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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Movement of the International Literary
+Exchanges, between France and North America from January 1845 to May, 1846, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Movement of the International Literary Exchanges, between France and North America from January 1845 to May, 1846
+       With Instructions for Collecting, Preparing, and Forwarding
+       Objects of Natural History Written by The Professors
+       Administrators of The Museum Of Natural History At Paris.
+       And Instructions Relative to Anthropology and Zoology
+
+Author: Various
+
+Commentator: Alexandre  Vattemare
+
+Editor: Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2009 [EBook #28398]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOVEMENT OF THE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mireille Harmelin, Hélène de Mink and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France
+(BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Note de transcription: La ponctuation et les erreurs clairement
+introduites par le typographe ont été corrigées. Cependant, le texte
+anglais a été écrit par des personnes dont la langue maternelle était
+le français et leurs erreurs d'orthographe--et il y en a beaucoup--ont
+été conservées.
+
+Transcriber's note: Punctuation and obvious printer errors have been
+repaired. However, the English text was written by people whose native
+language was French and their spelling mistakes--and there are a great
+many--have been preserved.
+
+
+
+
+MOVEMENT
+
+OF THE
+
+INTERNATIONAL LITTERARY EXCHANGES,
+
+BETWEEN
+
+FRANCE AND NORTH AMERICA,
+
+From January, 1845, to May, 1846.
+
+WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR
+
+COLLECTING, PREPARING, AND FORWARDING
+
+OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Written by the Professors Administrators of the Museum of natural
+History at Paris.
+
+AND INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE TO
+
+ANTHROPOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY,
+
+BY
+
+M. ISIDORE GEOFFROY St-HILAIRE,
+
+(Both series translated by an American Lady.)
+
+PUBLISHED BY REQUEST.
+
+PARIS:
+
+PRINTED BY PAUL DUPONT.
+
+1846
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+In the month of January last, I received the following letter:
+
+   Paris, December 24th, 1845.
+
+   MONSIEUR ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE,
+
+   Sir,
+
+   The undersigned young men, citizens of the United States of
+   America, now in Paris, have heard so much about the successful
+   realisation of your scheme of international exchanges between
+   France and their native land, that they are induced to take the
+   liberty of requesting from you a narration of the results of your
+   indefatigable exertions in the cause of science during the past
+   twelve months. They avail themselves of the occasion to testify
+   their gratitude for your desinterested toil and the high respect
+   with which they have the honor to subscribe themselves,
+
+   Your very obedient and humble servants,
+
+   BENJ. PERLEY POORE, of Massachusetts.
+   W. C. ALLAn, of Kentucky.
+   F. S. AINSWORTH, M. D., of Massachusetts.
+   J. HUNT, of Massachusetts.
+   BENJ. APTHORP GOULD, of Massachusetts.
+   EDWARD MONROE, of New-York.
+   JAMES M. HOPPIN, of Rhode-Island.
+   GEO. H. HALL, of North-Carolina.
+   BENJ. CHAMPNEY, of Massachusetts.
+   HENRY WILLARD, of Massachusetts.
+   W. J. PARKERSON, of Massachusetts.
+   H. H. J. GIBSON, of New-York.
+   SAMUEL WANSLOW, New-York.
+   GEO. C. MASON, Rhode-Island.
+   JNO. C. MARTIN, New-York.
+   FLELCHER DERBY, New-York.
+   J. SUMNER, Massachusetts.
+   HENDERSON POPE, So. Carolina.
+   J.-S. HARRIS, Mississipi.
+   THOMAS DUSTIN, Indiana.
+   E. HARTSHORN, Pennsylvania.
+   JOHN S. MILLER, Pennsylvania.
+   J. C. CROSS, Kentucky.
+   NORWOOD PENROSE, New-Jersey.
+   MORTON STILLE, Pennsylvania.
+   GEO. CATLIN, New-York.
+
+Considering myself highly honored by this kind invitation, I felt it
+necessary to endeavour at once to gratify a desire expressed in such
+flattering terms.
+
+But, after mature reflection, I resolved to confine myself to the
+publication of official documents; and it was again necessary to
+choose from these on account of my limits. I have thus been prevented
+from publishing letters of the honorable president of the Court of
+accounts; the director of the King's library; the secretary of the
+society for the encouragement of silk culture; the president of the
+Royal academy of Rouen; the perpetual secretaries of the Royal and
+central agricultural society; of the academy of science, of the
+academy of moral and political science. All these letters were
+accompanied by documents and books which have been faithfully
+transmitted to their respective destinations in the United States.
+
+It can be easily understood, that, obliged even to reduce the number
+of documents which each testified to the positive results of the
+system of exchanges, I have entirely omitted those which merely
+contain promises. In the present state of things, I can only with
+propriety present the public with accomplished facts.
+
+Why should I add any reflection to these authentic documents
+which I publish? It does not become me to tell the care and anxiety
+which the already acquired results have cost me. As for the kindness
+and liberality of which so many proofs have been given me both in
+France and America, it is visible enough through this publication. If,
+on this occasion, I express my unbounded gratitude, I cannot
+nevertheless forget that these favors have been granted less to my
+exertions than in consequence of the hopes thereby created, and the
+ends foreseen.
+
+I hope that this pamphlet will not be without fruit. From what has
+been done, we can judge of what may be done, and inspired by the
+confidence imparted by the success of the three past years, I
+confidently trust that these facts will give the system of exchange a
+new impulse.
+
+For this reason, I have determined to conclude the publication by the
+instructions prepared by the administrative professors of the Museum
+of natural history. Our American Brethren will be kind enough to
+follow the advice of these literati in prosecuting their researches,
+and sending their fruits.
+
+I beg leave to recommend them to the particular attention of those
+societies and gentlemen in the new world who make natural history a
+special study.
+
+The French and English languages being so familiar to the two nations,
+I thought it better to keep the following Documents in the language
+they were writt, fearing they might lose their originalety by being
+translated.
+
+  Paris, may 1846.
+  A. VATTEMARE.
+
+
+
+
+PRESENT STATE
+
+OF THE
+
+SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL LITERARY EXCHANGES
+
+BETWEEN
+
+FRANCE AND NORTH AMERICA.
+
+EXTRACT _from the_ JOURNAL DE L'INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE (March 4. 1846.)
+(_Published under the auspices of the Department of public
+instruction_).
+
+
+   Nos lecteurs savent que M. le Ministre de l'instruction publique
+   a porté au budget soumis en ce moment à l'examen de la Chambre,
+   une somme de 3,000 francs destinée à acquitter les frais auxquels
+   donnera lieu le système d'échange de livres commencé par
+   l'entremise de M. Vattemare entre la France et les pays
+   étrangers.
+
+   La lettre suivante, adressée par M. Alexandre Vattemare à M. le
+   Ministre, est une histoire abrégée mais complète du système
+   d'échange de livres, d'objets d'art et d'histoire naturelle entre
+   les nations jusqu'au 7 août 1845. Nous livrons les faits qu'elle
+   révèle à l'appréciation de nos lecteurs. Nous devons ajouter
+   seulement que, depuis cette époque, les États de New-York, de la
+   Virginie, de l'Indiana, de l'Illinois, de Rhode-Island, le
+   gouvernement du Canada ont fait à M. Vattemare des envois qui ont
+   été répartis entre les diverses administrations et les
+   établissements scientifiques de Paris; en sorte qu'il faut
+   aujourd'hui porter le mouvement des échanges à plus de 7,000
+   volumes.
+
+   Nous savons de plus qu'un savant américain, M. Jewett, récemment
+   arrivé d'Allemagne, a affirmé à M. Vattemare qu'il a vu tout
+   préparé pour les échanges à Dresde, à Munich, à Berlin et à
+   Vienne; que les bibliothécaires de ces villes lui ont parlé des
+   promesses du système dont ils attendent impatiemment la
+   réalisation.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _A Son Excellence M. le comte de Salvandy, Ministre de
+   l'instruction publique._
+
+   En 1694, on échangea les livres doubles de la Bibliothèque royale
+   contre les livres nouveaux qui s'imprimaient dans les pays
+   étrangers. Cette sorte de commerce autorisé par les ordres exprès
+   du roi, et qui dura quelques années, ne laissa pas que de fournir
+   une assez grande quantité de bons livres, surtout d'Angleterre et
+   d'Allemagne.
+
+   En 1697, le P. Bouvet apporta 149 livres chinois en échange
+   desquels le roi donna le recueil de toutes ses estampes.
+
+     (_Essai historique sur la Biblioth. du Roi, p. 67._)
+
+   Colbert fit faire des copies de manuscrits pour les échanges.
+   C'est aussi par les ordres de Colbert qu'on fit un état des
+   livres doubles susceptibles d'être échangés contre d'autres qu'on
+   ne possédait pas.
+
+     (PAULIN, PARIS, _les Manuscrits franç. de la Bibl. du Roi_, p. 1.)
+
+   Monsieur le Ministre,
+
+   Autorisé par les exemples que je viens de citer, dans mes
+   démarches pour établir entre la France et les nations civilisées
+   des deux mondes des relations régulières et permanentes d'échange
+   de livres, d'objets d'arts et d'histoire naturelle, je
+   n'entreprendrai pas de développer ce que j'appellerai la théorie
+   de mon système. Je parlerai seulement des faits. Vous n'avez pas
+   besoin d'un commentaire des actes de Colbert et de Louis XIV, et
+   je n'ai pas besoin auprès de vous d'apologie. Ce que j'aurais
+   l'honneur de vous dire, vous le savez déjà; vous l'avez vu dans
+   les textes des _Manuscrits français_ et de l'_Essai historique_.
+   Je veux être ménager d'un temps que vous employez si utilement
+   pour l'éducation de la jeunesse et pour l'avancement des lettres.
+
+   Permettez-moi, Monsieur le Ministre, de vous donner d'abord un
+   aperçu des doubles qui existent dans quelques bibliothèques de
+   l'étranger et de la France. C'est un essai de statistique qui fera
+   comprendre, mieux que tous les raisonnements, les profits que l'on
+   doit attendre des échanges. La bibliothèque de Munich a 200,000
+   doubles; celle d'Iéna, 12,000; celle de Saint-Pétersbourg, 54,000;
+   à Vienne, plus de 30,000 doubles, parmi lesquels un grand nombre
+   d'incunables, sont enfouis dans des magasins. A Vienne encore,
+   25,000 doubles encombrent la section d'entomologie du musée
+   brésilien. Breslau possède l'un des plus précieux manuscrits de
+   Froissart. On trouve à Munich le cinquième volume du roman des
+   _Quatre Fils Aymon_ dont les quatre premiers sont à la
+   bibliothèque de l'Arsenal; et à Bruxelles, dans la bibliothèque
+   de Bourgogne, des doubles de manuscrits précieux pour notre
+   histoire. En France, la bibliothèque de Metz contient plus de 500
+   doubles; celle de Douai, 250; celle de Colmar, 100; des matériaux
+   importants pour l'histoire de diverses villes sont réunis dans la
+   bibliothèque d'Aix, assez indigente sur sa propre histoire: et
+   ainsi Lyon, Arles, Nantes sont privés de documents précieux pour
+   leurs anciennes annales. Les archives de la préfecture de Dijon
+   renferment des titres et des chartes du duché de Savoie, en
+   échange desquels le roi de Sardaigne nous donnerait tout ce que
+   nous voudrions.
+
+   J'avais reconnu cet état de choses pour l'Allemagne, pendant les
+   divers voyages que j'ai faits dans ce pays. J'en avais entretenu
+   des savants, des hommes d'État, les rois eux-mêmes. Voici ce que
+   m'écrivait à cette occasion M. P. Lichtenthaler, directeur de la
+   bibliothèque de Munich, le 22 janvier 1833.
+
+   «Vous vous souviendrez que dans nos entretiens je vous ai aussi
+   parlé de nos doubles dont nous gardons une immense quantité. Ne
+   vous serait-il pas possible, par vos relations à Paris, d'engager
+   l'administrateur des beaux-arts à entrer en échange avec notre
+   bibliothèque?»
+
+   Le 6 décembre de la même année, M. le comte Maurice de
+   Dietrichstein, directeur général du musée à Vienne, m'adressait
+   une lettre dont j'extrais le passage suivant:
+
+   «Soyez sûr que je ne négligerai ni le catalogue des doubles ni
+   celui des ouvrages dépareillés de la grande bibliothèque
+   impériale.»
+
+   «Le plan que vous m'avez communiqué de créer un système d'échange
+   de doubles, entre les différents cabinets de l'Europe mérite la
+   plus grande attention,» m'écrivait le 20 janvier 1834 M. le comte
+   de Brühl, intendant général des musées du royaume de Prusse,
+   «Soyez assuré de l'empressement que je mettrai à entrer dans vos
+   vues à cet égard aussitôt que l'établissement des médailles du
+   musée sera assez avancé pour permettre de reconnaître l'effectif
+   des doubles existant dans les différentes parties de l'Institut.»
+
+   D'autres lettres d'adhésions et d'encouragements m'ont été
+   écrites, le 1er août 1834, par M. le comte de Benkendorff, au
+   nom de l'empereur de Russie; en 1834 encore, par M. de Hauh, au
+   nom du roi de Danemark; le 13 janvier 1837, par M. le comte
+   d'Appony, ambassadeur d'Autriche; les 16 et 19 mai 1838, par MM.
+   Spring Rice et Poulett Thompson, ministres d'Angleterre; le 9
+   mars 1839, par M. le comte de Lowenhielm, ambassadeur de Suède.
+
+   Il résulte de cette correspondance, dont je serais heureux de
+   mettre les originaux sous les yeux de Votre Excellence, Monsieur
+   le Ministre, que partout mes ouvertures ont été accueillies avec
+   empressement; qu'en Bavière et en Autriche il a été donné à mon
+   plan un commencement d'exécution, c'est-à-dire qu'on s'est
+   préparé à entrer en échange aussitôt qu'il conviendra à la France
+   de consentir à ces relations de mutuelle bienveillance.
+
+   Je ne vous ai parlé que des assurances officielles de concours
+   qui m'ont été adressées. J'aurais pu y ajouter les nombreux
+   témoignages de sympathie que j'ai reçus de la part des écrivains,
+   des savants, des artistes les plus illustres; mais j'aurais été
+   trop long. Je suis prêt à vous soumettre à cet égard toutes les
+   justifications que vous pourrez désirer.
+
+   Dès 1835, j'étais revenu en France une première fois, et je
+   m'étais empressé d'écrire à M. le duc de Broglie, alors ministre
+   des affaires étrangères, au nom duquel il me fut répondu le 12
+   juin:
+
+   «L'utilité des travaux entrepris par M. Vattemare pour faciliter
+   les échanges ne paraît point contestable; et le ministre des
+   affaires étrangères saisira la plus prochaine occasion pour
+   entretenir son collègue le Ministre de l'instruction publique du
+   plan formé par M. Vattemare.»
+
+   M. Pelet de la Lozère, ministre de l'instruction publique en
+   1836, m'écrivait:
+
+   «En ce qui concerne ce projet, il est impossible que le
+   gouvernement n'en approuve entièrement la conception et qu'il ne
+   fasse en même temps tout ce qui dépendra de lui pour en favoriser
+   l'exécution. L'intérêt avec lequel les deux chambres et
+   l'administration se sont empressés de l'accueillir et de s'en
+   occuper ne saurait vous laisser de doute à cet égard. Il est un
+   sûr garant de l'importance que le gouvernement lui attribue et
+   des résultats qu'il en attend.»
+
+   L'intérêt des deux chambres, dont il est parlé dans cette lettre
+   de M. Pelet de la Lozère, s'était manifesté par une double
+   décision prise le 6 mars par la chambre des députés, par la
+   chambre des pairs, le 26. J'avais, au mois de novembre 1836,
+   adressé aux chambres une pétition dont les rapporteurs furent, à
+   la chambre des députés, M. de Guizard, au Luxembourg, M. le duc
+   de Fezensac. M. de Guizard avait dit dans son rapport que «la
+   commission ne pouvait méconnaître les résultats importants qu'on
+   devait raisonnablement se promettre de l'application du système
+   proposé; qu'elle y voyait l'avantage immense pour nos
+   bibliothèques, si pauvres en ouvrages étrangers, de se compléter
+   sous ce rapport au moyen de leurs doubles; et que, se bornât-on à
+   faire l'application de ces idées aux établissements nationaux, il
+   y aurait encore la promesse certaine d'une vie nouvelle pour nos
+   bibliothèques.» Le rapport de M. le duc de Fezensac n'avait pas
+   été moins favorable. «On peut compter, avait dit le noble
+   rapporteur, sur le concours loyal et éclairé des gouvernements
+   étrangers. M. Vattemare en a reçu plus d'une assurance; et déjà
+   des offres particulières d'échanges sont arrivées à la
+   Bibliothèque du roi. Le moment paraît favorable pour s'occuper
+   sérieusement de ce travail. On doit en espérer d'heureux
+   résultats auxquels M. Vattemare aura eu la gloire d'attacher son
+   nom.»
+
+   Et les deux chambres avaient, à l'unanimité de leurs membres
+   présents, renvoyé ma pétition à M. le Ministre de l'instruction
+   publique.
+
+   Cependant les affaires de l'État, les événements de la politique
+   détournèrent de la question des échanges l'attention du
+   gouvernement. Après trois ans de nouveaux travaux et de nouvelles
+   sollicitations, je me décidai à provoquer encore une fois le
+   concours des chambres législatives. Je présentai une seconde
+   pétition qui, comme la première, fut renvoyée au Ministre de
+   l'instruction publique avec l'assentiment du parlement tout
+   entier. Je ne citerai ici, pour abréger, aucun extrait ni des
+   rapports faits au nom de la commission des deux chambres, ni de
+   la lettre de M. Villemain en date du 31 août 1839, ni de celle de
+   M. Duchâtel en date du 14 août de la même année. Qu'il me suffise
+   de dire à Votre Excellence que c'étaient les mêmes félicitations,
+   les mêmes encouragements, les mêmes promesses.
+
+   C'est alors qu'un honorable député, que j'avais eu l'honneur
+   d'entretenir quelquefois de mes idées, de mes travaux, de mes
+   espérances, me conseilla d'aller aux États-Unis pour y préparer
+   le terrain, comme je l'avais fait en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en
+   Russie. La tâche était laborieuse, difficile; je ne me le
+   dissimulai pas; mais les résultats devaient être féconds. Si
+   l'Amérique a peu de livres à nous donner, elle peut nous fournir
+   un très-grand nombre d'admirables échantillons pour nos
+   collections de minéralogie, d'entomologie, de botanique, etc.
+   Elle s'est d'ailleurs occupée avec succès de l'application des
+   sciences et des arts à l'industrie. C'est, en un mot, une nature
+   et une civilisation différentes des nôtres. Je partis.
+
+   Embarqué au Havre le 20 octobre 1839, j'arrivai à New-York le 29
+   novembre. En Europe j'avais recueilli le suffrage des savants,
+   des publicistes, des hommes d'État, un à un, dans la solitude et
+   la paix du cabinet. Je m'adressais à des esprits éclairés, à des
+   intelligences exercées à méditer sur les avantages de l'étude et
+   sur les voies de la civilisation. En Amérique j'ai eu affaire à
+   des corps législatifs, à des assemblées populaires. J'ai
+   développé mon système dans l'agitation contenue des meetings.
+
+   Je ne veux vous exposer, Monsieur le Ministre, que les résultats
+   dont j'ai entre les mains les preuves authentiques, officielles.
+   Je n'essaierai donc pas de vous montrer la jeunesse de New-York,
+   de Boston, de Baltimore, du Canada, s'associant puissamment à mes
+   efforts par des résolutions délibérées en assemblée publique;
+   pourtant vous seriez touché, j'en suis certain, de la voir à
+   Montréal voter une messe solennelle avec _Te Deum_ d'actions de
+   grâces. Je ne vous dirai pas davantage que toutes les opinions,
+   tous les cultes se sont réunis pour m'entendre, pour me seconder,
+   pour me soutenir; que des associations ont été formées dans
+   l'unique but d'appliquer mes idées; que des établissements
+   scientifiques ont été créés. Plus tard vous voudrez peut-être
+   vous faire rendre compte des faits que j'ai négligés pour être
+   plus bref. Je serai toujours à vos ordres, Monsieur le Ministre.
+
+   C'est l'État de la Louisiane qui, le premier, a consacré mon
+   système par une mesure législative. Le 26 mars 1840, le sénat
+   décidait «qu'une somme de 3,000 piastres serait mise à la
+   disposition du gouverneur, du secrétaire d'État et de trois
+   personnes nommées annuellement par le gouverneur et le sénat,
+   afin d'être employée par eux ou par une majorité d'entre eux à
+   procurer les curiosités que renferme la Louisiane, tant en objets
+   d'art que de science ou autres, pour établir avec les musées et
+   les bibliothèques de l'Europe les premières communications et les
+   premières opérations d'échange.»
+
+   Quelques mois après, à l'autre extrémité de l'Union, l'État du
+   Maine suivait l'exemple donné par la Louisiane. La législature
+   votait cinquante exemplaires de chaque volume des lois,
+   résolutions et documents publics, et 1,000 dollars (5,000 fr.)
+   qui devaient être employés à recueillir des spécimens d'histoire
+   naturelle et des productions des arts utiles pour les échanger,
+   sous la direction du gouverneur.
+
+   Le bill du congrès américain a été rendu les 10 et 17 juillet
+   1840. Le voici textuellement: 1º Le bibliothécaire, avec
+   l'autorisation du comité de la bibliothèque, pourra échanger tous
+   les doubles qui se trouvent dans la bibliothèque; 2º il est
+   autorisé également à échanger les documents; 3º à compter de ce
+   jour, cinquante exemplaires de chaque volume des documents,
+   publiés par ordre des deux chambres, seront imprimés et reliés
+   pour être échangés avec les puissances étrangères.
+
+   Au Canada, par une loi du conseil spécial, approuvée par le
+   gouverneur général, le 6 février 1841, 50,000 livres sterling
+   (1,250,000 fr.) ont été votées pour subvenir aux frais de
+   construction d'un édifice dans lequel se trouveraient réunis un
+   musée, une bibliothèque, un cabinet d'histoire naturelle, une
+   grande salle pour les réunions publiques, et dans laquelle se
+   tiendraient les séances des Sociétés scientifiques, formant ainsi
+   un Institut, d'après les plans suggérés par M. Alexandre
+   Vattemare.
