, commemorative of + national events, from 1830 to 1844 inclusive. From M. M. + Flourens, Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, Member + of the Académie Française, etc., his last two works. From M. M. + Barre and Danton, sculptors, two beautiful little statues, one of + the late Duc d'Orleans, the other of Miss Adélaide Kemble as + Norma. From M. Picot, Member of the Academy of Fine Arts, etc., + two fine engravings, taken from two of his pictures. From the + Société Séricicole, (founded in 1838, for the encouragement and + promotion of silk manufacturing in France,) the complete + collection of its annals from its foundation to the present + year--nine volumes, octavo." "All the above works, with many + others, are heaped up, and occupy so much room in my office, that + I can scarcely move about in it, and this number is daily + increasing." One is impressed with mingled feelings of pleasure + and mortification at reading this letter, for while it thus + exhibits a prolific interest in the Institute, it unfolds in the + following paragraph how little is the encouragement or gratitude + for his substantial friendship and zeal: + + "It is a matter of great distress to me not to have it in my + power to defray all the expenses of packing, of custom-house + dues, commissions, and transportation from Paris to Washington, + but I really cannot do it. Recollect that since 1839 to the + present time, I have devoted all my time, industry and fortune, + to the exclusive object of establishing an intellectual union + between Europe and America; that _I have never received the + slightest pecuniary assistance from my own country_; and that the + first and only encouragement of that character ever vouchsafed to + me was the amount of _two hundred dollars_, so generously + subscribed last year by the members of the National Institute, + and two hundred and fifty dollars (out of three hundred) voted by + the State of Maine. For the maintenance of an agency in Paris for + national literary interchanges, the State of Massachusetts, + stimulated by an enlightened and patriotic spirit, voted, during + the last session of its Legislature, a like most generous + allocation. Were all her sister States to follow so noble an + example, by voting a small sum, according to their population and + their intellectual wants, a fund might easily be established, + amply sufficient to cover all the expenses incurred in + maintaining an United States scientific and literary agency in + Paris, the benefits of which would be incalculable." + + On this vital point (of exchanges) a report was made in February, + 1842, by Mr. Markoe, the accomplished and indefatigable + Corresponding Secretary. It exhibits the very great importance of + them, as entering essentially into the plan of every society + constituted like this and having like objects in view, and it + shows that no occasion has been omitted to acquaint societies and + individuals, whose correspondence has been sought or offered, + that a system of general exchanges would be entered upon as soon + as a plan should be matured. Under that assurance, and + independently of it also, (it is added) valuable collections of + various kinds have already been received, which render it + incumbent on the directors to redeem the pledge that has been + given. For this object the members are informed that they have + already in hands the most abundant materials, which were + increasing, and would continue to increase every day. + + + + +STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. + + Secretary's office. Harisburg Oct. 25th 1844. + + To Alexandre Vattemare esq. + + Sir, + + I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 6th september + last, addressed to the Honorable A. V. Parsons secretary of this + Commonwealth, informing him that in November 1842 and January + 1843, you had transmitted to his Excellency David R. Porter for + the library of this State certain valuable books obtained from + the ministers of the several departments of the French + government, and desiring an Acknowledgement of their receipt. + + It is a cause of sincere regret that your Kind attention and that + of the heads of the departments of the government of France has + not since received the acknowledgement which it so highly merits. + This has not been owing to an improper appreciation of its value, + but to circumstances which I trust are sufficient to exculpate + the government of this state from the charge of wilful neglect. + + The books transmitted in 1842 arrived here at the time that Mr + Persons was about to retire from the office of secretary of + state. They were placed in the state's library and upon my + assuming the duties or the office in february 1843 their receipt + did not come under my observation. Those sent in January et + February 1843 _remained in the custom house_ at New-York until a + short time ago when they were forwarded by the collector of + Customs at Philadelphia, who had received information that they + were remaining in New-York. When these arrived they were + immediatly placed in the state's library, there was not any + letter accompanying them stating by whom they had been forwarded. + + I request that you will receive this explanation and if you deem + it necessary, communicate it to the ministers of the departments + of France interested in it. It is desired that the ministers may + not entertain the belief that their attention is improperly + understood by the authorities of this state. + + It is hoped that our legislature stimulated by a sense of your + very valuable efforts will adopt measures to reciprocate the + kindness and aid in your laudable exertion to promote the + friendship at present happily existing between the people of + France and those of the United States. + + Annexed is a list of the books received from Paris and in the + library of the state. + + Agreeable to your request I send herewith letters of + acknowledgement, addressed to the ministers of finances, war, + navy, justice and commerce. + + I have the honor to be, with profound regard your obedient + servant. + + CHAS. MC CLURE, + _Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania_. + + + + +COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, + + In the year one thousand eight Hundred and forty Five. + + _Resolves_ to promote mutual literary and scientific exchanges + with foreign countries. + + + _Resolved_ that the secretary of the commonwealth, under the + direction of his Excellency the Governor, be authorized to + exchange copies of the state map of Massachusetts, not exceeding + twenty in number, and bound copies of the laws and legislative + documents of the commonwealth for the current political year, not + exceeding fifty volumes of each for books and other works of + science and art from foreign countries, to be deposited in the + library of the general Court. And the secretary is hereby + authorized to cause fifty copies of each of the said documents + for every future year to be printed over and above the number to + be bound in volumes and set aside for the purpose of effecting + therefore said exchanges hereafter[2]. + + _Resolved_ that his Excellency the Governor be authorized to + appoint some suitable person, residing in the city of Paris, + France, to be the agent of the commonwealth, in transmitting to, + and receiving from the secretary's office all such books and + other works of science and art, as may be addressed to his care, + in pursuance of the object of the preceding resolve, and to audit + and allow all reasonable charges of said agent, for the + receiving, packing carriage and exportation of said objects of + exchange; provided, that the total sum so expended, shall not + exceed three hundred dollars. + + House of Representatives, February 26, 1845. Passed. + SAML H. WALLEY JR., Speaker. + + In Senate, February 27, 1845. Passed. + LEVI LINCOLN, President. + + February 27, 1845. + Approved. + GEO. N. BRIGGS. + Secretary's office, March 15, 1845. + + A true copy. + Attest. + + JOHN G. PALFREY, + Secretary. + + [2] According to this resolve 150 volumes of legislative + documents, 13 copies of the geological reports, 52 scientific + reports, 20 maps, have been transmitted. + + * * * * * + + My dear Sir, + + I send you herewith a copy of Resolves passed by our legislature + at its present session. + + I have it in charge from his excellence the Governor to say that + he requests you to accept the appointment of agent under the + second of the resolves, and that he has no doubt that this + commonwealth will derive important benefits from your enlightened + and liberal exertions. + + I am, dear sir, with the highest regard Your friend and servant, + + JOHN G. PALFREY, + Secretary of the commonwealth. + + To A. VATTEMARE, Esq. + Paris, + France. + + + + +STATE OF VIRGINIA. + + Executive Department, Richmond Virginia, August 19, 1845. + + Sir, + + Your letter of the 28th December last to the Governor of Virginia + has been placed in my hands and will be submitted to the + committee of the Legislature on the state library at its annual + meeting in December next. + + This Institution, founded by the state for the use of several + departments of the government comprises the departments of Law, + literature, science and arts. It is under the direction of the + Legislature through a committee of both houses, and possesses the + following works which have been published by the state, and which + are occasionally interchanged with other states, and public + institutions, viz: + + The statutes at large being a collection of all the laws of + Virginia from the year 1619 to 1808, in 16 volumes; + + Laws of a later date; + + Reports of the state convention in 1776; + + Journals of the legislature from 1776 to 1790 and from 1831 to + the present time, a map of Virginia published in 1826, and + consequently at this day incomplete, yet probably valuable for + your purpose. + + The geological survey of the state has been completed and will + probably be published in the course of another year. + + If any of or all these publications would be acceptable to you, + authority will be given for exchanging them upon the terms + indicated in your letter, and I shall be happy to be the organ of + communication in this interchange should you think proper to + transmit any publications equivalent: so far at least as the + before stated collections of the library institution will supply + it. + + At any event I shall be gratified by having it in my power to lay + before the committee any communication you may think proper to + address to me. + + I am, sir, with high respect, your obedient servant, + + WM H. RICHARDSON, + Secretary of the com. of Virginia, and ex officio librarian. + + + + +STATE OF NEW-YORK. + + _From the Regents of the university of the state, trustees of the + State Library._ + + Albany, June 21, 1845. + + M. ALEX. VATTEMARE, + + Dear sir, + + I had the honor to receive your letter of the 10th April on the + 1st of June and two days since I received the books mentioned in + it. I have replied as directed by the regents to M. the Count de + Salvandy and must ask you to present the letter to him. + + The legislature of this state adjourned about the middle of May, + the laws, journals and documents of the two houses which are now + directed by an act passed this session, to be sent to the + government of France (duplicate copy), have not yet come from the + hands of the printers and binders--probably it may be two months, + before they are completed, as indexes are to be compiled for + each; but as soon as I receive them (and it is my duty by law to + forward them), they shall be sent. + + Meanwhile I have collected from the various departments a few + publications which I trust may be interesting. They are, as you + are probably aware, not for sale and of course cannot readily be + obtained out of this city. I send parcels for the minsters of + _public instruction_, of _finances_, of _agriculture and + commerce_, of _justice_ and of the _marine_. + + There is a law of the state directing the presentation of the + volumes of the natural history of the state of New-York, to + foreign governments and bodies and persons making donations to + the state library. The governor and secretary of state are + charged with this duty. I had an interview with these gentlemen + during the present week and they assured me that they would in a + few weeks at most, give the necessary directions for their + transmission. Of course, a copy will be sent to his majesty and + another to the royal library of France. And I have reason to + suppose that copies will be sent to several of the ministers who + have made donations through you. Certainly, to count de Salvandy. + I have no doubt but every thing will be done in a manneer + acceptable to you[3]. + + I am extremely happy to learn that you have for us a copy of the + judicial statistics of France. This is a most valuable donation. + That of the Count de Salvandy is a splendid one and will be duly + noticed to the Legislature, when they meet in 1846. + + The regents of the University deeply feel their indebtedness to + you for your kindness in forwarding. + + I have honour to remain with respect, your truly, + + J. ROMEYN BECK, + Secretary. + + [3] About two hundred volumes of legislative documents, and 10 + copies of the natural History, of New-York, with 10 Geologic + maps, destined to the king, the chamber of peers, the chamber of + deputies, the royal library, the ministers of justice, of public + instructions, of commerce, of finances and to A. Vattemare, were + transmitted. + + * * * * * + + Mercantile Library Association, Clinton Hall. + New-York, November 24th, 1845. + + DEAR SIR, + + I am greatly pleased at being able to state that the books for + the city of Paris have at length been forwarded by our city + council through M. Edward Bossange, and I trust they may reach + their destination in safety. + + They have been bound in uniform style and form a handsome + collection. The survey of this state, which forms a part of it, + is a fine work. I trust that the delay which has ocurred may + leave no unfavorable impression in the minds of the gentlemen + composing the council of the city of Paris. + + I have urged forward the sending as much as proper and M. + Valentine, the clerk of our city council, has taken an active + interest in the matter. All have desired to make the collection + worthy of the distinguished body for whom it is designed, and it + has been found necessary to delay some time until certain books + could be procured not readily met with. + + A communication from the mayor of the city accompanies the books. + + I have taken the liberty of sending with them two copies of the + catalogue of our library, one for yourself and one for the city + council of Paris, and also a small packet addressed to yourself + containing a number of letters of acknowledgement for the works + you kindly forwarded to our association. + + With sentiments of the highest respect I