+
+   Avec ces bills et ces résolutions, dont des copies authentiques
+   m'ont été remises officiellement, j'ai rapporté en France plus de
+   1,200 volumes, des cartes géographiques, des herbiers, et un
+   morceau de fer oxydulé des montagnes du Missouri, que j'ai
+   distribués entre les divers ministères, les bibliothèques des
+   deux chambres, de la ville de Paris, de l'Académie des sciences,
+   etc. M. Dufrénoy m'a fait l'honneur de m'écrire au sujet du
+   morceau de fer que j'avais offert à l'École des mines: «Je vous
+   remercie au nom de l'École de ce magnifique échantillon. Malgré
+   ses dimensions presque gigantesques, plus de 0,66 de diamètre, il
+   est pur dans toutes ses parties.... Outre son intérêt sous le
+   rapport minéralogique, l'envoi de M. le sénateur Lynn est
+   précieux pour nous parce qu'il commence le système d'échange que
+   vous avez cherché à établir entre toutes les nations de l'ancien
+   et du nouveau continent, et qui peut seul permettre aux
+   collections d'histoire naturelle de se compléter.»
+
+   De ce moment, en effet, Monsieur le Ministre, le système
+   d'échange était établi. L'Amérique était venue au-devant de la
+   France; et la France l'avait accueillie avec empressement.
+   Quoique abandonné à mes propres forces, j'ai entretenu avec
+   quelques succès les relations que j'avais eu le bonheur de nouer
+   entre les deux nations. De l'époque de mon retour à Paris jusqu'à
+   présent, il y a eu un mouvement d'échange qui peut se calculer de
+   la manière suivante:
+
+   6,000 volumes,
+     316 cartes géographiques,
+     240 gravures,
+     150 médailles,
+       2 plans en relief,
+       5 caisses de minéraux,
+         Des herbiers.
+
+   Une personne, que sa position m'autorise à croire bien informée,
+   m'a affirmé que le commerce de la librairie avait ressenti
+   utilement l'influence de ces échanges, qu'il s'en était accru
+   d'une manière notable. Je n'en sais rien; mais il m'a semblé que
+   je devais vous soumettre cette observation dont je n'ai pas eu le
+   temps de chercher la preuve, et qu'ainsi je ne puis garantir.
+   Toutefois, j'ajouterai qu'elle a pour moi un grand caractère de
+   probabilité, et que je l'avais depuis longtemps pressentie.
+
+   Les ministères et les administrations publiques sont entrés pour
+   la plus grande part dans ce mouvement; mais il est de mon devoir
+   de dire que ni écrivain, ni publiciste, ni artiste ne m'ont
+   refusé leur concours; et parmi ceux qui m'ont encouragé par leurs
+   présents, je compte les membres les plus illustres des deux
+   chambres législatives.
+
+   Dans la séance du 21 mai 1842, la chambre des députés, sur la
+   proposition de son bibliothécaire, a ajouté à son budget une
+   somme de 3,000 fr. pour les échanges; et le 14 novembre de la
+   même année, M. Carrey, bibliothécaire de la chambre des pairs,
+   m'a annoncé que M. le grand référendaire lui avait ordonné de
+   tenir à ma disposition 120 volumes de documents émanés de la
+   pairie pour le sénat des États-Unis. Par plusieurs délibérations,
+   dont la première est du 21 décembre 1842, le conseil municipal de
+   la ville de Paris est entré en relation d'échanges avec les
+   principales villes de l'Union américaine, New-York, Boston,
+   Baltimore, Washington, etc.
+
+   De leur côté les États du Maine et du Massachusetts ont, par des
+   bills en date du 22 mars 1844 et 7 février 1845, voté chacun une
+   somme de 300 dollars (1,500 fr.) pour les frais des échanges; et
+   un acte de la législature du Michigan (12 mars 1844) ordonne que
+   l'ingénieur en chef de l'État recherche les doubles qui existent
+   dans les collections d'histoire naturelle de l'Université, qui
+   sont sous sa direction, et qu'il en fasse un rapport dans la plus
+   prochaine session de la législature.
+
+   Ce ne sont là, Monsieur le Ministre, que les faits les plus
+   saillants qui se sont produits dans ces dernières années et
+   depuis mon retour d'Amérique. Je pourrais en soumettre beaucoup
+   d'autres à l'appréciation de Votre Excellence; mais j'en ai dit
+   assez pour justifier votre bienveillant intérêt si vous daignez
+   me l'accorder, et je craindrais d'abuser du temps que vous voulez
+   bien me donner si j'insistais davantage.
+
+   Vous voyez, Monsieur le Ministre, que l'impulsion est donnée; que
+   le mouvement des échanges est accepté, encouragé par le zèle des
+   particuliers et par le concours de la puissance publique; que le
+   système d'échange tend à devenir ce qu'il doit être, un lien
+   intellectuel entre les nations, un instrument de civilisation et
+   de progrès. C'est aujourd'hui plus qu'une idée, une théorie;
+   c'est un fait. On peut en mesurer dès à présent la portée pour
+   l'instruction des peuples, pour l'avancement des sciences, pour
+   le bien de l'humanité. Croyez, Monsieur le Ministre, que si tant
+   de personnages éminents, tant de pouvoirs publics se sont montrés
+   accessibles à mes sollicitations, c'est qu'il y a une sorte de
+   conscience universelle qui s'attache à l'accomplissement de mon
+   oeuvre comme à une espérance de grandeur et de gloire pour les
+   nations.
+
+   J'ai l'honneur d'être avec le plus profond respect,
+   Monsieur le Ministre,
+   De Votre Excellence,
+   Le très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur,
+
+   ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _Pièces jointes à la pétition de M. Vattemare._
+
+   Traduction du Document officiel qui accompagnait les 64 volumes
+   présentés le 19 février à S. E. M. le Ministre de l'instruction
+   publique au nom de l'État de l'Indiana.
+
+   _Résolution adoptée par les deux chambres législatives de l'État
+   d'Indiana, relative aux échanges internationaux._
+
+   Attendu qu'un système d'échange scientifique et littéraire entre
+   les nations a été conçu par Alexandre Vattemare, citoyen
+   distingué en France, et réalisé avec succès par des échanges de
+   précieux ouvrages, cartes, objets d'histoire naturelle, etc.,
+   faits entre la France et les États-Unis;
+
+   Attendu qu'un tel système de bon vouloir et de courtoisie entre
+   les nations ne peut que servir les intérêts de la religion, de la
+   morale, de la littérature et des arts, et qu'il tend à faire de
+   toutes les nations civilisées un corps de travailleurs attentifs
+   à leur avancement mutuel; pour ces causes:
+
+   Il est résolu par l'assemblée générale de l'État d'Indiana que le
+   secrétaire d'État est par les présentes autorisé et invité à
+   faire rechercher dans les archives publiques et relier d'une
+   manière convenable et durable, huit collections de toutes les
+   lois publiques et particulières, résolutions et documents
+   législatifs, publiés par ordre de l'État, ainsi que des
+   exemplaires des rapports de Blackfort, du rapport de l'ingénieur
+   des mines de l'État et de l'histoire d'Indiana et de les
+   transmettre audit sieur Alexandre Vattemare pour être distribués
+   par lui ainsi qu'il suit: 1º aux chambres législatives de France;
+   2º au ministère de l'instruction publique; 3º au ministère de la
+   justice; 4º au ministère de l'intérieur; 5º au ministère de la
+   marine; 6º au ministère de l'agriculture et du commerce; 7º au
+   conseil municipal de la ville de Paris; 8º à l'Académie des
+   sciences morales et politiques. Chacune desquelles collections
+   devra être accompagnée d'une copie, dûment certifiée, de cette
+   résolution.
+
+   Le secrétaire d'État est, en outre, invité par les présentes à
+   transmettre annuellement, ainsi qu'il a été ordonné ci-dessus,
+   toutes les lois publiques et particulières, documents, etc.,
+   jusqu'à ce qu'il en soit ordonné autrement par la législature; et
+   les frais nécessaires pour la réalisation des échanges seront
+   pris sur le contingent et ordonnancés par l'autorité légale.
+
+   A.-L. ROBINSON,
+   _Président de la chambre des représentants._
+
+   JESSE D. BRIGHT,
+   _Président du sénat._
+
+   Approuvé
+   15 janvier 1844,
+   JAMES WHITE.
+
+   Je soussigné, John H. Thompson, secrétaire d'État, certifie que
+   cette copie de la résolution ci-dessus est en tout conforme à
+   l'original inscrit sur le registre conservé dans ce bureau. En
+   foi de quoi je l'ai signé et y ai fait apposer le sceau de
+   l'État.
+
+   Fait à Indianopolis, le premier jour d'août de l'an de Notre
+   Seigneur 1844, la trentième année de l'État et de l'indépendance
+   des États-Unis la soixante-dixième.
+
+   JOHN H. THOMPSON,
+   _Secrétaire d'État._
+
+   _Lettre de lord Sydenham (Poulett Thomson), ministre du commerce
+   d'Angleterre et gouverneur général du Canada._
+
+   Maison du gouvernement, 13 décembre 1840.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   Ayant déjà eu l'occasion, en Europe, de vous témoigner
+   l'admiration que j'éprouvais, tant pour votre système d'échange
+   que pour le zèle que vous mettez à son perfectionnement, il est
+   presque superflu de vous le répéter; mais je ne puis me refuser
+   le plaisir de vous en renouveler l'assurance depuis que j'ai vu
+   l'extension que vous lui avez donnée en Amérique, et surtout au
+   Canada.
+
+   Je ne voyais autrefois dans vos travaux qu'un moyen puissant
+   d'augmenter les richesses littéraires des divers pays, par
+   l'échange de leur superflu; mais je reconnais maintenant un but
+   encore plus noble et plus utile: vous servir du terrain neutre
+   des sciences et des arts pour faire taire les haines de race ou
+   de parti, et unir, par un lien commun, les hommes estimables que
+   des différences politiques ou personnelles ont trop longtemps
+   séparés.
+
+   Veuillez croire, Monsieur, que mes voeux les plus sincères
+   accompagnent vos efforts, et que je serais flatté de pouvoir leur
+   prêter mon faible appui. Votre triomphe sera celui de l'humanité.
+
+   Agréez l'assurance de mon sincère dévouement,
+
+   SYDENHAM.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _Traduction d'une lettre de M. T. W. Murdoch, secrétaire en chef
+   du gouvernement du Canada à M. Vattemare._
+
+   Montréal, 19 décembre 1840.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   Je reçois l'ordre du gouverneur général de vous informer que,
+   dans le but de favoriser le projet pour l'accomplissement duquel
+   vous êtes venu dans ce pays, c'est-à-dire l'échange, parmi toutes
+   les nations, des publications d'un intérêt général, Son
+   Excellence a ordonné au greffier du conseil spécial de mettre à
+   votre disposition un exemplaire complet des journaux du conseil
+   législatif et de la chambre d'assemblée de cette province, de
+   même que tout autre document public dont il aurait le double. Ces
+   documents, destinés par son Excellence à être présentés à la
+   chambre des députés et des pairs de France, vous seront adressés
+   où vous le désirerez, et au moment que vous jugerez le plus
+   convenable; et Son Excellence espère qu'en échange vous pourrez
+   obtenir pour ce pays un exemplaire des documents publiés par le
+   gouvernement français. _La commune origine des lois de ce pays et
+   du Bas-Canada, ainsi que la similitude de langage existant entre
+   les Français et une grande partie des habitants de cette
+   province, rendront un tel échange intéressant et avantageux._
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _Traduction d'une lettre de M. A. T. Holmes, président de la
+   Société d'histoire naturelle de Montréal._
+
+   22 janvier 1841.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   Officiellement constitué comme Président de la Société d'histoire
+   naturelle, l'organe de la partie scientifique de notre
+   population, je ne puis vous laisser partir pour les pays où votre
+   présence se fait désirer, sans vous exprimer notre reconnaissance
+   pour les bienfaits immenses dont vous sont redevables cette ville
+   et ce pays. Vous êtes venu parmi nous étranger, dont le nom était
+   connu, il est vrai, lié qu'il était à cette grande idée
+   d'échanges internationaux, système de peu d'intérêt pour nous,
+   qui étions trop insignifiants pour y participer. La surprise et
+   l'incrédulité, quant au succès, furent donc les premières
+   émotions soulevées par votre proposition de rendre le Canada
+   partie intégrante de cette grande union nationale que vous avez
+   en partie établie dans l'ancien monde, et dans laquelle vous vous
+   efforcez, avec un zèle philanthropique et désintéressé, de faire
+   entrer le nouveau. Ces sentiments ont fait place à l'admiration,
+   lorsque, après avoir fait connaître vos plans, vous avez commencé
+   avec énergie et persévérance à engager la coopération des corps
+   publics et des individus, et à combattre les obstacles que les
+   circonstances malheureuses dans lesquelles se trouve ce pays ont
+   semés sur votre route. Vous avez enfin réussi, et, en nous
+   quittant, vous emportez la preuve de l'utilité de votre visite et
+   de votre résidence prolongée. Vos ardents désirs pour notre bien
+   vont être satisfaits, et nous espérons voir bientôt s'élever dans
+   notre ville un monument qui, sans porter le nom de Vattemare,
+   sera désigné comme son oeuvre aux générations futures. Vous aurez
+   ainsi créé les moyens d'unir le Canada avec les autres nations
+   dans le magnifique et bienveillant système d'échanges
+   internationaux, plan qui ne doit pas seulement être considéré
+   sous le point de vue commercial, mais comme un grand levier moral
+   qui resserrera les liens qui unissent les différentes nations de
+   la terre en une seule famille. _Le Canada_ ne manque, sous aucun
+   rapport, des richesses nécessaires pour venir au-devant des
+   offres de nos frères transatlantiques; car, quoiqu'il ne possède
+   aucun des trésors fruits d'une longue civilisation, comme des
+   antiquités, des ouvrages de littérature et d'arts, _les
+   productions naturelles de nos pays_, estimées comme elles le sont
+   en Europe, et qui ne demandent que de l'industrie pour être
+   rassemblées, seraient cependant tout à fait dignes d'être
+   échangées contre les livres, modèles et spécimens qui ne
+   manqueraient pas de nous être envoyés des plus anciennes
+   contrées. Je suis, etc.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _Lettre de monseigneur l'évêque de Montréal, Bas-Canada._
+
+   Montréal, 23 novembre.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai toujours considéré le genre humain comme ne formant qu'un
+   même corps, qui a pour membres toutes les nations du globe, et
+   pour âme la divine Providence qui préside à tous les événements
+   d'ici-bas. Un des grands bienfaits du christianisme est d'unir
+   intimement tous ces membres dispersés par toute la terre; et si
+   les passions humaines ne venaient pas rompre ces liens sacrés que
+   la religion tend sans cesse à former, tous les peuples ne
+   formeraient plus qu'un même peuple, ne seraient plus qu'une seule
+   et même famille dont Dieu serait le père.
+
+   Toute institution qui tendra à cimenter une union aussi parfaite
+   sera donc à mes yeux une oeuvre éminemment utile; voilà pourquoi
+   je ne puis m'empêcher de donner toute mon admiration à ce plan
+   par lequel vous travaillez à unir toutes les nations dans une
+   immense association de science, de lumière et d'industrie.
+
+   Par vos efforts, toutes ces richesses deviendront un trésor
+   commun où les plus pauvres pourront puiser avec abondance. Aussi,
+   nul doute que vous ne rencontriez de toutes parts la sympathie et
+   le concours le plus empressé; ce sont, du moins, les sentiments
+   qui animent à votre égard l'évêque de Montréal et son clergé.
+
+   Je prie Dieu, qui vous a déjà donné tant de succès, de vouloir
+   bien couronner par vous cette oeuvre excellente, dont toute la
+   gloire sera à lui et le profit au genre humain. Ce sera sans
+   doute pour vous une récompense telle que vous ne pouvez en
+   espérer une plus grande ici bas.
+
+   J'ai l'honneur d'être, etc.
+
+   IG., év. de Montréal.
+
+
+In 1844, I addressed a memorial to the several members of the French
+cabinet, requesting their support; this memorial, somewhat similar to
+the above, to His Excellency count Salvandy, minister of public
+instruction, was supported by the following postscripts, from peers
+and deputies belonging to the several political parties.
+
+   PEERS.
+
+   Le zèle désintéressé de M. Vattemare, l'idée généreuse et grande
+   qu'il a conçue d'établir, entre les différents États de l'Europe
+   et de l'Amérique, un échange de livres et d'objets d'art, ont
+   mérité et obtenu à plusieurs reprises l'intérêt de la Chambre des
+   pairs, qui, dans sa dernière session, avait émis le voeu qu'une
+   Commission permanente fût instituée dans le but de régulariser et
+   de faciliter ces échanges.
+
+   Ces témoignages de haute sympathie ont été jusqu'à présent
+   stériles. Persuadés qu'il est digne de la France d'établir ainsi
+   la première un lien intellectuel entre les peuples des deux
+   continents, les soussignés recommandent avec la plus vive
+   instance la pétition de M. Vattemare.
+
+   Paris, le 25 février 1844.
+
+   MM.
+   Le comte DARU,
+   Le comte DE GRAMMONT,
+   C. DE VANDEUL,
+   M. BÉRENGER (de la Drôme),
+   H. PASSY,
+   Le baron DE MAREUIL,
+   C. PERRIER,
+   F. FAURE,
+   V. COUSIN,
+   Le lieutenant général baron DARIULE,
+   Le lieutenant général baron GOURGAUD,
+   Le duc DE FEZENSAC,
+   PERSIL,
+   Le vicomte SÉGUR-LAMOIGNON,
+   Le baron DE SAINT-DIDIER,
+   KÉRATRY,
+   Le général BAUDRAN,
+   Le comte BEUGNOT,
+   Le comte TASCHER,
+   Le lieutenant général DE CUBIÈRES,
+   LE BRUN,
+   Le comte DE PORTALIS,
+   Le baron DE BUSSIÈRE,
+   Le baron DE BARANTE,
+   Le marquis BARTHÉLEMY,
+   Le marquis D'AUDIFFRET,
+   Le général comte DE MONTESQUIOU,
+   Le baron DE VANDEUVRE,
+   A. prince de WAGRAM,
+   Le comte DUROSNEL,
+   Le lieutenant général baron PELET,
+   J.-E. GAUTIER,
+   Le duc de PLAISANCE.
+
+   DÉPUTIES.
+
+   Les soussignés, bien pénétrés de l'avantage de consolider et
+   d'étendre, au point de vue de la science, de la littérature, des
+   arts, et aussi au profit de la civilisation, le système
+   d'échanges établi par M. Alexandre Vattemare entre la France et
+   les États-Unis, avec une intelligence, une persévérance et un
+   désintéressement dignes des plus grands éloges, prennent la
+   confiance de recommander de la manière la plus vive et la plus
+   instante la requête ci-jointe.
+
+   Les soussignés, en prêtant leur appui à cette demande,
+   s'associent, autant qu'il est en eux, à une grande pensée, à une
+   belle et noble tâche dans laquelle M. Vattemare a besoin d'être
+   encouragé et soutenu pour qu'il puisse la continuer et
+   entreprendre, avec les divers États de l'Europe, ce qu'il a si
+   heureusement tenté avec l'Amérique du nord.
+
+   Paris, le 28 février 1844.
+
+   MM.
+   BIGNON,
+   Le comte D'ANGEVILLE,
+   ARMEZ,
+   Le général BELLONET,
+   Le lieutenant général baron DE BERTHOIS,
+   Le baron BOISSY-D'ANGLAS,
+   DE CARNÉ,
+   CRÉMIEUX,
+   DALLOS,
+   A. DENIS,
+   DUGABÉ,
+   DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE,
+   DE L'ESPÉE,
+   DE LAFARELLE,
+   G. LAFAYETTE,
+   LE PRÉVOST,
+   J. DE LASTEYRIE,
+   LEDRU-ROLLIN,
+   CHAPUYS DE MONTLAVILLE,
+   F. BARROT,
+   G. DE BEAUMONT,
+   BILLAULT,
+   AD. CHASLES,
+   C. CLÉMENT,
+   DE CORMENIN,
+   VIVIEN,
+   ESTANCELIN,
+   Le comte D'ETCHEGOYEN,
+   ETIENNE,
+   FULCHIRON,
+   Le comte DE GASPARIN,
+   E. DE GIRARDIN,
+   DE GOLBÉRY,
+   A. GOUIN,
+   V. GRANDIN,
+   Le comte D'HAUTERIVE,
+   Le général comte D'HOUDETOT,
+   LACROSSE,
+   Le baron LADOUCETTE,
+   Le vicomte DARU,
+   Le vicomte N. DE MONTESQUIOU,
+   ODILON BARROT,
+   C. DE RÉMUSAT,
+   Le comte ROGER,
+   SAINT-MARC-GIRARDIN,
+   DE SAINT-PRIEST,
+   L. TALABOT,
+   A. DE TOCQUEVILLE,
+   DE TRACY,
+   TUEUX,
+   J. VATOUT,
+   VITET,
+   SAINT-ALBIN.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _Extract from the report on the Budget for 1847, presented april
+   15th 1846 to the chamber of deputies, by M. Bignon, chairman of
+   the committee of the budget. Read and passed May 26._
+
+   CHAMBRE DES DEPUTÉS (Session 1846.)
+
+   CHAPITRE XIX.
+
+   _Service des bibliothèques publiques_, 170,223 francs.
+
+   Une dépense nouvelle de 3,000 fr. est introduite dans ce
+   chapitre; elle couvre, sous un faible chiffre, une question
+   importante, celle des échanges de publications littéraires,
+   scientifiques et artistiques avec l'étranger. Quel que soit le
+   bénéfice que nous attendions du développement de cette pensée,
+   nous ne vous exprimerions pas la nôtre si elle devait engager
+   l'État dans des dépenses de quelque importance; mais,
+   heureusement, votre commission n'éprouve aucun embarras à cet
+   égard, car il ne peut être question que de quelques frais
+   d'emballage et de transport. Nous ne pouvons que féliciter M. le
+   ministre de l'instruction publique d'avoir compris tout
+   l'avantage que pouvait recueillir le pays d'un vaste système
+   d'échange et de chercher à en réaliser le bienfait en plaçant
+   cette opération sous son patronage. Que d'ouvrages restent
+   enfouis dans les dépôts publics, dans les divers ministères, aux
+   archives des chambres législatives, qui proviennent des
+   publications et des souscriptions, qui n'ont aucune valeur pour
+   la France, parce que toutes les bibliothèques les possèdent, et
+   que les collections étrangères accepteraient avec empressement et
+   recueilleraient avec soin et réciproquement. Si nous devons en
+   juger par quelques essais tentés avec les États-Unis, ces
+   propositions d'échanges, étendues à tous les États civilisés, se
+   trouvent bien accueillies, car, presque partout l'Union
+   américaine a témoigné, par son empressement à répondre à cet
+   appel et par sa libéralité, et nous dirons presque par sa
+   magnificence, de l'intérêt qu'elle portait à ces communications
+   de la pensée, qui ne peuvent que fortifier les bons rapports qui
+   existent entre eux et nous.