remain, + Your most obedient servant, + + H. K. BULL, + Corresponding secretary. + + + + +STATE OF RHODE-ISLAND. + + Brown University, Providence, January, 29th, 1846. + + DEAR SIR, + + ....Your letter to the Governor has been received, presented to + the legislature and referred to the committee on education. The + chairman of the committee, M. Goddard, formerly a professor in + our college, presented a report with resolutions thanking you for + your generous exertions, and particularly for your handsome + presents, and voting several extra copies of all reports and + documents published by the state and authorising the governor to + pay all charges that may occur for the packing up and + transportation of said books and any others to be sent to us from + Paris, through your agency. This was carried through the House + and the senate unanimously and it is I believe the only question + which has been decided unanimously in our legislature for a long + time.... + + You will probably receive the report and the votes, by this + steamer or the next. + + The Rhode Island-Historical Society have also passed votes of + thanks and resolutions in favor of your project which you will + receive soon. + + As to the books I shall make up a box and forward it to you as + soon as I can. + + I write in great haste at the last moment before closing of the + mail thinking it better to write an unfinished account of the + affairs than to keep you longer in suspense. + + I beg your to believe me with the greatest respect, Your obedient + servant, + + C. C. JEWETT. + + MR. A. VATTEMARE. + + + + +COMPARATIVE + +_Of the Scientific Exchange between France and America_ + + +SENT FROM FRANCE TO AMERICA. + + From His Majesty Louis Philippe I 20 _volumes_. + -- Her Royal Highness Madame Adelaide 5 _medals_. + -- The Chamber of Peers 150 _volumes_. + -- The Chamber of Deputies 200 -- + -- His Excellency the Minister of Justice and + Divine Worship 250 -- + -- -- -- -- War 50 -- + -- -- -- -- -- 60 _maps_. + -- -- -- the Navy and + Colonies 150 _volumes_. + -- -- -- -- 334 _maps_. + -- -- -- Interior 200 _volumes_. + -- -- -- -- 50 _medals_. + -- -- -- Commerce and + Agriculture 259 _volumes_. + -- -- -- Public + Instruction 60 -- + -- -- -- Public Works 534 -- + -- -- -- -- 33 _maps_. + -- -- -- -- 2 _medals_. + -- -- -- Finances 128 _volumes_. + -- the City of Paris 200 -- + -- -- Director General of Customs 69 -- + -- -- Royal Library 10 -- + -- -- -- -- 36 _engravings_. + -- -- -- -- 40 _maps_. + -- -- -- Academy of Sciences 50 _volumes_. + -- -- -- -- -- Moral and Political + Sciences 12 -- + -- -- -- -- -- Medecine 6 -- + -- -- -- -- -- Sciences and fine Arts + at Rouen 46 -- + -- -- -- Museum of Natural History (specimens of + minerals) 2 _cases_. + -- -- -- And Central Agricultural Society 156 _volumes_. + -- -- -- Geological Society of France 13 -- + -- M. Edward Alletz, Consul general at Genoa 18 -- + -- the Sericicle Society 27 -- + M. Barre, sculptor 2 _statuettes_. + -- M. Bovy 1 _medal_. + -- The Viscount de Cormenin, Deputy 5 _volumes_. + -- M. de Chaucheprat 2 -- + -- Lieut. General de Cubières 1 -- + -- M. Dantan 1 _statuette_. + -- Count Daru, Peer 10 _volumes_. + -- M. A. Denis, deputy 10 -- + -- M. A. Deville, President of the R. A. de Rouen 16 -- + -- Baron Charles Dupin, Peer 17 -- + -- M. Durat La Salle 3 -- + -- M. Duvergier de Hautranne, Deputy 4 -- + -- M. Dubufe 1 _engraving_. + -- M. Milne Edwards 4 _volumes_. + -- M. Elie de Baumont 1 -- + -- M. Estancelin, Deputy 6 -- + -- Faugère 2 -- + -- Count de Gasparin, Peer 2 -- + -- M. Gayrard 1 _statue_. + -- M. Jubinal 10 _volumes_. + -- Count d'Hauterive, Deputy 10 -- + -- Viscount Hericart de Thury 10 -- + -- M. Jomard 6 -- + -- M. Jal 6 _portraits_. + -- M. Laurentie 10 _volumes_. + -- Count de Las Casas, Deputy 3 -- + -- Count Leon de Laborde 12 -- + -- M. Le Brun, Peer 4 -- + -- M. Ledru-Rollin, Deputy 4 -- + -- M. L'Herbette, deputy 25 -- + -- Count de Marcellus 1 -- + -- M. Guerin Melville 6 -- + -- M. Nisard, Deputy 2 -- + -- M. D'Orbigny 2 -- + -- -- 10 _maps_. + -- M. Hippolyte Passy, Peer 4 _volumes_. + -- The Marquis de Pastoret, Deputy 60 -- + -- -- 4 _engravings_. + -- -- 6 _medals_. + -- M. de Remusat, Deputy 2 _volumes_. + -- Baron de Schauenburg, Deputy 4 -- + -- M. Amedee Thierry 6 -- + -- M. Thomas 6 -- + -- M. Ravaisson 2 -- + -- M. Alexandre Vattemarre 16 -- + -- M. Vitet, Deputy 5 -- + -- M. Champollon Figeac 6 -- + -- M. Faustin Hélie 2 -- + -- M. Michel Chevalier, Deputy 2 -- + -- M. Wolowski -- + ================ + 3,488 _objects_. + ================ + + RECAPITULATION. + + Volumes. 2,894 + Maps. 477 + Engravings. 48 + Pieces of Sculpture. 3 + Medals. 64 + Cases of Minerals. 2 + + + + +TABLE + +_From February_ 1845, _to May_ 15th, 1846. + + +SENT FROM AMERICA TO FRANCE. + + From the Federal Government (War Department) 15 _volumes_. + -- -- -- 12 _maps_. + -- -- National Institute, Washington 25 _volumes_. + -- -- Legislature of the State of Maine 94 -- + -- -- -- 3 _maps_. + -- -- -- 1 _herbal_. + -- -- -- (specimens of minerals) 4 _cases_. + -- -- -- Massachusetts 195 _volumes_. + -- -- -- -- 20 _maps_. + -- -- Hon. John G. Palfrey 23 _volumes_. + -- -- Mercantile Library Ass'n 1 -- + -- -- Hon. Josiah Quincy 2 -- + -- M. Bowen 20 -- + -- M. B. P. Poore 10 -- + -- the Legislature of the State of New-York 200 -- + -- -- -- -- 10 _maps_. + -- -- Corporation of the City of New-York 18 _volumes_. + -- -- -- -- 2 _maps_. + -- -- N. Y. Mercantile Library association 2 _volumes_. + -- -- Corporation of the city of Baltimore 16 -- + -- -- -- -- 3 _maps_. + -- -- Brantz Mayer, Esq 1 _volume_. + -- -- Legislature of the State of Indiana 512 -- + -- -- Hon. Henry Ledyard, Esq., of Michigan 1 _maps_. + -- -- Professer James C. Cross, of Kentucky 1 _volume_. + -- -- Government of Texas 10 -- + -- -- Hon. Ashbel Smith 3 -- + -- -- Prof. S. F. B. Morse of New-York 1 -- + -- M. Alfred Vail of Philadelphia 1 -- + -- M. Hermann E. Ludwig of New-York 1 -- + -- M. Vauzand 10 -- + + (I do not mention books which I have been + officially informed, are on their way here from + Congress, and the states of Maine, Massachusetts, + Rhode Island, Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, + Indiana, etc., in accordance with recent laws and + resolutions, as the number of volumes is in no + instance given.) + + From the Government of Canada 60 _volumes_. + ================= + 1,267 _objects_. + ================= + + RECAPITULATION. + + 1,211 Volumes. + 51 Maps. + 4 Cases of Minerals. + 1 Herbal. + + Making a total amount of 4,749 objects exchanged through the + Agency in the course of the past sixteen months between France + and North America.--The Hon. _Secretary of war_, the states of + _Maine_, _Massachusetts_, _New-York_, and _Indiana_ with the + cities of _Baltimore_ and _New-York_, being the only respondents + to my call, by transmitting important works and voting generous + allocations to pay the necessory expenses. From these facts, all + can see what the operations of the scheme have been, and judge + what important results may be confidently relied upon, if the + other states, corporations and institutions of the flourishing + and happy Republic would but enter fully and seriously in this + peaceful _Intellectual Union_ of the two Hemispheres. + + ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE. + + NOTA. It may perhaps be well to mention that the greater part of + the books I have received here for the United States have been + merely stitched, be cause no appropriations are made for binding + public documents. The usefulness of the scheme of international + exchanges is however becoming so apparent, that I hope generous + appropriations will be made this year to enable several + ministerial departments and the chambers to have their documents + which are destined for exchange, properly bound and lettered. I + would also express an hope that means may be provided to enable + me to publish a quarterly account of the movements of the scheme, + giving all the transactions effected, and also serving as an + organ announcing all the superfluities of intellectual riches + possessed by different countries and the Legislative, scientific + and useful works published by their governments and scientific + bodies, which could only be procured by exchange. Such a + publication would be, and I may say is the only means of securing + the permanency of the system of exchanges, and remove the + apprehensions of those who see its existence limited by the + perseverance of my efforts. + + + + +INSTRUCTIONS + +ON THE BEST MODE OF + +COLLECTING, PRESERVING AND TRANSPORTING + +OBJECTS OF + +NATURAL HISTORY. + + +It is the actual state of our collections and of our Knowledge of +Natural History of which we are about to speak. But as this memoir, +though specially destined for our Museum and for our countrymen, may +be consulted by foreign naturalists for the sake of our collections as +well as for their own, we would invite the attention of collectors to +any point that may seem defective or capable of improvement, and we +invite all travellers to make known to us the results of their +experience that we, and the whole learned world, may profit by them. + +It is not simply a series of instructions which we make here, it is an +appeal to all who interest themselves in the cause of science and of +their country. We will point out to them the means of enriching this +great national establishment, which, open to public curiosity and +study, can only be rendered perfect by the aid of many hands. It +cannot itself support travellers except upon a few limited points, and +even there, such is the inexhaustible fecundity of nature, much +remains to be done. + +As for amateurs, who can give but few moments to the study of Natural +History, who have not hitherto occupied themselves with it, but who +have, notwithstanding the desire to render their sojourn in certain +points little explored, profitable to our object, we have thought that +instead of collecting a great number of objects, they would do well to +limit themselves to such as are signalized as curious and indicated in +the list of our _desirata_. They could thus economise time, and employ +it more usefully, not only in collecting the objects which we +recommend but also in bestowing upon them that care which would insure +their preservation. + +These instructions are devided naturally into three chapters, +corresponding to the three kingdoms of nature; each part has been +prepared by such of the professors as it especially concerns. + +The instructions will make known: + +1º The manner of collecting and preparing objects of Natural History. + +2º The choice and form of the notes which should accompany them. + +3º An indication of those which are more particulary wished for. + +It remains for us before proceeding to the special details of this +memoir, to give general instructions upon the packing of objects of +Nat. His. and upon the modes proper to be employed to prevent any +damage to them during their voyage. + +As soon as the objects prepared as before directed, have been placed +in case these cases must be closed in the best possible manner and +covered with pitch or tar on their whole surface; so that neither air +nor moisture can penetrate. + +After this, they must be envelopped in oil cloth, and then put on +board ship in such place as will be likely not to be disturbed till +their arrival, and as far from the heat and vermin as possible. + +Glass bottles should be packed in wooden boxes well filled with tow +and sea-weed; and arranged so that they will run no risk of breaking; +objects which may be spoiled by liquids in the glass bottles, should +they happen to break, should not be placed with them. + +When a package has been sent, information should be given directly +with the statement of the number and weight of the boxes, of the ship +by which they are sent, the time of sailing, and the port to which +they are bound. These statements should be made in time so that boxes +may be sealed at the Custom House and not be opened until they arrive +at Paris. + +It is evident that if living animals or vegetables are sent, the time +necessary for the voyage should be calculated and the speediest and +safest conveyance chosen. + + + + +CHAPTER I + +MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. + + +Minerals are found either in regular and geometrical forms when they +are called cristals, or in more or less irregular masses. + +Among cristals there are some so situated that they can be separated +without injury from the matter that envelopes them. Others compose +salient groups; others are imbedded in rock. + +Specimens of each of these three States should, if possible be +procured; with regard to cristals enveloped in surrounding matter, +particles of this matter should be detached with them (varying from 8 +to 10 centimetres) so that the different minerals which accompany them +may be observed. + +Also portions of the masses composed of needles and fibres, or +granulous or compact, having care to choose them fresh and free from +those alterations that take place in these at the surface. The +metallic mines should call the attention of travellers. They will +observe if they are in parallel beds with the surrounding rocks or in +clefts called veins which cross the bed. In detaching pieces from +these mines care should be taken to leave around the principal metal +portions of other metals which may be associated with them or stony +substances which often accompany cristals. + +It is to be desired for the progress of historic and technical +mineralogy that pieces of stone should be selected which are most +commonly used in the construction of public monuments and houses; and +the most authentic samples should be procured of all the mineral +substances employed in the useful and ornamental arts; such as +sharpening stones, stones for ovens, stones to polish with and stones +for potteries; having care to indicate the kinds of earth and stones +which enter into the composition of each kind of pottery; whether +minerals are indigenous or exotic, it must be particulary mentioned +from whence they come. + +If organic remains should be found in these earths, such as the bones +of animals, shells, impressions of fish or vegetables, samples should +be taken with care from these different bodies, leaving around them a +portion of the earth or stone in which they are imbedded. + +In case these earths should offer traces of volcanic origin, pieces +will be taken of each substance ejected by the explosions, some of a +stony nature, some as basalts, some as glass, some as obsidiennes, +some as scaries, etc. For those which are prisms, care must be taken +to remark the form of these prisms and the extent they occupy in the +earth. + +To each sample should be attached a ticket indicating the name of the +country where they were found, the particular spot from which they +were taken, the distance and situation of some neighbouring known +town from it, the nature and appearance