+
+   Nous vous proposons d'accorder le crédit de 3,000 fr. qui vous
+   est demandé, et d'inviter M. le ministre à donner à sa pensée
+   tout le développement qu'elle comporte.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the minister of public works._
+
+   27 juin 1844.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai reçu votre lettre, en date du mois dernier, par laquelle
+   vous demandez, pour l'Institut national, et pour les États du
+   Maine et du Massachusetts, en retour de divers dons faits à
+   l'École des mines, trois exemplaires de la carte géologique de la
+   France.
+
+   Je me fais un plaisir de vous annoncer que je viens d'inviter M.
+   l'ingénieur en chef des mines Dufrénoy à faire préparer et à vous
+   adresser, pour la destination indiquée dans votre lettre, trois
+   exemplaires de la carte et du premier volume de texte, le seul
+   qui ait paru jusqu'ici.
+
+   Recevez, etc.,
+
+   _Le ministre secrétaire d'État des travaux publics_,
+   S. DUMON.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the same._
+
+   18 décembre 1844.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   En réponse à votre lettre du 3 de ce mois, je vous adresse, pour
+   l'Institut national des États-Unis d'Amérique, un exemplaire de
+   la médaille frappée en commémoration de la loi du 11 juin 1842,
+   qui a classé les grandes lignes des chemins de fer du royaume.
+
+   Recevez, etc.
+
+   _Le ministre des travaux publics_,
+   S. DUMON.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the minister of agriculture and commerce._
+
+   25 décembre 1844.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai reçu, par votre intermédiaire, les lettres de MM. les
+   secrétaires d'État de la Pensylvanie et du Massachusetts,
+   m'accusant réception des collections de la Statistique générale
+   de France, que je leur ai adressées à votre demande.
+
+   Je m'empresse de leur envoyer deux nouveaux volumes de ce grand
+   ouvrage; et je vous prie de prendre les précautions nécessaires
+   pour qu'ils leur parviennent; car le petit nombre d'exemplaires
+   de cette continuation du travail général en fait des livres rares
+   qu'on ne pourrait remplacer.
+
+   Je suis bien aise d'apprendre, Monsieur, que les États-Unis
+   apprécient, ainsi qu'on le fait ici, les soins nombreux et
+   persévérants, que vous prenez pour l'échange, entre les deux
+   pays, des travaux qui peuvent étendre le domaine des
+   connaissances utiles à l'amélioration de la société.
+
+   Recevez, etc.
+
+   _Le ministre de l'agriculture et du commerce._
+
+   Pour le ministre:
+   _Le conseiller d'État secrétaire général_,
+   CAMILLE PAGANEL.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From H. E. the keeper of the seals, minister of justice and
+   religious worship._
+
+   Paris, janvier 1845.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai l'honneur de vous adresser, suivant la demande que vous m'en
+   avez faite, cinq exemplaires de chacun des comptes généraux de
+   l'administration de la justice criminelle et de la justice civile
+   et commerciale en France pendant l'année 1843.
+
+   Ces exemplaires sont destinés l'un au congrès des États-Unis, les
+   autres aux États de New-York, de Pensylvanie, de la Louisiane et
+   du Missouri.
+
+   Je vous serai infiniment obligé de vouloir bien, en transmettant
+   ces comptes, interposer vos bons offices pour me procurer les
+   documents de même nature qui seraient recueillis et publiés dans
+   les États de l'Union.
+
+   Recevez, etc.,
+
+   _Le garde des sceaux ministre de la justice et des cultes._
+
+   Par autorisation:
+   _Le maître des requêtes directeur_,
+   MEILHEURAT.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the honorable count de Rambuteau, prefect of the Seine._
+
+   Paris, le 20 février 1845.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai reçu avec la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de
+   m'adresser le 17 janvier dernier, les ouvrages dont la ville de
+   Baltimore a bien voulu faire hommage à la ville de Paris.
+
+   Suivant votre désir, j'ai mis sous les yeux du conseil municipal
+   le présent qui lui est offert ainsi que la lettre de M. le maire
+   de Baltimore. Les sentiments qui y sont exprimés ont été
+   dignement appréciés et je me fais un plaisir de vous rappeler
+   tout l'intérêt que j'attache aux témoignages de sympathie que
+   reçoit la ville de Paris.
+
+   Recevez, etc.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From H. E. the minister of marine and the colonies._
+
+   Paris, le 22 février 1845.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai l'honneur de vous donner avis que, pour vous procurer des
+   facilités dans les échanges de livres, entre les États-Unis et la
+   France, et conformément à la demande que vous m'en avez faite,
+   j'ai prévenu M. le commissaire général, chef de la marine au
+   Havre, que je vous autorisais à lui adresser les ballots de
+   livres que vous auriez à faire passer de France aux États-Unis.
+
+   M. le commissaire général m'a répondu qu'il a donné des ordres
+   pour que ces ballots soient reçus et emmagasinés au Havre; et il
+   s'entendra avec vous pour les expédier vers leur destination, à
+   mesure que les occasions viendront à se présenter.
+
+   Recevez, etc.
+
+   _Le vice-amiral, pair de France, secrétaire d'État de la marine
+   et des colonies_,
+   Baron DE MACKAU.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the professors, administrators of the Museum of natural
+   history._
+
+   Paris, le 28 février 1845.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   L'administration du muséum vous remercie des soins que vous avez
+   bien voulu donner à la réception de deux caisses de géologie et
+   minéralogie et d'un exemplaire de la géologie de Jackson offert
+   au muséum par l'État du Maine.
+
+   Vous savez que trois exemplaires des archives du muséum, que M.
+   le ministre de l'instruction publique avait bien voulu, sur notre
+   demande, accorder à plusieurs états de l'union américaine, ont
+   été adressés par lui immédiatement, et, à ce qu'il paraît, à
+   d'autres établissements que ceux que nous avions indiqués. Déjà
+   nous avons signalé cette erreur à M. le ministre et nous avons
+   demandé qu'elle fût rectifiée, s'il était encore possible,
+   d'après l'état des exemplaires en disponibilité au ministère.
+   Nous n'avons pas encore reçu de réponse et nous comptons faire de
+   nouvelles démarches à ce sujet.
+
+   On achève en ce moment l'impression des nouvelles instructions
+   pour la récolte et la préparation des objets d'histoire
+   naturelle. Dès qu'elle sera achevée, nous vous en adresserons
+   quelques exemplaires pour les transmettre à vos correspondants
+   d'Amérique.
+
+   Recevez, etc.
+
+   _Les professeurs administrateurs du muséum._
+
+   _Le directeur_,
+   E. CHEVREUL.
+
+   _Le secrétaire_,
+   B. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.
+
+   _Le trésorier_,
+   De Jussieu.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the department of war._
+
+   4 avril 1845.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   Je me suis empressé de donner des ordres pour que la carte des
+   limites du Canada fût jointe à celle que le dépôt général de la
+   guerre a déjà reçue. Veuillez agréer mes remercîments de la
+   remise de cette carte qui m'a doublement intéressé en raison de
+   son origine et des localités qu'elle représente.
+
+   Vous trouverez ci-joint une collection complète de toutes les
+   cartes publiées à la fin de 1844 sur le nord de l'Afrique, qui
+   comprend la régence de Tunis, l'Algérie et l'empire du Maroc. Je
+   vous adresse également une de nos plus belles cartes
+   autographiées, celle du département de la Seine-Inférieure. Vous
+   voudrez bien envoyer ces cartes aux États-Unis d'Amérique, en les
+   répartissant comme vous le jugerez convenable.
+
+   Recevez, etc.
+
+   _Le pair de France, lieutenant général, directeur_,
+   PELET.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From M. Dufrénoy, chief engineer, inspector of the
+   royal school of mines._
+
+   10 août 1845.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai l'honneur de vous remercier des trois caisses de roches que
+   vous avez adressées à l'École des mines de la part de l'État du
+   Maine. Je vous prierai, en accusant réception de cet envoi, qui
+   fait connaître la constitution géologique de cet État, de
+   demander que les échantillons soient emballés avec plus de soin;
+   car une partie d'entre eux s'étaient frottés les uns contre les
+   autres et avaient perdu cette fraîcheur qui est utile pour
+   l'examen de leur caractère extérieur; dans la circonstance
+   présente, le dommage n'est pas considérable, attendu que ce ne
+   sont que des roches que l'on peut retailler; mais pour des
+   minéraux, le mal serait irréparable.
+
+   Je vous remercie aussi du rapport de M. Jackson; cet ouvrage,
+   accompagné de son atlas, a été déposé dans la Bibliothèque de
+   l'École des mines.
+
+   Je profiterai de cette lettre pour vous demander si vous pourriez
+   nous procurer quelques échantillons des minéraux décrits
+   récemment par M. Schepard, notamment le Warwickle et l'Edwarszte;
+   dans le cas où vous pourriez le faire, je vous demanderai la
+   permission de vous en adresser une liste.
+
+   L'École des mines est fort reconnaissante des ouvrages que vous
+   lui avez déjà procurés; elle regarde que, grâce à votre
+   persévérance, le système d'échange qui peut enrichir les
+   établissements publics sans de grandes dépenses, prendra une
+   grande extension; et vous pourrez alors vous féliciter d'avoir
+   rendu un service important aux pays qui l'auront adopté.
+
+   Recevez, etc.
+
+   _L'inspecteur de l'École_,
+   DUFRÉNOY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the secretary of state from the department of the
+   interior._
+
+   27 octobre 1845.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai reçu avec votre lettre du 7 de ce mois, celle qui m'a été
+   adressée par M. le secrétaire d'État du Massachusetts pour
+   m'accuser réception de médailles et documents émanés de mon
+   ministère, que je vous avais remis pour cet État; j'ai reçu en
+   même temps les publications suivantes:
+
+   1º Trois volumes contenant les rapports officiels et les lois
+   votées par la législature du Massachusetts pendant la session de
+   1845.
+
+   2º Rapports scientifiques sur la géologie et l'histoire
+   naturelle de cet État, 4 volumes in-8º et 1 volume in-4º avec
+   cartes et planches.
+
+   3º Une carte générale du même État.
+
+   J'ai l'honneur de vous remercier de l'envoi de ces documents,
+   ainsi que de l'avis que vous me donnez de la décision prise par
+   l'État de Massachusetts de me faire adresser régulièrement chaque
+   année tous ceux qui pourraient intéresser mon département. Je
+   continuerai, de mon côté, à disposer en faveur de ce gouvernement
+   des documents publiés par mon ministère qui seront de nature à
+   présenter un intérêt général d'administration.
+
+   Pour le ministre de l'intérieur,
+   _Le sous-secrétaire d'État_,
+   A. PASSY.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the minister of the navy and colonies._
+
+   Paris, 3 février 1846.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   Vous m'avez prié de mettre à votre disposition quelques
+   exemplaires des documents publiés par la direction des colonies,
+   afin de les distribuer entre plusieurs États de l'Union
+   américaine que vous me désignez comme étant entrés dans la voie
+   du système général d'échange de livres que vous vous efforcez
+   d'introduire et de faire prévaloir parmi les nations civilisées.
+
+   Dans le désir de ne laisser échapper aucune occasion d'augmenter
+   les bonnes relations qui existent entre la France et les
+   États-Unis et de concourir au progrès des sciences et des
+   lumières, j'ai l'honneur de vous annoncer que j'ai accueilli
+   votre demande.
+
+   Je donne en conséquence l'ordre de vous envoyer six exemplaires
+   de chacune des publications suivantes: (_Suit la liste._)
+
+   Recevez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération distinguée.
+
+   Pour le vice-amiral, pair de France, ministre secrétaire d'État
+   de la marine et des colonies,
+
+   _Le sous-secrétaire d'État_,
+   JUBELIN.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the minister of the interior._
+
+   Paris, le 11 février 1846.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+    J'ai reçu la collection des documents publiés par la législature
+   de l'Indiana (États-Unis d'Amérique), en 64 volumes reliés, que
+   vous m'avez adressés pour la bibliothèque de mon département, en
+   même temps que votre lettre du 28 janvier dernier.
+
+   Je vous remercie de l'envoi de ces publications intéressantes
+   dans lesquelles mon administration pourra trouver des
+   renseignements utiles. J'ai fait placer ces volumes conformément
+   à vos intentions, dans la bibliothèque administrative de mon
+   ministère.
+
+   Je vous prie de transmettre mes remercîments à M. le Secrétaire
+   d'État du gouvernement de l'Indiana, et de lui faire connaître
+   que je saisirai toutes les occasions qui me permettront de mettre
+   à la disposition de la législature de cet État les publications
+   administratives émanées de mon ministère et qui seront de nature
+   à l'intéresser.
+
+   J'ai pris en considération la demande que vous m'adressez dans le
+   but d'obtenir, pour les autres États de l'Amérique du nord,
+   quelques-uns des ouvrages auxquels mon département souscrit; et
+   je me ferai un véritable plaisir d'y donner suite.
+
+   En accueillant cette demande avec la faveur qu'elle mérite, je
+   serai heureux de pouvoir coopérer à l'échange international des
+   productions de l'esprit humain dans les deux hémisphères, et de
+   contribuer ainsi au progrès général de la civilisation.
+
+   Recevez, etc.,
+
+   _Le ministre de l'intérieur._
+
+   Pour le ministre:
+   _Le sous-secrétaire d'État_,
+   A. PASSY.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From His. Ex. the minister of public works._
+
+   Paris, 26 février 1846.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai reçu, avec la lettre que vous m'avez fait l'honneur de
+   m'écrire le 10 février, divers documents relatifs aux travaux
+   publics.
+
+   Je vous remercie de l'envoi de ces documents, que je viens de
+   faire déposer au bureau central de statistique du ministère des
+   travaux publics.
+
+   Il m'est agréable, Monsieur, de pouvoir vous adresser, pour
+   contribuer à la réalisation de votre projet d'échanges
+   internationaux, un certain nombre d'ouvrages, documents, cartes
+   et médailles; vous en trouverez le bordereau ci-joint.
+
+   Recevez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération distinguée.
+
+   _Le ministre des travaux publics,_
+   S. DUMON.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the prefect of the Seine._
+
+   Paris, le 26 mars 1846.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai reçu avec une vive satisfaction les divers ouvrages qui, par
+   votre intermédiaire, ont été adressés à la ville de Paris par les
+   États du Maine, du Massachusetts, de l'Indiana et des villes de
+   New-York et de Baltimore, ainsi que du Canada.
+
+   J'ai mis ces ouvrages sous les yeux du conseil municipal, qui
+   s'est montré extrêmement sensible à cet hommage, ainsi qu'aux
+   témoignages de sympathie exprimés par les résolutions dont vous
+   avez bien voulu me transmettre une copie.
+
+   Je lui ai soumis en même temps des propositions pour l'envoi par
+   la ville de Paris de nouveaux documents administratifs, en
+   échange de ceux qui lui étaient si gracieusement offerts.
+
+   Le conseil n'a pu encore délibérer sur ces propositions; mais
+   j'espère qu'il lui sera possible de s'en occuper incessamment.
+
+   Les États et villes d'Amérique qui entretiennent ces relations
+   amicales avec la ville de Paris peuvent être assurés de tout
+   l'intérêt que j'attache à cet échange de sentiments mutuels
+   d'estime et de sympathie.
+
+   Agréez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération
+   très-distinguée.
+
+   _Le pair de France, préfet,_
+   Comte DE RAMBUTEAU.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From His Ex. the minister of the interior._
+
+   Paris, le 22 avril 1846.
+
+   Monsieur,
+
+   J'ai l'honneur de vous annoncer que, par ordonnance du 5 avril,
+   le roi a bien voulu, sur ma proposition, accorder à l'Institut
+   national des États-Unis d'Amérique, un exemplaire, papier fin, du
+   grand ouvrage sur l'Expédition d'Égypte.
+
+   M. Jomard, conservateur de la Bibliothèque royale, tient dès ce
+   moment cet exemplaire à votre disposition.
+
+   Je me félicite, Monsieur, d'avoir pu faire en cette circonstance
+   une chose qui soit agréable à l'Institut national des États-Unis.
+
+   Recevez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération distinguée.
+
+   _Le ministre secrétaire d'État de l'intérieur,_
+   DUCHATEL.
+
+   A M. Vattemare.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   LOUIS-PHILIPPE, ROI DES FRANÇAIS,
+
+   A tous présents et à venir, salut:
+
+   Sur le rapport de notre ministre secrétaire d'État au département
+   de l'intérieur;
+
+   NOUS AVONS ORDONNÉ ET ORDONNONS CE QUI SUIT:
+
+   ART. 1er.
+
+   Un exemplaire papier fin du grand ouvrage de l'Égypte est donné à
+   l'Institut national des États-Unis d'Amérique.
+
+   ART. 2.
+
+   Notre ministre secrétaire d'État au département de l'intérieur
+   est chargé de l'exécution de la présente ordonnance.
+
+   Au palais des Tuileries, le 5 avril 1846.
+
+   Signé: LOUIS-PHILIPPE.
+
+   Par le roi:
+   _Le ministre secrétaire d'État au département de l'intérieur_,
+   Signé T. DUCHATEL.
+
+   Pour ampliation:
+   _Le sous-secrétaire d'État au département de l'intérieur_,
+   A. PASSY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Such are the feelings towards the establishment of the system of
+international literary exchanges in France; as for those of your own
+country, although each one of you is already acquainted with the warm
+sympathy with which my proposals were received, while in the U.S., yet
+I thought it well to publish the following documents showing not only
+the continuation but the increased favor bestowed upon my humble
+efforts in the consolidation of this additional link so well adapted
+to strengthen more and more our fraternal union, but as a stimulus for
+those states who have not yet entered into this enlightened and
+peaceful confederacy, and to bring forth the true character of this
+generous nation, whose love for the propagation of knowledge would
+prevent her from shrinking from any sacrifices calculated for the
+improvement of the human race.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF MARYLAND.
+
+   RESOLUTIONS
+
+   Adopted by the first and second branches of the city council of
+   Baltimore and submitted for the approval of the Mayor, February
+   26th, 1844.
+
+   _Resolved by the mayor and city council of Baltimore_, That the
+   thanks of the city of Baltimore be, and are hereby presented to
+   the city of Paris for the splendid donation of books which have
+   been presented by the said city to the city of Baltimore. She
+   cordially reciprocates the sentiment that such testimonials
+   presented by _the cities of France_ to those of the _United
+   States_, have a favorable effect on litterature and science and
+   on the fine arts, and on the sympathy and ancient friendship so
+   happily existing between the United States and France.
+
+   _Resolved_, That the following books and maps be presented in the
+   name of the city of Baltimore to the city of Paris, as a
+   testimonial of the sense entertained of the friendship of the
+   said city in presenting sundry valuable books to the city of
+   Baltimore.
+
+   And be it resolved that the chairman of the committee be
+   authorised by and with the approbation of the mayor, to draw on
+   the Register for the sum necessary to carry the foregoing
+   resolution into effect.
+
+   T. YATES WALSH, president, first branch.
+
+   ROBERT HOWARD, president, second branch.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF MAINE.
+
+   RESOLVE to promote Mutual Literary and Scientific Exchanges with
+   Foreign Countries.
+
+   _Resolved_, That there be hereafter fifty additional copies of
+   each volume of laws, resolves, and public documents printed by
+   order of the Legislature, be printed and bound for the purpose of
+   exchange in foreign countries[1].
+
+   _Resolved_, That the Governor be authorized to transmit any of
+   the above extra copies to the agents of foreign countries in the
+   United States, authorized to receive the same for the above
+   purpose, and that he be further authorized to make exchange of
+   the same.
+
+   _Resolved_, That a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars be
+   appropriated from the Treasury, for the collection and exchange
+   of original specimens of natural history and productions of
+   useful art, to be expended under the direction of the Governor
+   for the purpose aforesaid.
+
+   In the House of Representatives, March 19, 1841. Read and passed,
+
+   JOSIAH S. LITTLE, Speaker.
+   In Senate March 20, 1841.
+   R. H. VOSE, President.
+
+   March 20, Approved,
+   EDWARD KENT.
+
+     [1] About two hundred volumes, bound three maps and four cases of
+     minerals were transmitted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   RESOLVES authorizing the appointment of an agent of international
+   exchanges with foreign countries.
+
+   _Resolved_, That the Governor, with the advice and consent of the
+   council, is hereby authorized to appoint some suitable person,
+   residing in the city of Paris, France, to be the agent of the
+   state of Maine, for the purpose of receiving and transmitting to
+   and from the secretary of state, all such books, documents and
+   other objects of international exchange as may be directed to his
+   care in pursuance of certain «resolves to promote mutual literary
+   and scientific exchanges with foreign countries» approved March
+   twentieth, eighteen hundred and forty one. «Resolves in favor of
+   the American Athenæum» at Paris, approved March twenty second,
+   eighteen hundred and forty three.
+
+   _Resolved_, That the Governor and council are hereby authorized
+   to audit and allow all necessary charges of such agent for
+   receiving, packing up, carriage and exportation of said objects
+   of international exchange; provided the sum shall not exceed
+   three hundred dollars; and the Governor is hereby authorized to
+   draw his warrant upon the treasurer, for the payment of such
+   charges, out of any moneys not otherwise appropriated.
+
+   In the House of Representatives, March 22, 1844. Read and passed.
+
+   DAVID DUNN, Speaker,
+
+   In the Senate, March 22, 1844. Read and passed.
+
+   JOHN W. DANA, President.
+
+   March 22, 1844. Approved, H. J. ANDERSON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   To Alexander Vattemare, of the city of Paris, kingdom of France,
+   greeting.
+
+   In conformity with the provisions of a Resolve of the Legislature
+   of this state, entitled «Resolve authorizing the appointment of
+   an Agent of international exchanges with foreign countries»
+   Approved March twenty second, one thousand eight hundred and
+   forty four, I have, with the advice and consent of the executive
+   council of Maine, appointed you an Agent to execute any and all
+   of the duties required by said Resolve, and as contemplated in
+   your communication to the executive of this state, under date of
+   October tenth, eighteen hundred and forty three.
+
+   H. J. ANDERSON.
+
+      [L. S.] By the Governor,
+
+   WITNESS, HUGH J. ANDERSON our Governor, and the seal of the state
+   hereunto affixed this twenty sixth day of March in the year of
+   our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty four, and of the
+   independence of the United States the sixty eighth.
+
+
+   PHILIP C. JOHNSON,
+   Secretary of state.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF MICHIGAN.
+
+   Preamble and joint resolutions relative to Mons. Vattemare's
+   system of international literary exchanges.
+
+   WHEREAS Mons. Alexandre Vattemare, a citizen of France, has with
+   an unexampled zeal devoted his time, his energies and his fortune
+   to the philanthropic effort of establishing an intellectual
+   confederacy among the nations of the earth;
+
+   AND WHEREAS his system of international literary exchanges is not
+   only promotive of science and the improvement of literature and
+   the arts, but is also conducive to the fraternization of
+   governments and the diffusion of civilization through out the
+   globe;
+
+   AND WHEREAS the project has been approved by the chambers and
+   ministers of France, by the congress of the United States and the
+   legislatures of several of the States, and by the statesmen and
+   literati of both nations,
+
+   Be it therefore _resolved_ the senate and house of
+   representatives of the state of Michigan that in greatful
+   acknowledgment of his desinterested labors in the cause of
+   humanity and for the valuable works presented by him to the
+   state, the thanks of the people of Michigan are respectfully
+   tendered to Mons. Alexandre Vattemare by the representatives of
+   the people in legislature convened.
+
+   _Resolved_ that his excellency the governor be and he hereby is
+   authorized and requested to receive the parcel of books
+   transmitted by Mons. Vattemare through Lewis Cass Jr. Esqr. to
+   the state of Michigan and also the parcel consigned to E. Thayer
+   and Co., forwarding merchants in the city of New-York, and to
+   place the same in the state library.
+
+   _Resolved_ that his excellency be and he hereby is further
+   authorized and requested to transmit to Mons. Vattemare a copy of
+   the revised statutes and session laws of the state of Michigan
+   together with the journals and documents of both houses of the
+   legislature and such maps of the several counties as are now
+   completed.
+
+   _Resolved_ that the state geologist be and he hereby is
+   authorized and requested to examine and report to the next
+   legislature what duplicate specimens of the natural history of
+   Michigan are in his department of the University.
+
+   _Resolved_ that our senators in congress be instructed, and our
+   representatives be requested to use their best efforts to obtain
+   the appointment of Mons. Alexandre Vattemare as an agent of the
+   general government to act in behalf of this state, with power to
+   conduct literary exchanges between France and the United States.
+
+   _Resolved_ that his excellency be and he is hereby requested to
+   transmit a copy of these resolutions and the report of the
+   committee on education to Mons. Alexandre Vattemare and to each
+   of our senators and representatives in congress.
+
+   EDWIN N. LOTHROP,
+   Speaker of the house of representatives.
+
+   EDWIN M. CURT,
+   President of the senate, (_pro tem_).
+
+   Approved, March 12, 1844.
+
+   JNO. S. BARRY.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF ILLINOIS'S.
+
+   Historical Society, Upper Alton III, August 15th, 1844.
+
+   To A. VATTEMARE, esqr.
+
+   Dear sir,
+
+   ..........On the 24 July your letter and communication for the governor
+   of the state were both read and afforded much gratification.
+   Thanks were voted to the liberal donor the marquis de Pastoret
+   for his present of books, "Histoire de la législation des
+   peuples". The society feel greatly indebted to you for the
+   interest you have exhibited in its prosperity and advancement.
+
+   _Mr. senator Brease delivered an address of three hours length
+   before the society, describing Lasalle's discoveries and the
+   labors of the French missionaries among the Indians in this state
+   150 years ago._ He was directed to transmit your communication to
+   the governor and urge its importance upon the legislature. A
+   strong impulse was given us by your zeal and our hopes greatly
+   encouraged.
+
+   We shall soon make up a box for you of minerals--lead ore from
+   Galena and the South part of the state--Coal--specimens of rocks
+   and boulders found on our large praries, and if possible, a
+   prarie hen or grouse as the English call it, etc., etc.
+
+   Respectfully,
+
+   ADIEL SHERWOOD.
+   Corresponding Secretary.
+
+
+
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
+
+   War Department, Washington, December 30th, 1844.
+
+   Sir,
+
+   I had the honor on the 1st of november to acknowledge the receipt
+   of your letter of the 7th of September last, presenting to this
+   department in the name of M. Dumon, minister of public works,
+   the beautiful and interesting geological map of France, and at
+   the same time I desired you to convey to M. Dumon the thanks of
+   the department for so valuable an acquisition to its library.
+
+   Your desinterested and persevering efforts to establish a system
+   of international exchanges of works of science and art are duly
+   appreciated in our country. The results of those efforts we have
+   all witnessed with great admiration in the fine engravings and
+   rare books and medals, the contribution and donations of some of
+   the highest and most meritorious men of France to the library and
+   museum of the National Institute.
+
+   Allow me, in the name of this department to send to your care a
+   complete series of an illustrated history of the Indian tribes of
+   North-America exhibiting likenesses of their most distinguished
+   leaders, which you will please to present to the minister of
+   public works with the assurance of my distinguished consideration
+   and regard.
+
+   Your obedient servant,
+
+   WM. WILKINS,
+   Secretary of War.
+
+   Alexandre VATTEMARE, Esq.;
+   Paris.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the Honorable Reverdy Johnson, U.S. senator from Maryland._
+
+
+   Senate chamber, February 18, 1846.
+
+   My dear Sir,
+
+   I have just had the gratification of receiving your letter of the
+   28th of January. From the manifestation already evinced by this
+   body, I am sure that they will liberally meet all your wishes
+   about the exchanges.
+
+   Just before I got your letter they passed unanimously a
+   resolution providing that the librarian of Congress transmit to
+   the Minister of Justice of France "a _complete series of the
+   reports of all the decisions of the supreme court of the U.S.,
+   and of the circuit and district courts thereof, and a complete
+   copy of the public statutes of the United States_," and making an
+   ample provision for executing it. This resolution will no doubt
+   receive the sanction of the House of representatives.
+
+   Your presents to the National Institute I received and delivered,
+   paying all the charges. Any other gift which you may wish to
+   forward to me will be gratefully received.
+
+   I hope that the day is now come when your spirit will animate the
+   enlightened men of both Nations and Sciences, and the Arts be
+   found the leading objects of all.
+
+   Not despairing of having again the pleasure of seeing you, I am
+   truly your friend,
+
+   REVERDY JOHNSON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   _From the Hon. R. B. Taney, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme
+   Court._
+
+
+   March 21 st 1846.
+
+   Sir,
+
+   I have at length the pleasure of announcing to you that congress
+   have passed a resolution authorising the transmission and
+   presentation to the minister of justice of France of the reports
+   of the decisions in all of the different courts of the United
+   States as far as they have been published since the foundation of
+   the Government; together with a copy of the laws passed by
+   congress. Inclosed I send you a copy of the resolution, wich was
+   passed unanimously.
+
+   There is now preparing under the authority of congress, a new
+   edition of the laws of the United States much more complete and
+   satisfactory than any heretofore published, which is not yet
+   quite ready for delivery. And as I wish to send all of the books
+   at the same time I shall delay the transmission of the reports,
+   until I can send with them this new edition of the acts of
+   congress. They will however I hope be ready in a month or two;
+   and I shall take much pleasure in transmitting them with the
+   reports as early as practicable.
+
+   You know how much I have regretted the delay in acknowledging the
+   courtesy of the minister of Justice of France, by a suitable
+   return. But feel assured that he as well as yourself will impute
+   it to accidental causes wich I have heretofore explained.
+
+   With great respect, I am, Sir,
+
+   Your obedient servant,
+
+   R. B. TANEY.
+
+   Mr. ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE, Paris.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   TWENTY-NINTHE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+   At the First session, begun and held at the city of Washington,
+   on monday the first day of December, one thousand eight hundred
+   and forty-five.
+
+   A RESOLUTION, to authorise the transmission and presentation of
+   books to the minister of justice of France, in exchange for books
+   received from him.
+
+   _Resolved_, by the senate and house of Representatives of the
+   United States of America, in congress assembled, that the
+   librarian of congress be, and he hereby is, authorised and
+   directed to procure a complete series of reports of all the
+   decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and of the
+   circuit and district courts thereof, wich have been heretofore
+   published; as also a complete copy of the Public Statutes at
+   Large of the United States, now being edited by Richard Peters,
+   esq, by authority of congress, the whole to be uniformly bound
+   and lettered, and to cause the same under the direction of the
+   chief justice of the said Supreme Court, to be transmitted and
+   presented to the minister of justice of France, in return and
+   exchange for works of French Law heretofore presented by the
+   minister to the Supreme Court aforesaid.
+
+   SECTION 2. _And be it further Resolved_, that for the purpose
+   aforesaid, there be appropriated, out of any money in the
+   treasury not otherwise appropriated, a sum not exceeding five
+   hundred dollars.
+
+   JOHN W. DAVIS,
+   Speaker of the house of Representatives.
+
+   G. M. DALLAS,
+   Vice President of the U.S. and President of the Senate.
+
+   _Approved_, March 4 th, 1846.
+   JAMES K. POLK.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE. _From an article in the New-York Review
+   of September, 1845, by the Hon. Joseph Ingersoll, Senator from
+   Pennsylvania._
+
+   In the beginning of the year 1842, an intercourse was opened
+   which has been already productive of rich results, and may in the
+   future confer immense advantages. Dr. Linn, of the United States
+   Senate, sent to the _School of Mines_, of Paris, a specimen of
+   oxide of iron taken from the iron mountain of Missouri. It was
+   done at the request of Mr. Alexandre Vattemare, of that city, who
+   had not a great while before visited Washington, and communicated
+   to Dr. Linn, and through him to the "National Institution," the
+   letter of Mons. Dufresnoy, "Chief Engineer and Director of the
+   Royal School of Mines." It is declared to be the ornament of
+   their collections. In the name of the Council of the School he
+   returns thanks "for this magnificent specimen," which he
+   pronounces, notwithstanding its almost gigantic dimensions,
+   (sixty-six millimetres in diameter,) complete in all its parts.
+   Besides its interest in a mineralogical point of view, he adds
+   that the present of Mr. Linn is highly esteemed by them, because
+   it commences the system of exchange which Mr. Vattemare had
+   sought to establish between all the nations of the new and the
+   old continents, and which he says alone can secure the completion
+   of their collections. From the period when this correspondence
+   took place, Mr. Vattemare seems to have devoted his intelligent
+   and active mind to this object. He has been the means of
+   procuring and forwarding to Washington a perpetual supply of
+   splendid and valuable productions. His countrymen are always on
+   the march of improvement in the various departments of the
+   elegant arts. Every description of magnificent engraving has been
+   communicated. Box after box of books has come from him in
+   unmeasured profusion. It would be endless to recapitulate the
+   objects of his friendly contribution. They are referred to
+   emphatically because they have especially served to set in motion
+   that system of exchange, without which nothing can be completely
+   deserving of the name of a collection. That Mr. Vattemare does
+   not weary in his efforts needed no new proof. As lately as the
+   9th of June, 1845, he announces that he has received for the
+   National Institute, from M. Le Brun, Peer of France, Director of
+   the Royal Printing-office, etc., the complete collection of the
+   Journal des Savans, from 1816 to 1845, twenty-nine quarto
+   volumes, bound. "This most interesting and valuable collection,"
+   he says, "was last year granted to the National Institute at the
+   request of M. Le Brun, by the Minister of Justice, etc. M. Le
+   Brun has also sent to me a copy of his works, to be presented to
+   the Institute as a token of his friendship and good wishes. From
+   the War department of France, a complete collection of all the
+   documents and works, illustrated with a great number of maps,
+   etc., of the French possessions in North Africa, including the
+   neighboring States, viz., the Empires of Morocco, Tunis, etc.,
+   published by order and under the superintendence of the Minister
+   of War--sixteen volumes, folio, quarto, and octavo. From the
+   Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, twenty-five works on
+   Agriculture and Commerce. From the Minister of the Interior, a
+   beautiful collection of _bronze medals_, commemorative of
+   national events, from 1830 to 1844 inclusive. From M. M.
+   Flourens, Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, Member
+   of the Académie Française, etc., his last two works. From M. M.
+   Barre and Danton, sculptors, two beautiful little statues, one of
+   the late Duc d'Orleans, the other of Miss Adélaide Kemble as
+   Norma. From M. Picot, Member of the Academy of Fine Arts, etc.,
+   two fine engravings, taken from two of his pictures. From the
+   Société Séricicole, (founded in 1838, for the encouragement and
+   promotion of silk manufacturing in France,) the complete
+   collection of its annals from its foundation to the present
+   year--nine volumes, octavo." "All the above works, with many
+   others, are heaped up, and occupy so much room in my office, that
+   I can scarcely move about in it, and this number is daily
+   increasing." One is impressed with mingled feelings of pleasure
+   and mortification at reading this letter, for while it thus
+   exhibits a prolific interest in the Institute, it unfolds in the
+   following paragraph how little is the encouragement or gratitude
+   for his substantial friendship and zeal:
+
+   "It is a matter of great distress to me not to have it in my
+   power to defray all the expenses of packing, of custom-house
+   dues, commissions, and transportation from Paris to Washington,
+   but I really cannot do it. Recollect that since 1839 to the
+   present time, I have devoted all my time, industry and fortune,
+   to the exclusive object of establishing an intellectual union
+   between Europe and America; that _I have never received the
+   slightest pecuniary assistance from my own country_; and that the
+   first and only encouragement of that character ever vouchsafed to
+   me was the amount of _two hundred dollars_, so generously
+   subscribed last year by the members of the National Institute,
+   and two hundred and fifty dollars (out of three hundred) voted by
+   the State of Maine. For the maintenance of an agency in Paris for
+   national literary interchanges, the State of Massachusetts,
+   stimulated by an enlightened and patriotic spirit, voted, during
+   the last session of its Legislature, a like most generous
+   allocation. Were all her sister States to follow so noble an
+   example, by voting a small sum, according to their population and
+   their intellectual wants, a fund might easily be established,
+   amply sufficient to cover all the expenses incurred in
+   maintaining an United States scientific and literary agency in
+   Paris, the benefits of which would be incalculable."
+
+   On this vital point (of exchanges) a report was made in February,
+   1842, by Mr. Markoe, the accomplished and indefatigable
+   Corresponding Secretary. It exhibits the very great importance of
+   them, as entering essentially into the plan of every society
+   constituted like this and having like objects in view, and it
+   shows that no occasion has been omitted to acquaint societies and
+   individuals, whose correspondence has been sought or offered,
+   that a system of general exchanges would be entered upon as soon
+   as a plan should be matured. Under that assurance, and
+   independently of it also, (it is added) valuable collections of
+   various kinds have already been received, which render it
+   incumbent on the directors to redeem the pledge that has been
+   given. For this object the members are informed that they have
+   already in hands the most abundant materials, which were
+   increasing, and would continue to increase every day.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+   Secretary's office. Harisburg Oct. 25th 1844.
+
+   To Alexandre Vattemare esq.
+
+   Sir,
+
+   I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 6th september
+   last, addressed to the Honorable A. V. Parsons secretary of this
+   Commonwealth, informing him that in November 1842 and January
+   1843, you had transmitted to his Excellency David R. Porter for
+   the library of this State certain valuable books obtained from
+   the ministers of the several departments of the French
+   government, and desiring an Acknowledgement of their receipt.
+
+   It is a cause of sincere regret that your Kind attention and that
+   of the heads of the departments of the government of France has
+   not since received the acknowledgement which it so highly merits.
+   This has not been owing to an improper appreciation of its value,
+   but to circumstances which I trust are sufficient to exculpate
+   the government of this state from the charge of wilful neglect.
+
+   The books transmitted in 1842 arrived here at the time that Mr
+   Persons was about to retire from the office of secretary of
+   state. They were placed in the state's library and upon my
+   assuming the duties or the office in february 1843 their receipt
+   did not come under my observation. Those sent in January et
+   February 1843 _remained in the custom house_ at New-York until a
+   short time ago when they were forwarded by the collector of
+   Customs at Philadelphia, who had received information that they
+   were remaining in New-York. When these arrived they were
+   immediatly placed in the state's library, there was not any
+   letter accompanying them stating by whom they had been forwarded.
+
+   I request that you will receive this explanation and if you deem
+   it necessary, communicate it to the ministers of the departments
+   of France interested in it. It is desired that the ministers may
+   not entertain the belief that their attention is improperly
+   understood by the authorities of this state.
+
+   It is hoped that our legislature stimulated by a sense of your
+   very valuable efforts will adopt measures to reciprocate the
+   kindness and aid in your laudable exertion to promote the
+   friendship at present happily existing between the people of
+   France and those of the United States.
+
+   Annexed is a list of the books received from Paris and in the
+   library of the state.
+
+   Agreeable to your request I send herewith letters of
+   acknowledgement, addressed to the ministers of finances, war,
+   navy, justice and commerce.
+
+   I have the honor to be, with profound regard your obedient
+   servant.
+
+   CHAS. MC CLURE,
+   _Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania_.
+
+
+
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS,
+
+   In the year one thousand eight Hundred and forty Five.
+
+   _Resolves_ to promote mutual literary and scientific exchanges
+   with foreign countries.
+
+
+   _Resolved_ that the secretary of the commonwealth, under the
+   direction of his Excellency the Governor, be authorized to
+   exchange copies of the state map of Massachusetts, not exceeding
+   twenty in number, and bound copies of the laws and legislative
+   documents of the commonwealth for the current political year, not
+   exceeding fifty volumes of each for books and other works of
+   science and art from foreign countries, to be deposited in the
+   library of the general Court. And the secretary is hereby
+   authorized to cause fifty copies of each of the said documents
+   for every future year to be printed over and above the number to
+   be bound in volumes and set aside for the purpose of effecting
+   therefore said exchanges hereafter[2].
+
+   _Resolved_ that his Excellency the Governor be authorized to
+   appoint some suitable person, residing in the city of Paris,
+   France, to be the agent of the commonwealth, in transmitting to,
+   and receiving from the secretary's office all such books and
+   other works of science and art, as may be addressed to his care,
+   in pursuance of the object of the preceding resolve, and to audit
+   and allow all reasonable charges of said agent, for the
+   receiving, packing carriage and exportation of said objects of
+   exchange; provided, that the total sum so expended, shall not
+   exceed three hundred dollars.
+
+   House of Representatives, February 26, 1845. Passed.
+   SAML H. WALLEY JR., Speaker.
+
+   In Senate, February 27, 1845. Passed.
+   LEVI LINCOLN, President.
+
+   February 27, 1845.
+   Approved.
+   GEO. N. BRIGGS.
+   Secretary's office, March 15, 1845.
+
+   A true copy.
+   Attest.
+
+   JOHN G. PALFREY,
+   Secretary.
+
+     [2] According to this resolve 150 volumes of legislative
+     documents, 13 copies of the geological reports, 52 scientific
+     reports, 20 maps, have been transmitted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   My dear Sir,
+
+   I send you herewith a copy of Resolves passed by our legislature
+   at its present session.
+
+   I have it in charge from his excellence the Governor to say that
+   he requests you to accept the appointment of agent under the
+   second of the resolves, and that he has no doubt that this
+   commonwealth will derive important benefits from your enlightened
+   and liberal exertions.
+
+   I am, dear sir, with the highest regard Your friend and servant,
+
+   JOHN G. PALFREY,
+   Secretary of the commonwealth.
+
+   To A. VATTEMARE, Esq.
+   Paris,
+   France.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF VIRGINIA.
+
+   Executive Department, Richmond Virginia, August 19, 1845.
+
+   Sir,
+
+   Your letter of the 28th December last to the Governor of Virginia
+   has been placed in my hands and will be submitted to the
+   committee of the Legislature on the state library at its annual
+   meeting in December next.
+
+   This Institution, founded by the state for the use of several
+   departments of the government comprises the departments of Law,
+   literature, science and arts. It is under the direction of the
+   Legislature through a committee of both houses, and possesses the
+   following works which have been published by the state, and which
+   are occasionally interchanged with other states, and public
+   institutions, viz:
+
+   The statutes at large being a collection of all the laws of
+   Virginia from the year 1619 to 1808, in 16 volumes;
+
+   Laws of a later date;
+
+   Reports of the state convention in 1776;
+
+   Journals of the legislature from 1776 to 1790 and from 1831 to
+   the present time, a map of Virginia published in 1826, and
+   consequently at this day incomplete, yet probably valuable for
+   your purpose.
+
+   The geological survey of the state has been completed and will
+   probably be published in the course of another year.
+
+   If any of or all these publications would be acceptable to you,
+   authority will be given for exchanging them upon the terms
+   indicated in your letter, and I shall be happy to be the organ of
+   communication in this interchange should you think proper to
+   transmit any publications equivalent: so far at least as the
+   before stated collections of the library institution will supply
+   it.
+
+   At any event I shall be gratified by having it in my power to lay
+   before the committee any communication you may think proper to
+   address to me.
+
+   I am, sir, with high respect, your obedient servant,
+
+   WM H. RICHARDSON,
+   Secretary of the com. of Virginia, and ex officio librarian.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF NEW-YORK.
+
+   _From the Regents of the university of the state, trustees of the
+   State Library._
+
+   Albany, June 21, 1845.
+
+   M. ALEX. VATTEMARE,
+
+   Dear sir,
+
+   I had the honor to receive your letter of the 10th April on the
+   1st of June and two days since I received the books mentioned in
+   it. I have replied as directed by the regents to M. the Count de
+   Salvandy and must ask you to present the letter to him.
+
+   The legislature of this state adjourned about the middle of May,
+   the laws, journals and documents of the two houses which are now
+   directed by an act passed this session, to be sent to the
+   government of France (duplicate copy), have not yet come from the
+   hands of the printers and binders--probably it may be two months,
+   before they are completed, as indexes are to be compiled for
+   each; but as soon as I receive them (and it is my duty by law to
+   forward them), they shall be sent.
+
+   Meanwhile I have collected from the various departments a few
+   publications which I trust may be interesting. They are, as you
+   are probably aware, not for sale and of course cannot readily be
+   obtained out of this city. I send parcels for the minsters of
+   _public instruction_, of _finances_, of _agriculture and
+   commerce_, of _justice_ and of the _marine_.
+
+   There is a law of the state directing the presentation of the
+   volumes of the natural history of the state of New-York, to
+   foreign governments and bodies and persons making donations to
+   the state library. The governor and secretary of state are
+   charged with this duty. I had an interview with these gentlemen
+   during the present week and they assured me that they would in a
+   few weeks at most, give the necessary directions for their
+   transmission. Of course, a copy will be sent to his majesty and
+   another to the royal library of France. And I have reason to
+   suppose that copies will be sent to several of the ministers who
+   have made donations through you. Certainly, to count de Salvandy.
+   I have no doubt but every thing will be done in a manneer
+   acceptable to you[3].
+
+   I am extremely happy to learn that you have for us a copy of the
+   judicial statistics of France. This is a most valuable donation.
+   That of the Count de Salvandy is a splendid one and will be duly
+   noticed to the Legislature, when they meet in 1846.
+
+   The regents of the University deeply feel their indebtedness to
+   you for your kindness in forwarding.
+
+   I have honour to remain with respect, your truly,
+
+   J. ROMEYN BECK,
+   Secretary.
+
+     [3] About two hundred volumes of legislative documents, and 10
+     copies of the natural History, of New-York, with 10 Geologic
+     maps, destined to the king, the chamber of peers, the chamber of
+     deputies, the royal library, the ministers of justice, of public
+     instructions, of commerce, of finances and to A. Vattemare, were
+     transmitted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+   Mercantile Library Association, Clinton Hall.