of the country and its +elevation above the sea. + +Wherever mineral waters shall be found care will be taken to fill a +bottle, to cork and cement it closely. + +Since those systems have been abandoned which restrained the +observation of facts and comparison of those observations; since +guessing of the origin of things has been renounced for studying their +actual state; geology has advanced like other correct sciences. This +advance has not only extended our acquaintance on the formation of the +globe, but has also produced useful results for the arts. +Notwithstanding we are far from knowing the various countries of the +earth as we know Europe. + +It is easy for those who visit these distant countries, above all the +tropics, to procure us important ideas, and to send us productions, +the examination of which can alone enlighten and furnish us +informations on the nature of the soil in those countries and the +general arrangement of the rocks which constitute the outside of the +globe. + +On all coasts and islands where vessels stop, travellers can land and +procure objects with little trouble, which having little value in +themselves, become instructive and interesting by the simple +annotations which accompany them. + +They can pick up on the borders of torrents pebbles which indicate the +nature of the rochs from which they proceed. They will choose the +largest and note their size, and also break some pieces,--also the +small pebbles, having care to choose those of different appearances. + +Wherever a rock is seen to rise, should it be in the water or land, it +should be observed if it is all of the same substance or homogeneous +or composed, or formed of different beds. In the first case a fragment +must be detached, in the second case, they will observe the relative +position of the beds, their inclination and thickness; and take a +sample of each of the beds, and put the same mark on all the pieces +coming from the same mountain, and a number on each to indicate the +order of their position or reciprocal situation. If the person who +procures these samples could make a simple sketch, to show the form of +the mountain, the thickness and inclination of its layers, he would +render an essential service. + +In case the rock is an isolated one, it is useful to examine and +sketch on both sides to be more certain of the inclinations of the +beds. + +It would be well to gather some sand from the bottoms of rivers; above +all those which wash metallic dusts; but this sand must be taken as +far from the mouth of the river as possible. + +In some countries are found isolated masses to which the people +attribute a singular origin; pieces must be taken; perhaps they are +aerolithes; other may be transported by the revolutions of the globe. + +In gathering fragments of rocks, mines, volcanic products and +organised fossil bodies, the most essential thing is to mark well +their latitude, that is to say the nature of the earth where they are +found and their relative position to the substances which encircle +them. + +Basalt beds merit a particular attention, both as regards themselves +and the kind of earth which surrounds or covers them. It must be +noticed if they are divided in irregular masses, tables or prisms, and +what is their arrangement. It be must remarked if they contain the +remains of organised bodies, and care must be taken to take samples in +their different states, also of the matter on which the basalt rests. +It must be certain above all that there is no intervention of +scorified matter, or beds of an earthy appareance, to which the +Germans give the name of Wakke, and which are proved to be of volcanic +origin. The rocks named trachytes by M. Haüy merit the same attention. +They are distinguished above all by primitive porphyries, intermediate +or secondary, by the absence of quartz and the presence of pyroxène or +titanimmed iron. + +Whatever may be the nature or age of the soil one sees, it is most +important to collect samples of rocks the most common and most +abundant which constitute the bulk of the soil: the study of the +varieties of subordinate beds and accidental matters of all kind, +should be secondary. In general the appearance of the constitution of +the locality must be considered if one would proceed usfully to +choose the samples destined to represent them; the choice would be +easy if one would establish a rule never to quit a declivity, a +mountain, a country even, without having made the section +(geologically). We should add that these sections should be the +principal object in the labours of the geological traveller. + +Too large samples must not be taken, samples of 10 to 8 centimètres, +by 3 or 4 of thickness, are sufficient. Larger samples must not be +taken unless they contain the remains of organic fossils, such as +animal skeletons. To pack these samples, they must be covered with +fine paper; above this paper they will put the ticket or note of +bearing or latitude, then a second fine paper that will be surrounded +with tow, and all will be enveloped in grey paper. These samples will +then be put in a box, placing them upright and in successive beds, as +close together as possible, and filling the interstices with cut paper +or tow, in a way to form a mass that nothing can derange. No space +must be left between the last bed and the cover. The box must be +tarred to avoid humidity. + +The merit of geological collections being principally in the knowledge +of local circumstances in which each sample is taken, it is +indispensable to join to these collections well-arranged catalogues. +They will repeat the numbers of the samples and directions written on +the labels; all details should be inserted which may give a complete +idea of the strata which have been observed, and sketches and drawings +taken on the spot should be placed either in the margin or the body of +the books. It would be well to have duplicates of the catalogues. One +of them pressed between two pieces of board well tied, should be +placed on the top of one of the boxes, the other should be adressed +directly to M. Vattemare. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +BOTANY. + + +The botanical riches of the museum are composed--1º Of living +vegetables cultivated in the garden--2º of the collection of dry +plants or herbals, of the different parts of plants dried and in +alchool, such at woods, fruits, etc. And of all the produits of the +vegetable kingdom that are capable of preservation--3º of the +collection of fossil plants. + + +_Living plants._ + +To promote the progress of science, agriculture and horticulture, it +is important to collect in a central garden, like that of Paris, the +greatest number of living plants possible. + +To attain this end, either living plants must be sent, or their seeds. +Both of these ways are attended with difficulties, according to the +nature of the plants, and the length of the voyage they have to +endure. + +We shall only treat the parcels sent from countries out of Europe that +must endure a voyage of from one to four or five months, because +packages which are on the road but 15 or 20 days, only require those +ways of putting up employed in all the nurseries of Europe. + +In the transportation of living plants, distinction should be made of +the ligneous plants, young trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, which +are neither pulpy plants, tubercles or roots, from that of these last +vegetables. + +The transportation of the roots, underground bulbs and tubercles, such +as those of the lily tribe, irides, dioscarea, land archides, +aroidees, gesneria, of many of the Oxalis, Trospoculum, etc., is +easily effected by packing these parts carefully in dry moss, or very +dry sand, with wich the box should be filled up; the parasitic +orchides or epyphites, with green bulbs, can be sent in wooden boxes, +pierced with little holes, and kept dry; all the old leaves should be +taken off, as, in their decay, they cause dampness, and the roots +wrapped in dry moss or cloth. The same means may be used for the pulpy +plants, such as the cactus: any dry flexible substance, not subject to +dampnes, as hairwool etc. may be used to pack them. These pulpy +plants, if large, should be separated from the others, so that they +may not be tainted by their decay. + +They should be packed with great care, because their tissue, more +watery than that of the tubercles and roots, may be crushed under +their weight, often considerable. + +For the transportation of living plants, neither pulpy or tuberculous, +it is necessary to place them in glazed boxes, of a peculiar +construction, first invented and used in England by M. N. Ward. + +These boxes vary in form and size but not to take up too much room on +the decks of ships, where they should always remain; they should not +exceed the following dimensions: + +[Illustration: boxes. + +9 to 11 decimetres long, 5 wide, 7 to 40 high.] + +The bottom should not touch the deck, but must be raised some +centimetres by the feet on the four corners, so that sea water may not +damp the box. + +The two smal sides of the oblong chest cut in the upper part in +pointed shape, have two glassed frames, and form a two-sided roof. + +The sides and bottom should be made of oak or hard wood from 25 to 30 +millimetres thick, dry and joined with groves, so that there may be no +fissure. + +The glassed frames are divided by cross pieces from 4 to 5 centimetre +wide, extending from the upper to the lower edge, from 7 to 8 +centimètres apart. These grooved cross pieces receive the glasses +which should be thick, covering one another like the tiles of a roof, +and well cemented. One of the frames is fixed on one of the sides of +the chest; the other is fixed on the other sides, and on the upper +frame opposite, with screws well oiled to prevent rust. These boxes +should be well puttied and painted. + +Two strong iron handles should be fixed on each end of the box; and a +solid grate made of iron wire, propped above the glasses by several +iron rods, will prevend their fracture. + +A bed of 4 or 5 centimetres of clayey earth moist enough to stick to +the bottom, is first put in the box; then a layer of earth, mined if +possible with vegetable decay of 15 or 20 centimetres; the plants are +embedded in this earth either in pots or wicker baskets. + +To prevent accidents on a long voyage and especially from the port to +Paris, straw and rushes may be used, with wooden cross pieces nailed +to the partitions of the chest. + +A box of the size described contains from 15 to 25 or 30 plants +according to their size. + +Seeds, especially of the kinds that preserve with difficulty their +germinating power, may be sown among these plants, such as those of +the palms, laurels, oaks, several conifers, roses, etc. + +Plants put in these boxes should have good roots, and not taken +directly from the country. In case they are, time should be given them +to take root, before closing the box. + +Before closing the box, care should be taken to water the earth well, +but not too much. + +It should then be hermetically sealed, and not opened during the +voyage. It should be kept on the open deck, and if the glasses are +broken, they should be immediatly replaced; if there are holes in the +wood, they should be puttied. + +The box should never be put below except it contains tropic plants and +the cold extreme. For light frosts, a cloth is sufficient, and they +should have all the sun possible. + +The best time for sending plants to France is betwen April and +october. + +Seeds should also be sent. + +A great number of seeds keep for a year and more, if gathered ripe and +kept dry. Seeds are ripe when they fall off, or when the fruits, that +inclose them, open. But seeds apparently dry, often contain a great +quantity of water which would mould them, if put up in that state. +They should be dried by the sun in the open air several days before +packing, especially berries and pulpy fruits. They should be pressed +and dried in the sun or in brown paper, like plants prepared for +herbals. + +The best way of keeping them, in a long voyage, is to dry them +perfectly, wrap them in thick paper, and put them in thick bags hung +in a dry and airy place. + +There are seeds, especially those that contain oily matter, that must +be germinated on the voyage. Such are, among exotics, the seeds of our +climate, cocorus, chesnust, beechnuts; and among exoctics, the seeds +of the Laurel, many of the Palms, several Conifers, Arancarias, tea +and coffee seeds, goyaviers, and other myrtinees. + +The best way of sending these seeds is to sow them in the glass cases +described above, either among other plants, or in special boxes of +smaller size; but common boxes or barrels will do, if there are no +glass boxes, well filled with earth. The seeds should be put in light +earth a little damp, or in dust of decayed wood. Five or 6 centimetres +of earth are put at the bottom of a box, and the seeds sown in this +earth at distances, equal to the size of the seed. Then another layer +of earth of three centimetres, then a bed of seeds, and so on up to 3 +or 4 decimetres in height. Care should be taken to fill the box so +that the seeds may not be injured. + +Care should be taken to keep the box dry, and beyond the reach of salt +water, which always kills plants and seeds. + +All the plants should be labelled--The numbers should correspond with +a catalogue which should declare for each plant: 1º The country from +which it comes--2º The kind of soil where it grows, such as woods, +rocks, meadows, marshes, etc.--3º An approximation to the height of +the place, if it comes from a mountainous country, so as to +distinguish the plants of the tropics and the temperate and frigid +zones--4º The common name of the plant, either among the Europeans +established in the country or the natives--5º Its uses, its +characteristics, and the color of its flowers. + +This information should be marked in the catalogue of seeds sent +stratified or sown in the glass cases; for seeds preserved dry in +bags, it is best to write these notes upon the bags. + +We cannot particularise all the plants we desire, because our wants +vary every year by new acquisitions and losses; but the administration +will endeavour to give them to the inhabitants of distant countries +who are willing to lists of supply our deficiencies. + +We will specify some families and kinds whose absence in our +collection of living plants we regret. + +These are: + +1º Those which grow alike in the tropical regions of the old and new +continent: + +The Rhizophorees (mangliers and paletuviers) chailletices, +connaracies, burmaniacees, xyridee, Eriocolons, Podostemees, the +loranthus parasites, lardizabalees, Pistias. + +Among the Fern, Gleichenias, Trochomanes, Hymenophyllum, schizea, +Danaea, Angiopteris, Salvinia and Azolla. + +2º In Asia: + +Dipterocarpiees, aquilarinees (aloes or eagle-wood), Apostasiees, +Guetrum (guemon of Molucca), the nipa, a kind of Palm-tree. + + +_Dry vegetables or vegetables preserved in alcohol_. + +These collections contains: + +1º Herbals or plants dried in leaves of paper; + +2º Fruits and preserved seeds, either dry or in alcohol; + +3º Pulpy flowers also preserved in liquor; + +4º Portions of roots, trunks and samples of wood; + +5º Different products of the vegetable kingdom, such as flax, starch, +gums, resins, dyestuffs, substances employed in the medicine or the +arts; + +6º Samples relative to anatomy and vegetable physiology. + +The care necessary to enrich these collections are generally less than +those required for zoology. + +Herbals and collections of fruits and flowers--Samples in buds, +flowers and fruits of plants intended for herbals should be collected +when the plant is small, and generally when it is of a size to be kept +in a leaf of paper by folding. It should be taken with the root; when +it is larger, it should be cut in pieces of 40 or 50 centimetres (16 +to 18 inches). Or the great herbaceous plants, whose leaves vary often +at different heights on the trunk, the base of the stalk with the +leaves that support it should be preserved,--and branches with flowers +and leaves. A layer of several leaves of brown paper is placed +alternatively with a sample of a plant, or several, if they are small +and can be spread on the paper without touching. Then a new layer of +paper, then a new sample, and so on. When the packet has a certain +thickness (2 to 3 decimetres at most) it should be pressed between two +pieces of paste board by means of cords or girths and a buckle. The +pressure should be moderate, enough to prevent the plants from +wrinkling, but not enough to change their shapes, or crush their +tissue by flattening them too much. The parcels, to dry well, should +be placed on a dry board; or, better, hung up, so that the boards be +in a vertical position. It is well to change several time the layers +of paper; first, soon after the drying has commenced. + +The drying of plants may be much quickened by dividing them into +packets of 8 or 10 packets only, with very little paper between, and +pressing them between two frames furnished with a wire grate tied up +by strings; a layer of four or five leaves of paper should be placed +on each side, immediately under the grate, to render the pressure more +uniform and keep the plants from crisping; if these small packets are +exposed to the sun or a current of air, the plants dry rapidly, often +before the paper is changed that contains them; but unless there is a +great number of these frames, it is impossible to dry but a small +number of plants, and this process would be especially useful for +those persons to whom the formation of an herbal is but an accessory +occupation. + +Botanists who wish to dry many plants without using much paper should +place packets of 15 or 20 plants, arranged as we have just pointed +out, in a stove with a current of air, heated up to 50 centigrades by +a lamp placed below, and separated from the plants by a cross +partition of punctured plate. + +In twelve or twenty four hours the specimens are perfectly dry. This +process, first successfully employed in Paris by M. Doyère, is most +useful in warm and damp climates, and for plants difficult to dry; it +is easily employed in scientific voyages. + +Bamboo frames, found everywhere in tropical climates, replace +excellently frames and bars of iron. + +There is another more speedy process which requires much less paper, +but preserves less perfectly the dried specimens. It only needs a dry +and spacious room. The flowers are placed in a simple sheet of paper +and pressed; then the sheets are spread out, for the night, on the +floor, and, when dry, pressed again. This process it not so good as +the former, and should be made use of only when there is a lack of +paper. + +This is all the art of making herbals; and every intelligent traveller +knows how to suit his process to circumstances. + +In damp times and regions, it is well to quicken the process of +drying. Paper perfectly dry should only be used, and changed often. +The paper should be dried in a warm oven, where bread has just been +baked. + +Watery plants, such as bulbs, orchides, etc., continue green in +herbals several months after they are placed in them. It is well to +plunge them in boiling water for one minute, or, still better, to put +them in alcohol for a couple of hours; then they should be taken out +and placed between two leaves of brown paper, where it dries easily, +as the action of boiling water or alcohol has destroyed the life of +the plant. + +There are plants whose leaves or flowers easily break after drying; in +such cases, all the parts should be sent separately. + +There are families of plants that require peculiar processes of +preservation. Palms, on account of their size, cannot be preserved in +common herbals. Yet, it is important to complete the history of this +remarquable family. For this, must be preserved:--1º The dried leaves +in paper spread out, when they are not too large; folded like a fan, +dried in the air and wrapped in brown paper well tied, when they are +large.--2º Clusters of flowers or carymbs with the common envelope, +taking care to preserve equally the male and female flowers, when they +are separate; they should be dried quickly in the open air and wrapped +in paper or cloth, taking care to collect the flowers that fall of. +When these clusters are not large, it would be well to preserve them +in weak alcohol, and, in all cases, it should be used for branches to +be put in the same jar with ripe fruits of the same plant.--3º +Clusters of ripe fruits dried in the air and other fruits in alcohol. + +Those great marine plants, commonly known by the name of sea-weed, +should be dried by hanging them in the shade, in the open air, without +pressing them in paper; they should, afterwards, be put in paper bags, +with a label of the place where they were collected and their color +when fresh. + +They can be better prepared in Paris than in travelling, as they often +require much care, unless the traveller is skilled in the art. Samples +preserved in alcohol would be useful for anatomical researches. + +Before drying the small kind in the same manner in the open air, all +the sea water should be pressed out, by squeezing them gently, and +absorbing it with brown paper. + +The most of the other criptogamous plants, such as the fern, mosses, +lichens, mushrooms large and small, are prepared in herbals as other +vegetables. + +The only proper way to preserve the pulpy mushroom is alcohol, or +wrapping them in flax or cotton; but a note or sketch should be made +of their colors, for only their form and structure are thus preserved. +Young specimens of these plants are preferable. + +However the collections we have spoken of are made, a label should be +attached to each of the specimens indicating: + +1º The place where the plant was found, and if the place is little +known, its position with relation to one that is; + +2º The time of the gathering of the specimens, whether in flower or +fruit; + +3º The name the plant bears, taking care to have it repeated several +times, and its meaning should be added, whenever it is known; + +4º The uses of the plant in domestic economy, the arts or medicine; + +5º The color of the different parts and particulary that of the +flower, its odor, the consistence of the fruit, and the manner it +opens, when ripe; in fine, all the phenomena relative to the plant; + +6º The size, direction and consistence of the plant. If it is a tree +of some size, and if the traveller can sketch, it would be well to +give a drawing of its form, especially for palms and other +monocotyledons; common trees, if there is no sketch made or them, they +may be compared to some of the best known trees in Europe; + +7º Numbers should be written on the separate samples of the fruits, +seeds, flowers, or wood of the same plant, which form the parcel the +traveller sends, as well as on the samples of the same plant that he +keeps and on his catalogue or journal, so that he can afterwards give +accurate information of the plants he sends. These numbers should not +be repeated during the same tour, but should form a series, to avoid +confusion. + +If the traveller can measure, or knows the height above the sea of the +regions he travels over, he should add to the note relative to each +plant a statement of the height where it was found; the exact height +is not necessary. If he does not know the height, the omission can be +partially remedied by the most remarkable and abundant vegetables that +grow around[4]. + + [4] On mountains, each species of plants only grows to a + determined hight, trawellers can therefore notice the most + remarkable of them either by their shape, size or their + abundance, indicating them by their names or by figure; and + point-out by lines where these species cease growing adding a + certain number of zones and indicating the zone in which each + plant grows. + +Dry fruits should be sent in boxes with a label and number +corresponding to that of the branch of the plant, in the herbal, to +which they belong. All the dry fruits of too large size to be well +preserved in herbals, should be collected separately, the ripest +chosen, dried carefully and wrapped in paper. Those of palms, +pandanus, zamia, conifers, proteacees, lecythidees, cucurbitacees, the +leguminous family, the bignonias, bombacees, sterculiacees, especially +deserve to be collected separately. + +Pulpous fruits should be sent in weak alcohol at 18° in acetic or +pyro-liqueous acid dissolved in water, or in water saturated in marine +salt, if these two first liquids can not be had, for the preservation +of objects is much less certain and less perfect in this fluid. Each +kind should be put in a separate jar and envelopped in cloth, flax or +cotton, or if several kinds are put in the same jar, each kind should +be put in separate bags with special labels. + +Among the pulpy fruits that deserve to be collected, we shall +particulary point out those of several palms, many of the +Bromiliacees, resembling the ananas, aroidees, sapotees, and +Diospyrees; several annonacees, the pulpy-fruited Capparidees, +Papayers, the soft-fruited Cucurbitacees, Guthifers, Aurantiees. + +It is desirable that flowers too delicate or too pulpy to be easily +analysed when dry should be, also, sent in flasks of weak alcohol or +acetic acid much weakened with water; such are those of the Orchides, +Balisiers, Aroïdes, Asclepiades, and all other plants difficult to +preserve in herbals. It is important to tie on the flask a label +marked with the name of the plant, or at least, a number corresponding +to that which bears in the herbal the sample of the plant to which the +sample belongs. Labels on jars frequently falling off, it would be +best to mark these jars with paint, or to put in each jar a bit of +wood or parchment bearing the number, or a label written with crayon +or ink, if the objects are in alcohol, or on thin pieces of lead +marked with a knife. When several plants are put in the same jar, a +label, thus marked, should be attached to each. Without this +precaution, the collection is useless. Flowers of the different +species should not be put in the same viol. If it is ever necessary, a +label should be attached to each. Or they should be put in paper +pasted together, with the necessary specifications on the envelope. + +If there is neither viol nor alcohol, the flowers may be dried in the +air without pressing, and then folded in paper and labelled; care +should be taken to put them up, so that there may be no danger of +pressure. + +Entire specimens in flower and fruit of parasites with their roots and +the root in which they are imbedded should be preserved in alcohol, or +vinegar, or salt-water. Males and females of these plants, in which +the sexes are generally separated, should be collected. These plants +are generally remarkable for the absence of leaves, for their pulpy +consistence and creeping character. + +Herbals and fruits, when perfectly dry, should be put in tin, or, at +least, well painted boxes so as to be beyond the reach of mice or +insects. + +Leaves of paper containing plants, should be well pressed together in +packets and placed between two sheets of plain paper, before being put +in boxes. + +In packing up, several samples may be placed between each leaf of +paper, and the number of leaves placed between be lessened, if +necessary; the packets should always be well pressed together. Any +kind of paper is good for packing; bananas or any large-leafed plant +can replace it; it is only necessary that the plants should be +arranged with care, so as to give an equal thickness to the packets in +all their parts. + +If there is time the specimens should be preserved by plunging the dry +plant in an alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate (15 to 20 +grammes for a litre of alcohol at 36°), or to rub it with a pencil, +then to dry it in a leaf of paper, which requires but a few instants. +With this precaution, all the specimens sent may be preserved; and for +not making use of it, several parcels of plants have arrived damaged +by insects. + +If the plants are fumigated with sulphur, they will be preserved from +insects for a long time. + +Among those sent, there will be many we have received before; but they +will not be useless. + +Plants preserved in herbals, which we already possess, will be +employed in forming special herbals for different countries, very +useful for the study of botanical geography and to facilitate the +researches of travellers, either by making exchanges, with foreign +museums, or to enrich the principal museum of the departments. + +Besides, there are always objects that corrupt by time, which it is +useful to renew. + +Collections of plants, from whatever country they come, have always a +certain number of plants which the museum does not possess, or offers +them in a different state from those we possess and so are always +interesting, when well made; but there are countries little known, +from which we desire to receive all that can be collected. + +The North-America: the Floridas and southern parts of Louisiana, +Arkanzas and Texas, a great part of Mexico, particulary the northen +part, as well as California, the southern part of Mexico, and the +countries comprehended between that state and the isthmus of Panama; +the great iles of the Antilles, Haïti, Cuba and Jamaïca, though +formerly explored, are now scarcely represented in our herbals. + +Botany is already cultivated with success in many countries. +Travellers can, sometimes, find herbals already collected; it would be +useful to procure them, especially if they have but a short time to +stay or even a single season, after assuring themselves that these +herbals are made with care. This would be important, especially in +countries where the flora has been treated by some resident botanist, +and the kinds and species proper to these local floras should, if +possible, be obtained. + + +_Collections