+   New-York, November 24th, 1845.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   I am greatly pleased at being able to state that the books for
+   the city of Paris have at length been forwarded by our city
+   council through M. Edward Bossange, and I trust they may reach
+   their destination in safety.
+
+   They have been bound in uniform style and form a handsome
+   collection. The survey of this state, which forms a part of it,
+   is a fine work. I trust that the delay which has ocurred may
+   leave no unfavorable impression in the minds of the gentlemen
+   composing the council of the city of Paris.
+
+   I have urged forward the sending as much as proper and M.
+   Valentine, the clerk of our city council, has taken an active
+   interest in the matter. All have desired to make the collection
+   worthy of the distinguished body for whom it is designed, and it
+   has been found necessary to delay some time until certain books
+   could be procured not readily met with.
+
+   A communication from the mayor of the city accompanies the books.
+
+   I have taken the liberty of sending with them two copies of the
+   catalogue of our library, one for yourself and one for the city
+   council of Paris, and also a small packet addressed to yourself
+   containing a number of letters of acknowledgement for the works
+   you kindly forwarded to our association.
+
+   With sentiments of the highest respect I remain,
+   Your most obedient servant,
+
+   H. K. BULL,
+   Corresponding secretary.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF RHODE-ISLAND.
+
+   Brown University, Providence, January, 29th, 1846.
+
+   DEAR SIR,
+
+   ....Your letter to the Governor has been received, presented to
+   the legislature and referred to the committee on education. The
+   chairman of the committee, M. Goddard, formerly a professor in
+   our college, presented a report with resolutions thanking you for
+   your generous exertions, and particularly for your handsome
+   presents, and voting several extra copies of all reports and
+   documents published by the state and authorising the governor to
+   pay all charges that may occur for the packing up and
+   transportation of said books and any others to be sent to us from
+   Paris, through your agency. This was carried through the House
+   and the senate unanimously and it is I believe the only question
+   which has been decided unanimously in our legislature for a long
+   time....
+
+   You will probably receive the report and the votes, by this
+   steamer or the next.
+
+   The Rhode Island-Historical Society have also passed votes of
+   thanks and resolutions in favor of your project which you will
+   receive soon.
+
+   As to the books I shall make up a box and forward it to you as
+   soon as I can.
+
+   I write in great haste at the last moment before closing of the
+   mail thinking it better to write an unfinished account of the
+   affairs than to keep you longer in suspense.
+
+   I beg your to believe me with the greatest respect, Your obedient
+   servant,
+
+   C. C. JEWETT.
+
+   MR. A. VATTEMARE.
+
+
+
+
+COMPARATIVE
+
+_Of the Scientific Exchange between France and America_
+
+
+SENT FROM FRANCE TO AMERICA.
+
+   From His Majesty Louis Philippe I                    20 _volumes_.
+    --  Her Royal Highness Madame Adelaide               5 _medals_.
+    -- The Chamber of Peers                            150 _volumes_.
+    -- The Chamber of Deputies                         200    --
+    -- His Excellency the Minister of Justice and
+            Divine Worship                             250    --
+    --  --               --       --  War               50    --
+    --  --               --       --  --                60  _maps_.
+    --  --               --           the Navy and
+            Colonies                                   150 _volumes_.
+    --  --               --             --             334 _maps_.
+    --  --               --           Interior         200 _volumes_.
+    --  --               --             --              50 _medals_.
+    --  --               --           Commerce and
+            Agriculture                                259 _volumes_.
+    --  --               --           Public
+            Instruction                                 60    --
+    --  --               --           Public Works     534    --
+    --  --               --             --              33 _maps_.
+    --  --               --             --               2 _medals_.
+    --  --               --           Finances         128 _volumes_.
+    -- the City of Paris                               200   --
+    --  -- Director General of Customs                  69   --
+    --  -- Royal Library                                10   --
+    --  --  --    --                                    36 _engravings_.
+    --  --  --    --                                    40 _maps_.
+    --  --  --   Academy of Sciences                    50 _volumes_.
+    --  --  --    --     -- Moral and Political
+                             Sciences                   12   --
+    -- --   --    --     -- Medecine                     6     --
+    -- --   --    --     -- Sciences and fine Arts
+                              at Rouen                  46   --
+    -- --   --   Museum of Natural History (specimens of
+                   minerals)                             2 _cases_.
+    -- --   --   And Central Agricultural Society      156 _volumes_.
+    -- --   --   Geological Society of France           13   --
+    -- M. Edward Alletz, Consul general at Genoa        18   --
+    -- the Sericicle Society                            27   --
+    M. Barre, sculptor                                   2 _statuettes_.
+    -- M. Bovy                                           1 _medal_.
+    -- The Viscount de Cormenin, Deputy                  5 _volumes_.
+    -- M. de Chaucheprat                                 2    --
+    -- Lieut. General de Cubières                        1    --
+    -- M. Dantan                                         1 _statuette_.
+    -- Count Daru, Peer                                 10 _volumes_.
+    -- M. A. Denis, deputy                              10   --
+    -- M. A. Deville, President of the R. A. de Rouen   16   --
+    -- Baron Charles Dupin, Peer                        17   --
+    -- M. Durat La Salle                                 3   --
+    -- M. Duvergier de Hautranne, Deputy                 4   --
+    -- M. Dubufe                                         1 _engraving_.
+    -- M. Milne Edwards                                  4 _volumes_.
+    -- M. Elie de Baumont                                1   --
+    -- M. Estancelin, Deputy                             6   --
+    -- Faugère                                           2   --
+    -- Count de Gasparin, Peer                           2   --
+    -- M. Gayrard                                        1 _statue_.
+    -- M. Jubinal                                       10 _volumes_.
+    -- Count d'Hauterive, Deputy                        10   --
+    -- Viscount Hericart de Thury                       10   --
+    -- M. Jomard                                         6   --
+    -- M. Jal                                            6 _portraits_.
+    -- M. Laurentie                                     10 _volumes_.
+    -- Count de Las Casas, Deputy                        3   --
+    -- Count Leon de Laborde                            12   --
+    -- M. Le Brun, Peer                                  4   --
+    -- M. Ledru-Rollin, Deputy                           4   --
+    -- M. L'Herbette, deputy                            25   --
+    -- Count de Marcellus                                1   --
+    -- M. Guerin Melville                                6   --
+    -- M. Nisard, Deputy                                 2   --
+    -- M. D'Orbigny                                      2   --
+    --       --                                         10 _maps_.
+    -- M. Hippolyte Passy, Peer                          4 _volumes_.
+    -- The Marquis de Pastoret, Deputy                  60   --
+    --             --                                    4 _engravings_.
+    --             --                                    6 _medals_.
+    -- M. de Remusat, Deputy                             2 _volumes_.
+    -- Baron de Schauenburg, Deputy                      4   --
+    -- M. Amedee Thierry                                 6   --
+    -- M. Thomas                                         6   --
+    -- M. Ravaisson                                      2   --
+    -- M. Alexandre Vattemarre                          16   --
+    -- M. Vitet, Deputy                                  5   --
+    -- M. Champollon Figeac                              6   --
+    -- M. Faustin Hélie                                  2   --
+    -- M. Michel Chevalier, Deputy                       2   --
+    -- M. Wolowski                                           --
+                                                     ================
+                                                     3,488 _objects_.
+                                                     ================
+
+   RECAPITULATION.
+
+   Volumes.                 2,894
+   Maps.                      477
+   Engravings.                 48
+   Pieces of Sculpture.         3
+   Medals.                     64
+   Cases of Minerals.           2
+
+
+
+
+TABLE
+
+_From February_ 1845, _to May_ 15th, 1846.
+
+
+SENT FROM AMERICA TO FRANCE.
+
+   From the Federal Government (War Department)         15 _volumes_.
+    --              --            --                    12 _maps_.
+    --  --  National Institute, Washington              25 _volumes_.
+    --  --  Legislature of the State of Maine           94   --
+    --           --          --                          3 _maps_.
+    --           --          --                          1 _herbal_.
+    --           --          -- (specimens of minerals)  4 _cases_.
+    --           --          --         Massachusetts  195 _volumes_.
+    --           --          --               --        20 _maps_.
+    -- --  Hon. John G. Palfrey                         23 _volumes_.
+    -- --  Mercantile Library Ass'n                      1   --
+    -- --  Hon. Josiah Quincy                            2   --
+    -- M.  Bowen                                        20   --
+    -- M.  B. P. Poore                                  10   --
+    -- the Legislature of the State of New-York        200   --
+    -- --       --                     --               10 _maps_.
+    -- --  Corporation of the City of New-York          18 _volumes_.
+    -- --       --                     --                2 _maps_.
+    -- --  N. Y. Mercantile Library association          2 _volumes_.
+    -- --  Corporation of the city of Baltimore         16   --
+    -- --       --                     --                3 _maps_.
+    -- --  Brantz Mayer, Esq                             1 _volume_.
+    -- --  Legislature of the State of Indiana         512   --
+    -- --  Hon. Henry Ledyard, Esq., of Michigan         1 _maps_.
+    -- --  Professer James C. Cross, of Kentucky         1 _volume_.
+    -- --  Government of Texas                          10   --
+    -- --  Hon. Ashbel Smith                             3   --
+    -- --  Prof. S. F. B. Morse of New-York              1   --
+    -- M.  Alfred Vail of Philadelphia                   1   --
+    -- M.  Hermann E. Ludwig of New-York                 1   --
+    -- M.  Vauzand                                      10   --
+
+   (I do not mention books which I have been
+   officially informed, are on their way here from
+   Congress, and the states of Maine, Massachusetts,
+   Rhode Island, Virginia, Michigan, Illinois,
+   Indiana, etc., in accordance with recent laws and
+   resolutions, as the number of volumes is in no
+   instance given.)
+
+   From the Government of Canada                        60 _volumes_.
+                                                     =================
+                                                     1,267 _objects_.
+                                                     =================
+
+   RECAPITULATION.
+
+   1,211                  Volumes.
+      51                  Maps.
+       4                  Cases of Minerals.
+       1                  Herbal.
+
+   Making a total amount of 4,749 objects exchanged through the
+   Agency in the course of the past sixteen months between France
+   and North America.--The Hon. _Secretary of war_, the states of
+   _Maine_, _Massachusetts_, _New-York_, and _Indiana_ with the
+   cities of _Baltimore_ and _New-York_, being the only respondents
+   to my call, by transmitting important works and voting generous
+   allocations to pay the necessory expenses. From these facts, all
+   can see what the operations of the scheme have been, and judge
+   what important results may be confidently relied upon, if the
+   other states, corporations and institutions of the flourishing
+   and happy Republic would but enter fully and seriously in this
+   peaceful _Intellectual Union_ of the two Hemispheres.
+
+   ALEXANDRE VATTEMARE.
+
+   NOTA. It may perhaps be well to mention that the greater part of
+   the books I have received here for the United States have been
+   merely stitched, be cause no appropriations are made for binding
+   public documents. The usefulness of the scheme of international
+   exchanges is however becoming so apparent, that I hope generous
+   appropriations will be made this year to enable several
+   ministerial departments and the chambers to have their documents
+   which are destined for exchange, properly bound and lettered. I
+   would also express an hope that means may be provided to enable
+   me to publish a quarterly account of the movements of the scheme,
+   giving all the transactions effected, and also serving as an
+   organ announcing all the superfluities of intellectual riches
+   possessed by different countries and the Legislative, scientific
+   and useful works published by their governments and scientific
+   bodies, which could only be procured by exchange. Such a
+   publication would be, and I may say is the only means of securing
+   the permanency of the system of exchanges, and remove the
+   apprehensions of those who see its existence limited by the
+   perseverance of my efforts.
+
+
+
+
+INSTRUCTIONS
+
+ON THE BEST MODE OF
+
+COLLECTING, PRESERVING AND TRANSPORTING
+
+OBJECTS OF
+
+NATURAL HISTORY.
+
+
+It is the actual state of our collections and of our Knowledge of
+Natural History of which we are about to speak. But as this memoir,
+though specially destined for our Museum and for our countrymen, may
+be consulted by foreign naturalists for the sake of our collections as
+well as for their own, we would invite the attention of collectors to
+any point that may seem defective or capable of improvement, and we
+invite all travellers to make known to us the results of their
+experience that we, and the whole learned world, may profit by them.
+
+It is not simply a series of instructions which we make here, it is an
+appeal to all who interest themselves in the cause of science and of
+their country. We will point out to them the means of enriching this
+great national establishment, which, open to public curiosity and
+study, can only be rendered perfect by the aid of many hands. It
+cannot itself support travellers except upon a few limited points, and
+even there, such is the inexhaustible fecundity of nature, much
+remains to be done.
+
+As for amateurs, who can give but few moments to the study of Natural
+History, who have not hitherto occupied themselves with it, but who
+have, notwithstanding the desire to render their sojourn in certain
+points little explored, profitable to our object, we have thought that
+instead of collecting a great number of objects, they would do well to
+limit themselves to such as are signalized as curious and indicated in
+the list of our _desirata_. They could thus economise time, and employ
+it more usefully, not only in collecting the objects which we
+recommend but also in bestowing upon them that care which would insure
+their preservation.
+
+These instructions are devided naturally into three chapters,
+corresponding to the three kingdoms of nature; each part has been
+prepared by such of the professors as it especially concerns.
+
+The instructions will make known:
+
+1º The manner of collecting and preparing objects of Natural History.
+
+2º The choice and form of the notes which should accompany them.
+
+3º An indication of those which are more particulary wished for.
+
+It remains for us before proceeding to the special details of this
+memoir, to give general instructions upon the packing of objects of
+Nat. His. and upon the modes proper to be employed to prevent any
+damage to them during their voyage.
+
+As soon as the objects prepared as before directed, have been placed
+in case these cases must be closed in the best possible manner and
+covered with pitch or tar on their whole surface; so that neither air
+nor moisture can penetrate.
+
+After this, they must be envelopped in oil cloth, and then put on
+board ship in such place as will be likely not to be disturbed till
+their arrival, and as far from the heat and vermin as possible.
+
+Glass bottles should be packed in wooden boxes well filled with tow
+and sea-weed; and arranged so that they will run no risk of breaking;
+objects which may be spoiled by liquids in the glass bottles, should
+they happen to break, should not be placed with them.
+
+When a package has been sent, information should be given directly
+with the statement of the number and weight of the boxes, of the ship
+by which they are sent, the time of sailing, and the port to which
+they are bound. These statements should be made in time so that boxes
+may be sealed at the Custom House and not be opened until they arrive
+at Paris.
+
+It is evident that if living animals or vegetables are sent, the time
+necessary for the voyage should be calculated and the speediest and
+safest conveyance chosen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY.
+
+
+Minerals are found either in regular and geometrical forms when they
+are called cristals, or in more or less irregular masses.
+
+Among cristals there are some so situated that they can be separated
+without injury from the matter that envelopes them. Others compose
+salient groups; others are imbedded in rock.
+
+Specimens of each of these three States should, if possible be
+procured; with regard to cristals enveloped in surrounding matter,
+particles of this matter should be detached with them (varying from 8
+to 10 centimetres) so that the different minerals which accompany them
+may be observed.
+
+Also portions of the masses composed of needles and fibres, or
+granulous or compact, having care to choose them fresh and free from
+those alterations that take place in these at the surface. The
+metallic mines should call the attention of travellers. They will
+observe if they are in parallel beds with the surrounding rocks or in
+clefts called veins which cross the bed. In detaching pieces from
+these mines care should be taken to leave around the principal metal
+portions of other metals which may be associated with them or stony
+substances which often accompany cristals.
+
+It is to be desired for the progress of historic and technical
+mineralogy that pieces of stone should be selected which are most
+commonly used in the construction of public monuments and houses; and
+the most authentic samples should be procured of all the mineral
+substances employed in the useful and ornamental arts; such as
+sharpening stones, stones for ovens, stones to polish with and stones
+for potteries; having care to indicate the kinds of earth and stones
+which enter into the composition of each kind of pottery; whether
+minerals are indigenous or exotic, it must be particulary mentioned
+from whence they come.
+
+If organic remains should be found in these earths, such as the bones
+of animals, shells, impressions of fish or vegetables, samples should
+be taken with care from these different bodies, leaving around them a
+portion of the earth or stone in which they are imbedded.
+
+In case these earths should offer traces of volcanic origin, pieces
+will be taken of each substance ejected by the explosions, some of a
+stony nature, some as basalts, some as glass, some as obsidiennes,
+some as scaries, etc. For those which are prisms, care must be taken
+to remark the form of these prisms and the extent they occupy in the
+earth.
+
+To each sample should be attached a ticket indicating the name of the
+country where they were found, the particular spot from which they
+were taken, the distance and situation of some neighbouring known
+town from it, the nature and appearance of the country and its
+elevation above the sea.
+
+Wherever mineral waters shall be found care will be taken to fill a
+bottle, to cork and cement it closely.
+
+Since those systems have been abandoned which restrained the
+observation of facts and comparison of those observations; since
+guessing of the origin of things has been renounced for studying their
+actual state; geology has advanced like other correct sciences. This
+advance has not only extended our acquaintance on the formation of the
+globe, but has also produced useful results for the arts.
+Notwithstanding we are far from knowing the various countries of the
+earth as we know Europe.
+
+It is easy for those who visit these distant countries, above all the
+tropics, to procure us important ideas, and to send us productions,
+the examination of which can alone enlighten and furnish us
+informations on the nature of the soil in those countries and the
+general arrangement of the rocks which constitute the outside of the
+globe.
+
+On all coasts and islands where vessels stop, travellers can land and
+procure objects with little trouble, which having little value in
+themselves, become instructive and interesting by the simple
+annotations which accompany them.
+
+They can pick up on the borders of torrents pebbles which indicate the
+nature of the rochs from which they proceed. They will choose the
+largest and note their size, and also break some pieces,--also the
+small pebbles, having care to choose those of different appearances.
+
+Wherever a rock is seen to rise, should it be in the water or land, it
+should be observed if it is all of the same substance or homogeneous
+or composed, or formed of different beds. In the first case a fragment
+must be detached, in the second case, they will observe the relative
+position of the beds, their inclination and thickness; and take a
+sample of each of the beds, and put the same mark on all the pieces
+coming from the same mountain, and a number on each to indicate the
+order of their position or reciprocal situation. If the person who
+procures these samples could make a simple sketch, to show the form of
+the mountain, the thickness and inclination of its layers, he would
+render an essential service.
+
+In case the rock is an isolated one, it is useful to examine and
+sketch on both sides to be more certain of the inclinations of the
+beds.
+
+It would be well to gather some sand from the bottoms of rivers; above
+all those which wash metallic dusts; but this sand must be taken as
+far from the mouth of the river as possible.
+
+In some countries are found isolated masses to which the people
+attribute a singular origin; pieces must be taken; perhaps they are
+aerolithes; other may be transported by the revolutions of the globe.
+
+In gathering fragments of rocks, mines, volcanic products and
+organised fossil bodies, the most essential thing is to mark well
+their latitude, that is to say the nature of the earth where they are
+found and their relative position to the substances which encircle
+them.
+
+Basalt beds merit a particular attention, both as regards themselves
+and the kind of earth which surrounds or covers them. It must be
+noticed if they are divided in irregular masses, tables or prisms, and
+what is their arrangement. It be must remarked if they contain the
+remains of organised bodies, and care must be taken to take samples in
+their different states, also of the matter on which the basalt rests.
+It must be certain above all that there is no intervention of
+scorified matter, or beds of an earthy appareance, to which the
+Germans give the name of Wakke, and which are proved to be of volcanic
+origin. The rocks named trachytes by M. Haüy merit the same attention.
+They are distinguished above all by primitive porphyries, intermediate
+or secondary, by the absence of quartz and the presence of pyroxène or
+titanimmed iron.
+
+Whatever may be the nature or age of the soil one sees, it is most
+important to collect samples of rocks the most common and most
+abundant which constitute the bulk of the soil: the study of the
+varieties of subordinate beds and accidental matters of all kind,
+should be secondary. In general the appearance of the constitution of
+the locality must be considered if one would proceed usfully to
+choose the samples destined to represent them; the choice would be
+easy if one would establish a rule never to quit a declivity, a
+mountain, a country even, without having made the section
+(geologically). We should add that these sections should be the
+principal object in the labours of the geological traveller.
+
+Too large samples must not be taken, samples of 10 to 8 centimètres,
+by 3 or 4 of thickness, are sufficient. Larger samples must not be
+taken unless they contain the remains of organic fossils, such as
+animal skeletons. To pack these samples, they must be covered with
+fine paper; above this paper they will put the ticket or note of
+bearing or latitude, then a second fine paper that will be surrounded
+with tow, and all will be enveloped in grey paper. These samples will
+then be put in a box, placing them upright and in successive beds, as
+close together as possible, and filling the interstices with cut paper
+or tow, in a way to form a mass that nothing can derange. No space
+must be left between the last bed and the cover. The box must be
+tarred to avoid humidity.
+
+The merit of geological collections being principally in the knowledge
+of local circumstances in which each sample is taken, it is
+indispensable to join to these collections well-arranged catalogues.
+They will repeat the numbers of the samples and directions written on
+the labels; all details should be inserted which may give a complete
+idea of the strata which have been observed, and sketches and drawings
+taken on the spot should be placed either in the margin or the body of
+the books. It would be well to have duplicates of the catalogues. One
+of them pressed between two pieces of board well tied, should be
+placed on the top of one of the boxes, the other should be adressed
+directly to M. Vattemare.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+BOTANY.
+
+
+The botanical riches of the museum are composed--1º Of living
+vegetables cultivated in the garden--2º of the collection of dry
+plants or herbals, of the different parts of plants dried and in
+alchool, such at woods, fruits, etc. And of all the produits of the
+vegetable kingdom that are capable of preservation--3º of the
+collection of fossil plants.
+
+
+_Living plants._
+
+To promote the progress of science, agriculture and horticulture, it
+is important to collect in a central garden, like that of Paris, the
+greatest number of living plants possible.
+
+To attain this end, either living plants must be sent, or their seeds.
+Both of these ways are attended with difficulties, according to the
+nature of the plants, and the length of the voyage they have to
+endure.
+
+We shall only treat the parcels sent from countries out of Europe that
+must endure a voyage of from one to four or five months, because
+packages which are on the road but 15 or 20 days, only require those
+ways of putting up employed in all the nurseries of Europe.
+
+In the transportation of living plants, distinction should be made of
+the ligneous plants, young trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, which
+are neither pulpy plants, tubercles or roots, from that of these last
+vegetables.