of wooden stalks or trunks of trees_. + +This collection should be made in a different manner, for the trunks +of the _monocotyledons_ and ferns, and for those of the +_dicotyledons_. For the first, such as the palms, vaquois or pandamas, +the dracoena or dragoniers and the ferns in trees, etc. whose +structure varies in height according to the age of the trees, it would +be desirable to obtain grown and entire trunks, from the root to the +top of the tree, when transportation can be affected without +difficulty or expense. But when the size of the trunks and +difficulties of transportation are so great that it can not be +conveyed entire, it should be sent in three pieces of 50 centimetres +each in length, taken, the first at the base with the roots, the +second in the middle, and the third from the top with the first +clusters of leaves. When the trunks are very large, damp and hard to +dry, it is well, to quicken their drying, to split them lengthwise +through the middle, but the two halves should always be sent and round +pieces cut cross wise from 6 to 10 centimetres thick. + +For the dycotelodons vegetables one of the principal trunks or a +perfectly healthy branch should be taken, and a portion of it 40 or 50 +centimetres long preserved; the size best suited for samples is from +10 to 20 centimetres in diameter. Generally the age of the trunk or +branch should be such as to have at the same time perfect wood and +pulp; for the kinds of wood used for building, it is necessary that +the samples should be taken from trunks large enough to give an idea +of the physical qualities of the woods. The samples should be sent +with the bark entire. If there is danger that they do not dry well and +shrink, they should be sawed lengthwise, at some distance from the +pith, so that it may remain perfect on one of the pieces, and even in +that case, it is well to send, besides the two halves of wood sawed +lengthwise, an entire round of from 5 to 6 centimetres thick. + +All these samples of trunks whether monocotyledons or dicotyledons, +should not be boxed or sent off before they are perfectly dry. They +should until then be kept as much as possible far from insects. It is +indispensable to give interest to these samples of wood, to label them +with numbers corresponding with samples of branches with leaves and +flowers or fruits dried botanically, so that they can be determined +with precision. + +These numbers should be written on the edge wood cut very plain, +either with ink or black crayon, or, better, with paint. When the +samples are few, they can be notched or marked with Roman characters +cut deep in the wood. It is very important either in the catalogues or +in the labels of the samples in the herbals to write the common names +which the trees bear, in the country where the samples were gathered, +as these names are more generally known for the great vegetables than +for the little plants; and by this precaution new information can be +more easily obtained concerning the trees. + +After having indicated the manner of making collections we shall now +go on to particularise the vegetables whose trunks we especially +desire to obtain. + +The collection of the museum is already rich in trunks of arborescent +fern. Yet it possesses but very few of those which do not belong to +the tribe of Cyathees, such as the Diplazium, Dicksonia, Lomaria, +Angiopteris. + +Among the woods of the dicotyledonous trees, we shall place, in the +first rank all the woods employed in the arts and particularly in +cabinet-making and dying; woods which we receive only in the state in +which commerce brings them to us and which it would be very +interesting to have complete with their pith and bark and especially +with a branch in flower or fruit preserved in herbal which facilitates +the determination of their scientific appellation. With the exception +of a small number of woods of Brazil, which we have received in this +manner, we have every thing to ask in this respect from Brazil as well +as from Guyana and the Antilles, and samples suited to clear up the +history different sorts of cabinet woods, fron woods, pallissander, +yellow woods, etc. would be of great interest. We shall cite, besides, +the wood of the fig-tree sycomore of Egypt, employed by the ancient +Egyptians, those of the Meliacees or Cedrelacees of India, that of the +Flindersia of New Holland. + +Under the point of view of vegetable anatomy, the other trees, which +do not furnish woods employed in the arts, are not less interesting, +and all should be collected; but the branches need not be so large, +say from 8 to 10 centimetres in diameter. The countries which have not +yet added anything to the collection, and in which are to be found the +objects that we want, are in the ancient continent, Arabia, Persia, +but, above all, China, Cochinchina and the great isles of Asia; New +Holland and Van Diemen's Land, whose vegetation is peculiar and from +which we have as yet scarce a single sample of wood; Senegal, the Cape +of Good Hope, Madagascar and Abyssinia: in the New Continent, Mexico +and California, Peru, Colombia and the Magellan. In these different +localities, should be procured not only specimens of wood from large +trees, but the principal stalks of shrubs and of the great ligneous +plants which never obtain the same size in our climate. But among the +dicotyledonous vegetables there is none that merit the attention of +naturalists as the creeping ligneous plants known as so much lianes. +Almost all these plants present a remarkable structure, more or less +anomalous, which may throw a light on the mode of increase and +nourishment of vegetables. Samples of these fruits, collected by MM. +Gaudichaud, Perrottet, Guillemin, Melinon, have already suggested +valuable ideas. But there are yet many gaps to fill up, and persons +living in warm countries could supply us with important documents, by +collecting not only portions of all these plants but by sending pieces +if the stalks of sufficient size taken from the foot of the oldest +trees with the roots of younger trunks; young branches of from one to +two years old and branches with leaves and flowers dried botanically. +The essential point would be for each kind to have the succession of +its different ages from the branches of the first year with their +leaves, flowers and fruits up to the oldest trunks; and the samples +should be easily gathered when the great trees are cut down in the +forest, round which twine these parasites. The common names which they +bear in their country should be marked with care both for the creepers +and the trees as well as the virtues ascribed to them, and the uses to +which they are applied. It is essential for most of the parasites, +even when they are not of large size, and especially of those which +contain much water, like the trunks of the Cissus, to cut directly +pieces some centimetres thick, as their organisation is better +preserved than that of the larger trunks. + +All the different pieces coming from one trunk should be labelled with +the same number. + + +_Production of vegetables._ + +We comprehend under this designation all the parts of vegetables or +products of the vegetable kingdom, which are of sufficient interest to +merit collection; such as vegetable fibre employed in the fabrication +of tissues or cordages; natural tissues coming from the preparation of +the bark of trees; paper, made directly from certain plants; starches, +with the starch prepared at the place where the plant grows, tubercles +root, branches and seeds from which it is extracted; gums, sugars, +resins, vegetable wax, and other concrete sugars elaborated by +vegetables; dye stuffs; besides, roots, barks, leaves or fruit, used +either in medicine or the industrial arts. + +It is essential, as much as possible, to join to these objects, with a +label of the same number, a sample in a herbal of the plants which +produce them; and to give the common name both of the plant and the +stuff used, and the uses to which it is applied. + +Samples gathered with these precautions in the countries where these +products are developed would be interesting even for the objects which +generally arrive in Europe through commerce; for, in great number of +cases, the origin of these stuffs is obscure, the distinction of their +kind and different qualifies very difficult, and many of them are +adulterated by falsifications or secondary preparations. + +It would be well to send a sufficient quantity of each of these stuffs +for certain experiments which may be judged interesting; from one to +two kilogrammes would generally be a suitable quantity. + +The stuffs that are liable to be attacked by insects should by placed, +well dried, in boxes, bottles or earthern jars perfectly sealed. + +_Specimens relating to vegetable anatomy and physiology._--Many +objects useful for extending the study of these branches of botany are +comprehended in the collections of trunks, fruits and dried plants +which we have already particularised; we recommend here, under this +special tittle, the collection of samples which would show the +deviation from the usual structure of vegetables, or those which must +be preserved in a particular manner in order to be submitted to +observation. Such are: + +1º The results of experiments tried, frequently, for a different end, +on vegetables which do not grow in Europe-- + +Thus trunks of the palm trees on which are made notches or +perforations to extract the sweet sap that oozes from them. + +The trunks of Dragoniers (Drocoena) on which should have been +practised these punctures for a time more or less remote. + +Examples of punctures more or less entirely grown over on the trees +whose wood is very different from that of indigenous trees, such as +the very soft woods of Baobab, the Papayers, and on the very hard +woods as iron wood, ebon, etc. + +2º The excrescences and other anomalies of the developement of these +woods, by knowing exactly the tree on which they have been observed or +gathered. + +3º The parasitical plants inserted on the trunks or roots, which bear +them, such as the loranthus, viscum, and other parasites on the +branches, the Rafflesia hyduora, balanophara on the roots; these +samples, showing the parasitical plants still fixed on a portion of +the plant which nourishes them, ought to be preserved dry for the +ligneous species, in alcohol, for the herbaceous or pulpy species. + +4º Monstruosities or anomalies of structure of flowers or exotic +fruits, preserved in alcohol. + +_Fossil vegetables._--The collections of this kind at the museum (for +several years) have greatly increased, and the researches of +travellers and correspondents of the establishments will soon give +them still more importance. Up to this present time, these collections +comprehend, almost entirely, the fossil vegetables of Europe; yet it +is known that the soils that produce them are found in the most remote +parts of the world, and the comparison of fossils coming from great +distance would be of great interest for geological theories. Thus, +coal-land, so rich in fossil plants in Europe, is excavated at a great +number of points in North America, in the East Indies, in China, and +New-Holland, and is found, without doubt, in other places; the mines +of the United States have been worked with care for the fossils which +they contain, and have already supplied our galleries with numerous +specimens. + +It must not be forgotten that to classify exactly these fossils +considerable number of specimens is frequently necessary and that a +collection of the varieties found together in the same soil is often +one of the most important results; that consequently, especially in +distant localities, the greatest number of specimens possible should +be collected and sent. + +Specimens should especially be procured which present the stamps of +leaves entire and perfectly marked, the trunks which show still the +carbonised bark which covered them, and the impression of the +insertions of the leaves that it bore, besides characterised fruits, +such as those analogous to the cones of the pines, the fruits of the +palm trees, etc. + +Coal-land, although more rich, in general, than any other in vegetable +fossils, is not the only one which contains them; the secondary +formation, and the tertiary present also numerous impressions of +leaves, of branches, of flowers even and of fruits, whose succession +at different epochs of formation, and comparative structure in various +countries of the world is not less interesting. Their acquisitions +cannot be too strongly recommended; but it is necessary, as much as +possible, to join to these fossils, the animal fossils which may +accompany them, which will better tend to determine the epoch of the +formation of the deposit which contains them. + +There is still another class of vegetable fossils which, in later +times, has acquired more importance than has been given to them +before; they are petrified woods which by a new process of +preparation, permit to study their interior organisation, and to +compare them to living woods; these woods are found in the deposits of +every epoch, and in countries the farthest separated. They belong to +families and classes very different; thus their examination is very +important. It should be recommended to persons, who encounter them, to +collect them with great care, in choosing pieces which appear to +differ, not so much by their exterior form as by their interior +structure. + +It is not necessary to send large samples of the characteristics which +distinguish them as regards their interior structure and especially +for the dicotyledonous woods with concentric layers; it is best, on +the contrary, to break them neatly with the hammer and to reduce them +about 1 decimetre cube. The only large pieces which ought to be +preserved are those of the monocotyledons, which as the woods of palms +and the woods which would be analogous to the trunks of the tree +ferns, for there it is necessary, as much as possible, to have the +trunk entire from the centre to the surface and in length of 2 to 3 +decimetres. Among places where the most remarkable and varied fossil +woods have been found, we would cite the little Antilles, above all +Antigua, Saint-Lucy and the Martinique. The museum possesses but few +specimens from these places. + +All the specimens of fossil plants, which may be addressed to the +museum, should be wrapped with care, in two or three papers; those +which have delicate impressions should be covered in their face with +cotton or lint, above all if the rock or stone is tender; if the +samples are thin and fragile, as often arrives with impressions upon +slates, they should be placed in separate boxes. The boxes should be +proportionate to the size of the samples, so as to be filled compactly +that they may not be shaken in transportation; fossil should not be +put in the same case whith dried plants or glass cases. Without these +precautions the samples would rub and the impressions be effaced. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +ZOOLOGY. + + +_Zoophytes, Worms and Moluscs._--The sea is peopled by an infinity of +animals soft or gelatinous grouped as moluscs, worms or zoophytes, of +which some live isolated, others in society. The greatest part of +these animals are unknown, and their study is very important, as they +give us general notions on the organisation of beings and on the +diversity of forms under which living nature shows herself. + +Surgeons and amateurs of natural history travelling on board ships +might procure us a great number of these curious animals. + +It is sufficient to take them with a net, to wash them well in warm +water, to put them in alcohol with the precautions that we shall point +out, and to prepare a note which indicates the latitude of the place +where they are taken, if they live solitary or in society, if they are +phosphorescent, if they inhabit a certain depth or the surface of the +sea. The colors of gelatinous animals not keeping well in liquor, it +is very important to mention them. + +Rocks, sea weed, the bottom of the sea are covered with shells of a +gelatinous or flesh-look aspect of very bright colors, that may be +mistaken for lifeless bodies; yet they are formed by the aggregation +of a crowd of little microscopic animals, whose organisation is very +varied; care should be taken to remove them with the blade of a knife, +and these beds, not generally very thick, should be plunged in spirits +of wine, taking care to note their color, which quickly disappears. + +It would be useful to collect numerous sponges, and to preserve them +in alcohol. + +There exist, in the depths of the sea, a multitude of animals which do +not appear on the surface, and which are entirely unknown. They are +obtained with the drag; frequent use should be made of the drag from +several fathoms up to the greatest depths; that is as far as 150 +fathoms. + +Not less care should be taken to collect the land shells as those of +the sea. Fossil shells are likewise of great interest. + +Very frail shells, oursins, sea-stars, etc., should be wrapped in +cotton and placed, each one apart in a box. It would be well to wash +in chalk water oursins and sea-stars; the greatest number possible of +these animals should be preserved in spirits of wine, taking care to +surround them with thread, or even fine linen or cotton, and, +afterwards, wound with thicker linen or several turns of thread, so as +to hinder the points or spines from falling. The madrepores of a +certain volume should be fixed by wire to the bottom of the box in +which they are placed, but these frail substances would arrive in +better order, if each specimen was placed in a box apart. + +The shell-fish should be placed in alcohol. The outer shell, when it +is spiral, should be broken at the upper part, and at several points +of the spire, to let the liquor run in, so that the whole animal may +be preserved; it is possible, following this indication, to have +shell-fish in such order, that they may be dissected, even after being +a very long time in the collections. + +In calm or gentle breezes, it is well to have ready a gauze net to +seize the sea molluscs, whose number is considerable. They should be +watched and drawn several times a night, for it is probable that the +spirule will be found at the surface of the water. Fishes should be +opened to find this same spirule which is doubtless caught by them; +the other Cephalopodes are not less numerous or less curious to study. + +There is a class of being called marine worms or Annelides, of which +but a few kinds are known, because little pains have been taken to +collect them; these animals frequent generally the shores of the sea, +a great number live in the interstices of madrepores, several make +deep holes in the sand or in the mud. With spades and hammers they +could be easily procured; it would be necessary to preserve them in +alcohol, as the greatest part of these kinds make themselves sheaths, +it would be well to collect them and put them in spirits of wine. +Ordinarily these animals quickly change color; it would be well to +note their color; it would be always well to do this for the leeches, +whose colors disappear as soon as they are dead. The attention of +naturalists should be directed towards the lombrics or earth-worms. +These animals could be sent us alive as well as all the land molluscs, +by sending them in closed boxes containing a little earth or damp +moss. + +It would be well to look for the entozoaires or helminthes of +different animals and send them, declaring at the same time the animal +and viscera whence the worm is extracted. + +_Articulated animals._--Articulated animals (viz. insects, spiders, +crustacees, etc.), compose the principal family of the animal kingdom; +collections made in distant countries include generally a considerable +proportion of new-varieties and the capture, preservation and +transport of these little beings offer no serious difficulties. We +recommend in a special manner to the attention of travellers +enthomological researches; undertaken with zeal and intelligence, even +by a person who is not a naturalist, they can not fail of being useful +to science and important for the museum. In this, as in the other +branches of zoology, it is not only the large and brilliant kinds +which are more valued by the naturalist; generally it is, on the +contrary, among the small insects or those of plain colors that the +more novel forms are found; for collectors have ordinarily neglected +them, and even in the best explored regions (in the environs of Paris, +for example) are discovered varieties which, till now, have escaped +attention. As for the manner of forming these collections and the +particular indications relative to the classes into which is divided +this vast division of the animal kingdom, and, consequently, we shall +give to each of these groups a separate article. + +_Insects._--What we have said of articulated animals in general, is +particularly applicable to insects, whose number is immense, and whose +forms vary beyond all imagination. The kinds differ extremely from one +country to another, often even from one locality to another, and it is +rare to find perfect identity between insects which inhabit different +regions, though often, at the first glance, no difference can be +detected between them; besides, there is no point on the globe, where +the enthomologic Faun is completly known, and although our museum has +about eighty thousand kinds, our galleries do not include half that +are seen in looking through the different collections of Europe. It +results that, in all countries, travellers who occupy themselves with +enthomology, can render themselves useful to the museum, and, in +distant countries, they should not neglect collecting all the insects +they find, even when the kinds do not appear to differ in anything +from those found every day at home. There are some parts of the globe, +which, enthomologically, deserve to fix the attention of the +collecter, either by reason of their extraordinary richness or on +account of the small number of parcels yet sent to the museum. Such +are: the west part of Africa, from the gulf of Beninso the cape of +good Hope; the Birman Empire, Assan, and even the interior of India, +whence the English enthomologist receive so many remarkable varieties; +Borneo, the Phillipines and the neighbouring isles; the western and +northern part of Australia; the west coast of North America, from +Mexico to Behring's strait, and the great basins of the Amazon. + +In general entomologists content themselves with collecting insects +without studying the manners and mode of life of these animals; yet +they thus fulfill but a part of their duty, for it is necessary for +the progress of science to have exact notions on this subject. Thus, +it is well to indicate, whenever it is possible, not only the locality +where the insect is found, but, besides, the nature of the locality, +the names of the plants on which the variety is found, and all the +particulars relative to its manner of life. It would be interesting to +have samples of the products of the industry of these little beings, +the nest of bees and ants, the combs of wild bees, cocoons, etc. The +stuffs supplied by insects and used in the arts, are equally important +to collect and study with regard to their mode of production. Besides, +we shall call the attention of travellers to the alteration made by +insects in the plants they inhabit, the manner many of them pierce the +bark of trees or even the wood, eat or roll the leaves, or cause in +them, by their stings escrescences, etc. Specimens of these +alterations would be of great interest to enthomology, especially when +united with the insect that occasions them. + +We urge travellers, likewise, to look for cheniles and the other +larvæ, and to preserve some of them alive, in order to obtain a +perfect insect, or, at least, a crysalis. Larvæ whose origin is +unknown would be of scarce any interest to the museum, while a +collection in which each larvæ is united whith the perfect insect +would be of great interest. + +Besides the insects that live as parasites on other animals should not +be neglected. + +Insects are easily caught and need few instruments. The best way to +take a great number of these animals at a time is to throw quickly on +the plants of the meadows and lawns a cloth sack whose mouth is +attached to a circle of iron, fixed at the end of a stick. By +directing this instrument alternatively right and left, even the +fleetest insect cannot get out, and all those that are caught by its +movement, are driven to the bottom of the sack; they should be taken +out one by one, either with the hand or pincers, and pierced +immediately with a pin proportioned to the size of the animal. The +coleopters should be pierced on the right wing (clytze), the +hymenopters, dipters and lepidopters in the middle of the waist, the +orthopters and nevropters a little behind, between the base of the +wings. + +For the small kinds, it is better not to fix them in this manner, and +to preserve those whose shell is hard enough, the coleopters and the +most part of hemipters, for example, it is sufficient to place them in +little bottles or in flacks full of rolls of paper (or even cotton, if +paper is wanting). This way is even applicable to the great kinds and +should be employed when there is not time to impale with care the +insects that are caught. The small kinds with soft shells should be +preserved in alcohol for drying frequently deforms them to such a +degree that they cannot be recognised. It is, also, in this liquor +that the caterpillars should be preserved, as well as other larvæ, and +it would be well to place with them a certain number of dried insects +so that a part might be taken for anatomical researches. + +Butterflies are taken by the aid of a gauze net or pocket. The insects +are found chiefly in fields whose flowrs abound and on the leaves of +trees; but they must be sought too in dark places, for, during the +day, the night kinds are here asleep upon walls or the bark of trees. +With a little skill, they can be pierced without seizing them before +hand, and if there is fear of missing them thus, they should be +covered whith the gauze pinews, through which the pin can be passed. +When the air is calm and the night obscure, they can be easily taken +by means of torches, for it is sufficient to place a light in a low +and open place to attract a multitude of phalenes and other nocturnal +insects. But to have handsome lepidopters, it is best to obtain +caterpillars, feed them with the leaves of the plant on which they are +found, and pierce the butterfly as soon as he has undergone his +change, for the specimens caught in their flight are rarely fresh. + +For the coleopters, it is not sufficient to beat the bushes and +herbaceous plants, these insects should, also, be sought under the +bark of trees, in the interior of mushrooms, under the stones and even +in the soil: for this, it is well to be provided with a paring-knife, +an instrument which is much like a carpenter's chisel, but which is +slightly curved, and ends in a kind of pointed spatula. + +Aquatic insects are taken by the help of a net like that used for +insects of the air, but whose bag should be of canvass instead of +cloth. In fine, to catch the hymenopters, whose sting is often +formidable, it is necessary to have a pincers whose prongs are +disposed like rackets and armed with coarse lace. + +The preservation of insects that have been pierced requires some care; +to prevent the lepidopters from injuring their wings in struggling, it +is well, directly they are caught, to press the throat down; but, +generally, it is necessary, on returning from the chase to kill +quickly all the insects that have been caught, and, to attain this +end, the best way is to place them dry in a tumbler surrounded with +boiling water, for a high temperature kills them in a few minutes. The +boxes designed for the reception of entomologic specimens should be of +light wood, and, at least, two inches and a half deep; the bottom +should be lined with cork or some other very soft vegetable substance +and the pins should be pressed in as much as possible. When the +insects are large, it is necessary, besides, to fix them by means of +several pins placed around; for if one of them gets loose, he not only +injures humself, but likewise damages all those whom he jostles. As +soon as a box is full, and the insects dry enough, it should be shut +and pasted with bands of paper on all the joints; but in warm +countries, where destructive insects abound, this precaution is not +sufficient; the boxes should, besides, be placed in a tin chest +soldered on all sides. + +_Arachnides._--Animal of this class are less numerous than insects, +but they merit the attention of travellers; certain kinds live in the +water, but the greatest part are land animals, and live in shrubs or +in holes, either in old walls, or in the ground. The industry that +many spiders display in the construction of their dwelling or the +snares designed to catch their prey, is very remarkable: the nests of +the mygales, for example, is very curious. It would be interesting to +have a collection of threads spun by exotic spiders, and the +preservation of these delicate tissues is easy enough, if they are +spread out on a leaf of paper dipped in gum-water. It is perhaps +superfluous to add that those specimens would have little value, +unless each one is accompanied by the spider that belongs to it. In +fine, we will point out to travellers the kinds reputed venemous, and +those which live as parasites on other animals. + +The preservation of the arachnides offer some difficulties; in drying, +those animals lose their shape, and in alcohol, their colors; so it is +necessary, as much as possible, to preserve specimens of the same kind +by both these processes, and to take care to number