+
+The transportation of the roots, underground bulbs and tubercles, such
+as those of the lily tribe, irides, dioscarea, land archides,
+aroidees, gesneria, of many of the Oxalis, Trospoculum, etc., is
+easily effected by packing these parts carefully in dry moss, or very
+dry sand, with wich the box should be filled up; the parasitic
+orchides or epyphites, with green bulbs, can be sent in wooden boxes,
+pierced with little holes, and kept dry; all the old leaves should be
+taken off, as, in their decay, they cause dampness, and the roots
+wrapped in dry moss or cloth. The same means may be used for the pulpy
+plants, such as the cactus: any dry flexible substance, not subject to
+dampnes, as hairwool etc. may be used to pack them. These pulpy
+plants, if large, should be separated from the others, so that they
+may not be tainted by their decay.
+
+They should be packed with great care, because their tissue, more
+watery than that of the tubercles and roots, may be crushed under
+their weight, often considerable.
+
+For the transportation of living plants, neither pulpy or tuberculous,
+it is necessary to place them in glazed boxes, of a peculiar
+construction, first invented and used in England by M. N. Ward.
+
+These boxes vary in form and size but not to take up too much room on
+the decks of ships, where they should always remain; they should not
+exceed the following dimensions:
+
+[Illustration: boxes.
+
+9 to 11 decimetres long, 5 wide, 7 to 40 high.]
+
+The bottom should not touch the deck, but must be raised some
+centimetres by the feet on the four corners, so that sea water may not
+damp the box.
+
+The two smal sides of the oblong chest cut in the upper part in
+pointed shape, have two glassed frames, and form a two-sided roof.
+
+The sides and bottom should be made of oak or hard wood from 25 to 30
+millimetres thick, dry and joined with groves, so that there may be no
+fissure.
+
+The glassed frames are divided by cross pieces from 4 to 5 centimetre
+wide, extending from the upper to the lower edge, from 7 to 8
+centimètres apart. These grooved cross pieces receive the glasses
+which should be thick, covering one another like the tiles of a roof,
+and well cemented. One of the frames is fixed on one of the sides of
+the chest; the other is fixed on the other sides, and on the upper
+frame opposite, with screws well oiled to prevent rust. These boxes
+should be well puttied and painted.
+
+Two strong iron handles should be fixed on each end of the box; and a
+solid grate made of iron wire, propped above the glasses by several
+iron rods, will prevend their fracture.
+
+A bed of 4 or 5 centimetres of clayey earth moist enough to stick to
+the bottom, is first put in the box; then a layer of earth, mined if
+possible with vegetable decay of 15 or 20 centimetres; the plants are
+embedded in this earth either in pots or wicker baskets.
+
+To prevent accidents on a long voyage and especially from the port to
+Paris, straw and rushes may be used, with wooden cross pieces nailed
+to the partitions of the chest.
+
+A box of the size described contains from 15 to 25 or 30 plants
+according to their size.
+
+Seeds, especially of the kinds that preserve with difficulty their
+germinating power, may be sown among these plants, such as those of
+the palms, laurels, oaks, several conifers, roses, etc.
+
+Plants put in these boxes should have good roots, and not taken
+directly from the country. In case they are, time should be given them
+to take root, before closing the box.
+
+Before closing the box, care should be taken to water the earth well,
+but not too much.
+
+It should then be hermetically sealed, and not opened during the
+voyage. It should be kept on the open deck, and if the glasses are
+broken, they should be immediatly replaced; if there are holes in the
+wood, they should be puttied.
+
+The box should never be put below except it contains tropic plants and
+the cold extreme. For light frosts, a cloth is sufficient, and they
+should have all the sun possible.
+
+The best time for sending plants to France is betwen April and
+october.
+
+Seeds should also be sent.
+
+A great number of seeds keep for a year and more, if gathered ripe and
+kept dry. Seeds are ripe when they fall off, or when the fruits, that
+inclose them, open. But seeds apparently dry, often contain a great
+quantity of water which would mould them, if put up in that state.
+They should be dried by the sun in the open air several days before
+packing, especially berries and pulpy fruits. They should be pressed
+and dried in the sun or in brown paper, like plants prepared for
+herbals.
+
+The best way of keeping them, in a long voyage, is to dry them
+perfectly, wrap them in thick paper, and put them in thick bags hung
+in a dry and airy place.
+
+There are seeds, especially those that contain oily matter, that must
+be germinated on the voyage. Such are, among exotics, the seeds of our
+climate, cocorus, chesnust, beechnuts; and among exoctics, the seeds
+of the Laurel, many of the Palms, several Conifers, Arancarias, tea
+and coffee seeds, goyaviers, and other myrtinees.
+
+The best way of sending these seeds is to sow them in the glass cases
+described above, either among other plants, or in special boxes of
+smaller size; but common boxes or barrels will do, if there are no
+glass boxes, well filled with earth. The seeds should be put in light
+earth a little damp, or in dust of decayed wood. Five or 6 centimetres
+of earth are put at the bottom of a box, and the seeds sown in this
+earth at distances, equal to the size of the seed. Then another layer
+of earth of three centimetres, then a bed of seeds, and so on up to 3
+or 4 decimetres in height. Care should be taken to fill the box so
+that the seeds may not be injured.
+
+Care should be taken to keep the box dry, and beyond the reach of salt
+water, which always kills plants and seeds.
+
+All the plants should be labelled--The numbers should correspond with
+a catalogue which should declare for each plant: 1º The country from
+which it comes--2º The kind of soil where it grows, such as woods,
+rocks, meadows, marshes, etc.--3º An approximation to the height of
+the place, if it comes from a mountainous country, so as to
+distinguish the plants of the tropics and the temperate and frigid
+zones--4º The common name of the plant, either among the Europeans
+established in the country or the natives--5º Its uses, its
+characteristics, and the color of its flowers.
+
+This information should be marked in the catalogue of seeds sent
+stratified or sown in the glass cases; for seeds preserved dry in
+bags, it is best to write these notes upon the bags.
+
+We cannot particularise all the plants we desire, because our wants
+vary every year by new acquisitions and losses; but the administration
+will endeavour to give them to the inhabitants of distant countries
+who are willing to lists of supply our deficiencies.
+
+We will specify some families and kinds whose absence in our
+collection of living plants we regret.
+
+These are:
+
+1º Those which grow alike in the tropical regions of the old and new
+continent:
+
+The Rhizophorees (mangliers and paletuviers) chailletices,
+connaracies, burmaniacees, xyridee, Eriocolons, Podostemees, the
+loranthus parasites, lardizabalees, Pistias.
+
+Among the Fern, Gleichenias, Trochomanes, Hymenophyllum, schizea,
+Danaea, Angiopteris, Salvinia and Azolla.
+
+2º In Asia:
+
+Dipterocarpiees, aquilarinees (aloes or eagle-wood), Apostasiees,
+Guetrum (guemon of Molucca), the nipa, a kind of Palm-tree.
+
+
+_Dry vegetables or vegetables preserved in alcohol_.
+
+These collections contains:
+
+1º Herbals or plants dried in leaves of paper;
+
+2º Fruits and preserved seeds, either dry or in alcohol;
+
+3º Pulpy flowers also preserved in liquor;
+
+4º Portions of roots, trunks and samples of wood;
+
+5º Different products of the vegetable kingdom, such as flax, starch,
+gums, resins, dyestuffs, substances employed in the medicine or the
+arts;
+
+6º Samples relative to anatomy and vegetable physiology.
+
+The care necessary to enrich these collections are generally less than
+those required for zoology.
+
+Herbals and collections of fruits and flowers--Samples in buds,
+flowers and fruits of plants intended for herbals should be collected
+when the plant is small, and generally when it is of a size to be kept
+in a leaf of paper by folding. It should be taken with the root; when
+it is larger, it should be cut in pieces of 40 or 50 centimetres (16
+to 18 inches). Or the great herbaceous plants, whose leaves vary often
+at different heights on the trunk, the base of the stalk with the
+leaves that support it should be preserved,--and branches with flowers
+and leaves. A layer of several leaves of brown paper is placed
+alternatively with a sample of a plant, or several, if they are small
+and can be spread on the paper without touching. Then a new layer of
+paper, then a new sample, and so on. When the packet has a certain
+thickness (2 to 3 decimetres at most) it should be pressed between two
+pieces of paste board by means of cords or girths and a buckle. The
+pressure should be moderate, enough to prevent the plants from
+wrinkling, but not enough to change their shapes, or crush their
+tissue by flattening them too much. The parcels, to dry well, should
+be placed on a dry board; or, better, hung up, so that the boards be
+in a vertical position. It is well to change several time the layers
+of paper; first, soon after the drying has commenced.
+
+The drying of plants may be much quickened by dividing them into
+packets of 8 or 10 packets only, with very little paper between, and
+pressing them between two frames furnished with a wire grate tied up
+by strings; a layer of four or five leaves of paper should be placed
+on each side, immediately under the grate, to render the pressure more
+uniform and keep the plants from crisping; if these small packets are
+exposed to the sun or a current of air, the plants dry rapidly, often
+before the paper is changed that contains them; but unless there is a
+great number of these frames, it is impossible to dry but a small
+number of plants, and this process would be especially useful for
+those persons to whom the formation of an herbal is but an accessory
+occupation.
+
+Botanists who wish to dry many plants without using much paper should
+place packets of 15 or 20 plants, arranged as we have just pointed
+out, in a stove with a current of air, heated up to 50 centigrades by
+a lamp placed below, and separated from the plants by a cross
+partition of punctured plate.
+
+In twelve or twenty four hours the specimens are perfectly dry. This
+process, first successfully employed in Paris by M. Doyère, is most
+useful in warm and damp climates, and for plants difficult to dry; it
+is easily employed in scientific voyages.
+
+Bamboo frames, found everywhere in tropical climates, replace
+excellently frames and bars of iron.
+
+There is another more speedy process which requires much less paper,
+but preserves less perfectly the dried specimens. It only needs a dry
+and spacious room. The flowers are placed in a simple sheet of paper
+and pressed; then the sheets are spread out, for the night, on the
+floor, and, when dry, pressed again. This process it not so good as
+the former, and should be made use of only when there is a lack of
+paper.
+
+This is all the art of making herbals; and every intelligent traveller
+knows how to suit his process to circumstances.
+
+In damp times and regions, it is well to quicken the process of
+drying. Paper perfectly dry should only be used, and changed often.
+The paper should be dried in a warm oven, where bread has just been
+baked.
+
+Watery plants, such as bulbs, orchides, etc., continue green in
+herbals several months after they are placed in them. It is well to
+plunge them in boiling water for one minute, or, still better, to put
+them in alcohol for a couple of hours; then they should be taken out
+and placed between two leaves of brown paper, where it dries easily,
+as the action of boiling water or alcohol has destroyed the life of
+the plant.
+
+There are plants whose leaves or flowers easily break after drying; in
+such cases, all the parts should be sent separately.
+
+There are families of plants that require peculiar processes of
+preservation. Palms, on account of their size, cannot be preserved in
+common herbals. Yet, it is important to complete the history of this
+remarquable family. For this, must be preserved:--1º The dried leaves
+in paper spread out, when they are not too large; folded like a fan,
+dried in the air and wrapped in brown paper well tied, when they are
+large.--2º Clusters of flowers or carymbs with the common envelope,
+taking care to preserve equally the male and female flowers, when they
+are separate; they should be dried quickly in the open air and wrapped
+in paper or cloth, taking care to collect the flowers that fall of.
+When these clusters are not large, it would be well to preserve them
+in weak alcohol, and, in all cases, it should be used for branches to
+be put in the same jar with ripe fruits of the same plant.--3º
+Clusters of ripe fruits dried in the air and other fruits in alcohol.
+
+Those great marine plants, commonly known by the name of sea-weed,
+should be dried by hanging them in the shade, in the open air, without
+pressing them in paper; they should, afterwards, be put in paper bags,
+with a label of the place where they were collected and their color
+when fresh.
+
+They can be better prepared in Paris than in travelling, as they often
+require much care, unless the traveller is skilled in the art. Samples
+preserved in alcohol would be useful for anatomical researches.
+
+Before drying the small kind in the same manner in the open air, all
+the sea water should be pressed out, by squeezing them gently, and
+absorbing it with brown paper.
+
+The most of the other criptogamous plants, such as the fern, mosses,
+lichens, mushrooms large and small, are prepared in herbals as other
+vegetables.
+
+The only proper way to preserve the pulpy mushroom is alcohol, or
+wrapping them in flax or cotton; but a note or sketch should be made
+of their colors, for only their form and structure are thus preserved.
+Young specimens of these plants are preferable.
+
+However the collections we have spoken of are made, a label should be
+attached to each of the specimens indicating:
+
+1º The place where the plant was found, and if the place is little
+known, its position with relation to one that is;
+
+2º The time of the gathering of the specimens, whether in flower or
+fruit;
+
+3º The name the plant bears, taking care to have it repeated several
+times, and its meaning should be added, whenever it is known;
+
+4º The uses of the plant in domestic economy, the arts or medicine;
+
+5º The color of the different parts and particulary that of the
+flower, its odor, the consistence of the fruit, and the manner it
+opens, when ripe; in fine, all the phenomena relative to the plant;
+
+6º The size, direction and consistence of the plant. If it is a tree
+of some size, and if the traveller can sketch, it would be well to
+give a drawing of its form, especially for palms and other
+monocotyledons; common trees, if there is no sketch made or them, they
+may be compared to some of the best known trees in Europe;
+
+7º Numbers should be written on the separate samples of the fruits,
+seeds, flowers, or wood of the same plant, which form the parcel the
+traveller sends, as well as on the samples of the same plant that he
+keeps and on his catalogue or journal, so that he can afterwards give
+accurate information of the plants he sends. These numbers should not
+be repeated during the same tour, but should form a series, to avoid
+confusion.
+
+If the traveller can measure, or knows the height above the sea of the
+regions he travels over, he should add to the note relative to each
+plant a statement of the height where it was found; the exact height
+is not necessary. If he does not know the height, the omission can be
+partially remedied by the most remarkable and abundant vegetables that
+grow around[4].
+
+     [4] On mountains, each species of plants only grows to a
+     determined hight, trawellers can therefore notice the most
+     remarkable of them either by their shape, size or their
+     abundance, indicating them by their names or by figure; and
+     point-out by lines where these species cease growing adding a
+     certain number of zones and indicating the zone in which each
+     plant grows.
+
+Dry fruits should be sent in boxes with a label and number
+corresponding to that of the branch of the plant, in the herbal, to
+which they belong. All the dry fruits of too large size to be well
+preserved in herbals, should be collected separately, the ripest
+chosen, dried carefully and wrapped in paper. Those of palms,
+pandanus, zamia, conifers, proteacees, lecythidees, cucurbitacees, the
+leguminous family, the bignonias, bombacees, sterculiacees, especially
+deserve to be collected separately.
+
+Pulpous fruits should be sent in weak alcohol at 18° in acetic or
+pyro-liqueous acid dissolved in water, or in water saturated in marine
+salt, if these two first liquids can not be had, for the preservation
+of objects is much less certain and less perfect in this fluid. Each
+kind should be put in a separate jar and envelopped in cloth, flax or
+cotton, or if several kinds are put in the same jar, each kind should
+be put in separate bags with special labels.
+
+Among the pulpy fruits that deserve to be collected, we shall
+particulary point out those of several palms, many of the
+Bromiliacees, resembling the ananas, aroidees, sapotees, and
+Diospyrees; several annonacees, the pulpy-fruited Capparidees,
+Papayers, the soft-fruited Cucurbitacees, Guthifers, Aurantiees.
+
+It is desirable that flowers too delicate or too pulpy to be easily
+analysed when dry should be, also, sent in flasks of weak alcohol or
+acetic acid much weakened with water; such are those of the Orchides,
+Balisiers, Aroïdes, Asclepiades, and all other plants difficult to
+preserve in herbals. It is important to tie on the flask a label
+marked with the name of the plant, or at least, a number corresponding
+to that which bears in the herbal the sample of the plant to which the
+sample belongs. Labels on jars frequently falling off, it would be
+best to mark these jars with paint, or to put in each jar a bit of
+wood or parchment bearing the number, or a label written with crayon
+or ink, if the objects are in alcohol, or on thin pieces of lead
+marked with a knife. When several plants are put in the same jar, a
+label, thus marked, should be attached to each. Without this
+precaution, the collection is useless. Flowers of the different
+species should not be put in the same viol. If it is ever necessary, a
+label should be attached to each. Or they should be put in paper
+pasted together, with the necessary specifications on the envelope.
+
+If there is neither viol nor alcohol, the flowers may be dried in the
+air without pressing, and then folded in paper and labelled; care
+should be taken to put them up, so that there may be no danger of
+pressure.
+
+Entire specimens in flower and fruit of parasites with their roots and
+the root in which they are imbedded should be preserved in alcohol, or
+vinegar, or salt-water. Males and females of these plants, in which
+the sexes are generally separated, should be collected. These plants
+are generally remarkable for the absence of leaves, for their pulpy
+consistence and creeping character.
+
+Herbals and fruits, when perfectly dry, should be put in tin, or, at
+least, well painted boxes so as to be beyond the reach of mice or
+insects.
+
+Leaves of paper containing plants, should be well pressed together in
+packets and placed between two sheets of plain paper, before being put
+in boxes.
+
+In packing up, several samples may be placed between each leaf of
+paper, and the number of leaves placed between be lessened, if
+necessary; the packets should always be well pressed together. Any
+kind of paper is good for packing; bananas or any large-leafed plant
+can replace it; it is only necessary that the plants should be
+arranged with care, so as to give an equal thickness to the packets in
+all their parts.
+
+If there is time the specimens should be preserved by plunging the dry
+plant in an alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate (15 to 20
+grammes for a litre of alcohol at 36°), or to rub it with a pencil,
+then to dry it in a leaf of paper, which requires but a few instants.
+With this precaution, all the specimens sent may be preserved; and for
+not making use of it, several parcels of plants have arrived damaged
+by insects.
+
+If the plants are fumigated with sulphur, they will be preserved from
+insects for a long time.
+
+Among those sent, there will be many we have received before; but they
+will not be useless.
+
+Plants preserved in herbals, which we already possess, will be
+employed in forming special herbals for different countries, very
+useful for the study of botanical geography and to facilitate the
+researches of travellers, either by making exchanges, with foreign
+museums, or to enrich the principal museum of the departments.
+
+Besides, there are always objects that corrupt by time, which it is
+useful to renew.
+
+Collections of plants, from whatever country they come, have always a
+certain number of plants which the museum does not possess, or offers
+them in a different state from those we possess and so are always
+interesting, when well made; but there are countries little known,
+from which we desire to receive all that can be collected.
+
+The North-America: the Floridas and southern parts of Louisiana,
+Arkanzas and Texas, a great part of Mexico, particulary the northen
+part, as well as California, the southern part of Mexico, and the
+countries comprehended between that state and the isthmus of Panama;
+the great iles of the Antilles, Haïti, Cuba and Jamaïca, though
+formerly explored, are now scarcely represented in our herbals.
+
+Botany is already cultivated with success in many countries.
+Travellers can, sometimes, find herbals already collected; it would be
+useful to procure them, especially if they have but a short time to
+stay or even a single season, after assuring themselves that these
+herbals are made with care. This would be important, especially in
+countries where the flora has been treated by some resident botanist,
+and the kinds and species proper to these local floras should, if
+possible, be obtained.
+
+
+_Collections of wooden stalks or trunks of trees_.
+
+This collection should be made in a different manner, for the trunks
+of the _monocotyledons_ and ferns, and for those of the
+_dicotyledons_. For the first, such as the palms, vaquois or pandamas,
+the dracoena or dragoniers and the ferns in trees, etc. whose
+structure varies in height according to the age of the trees, it would
+be desirable to obtain grown and entire trunks, from the root to the
+top of the tree, when transportation can be affected without
+difficulty or expense. But when the size of the trunks and
+difficulties of transportation are so great that it can not be
+conveyed entire, it should be sent in three pieces of 50 centimetres
+each in length, taken, the first at the base with the roots, the
+second in the middle, and the third from the top with the first
+clusters of leaves. When the trunks are very large, damp and hard to
+dry, it is well, to quicken their drying, to split them lengthwise
+through the middle, but the two halves should always be sent and round
+pieces cut cross wise from 6 to 10 centimetres thick.
+
+For the dycotelodons vegetables one of the principal trunks or a
+perfectly healthy branch should be taken, and a portion of it 40 or 50
+centimetres long preserved; the size best suited for samples is from
+10 to 20 centimetres in diameter. Generally the age of the trunk or
+branch should be such as to have at the same time perfect wood and
+pulp; for the kinds of wood used for building, it is necessary that
+the samples should be taken from trunks large enough to give an idea
+of the physical qualities of the woods. The samples should be sent
+with the bark entire. If there is danger that they do not dry well and
+shrink, they should be sawed lengthwise, at some distance from the
+pith, so that it may remain perfect on one of the pieces, and even in
+that case, it is well to send, besides the two halves of wood sawed
+lengthwise, an entire round of from 5 to 6 centimetres thick.
+
+All these samples of trunks whether monocotyledons or dicotyledons,
+should not be boxed or sent off before they are perfectly dry. They
+should until then be kept as much as possible far from insects. It is
+indispensable to give interest to these samples of wood, to label them
+with numbers corresponding with samples of branches with leaves and
+flowers or fruits dried botanically, so that they can be determined
+with precision.
+
+These numbers should be written on the edge wood cut very plain,
+either with ink or black crayon, or, better, with paint. When the
+samples are few, they can be notched or marked with Roman characters
+cut deep in the wood. It is very important either in the catalogues or
+in the labels of the samples in the herbals to write the common names
+which the trees bear, in the country where the samples were gathered,
+as these names are more generally known for the great vegetables than
+for the little plants; and by this precaution new information can be
+more easily obtained concerning the trees.
+
+After having indicated the manner of making collections we shall now
+go on to particularise the vegetables whose trunks we especially
+desire to obtain.
+
+The collection of the museum is already rich in trunks of arborescent
+fern. Yet it possesses but very few of those which do not belong to
+the tribe of Cyathees, such as the Diplazium, Dicksonia, Lomaria,
+Angiopteris.
+
+Among the woods of the dicotyledonous trees, we shall place, in the
+first rank all the woods employed in the arts and particularly in
+cabinet-making and dying; woods which we receive only in the state in
+which commerce brings them to us and which it would be very
+interesting to have complete with their pith and bark and especially
+with a branch in flower or fruit preserved in herbal which facilitates
+the determination of their scientific appellation. With the exception
+of a small number of woods of Brazil, which we have received in this
+manner, we have every thing to ask in this respect from Brazil as well
+as from Guyana and the Antilles, and samples suited to clear up the
+history different sorts of cabinet woods, fron woods, pallissander,
+yellow woods, etc. would be of great interest. We shall cite, besides,
+the wood of the fig-tree sycomore of Egypt, employed by the ancient
+Egyptians, those of the Meliacees or Cedrelacees of India, that of the
+Flindersia of New Holland.