them so that they +may be easily identified. + +_Crustacees._--These animals are almost all aquatic and the greatest +part in the seas. Crabs are found generally near the shore in the +hollows of the rocks and under the stones; but there are kinds which +hide in the sand or which live at great depths; some live entirely in +the sea. It is the same for the decapodes macroures, such as the +langoustes and the salicoes; and it is generally by the aid of drags +and nets that they are taken; but a more successful way of fishing is +to sink to the bottom an open case, a kind of basket whose mouth is in +the form of a reversed cone; some carrion placed in the interior of +this snare attracts the crabs, and when once in they cannot get out. + +The small kinds of crevettines are found, in great abundance, in the +midst of the sea-weed; and to catch them, it is necessary to place a +certain quantity of marine plants in a vase full of sea-water: the +little animals that are in it quickly exhaust the oxygen dissolved in +this liquid and they rise to the surface where it is easy to take them +with a spoon. + +Other crustacees of small size are found in the deep sea and are taken +in nets like the sea mollusques. Besides, there exist a great number +of these animals, who live as parasits on fish (about the gills +especially), and by a collection of them science would be enriched by +a multitude of new and curious specific form. Until now travellers +have almost entirely neglected the little crustacees of the order of +the entomostracees, which are found in fresh water; and it is +desirable that they should be collected in all localities. + +The best means of preservation of the crustaces is to plunge them in +alcohol from 20 to 25°, after having wrapped them in linen or leaves. +The large kinds shall be dried, by taking care first to take out the +viscera that are under the shell; but the crustacees preserved in this +manner are extremely fragile and it is rare to preserve them entire. + +_Fish and reptiles._--Although among sea fish there are several kinds +which are found in different coasts, the greatest number inhabit +particular shores and gulfs. It would be useful then to send those +that are found in countries not yet visited by naturalists and even +the common market fish. + +As for the fresh-water fish, they differ, not only according to the +country, but according to the rivers and lakes where they live. It +would be well to send all that can be found. + +Generally, any fish brought from a foreign market, with the name that +it bears in the country, would be an acquisition interesting for +science. + +They should be put in alcohol, or, if too large, only the skin well +dried, taking care to preserve the head, teeth and fins. It is +essential that the fins should be stretched out in order to dry them +well. For this they should be glued on paper. + +Reptiles should also be put in alcohol, even if their great size only +permits thus to preserve the skin, which is much better than to send +it dried. In skinning snakes, it is necessary to leave the head, and +to take care not to injure the scales. Great care should be taken too +not to break the tails of lizards. + +It should be desirable to send the skeletons of fish and reptiles too +large to be sent in spirits. + +These skeletons need not be perfect. It is sufficient to take of the +flesh, and, afterwards, to dry perfectly, without taking them to +pieces. The whole skeleton should be placed in a box with cotton or +with very dry and fine sand. If it is too long, it could be separated +into two or three parts. + +The following indications will point out the reptiles which, in the +present state of science, would offer the greatest interest for the +collections of the museum. + + _North America_--_Testudo polyphemus_ or Gopher. + _Cistudo Blandingii_, Holbrook. + _Emys rubridentris_, Leconte. + _Emys floridaua_, id. + _Emys mobylensis_, Holbrook. + _Emys insculpta_, Leconte. + _Emys aregoniensis_, Halbrook. + _Emys hyeroglyphiea_, Holbrook. + _Emys cumberlandensis_, id. + _Emys conciuna_, Leconte. + _Emys troostii_, Holbrook. + _Emysaura serpentina_, Dum. Bib. (large ones). + _Chlonura temminckii_, Holbrook (young and grown). + _Trionyx muticus_, (large ones). + _Trionyx spiniferus_, (large ones). + +As much as possible some living specimens of each of these kinds, as +well as of all the other chelonians; these reptiles, whose flesh is +eaten, abound in the markets of the United States. + +_Rana mugiens_ or Bull-frog; (living subjects). + +All the small kinds of lizards and serpents and all the batraciens +urodeles, with persisting gills. + +Rattle snakes from the south which differ from those of the north (in +alcohol). + +We have nothing or almost nothing in reptile from the Californio, +Yutacan and Guatemala; _boas_, the _crested basilic_ and the _horrible +heloderme_, a great lizard with tuberculiform scales, should be sent +us. + +_Antilles._--Cuba nourrishes a prodigious quantity of reptiles which +are entirely unknown to us. + +The museum possesses only some kinds of this class of vertebres from +Jamaïca. + +_Birds and mammiferes._--The study of zoology in the Museum of natural +history is not confined to the observation of the forms of animals, to +the description of their organs; it proposes, besides, to examine +their habits, their development, their instinct, and to see if they +can be of any use. Formerly, nothing could be learnt of these +essential objects but by the relations of travellers. Establishments +formed at great expense by princes or rich amateurs to collect and +take care of rare animals, were rather objects of luxury and curiosity +than an object of study. But since we have had a menagerie at the +museum, a new career of observation is open to naturalists. There, +animals can be followed in all degrees of their developments, and +their manner of living can be compared with their organisation, that +anatomy discovers after death; positive knowledge, acquired on the so +important phenomena of copulation, gestation, birth; the varieties +which depend on age distinguished from those which are produced by +climate, nourishment, by crossing races, and the difference determined +which really exists between species. If these animals are of a nature +to render services to domestic economy or agriculture, and if they +breed there are the means to raise and domesticate them, and, so, to +procure new resources. The Vigogne, the Lama, the Alpaca, the Tapir, +the kanguroo, the Casoar and many others, will pershaps one day be +very useful. + +Considered with relation to science, there are few animals strangers +to Europe which are not useful as a study. The history of the greatest +part of them is yet very incomplete. That of the lion was not well +known until after the lionness of the menagerie had whelps; it is also +since two elephants have died ad the menagerie of the museum that an +exact knowledge of the anatomy of this great quadruped has been +acquired. + +Travellers cannot be too strongly recommended to neglect nothing in +order to send animals to us when they have it in their power to find +them living. + +The small quadrupeds, chiefly those that burrow and hide themselves in +the ground are the least known. The bat tribe are still less so, and +merit not less the attention and care of travellers. + +Animals can easily be procured by applying to the natives of the +country who know where they are to be found and frequently meet them. +They can take them in snares and bring them in alive. It will not be +more difficult for them to take in their early youth the quadrupeds +whose lurking-places they know, and birds whose nets they have seen. + +The younger the animals are, the easier it is to accustom them to live +in cages. They will require, at first, particular care; it will be +well to feed them for some weeks on shore before shipment, and too +much pain cannot be taken to tame them. An animal that is not +frightened at the sight of those who take care of him, is always in +better health and resists more easily the fatigues of a sea-voyage +than one who remains wild, and there is scarce any animal that does +not yield to kind treatment. + +Nourishment in excess, when they are shut up, and without the power of +taking exercise, would be injurious. The surest way of keeping them is +merely to give them what is necessary. + +After a suitable nourishment, cleanliness is most necessary to them. +Often, on shipboard, some one would be found who will take care of +them, either for amusement or a slight remuneration. It is essential +to take precautions to prevent the animals being teased and irritated +by passengers. + +As there are always difficulties in the transportation of living +animals, there is an easier way whose results are more extended; that +is the spoils of dead animals. + +Quadrupeds can be procured either by sending hunters in the interior +of the country, or by applying to the natives of the country. + +They will content themselves with bringing the skin, the bony head and +feet of the great animals that they have killed in places too remote +to be preserved or transported entire. + +The mammifers of a size small enough to be enclosed in a jar or cask, +should be put in alcohol. Those that are too large to preserve in this +manner should be skinned, and care should be taken to send with the +skin the feet and head, with the brain taken out, or if that cannot be +done, the jaws, at least, should be sent. In preparing the head, care +should be taken not to damage the skull. The brain can be extracted +with care without increasing the occipital hole. + +We shall speak, further on, of the means to be employed and the +precautions to be taken for the preservation of the skins and for that +of animals placed in alchool. + +When the skeleton of the animals can be joined to the skin, a great +service will be rendered to science. The officers can entrust with +this care the surgeons of the ships, for whom this operation will be +easy. + +It is not necessary that the skeletons should be set up. After having +boiled the bones, taken of the flesh and dried them well, all those of +the same animal should be put in a cloth-sack with moss, sea-weed, +rolls of paper, or some other soft and dry matter that they may not +rub one agains the other. Those that are very frail should be +enveloped with paper and care should be taken not to lose any. + +Hunters ought to take care to proportion their shot to the size of the +birds, so as not to injure them. As soon as a bird is killed, the +blood should be staunched as soon as possible, and a little cotton +placed in the bill and nostrils of the bird, so that the blood that +comes out may not injure the feathers, especially those of the head. +If blood has been spilt on the feathers, dust should be put on them +and renewed until they are dry; they can be made bright by rubbing +them lightly between the fingers. After the bird is cold and the blood +coagulated, it should be taken by the claws and tail, to place it in a +bein of paper; these beins are arranged in a box, so that the feathers +may not rub. + +Birds should be skinned like quadrupeds, and care should be taken to +preserve with the same precautions the bills and heads. Birds should +be skinned more promptly than quadrupeds, because as soon as +putrefactions begins, the feathers fall off. In opening the skin on +the belly, care should be taken to separate the feathers _so that they +be not injured_. Plaster or dust should always be put on the skin, in +order to thoroughly absorb the moisture. The coccygis should be left +with the skin; without this, the feathers of the tail are in danger of +falling off. It will be the same with the bones of the extremities of +the wings. If the bird has a fleshy crest, the head should be +preserved in alcohol. When there are several specimens of the same +class, it will always be useful to send one in this liquor. + +It is desirable to procure, at the same time, the male and female, and +specimens of the same kind, some young, others old, birds differing +much according to their age. It is well to have also the eggs and +nests. To preserve the eggs, a little hole is made at both ends, they +are emptied and packed in bran or very fine dust. Care should be taken +to indicate by numbers corresponding to those of the skin that laid +them. Without this, these sorts of collections are useless. The same +precaution should be taken with the nests, which should always be +packed in a different box from the eggs. + +The skeleton of birds too large to be put in liquor should be sent, if +possible. + +It is useless to stuff birds. They take up too much room; and this +operation, which can only be well done by experienced persons, it is +better to postpone till they arrive at the place of their destination. +It is enough that the skins be prepared and well preserved. + +After having pointed out, in a general manner, what would enrich our +collections, we think it necessary to specify the animals, whose +existence is known, which the museum is without, or has not in good +order, or desires to procure. + +_North America_.--All the mammiferes which resemble our mole preserved +in alcohol. + + The grizzly bear of the mountains; grown and young. + The empetra and all the marmots, especially the small kinds. + The different kinds of condylures. + The saccomys. + The kinds _pseudostoma_ and _diplostoma_ of American naturalists. + The bearich porcupine, hedge-hog. + The lemming of Hudson's bay. + The wolf and carnivorous animals of the same region. + The antelope of the rocky mountains. + The mountain sheep. + The different kinds of foxes. + The ovibos or musk ox, an animal yet scarcely known in Europe. + + +Labelling and packing collections. + +It is desirable that each one of the animals sent as skin, skeleton, +or in alcohol, should be accompanied by a note which indicates with +precision: + + The country where the animals is found; + Upon what it lives; + Its habits, if they are known; + Its common name; + If it is useful or otherwise; + The uses of its skins, flesh, grease, etc.; + Popular and superstitions opinions concerning it among the native of + the country; + Its sex and age, if these are known; + The season in which it has been taken. + +These notes written in a little note-book should have each a number +corresponding to that attached to the objects to which they relate. + +That there may be no confusion with regard to the place where the +objects and notes are deposited, it would be for the person who sends +them to verify all the numbers and arrange them in such a manner that +they form a series, so that it may be certain that such a butterfly +belongs to such a crysalis, such a shell-fish to such a shell. These +numbers shoul be written on parchment or squares of lead, attached +with strong thread, either to skins inclosed in boxes or to jars or +casks containing animals. It is easy to have the numbers distinctly +marked on bits of lead; then they will be no uncertainly about the +characters. + +Thin pieces of tin can also be used with the numbers engraved with a +steel-point and these can be attached to animals immersed in alcohol. + +A little cord with knots should be attached to objects thus preserved +and to those which are in bones and very dry. These knots form two +series separated by an interval; the first series marks the 10th, the +second, the units; by this means any number can be specified. We even +know by experience that the same of an object written with ink on a +piece of parchment can be attached with a thread; alcohol does not +alter it. + +We have now to speak of the means of packing the objects of zoology, +so that they may arrive in France in a better state of preservation. + +Objects sent are either parts of animals, or entire animals preserved +in alchool. + +The skins of animals and birds may be attacked by Dermestes and other +analogous insects, in warm countries especially, unless great care is +taken to prevent it. + +The surest means is to use the arsenic preservative known by the name +of Becoeur's soap. + +This is the preservative employed in the museum and its success is +certain. It is well to use it especially for rare and precious +specimens, about whose preservation there is any cause of anxiety. It +is wise to plaster the skins of birds with it, especially the claws +and bill. + +It is well, likewise, to plaster the naked parts of quadrupeds, such +as the face and hands of apes. + +Each bird or quadruped of small or middling size, thus prepared, and +in the inside of which a little cotton is put, not to give it a form, +but that the different parts of the skin need not touch, should be +placed in a sack or enveloped in paper well closed, and these sacks +should be ranged in a box, which should be well pointed, so that not +only dampness but even air may be excluded. + +The skins of large animals, too thick to be preserved by means of +arsenical soap, should be rubbed whith salt. The skin of the animal +should be stretched, covered carefully with salt within and without, +and when, after several days it is sufficiently saturated, it should +be folded with the epiderm inside, and put in a box, or simply wrapped +in cloth, straw or any other dry substance, and keept as much as +possible beyond the reach of dampness. + +The means that we have pointed out are simple, easy and require little +time. + +We come now to the way of preserving animals in alcohol. + +If they are quadrupeds, birds, reptiles or fish of considerable size, +each specimen should be wrapped in linen tied round the body with +thread; if the animals are very small like mice, small vipers, +shell-fish or worms, the linen should be large; a certain number of +these animals are placed upon it so that they do not touch; then the +linen is rolled upon it self, so as to make a doll sowed with thread, +that it may not unwind; afterwards, place the bundles side by side in +a cask. When the cask is full, so that the bundles are packed close, +it should be filled with brandy, rum or whiskey; generally some strong +liquor; afterwards it should be pitched with care, so that the liquor +may not escape. This method has two advantages: 1º animals wrapped in +linen cannot tear each other with their nails or spines; 2º the linen +having imbibed the alcohol, if the cask leakes, the animal will not be +entirely dry; and when the casks are opened, as they should be several +times on a long voyage, there be an opportunity of filling them again +with alcohol. + +The spirituous liquor be from 16 to 22° of the areometer of Baumé; +stronger, it destroys the colors of animals; it is used at 22° only +for mammifers. All spirituous liquor are equally good. The color less +are preferable. + +Before wrapping vertebrated animals in cloth, an incision should be +made in the breast and abdomen, to let the liquor run in the inside of +the body. The opening should be very small, in the side, and not in +the middle. If the mammifers are large, it is well to pour the alchool +in the intestinal canal, either by the mouth or anus. + +It is well to renew the liquor, after the animal has remained in it +some time: this precaution is absolutely necessary, when there is +several animals in the cask; if it is neglected, they may corrupt. + +It is well to arrange the animals so that they may not touch the +bottom of the cask. + + + + +INSTRUCTION + +RELATIVE + +TO ZOOLOGY AN ANTHROPOLOGY + +By M. ISIDORE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE. + + +_Generation of the Pouch-Animals._--Mexico and expecially Brazil +produce, as it is known, several varieties of the Marsupial Mammifers, +all the family of the Didelphides, but some, such as the Didelphes, +provided with a true pouch, other, such as the Micoures and the +Hermiures, without pouch properly so called, doubtless it will be +possible to procure live specimens of both sexes. We cannot too +strongly urge the naturalist to neglect nothing to clear up the +mystery, yet but partially penetrated, of the manner these mammifers +reproduce kind. We are far indeed, from the period, when it was +believed that the animals were formed at the dugs of their dams. The +labors of Hunter, Home, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire de Blainville and other +observers, have long since removed from science this inadmissible +anomaly; some years ago, M. Owen, having the fortunate opportunity of +examining the uterus of a female Kanguroo, that died in bringing +forth, and of dissecting the embryo it contained has developped +several facts of great interest. + +But the intra-uterine gestation of the marsupials, and the second +singular gestation peculiar to them, still remain new and important +subjects of study for anatomy and comparative physiology. Animals or +parts of animals sent in alcohol from America, the Indian Archipelago, +or New-Holland, some cases of reproduction occuring in Paris and +London, such are the imperfect elements which the French and English +physiologists possess; their efforts to procure a certain number of +specimens have always been unsuccessful. This determined Geoffroy +Saint-Hilaire to draw up in 1824, and the administration of the museum +to send to all the countries where the Marsupials are found, detailed +information on the state of the question at that time, and of the +researches imperiously required by the wants of science from observers +in those regions. + +1º If learned naturalists could send a series, so that the evolution +of the ovula, the embryo, and the egg could be studied from its +fecundation to its discharge from the uterus, they would thus supply +Zootomists with all the elements of the great work we have just +pointed out. + +2º To observe with care the circumstances of the passage of the foetus +to the vagina of the pouch. + +3º To describe in the most accurate manner the way the foetus clings +to the teat. They should determine this by observations of several +specimens of different ages, and repeat, if possible, on the +Didelphides, the curious experiments made by Collie and Morgan on the +mammary foetus of a Marsurpial of an entirely different family. + +4º To determine exactly and analyse the liquids contained in the +breasts of the dam, and the digestive organs of the mammary foetus. + +5º To examine in the living subjects the remarkable arrangement of the +respiratory organs, discovered by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, which +establish a connexion between the posterior nostrils and the cavity of +the larynx. + +We are entirely without notions concerning the abdominal folds, which, +in this kind, take the place of the pouch, in a certain degree, and +know nothing of the modifications these folds pass through in the +different epochs of gestation. + +_Anthropology_.--The countries to which these instructions are +adressed to are doubtless among those where naturalists can collect +the greatest number of interesting facts for this branch of natural +history, formerly neglected and to which has been given, for some +years past, an impulse worthy of its high importance. In Mexico and in +the United States three of the principal human races are found +together; the race peculiar to America, the Caucasian race from +different countries of Europe, and the Ethiopian carried over in its +train. All these races cross-breed, and from the crossing of the +half-breeds with them and each other, result many curious +combinations, whose scientific study is of the highest interest. + +It has unhappily been, for a longtime, as difficult as it is +important. If the plain and marked characteristics of the two animal +species often disappear; if a skilful analysis, enlightened by direct +comparison with analogous objects, can alone discover them, how can +the anthropologist size between two neighbouring types, express and +transmit by description, light, fleeting distinctions, some times +invisible for him, who has not the habit of observing them? + +Three inventions or new application, made almost simultaneously, have +happily removed part of the great difficulties, and opened a new era +in the natural history of man; the daguerreotype, which fixes and +engraves with geometrical precision, the general shape of the body and +the features of the face; the Cephalometer of Antelme M. D. which +measures and sketches with a process almost as exact, the dimensions +and forms of the head, and enables one to determine, as nearly as +possible, the mean dimensions and typical form of the head of a people +the sex and age: in fine, the perfection and happy application to +anthropology of the process of moulding, performed directly, or by the +aid of the ingenious physonotype of M. Sauvage; a process by which the +whole head and, if necessary, the members of the body are preserved +and placed before our eys. + +We have the hope that, with the aid of the Daguerreotype and +physionotype, the american naturalists will enrich anthropology with +results of great interest. By photographic portraits, such as those +presented to the Academy by M. Thiesson; by mouldings to be added to +the fine collection made by M. Dumoutier, now in the museum; by +colored drawnings, by descriptions and measures, they would transmit +us information of extreme precision, true scientific elements, to +which the committee would attach the greatest importance. + +We think it our duty to direct the researches of the american +naturalists, not only to the different varieties of the American race, +but also to the half-breeds, yet so little known, of both, and, also, +to the offspring of the crossing of the first with the Caucasian race. +We request them, as soon as they shall have determined exactly the +physical characteristics of these difficult varieties, to neglect no +information that may enlighten us as to their intellectual capacity. + +We would, likewise, entreat these gentlemen to specify exactly and +express by colored drawnings done with care, the different states of +the hues of the American races and half-breeds, from the moment of +their birth up to the period that they arrive at the normal color of +their kind. + +We would desire them, besides, to collect, of these same races, their +half-breeds, and the white race, more minute particulars than as yet +obtained, on the duration and difficult phases and epoch of puberty. + +_Chemistry and agriculture._--These are the principal forms that allow +the use of Caoutchouc without dissolving it and without altering the +heat. + +1º Straight tubes; elbowed tubes; tubes in T of different thickness +and diameter; + +2º Full cylinders, to be cut in France as wanted; + +3º Rectangular plates, cut in France; + +4º Caps to cork bottles and flasks. + +It would be desirable to examine, in an economical point of view, the +question of the preparation of preserved sugar, transportable to +France, and giving, by a simple preparation, elastic caoutchouc. + +_Dye woods and other vegetable products_.--Details on the working of +dye woods, their qualities, uses, marks, would be interesting for +technology. + +It would not be less useful to send samples, branches, leaves and +flowers of the usual plants, whose products are or may be applied to +tanning; the extraction of oils, etc. + +_Remains of animals._--It is known that domestic animals, transported +by Europeans to America, have multiplied and spread. It results from +this that products which in Europe and particulary in France, are +needed by agriculture and the different acts, are in great part lost +in Brazil and several countries of south America. To send them to +France or our colonies should be prepared: + +1º For manure, blood coagulated by heat or lime, and dried; + +2º For nourishment or manure, dried flesh; + +3º Intestines prepared and dried which, blown up, might be employed to +hold and preserve aliments which might be utilised as primary matters +for different fabrications, such as for harmonic chords, whip cords, +rattles, machines, gold beaters skin and cartridge paper; applications +which one of the committee, M. Payen, discovered, by and which would +employ all the remains of intestines useless for the usage we have +described; + +4º Tendons for glue factories. + +There are other animal remains whose use has been long appreciated, +horns, and feet, and skins. But the transportation of the first might +be rendered less expensive by first pressing them down, and the last +are, as it is known, often attacked on shipboard by insects. To +prevent these injuries so hurtful to commerce the employment of +different substances should be tried such as pyroligneous acid, the +chloride of lime, the bichloride of mercury. + +If naturalists wish to try these different processes, we doubt not +that merchants, for whom this question is one of great interest, will +assist their experiments by all the means in their power. + +An appeal is likewise made to agriculturits for seed of north American +forest trees. + + + + +FINIS. + + + + +Note de transcription: +La Table des Matières au début de ce livre électronique a été ajoutée +pour faciliter la navigation. Les tables, dont l'une se trouvait sur +les pages 46 et 48 et l'autre sur les pages 47 et 49, ont été +reconstituées. + +Transcriber's note: +The table of content at the beginning of this e-book was added for the +reader's convenience. The table originally printed on pages 46 and 48, +and the table originally printed on pages 47 and 49 have been +reassembled into their proper order. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Movement of the International Literary +Exchanges, between France and North America from January 1845 to May, 1846, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOVEMENT OF THE *** + +***** This file should be named 28398-8.txt or 28398-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/3/9/28398/ + +Produced by Mireille Harmelin, Hélène de Mink and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France +(BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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