+
+Under the point of view of vegetable anatomy, the other trees, which
+do not furnish woods employed in the arts, are not less interesting,
+and all should be collected; but the branches need not be so large,
+say from 8 to 10 centimetres in diameter. The countries which have not
+yet added anything to the collection, and in which are to be found the
+objects that we want, are in the ancient continent, Arabia, Persia,
+but, above all, China, Cochinchina and the great isles of Asia; New
+Holland and Van Diemen's Land, whose vegetation is peculiar and from
+which we have as yet scarce a single sample of wood; Senegal, the Cape
+of Good Hope, Madagascar and Abyssinia: in the New Continent, Mexico
+and California, Peru, Colombia and the Magellan. In these different
+localities, should be procured not only specimens of wood from large
+trees, but the principal stalks of shrubs and of the great ligneous
+plants which never obtain the same size in our climate. But among the
+dicotyledonous vegetables there is none that merit the attention of
+naturalists as the creeping ligneous plants known as so much lianes.
+Almost all these plants present a remarkable structure, more or less
+anomalous, which may throw a light on the mode of increase and
+nourishment of vegetables. Samples of these fruits, collected by MM.
+Gaudichaud, Perrottet, Guillemin, Melinon, have already suggested
+valuable ideas. But there are yet many gaps to fill up, and persons
+living in warm countries could supply us with important documents, by
+collecting not only portions of all these plants but by sending pieces
+if the stalks of sufficient size taken from the foot of the oldest
+trees with the roots of younger trunks; young branches of from one to
+two years old and branches with leaves and flowers dried botanically.
+The essential point would be for each kind to have the succession of
+its different ages from the branches of the first year with their
+leaves, flowers and fruits up to the oldest trunks; and the samples
+should be easily gathered when the great trees are cut down in the
+forest, round which twine these parasites. The common names which they
+bear in their country should be marked with care both for the creepers
+and the trees as well as the virtues ascribed to them, and the uses to
+which they are applied. It is essential for most of the parasites,
+even when they are not of large size, and especially of those which
+contain much water, like the trunks of the Cissus, to cut directly
+pieces some centimetres thick, as their organisation is better
+preserved than that of the larger trunks.
+
+All the different pieces coming from one trunk should be labelled with
+the same number.
+
+
+_Production of vegetables._
+
+We comprehend under this designation all the parts of vegetables or
+products of the vegetable kingdom, which are of sufficient interest to
+merit collection; such as vegetable fibre employed in the fabrication
+of tissues or cordages; natural tissues coming from the preparation of
+the bark of trees; paper, made directly from certain plants; starches,
+with the starch prepared at the place where the plant grows, tubercles
+root, branches and seeds from which it is extracted; gums, sugars,
+resins, vegetable wax, and other concrete sugars elaborated by
+vegetables; dye stuffs; besides, roots, barks, leaves or fruit, used
+either in medicine or the industrial arts.
+
+It is essential, as much as possible, to join to these objects, with a
+label of the same number, a sample in a herbal of the plants which
+produce them; and to give the common name both of the plant and the
+stuff used, and the uses to which it is applied.
+
+Samples gathered with these precautions in the countries where these
+products are developed would be interesting even for the objects which
+generally arrive in Europe through commerce; for, in great number of
+cases, the origin of these stuffs is obscure, the distinction of their
+kind and different qualifies very difficult, and many of them are
+adulterated by falsifications or secondary preparations.
+
+It would be well to send a sufficient quantity of each of these stuffs
+for certain experiments which may be judged interesting; from one to
+two kilogrammes would generally be a suitable quantity.
+
+The stuffs that are liable to be attacked by insects should by placed,
+well dried, in boxes, bottles or earthern jars perfectly sealed.
+
+_Specimens relating to vegetable anatomy and physiology._--Many
+objects useful for extending the study of these branches of botany are
+comprehended in the collections of trunks, fruits and dried plants
+which we have already particularised; we recommend here, under this
+special tittle, the collection of samples which would show the
+deviation from the usual structure of vegetables, or those which must
+be preserved in a particular manner in order to be submitted to
+observation. Such are:
+
+1º The results of experiments tried, frequently, for a different end,
+on vegetables which do not grow in Europe--
+
+Thus trunks of the palm trees on which are made notches or
+perforations to extract the sweet sap that oozes from them.
+
+The trunks of Dragoniers (Drocoena) on which should have been
+practised these punctures for a time more or less remote.
+
+Examples of punctures more or less entirely grown over on the trees
+whose wood is very different from that of indigenous trees, such as
+the very soft woods of Baobab, the Papayers, and on the very hard
+woods as iron wood, ebon, etc.
+
+2º The excrescences and other anomalies of the developement of these
+woods, by knowing exactly the tree on which they have been observed or
+gathered.
+
+3º The parasitical plants inserted on the trunks or roots, which bear
+them, such as the loranthus, viscum, and other parasites on the
+branches, the Rafflesia hyduora, balanophara on the roots; these
+samples, showing the parasitical plants still fixed on a portion of
+the plant which nourishes them, ought to be preserved dry for the
+ligneous species, in alcohol, for the herbaceous or pulpy species.
+
+4º Monstruosities or anomalies of structure of flowers or exotic
+fruits, preserved in alcohol.
+
+_Fossil vegetables._--The collections of this kind at the museum (for
+several years) have greatly increased, and the researches of
+travellers and correspondents of the establishments will soon give
+them still more importance. Up to this present time, these collections
+comprehend, almost entirely, the fossil vegetables of Europe; yet it
+is known that the soils that produce them are found in the most remote
+parts of the world, and the comparison of fossils coming from great
+distance would be of great interest for geological theories. Thus,
+coal-land, so rich in fossil plants in Europe, is excavated at a great
+number of points in North America, in the East Indies, in China, and
+New-Holland, and is found, without doubt, in other places; the mines
+of the United States have been worked with care for the fossils which
+they contain, and have already supplied our galleries with numerous
+specimens.
+
+It must not be forgotten that to classify exactly these fossils
+considerable number of specimens is frequently necessary and that a
+collection of the varieties found together in the same soil is often
+one of the most important results; that consequently, especially in
+distant localities, the greatest number of specimens possible should
+be collected and sent.
+
+Specimens should especially be procured which present the stamps of
+leaves entire and perfectly marked, the trunks which show still the
+carbonised bark which covered them, and the impression of the
+insertions of the leaves that it bore, besides characterised fruits,
+such as those analogous to the cones of the pines, the fruits of the
+palm trees, etc.
+
+Coal-land, although more rich, in general, than any other in vegetable
+fossils, is not the only one which contains them; the secondary
+formation, and the tertiary present also numerous impressions of
+leaves, of branches, of flowers even and of fruits, whose succession
+at different epochs of formation, and comparative structure in various
+countries of the world is not less interesting. Their acquisitions
+cannot be too strongly recommended; but it is necessary, as much as
+possible, to join to these fossils, the animal fossils which may
+accompany them, which will better tend to determine the epoch of the
+formation of the deposit which contains them.
+
+There is still another class of vegetable fossils which, in later
+times, has acquired more importance than has been given to them
+before; they are petrified woods which by a new process of
+preparation, permit to study their interior organisation, and to
+compare them to living woods; these woods are found in the deposits of
+every epoch, and in countries the farthest separated. They belong to
+families and classes very different; thus their examination is very
+important. It should be recommended to persons, who encounter them, to
+collect them with great care, in choosing pieces which appear to
+differ, not so much by their exterior form as by their interior
+structure.
+
+It is not necessary to send large samples of the characteristics which
+distinguish them as regards their interior structure and especially
+for the dicotyledonous woods with concentric layers; it is best, on
+the contrary, to break them neatly with the hammer and to reduce them
+about 1 decimetre cube. The only large pieces which ought to be
+preserved are those of the monocotyledons, which as the woods of palms
+and the woods which would be analogous to the trunks of the tree
+ferns, for there it is necessary, as much as possible, to have the
+trunk entire from the centre to the surface and in length of 2 to 3
+decimetres. Among places where the most remarkable and varied fossil
+woods have been found, we would cite the little Antilles, above all
+Antigua, Saint-Lucy and the Martinique. The museum possesses but few
+specimens from these places.
+
+All the specimens of fossil plants, which may be addressed to the
+museum, should be wrapped with care, in two or three papers; those
+which have delicate impressions should be covered in their face with
+cotton or lint, above all if the rock or stone is tender; if the
+samples are thin and fragile, as often arrives with impressions upon
+slates, they should be placed in separate boxes. The boxes should be
+proportionate to the size of the samples, so as to be filled compactly
+that they may not be shaken in transportation; fossil should not be
+put in the same case whith dried plants or glass cases. Without these
+precautions the samples would rub and the impressions be effaced.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+ZOOLOGY.
+
+
+_Zoophytes, Worms and Moluscs._--The sea is peopled by an infinity of
+animals soft or gelatinous grouped as moluscs, worms or zoophytes, of
+which some live isolated, others in society. The greatest part of
+these animals are unknown, and their study is very important, as they
+give us general notions on the organisation of beings and on the
+diversity of forms under which living nature shows herself.
+
+Surgeons and amateurs of natural history travelling on board ships
+might procure us a great number of these curious animals.
+
+It is sufficient to take them with a net, to wash them well in warm
+water, to put them in alcohol with the precautions that we shall point
+out, and to prepare a note which indicates the latitude of the place
+where they are taken, if they live solitary or in society, if they are
+phosphorescent, if they inhabit a certain depth or the surface of the
+sea. The colors of gelatinous animals not keeping well in liquor, it
+is very important to mention them.
+
+Rocks, sea weed, the bottom of the sea are covered with shells of a
+gelatinous or flesh-look aspect of very bright colors, that may be
+mistaken for lifeless bodies; yet they are formed by the aggregation
+of a crowd of little microscopic animals, whose organisation is very
+varied; care should be taken to remove them with the blade of a knife,
+and these beds, not generally very thick, should be plunged in spirits
+of wine, taking care to note their color, which quickly disappears.
+
+It would be useful to collect numerous sponges, and to preserve them
+in alcohol.
+
+There exist, in the depths of the sea, a multitude of animals which do
+not appear on the surface, and which are entirely unknown. They are
+obtained with the drag; frequent use should be made of the drag from
+several fathoms up to the greatest depths; that is as far as 150
+fathoms.
+
+Not less care should be taken to collect the land shells as those of
+the sea. Fossil shells are likewise of great interest.
+
+Very frail shells, oursins, sea-stars, etc., should be wrapped in
+cotton and placed, each one apart in a box. It would be well to wash
+in chalk water oursins and sea-stars; the greatest number possible of
+these animals should be preserved in spirits of wine, taking care to
+surround them with thread, or even fine linen or cotton, and,
+afterwards, wound with thicker linen or several turns of thread, so as
+to hinder the points or spines from falling. The madrepores of a
+certain volume should be fixed by wire to the bottom of the box in
+which they are placed, but these frail substances would arrive in
+better order, if each specimen was placed in a box apart.
+
+The shell-fish should be placed in alcohol. The outer shell, when it
+is spiral, should be broken at the upper part, and at several points
+of the spire, to let the liquor run in, so that the whole animal may
+be preserved; it is possible, following this indication, to have
+shell-fish in such order, that they may be dissected, even after being
+a very long time in the collections.
+
+In calm or gentle breezes, it is well to have ready a gauze net to
+seize the sea molluscs, whose number is considerable. They should be
+watched and drawn several times a night, for it is probable that the
+spirule will be found at the surface of the water. Fishes should be
+opened to find this same spirule which is doubtless caught by them;
+the other Cephalopodes are not less numerous or less curious to study.
+
+There is a class of being called marine worms or Annelides, of which
+but a few kinds are known, because little pains have been taken to
+collect them; these animals frequent generally the shores of the sea,
+a great number live in the interstices of madrepores, several make
+deep holes in the sand or in the mud. With spades and hammers they
+could be easily procured; it would be necessary to preserve them in
+alcohol, as the greatest part of these kinds make themselves sheaths,
+it would be well to collect them and put them in spirits of wine.
+Ordinarily these animals quickly change color; it would be well to
+note their color; it would be always well to do this for the leeches,
+whose colors disappear as soon as they are dead. The attention of
+naturalists should be directed towards the lombrics or earth-worms.
+These animals could be sent us alive as well as all the land molluscs,
+by sending them in closed boxes containing a little earth or damp
+moss.
+
+It would be well to look for the entozoaires or helminthes of
+different animals and send them, declaring at the same time the animal
+and viscera whence the worm is extracted.
+
+_Articulated animals._--Articulated animals (viz. insects, spiders,
+crustacees, etc.), compose the principal family of the animal kingdom;
+collections made in distant countries include generally a considerable
+proportion of new-varieties and the capture, preservation and
+transport of these little beings offer no serious difficulties. We
+recommend in a special manner to the attention of travellers
+enthomological researches; undertaken with zeal and intelligence, even
+by a person who is not a naturalist, they can not fail of being useful
+to science and important for the museum. In this, as in the other
+branches of zoology, it is not only the large and brilliant kinds
+which are more valued by the naturalist; generally it is, on the
+contrary, among the small insects or those of plain colors that the
+more novel forms are found; for collectors have ordinarily neglected
+them, and even in the best explored regions (in the environs of Paris,
+for example) are discovered varieties which, till now, have escaped
+attention. As for the manner of forming these collections and the
+particular indications relative to the classes into which is divided
+this vast division of the animal kingdom, and, consequently, we shall
+give to each of these groups a separate article.
+
+_Insects._--What we have said of articulated animals in general, is
+particularly applicable to insects, whose number is immense, and whose
+forms vary beyond all imagination. The kinds differ extremely from one
+country to another, often even from one locality to another, and it is
+rare to find perfect identity between insects which inhabit different
+regions, though often, at the first glance, no difference can be
+detected between them; besides, there is no point on the globe, where
+the enthomologic Faun is completly known, and although our museum has
+about eighty thousand kinds, our galleries do not include half that
+are seen in looking through the different collections of Europe. It
+results that, in all countries, travellers who occupy themselves with
+enthomology, can render themselves useful to the museum, and, in
+distant countries, they should not neglect collecting all the insects
+they find, even when the kinds do not appear to differ in anything
+from those found every day at home. There are some parts of the globe,
+which, enthomologically, deserve to fix the attention of the
+collecter, either by reason of their extraordinary richness or on
+account of the small number of parcels yet sent to the museum. Such
+are: the west part of Africa, from the gulf of Beninso the cape of
+good Hope; the Birman Empire, Assan, and even the interior of India,
+whence the English enthomologist receive so many remarkable varieties;
+Borneo, the Phillipines and the neighbouring isles; the western and
+northern part of Australia; the west coast of North America, from
+Mexico to Behring's strait, and the great basins of the Amazon.
+
+In general entomologists content themselves with collecting insects
+without studying the manners and mode of life of these animals; yet
+they thus fulfill but a part of their duty, for it is necessary for
+the progress of science to have exact notions on this subject. Thus,
+it is well to indicate, whenever it is possible, not only the locality
+where the insect is found, but, besides, the nature of the locality,
+the names of the plants on which the variety is found, and all the
+particulars relative to its manner of life. It would be interesting to
+have samples of the products of the industry of these little beings,
+the nest of bees and ants, the combs of wild bees, cocoons, etc. The
+stuffs supplied by insects and used in the arts, are equally important
+to collect and study with regard to their mode of production. Besides,
+we shall call the attention of travellers to the alteration made by
+insects in the plants they inhabit, the manner many of them pierce the
+bark of trees or even the wood, eat or roll the leaves, or cause in
+them, by their stings escrescences, etc. Specimens of these
+alterations would be of great interest to enthomology, especially when
+united with the insect that occasions them.
+
+We urge travellers, likewise, to look for cheniles and the other
+larvæ, and to preserve some of them alive, in order to obtain a
+perfect insect, or, at least, a crysalis. Larvæ whose origin is
+unknown would be of scarce any interest to the museum, while a
+collection in which each larvæ is united whith the perfect insect
+would be of great interest.
+
+Besides the insects that live as parasites on other animals should not
+be neglected.
+
+Insects are easily caught and need few instruments. The best way to
+take a great number of these animals at a time is to throw quickly on
+the plants of the meadows and lawns a cloth sack whose mouth is
+attached to a circle of iron, fixed at the end of a stick. By
+directing this instrument alternatively right and left, even the
+fleetest insect cannot get out, and all those that are caught by its
+movement, are driven to the bottom of the sack; they should be taken
+out one by one, either with the hand or pincers, and pierced
+immediately with a pin proportioned to the size of the animal. The
+coleopters should be pierced on the right wing (clytze), the
+hymenopters, dipters and lepidopters in the middle of the waist, the
+orthopters and nevropters a little behind, between the base of the
+wings.
+
+For the small kinds, it is better not to fix them in this manner, and
+to preserve those whose shell is hard enough, the coleopters and the
+most part of hemipters, for example, it is sufficient to place them in
+little bottles or in flacks full of rolls of paper (or even cotton, if
+paper is wanting). This way is even applicable to the great kinds and
+should be employed when there is not time to impale with care the
+insects that are caught. The small kinds with soft shells should be
+preserved in alcohol for drying frequently deforms them to such a
+degree that they cannot be recognised. It is, also, in this liquor
+that the caterpillars should be preserved, as well as other larvæ, and
+it would be well to place with them a certain number of dried insects
+so that a part might be taken for anatomical researches.
+
+Butterflies are taken by the aid of a gauze net or pocket. The insects
+are found chiefly in fields whose flowrs abound and on the leaves of
+trees; but they must be sought too in dark places, for, during the
+day, the night kinds are here asleep upon walls or the bark of trees.
+With a little skill, they can be pierced without seizing them before
+hand, and if there is fear of missing them thus, they should be
+covered whith the gauze pinews, through which the pin can be passed.
+When the air is calm and the night obscure, they can be easily taken
+by means of torches, for it is sufficient to place a light in a low
+and open place to attract a multitude of phalenes and other nocturnal
+insects. But to have handsome lepidopters, it is best to obtain
+caterpillars, feed them with the leaves of the plant on which they are
+found, and pierce the butterfly as soon as he has undergone his
+change, for the specimens caught in their flight are rarely fresh.
+
+For the coleopters, it is not sufficient to beat the bushes and
+herbaceous plants, these insects should, also, be sought under the
+bark of trees, in the interior of mushrooms, under the stones and even
+in the soil: for this, it is well to be provided with a paring-knife,
+an instrument which is much like a carpenter's chisel, but which is
+slightly curved, and ends in a kind of pointed spatula.
+
+Aquatic insects are taken by the help of a net like that used for
+insects of the air, but whose bag should be of canvass instead of
+cloth. In fine, to catch the hymenopters, whose sting is often
+formidable, it is necessary to have a pincers whose prongs are
+disposed like rackets and armed with coarse lace.
+
+The preservation of insects that have been pierced requires some care;
+to prevent the lepidopters from injuring their wings in struggling, it
+is well, directly they are caught, to press the throat down; but,
+generally, it is necessary, on returning from the chase to kill
+quickly all the insects that have been caught, and, to attain this
+end, the best way is to place them dry in a tumbler surrounded with
+boiling water, for a high temperature kills them in a few minutes. The
+boxes designed for the reception of entomologic specimens should be of
+light wood, and, at least, two inches and a half deep; the bottom
+should be lined with cork or some other very soft vegetable substance
+and the pins should be pressed in as much as possible. When the
+insects are large, it is necessary, besides, to fix them by means of
+several pins placed around; for if one of them gets loose, he not only
+injures humself, but likewise damages all those whom he jostles. As
+soon as a box is full, and the insects dry enough, it should be shut
+and pasted with bands of paper on all the joints; but in warm
+countries, where destructive insects abound, this precaution is not
+sufficient; the boxes should, besides, be placed in a tin chest
+soldered on all sides.
+
+_Arachnides._--Animal of this class are less numerous than insects,
+but they merit the attention of travellers; certain kinds live in the
+water, but the greatest part are land animals, and live in shrubs or
+in holes, either in old walls, or in the ground. The industry that
+many spiders display in the construction of their dwelling or the
+snares designed to catch their prey, is very remarkable: the nests of
+the mygales, for example, is very curious. It would be interesting to
+have a collection of threads spun by exotic spiders, and the
+preservation of these delicate tissues is easy enough, if they are
+spread out on a leaf of paper dipped in gum-water. It is perhaps
+superfluous to add that those specimens would have little value,
+unless each one is accompanied by the spider that belongs to it. In
+fine, we will point out to travellers the kinds reputed venemous, and
+those which live as parasites on other animals.
+
+The preservation of the arachnides offer some difficulties; in drying,
+those animals lose their shape, and in alcohol, their colors; so it is
+necessary, as much as possible, to preserve specimens of the same kind
+by both these processes, and to take care to number them so that they
+may be easily identified.
+
+_Crustacees._--These animals are almost all aquatic and the greatest
+part in the seas. Crabs are found generally near the shore in the
+hollows of the rocks and under the stones; but there are kinds which
+hide in the sand or which live at great depths; some live entirely in
+the sea. It is the same for the decapodes macroures, such as the
+langoustes and the salicoes; and it is generally by the aid of drags
+and nets that they are taken; but a more successful way of fishing is
+to sink to the bottom an open case, a kind of basket whose mouth is in
+the form of a reversed cone; some carrion placed in the interior of
+this snare attracts the crabs, and when once in they cannot get out.
+
+The small kinds of crevettines are found, in great abundance, in the
+midst of the sea-weed; and to catch them, it is necessary to place a
+certain quantity of marine plants in a vase full of sea-water: the
+little animals that are in it quickly exhaust the oxygen dissolved in
+this liquid and they rise to the surface where it is easy to take them
+with a spoon.
+
+Other crustacees of small size are found in the deep sea and are taken
+in nets like the sea mollusques. Besides, there exist a great number
+of these animals, who live as parasits on fish (about the gills
+especially), and by a collection of them science would be enriched by
+a multitude of new and curious specific form. Until now travellers
+have almost entirely neglected the little crustacees of the order of
+the entomostracees, which are found in fresh water; and it is
+desirable that they should be collected in all localities.
+
+The best means of preservation of the crustaces is to plunge them in
+alcohol from 20 to 25°, after having wrapped them in linen or leaves.
+The large kinds shall be dried, by taking care first to take out the
+viscera that are under the shell; but the crustacees preserved in this
+manner are extremely fragile and it is rare to preserve them entire.
+
+_Fish and reptiles._--Although among sea fish there are several kinds
+which are found in different coasts, the greatest number inhabit
+particular shores and gulfs. It would be useful then to send those
+that are found in countries not yet visited by naturalists and even
+the common market fish.
+
+As for the fresh-water fish, they differ, not only according to the
+country, but according to the rivers and lakes where they live. It
+would be well to send all that can be found.
+
+Generally, any fish brought from a foreign market, with the name that
+it bears in the country, would be an acquisition interesting for
+science.
+
+They should be put in alcohol, or, if too large, only the skin well
+dried, taking care to preserve the head, teeth and fins. It is
+essential that the fins should be stretched out in order to dry them
+well. For this they should be glued on paper.
+
+Reptiles should also be put in alcohol, even if their great size only
+permits thus to preserve the skin, which is much better than to send
+it dried. In skinning snakes, it is necessary to leave the head, and
+to take care not to injure the scales. Great care should be taken too
+not to break the tails of lizards.
+
+It should be desirable to send the skeletons of fish and reptiles too
+large to be sent in spirits.
+
+These skeletons need not be perfect. It is sufficient to take of the
+flesh, and, afterwards, to dry perfectly, without taking them to
+pieces. The whole skeleton should be placed in a box with cotton or
+with very dry and fine sand. If it is too long, it could be separated
+into two or three parts.
+
+The following indications will point out the reptiles which, in the
+present state of science, would offer the greatest interest for the
+collections of the museum.
+
+   _North America_--_Testudo polyphemus_ or Gopher.
+   _Cistudo Blandingii_, Holbrook.
+   _Emys rubridentris_, Leconte.
+   _Emys floridaua_,     id.
+   _Emys mobylensis_, Holbrook.
+   _Emys insculpta_, Leconte.
+   _Emys aregoniensis_, Halbrook.
+   _Emys hyeroglyphiea_, Holbrook.
+   _Emys cumberlandensis_, id.
+   _Emys conciuna_, Leconte.
+   _Emys troostii_, Holbrook.
+   _Emysaura serpentina_, Dum. Bib. (large ones).
+   _Chlonura temminckii_, Holbrook (young and grown).
+   _Trionyx muticus_, (large ones).
+   _Trionyx spiniferus_, (large ones).
+
+As much as possible some living specimens of each of these kinds, as
+well as of all the other chelonians; these reptiles, whose flesh is
+eaten, abound in the markets of the United States.
+
+_Rana mugiens_ or Bull-frog; (living subjects).
+
+All the small kinds of lizards and serpents and all the batraciens
+urodeles, with persisting gills.
+
+Rattle snakes from the south which differ from those of the north (in
+alcohol).
+
+We have nothing or almost nothing in reptile from the Californio,
+Yutacan and Guatemala; _boas_, the _crested basilic_ and the _horrible
+heloderme_, a great lizard with tuberculiform scales, should be sent
+us.
+
+_Antilles._--Cuba nourrishes a prodigious quantity of reptiles which
+are entirely unknown to us.
+
+The museum possesses only some kinds of this class of vertebres from
+Jamaïca.
+
+_Birds and mammiferes._--The study of zoology in the Museum of natural
+history is not confined to the observation of the forms of animals, to
+the description of their organs; it proposes, besides, to examine
+their habits, their development, their instinct, and to see if they
+can be of any use. Formerly, nothing could be learnt of these
+essential objects but by the relations of travellers. Establishments
+formed at great expense by princes or rich amateurs to collect and
+take care of rare animals, were rather objects of luxury and curiosity
+than an object of study. But since we have had a menagerie at the
+museum, a new career of observation is open to naturalists. There,
+animals can be followed in all degrees of their developments, and
+their manner of living can be compared with their organisation, that
+anatomy discovers after death; positive knowledge, acquired on the so
+important phenomena of copulation, gestation, birth; the varieties
+which depend on age distinguished from those which are produced by
+climate, nourishment, by crossing races, and the difference determined
+which really exists between species. If these animals are of a nature
+to render services to domestic economy or agriculture, and if they
+breed there are the means to raise and domesticate them, and, so, to
+procure new resources. The Vigogne, the Lama, the Alpaca, the Tapir,
+the kanguroo, the Casoar and many others, will pershaps one day be
+very useful.
+
+Considered with relation to science, there are few animals strangers
+to Europe which are not useful as a study. The history of the greatest
+part of them is yet very incomplete. That of the lion was not well
+known until after the lionness of the menagerie had whelps; it is also
+since two elephants have died ad the menagerie of the museum that an
+exact knowledge of the anatomy of this great quadruped has been
+acquired.
+
+Travellers cannot be too strongly recommended to neglect nothing in
+order to send animals to us when they have it in their power to find
+them living.
+
+The small quadrupeds, chiefly those that burrow and hide themselves in
+the ground are the least known. The bat tribe are still less so, and
+merit not less the attention and care of travellers.
+
+Animals can easily be procured by applying to the natives of the
+country who know where they are to be found and frequently meet them.
+They can take them in snares and bring them in alive. It will not be
+more difficult for them to take in their early youth the quadrupeds
+whose lurking-places they know, and birds whose nets they have seen.
+
+The younger the animals are, the easier it is to accustom them to live
+in cages. They will require, at first, particular care; it will be
+well to feed them for some weeks on shore before shipment, and too
+much pain cannot be taken to tame them. An animal that is not
+frightened at the sight of those who take care of him, is always in
+better health and resists more easily the fatigues of a sea-voyage
+than one who remains wild, and there is scarce any animal that does
+not yield to kind treatment.
+
+Nourishment in excess, when they are shut up, and without the power of
+taking exercise, would be injurious. The surest way of keeping them is
+merely to give them what is necessary.
+
+After a suitable nourishment, cleanliness is most necessary to them.
+Often, on shipboard, some one would be found who will take care of
+them, either for amusement or a slight remuneration. It is essential
+to take precautions to prevent the animals being teased and irritated
+by passengers.
+
+As there are always difficulties in the transportation of living
+animals, there is an easier way whose results are more extended; that
+is the spoils of dead animals.
+
+Quadrupeds can be procured either by sending hunters in the interior
+of the country, or by applying to the natives of the country.
+
+They will content themselves with bringing the skin, the bony head and
+feet of the great animals that they have killed in places too remote
+to be preserved or transported entire.
+
+The mammifers of a size small enough to be enclosed in a jar or cask,
+should be put in alcohol. Those that are too large to preserve in this
+manner should be skinned, and care should be taken to send with the
+skin the feet and head, with the brain taken out, or if that cannot be
+done, the jaws, at least, should be sent. In preparing the head, care
+should be taken not to damage the skull. The brain can be extracted
+with care without increasing the occipital hole.
+
+We shall speak, further on, of the means to be employed and the
+precautions to be taken for the preservation of the skins and for that
+of animals placed in alchool.
+
+When the skeleton of the animals can be joined to the skin, a great
+service will be rendered to science. The officers can entrust with
+this care the surgeons of the ships, for whom this operation will be
+easy.
+
+It is not necessary that the skeletons should be set up. After having
+boiled the bones, taken of the flesh and dried them well, all those of
+the same animal should be put in a cloth-sack with moss, sea-weed,
+rolls of paper, or some other soft and dry matter that they may not
+rub one agains the other. Those that are very frail should be
+enveloped with paper and care should be taken not to lose any.
+
+Hunters ought to take care to proportion their shot to the size of the
+birds, so as not to injure them. As soon as a bird is killed, the
+blood should be staunched as soon as possible, and a little cotton
+placed in the bill and nostrils of the bird, so that the blood that
+comes out may not injure the feathers, especially those of the head.
+If blood has been spilt on the feathers, dust should be put on them
+and renewed until they are dry; they can be made bright by rubbing
+them lightly between the fingers. After the bird is cold and the blood
+coagulated, it should be taken by the claws and tail, to place it in a
+bein of paper; these beins are arranged in a box, so that the feathers
+may not rub.
+
+Birds should be skinned like quadrupeds, and care should be taken to
+preserve with the same precautions the bills and heads. Birds should
+be skinned more promptly than quadrupeds, because as soon as
+putrefactions begins, the feathers fall off. In opening the skin on
+the belly, care should be taken to separate the feathers _so that they
+be not injured_. Plaster or dust should always be put on the skin, in
+order to thoroughly absorb the moisture. The coccygis should be left
+with the skin; without this, the feathers of the tail are in danger of
+falling off. It will be the same with the bones of the extremities of
+the wings. If the bird has a fleshy crest, the head should be
+preserved in alcohol. When there are several specimens of the same
+class, it will always be useful to send one in this liquor.
+
+It is desirable to procure, at the same time, the male and female, and
+specimens of the same kind, some young, others old, birds differing
+much according to their age. It is well to have also the eggs and
+nests. To preserve the eggs, a little hole is made at both ends, they
+are emptied and packed in bran or very fine dust. Care should be taken
+to indicate by numbers corresponding to those of the skin that laid
+them. Without this, these sorts of collections are useless. The same
+precaution should be taken with the nests, which should always be
+packed in a different box from the eggs.
+
+The skeleton of birds too large to be put in liquor should be sent, if
+possible.
+
+It is useless to stuff birds. They take up too much room; and this
+operation, which can only be well done by experienced persons, it is
+better to postpone till they arrive at the place of their destination.
+It is enough that the skins be prepared and well preserved.
+
+After having pointed out, in a general manner, what would enrich our
+collections, we think it necessary to specify the animals, whose
+existence is known, which the museum is without, or has not in good
+order, or desires to procure.
+
+_North America_.--All the mammiferes which resemble our mole preserved
+in alcohol.
+
+   The grizzly bear of the mountains; grown and young.
+   The empetra and all the marmots, especially the small kinds.
+   The different kinds of condylures.
+   The saccomys.
+   The kinds _pseudostoma_ and _diplostoma_ of American naturalists.
+   The bearich porcupine, hedge-hog.
+   The lemming of Hudson's bay.
+   The wolf and carnivorous animals of the same region.
+   The antelope of the rocky mountains.
+   The mountain sheep.
+   The different kinds of foxes.
+   The ovibos or musk ox, an animal yet scarcely known in Europe.
+
+
+Labelling and packing collections.
+
+It is desirable that each one of the animals sent as skin, skeleton,
+or in alcohol, should be accompanied by a note which indicates with
+precision:
+
+   The country where the animals is found;
+   Upon what it lives;
+   Its habits, if they are known;
+   Its common name;
+   If it is useful or otherwise;
+   The uses of its skins, flesh, grease, etc.;
+   Popular and superstitions opinions concerning it among the native of
+   the country;
+   Its sex and age, if these are known;
+   The season in which it has been taken.
+
+These notes written in a little note-book should have each a number
+corresponding to that attached to the objects to which they relate.
+
+That there may be no confusion with regard to the place where the
+objects and notes are deposited, it would be for the person who sends
+them to verify all the numbers and arrange them in such a manner that
+they form a series, so that it may be certain that such a butterfly
+belongs to such a crysalis, such a shell-fish to such a shell. These
+numbers shoul be written on parchment or squares of lead, attached
+with strong thread, either to skins inclosed in boxes or to jars or
+casks containing animals. It is easy to have the numbers distinctly
+marked on bits of lead; then they will be no uncertainly about the
+characters.
+
+Thin pieces of tin can also be used with the numbers engraved with a
+steel-point and these can be attached to animals immersed in alcohol.
+
+A little cord with knots should be attached to objects thus preserved
+and to those which are in bones and very dry. These knots form two
+series separated by an interval; the first series marks the 10th, the
+second, the units; by this means any number can be specified. We even
+know by experience that the same of an object written with ink on a
+piece of parchment can be attached with a thread; alcohol does not
+alter it.
+
+We have now to speak of the means of packing the objects of zoology,
+so that they may arrive in France in a better state of preservation.
+
+Objects sent are either parts of animals, or entire animals preserved
+in alchool.
+
+The skins of animals and birds may be attacked by Dermestes and other
+analogous insects, in warm countries especially, unless great care is
+taken to prevent it.
+
+The surest means is to use the arsenic preservative known by the name
+of Becoeur's soap.
+
+This is the preservative employed in the museum and its success is
+certain. It is well to use it especially for rare and precious
+specimens, about whose preservation there is any cause of anxiety. It
+is wise to plaster the skins of birds with it, especially the claws
+and bill.
+
+It is well, likewise, to plaster the naked parts of quadrupeds, such
+as the face and hands of apes.
+
+Each bird or quadruped of small or middling size, thus prepared, and
+in the inside of which a little cotton is put, not to give it a form,
+but that the different parts of the skin need not touch, should be
+placed in a sack or enveloped in paper well closed, and these sacks
+should be ranged in a box, which should be well pointed, so that not
+only dampness but even air may be excluded.
+
+The skins of large animals, too thick to be preserved by means of
+arsenical soap, should be rubbed whith salt. The skin of the animal
+should be stretched, covered carefully with salt within and without,
+and when, after several days it is sufficiently saturated, it should
+be folded with the epiderm inside, and put in a box, or simply wrapped
+in cloth, straw or any other dry substance, and keept as much as
+possible beyond the reach of dampness.
+
+The means that we have pointed out are simple, easy and require little
+time.
+
+We come now to the way of preserving animals in alcohol.
+
+If they are quadrupeds, birds, reptiles or fish of considerable size,
+each specimen should be wrapped in linen tied round the body with
+thread; if the animals are very small like mice, small vipers,
+shell-fish or worms, the linen should be large; a certain number of
+these animals are placed upon it so that they do not touch; then the
+linen is rolled upon it self, so as to make a doll sowed with thread,
+that it may not unwind; afterwards, place the bundles side by side in
+a cask. When the cask is full, so that the bundles are packed close,
+it should be filled with brandy, rum or whiskey; generally some strong
+liquor; afterwards it should be pitched with care, so that the liquor
+may not escape. This method has two advantages: 1º animals wrapped in
+linen cannot tear each other with their nails or spines; 2º the linen
+having imbibed the alcohol, if the cask leakes, the animal will not be
+entirely dry; and when the casks are opened, as they should be several
+times on a long voyage, there be an opportunity of filling them again
+with alcohol.
+
+The spirituous liquor be from 16 to 22° of the areometer of Baumé;
+stronger, it destroys the colors of animals; it is used at 22° only
+for mammifers. All spirituous liquor are equally good. The color less
+are preferable.
+
+Before wrapping vertebrated animals in cloth, an incision should be
+made in the breast and abdomen, to let the liquor run in the inside of
+the body. The opening should be very small, in the side, and not in
+the middle. If the mammifers are large, it is well to pour the alchool
+in the intestinal canal, either by the mouth or anus.
+
+It is well to renew the liquor, after the animal has remained in it
+some time: this precaution is absolutely necessary, when there is
+several animals in the cask; if it is neglected, they may corrupt.
+
+It is well to arrange the animals so that they may not touch the
+bottom of the cask.
+
+
+
+
+INSTRUCTION
+
+RELATIVE
+
+TO ZOOLOGY AN ANTHROPOLOGY
+
+By M. ISIDORE GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE.
+
+
+_Generation of the Pouch-Animals._--Mexico and expecially Brazil
+produce, as it is known, several varieties of the Marsupial Mammifers,
+all the family of the Didelphides, but some, such as the Didelphes,
+provided with a true pouch, other, such as the Micoures and the
+Hermiures, without pouch properly so called, doubtless it will be
+possible to procure live specimens of both sexes. We cannot too
+strongly urge the naturalist to neglect nothing to clear up the
+mystery, yet but partially penetrated, of the manner these mammifers
+reproduce kind. We are far indeed, from the period, when it was
+believed that the animals were formed at the dugs of their dams. The
+labors of Hunter, Home, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire de Blainville and other
+observers, have long since removed from science this inadmissible
+anomaly; some years ago, M. Owen, having the fortunate opportunity of
+examining the uterus of a female Kanguroo, that died in bringing
+forth, and of dissecting the embryo it contained has developped
+several facts of great interest.
+
+But the intra-uterine gestation of the marsupials, and the second
+singular gestation peculiar to them, still remain new and important
+subjects of study for anatomy and comparative physiology. Animals or
+parts of animals sent in alcohol from America, the Indian Archipelago,
+or New-Holland, some cases of reproduction occuring in Paris and
+London, such are the imperfect elements which the French and English
+physiologists possess; their efforts to procure a certain number of
+specimens have always been unsuccessful. This determined Geoffroy
+Saint-Hilaire to draw up in 1824, and the administration of the museum
+to send to all the countries where the Marsupials are found, detailed
+information on the state of the question at that time, and of the
+researches imperiously required by the wants of science from observers
+in those regions.
+
+1º If learned naturalists could send a series, so that the evolution
+of the ovula, the embryo, and the egg could be studied from its
+fecundation to its discharge from the uterus, they would thus supply
+Zootomists with all the elements of the great work we have just
+pointed out.
+
+2º To observe with care the circumstances of the passage of the foetus
+to the vagina of the pouch.
+
+3º To describe in the most accurate manner the way the foetus clings
+to the teat. They should determine this by observations of several
+specimens of different ages, and repeat, if possible, on the
+Didelphides, the curious experiments made by Collie and Morgan on the
+mammary foetus of a Marsurpial of an entirely different family.
+
+4º To determine exactly and analyse the liquids contained in the
+breasts of the dam, and the digestive organs of the mammary foetus.
+
+5º To examine in the living subjects the remarkable arrangement of the
+respiratory organs, discovered by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, which
+establish a connexion between the posterior nostrils and the cavity of
+the larynx.
+
+We are entirely without notions concerning the abdominal folds, which,
+in this kind, take the place of the pouch, in a certain degree, and
+know nothing of the modifications these folds pass through in the
+different epochs of gestation.
+
+_Anthropology_.--The countries to which these instructions are
+adressed to are doubtless among those where naturalists can collect
+the greatest number of interesting facts for this branch of natural
+history, formerly neglected and to which has been given, for some
+years past, an impulse worthy of its high importance. In Mexico and in
+the United States three of the principal human races are found
+together; the race peculiar to America, the Caucasian race from
+different countries of Europe, and the Ethiopian carried over in its
+train. All these races cross-breed, and from the crossing of the
+half-breeds with them and each other, result many curious
+combinations, whose scientific study is of the highest interest.
+
+It has unhappily been, for a longtime, as difficult as it is
+important. If the plain and marked characteristics of the two animal
+species often disappear; if a skilful analysis, enlightened by direct
+comparison with analogous objects, can alone discover them, how can
+the anthropologist size between two neighbouring types, express and
+transmit by description, light, fleeting distinctions, some times
+invisible for him, who has not the habit of observing them?
+
+Three inventions or new application, made almost simultaneously, have
+happily removed part of the great difficulties, and opened a new era
+in the natural history of man; the daguerreotype, which fixes and
+engraves with geometrical precision, the general shape of the body and
+the features of the face; the Cephalometer of Antelme M. D. which
+measures and sketches with a process almost as exact, the dimensions
+and forms of the head, and enables one to determine, as nearly as
+possible, the mean dimensions and typical form of the head of a people
+the sex and age: in fine, the perfection and happy application to
+anthropology of the process of moulding, performed directly, or by the
+aid of the ingenious physonotype of M. Sauvage; a process by which the
+whole head and, if necessary, the members of the body are preserved
+and placed before our eys.
+
+We have the hope that, with the aid of the Daguerreotype and
+physionotype, the american naturalists will enrich anthropology with
+results of great interest. By photographic portraits, such as those
+presented to the Academy by M. Thiesson; by mouldings to be added to
+the fine collection made by M. Dumoutier, now in the museum; by
+colored drawnings, by descriptions and measures, they would transmit
+us information of extreme precision, true scientific elements, to
+which the committee would attach the greatest importance.
+
+We think it our duty to direct the researches of the american
+naturalists, not only to the different varieties of the American race,
+but also to the half-breeds, yet so little known, of both, and, also,
+to the offspring of the crossing of the first with the Caucasian race.
+We request them, as soon as they shall have determined exactly the
+physical characteristics of these difficult varieties, to neglect no
+information that may enlighten us as to their intellectual capacity.
+
+We would, likewise, entreat these gentlemen to specify exactly and
+express by colored drawnings done with care, the different states of
+the hues of the American races and half-breeds, from the moment of
+their birth up to the period that they arrive at the normal color of
+their kind.
+
+We would desire them, besides, to collect, of these same races, their
+half-breeds, and the white race, more minute particulars than as yet
+obtained, on the duration and difficult phases and epoch of puberty.
+
+_Chemistry and agriculture._--These are the principal forms that allow
+the use of Caoutchouc without dissolving it and without altering the
+heat.
+
+1º Straight tubes; elbowed tubes; tubes in T of different thickness
+and diameter;
+
+2º Full cylinders, to be cut in France as wanted;
+
+3º Rectangular plates, cut in France;
+
+4º Caps to cork bottles and flasks.
+
+It would be desirable to examine, in an economical point of view, the
+question of the preparation of preserved sugar, transportable to
+France, and giving, by a simple preparation, elastic caoutchouc.
+
+_Dye woods and other vegetable products_.--Details on the working of
+dye woods, their qualities, uses, marks, would be interesting for
+technology.
+
+It would not be less useful to send samples, branches, leaves and
+flowers of the usual plants, whose products are or may be applied to
+tanning; the extraction of oils, etc.
+
+_Remains of animals._--It is known that domestic animals, transported
+by Europeans to America, have multiplied and spread. It results from
+this that products which in Europe and particulary in France, are
+needed by agriculture and the different acts, are in great part lost
+in Brazil and several countries of south America. To send them to
+France or our colonies should be prepared:
+
+1º For manure, blood coagulated by heat or lime, and dried;
+
+2º For nourishment or manure, dried flesh;
+
+3º Intestines prepared and dried which, blown up, might be employed to
+hold and preserve aliments which might be utilised as primary matters
+for different fabrications, such as for harmonic chords, whip cords,
+rattles, machines, gold beaters skin and cartridge paper; applications
+which one of the committee, M. Payen, discovered, by and which would
+employ all the remains of intestines useless for the usage we have
+described;
+
+4º Tendons for glue factories.
+
+There are other animal remains whose use has been long appreciated,
+horns, and feet, and skins. But the transportation of the first might
+be rendered less expensive by first pressing them down, and the last
+are, as it is known, often attacked on shipboard by insects. To
+prevent these injuries so hurtful to commerce the employment of
+different substances should be tried such as pyroligneous acid, the
+chloride of lime, the bichloride of mercury.
+
+If naturalists wish to try these different processes, we doubt not
+that merchants, for whom this question is one of great interest, will
+assist their experiments by all the means in their power.
+
+An appeal is likewise made to agriculturits for seed of north American
+forest trees.
+
+
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+Note de transcription:
+La Table des Matières au début de ce livre électronique a été ajoutée
+pour faciliter la navigation. Les tables, dont l'une se trouvait sur
+les pages 46 et 48 et l'autre sur les pages 47 et 49, ont été
+reconstituées.
+
+Transcriber's note:
+The table of content at the beginning of this e-book was added for the
+reader's convenience. The table originally printed on pages 46 and 48,
+and the table originally printed on pages 47 and 49 have been
+reassembled into their proper order.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Movement of the International Literary
+Exchanges, between France and North America from January 1845 to May, 1846, by Various
+
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