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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Letters of Pliny + +Author: Pliny + +Editor: F. C. T. Bosanquet + +Translator: William Melmoth + +Release Date: September, 2001 [Etext #2811] +Last Updated: May 13, 2016 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS OF PLINY *** + + + + +Produced by David Reed and David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + <div style="height: 8em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + LETTERS OF PLINY + </h1> + <h2> + By Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h3> + Translated by William Melmoth <br /><br /><br /> Revised by F. C. T. + Bosanquet + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p> + GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS, usually known as Pliny the Younger, was + born at Como in 62 A. D. He was only eight years old when his father + Caecilius died, and he was adopted by his uncle, the elder Pliny, author + of the Natural History. He was carefully educated, studying rhetoric under + Quintilian and other famous teachers, and he became the most eloquent + pleader of his time. In this and in much else he imitated Cicero, who had + by this time come to be the recognized master of Latin style. While still + young he served as military tribune in Syria, but he does not seem to have + taken zealously to a soldier's life. On his return he entered politics + under the Emperor Domitian; and in the year 100 A. D. was appointed consul + by Trajan and admitted to confidential intercourse with that emperor. + Later while he was governor of Bithynia, he was in the habit of submitting + every point of policy to his master, and the correspondence between Trajan + and him, which forms the last part of the present selection, is of a high + degree of interest, both on account of the subjects discussed and for the + light thrown on the characters of the two men. He is supposed to have died + about 113 A. D. Pliny's speeches are now lost, with the exception of one, + a panegyric on Trajan delivered in thanksgiving for the consulate. This, + though diffuse and somewhat too complimentary for modern taste, became a + model for this kind of composition. The others were mostly of two classes, + forensic and political, many of the latter being, like Cicero's speech + against Verres, impeachments of provincial governors for cruelty and + extortion toward their subjects. In these, as in his public activities in + general, he appears as a man of public spirit and integrity; and in his + relations with his native town he was a thoughtful and munificent + benefactor. + </p> + <p> + The letters, on which to-day his fame mainly rests, were largely written + with a view to publication, and were arranged by Pliny himself. They thus + lack the spontaneity of Cicero's impulsive utterances, but to most modern + readers who are not special students of Roman history they are even more + interesting. They deal with a great variety of subjects: the description + of a Roman villa; the charms of country life; the reluctance of people to + attend author's readings and to listen when they were present; a dinner + party; legacy-hunting in ancient Rome; the acquisition of a piece of + statuary; his love for his young wife; ghost stories; floating islands, a + tame dolphin, and other marvels. But by far the best known are those + describing the great eruption of Vesuvius in which his uncle perished, a + martyr to scientific curiosity, and the letter to Trajan on his attempts + to suppress Christianity in Bithynia, with Trajan's reply approving his + policy. Taken altogether, these letters give an absorbingly vivid picture + of the days of the early empire, and of the interests of a cultivated + Roman gentleman of wealth. Occasionally, as in the last letters referred + to, they deal with important historical events; but their chief value is + in bringing before us, in somewhat the same manner as "The Spectator" + pictures the England of the age of Anne, the life of a time which is not + so unlike our own as its distance in years might indicate. And in this + time by no means the least interesting figure is that of the letter-writer + himself, with his vanity and self-importance, his sensibility and generous + affection? his pedantry and his loyalty. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> <big><b>LETTERS GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS</b></big> + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> I — To SEPTITTUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> II — To ARRIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> III — To VOCONIUS ROMANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> IV — To CORNELIUS TACITUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> V — To POMPEIUS SATURNINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> VI — To ATRIUS CLEMENS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> VII — To FABIUS JUSTUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> VIII — To CALESTRIUS TIRO </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> IX — To SOCIUS SENECIO </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> X — To JUNSUS MAURICUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> XI — To SEPTITIUS CLARUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> XII — To SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> XIII — To ROMANUS FIRMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> XIV — TO CORNELIUS TACITUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> XV — To PATERNUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> XVI — To CATILIUS SEVERUS [27] </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> XVII — To VOCONIUS ROMANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> XVIII — To NEPOS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> XIX — To AVITUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> XX — To MACRINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> XXI — To PAISCUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> XXII — To MAIMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0024"> XXIII — To GALLUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0025"> XXIV — To CEREALIS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0026"> XXV — To CALVISIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0027"> XXVI — To CALVISIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0028"> XXVII — To BAEBIUS MACER </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0029"> XXVIII — To ANNIUS SEVERUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0030"> XXIX — To CANINIUS RUFUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0031"> XXX — To SPURINNA AND COTTIA[53] </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0032"> XXXI — To JULIUS GENITOR </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0033"> XXXII — To CATILIUS SEVERUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0034"> XXXIII — To ACILIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0035"> XXXIV — To NEPOS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0036"> XXXV — To SEVERUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0037"> XXXVI — To CALVISIUS RUFUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0038"> XXXVII — To CORNELIUS PRISCUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0039"> XXXVIII — To FABATUS (HIS WIFE'S + GRANDFATHER) </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0040"> XXXIX — To ATTIUS CLEMENS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0041"> XL — To CATIUS LEPIDUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0042"> XLI — To MATURUS ARRIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0043"> XLII — To STATIUS SABINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0044"> XLIII — To CORNELIUS MINICIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0045"> XLV — To ASINIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0046"> XLVI — To HISPULLA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0047"> XLVII — To ROMATIUS FIASIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0048"> XLVIII — To LICINIUS SURA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0049"> XLIX — To ANNIUS SEVERUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0050"> L — To TITIUS ARISTO </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0051"> LI — To NONIUS MAXIMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0052"> LII — To DOMITIUS APOLLINARIS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0053"> LIII — To CALVISIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0054"> LIV — To MARCELLINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0055"> LV — To SPURINNA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0056"> LVI — To PAULINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0057"> LVII — To RUFUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0058"> LVIII — To ARRIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0059"> LIX — To CALPURNIA[88] </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0060"> LX — To CALPURNIA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0061"> LXI — To PRISCUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0062"> LXII — To ALBINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0063"> LXIII — To MAXIMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0064"> LXIV — To ROMANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0065"> LXV — To TACITUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0066"> LXVI — To CORNELIUS TACITUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0067"> LX VII — To MACER </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0068"> LXVIII — To SERVIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0069"> LXIX — To SEVERUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0070"> LXX — To FABATUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0071"> LXXI — To CORNELIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0072"> LXXII — To MAXIMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0073"> LXXIII — To RESTITUTUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0074"> LXXIV — To CALPURNIA[111] </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0075"> LXXV — To MACRINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0076"> LXXVI — To TUSCUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0077"> LXX VII — To FABATUS (HIS WIFE'S + GRANDFATHER) </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0078"> LXXVIII — To CORELLIA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0079"> LXXIX — To CELER </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0080"> LXXX — To PRISCUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0081"> LXXXI — To GEMINIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0082"> LXXXII — To MAXIMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0083"> LXXXIII — To SURA </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0084"> LXXXIV — To SEPTITIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0085"> LXXXV — To TACITUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0086"> LXXX VI — To SEPTITIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0087"> LXXXVII — To CALVISIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0088"> LXXX VIII — To ROMANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0089"> LXXXIX — To ARISTO </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0090"> XC — To PATERNUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0091"> XCI — To MACRINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0092"> XCII — To RUFINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0093"> XCIII — To GALLUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0094"> XCIV — To ARRIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0095"> XCV — To MAXIMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0096"> XCVI — To PAULINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0097"> XCVII — To CALVISIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0098"> XCVIII — To ROMANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0099"> XCIX — To GEMINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0100"> C — To JUNIOR </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0101"> CI — To QUADRATUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0102"> CII — To GENITOR </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0103"> CIII — To SABINIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0104"> CIV — To MAXIMUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0105"> CV — To SABINIANUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0106"> CVI — To LUPERCUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0107"> CVII — To CANINIUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0108"> CVIII — To Fuscus </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0109"> CIX — To PAULINUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0110"> CX — To FUSCUS </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES TO THE LETTERS OF PLINY] </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0112"> <big><b>CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EMPEROR TRAJAN</b></big> + </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0113"> I — TO THE EMPEROR TRAJAN[1001] </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0114"> II — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0115"> III — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0116"> IV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0117"> V — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0118"> VI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0119"> VII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0120"> VIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0121"> X — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0122"> XI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0123"> XII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0124"> XIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0125"> XIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0126"> XV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0127"> XVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0128"> XVII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0129"> XVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0130"> XIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0131"> XX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0132"> XXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0133"> XXII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0134"> XXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0135"> XXIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0136"> XXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0137"> XXVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0138"> XXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0139"> XXVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0140"> XXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0141"> XXX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0142"> XXXI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0143"> XXXII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0144"> XXXIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0145"> XXXIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0146"> XXXV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0147"> XXXVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0148"> XXX VII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0149"> XXXVIII To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0150"> XXXIX — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0151"> XL — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0152"> XLI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0153"> XLII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0154"> XLIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0155"> XLIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0156"> XLV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0157"> XLVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0158"> XLVII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0160"> XLVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0161"> XLIX — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0162"> L — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0163"> LI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0164"> LII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0165"> LIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0166"> LIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0167"> LV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0168"> LVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0169"> LVII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0170"> LVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0171"> LIX — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0172"> LX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0173"> LXI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0174"> LXII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0175"> LXIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0176"> LXIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0177"> LXV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0178"> LXVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0179"> LXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0180"> LX VIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0181"> LXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0182"> LXX — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0183"> LXXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0184"> LXXII TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0185"> LXXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0186"> LXX IV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0187"> LXXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0188"> LXXVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0189"> LXXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0190"> LXXVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0191"> LXXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0192"> LXXX — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0193"> LXXXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0194"> LXXXII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0195"> LXXXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0196"> LXXXIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0197"> LXXXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0198"> LXXXVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0199"> LXXXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0200"> LXXXVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0201"> LXXXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0202"> XC — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0203"> XCI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0204"> XCII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0205"> XCIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0206"> XCIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0207"> XCV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0208"> XCVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0209"> XCVII To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0210"> XCVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0211"> XCIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0212"> C — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0213"> CI To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0214"> CII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0215"> CIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0216"> CIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0217"> CV — To TIlE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0219"> CVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0220"> CVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0221"> CVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0222"> CIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0223"> CX — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0224"> CXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0225"> CXII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0226"> CXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0227"> CXIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0228"> CXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0229"> CXVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0230"> CXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0231"> CXVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0232"> CXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0233"> CXX — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0234"> CXXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0235"> CXXII — TRAJAN TO PLINY </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_FOOT2"> FOOTNOTES TO THE CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EMPEROR + TRAJAN </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + LETTERS GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS + </h2> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + I — To SEPTITTUS + </h2> + <p> + YOU have frequently pressed me to make a select collection of my Letters + (if there really be any deserving of a special preference) and give them + to the public. I have selected them accordingly; not, indeed, in their + proper order of time, for I was not compiling a history; but just as each + came to hand. And now I have only to wish that you may have no reason to + repent of your advice, nor I of my compliance: in that case, I may + probably enquire after the rest, which at present be neglected, and + preserve those I shall hereafter write. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + II — To ARRIANUS + </h2> + <p> + I FORESEE your journey in my direction is likely to be delayed, and + therefore send you the speech which I promised in my former; requesting + you, as usual, to revise and correct it. I desire this the more earnestly + as I never, I think, wrote with the same empressment in any of my former + speeches; for I have endeavoured to imitate your old favourite Demosthenes + and Calvus, who is lately become mine, at least in the rhetorical forms of + the speech; for to catch their sublime spirit, is given, alone, to the + "inspired few." My subject, indeed, seemed naturally to lend itself to + this (may I venture to call it?) emulation; consisting, as it did, almost + entirely in a vehement style of address, even to a degree sufficient to + have awakened me (if only I am capable of being awakened) out of that + indolence in which I have long reposed. I have not however altogether + neglected the flowers of rhetoric of my favourite Marc-Tully, wherever I + could with propriety step out of my direct road, to enjoy a more flowery + path: for it was energy, not austerity, at which I aimed. I would not have + you imagine by this that I am bespeaking your indulgence: on the contrary, + to make your correcting pen more vigorous, I will confess that neither my + friends nor myself are averse from the publication of this piece, if only + you should join in the approval of what is perhaps my folly. The truth is, + as I must publish something, I wish it might be this performance rather + than any other, because it is already finished: (you hear the wish of + laziness.) At all events, however, something I must publish, and for many + reasons; chiefly because of the tracts which I have already sent in to the + world, though they have long since lost all their recommendation from + novelty, are still, I am told, in request; if, after all, the booksellers + are not tickling my ears. And let them; since, by that innocent deceit, I + am encouraged to pursue my studies. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + III — To VOCONIUS ROMANUS + </h2> + <p> + DID YOU ever meet with a more abject and mean-spirited creature than + Marcus Regulus since the death of Domitian, during whose reign his conduct + was no less infamous, though more concealed, than under Nero's? He began + to be afraid I was angry with him, and his apprehensions were perfectly + correct; I was angry. He had not only done his best to increase the peril + of the position in which Rusticus Arulenus<a href="#linknote-1" + name="linknoteref-1" id="linknoteref-1">[1]</a> stood, but had exulted in + his death; insomuch that he actually recited and published a libel upon + his memory, in which he styles him "The Stoics' Ape": adding, "stigmated<a + href="#linknote-2" name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2">[2]</a> with + the Vitellian scar."<a href="#linknote-3" name="linknoteref-3" + id="linknoteref-3">[3]</a> You recognize Regulus' eloquent strain! <a + href="#linknote-4" name="linknoteref-4" id="linknoteref-4">[4]</a><br /> <a + href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" id="linknoteref-5">[5]</a><br /> <a + href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" id="linknoteref-6">[6]</a><br /> He + fell with such fury upon the character of Herennius Senecio that Metius + Carus said to him, one day, "What business have you with my dead? Did I + ever interfere in the affair of Crassus' or Camerinus'?" Victims, you + know, to Regulus, in Nero's time. For these reasons he imagined I was + highly exasperated, and so at the recitation of his last piece, I got no + invitation. Besides, he had not forgotten, it seems, with what deadly + purpose he had once attacked me in the Court of the Hundred. Rusticus had + desired me to act as counsel for Arionilla, Titnon's wife: Regulus was + engaged against me. In one part of the case I was strongly insisting upon + a particular judgment given by Metius Modestus, an excellent man, at that + time in banishment by Domitian's order. Now then for Regulus. "Pray," says + he, "what is your opinion of Modestus?" You see what a risk I should have + run had I answered that I had a high opinion of him, how I should have + disgraced myself on the other hand if I had replied that I had a bad + opinion of him. But some guardian power, I am persuaded, must have stood + by me to assist me in this emergency. "I will tell you my opinion," I + said, "if that is a matter to be brought before the court." "I ask you," + he repeated, "what is your opinion of Modestus?" I replied that it was + customary to examine witnesses to the character of an accused man, not to + the character of one on whom sentence had already been passed. He pressed + me a third time. "I do not now enquire," said he, "your opinion of + Modestus in general, I only ask your opinion of his loyalty." "Since you + will have my opinion then," I rejoined, "I think it illegal even to ask a + question concerning a person who stands convicted." He sat down at this, + completely silenced; and I received applause and congratulation on all + sides, that without injuring my reputation by an advantageous, perhaps, + though ungenerous answer, I had not entangled myself in the toils of so + insidious a catch-question. Thoroughly frightened upon this then, he first + seizes upon Caecilius Celer, next he goes and begs of Fabius Justus, that + they would use their joint interest to bring about a reconciliation + between us. And lest this should not be sufficient, he sets off to + Spurinna as well; to whom he came in the humblest way (for he is the most + abject creature alive, where he has anything to be afraid of) and says to + him, "Do, I entreat of you, call on Pliny to-morrow morning, certainly in + the morning, no later (for I cannot endure this anxiety of mind longer), + and endeavour by any means in your power to soften his resentment." I was + already up, the next day, when a message arrived from Spurinna, "I am + coming to call on you." I sent word back, "Nay, I will wait upon you;" + however, both of us setting out to pay this visit, we met under Livia's + portico. He acquainted me with the commission he had received from + Regulus, and interceded for him as became so worthy a man in behalf of one + so totally dissimilar, without greatly pressing the thing. "I will leave + it to you," was my reply, "to consider what answer to return Regulus; you + ought not to be deceived by me. I am waiting for Mauricus'<a + href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7" id="linknoteref-7">[7]</a> return" + (for he had not yet come back out of exile), "so that I cannot give you + any definite answer either way, as I mean to be guided entirely by his + decision, for he ought to be my leader here, and I simply to do as he + says." Well, a few days after this, Regulus met me as I was at the + praetor's; he kept close to me there and begged a word in private, when he + said he was afraid I deeply resented an expression he had once made use of + in his reply to Satrius and myself, before the Court of the Hundred, to + this effect, "Satrius Rufus, who does not endeavour to rival Cicero, and + who is content with the eloquence of our own day." I answered, now I + perceived indeed, upon his own confession, that he had meant it + ill-naturedly; otherwise it might have passed for a compliment. "For I am + free to own," I said, "that I do endeavour to rival Cicero, and am not + content with the eloquence of our own day. For I consider it the very + height of folly not to copy the best models of every kind. But, how + happens it that you, who have so good a recollection of what passed upon + this occasion, should have forgotten that other, when you asked me my + opinion of the loyalty of Modestus?" Pale as he always is, he turned + simply pallid at this, and stammered out, "I did not intend to hurt you + when I asked this question, but Modestus." Observe the vindictive cruelty + of the fellow, who made no concealment of his willingness to injure a + banished man. But the reason he alleged in justification of his conduct is + pleasant. Modestus, he explained, in a letter of his, which was read to + Domitian, had used the following expression, "Regulus, the biggest rascal + that walks upon two feet:" and what Modestus had written was the simple + truth, beyond all manner of controversy. Here, about, our conversation + came to an end, for I did not wish to proceed further, being desirous to + keep matters open until Mauricus returns. It is no easy matter, I am well + aware of that, to destroy Regulus; he is rich, and at the head of a party; + courted<a href="#linknote-8" name="linknoteref-8" id="linknoteref-8">[8]</a> + by many, feared by more: a passion that will sometimes prevail even beyond + friendship itself. But, after all, ties of this sort are not so strong but + they may be loosened; for a bad man's credit is as shifty as himself. + However (to repeat), I am waiting until Mauricus comes back. He is a man + of sound judgment and great sagacity formed upon long experience, and who, + from his observations of the past, well knows how to judge of the future. + I shall talk the matter over with him, and consider myself justified + either in pursuing or dropping this affair, as he shall advise. Meanwhile + I thought I owed this account to our mutual friendship, which gives you an + undoubted right to know about not only all my actions but all my plans as + well. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + IV — To CORNELIUS TACITUS + </h2> + <p> + You will laugh (and you are quite welcome) when I tell you that your old + acquaintance is turned sportsman, and has taken three noble boars. "What!" + you exclaim, "Pliny!"—Even he. However, I indulged at the same time + my beloved inactivity; and, whilst I sat at my nets, you would have found + me, not with boar spear or javelin, but pencil and tablet, by my side. I + mused and wrote, being determined to return, if with all my hands empty, + at least with my memorandums full. Believe me, this way of studying is not + to be despised: it is wonderful how the mind is stirred and quickened into + activity by brisk bodily exercise. There is something, too, in the + solemnity of the venerable woods with which one is surrounded, together + with that profound silence which is observed on these occasions, that + forcibly disposes the mind to meditation. So for the future, let me advise + you, whenever you hunt, to take your tablets along with you, as well as + your basket and bottle, for be assured you will find Minerva no less fond + of traversing the hills than Diana. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + V — To POMPEIUS SATURNINUS + </h2> + <p> + NOTHING could be more seasonable than the letter which I received from + you, in which you so earnestly beg me to send you some of my literary + efforts: the very thing I was intending to do. So you have only put spurs + into a willing horse and at once saved yourself the excuse of refusing the + trouble, and me the awkwardness of asking the favour. Without hesitation + then I avail myself of your offer; as you must now take the consequence of + it without reluctance. But you are not to expect anything new from a lazy + fellow, for I am going to ask you to revise again the speech I made to my + fellow-townsmen when I dedicated the public library to their use. You have + already, I remember, obliged me with some annotations upon this piece, but + only in a general way; and so I now beg of you not only to take a general + view of the whole speech, but, as you usually do, to go over it in detail. + When you have corrected it, I shall still be at liberty to publish or + suppress it: and the delay in the meantime will be attended with one of + these alternatives; for, while we are deliberating whether it is fit for + publishing, a frequent revision will either make it so, or convince me + that it is not. Though indeed my principal difficulty respecting the + publication of this harangue arises not so much from the composition as + out of the subject itself, which has something in it, I am afraid, that + will look too like ostentation and self-conceit. For, be the style ever so + plain and unassuming, yet, as the occasion necessarily led me to speak not + only of the munificence of my ancestors, but of my own as well, my modesty + will be seriously embarrassed. A dangerous and slippery situation this, + even when one is led into it by plea of necessity! For, if mankind are not + very favourable to panegyric, even when bestowed upon others, how much + more difficult is it to reconcile them to it when it is a tribute which we + pay to ourselves or to our ancestors? Virtue, by herself, is generally the + object of envy, but particularly so when glory and distinction attend her; + and the world is never so little disposed to detract from the rectitude of + your conduct as when it passes unobserved and unapplauded. For these + reasons, I frequently ask myself whether I composed this harangue, such as + it is, merely from a personal consideration, or with a view to the public + as well; and I am sensible that what may be exceedingly useful and proper + in the prosecution of any affair may lose all its grace and fitness the + moment the business is completed: for instance, in the case before us, + what could be more to my purpose than to explain at large the motives of + my intended bounty? For, first, it engaged my mind in good and ennobling + thoughts; next, it enabled me, by frequent dwelling upon them, to receive + a perfect impression of their loveliness, while it guarded at the same + time against that repentance which is sure to follow on an impulsive act + of generosity. There arose also a further advantage from this method, as + it fixed in me a certain habitual contempt of money. For, while mankind + seem to be universally governed by an innate passion to accumulate wealth, + the cultivation of a more generous affection in my own breast taught me to + emancipate myself from the slavery of so predominant a principle: and I + thought that my honest intentions would be the more meritorious as they + should appear to proceed, not from sudden impulse, but from the dictates + of cool and deliberate reflection. I considered, besides, that I was not + engaging myself to exhibit public games or gladiatorial combats, but to + establish an annual fund for the support and education of young men of + good families but scanty means. The pleasures of the senses are so far + from wanting the oratorical arts to recommend them that we stand in need + of all the powers of eloquence to moderate and restrain rather than stir + up their influence. But the work of getting anybody to cheerfully + undertake the monotony and drudgery of education must be effected not by + pay merely, but by a skilfully worked-up appeal to the emotions as well. + If physicians find it expedient to use the most insinuating address in + recommending to their patients a wholesome though, perhaps, unpleasant + regimen, how much more occasion had he to exert all the powers of + persuasion who, out of regard to the public welfare, was endeavouring to + reconcile it to a most useful though not equally popular benefaction? + Particularly, as my aim was to recommend an institution, calculated solely + for the benefit of those who were parents to men who, at present, had no + children; and to persuade the greater number to wait patiently until they + should be entitled to an honour of which a few only could immediately + partake. But as at that time, when I attempted to explain and enforce the + general design and benefit of my institution, I considered more the + general good of my countrymen, than any reputation which might result to + myself; so I am apprehensive lest, if I publish that piece, it may perhaps + look as if I had a view rather to my own personal credit than the benefit + of others, Besides, I am very sensible how much nobler it is to place the + reward of virtue in the silent approbation of one's own breast than in the + applause of the world. Glory ought to be the consequence, not the motive, + of our actions; and although it happen not to attend the worthy deed, yet + it is by no means the less fair for having missed the applause it + deserved. But the world is apt to suspect that those who celebrate their + own beneficent acts performed them for no other motive than to have the + pleasure of extolling them. Thus, the splendour of an action which would + have been deemed illustrious if related by another is totally extinguished + when it becomes the subject of one's own applause. Such is the disposition + of mankind, if they cannot blast the action, they will censure its + display; and whether you do what does not deserve particular notice, or + set forth yourself what does, either way you incur reproach. In my own + case there is a peculiar circumstance that weighs much with me: this + speech was delivered not before the people, but the Decurii;<a + href="#linknote-9" name="linknoteref-9" id="linknoteref-9">[9]</a> not in + the forum, but the senate; I am afraid therefore it will look inconsistent + that I, who, when I delivered it, seemed to avoid popular applause, should + now, by publishing this performance, appear to court it: that I, who was + so scrupulous as not to admit even these persons to be present when I + delivered this speech, who were interested in my benefaction, lest it, + might be suspected I was actuated in this affair by any ambitious views, + should now seem to solicit admiration, by forwardly displaying it to such + as have no other concern in my munificence than the benefit of example. + These are the scruples which have occasioned my delay in giving this piece + to the public; but I submit them entirely to your judgment, which I shall + ever esteem as a sufficient sanction of my conduct. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VI — To ATRIUS CLEMENS + </h2> + <p> + IF ever polite literature flourished at Rome, it certainly flourishes now; + and I could give you many eminent instances: I will content myself, + however, with naming only Euphrates<a href="#linknote-10" + name="linknoteref-10" id="linknoteref-10">[10]</a> the philosopher. I + first became acquainted with this excellent person in my youth, when I + served in the army in Syria. I had an opportunity of conversing with him + familiarly, and took some pains to gain his affection: though that, + indeed, was not very difficult, for he is easy of access, unreserved, and + actuated by those social principles he professes to teach. I should think + myself extremely happy if I had as fully answered the expectations he, at + that time, conceived of me, as he exceeds everything I had imagined of + him. But, perhaps, I admire his excellencies more now than I did then, + because I know better how to appreciate them; not that I sufficiently + appreciate them even now. For as none but those who are skilled in + painting, statuary, or the plastic art, can form a right judgment of any + performance in those respective modes of representation, so a man must, + himself, have made great advances in philosophy before he is capable of + forming a just opinion of a philosopher. However, as far as I am qualified + to determine, Euphrates is possessed of so many shining talents that he + cannot fail to attract and impress the most ordinarily educated observer. + He reasons with much force, acuteness, and elegance; and frequently rises + into all the sublime and luxuriant eloquence of Plato. His style is varied + and flowing, and at the same time so wonderfully captivating that he + forces the reluctant attention of the most unwilling hearer. For the rest, + a fine stature, a comely aspect, long hair, and a large silver beard; + circumstances which, though they may probably be thought trifling and + accidental, contribute, however, to gain him much reverence. There is no + affected negligence in his dress and appearance; his countenance is grave + but not austere; and his approach commands respect without creating awe. + Distinguished as he is by the perfect blamelessness of his life, he is no + less so by the courtesy and engaging sweetness of his manner. He attacks + vices, not persons, and, without severity, reclaims the wanderer from the + paths of virtue. You follow his exhortations with rapt attention, hanging, + as it were, upon his lips; and even after the heart is convinced, the ear + still wishes to listen to the harmonious reasoner. His family consists of + three children (two of which are sons), whom he educates with the utmost + care. His father-in-law, Pompeius Julianus, as he greatly distinguished + himself in every other part of his life, so particularly in this, that + though he was himself of the highest rank in his province, yet, among many + considerable matches, he preferred Euphrates for his son-in-law, as first + in merit, though not in dignity. But why do I dwell any longer upon the + virtues of a man whose conversation I am so unfortunate as not to have + time sufficiently to enjoy? Is it to increase my regret and vexation that + I cannot enjoy it? My time is wholly taken up in the execution of a very + honourable, indeed, but equally troublesome, employment; in hearing cases, + signing petitions, making up accounts, and writing a vast amount of the + most illiterate literature. I sometimes complain to Euphrates (for I have + leisure at least to complain) of these unpleasing occupations. He + endeavours to console me, by affirming that, to be engaged in the public + service, to hear and determine cases, to explain the laws, and administer + justice, is a part, and the noblest part, too, of philosophy; as it is + reducing to practice what her professors teach in speculation. But even + his rhetoric will never be able to convince me that it is better to be at + this sort of work than to spend whole days in attending his lectures and + learning his precepts. I cannot therefore but strongly recommend it to + you, who have the time for it, when next you come to town (and you will + come, I daresay, so much the sooner for this), to take the benefit of his + elegant and refined instructions. For I do not (as many do) envy others + the happiness I cannot share with them myself: on the contrary, it is a + very sensible pleasure to me when I find my friends in possession of an + enjoyment from which I have the misfortune to be excluded. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VII — To FABIUS JUSTUS + </h2> + <p> + IT is a long time since I have had a letter from you, "There is nothing to + write about," you say: well then write and let me know just this, that + "there is nothing to write about," or tell me in the good old style, If + you are well that's right, I am quite well. This will do for me, for it + implies everything. You think I am joking? Let me assure you I am in sober + earnest. Do let me know how you are; for I cannot remain ignorant any + longer without growing exceedingly anxious about you. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VIII — To CALESTRIUS TIRO + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE suffered the heaviest loss; if that word be sufficiently strong to + express the misfortune which has deprived me of so excellent a man. + Corellius Rufus is dead; and dead, too, by his own act! A circumstance of + great aggravation to my affliction: as that sort of death which we cannot + impute either to the course of nature, or the hand of Providence, is, of + all others, the most to be lamented. It affords some consolation in the + loss of those friends whom disease snatches from us that they fall by the + general destiny of mankind; but those who destroy themselves leave us + under the inconsolable reflection, that they had it in their power to have + lived longer. It is true, Corellius had many inducements to be fond of + life; a blameless conscience, high reputation, and great dignity of + character, besides a daughter, a wife, a grandson, and sisters; and, + amidst these numerous pledges of happiness, faithful friends. Still, it + must be owned he had the highest motive (which to a wise man will always + have the force of destiny), urging him to this resolution. He had long + been tortured by so tedious and painful a complaint that even these + inducements to living on, considerable as they are, were over-balanced by + the reasons on the other side. In his thirty-third year (as I have + frequently heard him say) he was seized with the gout in his feet. This + was hereditary; for diseases, as well as possessions, are sometimes handed + down by a sort of inheritance. A life of sobriety and continence had + enabled him to conquer and keep down the disease while he was still young, + latterly as it grew upon him with advancing years, he had to manfully bear + it, suffering meanwhile the most incredible and undeserved agonies; for + the gout was now not only in his feet, but had spread itself over his + whole body. I remember, in Domitian's reign, paying him a visit at his + villa, near Rome. As soon as I entered his chamber, his servants went out: + for it was his rule, never to allow them to be in the room when any + intimate friend was with him; nay, even his own wife, though she could + have kept any secret, used to go too. Casting his eyes round the room, + "Why," he exclaimed, "do you suppose I endure life so long under these + cruel agonies? It is with the hope that I may outlive, at least for one + day, that villain." Had his bodily strength been equal to his resolution, + he would have carried his desire into practical effect. God heard and + answered his prayer; and when he felt that he should now die a free, + un-enslaved, Roman, he broke through those other great, but now less + forcible, attachments to the world. His malady increased; and, as it now + grew too violent to admit of any relief from temperance, he resolutely + determined to put an end to its uninterrupted attacks, by an effort of + heroism. He had refused all sustenance during four days when his wife + Hispulla sent our common friend Geminius to me, with the melancholy news, + that Corellius was resolved to die; and that neither her own entreaties + nor her daughter's could move him from his purpose; I was the only person + left who could reconcile him to life. I ran to his house with the utmost + precipitation. As I approached it, I met a second messenger from Hispulla, + Julius Atticus, who informed me there was nothing to be hoped for now, + even from me, as he seemed more hardened than ever in his purpose. He had + said, indeed to his physician, who pressed him to take some nourishment, + "'Tis resolved": an expression which, as it raised my admiration of the + greatness of his soul, so it does my grief for the loss of him. I keep + thinking what a friend, what a man, I am deprived of. That he had reached + his sixty-seventh year, an age which even the strongest seldom exceed, I + well know; that he is released from a life of continual pain; that he has + left his dearest friends behind him, and (what was dearer to him than all + these) the state in a prosperous condition: all this I know. Still I + cannot forbear to lament him, as if he had been in the prime and vigour of + his days; and I lament him (shall I own my weakness?) on my account. And—to + confess to you as I did to Calvisius, in the first transport of my grief—I + sadly fear, now that I am no longer under his eye, I shall not keep so + strict a guard over my conduct. Speak comfort to me then, not that he was + old, he was infirm; all this I know: but by supplying me with some + reflections that are new and resistless, which I have never heard, never + read, anywhere else. For all that I have heard, and all that I have read, + occur to me of themselves; but all these are by far too weak to support me + under so severe an affliction. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + IX — To SOCIUS SENECIO + </h2> + <p> + This year has produced a plentiful crop of poets: during the whole month + of April scarcely a day has passed on which we have not been entertained + with the recital of some poem. It is a pleasure to me to find that a taste + for polite literature still exists, and that men of genius do come forward + and make themselves known, notwithstanding the lazy attendance they got + for their pains. The greater part of the audience sit in the + lounging-places, gossip away their time there, and are perpetually sending + to enquire whether the author has made his entrance yet, whether he has + got through the preface, or whether he has almost finished the piece. Then + at length they saunter in with an air of the greatest indifference, nor do + they condescend to stay through the recital, but go out before it is over, + some slyly and stealthily, others again with perfect freedom and + unconcern. And yet our fathers can remember how Claudius Cęsar walking one + day in the palace, and hearing a great shouting, enquired the cause: and + being informed that Nonianus<a href="#linknote-11" name="linknoteref-11" + id="linknoteref-11">[11]</a> was reciting a composition of his, went + immediately to the place, and agreeably surprised the author with his + presence. But now, were one to bespeak the attendance of the idlest man + living, and remind him of the appointment ever so often, or ever so long + beforehand; either he would not come at all, or if he did would grumble + about having "lost a day!" for no other reason but because he had not lost + it. So much the more do those authors deserve our encouragement and + applause who have resolution to persevere in their studies, and to read + out their compositions in spite of this apathy or arrogance on the part of + their audience. Myself indeed, I scarcely ever miss being present upon any + occasion; though, to tell the truth, the authors have generally been + friends of mine, as indeed there are few men of literary tastes who are + not. It is this which has kept me in town longer than I had intended. I am + now, however, at liberty to go back into the country, and write something + myself; which I do not intend reciting, lest I should seem rather to have + lent than given my attendance to these recitations of my friends, for in + these, as in all other good offices, the obligation ceases the moment you + seem to expect a return. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + X — To JUNSUS MAURICUS + </h2> + <p> + You desire me to look out a proper husband for your niece: it is with + justice you enjoin me that office. You know the high esteem and affection + I bore that great man her father, and with what noble instructions he + nurtured my youth, and taught me to deserve those praises he was pleased + to bestow upon me. You could not give me, then, a more important, or more + agreeable, commission; nor could I be employed in an office of higher + honour, than that of choosing a young man worthy of being father of the + grandchildren of Rusticus Arulenus; a choice I should be long in + determining, were I not acquainted with Minutius Aemilianus, who seems + formed for our purpose. He loves me with all that warmth of affection + which is usual between young men of equal years (as indeed I have the + advance of him but by a very few), and reveres me at the same time, with + all the deference due to age; and, in a word, he is no less desirous to + model himself by my instructions than I was by those of yourself and your + brother. + </p> + <p> + He is a native of Brixia, one of those provinces in Italy which still + retain much of the old modesty, frugal simplicity, and even rusticity, of + manner. He is the son of Minutius Macrinus, whose humble desires were + satisfied with standing at the head of the equestrian order: for though he + was nominated by Vespasian in the number of those whom that prince + dignified with the praetorian office, yet, with an inflexible greatness of + mind, he resolutely preferred an honourable repose, to the ambitious, + shall I call them, or exalted, pursuits, in which we public men are + engaged. His grandmother, on the mother's side, is Serrana Procula, of + Patavium:<a href="#linknote-12" name="linknoteref-12" id="linknoteref-12">[12]</a> + you are no stranger to the character of its citizens; yet Serrana is + looked upon, even among these correct people, as an exemplary instance of + strict virtue, Acilius, his uncle, is a man of almost exceptional gravity, + wisdom, and integrity. In short, you will find nothing throughout his + family unworthy of yours. Minutius himself has plenty of vivacity, as well + as application, together with a most amiable and becoming modesty. He has + already, with considerable credit, passed through the offices of quaestor, + tribune, and praetor; so that you will be spared the trouble of soliciting + for him those honourable employments. He has a fine, well-bred, + countenance, with a ruddy, healthy complexion, while his whole person is + elegant and comely and his mien graceful and senatorian: advantages, I + think, by no means to be slighted, and which I consider as the proper + tribute to virgin innocence. I think I may add that his father is very + rich. When I contemplate the character of those who require a husband of + my choosing, I know it is unnecessary to mention wealth; but when I + reflect upon the prevailing manners of the age, and even the laws of Rome, + which rank a man according to his possessions, it certainly claims some + regard; and, indeed, in establishments of this nature, where children and + many other circumstances are to be duly weighed, it is an article that + well deserves to be taken into the account. You will be inclined, perhaps, + to suspect that affection has had too great a share in the character I + have been drawing, and that I have heightened it beyond the truth: but I + will stake all my credit, you will find everything far beyond what I have + represented. I love the young fellow indeed (as he justly deserves) with + all the warmth of a most ardent affection; but for that very reason I + would not ascribe more to his merit than I know it will bear. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XI — To SEPTITIUS CLARUS + </h2> + <p> + Ah! you are a pretty fellow! You make an engagement to come to supper and + then never appear. Justice shall be exacted;—you shall reimburse me + to the very last penny the expense I went to on your account; no small + sum, let me tell you. I had prepared, you must know, a lettuce a-piece, + three snails, two eggs, and a barley cake, with some sweet wine and snow, + (the snow most certainly I shall charge to your account, as a rarity that + will not keep.) Olives, beet-root, gourds, onions, and a thousand other + dainties equally sumptuous. You should likewise have been entertained + either with an interlude, the rehearsal of a poem, or a piece of music, + whichever you preferred; or (such was my liberality) with all three. But + the oysters, sows'-bellies, sea-urchins, and dancers from Cadiz of a + certain—I know not who, were, it seems, more to your taste. You + shall give satisfaction, how, shall at present be a secret. + </p> + <p> + Oh! you have behaved cruelly, grudging your friend,—had almost said + yourself;—and upon second thoughts I do say so;—in this way: + for how agreeably should we have spent the evening, in laughing, trifling, + and literary amusements! You may sup, I confess, at many places more + splendidly; but nowhere with more unconstrained mirth, simplicity, and + freedom: only make the experiment, and if you do not ever after excuse + yourself to your other friends, to come to me, always put me off to go to + them. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XII — To SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS + </h2> + <p> + You tell me in your letter that you are extremely alarmed by a dream; + apprehending that it forebodes some ill success to you in the case you + have undertaken to defend; and, therefore, desire that I would get it + adjourned for a few days, or, at least, to the next. This will be no easy + matter, but I will try: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "For dreams descend from Jove." +</pre> + <p> + Meanwhile, it is very material for you to recollect whether your dreams + generally represent things as they afterwards fall out, or quite the + reverse. But if I may judge of yours by one that happened to myself, this + dream that alarms you seems to portend that you will acquit yourself with + great success. I had promised to stand counsel for Junius Pastor; when I + fancied in my sleep that my mother-in-law came to me, and, throwing + herself at my feet, earnestly entreated me not to plead. I was at that + time a very young man; the case was to be argued in the four centumviral + courts; my adversaries were some of the most important personages in Rome, + and particular favourites of Cęsar;<a href="#linknote-13" + name="linknoteref-13" id="linknoteref-13">[13]</a> any of which + circumstances were sufficient, after such an inauspicious dream, to have + discouraged me. Notwithstanding this, I engaged in the cause, reflecting + that, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Without a sign, his sword the brave man draws, + And asks no omen but his country's cause."<a href="#linknote-14" + name="linknoteref-14" id="linknoteref-14">[14]</a> +</pre> + <p> + for I looked upon the promise I had given to be as sacred to me as my + country, or, if that were possible, more so. The event happened as I + wished; and it was that very case which first procured me the favourable + attention of the public, and threw open to me the gates of Fame. Consider + then whether your dream, like this one I have related, may not pre-signify + success. But, after all, perhaps you will think it safer to pursue this + cautious maxim: "Never do a thing concerning the rectitude of which you + are in doubt;" if so, write me word. In the interval, I will consider of + some excuse, and will so plead your cause that you may be able to plead it + your self any day you like best. In this respect, you are in a better + situation than I was: the court of the centumviri, where I was to plead, + admits of no adjournment: whereas, in that where your case is to be heard, + though no easy matter to procure one, still, however, it is possible. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XIII — To ROMANUS FIRMUS + </h2> + <p> + As you are my towns-man, my school-fellow, and the earliest companion of + my youth; as there was the strictest friendship between my mother and + uncle and your father (a happiness which I also enjoyed as far as the + great inequality of our ages would admit); can I fail (thus biassed as I + am by so many and weighty considerations) to contribute all in my power to + the advancement of your honours? The rank you bear in our province, as + decurio, is a proof that you are possessed, at least, of an hundred + thousand sesterces;<a href="#linknote-15" name="linknoteref-15" + id="linknoteref-15">[15]</a> but that we may also have the satisfaction of + seeing you a Roman Knight,<a href="#linknote-16" name="linknoteref-16" + id="linknoteref-16">[16]</a> I present you with three hundred thousand, in + order to make up the sum requisite to entitle you to that dignity. The + long acquaintance we have had leaves me no room to apprehend you will ever + be forgetful of this instance of my friendship. And I know your + disposition too well to think it necessary to advise you to enjoy this + honour with the modesty that becomes a person who receives it from me; for + the advanced rank we possess through a friend's kindness is a sort of + sacred trust, in which we have his judgment, as well as our own character, + to maintain, and therefore to be guarded with the greater caution. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XIV — TO CORNELIUS TACITUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE frequent debates with a certain acquaintance of mine, a man of + skill and learning, who admires nothing so much in the eloquence of the + bar as conciseness. I agree with him, that where the case will admit of + this precision, it may with propriety be adopted; but insist that, to + leave out what is material to be mentioned,—or only briefly and + cursorily to touch upon those points which should be inculcated, + impressed, and urged well home upon the minds of the audience, is a + downright fraud upon one's client. In many cases, to deal with the subject + at greater length adds strength and weight to our ideas, which frequently + produce their impression upon the mind, as iron does upon solid bodies, + rather by repeated strokes than a single blow. In answer to this, he + usually has recourse to authorities, and produces Lysias<a + href="#linknote-17" name="linknoteref-17" id="linknoteref-17">[17]</a> + amongst the Grecians, together with Cato and the two Gracchi, among our + own countrymen, many of whose speeches certainly are brief and curtailed. + In return, I name Demosthenes, Aeschines, Hyperides,<a href="#linknote-18" + name="linknoteref-18" id="linknoteref-18">[18]</a> and many others, in + opposition to Lysias; while I confront Cato and the Gracchi with Cęsar, + Pollio,<a href="#linknote-19" name="linknoteref-19" id="linknoteref-19">[19]</a> + Caelius,<a href="#linknote-20" name="linknoteref-20" id="linknoteref-20">[20]</a> + but, above all, Cicero, whose longest speech is generally considered his + best. Why, no doubt about it, in good compositions, as in everything else + that is valuable, the more there is of them, the better. You may observe + in statues, basso-relievos, pictures, and the human form, and even in + animals and trees, that nothing is more graceful than magnitude, if + accompanied with proportion. The same holds true in pleading; and even in + books a large volume carries a certain beauty and authority in its very + size. My antagonist, who is extremely dexterous at evading an argument, + eludes all this, and much more, which I usually urge to the same purpose, + by insisting that those very individuals, upon whose works I found my + opinion, made considerable additions to their speeches when they published + them. This I deny; and appeal to the harangues of numberless orators, + particularly to those of Cicero, for Murena and Varenus, in which a short, + bare notification of certain charges is expressed under mere heads. Whence + it appears that many things which he enlarged upon at the time he + delivered those speeches were retrenched when he gave them to the public. + The same excellent orator informs us that, agreeably to the ancient + custom, which allowed only of one counsel on a side, Cluentius had no + other advocate than himself; and he tells us further that he employed four + whole days in defence of Cornelius; by which it plainly appears that those + speeches which, when delivered at their full length, had necessarily taken + up so much time at the bar were considerably cut down and pruned when he + afterwards compressed them into a single volume, though, I must confess, + indeed, a large one. But good pleading, it is objected, is one thing, just + composition another. This objection, I am aware, has had some favourers; + nevertheless, I am persuaded (though I may, perhaps, be mistaken) that, as + it is possible you may have a good pleading which is not a good speech, so + a good speech cannot be a bad pleading; for the speech on paper is the + model and, as it were, the archetype of the speech that was delivered. It + is for this reason we find, in many of the best speeches extant, + numberless extemporaneous turns of expression; and even in those which we + are sure were never spoken; as, for instance, in the following passage + from the speech against Verres: —"A certain mechanic—what's + his name? Oh, thank you for helping me to it: yes, I mean Polyclitus." It + follows, then, that the nearer approach a speaker makes to the rules of + just composition, the more perfect will he be in his art; always + supposing, however, that he has his due share of time allowed him; for, if + he be limited of that article, no blame can justly be fixed upon the + advocate, though much certainly upon the judge. The sense of the laws, I + am sure, is on my side, which are by no means sparing of the orator's + time; it is not conciseness, but fulness, a complete representation of + every material circumstance, which they recommend. Now conciseness cannot + effect this, unless in the most insignificant cases. Let me add what + experience, that unerring guide, has taught me: it has frequently been my + province to act both as an advocate and a judge; and I have often also + attended as an assessor.<a href="#linknote-21" name="linknoteref-21" + id="linknoteref-21">[21]</a> Upon those occasions, I have ever found the + judgments of mankind are to be influenced by different modes of + application, and that the slightest circumstances frequently produce the + most important consequences. The dispositions and understandings of men + vary to such an extent that they seldom agree in their opinions concerning + any one point in debate before them; or, if they do, it is generally from + different motives. Besides, as every man is naturally partial to his own + discoveries, when he hears an argument urged which had previously occurred + to himself, he will be sure to embrace it as extremely convincing. The + orator, therefore, should so adapt himself to his audience as to throw out + something which every one of them, in turn, may receive and approve as + agreeable to his own particular views. I recollect, once when Regulus and + I were engaged on the same side, his remarking to me, "You seem to think + it necessary to go into every single circumstance: whereas I always take + aim at once at my adversary's throat, and there I press him closely." + ('Tis true, he keeps a tight hold of whatever part he has once fixed upon; + but the misfortune is, he is extremely apt to fix upon the wrong place.) I + replied, it might possibly happen that what he called the throat was, in + reality, the knee or the ankle. As for myself, said I, who do not pretend + to direct my aim with so much precision, I test every part, I probe every + opening; in short, to use a vulgar proverb, I leave no stone unturned. And + as in agriculture, it is not my vineyards or my woods only, but my fields + as well, that I look after and cultivate, and (to carry on the metaphor) + as I do not content myself with sowing those fields simply with corn or + white wheat, but sprinkle in barley, pulse, and the other kinds of grain; + so, in my pleadings at the bar, I scatter broadcast various arguments like + so many kinds of seed, in order to reap whatever may happen to come up. + For the disposition of your judges is as hard to fathom as uncertain, and + as little to be relied on as that of soils and seasons. The comic writer + Eupolis,<a href="#linknote-22" name="linknoteref-22" id="linknoteref-22">[22]</a> + I remember, mentions it in praise of that excellent orator Pericles, that + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "On his lips Persuasion hung, + And powerful Reason rul'd his tongue: + Thus he alone could boast the art + To charm at once, and pierce the heart." +</pre> + <p> + <a href="#linknote-23" name="linknoteref-23" id="linknoteref-23">[23]</a> + But could Pericles, without the richest variety of expression, and merely + by the force of the concise or the rapid style, or both (for they are very + different), have thus charmed and pierced the heart. To delight and to + persuade requires time and great command of language; and to leave a sting + in the minds of the audience is an effect not to be expected from an + orator who merely pinks, but from him, and him only, who thrusts in. + Another comic poet,<a href="#linknote-24" name="linknoteref-24" + id="linknoteref-24">[24]</a> speaking of the same orator, says: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "His mighty words like Jove's own thunder roll; + Greece hears, and trembles to her inmost soul." +</pre> + <p> + But it is not the close and reserved; it is the copious, the majestic, and + the sublime orator, who thunders, who lightens, who, in short, bears all + before him in a confused whirl. There is, undeniably, a just mean in + everything; but he equally misses the mark who falls short of it, as he + who goes beyond it; he who is too limited as he who is too unrestrained. + Hence it is as common a thing to hear our orators condemned for being too + jejune and feeble as too excessive and redundant. One is said to have + exceeded the bounds of his subject, the other not to have reached them. + Both, no doubt, are equally in fault, with this difference, however, that + in the one the fault arises from an abundance, in the other, from a + deficiency; an error, in the former case, which, if it be not the sign of + a more correct, is certainly of a more fertile genius. When I say this, I + would not be understood to approve that everlasting talker<a + href="#linknote-25" name="linknoteref-25" id="linknoteref-25">[25]</a> + mentioned in Homer, but that other' described in the following lines: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Frequent and soft, as falls the winter snow, + Thus from his lips the copious periods flow." +</pre> + <p> + Not but that I extremely admire him,<a href="#linknote-26" + name="linknoteref-26" id="linknoteref-26">[26]</a> too, of whom the poet + says, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Few were his words, but wonderfully strong." +</pre> + <p> + Yet, if the choice were given me, I should give the preference to that + style resembling winter snow, that is, to the full, uninterrupted, and + diffusive; in short, to that pomp of eloquence which seems all heavenly + and divine. But (it is replied) the harangue of a more moderate length is + most generally admired. It is:—but only by indolent people; and to + fix the standard by their laziness and false delicacy would be simply + ridiculous. Were you to consult persons of this cast, they would tell you, + not only that it is best to say little, but that it is best to say nothing + at all. Thus, my friend, I have laid before you my opinions upon this + subject, and I am willing to change them if not agreeable to yours. But + should you disagree with me, pray let me know clearly your reasons why. + For, though I ought to yield in this case to your more enlightened + judgment, yet, in a point of such consequence, I had rather be convinced + by argument than by authority. So if I don't seem to you very wide of the + mark, a line or two from you in return, intimating your concurrence, will + be sufficient to confirm me in my opinion: on the other hand, if you + should think me mistaken, let me have your objections at full length. Does + it not look rather like bribery, my requiring only a short letter, if you + agree with me; but a very long one if you should be of a different + opinion. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XV — To PATERNUS + </h2> + <p> + As I rely very much upon the soundness of your judgment, so I do upon the + goodness of your eyes: not because I think your discernment very great + (for I don't want to make you conceited), but because I think it as good + as mine: which, it must be confessed, is saying a great deal. Joking + apart, I like the look of the slaves which were purchased for me on your + recommendation very well; all I further care about is, that they be + honest: and for this I must depend upon their characters more than their + countenances. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XVI — To CATILIUS SEVERUS <a href="#linknote-27" + name="linknoteref-27" id="linknoteref-27">[27]</a> + </h2> + <p> + I AM at present (and have been a considerable time) detained in Rome, + under the most stunning apprehensions. Titus Aristo,<a href="#linknote-28" + name="linknoteref-28" id="linknoteref-28">[28]</a> whom I have a singular + admiration and affection for, is fallen into a long and obstinate illness, + which troubles me. Virtue, knowledge, and good sense, shine out with so + superior a lustre in this excellent man that learning herself, and every + valuable endowment, seem involved in the danger of his single person. How + consummate his knowledge, both in the political and civil laws of his + country! How thoroughly conversant is he in every branch of history or + antiquity? In a word, there is nothing you might wish to know which he + could not teach you. As for me, whenever I would acquaint myself with any + abstruse point, I go to him as my store-house. What an engaging + sincerity, what dignity in his conversation! how chastened and becoming is + his caution! Though he conceives, at once, every point in debate, yet he + is as slow to decide as he is quick to apprehend; calmly and deliberately + sifting and weighing every opposite reason that is offered, and tracing + it, with a most judicious penetration, from its source through all its + remotest consequences. His diet is frugal, his dress plain; and whenever I + enter his chamber, and view him reclined upon his couch, I consider the + scene before me as a true image of ancient simplicity, to which his + illustrious mind reflects the noblest ornament. He places no part of his + happiness in ostentation, but in the secret approbation of his conscience, + seeking the reward of his virtue, not in the clamorous applauses of the + world, but in the silent satisfaction which results from having acted + well. In short, you will not easily find his equal, even among our + philosophers by outward profession. No, he does not frequent the gymnasia + or porticoes<a href="#linknote-29" name="linknoteref-29" + id="linknoteref-29">[29]</a> nor does he amuse his own and others' leisure + with endless controversies, but busies himself in the scenes of civil and + active life. Many has he assisted with his interest, still more with his + advice, and withal in the practice of temperance, piety, justice, and + fortitude, he has no superior. You would be astonished, were you there to + see, at the patience with which he bears his illness, how he holds out + against pain, endures thirst, and quietly submits to this raging fever and + to the pressure of those clothes which are laid upon him to promote + perspiration. He lately called me and a few more of his particular friends + to his bedside, requesting us to ask his physicians what turn they + apprehended his distemper would take; that, if they pronounced it + incurable, he might voluntarily put an end to his life; but if there were + hopes of a recovery, how tedious and difficult soever it might prove, he + would calmly wait the event; for so much, he thought, was due to the tears + and entreaties of his wife and daughter, and to the affectionate + intercession of his friends, as not voluntarily to abandon our hopes, if + they were not entirely desperate. A true hero's resolution this, in my + estimation, and worthy the highest applause. Instances are frequent in the + world, of rushing into the arms of death without reflection and by a sort + of blind impulse but deliberately to weigh the reasons for life or death, + and to be determined in our choice as either side of the scale prevails, + shows a great mind. We have had the satisfaction to receive the opinion of + his physicians in his favour: may heaven favour their promises and relieve + me at length from this painful anxiety. Once easy in my mind, I shall go + back to my favourite Laurentum, or, in other words, to my books, my papers + and studious leisure. Just now, so much of my time and thoughts are taken + up in attendance upon my friend, and anxiety for him, that I have neither + leisure nor inclination for any reading or writing whatever. Thus you have + my fears, my wishes, and my after-plans. Write me in return, but in a + gayer strain, an account not only of what you are and have been doing, but + of what you intend doing too. It will be a very sensible consolation to me + in this disturbance of mind, to be assured that yours is easy. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XVII — To VOCONIUS ROMANUS + </h2> + <p> + ROME has not for many years beheld a more magnificent and memorable + spectacle than was lately exhibited in the public funeral of that great, + illustrious, and no less fortunate man, Verginius Rufus. He lived thirty + years after he had reached the zenith of his fame. He read poems composed + in his honour, he read histories of his achievements, and was himself + witness of his fame among posterity. He was thrice raised to the dignity + of consul, that he might at least be the highest of subjects, who<a + href="#linknote-30" name="linknoteref-30" id="linknoteref-30">[30]</a> had + refused to be the first of princes. As he escaped the resentment of those + emperors to whom his virtues had given umbrage and even rendered him + odious, and ended his days when this best of princes, this friend of + mankind<a href="#linknote-31" name="linknoteref-31" id="linknoteref-31">[31]</a> + was in quiet possession of the empire, it seems as if Providence had + purposely preserved him to these times, that he might receive the honour + of a public funeral. He reached his eighty-fourth year, in full + tranquillity and universally revered, having enjoyed strong health during + his lifetime, with the exception of a trembling in his hands, which, + however, gave him no pain. His last illness, indeed, was severe and + tedious, but even that circumstance added to his reputation. As he was + practising his voice with a view of returning his public acknowledgements + to the emperor, who had promoted him to the consulship, a large volume he + had taken into his hand, and which happened to be too heavy for so old a + man to hold standing up, slid from his grasp. In hastily endeavouring to + recover it, his foot slipped on the smooth pavement, and he fell down and + broke his thigh-bone, which being clumsily set, his age as well being + against him, did not properly unite again. The funeral obsequies paid to + the memory of this great man have done honour to the emperor, to the age, + and to the bar. The consul Cornelius Tacitus<a href="#linknote-32" + name="linknoteref-32" id="linknoteref-32">[32]</a> pronounced his funeral + oration and thus his good fortune was crowned by the public applause of so + eloquent an orator. He has departed from our midst, full of years, indeed, + and of glory; as illustrious by the honours he refused as by those he + accepted. Yet still we shall miss him and lament him, as the shining model + of a past age; I, especially, shall feel his loss, for I not only admired + him as a patriot, but loved him as a friend. We were of the same province, + and of neighbouring towns, and our estates were also contiguous. Besides + these accidental connections, he was left my guardian, and always treated + me with a parent's affection. Whenever I offered myself as a candidate for + any office in the state, he constantly supported me with his interest; and + although he had long since given up all such services to friends, he would + kindly leave his retirement and come to give me his vote in person. On + the day on which the priests nominate those they consider most worthy of + the sacred office<a href="#linknote-33" name="linknoteref-33" + id="linknoteref-33">[33]</a> he constantly proposed me. Even in his last + illness, apprehending the possibility of the senate's appointing him one + of the five commissioners for reducing the public expenses, he fixed upon + me, young as I am, to bear his excuses, in preference to so many other + friends, elderly men too, and of consular rank and said to me, "Had I a + son of my own, I would entrust you with this matter." And so I cannot but + lament his death, as though it were premature, and pour out my grief into + your bosom; if indeed one has any right to grieve, or to call it death at + all, which to such a man terminates his mortality, rather than ends his + life. He lives, and will live on for ever; and his fame will extend and be + more celebrated by posterity, now that he is gone from our sight. I had + much else to write to you but my mind is full of this. I keep thinking of + Verginius: I see him before me: I am for ever fondly yet vividly imagining + that I hear him, am speaking to him, embrace him. There are men amongst + us, his fellow-citizens, perhaps, who may rival him in virtue; but not one + that will ever approach him in glory. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0019" id="link2H_4_0019"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XVIII — To NEPOS + </h2> + <p> + THE great fame of Isaeus had already preceded him here; but we find him + even more wonderful than we had heard. He possesses the utmost readiness, + copiousness, and abundance of language: he always speaks extempore, and + his lectures are as finished as though he had spent a long time over their + written composition. His style is Greek, or rather the genuine Attic. His + exordiums are terse, elegant, attractive, and occasionally impressive and + majestic. He suggests several subjects for discussion, allows his audience + their choice, sometimes to even name which side he shall take, rises, + arranges himself, and begins. At once he has everything almost equally at + command. Recondite meanings of things are suggested to you, and words—what + words they are! exquisitely chosen and polished. These extempore speeches + of his show the wideness of his reading, and how much practice he has had + in composition. His preface is to the point, his narrative lucid, his + summing up forcible, his rhetorical ornament imposing. In a word, he + teaches, entertains, and affects you; and you are at a loss to decide + which of the three he does best. His reflections are frequent, his + syllogisms also are frequent, condensed, and carefully finished, a result + not easily attainable even with the pen. As for his memory, you would + hardly believe what it is capable of. He repeats from a long way back what + he has previously delivered extempore, without missing a single word. This + marvellous faculty he has acquired by dint of great application and + practice, for night and day he does nothing, hears nothing, says nothing + else. He has passed his sixtieth year and is still only a rhetorician, and + I know no class of men more single-hearted, more genuine, more excellent + than this class. We who have to go through the rough work of the bar and + of real disputes unavoidably contract a certain unprincipled adroitness. + The school, the lecture-room, the imaginary case, all this, on the other + hand, is perfectly innocent and harmless, and equally enjoyable, + especially to old people, for what can be happier at that time of life + than to enjoy what we found pleasantest in our young days? I consider + Isaeus then, not only the most eloquent, but the happiest, of men, and if + you are not longing to make his acquaintance, you must be made of stone + and iron. So, if not upon my account, or for any other reason, come, for + the sake of hearing this man, at least. Have you never read of a certain + inhabitant of Cadiz who was so impressed with the name and fame of Livy + that he came from the remotest corner of the earth on purpose to see him, + and, his curiosity gratified, went straight home again. It is utter want + of taste, shows simple ignorance, is almost an actual disgrace to a man, + not to set any high value upon a proficiency in so pleasing, noble, + refining a science. "I have authors," you will reply, "here in my own + study, just as eloquent." True: but then those authors you can read at any + time, while you cannot always get the opportunity of hearing eloquence. + Besides, as the proverb says, "The living voice is that which sways the + soul;" yes, far more. For notwithstanding what one reads is more clearly + understood than what one hears, yet the utterance, countenance, garb, aye + and the very gestures of the speaker, alike concur in fixing an impression + upon the mind; that is, unless we disbelieve the truth of Aeschines' + statement, who, after he had read to the Rhodians that celebrated speech + of Demosthenes, upon their expressing their admiration of it, is said to + have added, "Ah! what would you have said, could you have heard the wild + beast himself?" And Aeschines, if we may take Demosthenes' word for it, + was no mean elocutionist; yet, he could not but confess that the speech + would have sounded far finer from the lips of its author. I am saying all + this with a view to persuading you to hear Isaeus, if even for the mere + sake of being able to say you have heard him. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0020" id="link2H_4_0020"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XIX — To AVITUS + </h2> + <p> + IT would be a long story, and of no great importance, to tell you by what + accident I found myself dining the other day with an individual with whom + I am by no means intimate, and who, in his own opinion, does things in + good style and economically as well, but according to mine, with meanness + and extravagance combined. Some very elegant dishes were served up to + himself and a few more of us, whilst those placed before the rest of the + company consisted simply of cheap dishes and scraps. There were, in small + bottles, three different kinds of wine; not that the guest might take + their choice, but that they might not have any option in their power; one + kind being for himself, and for us; another sort for his lesser friends + (for it seems he has degrees of friends), and the third for his own + freedmen and ours. My neighbour,<a href="#linknote-34" + name="linknoteref-34" id="linknoteref-34">[34]</a> reclining next me, + observing this, asked me if I approved the arrangement. Not at all, I told + him. "Pray then," he asked, "what is your method upon such occasions?" + "Mine," I returned, "is to give all my visitors the same reception; for + when I give an invitation, it is to entertain, not distinguish, my + company: I place every man upon my own level whom I admit to my table." + "Not excepting even your freedmen?" "Not excepting even my freedmen, whom + I consider on these occasions my guests, as much as any of the rest." He + replied, "This must cost you a great deal." "Not in the least." "How can + that be?" "Simply because, although my freedmen don't drink the same wine + as myself, yet I drink the same as they do." And, no doubt about it, if a + man is wise enough to moderate his appetite, he will not find it such a + very expensive thing to share with all his visitors what he takes himself. + Restrain it, keep it in, if you wish to be true economist. You will find + temperance a far better way of saving than treating other people rudely + can be. Why do I say all this? Why, for fear a young man of your high + character and promise should be imposed upon by this immoderate luxury + which prevails at some tables, under the specious notion of frugality. + Whenever any folly of this sort falls under my eye, I shall, just because + I care for you, point it out to you as an example you ought to shun. + Remember, then, nothing is more to be avoided than this modern alliance of + luxury with meanness; odious enough when existing separate and distinct, + but still more hateful where you meet with them together. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0021" id="link2H_4_0021"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XX — To MACRINUS + </h2> + <p> + THE senate decreed yesterday, on the emperor's motion, a triumphal statue + to Vestricius Spurinna: not as they would to many others, who never were + in action, or saw a camp, or heard the sound of a trumpet, unless at a + show; but as it would be decreed to those who have justly bought such a + distinction with their blood, their exertions, and their deeds. Spurinna + forcibly restored the king of the Bructeri<a href="#linknote-35" + name="linknoteref-35" id="linknoteref-35">[35]</a> to his throne; and this + by the noblest kind of victory; for he subdued that warlike people by the + terror of the mere display of his preparation for the campaign. This is + his reward as a hero, while, to console him for the loss of his son + Cottius, who died during his absence upon that expedition, they also voted + a statue to the youth; a very unusual honour for one so young; but the + services of the father deserved that the pain of so severe a wound should + be soothed by no common balm. Indeed Cottius himself evinced such + remarkable promise of the highest qualities that it is but fitting his + short limited term of life should be extended, as it were, by this kind of + immortality. He was so pure and blameless, so full of dignity, and + commanded such respect, that he might have challenged in moral goodness + much older men, with whom he now shares equal honours. Honours, if I am + not mistaken, conferred not only to perpetuate the memory of the deceased + youth, and in consolation to the surviving father, but for the sake of + public example also. This will rouse and stimulate our young men to + cultivate every worthy principle, when they see such rewards bestowed upon + one of their own years, provided he deserve them: at the same time that + men of quality will be encouraged to beget children and to have the joy + and satisfaction of leaving a worthy race behind, if their children + survive them, or of so glorious a consolation, should they survive their + children. Looking at it in this light then, I am glad, upon public + grounds, that a statue is decreed Cottius: and for my own sake too, just + as much; for I loved this most favoured, gifted, youth, as ardently as I + now grievously miss him amongst us. So that it will be a great + satisfaction to me to be able to look at this figure from time to time as + I pass by, contemplate it, stand underneath, and walk to and fro before + it. For if having the pictures of the departed placed in our homes + lightens sorrow, how much more those public representations of them which + are not only memorials of their air and countenance, but of their glory + and honour besides? Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0022" id="link2H_4_0022"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXI To PAISCUS + </h2> + <p> + As I know you eagerly embrace every opportunity of obliging me, so there + is no man whom I had rather be under an obligation to. I apply to you, + therefore, in preference to anyone else, for a favour which I am extremely + desirous of obtaining. You, who are commander-in-chief of a very + considerable army, have many opportunities of exercising your generosity; + and the length of time you have enjoyed that post must have enabled you to + provide for all your own friends. I hope you will now turn your eyes upon + some of mine: as indeed they are but a few Your generous disposition, I + know, would be better pleased if the number were greater, but one or two + will suffice my modest desires; at present I will only mention Voconius + Romanus. His father was of great distinction among the Roman knights, and + his father-in-law, or, I might more properly call him, his second father, + (for his affectionate treatment of Voconius entitles him to that + appellation) was still more conspicuous. His mother was one of the most + considerable ladies of Upper Spain: you know what character the people of + that province bear, and how remarkable they are for their strictness of + their manners. As for himself, he lately held the post of flamen.<a + href="#linknote-36" name="linknoteref-36" id="linknoteref-36">[36]</a> + Now, from the time when we were first students together, I have felt very + tenderly attached to him. We lived under the same roof, in town and + country, we joked together, we shared each other's serious thoughts: for + where indeed could I have found a truer friend or pleasanter companion + than he? In his conversation, and even in his very voice and countenance, + there is a rare sweetness; as at the bar he displays talents of a high + order; acuteness, elegance, ease, and skill: and he writes such letters + too that were you to read them you would imagine they had been dictated by + the Muses themselves. I have a very great affection for him, as he has for + me. Even in the earlier part of our lives, I warmly embraced every + opportunity of doing him all the good services which then lay in my power, + as I have lately obtained for him from our most gracious prince<a + href="#linknote-37" name="linknoteref-37" id="linknoteref-37">[37]</a> the + privilege<a href="#linknote-38" name="linknoteref-38" id="linknoteref-38">[38]</a> + granted to those who have three children: a favour which, though Cęsar + very rarely bestows, and always with great caution, yet he conferred, at + my request, in such a matter as to give it the air and grace of being his + own choice. + </p> + <p> + The best way of showing that I think he deserves the kindnesses he has + already received from me is by increasing them, especially as he always + accepts my services so gratefully as to deserve more. Thus I have shown + you what manner of man Romanus is, how thoroughly I have proved his worth, + and how much I love him. Let me entreat you to honour him with your + patronage in a way suitable to the generosity of your heart, and the + eminence of your station. But above all let him have your affection; for + though you were to confer upon him the utmost you have in your power to + bestow, you can give him nothing more valuable than your friendship-That + you may see he is worthy of it, even to the closest degree of intimacy, I + send you this brief sketch of his tastes, character, his whole life, in + fact. I should continue my intercessions in his behalf, but that I know + you prefer not being pressed, and I have already repeated them in every + line of this letter: for, to show a good reason for what one asks is true + intercession, and of the most effectual kind. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0023" id="link2H_4_0023"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXII — To MAIMUS + </h2> + <p> + You guessed correctly: I am much engaged in pleading before the Hundred. + The business there is more fatiguing than pleasant. Trifling, + inconsiderable cases, mostly; it is very seldom that anything worth + speaking of, either from the importance of the question or the rank of the + persons concerned, comes before them. There are very few lawyers either + whom I take any pleasure in working with. The rest, a parcel of impudent + young fellows, many of whom one knows nothing whatever about, come here to + get some practice in speaking, and conduct themselves so forwardly and + with such utter want of deference that my friend Attilius exactly hit it, + I think, when he made the observation that "boys set out at the bar with + cases in the Court of the Hundred as they do at school with Homer," + intimating that at both places they begin where they should end. But in + former times (so my elders tell me) no youth, even of the best families, + was allowed in unless introduced by some person of consular dignity. As + things are now, since every fence of modesty and decorum is broken down, + and all distinctions are levelled and confounded, the present young + generation, so far from waiting to be introduced, break in of their own + free will. The audience at their heels are fit attendants upon such + orators; a low rabble of hired mercenaries, supplied by contract. They get + together in the middle of the court, where the dole is dealt round to them + as openly as if they were in a dining-room: and at this noble price they + run from court to court. The Greeks have an appropriate name in their + language for this sort of people, importing that they are applauders by + profession, and we stigmatize them with the opprobrious title of + table-flatterers: yet the dirty business alluded to increases every day. + It was only yesterday two of my domestic officers, mere striplings, were + hired to cheer somebody or other, at three denarii apiece:<a + href="#linknote-39" name="linknoteref-39" id="linknoteref-39">[39]</a> + that is what the highest eloquence goes for. Upon these terms we fill as + many benches as we please, and gather a crowd; this is how those rending + shouts are raised, as soon as the individual standing up in the middle of + the ring gives the signal. For, you must know, these honest fellows, who + understand nothing of what is said, or, if they did, could not hear it, + would be at a loss without a signal, how to time their applause: for many + of them don't hear a syllable, and are as noisy as any of the rest. If, at + any time, you should happen to be passing by when the court is sitting, + and feel at all interested to know how any speaker is acquitting himself, + you have no occasion to give yourself the trouble of getting up on the + judge's platform, no need to listen; it is easy enough to find out, for + you may be quite sure he that gets most applause deserves it the least. + Largius Licinus was the first to introduce this fashion; but then he went + no farther than to go round and solicit an audience. I know, I remember + hearing this from my tutor Quinctilian. "I used," he told me, "to go and + hear Domitius Afer, and as he was pleading once before the Hundred in his + usual slow and impressive manner, hearing, close to him, a most immoderate + and unusual noise, and being a good deal surprised at this, he left off: + the noise ceased, and he began again: he was interrupted a second time, + and a third. At last he enquired who it was that was speaking? He was + told, Licinus. Upon which, he broke off the case, exclaiming, 'Eloquence + is no more!'" The truth is it had only begun to decline then, when in + Afer's opinion it no longer existed — whereas now it is almost + extinct. I am ashamed to tell you of the mincing and affected + pronunciation of the speakers, and of the shrill-voiced applause with + which their effusions are received; nothing seems wanting to complete this + sing-song performance except claps, or rather cymbals and tambourines. + Howlings indeed (for I can call such applause, which would be indecent + even in the theatre, by no other name) abound in plenty. Up to this time + the interest of my friends and the consideration of my early time of life + have kept me in this court, as I am afraid they might think I was doing it + to shirk work rather than to avoid these indecencies, were I to leave it + just yet: however, I go there less frequently than I did, and am thus + effecting a gradual retreat. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0024" id="link2H_4_0024"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXIII — To GALLUS + </h2> + <p> + You are surprised that I am so fond of my Laurentine, or (if you prefer + the name) my Laurens: but you will cease to wonder when I acquaint you + with the beauty of the villa, the advantages of its situation, and the + extensive view of the sea-coast. It is only seventeen miles from Rome: so + that when I have finished my business in town, I can pass my evenings here + after a good satisfactory day's work. There are two different roads to it: + if you go by that of Laurentum, you must turn off at the fourteenth + mile-stone; if by Astia, at the eleventh. Both of them are sandy in + places, which makes it a little heavier and longer by carriage, but short + and easy on horseback. The landscape affords plenty of variety, the view + in some places being closed in by woods, in others extending over broad + meadows, where numerous flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, which the + severity of the winter has driven from the mountains, fatten in the spring + warmth, and on the rich pasturage. My villa is of a convenient size + without being expensive to keep up. The courtyard in front is plain, but + not mean, through which you enter porticoes shaped into the form of the + letter D, enclosing a small but cheerful area between. These make a + capital retreat for bad weather, not only as they are shut in with + windows, but particularly as they are sheltered by a projection of the + roof. From the middle of these porticoes you pass into a bright pleasant + inner court, and out of that into a handsome hall running out towards the + sea-shore; so that when there is a south-west breeze, it is gently washed + with the waves, which spend themselves at its base. On every side of this + hall there are either folding-doors or windows equally large, by which + means you have a view from the front and the two sides of three different + seas, as it were: from the back you see the middle court, the portico, and + the area; and from another point you look through the portico into the + courtyard, and out upon the woods and distant mountains beyond. On the + left hand of this hall, a little farther from the sea, lies a large + drawing-room, and beyond that, a second of a smaller size, which has one + window to the rising and another to the setting sun: this as well has a + view of the sea, but more distant and agreeable. The angle formed by the + projection of the dining-room with this drawing-room retains and + intensifies the warmth of the sun, and this forms our winter quarters and + family gymnasium, which is sheltered from all the winds except those which + bring on clouds, but the clear sky comes out again before the warmth has + gone out of the place. Adjoining this angle is a room forming the segment + of a circle, the windows of which are so arranged as to get the sun all + through the day: in the walls are contrived a sort of cases, containing a + collection of authors who can never be read too often. Next to this is a + bed-room, connected with it by a raised passage furnished with pipes, + which supply, at a wholesome temperature, and distribute to all parts of + this room, the heat they receive. The rest of this side of the house is + appropriated to the use of my slaves and freedmen; but most of the rooms + in it are respectable enough to put my guests into. In the opposite wing + is a most elegant, tastefully fitted up bed-room; next to which lies + another, which you may call either a large bed-room or a modified + dining-room; it is very warm and light, not only from the direct rays of + the sun, but by their reflection from the sea. Beyond this is a bed-room + with an ante-room, the height of which renders it cool in summer, its + thick walls warm in winter, for it is sheltered, every way from the winds. + To this apartment another anteroom is joined by one common wall. From + thence you enter into the wide and spacious cooling-room belonging to the + bath, from the opposite walls of which two curved basins are thrown out, + so to speak; which are more than large enough if you consider that the sea + is close at hand. Adjacent to this is the anointing-room, then the + sweating-room, and beyond that the bath-heating room: adjoining are two + other little bath-rooms, elegantly rather than sumptuously fitted up: + annexed to them is a warm bath of wonderful construction, in which one can + swim and take a view of the sea at the same time. Not far from this stands + the tennis-court, which lies open to the warmth of the afternoon sun. From + thence you go up a sort of turret which has two rooms below, with the same + number above, besides a dining-room commanding a very extensive look-out + on to the sea, the coast, and the beautiful villas scattered along the + shore line. At the other end is a second turret, containing a room that + gets the rising and setting sun. Behind this is a large store-room and + granary, and underneath, a spacious dining-room, where only the murmur and + break of the sea can be heard, even in a storm: it looks out upon the + garden, and the gestatio,<a href="#linknote-40" name="linknoteref-40" + id="linknoteref-40">[40]</a> running round the garden. The gestatio is + bordered round with box, and, where that is decayed, with rosemary: for + the box, wherever sheltered by the buildings, grows plentifully, but where + it lies open and exposed to the weather and spray from the sea, though at + some distance from the latter, it quite withers up. Next the gestatio, and + running along inside it, is a shady vine plantation, the path of which is + so soft and easy to the tread that you may walk bare-foot upon it. The + garden is chiefly planted with fig and mulberry trees, to which this soil + is as favourable as it is averse from all others. Here is a dining-room, + which, though it stands away from the sea enjoys the garden view which is + just as pleasant: two apartments run round the back part of it, the + windows of which look out upon the entrance of the villa, and into a fine + kitchen-garden. From here extends an enclosed portico which, from its + great length, you might take for a public one. It has a range of windows + on either side, but more on the side facing the sea, and fewer on the + garden side, and these, single windows and alternate with the opposite + rows. In calm, clear, weather these are all thrown open; but if it blows, + those on the weather side are closed, whilst those away from the wind can + remain open without any inconvenience. Before this enclosed portico lies a + terrace fragrant with the scent of violets, and warmed by the reflection + of the sun from the portico, which, while it retains the rays, keeps away + the north-east wind; and it is as warm on this side as it is cool on the + side opposite: in the same way it is a protection against the wind from + the south-west; and thus, in short, by means of its several sides, breaks + the force of the winds, from whatever quarter they may blow. These are + some of its winter advantages, they are still more appreciable in the + summer time; for at that season it throws a shade upon the terrace during + the whole of the forenoon, and upon the adjoining portion of the gestatio + and garden in the afternoon, casting a greater or less shade on this side + or on that as the day increases or decreases. But the portico itself is + coolest just at the time when the sun is at its hottest, that is, when the + rays fall directly upon the roof. Also, by opening the windows you let in + the western breezes in a free current, which prevents the place getting + oppressive with close and stagnant air. At the upper end of the terrace + and portico stands a detached garden building, which I call my favourite; + my favourite indeed, as I put it up myself. It contains a very warm + winter-room, one side of which looks down upon the terrace, while the + other has a view of the sea, and both lie exposed to the sun. The bed-room + opens on to the covered portico by means of folding-doors, while its + window looks out upon the sea. On that side next the sea, and facing the + middle wall, is formed a very elegant little recess, which, by means of + transparent<a href="#linknote-41" name="linknoteref-41" id="linknoteref-41">[41]</a> + windows, and a curtain drawn to or aside, can be made part of the + adjoining room, or separated from it. It contains a couch and two chairs: + as you lie upon this couch, from where your feet are you get a peep of the + sea; looking behind you see the neighbouring villas, and from the head you + have a view of the woods: these three views may be seen either separately, + from so many different windows, or blended together in one. Adjoining this + is a bed-room, which neither the servants' voices, the murmuring of the + sea, the glare of lightning, nor daylight itself can penetrate, unless you + open the windows. This profound tranquillity and seclusion are occasioned + by a passage separating the wall of this room from that of the garden, and + thus, by means of this intervening space, every noise is drowned. Annexed + to this is a tiny stove-room, which, by opening or shutting a little + aperture, lets out or retains the heat from underneath, according as you + require. Beyond this lie a bed-room and ante-room, which enjoy the sun, + though obliquely indeed, from the time it rises, till the afternoon. When + I retire to this garden summer-house, I fancy myself a hundred miles away + from my villa, and take especial pleasure in it at the feast of the + Saturnalia,<a href="#linknote-42" name="linknoteref-42" id="linknoteref-42">[42]</a> + when, by the licence of that festive season, every other part of my house + resounds with my servants' mirth: thus I neither interrupt their amusement + nor they my studies. Amongst the pleasures and conveniences of this + situation, there is one drawback, and that is, the want of running water; + but then there are wells about the place, or rather springs, for they lie + close to the surface. And, altogether, the quality of this coast is + remarkable; for dig where you may, you meet, upon the first turning up of + the ground, with a spring of water, quite pure, not in the least salt, + although so near the sea. The neighbouring woods supply us with all the + fuel we require, the other necessaries Ostia furnishes. Indeed, to a + moderate man, even the village (between which and my house there is only + one villa) would supply all ordinary requirements. It has three public + baths, which are a great convenience if it happen that friends come in + unexpectedly, or make too short a stay to allow time in preparing my own. + The whole coast is very pleasantly sprinkled with villas either in rows or + detached, which whether looking at them from the sea or the shore, present + the appearance of so many different cities. The strand is, sometimes, + after a long calm, perfectly smooth, though, in general, through the + storms driving the waves upon it, it is rough and uneven. I cannot boast + that our sea is plentiful in choice fish; however, it supplies us with + capital soles and prawns; but as to other kinds of provisions, my villa + aspires to excel even inland countries, particularly in milk: for the + cattle come up there from the meadows in large numbers, in pursuit of + water and shade. Tell me, now, have I not good reason for living in, + staying in, loving, such a retreat, which, if you feel no appetite for, + you must be morbidly attached to town? And I only wish you would feel + inclined to come down to it, that to so many charms with which my little + villa abounds, it might have the very considerable addition of your + company to recommend it. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0025" id="link2H_4_0025"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXIV — To CEREALIS + </h2> + <p> + You advise me to read my late speech before an assemblage of my friends. I + shall do so, as you advise it, though I have strong scruples. Compositions + of this sort lose, I well know, all their force and fire, and even their + very name almost, by a mere recital. It is the solemnity of the tribunal, + the concourse of advocates, the suspense of the event, the fame of the + several pleaders concerned, the different parties formed amongst the + audience; add to this the gestures, the pacing, aye the actual running, to + and fro, of the speaker, the body working<a href="#linknote-43" + name="linknoteref-43" id="linknoteref-43">[43]</a> in harmony with every + inward emotion, that conspire to give a spirit and a grace to what he + delivers. This is the reason that those who plead sitting, though they + retain most of the advantages possessed by those who stand up to plead, + weaken the whole force of their oratory. The eyes and hands of the reader, + those important instruments of graceful elocution, being engaged, it is no + wonder that the attention of the audience droops, without anything + extrinsic to keep it up, no allurements of gesture to attract, no smart, + stinging impromptus to enliven. To these general considerations I must add + this particular disadvantage which attends the speech in question, that it + is of the argumentative kind; and it is natural for an author to infer + that what he wrote with labour will not be read with pleasure. For who is + there so unprejudiced as not to prefer the attractive and sonorous to the + sombre and unornamented in style? It is very unreasonable that there + should be any distinction; however, it is certain the judges generally + expect one style of pleading, and the audience another; whereas an auditor + ought to be affected only by those parts which would especially strike + him, were he in the place of the judge. Nevertheless it is possible the + objections which lie against this piece may be surmounted in consideration + of the novelty it has to recommend it: the novelty I mean with respect to + us; for the Greek orators have a method of reasoning upon a different + occasion, not altogether unlike that which I have employed. They, when + they would throw out a law, as contrary to some former one unrepealed, + argue by comparing those together; so I, on the contrary, endeavour to + prove that the crime, which I was insisting upon as falling within the + intent and meaning of the law relating to public extortions, was + agreeable, not only to that law, but likewise to other laws of the same + nature. Those who are ignorant of the jurisprudence of their country can + have no taste for reasonings of this kind, but those who are not ought to + be proportionably the more favourable in the judgments they pass upon + them. I shall endeavour, therefore, if you persist in my reciting it, to + collect as learned an audience as I can. But before you determine this + point, do weigh impartially the different considerations I have laid + before you, and then decide as reason shall direct; for it is reason that + must justify you; obedience to your commands will be a sufficient apology + for me. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0026" id="link2H_4_0026"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXV — To CALVISIUS + </h2> + <p> + GIVE me a penny, and I will tell you a story "worth gold," or, rather, you + shall hear two or three; for one brings to my mind another. It makes no + difference with which I begin. Verania, the widow of Piso, the Piso, I + mean, whom Galba adopted, lay extremely ill, and Regulus paid her a visit. + By the way, mark the assurance of the man, visiting a lady who detested + him herself, and to whose husband he was a declared enemy! Even barely to + enter her house would have been bad enough, but he actually went and + seated himself by her bed-side and began enquiring on what day and hour + she was born. Being informed of these important particulars, he composes + his countenance, fixes his eyes, mutters something to himself, counts upon + his fingers, and all this merely to keep the poor sick lady in suspense. + When he had finished, "You are," he says, "in one of your climacterics; + however, you will get over it. But for your greater satisfaction, I will + consult with a certain diviner, whose skill I have frequently + experienced." Accordingly off he goes, performs a sacrifice, and returns + with the strongest assurances that the omens confirmed what he had + promised on the part of the stars. Upon this the good woman, whose danger + made her credulous, calls for her will and gives Regulus a legacy. She + grew worse shortly after this; and in her last moments exclaimed against + this wicked, treacherous, and worse than perjured wretch, who had sworn + falsely to her by his own son's life. But imprecations of this sort are as + common with Regulus as they are impious; and he continually devotes that + unhappy youth to the curse of those gods whose vengeance his own frauds + every day provoke. + </p> + <p> + Velleius Blaesus, a man of consular rank, and remarkable for his immense + wealth, in his last illness was anxious to make some alterations in his + will. Regulus, who had lately endeavoured to insinuate himself into his + good graces, hoped to get something from the new will, and accordingly + addresses himself to his physicians, and conjures them to exert all their + skill to prolong the poor man's life. But after the will was signed, he + changes his character, reversing his tone: "How long," says he to these + very same physicians, "do you intend keeping this man in misery? Since you + cannot preserve his life, why do you grudge him the happy release of + death?" Blaesus dies, and, as if he had overheard every word that Regulus + had said, has not left him one farthing.—And now have you had + enough? or are you for the third, according to rhetorical canon? If so, + Regulus will supply you. You must know, then, that Aurelia, a lady of + remarkable accomplishments, purposing to execute her will,<a + href="#linknote-44" name="linknoteref-44" id="linknoteref-44">[44]</a> had + put on her smartest dress for the occasion. Regulus, who was present as a + witness, turned to the lady, and "Pray," says he, "leave me these fine + clothes." Aurelia thought the man was joking: but he insisted upon it + perfectly seriously, and, to be brief, obliged her to open her will, and + insert the dress she had on as a legacy to him, watching as she wrote, and + then looking over it to see that it was all down correctly. Aurelia, + however, is still alive: though Regulus, no doubt, when he solicited this + bequest, expected to enjoy it pretty soon. The fellow gets estates, he + gets legacies, conferred upon him, as if he really deserved them! But why + should I go on dwelling upon this in a city where wickedness and knavery + have, for this time past, received, the same, do I say, nay, even greater + encouragement, than modesty and virtue? Regulus is a glaring instance of + this truth, who, from a state of poverty, has by a train of villainies + acquired such immense riches that he once told me, upon consulting the + omens to know how soon he should be worth sixty millions of sesterces,<a + href="#linknote-45" name="linknoteref-45" id="linknoteref-45">[45]</a> he + found them so favourable as to portend he should possess double that sum. + And possibly he may, if he continues to dictate wills for other people in + this way: a sort of fraud, in my opinion, the most infamous of any. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0027" id="link2H_4_0027"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXVI — To CALVISIUS + </h2> + <p> + I NEVER, I think, spent any time more agreeably than my time lately with + Spurinna. So agreeably, indeed, that if ever I should arrive at old age, + there is no man whom I would sooner choose for my model, for nothing can + be more perfect in arrangement than his mode of life. I look upon order in + human actions, especially at that advanced age, with the same sort of + pleasure as I behold the settled course of the heavenly bodies. In young + men, indeed, a little confusion and disarrangement is all well enough: but + in age, when business is unseasonable, and ambition indecent, all should + be composed and uniform. This rule Spurinna observes with the most + religious consistency. Even in those matters which one might call + insignificant, were they not of every-day occurrence, he observes a + certain periodical season and method. The early morning he passes on his + couch; at eight he calls for his slippers, and walks three miles, + exercising mind and body together. On his return, if he has any friends in + the house with him, he gets upon some entertaining and interesting topic + of conversation; if by himself, some book is read to him, sometimes when + visitors are there even, if agreeable to the company. Then he has a rest, + and after that either takes up a book or resumes his conversation in + preference to reading. By-and-by he goes out for a drive in his carriage, + either with his wife, a most admirable woman, or with some friend: a + happiness which lately was mine.—How agreeable, how delightful it is + getting a quiet time alone with him in this way! You could imagine you + were listening to some worthy of ancient times! What deeds, what men you + hear about, and with what noble precepts you are imbued! Yet all delivered + with so modest an air that there is not the least appearance of dictating. + When he has gone about seven miles, he gets out of his chariot and walks a + mile more, after which he returns home, and either takes a rest or goes + back to his couch and writing. For he composes most elegant lyrics both in + Greek and Latin. So wonderfully soft, sweet, and gay they are, while the + author's own unsullied life lends them additional charm. When the baths + are ready, which in winter is about three o'clock, and in summer about + two, he undresses himself and, if there happen to be no wind, walks for + some time in the sun. After this he has a good brisk game of tennis: for + by this sort of exercise too, he combats the effects of old age. When he + has bathed, he throws himself upon his couch, but waits a little before he + begins eating, and in the meanwhile has some light and entertaining author + read to him. In this, as in all the rest, his friends are at full liberty + to share; or to employ themselves in any other way, just as they prefer. + You sit down to an elegant dinner, without extravagant display, which is + served up in antique plate of pure silver. He has another complete service + in Corinthian metal, which, though he admires as a curiosity, is far from + being his passion. During dinner he is frequently entertained with the + recital of some dramatic piece, by way of seasoning his very pleasures + with study; and although he continues at the table, even in summer, till + the night is somewhat advanced, yet he prolongs the entertainment with so + much affability and politeness that none of his guests ever finds it + tedious. By this method of living he has preserved all his senses entire, + and his body vigorous and active to his seventy-eighth year, without + showing any sign of old age except wisdom. This is the sort of life I + ardently aspire after; as I purpose enjoying it when I shall arrive at + those years which will justify a retreat from active life. Meanwhile I am + embarrassed with a thousand affairs, in which Spurinna is at once my + support and my example: for he too, so long as it became him, discharged + his professional duties, held magistracies, governed provinces, and by + toiling hard earned the repose he now enjoys. I propose to myself the same + career and the same limits: and I here give it to you under my hand that I + do so. If an ill-timed ambition should carry me beyond those bounds, + produce this very letter of mine in court against me; and condemn me to + repose, whenever I enjoy it without being reproached with indolence. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0028" id="link2H_4_0028"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXVII — To BAEBIUS MACER + </h2> + <p> + IT gives me great pleasure to find you such a reader of my uncle's works + as to wish to have a complete collection of them, and to ask me for the + names of them all. I will act as index then, and you shall know the very + order in which they were written, for the studious reader likes to know + this. The first work of his was a treatise in one volume, "On the Use of + the Dart by Cavalry"; this he wrote when in command of one of the cavalry + corps of our allied troops, and is drawn up with great care and ingenuity. + "The Life of Pomponius Secundus,"<a href="#linknote-46" + name="linknoteref-46" id="linknoteref-46">[46]</a> in two volumes. + Pomponius had a great affection for him, and he thought he owed this + tribute to his memory. "The History of the Wars in Germany," in twenty + books, in which he gave an account of all the battles we were engaged in + against that nation. A dream he had while serving in the army in Germany + first suggested the design of this work to him. He imagined that Drusus + Nero<a href="#linknote-47" name="linknoteref-47" id="linknoteref-47">[47]</a> + (who extended his conquest very far into that country, and there lost his + life) appeared to him in his sleep, and entreated him to rescue his memory + from oblivion. Next comes a work entitled "The Student," in three parts, + which from their length spread into six volumes: a work in which is + discussed the earliest training and subsequent education of the orator. + "Questions of Grammar and Style," in eight books, written in the latter + part of Nero's reign, when the tyranny of the times made it dangerous to + engage in literary pursuits requiring freedom and elevation of tone. He + has completed the history which Aufidius Bassus<a href="#linknote-48" + name="linknoteref-48" id="linknoteref-48">[48]</a> left unfinished, and + has added to it thirty books. And lastly he has left thirty-seven books on + Natural History, a work of great compass and learning, and as full of + variety as nature herself. You will wonder how a man as busy as he was + could find time to compose so many books, and some of them too involving + such care and labour. But you will be still more surprised when you hear + that he pleaded at the bar for some time, that he died in his sixty-sixth + year, that the intervening time was employed partly in the execution of + the highest official duties, partly in attendance upon those emperors who + honoured him with their friendship. But he had a quick apprehension, + marvellous power of application, and was of an exceedingly wakeful + temperament. He always began to study at midnight at the time of the feast + of Vulcan, not for the sake of good luck, but for learning's sake; in + winter generally at one in the morning, but never later than two, and + often at twelve.<a href="#linknote-49" name="linknoteref-49" + id="linknoteref-49">[49]</a> He was a most ready sleeper, insomuch that he + would sometimes, whilst in the midst of his studies, fall off and then + wake up again. Before day-break he used to wait upon Vespasian' (who also + used his nights for transacting business in), and then proceed to execute + the orders he had received. As soon as he returned home, he gave what time + was left to study. After a short and light refreshment at noon (agreeably + to the good old custom of our ancestors) he would frequently in the + summer, if he was disengaged from business, lie down and bask in the sun; + during which time some author was read to him, while he took notes and + made extracts, for every book he read he made extracts out of, indeed it + was a maxim of his, that "no book was so bad but some good might be got + out of it." When this was over, he generally took a cold bath, then some + light refreshment and a little nap. After this, as if it had been a new + day, he studied till supper-time, when a book was again read to him, which + he would take down running notes upon. I remember once his reader having + mis-pronounced a word, one of my uncle's friends at the table made him go + back to where the word was and repeat it again; upon which my uncle said + to his friend, "Surely you understood it?" Upon his acknowledging that he + did, "Why then," said he, "did you make him go back again? We have lost + more than ten lines by this interruption." Such an economist he was of + time! In the summer he used to rise from supper at daylight, and in winter + as soon as it was dark: a rule he observed as strictly as if it had been a + law of the state. Such was his manner of life amid the bustle and turmoil + of the town: but in the country his whole time was devoted to study, + excepting only when he bathed. In this exception I include no more than + the time during which he was actually in the bath; for all the while he + was being rubbed and wiped, he was employed either in hearing some book + read to him or in dictating himself. In going about anywhere, as though he + were disengaged from all other business, he applied his mind wholly to + that single pursuit. A shorthand writer constantly attended him, with book + and tablets, who, in the winter, wore a particular sort of warm gloves, + that the sharpness of the weather might not occasion any interruption to + my uncle's studies: and for the same reason, when in Rome, he was always + carried in a chair. I recollect his once taking me to task for walking. + "You need not," he said, "lose these hours." For he thought every hour + gone that was not given to study. Through this extraordinary application + he found time to compose the several treatises I have mentioned, besides + one hundred and sixty volumes of extracts which he left me in his will, + consisting of a kind of common-place, written on both sides, in very small + hand, so that one might fairly reckon the number considerably more. He + used himself to tell us that when he was comptroller of the revenue in + Spain, he could have sold these manuscripts to Largius Licinus for four + hundred thousand sesterces,<a href="#linknote-50" name="linknoteref-50" + id="linknoteref-50">[50]</a> and then there were not so many of them. When + you consider the books he has read, and the volumes he has written, are + you not inclined to suspect that he never was engaged in public duties or + was ever in the confidence of his prince? On the other hand, when you are + told how indefatigable he was in his studies, are you not inclined to + wonder that he read and wrote no more than he did? For, on one side, what + obstacles would not the business of a court throw in his way? and on the + other, what is it that such intense application might not effect? It + amuses me then when I hear myself called a studious man, who in comparison + with him am the merest idler. But why do I mention myself, who am diverted + from these pursuits by numberless affairs both public and private? Who + amongst those whose whole lives are devoted to literary pursuits would not + blush and feel himself the most confirmed of sluggards by the side of him? + I see I have run out my letter farther than I had originally intended, + which was only to let you know, as you asked me, what works he had left + behind him. But I trust this will be no less acceptable to you than the + books themselves, as it may, possibly, not only excite your curiosity to + read his works, but also your emulation to copy his example, by some + attempts of a similar nature. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0029" id="link2H_4_0029"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXVIII — To ANNIUS SEVERUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE lately purchased with a legacy that was left me a small statue of + Corinthian brass. It is small indeed, but elegant and life-like, as far as + I can form any judgment, which most certainly in matters of this sort, as + perhaps in all others, is extremely defective. However, I do see the + beauties of this figure: for, as it is naked the faults, if there be any, + as well as the perfections, are the more observable. It represents an old + man, in an erect attitude. The bones, muscles, veins, and the very + wrinkles, give the Impression of breathing life. The hair is thin and + failing, the forehead broad, the face shrivelled, the throat lank, the + arms loose and hanging, the breast shrunken, and the belly fallen in, as + the whole turn and air of the figure behind too is equally expressive of + old age. It appears to be true antique, judging from the colour of the + brass. In short, it is such a masterpiece as would strike the eyes of a + connoisseur, and which cannot fail to charm an ordinary observer: and this + induced me, who am an absolute novice in this art, to buy it. But I did + so, not with any intention of placing it in my own house (for I have + nothing of the kind there), but with a design of fixing it in some + conspicuous place in my native province; I should like it best in the + temple of Jupiter, for it is a gift well worthy of a temple, well worthy + of a god. I desire therefore you would, with that care with which you + always perform my requests, undertake this commission and give immediate + orders for a pedestal to be made for it, out of what marble you please, + but let my name be engraved upon it, and, if you think proper to add these + as well, my titles. I will send the statue by the first person I can find + who will not mind the trouble of it; or possibly (which I am sure you will + like better) I may myself bring it along with me: for I intend, if + business can spare me that is to say, to make an excursion over to you. I + see joy in your looks when I promise to come; but you will soon change + your countenance when I add, only for a few days: for the same business + that at present keeps me here will prevent my making a longer stay. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0030" id="link2H_4_0030"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXIX — To CANINIUS RUFUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE just been informed that Silius Italicus<a href="#linknote-51" + name="linknoteref-51" id="linknoteref-51">[51]</a> has starved himself to + death, at his villa near Naples. Ill-health was the cause. Being troubled + with an incurable cancerous humour, he grew weary of life and therefore + put an end to it with a determination not to be moved. He had been + extremely fortunate all through his life with the exception of the death + of the younger of his two sons; however, he has left behind him the elder + and the worthier man of the two in a position of distinction, having even + attained consular rank. His reputation had suffered a little in Nero's + time, as he was suspected of having officiously joined in some of the + informations in that reign; but he used his interest with Vitellius, with + great discretion and humanity. He acquired considerable honour by his + administration of the government of Asia, and, by his good conduct after + his retirement from business, cleared his character from that stain which + his former public exertions had thrown upon it. He lived as a private + nobleman, without power, and consequently without envy. Though he was + frequently confined to his bed, and always to his room, yet he was highly + respected, and much visited; not with an interested view, but on his own + account. He employed his time between conversing with literary men and + composing verses; which he sometimes read out, by way of testing the + public opinion: but they evidence more industry than genius. In the + decline of his years he entirely quitted Rome, and lived altogether in + Campania, from whence even the accession of the new emperor<a + href="#linknote-52" name="linknoteref-52" id="linknoteref-52">[52]</a> + could not draw him. A circumstance which I mention as much to the honour + of Cęsar, who was not displeased with that liberty, as of Italicus, who + was not afraid to make use of it. He was reproached with indulging his + taste for the fine arts at an immoderate expense. He had several villas in + the same province, and the last purchase was always the especial + favourite, to the neglect of all the rest, These residences overflowed + with books, statues, and pictures, which he more than enjoyed, he even + adored; particularly that of Virgil, of whom he was so passionate an + admirer that he celebrated the anniversary of that poet's birthday with + more solemnity than his own, at Naples especially where he used to + approach his tomb as if it had been a temple. In this tranquillity he + passed his seventy-fifth year, with a delicate rather than an infirm + constitution. + </p> + <p> + As he was the last person upon whom Nero conferred the consular office, so + he was the last survivor of all those who had been raised by him to that + dignity. It is also remarkable that, as he was the last to die of Nero's + consuls, so Nero died when he was consul. Recollecting this, a feeling of + pity for the transitory condition of mankind comes over me. Is there + anything in nature so short and limited as human life, even at its + longest? Does it not seem to you but yesterday that Nero was alive? And + yet not one of all those who were consuls in his reign now remains! Though + why should I wonder at this? Lucius Piso (the father of that Piso who was + so infamously assassinated by Valerius Festus in Africa) used to say, he + did not see one person in the senate whose opinion he had consulted when + he was consul: in so short a space is the very term of life of such a + multitude of beings comprised! so that to me those royal tears seem not + only worthy of pardon but of praise. For it is said that Xerxes, on + surveying his immense army, wept at the reflection that so many thousand + lives would in such a short space of time be extinct. The more ardent + therefore should be our zeal to lengthen out this frail and transient + portion of existence, if not by our deeds (for the opportunities of this + are not in our power) yet certainly by our literary accomplishments; and + since long life is denied us, let us transmit to posterity some memorial + that we have at least LIVED. I well know you need no incitements, but the + warmth of my affection for you inclines me to urge you on in the course + you are already pursuing, just as you have so often urged me. "Happy + rivalry" when two friends strive in this way which of them shall animate + the other most in their mutual pursuit of immortal fame. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0031" id="link2H_4_0031"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXX — To SPURINNA AND COTTIA<a href="#linknote-53" + name="linknoteref-53" id="linknoteref-53">[53]</a> + </h2> + <p> + I DID not tell you, when I paid you my last visit, that I had composed + something in praise of your son; because, in the first place, I wrote it + not for the sake of talking about my performance, but simply to satisfy my + affection, to console my sorrow for the loss of him. Again, as you told + me, my dear Spurinna, that you had heard I had been reciting a piece of + mine, I imagined you had also heard at the same time what was the subject + of the recital, and besides I was afraid of casting a gloom over your + cheerfulness in that festive season, by reviving the remembrance of that + heavy sorrow. And even now I have hesitated a little whether I should + gratify you both, in your joint request, by sending only what I recited, + or add to it what I am thinking of keeping back for another essay. It does + not satisfy my feelings to devote only one little tract to a memory so + dear and sacred to me, and it seemed also more to the interest of his fame + to have it thus disseminated by separate pieces. But the consideration, + that it will be more open and friendly to send you the whole now, rather + than keep back some of it to another time, has determined me to do the + former, especially as I have your promise that it shall not be + communicated by either of you to anyone else, until I shall think proper + to publish it. The only remaining favour I ask is, that you will give me a + proof of the same unreserve by pointing out to me what you shall judge + would be best altered, omitted, or added. It is difficult for a mind in + affliction to concentrate itself upon such little cares. However, as you + would direct a painter or sculptor who was representing the figure of your + son what parts he should retouch or express, so I hope you will guide and + inform my hand in this more durable or (as you are pleased to think it) + this immortal likeness which I am endeavouring to execute: for the truer + to the original, the more perfect and finished it is, so much the more + lasting it is likely to prove. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0032" id="link2H_4_0032"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXI — To JULIUS GENITOR + </h2> + <p> + IT is just like the generous disposition of Artemidorus to magnify the + kindnesses of his friends; hence he praises my deserts (though he is + really indebted to me) beyond their due. It is true indeed that when the + philosophers were expelled from Rome,<a href="#linknote-54" + name="linknoteref-54" id="linknoteref-54">[54]</a> I visited him at his + house near the city, and ran the greater risk in paying him that civility, + as it was more noticeable then, I being praetor at the time. I supplied + him too with a considerable sum to pay certain debts he had contracted + upon very honourable occasions, without charging interest, though obliged + to borrow the money myself, while the rest of his rich powerful friends + stood by hesitating about giving him assistance. I did this at a time when + seven of my friends were either executed or banished; Senecio, Rusticus, + and Helvidius having just been put to death, while Mauricus, Gratilla, + Arria, and Fannia, were sent into exile; and scorched as it were by so + many lightning-bolts of the state thus hurled and flashing round me, I + augured by no uncertain tokens my own impending doom. But I do not look + upon myself, on that account, as deserving of the high praises my friend + bestows upon me: all I pretend to is the being clear of the infamous guilt + of abandoning him in his misfortunes. I had, as far as the differences + between our ages would admit, a friendship for his father-in-law Musonius, + whom I both loved and esteemed, while Artemidorus himself I entered into + the closest intimacy with when I was serving as a military tribune in + Syria. And I consider as a proof that there is some good in me the fact of + my being so early capable of appreciating a man who is either a + philosopher or the nearest resemblance to one possible; for I am sure + that, amongst all those who at the present day call themselves + philosophers, you will find hardly any one of them so full of sincerity + and truth as he. I forbear to mention how patient he is of heat and cold + alike, how indefatigable in labour, how abstemious in his food, and what + an absolute restraint he puts upon all his appetites; for these qualities, + considerable as they would certainly be in any other character, are less + noticeable by the side of the rest of those virtues of his which + recommended him to Musonius for a son-in-law, in preference to so many + others of all ranks who paid their addresses to his daughter. And when I + think of all these things, I cannot help feeling pleasurably affected by + those unqualified terms of praise in which he speaks of me to you as well + as to everyone else. I am only apprehensive lest the warmth of his kind + feeling carry him beyond the due limits; for he, who is so free from all + other errors, is apt to fall into just this one good-natured one, of + overrating the merits of his friends. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0033" id="link2H_4_0033"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXII — To CATILIUS SEVERUS + </h2> + <p> + I WILL come to supper, but must make this agreement beforehand, that I go + when I please, that you treat me to nothing expensive, and that our + conversation abound only in Socratic discourse, while even that in + moderation. There are certain necessary visits of ceremony, bringing + people out before daylight, which Cato himself could not safely fall in + with; though I must confess that Julius Cęsar reproaches him with that + circumstance in such a manner as redounds to his praise; for he tells us + that the persons who met him reeling home blushed at the discovery, and + adds, "You would have thought that Cato had detected them, and not they + Cato." Could he place the dignity of Cato in a stronger light than by + representing him thus venerable even in his cups? But let our supper be as + moderate in regard to hours as in the preparation and expense: for we are + not of such eminent reputation that even our enemies cannot censure our + conduct without applauding it at the same time. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0034" id="link2H_4_0034"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXIII — To ACILIUS + </h2> + <p> + THE atrocious treatment that Largius Macedo, a man of praetorian rank, + lately received at the hands of his slaves is so extremely tragical that + it deserves a place rather in public history than in a private letter; + though it must at the same time be acknowledged there was a haughtiness + and severity in his behaviour towards them which shewed that he little + remembered, indeed almost entirely forgot, the fact that his own father + had once been in that station of life. He was bathing at his Formian + Villa, when he found himself suddenly surrounded by his slaves; one seizes + him by the throat, another strikes him on the mouth, whilst others + trampled upon his breast, stomach, and even other parts which I need not + mention. When they thought the breath must be quite out of his body, they + threw him down upon the heated pavement of the bath, to try whether he + were still alive, where he lay outstretched and motionless, either really + insensible or only feigning to be so, upon which they concluded him to be + actually dead. In this condition they brought him out, pretending that he + had got suffocated by the heat of the bath. Some of his more trusty + servants received him, and his mistresses came about him shrieking and + lamenting. The noise of their cries and the fresh air, together, brought + him a little to himself; he opened his eyes, moved his body, and shewed + them (as he now safely might) that he was not quite dead. The murderers + immediately made their escape; but most of them have been caught again, + and they are after the rest. He was with great difficulty kept alive for a + few days, and then expired, having however the satisfaction of finding + himself as amply revenged in his lifetime as he would have been after his + death. Thus you see to what affronts, indignities, and dangers we are + exposed. Lenity and kind treatment are no safeguard; for it is malice and + not reflection that arms such ruffians against their masters. So much for + this piece of news. And what else? What else? Nothing else, or you should + hear it, for I have still paper, and time too (as it is holiday time with + me) to spare for more, and I can tell you one further circumstance + relating to Macedo, which now occurs to me. As he was in a public bath + once, at Rome, a remarkable, and (judging from the manner of his death) an + ominous, accident happened to him. A slave of his, in order to make way + for his master, laid his hand gently upon a Roman knight, who, turning + suddenly round, struck, not the slave who had touched him, but Macedo, so + violent a blow with his open palm that he almost knocked him down. Thus + the bath by a kind of gradation proved fatal to him; being first the scene + of an indignity he suffered, afterwards the scene of his death. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0035" id="link2H_4_0035"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXIV — To NEPOS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE constantly observed that amongst the deeds and sayings of + illustrious persons of either sex, some have made more noise in the world, + whilst others have been really greater, although less talked about; and I + am confirmed in this opinion by a conversation I had yesterday with + Fannia. This lady is a grand-daughter to that celebrated Arria, who + animated her husband to meet death, by her own glorious example. She + informed me of several particulars relating to Arria, no less heroic than + this applauded action of hers, though taken less notice of, and I think + you will be as surprised to read the account of them as I was to hear it. + Her husband Caecinna Paetus, and her son, were both attacked at the same + time with a fatal illness, as was supposed; of which the son died, a youth + of remarkable beauty, and as modest as he was comely, endeared indeed to + his parents no less by his many graces than from the fact of his being + their son. His mother prepared his funeral and conducted the usual + ceremonies so privately that Paetus did not know of his death. Whenever + she came into his room, she pretended her son was alive and actually + better: and as often as he enquired after his health, would answer, "He + has had a good rest, and eaten his food with quite an appetite." Then when + she found the tears, she had so long kept back, gushing forth in spite of + herself, she would leave the room, and having given vent to her grief, + return with dry eyes and a serene countenance, as though she had dismissed + every feeling of bereavement at the door of her husband's chamber. I must + confess it was a brave action<a href="#linknote-55" name="linknoteref-55" + id="linknoteref-55">[55]</a> in her to draw the steel, plunge it into her + breast, pluck out the dagger, and present it to her husband with that ever + memorable, I had almost said that divine, expression, "Paetus, it is not + painful." But when she spoke and acted thus, she had the prospect of glory + and immortality before her; how far greater, without the support of any + such animating motives, to hide her tears, to conceal her grief, and + cheerfully to act the mother, when a mother no more! + </p> + <p> + Scribonianus had taken up arms in Illyria against Clatidius, where he lost + his life, and Paetus, who was of his party, was brought a prisoner to + Rome. When they were going to put him on board ship, Arria besought the + soldiers that she might be permitted to attend him: "For surely," she + urged, "you will allow a man of consular rank some servants to dress him, + attend to him at meals, and put his shoes on for him; but if you will take + me, I alone will perform all these offices." Her request was refused; upon + which she hired a fishing-boat, and in that small vessel followed the + ship. On her return to Rome, meeting the wife of Scribonianus in the + emperor's palace, at the time when this woman voluntarily gave evidence + against the conspirators—"What," she exclaimed, "shall I hear you + even speak to me, you, on whose bosom your husband Scribonianus was + murdered, and yet you survive him?"—an expression which plainly + shews that the noble manner in which she put an end to her life was no + unpremeditated effect of sudden passion. Moreover, when Thrasea, her + son-in-law, was endeavouring to dissuade her from her purpose of + destroying herself, and, amongst other arguments which he used, said to + her, "Would you then advise your daughter to die with me if my life were + to be taken from me?" "Most certainly I would," she replied, "if she had + lived as long, and in as much harmony with you, as I have with my Paetus." + This answer greatly increased the alarm of her family, and made them watch + her for the future more narrowly; which, when she perceived, "It is of no + use," she said, "you may oblige me to effect my death in a more painful + way, but it is impossible you should prevent it." Saying this, she sprang + from her chair, and running her head with the utmost violence against the + wall, fell down, to all appearance, dead; but being brought to herself + again, "I told you," she said, "if you would not suffer me to take an easy + path to death, I should find a way to it, however hard." Now, is there + not, my friend, something much greater in all this than in the + so-much-talked-of "Paetus, it is not painful," to which these led the way? + And yet this last is the favourite topic of fame, while all the former are + passed over in silence. Whence I cannot but infer, what I observed at the + beginning of my letter, that some actions are more celebrated, whilst + others are really greater. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0036" id="link2H_4_0036"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXV — To SEVERUS + </h2> + <p> + I WAS obliged by my consular office to compliment the emperor<a + href="#linknote-56" name="linknoteref-56" id="linknoteref-56">[56]</a> in + the name of the republic; but after I had performed that ceremony in the + senate in the usual manner, and as fully as the time and place would + allow, I thought it agreeable to the affection of a good subject to + enlarge those general heads, and expand them into a complete discourse. My + principal object in doing so was, to confirm the emperor in his virtues, + by paying them that tribute of applause which they so justly deserve; and + at the same time to direct future princes, not in the formal way of + lecture, but by his more engaging example, to those paths they must pursue + if they would attain the same heights of glory. To instruct princes how to + form their conduct, is a noble, but difficult task, and may, perhaps, be + esteemed an act of presumption: but to applaud the character of an + accomplished prince, and to hold out to posterity, by this means, a + beacon-light as it were, to guide succeeding monarchs, is a method equally + useful, and much more modest. It afforded me a very singular pleasure that + when I wished to recite this panegyric in a private assembly, my friends + gave me their company, though I did not solicit them in the usual form of + notes or circulars, but only desired their attendance, "should it be quite + convenient to them," and "if they should happen to have no other + engagement." You know the excuses generally made at Rome to avoid + invitations of this kind; how prior invitations are usually alleged; yet, + in spite of the worst possible weather, they attended the recital for two + days together; and when I thought it would be unreasonable to detain them + any longer, they insisted upon my going through with it the next day. + Shall I consider this as an honour done to myself or to literature? Rather + let me suppose to the latter, which, though well-nigh extinct, seems to be + now again reviving amongst us. Yet what was the subject which raised this + uncommon attention? No other than what formerly, even in the senate, where + we had to submit to it, we used to grudge even a few moments' attention + to. But now, you see, we have patience to recite and to attend to the same + topic for three days together; and the reason of this is, not that we have + more eloquent writing now than formerly, but we write under a fuller sense + of individual freedom, and consequently more genially than we used to. It + is an additional glory therefore to our present emperor that this sort of + harangue, which was once as disgusting as it was false, is now as pleasing + as it is sincere. But it was not only the earnest attention of my audience + which afforded me pleasure; I was greatly delighted too with the justness + of their taste: for I observed, that the more nervous parts of my + discourse gave them peculiar satisfaction. It is true, indeed, this work, + which was written for the perusal of the world in general, was read only + to a few; however, I would willingly look upon their particular judgment + as an earnest of that of the public, and rejoice at their manly taste as + if it were universally spread. It was just the same in eloquence as it was + in music, the vitiated ears of the audience introduced a depraved style; + but now, I am inclined to hope, as a more refined judgment prevails in the + public, our compositions of both kinds will improve too; for those authors + whose sole object is to please will fashion their works according to the + popular taste. I trust, however, in subjects of this nature the florid + style is most proper; and am so far from thinking that the vivid colouring + I have used will be esteemed foreign and unnatural that I am most + apprehensive that censure will fall upon those parts where the diction is + most simple and unornate. Nevertheless, I sincerely wish the time may + come, and that it now were, when the smooth and luscious, which has + affected our style, shall give place, as it ought, to severe and chaste + composition. — Thus have I given you an account of my doings of + these last three days, that your absence might not entirely deprive you of + a pleasure which, from your friendship to me, and the part you take in + everything that concerns the interest of literature, I know you would have + received, had you been there to hear. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0037" id="link2H_4_0037"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXVI — To CALVISIUS RUFUS + </h2> + <p> + I MUST have recourse to you, as usual, in an affair which concerns my + finances. An estate adjoining my land, and indeed running into it, is for + sale. There are several considerations strongly inclining me to this + purchase, while there are others no less weighty deterring me from it. Its + first recommendation is, the beauty which will result from uniting this + farm to my own lands; next, the advantage as well as pleasure of being + able to visit it without additional trouble and expense; to have it + superintended by the same steward, and almost by the same sub-agents, and + to have one villa to support and embellish, the other just to keep in + common repair. I take into this account furniture, housekeepers, + fancy-gardeners, artificers, and even hunting-apparatus, as it makes a + very great difference whether you get these altogether into one place or + scatter them about in several. On the other hand, I don't know whether it + is prudent to expose so large a property to the same climate, and the same + risks of accident happening; to distribute one's possessions about seems a + safer way of meeting the caprice of fortune, besides, there is something + extremely pleasant in the change of air and place, and the going about + between one's properties. And now, to come to the chief consideration:—the + lands are rich, fertile, and well-watered, consisting chiefly of + meadow-ground, vineyard, and wood, while the supply of building timber and + its returns, though moderate, still, keep at the same rate. But the soil, + fertile as it is, has been much impoverished by not having been properly + looked after. The person last in possession used frequently to seize and + sell the stock, by which means, although he lessened his tenants' arrears + for the time being, yet he left them nothing to go on with and the arrears + ran up again in consequence. I shall be obliged, then, to provide them + with slaves, which I must buy, and at a higher than the usual price, as + these will be good ones; for I keep no fettered slaves<a + href="#linknote-57" name="linknoteref-57" id="linknoteref-57">[57]</a> + myself, and there are none upon the estate. For the rest, the price, you + must know, is three millions of sesterces.<a href="#linknote-58" + name="linknoteref-58" id="linknoteref-58">[58]</a> It has formerly gone + over five millions,<a href="#linknote-59" name="linknoteref-59" + id="linknoteref-59">[59]</a> but owing, partly to the general hardness of + the times, and partly to its being thus stripped of tenants, the income of + this estate is reduced, and consequently its value. You will be inclined + perhaps to enquire whether I can easily raise the purchase-money? My + estate, it is true, is almost entirely in land, though I have some money + out at interest; but I shall find no difficulty in borrowing any sum I may + want. I can get it from my wife's mother, whose purse I may use with the + same freedom as my own; so that you need not trouble yourself at all upon + that point, should you have no other objections, which I should like you + very carefully to consider: for, as in everything else, so, particularly + in matters of economy, no man has more judgment and experience than + yourself. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0038" id="link2H_4_0038"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXVII — To CORNELIUS PRISCUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE just heard of Valerius Martial's death, which gives me great + concern. He was a man of an acute and lively genius, and his writings + abound in equal wit, satire, and kindliness. On his leaving Rome I made + him a present to defray his travelling expenses, which I gave him, not + only as a testimony of friendship, but also in return for the verses with + which he had complimented me. It was the custom of the ancients to + distinguish those poets with honours or pecuniary rewards, who had + celebrated particular individuals or cities in their verses; but this good + custom, along with every other fair and noble one, has grown out of + fashion now; and in consequence of our having ceased to act laudably, we + consider praise a folly and impertinence. You may perhaps be curious to + see the verses which merited this acknowledgment from me, and I believe I + can, from memory, partly satisfy your curiosity, without referring you to + his works: but if you should be pleased with this specimen of them, you + must turn to his poems for the rest. He addresses himself to his muse, + whom he directs to go to my house upon the Esquiline,<a href="#linknote-60" + name="linknoteref-60" id="linknoteref-60">[60]</a> but to approach it with + respect. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Go, wanton muse, but go with care, + Nor meet, ill-tim'd, my Pliny's ear; + He, by sage Minerva taught, + Gives the day to studious thought, + And plans that eloquence divine, + Which shall to future ages shine, + And rival, wondrous Tully! thine. + Then, cautious, watch the vacant hour, + When Bacchus reigns in all his pow'r; + When, crowned with rosy chaplets gay, + Catos might read my frolic lay."<a href="#linknote-61" name="linknoteref-61" + id="linknoteref-61">[61]</a> +</pre> + <p> + Do you not think that the poet who wrote of me in such terms deserved some + friendly marks of my bounty then, and of my sorrow now? For he gave me the + very best he had to bestow, and would have given more had it been in his + power. Though indeed what can a man have conferred on him more valuable + than the honour of never-fading praise? But his poems will not long + survive their author, at least I think not, though he wrote them in the + expectation of their doing so. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0039" id="link2H_4_0039"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXVIII — To FABATUS (HIS WIFE'S GRANDFATHER) + </h2> + <p> + You have long desired a visit from your grand-daughter<a + href="#linknote-62" name="linknoteref-62" id="linknoteref-62">[62]</a> + accompanied by me. Nothing, be assured, could be more agreeable to either + of us; for we equally wish to see you, and are determined to delay that + pleasure no longer. For this purpose we are already packing up, and + hastening to you with all the speed the roads will permit of. We shall + make only one, short, stoppage, for we intend turning a little out of our + way to go into Tuscany: not for the sake of looking upon our estate, and + into our family concerns, which we can postpone to another opportunity, + but to perform an indispensable duty. There is a town near my estate, + called Tifernum-upon-the-Tiber,<a href="#linknote-63" name="linknoteref-63" + id="linknoteref-63">[63]</a> which, with more affection than wisdom, put + itself under my patronage when I was yet a youth. These people celebrate + my arrival among them, express the greatest concern when I leave them, and + have public rejoicings whenever they hear of my preferments. By way of + requiting their kindnesses (for what generous mind can bear to be excelled + in acts of friendship?) I have built a temple in this place, at my own + expense, and as it is finished, it would be a sort of impiety to put off + its dedication any longer. So we shall be there on the day on which that + ceremony is to be performed, and I have resolved to celebrate it with a + general feast. We may possibly stay on there for all the next day, but + shall make so much the greater haste in our journey afterwards. May we + have the happiness to find you and your daughter in good health! In good + spirits I am sure we shall, should we get to you all safely. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0040" id="link2H_4_0040"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXIX — To ATTIUS CLEMENS + </h2> + <p> + REGULUS has lost his son; the only undeserved misfortune which could have + befallen him, in that I doubt whether he thinks it a misfortune. The boy + had quick parts, but there was no telling how he might turn out; however, + he seemed capable enough of going right, were he not to grow up like his + father. Regulus gave him his freedom,<a href="#linknote-64" + name="linknoteref-64" id="linknoteref-64">[64]</a> in order to entitle him + to the estate left him by his mother; and when he got into possession of + it, (I speak of the current rumours, based upon the character of the man,) + fawned upon the lad with a disgusting shew of fond affection which in a + parent was utterly out of place. You may hardly think this credible; but + then consider what Regulus is. However, he now expresses his concern for + the loss of this youth in a most extravagant manner. The boy had a number + of ponies for riding and driving, dogs both big and little, together with + nightingales, parrots, and blackbirds in abundance. All these Regulus slew + round the funeral pile. It was not grief, but an ostentatious parade of + grief. He is visited upon this occasion by a surprising number of people, + who all hate and detest the man, and yet are as assiduous in their + attendance upon him as if they really esteemed and loved him, and, to give + you my opinion in a word, in endeavouring to do Regulus a kindness, make + themselves exactly like him. He keeps himself in his park on the other + side the Tiber, where he has covered a vast extent of ground with his + porticoes, and crowded all the shore with his statues; for he unites + prodigality with excessive covetousness, and vain-glory with the height of + infamy. At this very unhealthy time of year he is boring society, and he + feels pleasure and consolation in being a bore. He says he wishes to + marry,—a piece of perversity, like all his other conduct. You must + expect, therefore, to hear shortly of the marriage of this mourner, the + marriage of this old man; too early in the former case, in the latter, too + late. You ask me why I conjecture this? Certainly not because he says so + himself (for a greater liar never stepped), but because there is no doubt + that Regulus will do whatever ought not to be done. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0041" id="link2H_4_0041"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XL — To CATIUS LEPIDUS + </h2> + <p> + I OFTEN tell you that there is a certain force of character about Regulus: + it is wonderful how he carries through what he has set his mind to. He + chose lately to be extremely concerned for the loss of his son: + accordingly he mourned for him as never man mourned before. He took it + into his head to have an immense number of statues and pictures of him; + immediately all the artisans in Rome are set to work. Canvas, wax, brass, + silver, gold, ivory, marble, all exhibit the figure of the young Regulus. + Not long ago he read, before a numerous audience, a memoir of his son: a + memoir of a mere boy! However he read it. He wrote likewise a sort of + circular letter to the several Decurii desiring them to choose out one of + their order who had a strong clear voice, to read this eulogy to the + people; it has been actually done. Now had this force of character or + whatever else you may call a fixed determination in obtaining whatever one + has a mind for, been rightly applied, what infinite good it might have + effected! The misfortune is, there is less of this quality about good + people than about bad people, and as ignorance begets rashness, and + thoughtfulness produces deliberation, so modesty is apt to cripple the + action of virtue, whilst confidence strengthens vice. Regulus is a case in + point: he has a weak voice, an awkward delivery, an indistinct utterance, + a slow imagination, and no memory; in a word, he possesses nothing but a + sort of frantic energy: and yet, by the assistance of a flighty turn and + much impudence, he passes as an orator. Herennius Senecio admirably + reversed Cato's definition of an orator, and applied it to Regulus: "An + orator," he said, "is a bad man, unskilled in the art of speaking." And + really Cato's definition is not a more exact description of a true orator + than Seneclo's is of the character of this man. Would you make me a + suitable return for this letter? Let me know if you, or any of my friends + in your town, have, like a stroller in the marketplace, read this doleful + production of Regulus's, "raising," as Demosthenes says, "your voice most + merrily, and straining every muscle in your throat." For so absurd a + performance must excite laughter rather than compassion; and indeed the + composition is as puerile as the subject. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0042" id="link2H_4_0042"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLI — To MATURUS ARRIANUS + </h2> + <p> + Mv advancement to the dignity of augur<a href="#linknote-65" + name="linknoteref-65" id="linknoteref-65">[65]</a> is an honour that + justly indeed merits your congratulations; not only because it is highly + honourable to receive, even in the slightest instances, a testimony of the + approbation of so wise and discreet a prince,<a href="#linknote-66" + name="linknoteref-66" id="linknoteref-66">[66]</a> but because it is + moreover an ancient and religious institution, which has this sacred and + peculiar privilege annexed to it, that it is for life. Other sacerdotal + offices, though they may, perhaps, be almost equal to this one in dignity, + yet as they are given so they may be taken away again: but fortune has no + further power over this than to bestow it. What recommends this dignity + still more highly is, that I have the honour to succeed so illustrious a + person as Julius Frontinus. He for many years, upon the nomination-day of + proper persons to be received into the sacred college, constantly proposed + me, as though he had a view to electing me as his successor; and since it + actually proved so in the event, I am willing to look upon it as something + more than mere accident. But the circumstance, it seems, that most pleases + you in this affair, is, that Cicero enjoyed the same post; and you rejoice + (you tell me) to find that I follow his steps as closely in the path of + honours as I endeavour to do in that of eloquence. I wish, indeed, that as + I had the advantage of being admitted earlier into the same order of + priesthood, and into the consular office, than Cicero, that so I might, in + my later years, catch some spark, at least, of his divine genius! The + former, indeed, being at man's disposal, may be conferred on me and on + many others, but the latter it is as presumptuous to hope for as it is + difficult to reach, being in the gift of heaven alone. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0043" id="link2H_4_0043"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLII — To STATIUS SABINUS + </h2> + <p> + YOUR letter informs me that Sabina, who appointed you and me her heirs, + though she has nowhere expressly directed that Modestus shall have his + freedom, yet has left him a legacy in the following words, "I give, &c.—To + Modestus, whom I have ordered to have his freedom": upon which you desire + my opinion. I have consulted skilful lawyers upon the point, and they all + agree Modestus is not entitled to his liberty, since it is not expressly + given, and consequently that the legacy is void, as being bequeathed to a + slave.<a href="#linknote-67" name="linknoteref-67" id="linknoteref-67">[67]</a> + But it evidently appears to be a mistake in the testatrix; and therefore I + think we ought to act in this case as though Sabina had directed, in so + many words, what, it is clear, she had ordered. I am persuaded you will go + with me in this opinion, who so religiously regard the will of the + deceased, which indeed where it can be discovered will always be law to + honest heirs. Honour is to you and me as strong an obligation as the + compulsion of law is to others. Let Modestus then enjoy his freedom and + his legacy as fully as if Sabina had observed all the requisite forms, as + indeed they effectually do who make a judicious choice of their heirs. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0044" id="link2H_4_0044"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLIII — To CORNELIUS MINICIANUS + </h2> +<a href="#linknote-68" name="linknoteref-68" id="linknoteref-68">[68]</a> + <p> + Have you heard—I suppose, not yet, for the news has but just arrived + — that Valerius Licinianus has become a professor in Sicily? This + unfortunate person, who lately enjoyed the dignity of praetor, and was + esteemed the most eloquent of our advocates, is now fallen from a senator + to an exile, from an orator to a teacher of rhetoric. Accordingly in his + inaugural speech he uttered, sorrowfully and solemnly, the following + words: "Oh! Fortune, how capriciously dost thou sport with mankind! Thou + makest rhetoricians of senators, and senators of rhetoricians!" A sarcasm + so poignant and full of gall that one might almost imagine he fixed upon + this profession merely for the sake of an opportunity of applying it. And + having made his first appearance in school, clad in the Greek cloak (for + exiles have no right to wear the toga), after arranging himself and + looking down upon his attire, "I am, however," he said, "going to declaim + in Latin." You will think, perhaps, this situation, wretched and + deplorable as it is, is what he well deserves for having stained the + honourable profession of an orator with the crime of incest. It is true, + indeed, he pleaded guilty to the charge; but whether from a consciousness + of his guilt, or from an apprehension of worse consequences if he denied + it, is not clear; for Domitian generally raged most furiously where his + evidence failed him most hopelessly. That emperor had determined that + Cornelia, chief of the Vestal Virgins, should be buried alive, from an + extravagant notion that exemplary severities of this kind conferred lustre + upon his reign. Accordingly, by virtue of his office as supreme pontiff, + or, rather, in the exercise of a tyrant's cruelty, a despot's lawlessness, + he convened the sacred college, not in the pontifical court where they + usually assemble, but at his villa near Alba; and there, with a guilt no + less heinous than that which he professed to be punishing, he condemned + her, when she was not present to defend herself, on the charge of incest, + while he himself had been guilty, not only of debauching his own brother's + daughter, but was also accessory to her death: for that lady, being a + widow, in order to conceal her shame, endeavoured to procure an abortion, + and by that means lost her life. However, the priests were directed to see + the sentence immediately executed upon Cornelia. As they were leading her + to the place of execution, she called upon Vesta, and the rest of the + gods, to attest her innocence; and, amongst other exclamations, frequently + cried out, "Is it possible that Cęsar can think me polluted, under the + influence of whose sacred functions he has conquered and triumphed?"<a + href="#linknote-69" name="linknoteref-69" id="linknoteref-69">[69]</a> + Whether she said this in flattery or derision; whether it proceeded from a + consciousness of her innocence, or contempt of the emperor, is uncertain; + but she continued exclaiming in this manner, till she came to the place of + execution, to which she was led, whether innocent or guilty I cannot say, + at all events with every appearance and demonstration of innocence. As she + was being lowered down into the subterranean vault, her robe happening to + catch upon something in the descent, she turned round and disengaged it, + when, the executioner offering his assistance, she drew herself back with + horror, refusing to be so much as touched by him, as though it were a + defilement to her pure and unspotted chastity: still preserving the + appearance of sanctity up to the last moment; and, among all the other + instances of her modesty, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "She took great care to fall with decency."<a href="#linknote-70" + name="linknoteref-70" id="linknoteref-70">[70]</a> +</pre> + <p> + Celer likewise, a Roman knight, who was accused of an intrigue with her, + while they were scourging him with rods<a href="#linknote-71" + name="linknoteref-71" id="linknoteref-71">[71]</a> in the Forum, persisted + in exclaiming, "What have I done?—I have done nothing." These + declarations of innocence had exasperated Domitian exceedingly, as + imputing to him acts of cruelty and injustice, accordingly Licinianus + being seized by the emperor's orders for having concealed a freedwoman of + Cornelia's in one of his estates, was advised, by those who took him in + charge, to confess the fact, if he hoped to obtain a remission of his + punishment, circumstance to add further, that a young nobleman, having had + his tunic torn, an ordinary occurrence in a crowd, stood with his gown + thrown over him, to hear me, and that during the seven hours I was + speaking, whilst my success more than counterbalanced the fatigue of so + long a speech. So let us set to and not screen our own indolence under + pretence of that of the public. Never, be very sure of that, will there be + wanting hearers and readers, so long as we can only supply them with + speakers and writers worth their attention. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0045" id="link2H_4_0045"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLV — To ASINIUS + </h2> + <p> + You advise me, nay you entreat me, to undertake, in her absence, the cause + of Corellia, against C. Caecilius, consul elect. For your advice I am + grateful, of your entreaty I really must complain; without the first, + indeed, I should have been ignorant of this affair, but the last was + unnecessary, as I need no solicitations to comply, where it would be + ungenerous in me to refuse; for can I hesitate a moment to take upon + myself the protection of a daughter of Corellius? It is true, indeed, + though there is no particular intimacy between her adversary and myself, + still we are upon good enough terms. It is also true that he is a person + of rank, and one who has a high claim upon my especial regard, as destined + to enter upon an office which I have had the honour to fill; and it is + natural for a man to be desirous those dignities should be held in the + highest esteem which he himself once possessed. Yet all these + considerations appear indifferent and trifling when I reflect that it is + the daughter of Corellius whom I am to defend. The memory of that + excellent person, than whom this age has not produced a man of greater + dignity, rectitude, and acuteness, is indelibly imprinted upon my mind. My + regard for him sprang from my admiration of the man, and contrary to what + is usually the case, my admiration increased upon a thorough knowledge of + him, and indeed I did know him thoroughly, for he kept nothing back from + me, whether gay or serious, sad or joyous. When he was but a youth, he + esteemed, and (I will even venture to say) revered, me as if I had been + his equal. When I solicited any post of honour, he supported me with his + interest, and recommended me with his testimony; when I entered upon it, + he was my introducer and my companion; when I exercised it, he was my + guide and my counsellor. In a word, whenever my interest was concerned, he + exerted himself, in spite of his weakness and declining years, with as + much alacrity as though he were still young and lusty. In private, in + public, and at court, how often has he advanced and supported my credit + and interest! It happened once that the conversation, in the presence of + the emperor Nerva, turned upon the promising young men of that time, and + several of the company present were pleased to mention me with applause; + he sat for a little while silent, which gave what he said the greater + weight; and then, with that air of dignity, to which you are no stranger, + "I must be reserved," said he, "in my praises of Pliny, because he does + nothing without advice." By which single sentence he bestowed upon me more + than my most extravagant wishes could aspire to, as he represented my + conduct to be always such as wisdom must approve, since it was wholly + under the direction of one of the wisest of men. Even in his last moments + he said to his daughter (as she often mentions), "I have in the course of + a long life raised up many friends to you, but there are none in whom you + may more assuredly confide than Pliny and Cornutus." A circumstance I + cannot reflect upon without being deeply sensible how incumbent it is upon + me to endeavour not to disappoint the confidence so excellent a judge of + human nature reposed in me. I shall therefore most readily give my + assistance to Corellia in this affair, and willingly risk any displeasure + I may incur by appearing in her behalf. Though I should imagine, if in the + course of my pleadings I should find an opportunity to explain and enforce + more fully and at large than the limits of a letter allow of the reasons I + have here mentioned, upon which I rest at once my apology and my glory; + her adversary (whose suit may perhaps, as you say, be entirely without + precedent, as it is against a woman) will not only excuse, but approve, my + conduct. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0046" id="link2H_4_0046"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLVI — To HISPULLA + </h2> + <p> + As you are a model of all virtue, and loved your late excellent brother, + who had such a fondness for you, with an affection equal to his own; + regarding too his daughter<a href="#linknote-72" name="linknoteref-72" + id="linknoteref-72">[72]</a> as your child, not only shewing her an aunt's + tenderness but supplying the place of the parent she had lost; I know it + will give you the greatest pleasure and joy to hear that she proves worthy + of her father, her grandfather, and yourself. She possesses an excellent + understanding together with a consummate prudence, and gives the strongest + evidence of the purity of her heart by her fondness of her husband. Her + affection for me, moreover, has given her a taste for books, and my + productions, which she takes a pleasure in reading, and even in getting by + heart, are continually in her hands. How full of tender anxiety is she + when I am going to speak in any case, how rejoiced she feels when it is + got through. While I am pleading, she stations persons to inform her from + time to time how I am heard, what applauses I receive, and what success + attends the case. When I recite my works at any time, she conceals herself + behind some curtain, and drinks in my praises with greedy ears. She sings + my verses too, adapting them to her lyre, with no other master but love, + that best of instructors, for her guide. From these happy circumstances I + derive my surest hopes, that the harmony between us will increase with our + days, and be as lasting as our lives. For it is not my youth or person, + which time gradually impairs; it is my honour and glory that she cares + for. But what less could be expected from one who was trained by your + hands, and formed by your instructions; who was early familiarized under + your roof with all that is pure and virtuous, and who learnt to love me + first through your praises? And as you revered my mother with all the + respect due even to a parent, so you kindly directed and encouraged my + tender years, presaging from that early period all that my wife now fondly + imagines I really am. Accept therefore of our mutual thanks, mine, for + your giving me her, hers for your giving her me; for you have chosen us + out, as it were, for each other. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0047" id="link2H_4_0047"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLVII — To ROMATIUS FIASIUS + </h2> + <p> + Look here! The next time the court sits, you must, at all events, take + your place there. In vain would your indolence repose itself under my + protection, for there is no absenting oneself with impunity. Look at that + severe, determined, praetor, Licinius Nepos, who fined even a senator for + the same neglect! The senator pleaded his cause in person, but in + suppliant tone. The fine, it is true, was remitted, but sore was his + dismay, humble his intercession, and he had to ask pardon. "All praetors + are not so severe as that," you will reply; you are mistaken — for + though indeed to be the author and reviver of an example of this kind may + be an act of severity, yet, once introduced, even lenity herself may + follow the precedent. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0048" id="link2H_4_0048"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLVIII — To LICINIUS SURA + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE brought you as a little present out of the country a query which + well deserves the consideration of your extensive knowledge. There is a + spring which rises in a neighbouring mountain, and running among the rocks + is received into a little banqueting-room, artificially formed for that + purpose, from whence, after being detained a short time, it falls into the + Larian lake. The nature of this spring is extremely curious; it ebbs and + flows regularly three times a day. The increase and decrease is plainly + visible, and exceedingly interesting to observe. You sit down by the side + of the fountain, and while you are taking a repast and drinking its water, + which is extremely cool, you see it gradually rise and fall. If you place + a ring, or anything else at the bottom, when it is dry, the water creeps + gradually up, first gently washing, finally covering it entirely, and then + little by little subsides again. If you wait long enough, you may see it + thus alternately advance and recede three successive times. Shall we say + that some secret current of air stops and opens the fountain-head, first + rushing in and checking the flow and then, driven back by the + counter-resistance of the water, escaping again; as we see in bottles, and + other vessels of that nature, where, there not being a free and open + passage, though you turn their necks perpendicularly or obliquely + downwards, yet, the outward air obstructing the vent, they discharge their + contents as it were by starts? Or, may not this small collection of water + be successively contracted and enlarged upon the same principle as the ebb + and flow of the sea? Or, again, as those rivers which discharge themselves + into the sea, meeting with contrary winds and the swell of the ocean, are + forced back in their channels, so, in the same way, may there not be + something that checks this fountain, for a time, in its progress? Or is + there rather a certain reservoir that contains these waters in the bowels + of the earth, and while it is recruiting its discharges, the stream in + consequence flows more slowly and in less quantity, but, when it has + collected its due measure, runs on again in its usual strength and + fulness? Or lastly, is there I know not what kind of subterranean + counterpoise, that throws up the water when the fountain is dry, and keeps + it back when it is full? You, who are so well qualified for the enquiry, + will examine into the causes of this wonderful phenomenon; it will be + sufficient for me if I have given you an adequate description of it. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0049" id="link2H_4_0049"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLIX — To ANNIUS SEVERUS + </h2> + <p> + A SMALL legacy was lately left me, yet one more acceptable than a far + larger bequest would have been. How more acceptable than a far larger one? + In this way. Pomponia Gratilla, having disinherited her son Assidius + Curianus, appointed me of one of her heirs, and Sertorius Severus, of + pretorian rank, together with several eminent Roman knights, co-heirs + along with me. The son applied to me to give him my share of the + inheritance, in order to use my name as an example to the rest of the + joint-heirs, but offered at the same time to enter into a secret agreement + to return me my proportion. I told him, it was by no means agreeable to my + character to seem to act one way while in reality I was acting another, + besides it was not quite honourable making presents to a man of his + fortune, who had no children; in a word, this would not at all answer the + purpose at which he was aiming, whereas, if I were to withdraw my claim, + it might be of some service to him, and this I was ready and willing to + do, if he could clearly prove to me that he was unjustly disinherited. + </p> + <p> + "Do then," he said, "be my arbitrator in this case." After a short pause I + answered him, "I will, for I don't see why I should not have as good an + opinion of my own impartial disinterestedness as you seem to have. But, + mind, I am not to be prevailed upon to decide the point in question + against your mother, if it should appear she had just reason for what she + has done." "As you please," he replied, "which I am sure is always to act + according to justice." I called in, as my assistants, Corellius and + Frontinus, two of the very best lawyers Rome at that time afforded. With + these in attendance, I heard the case in my own chamber. Curianus said + everything which he thought would favour his pretensions, to whom (there + being nobody but myself to defend the character of the deceased) I made a + short reply; after which I retired with my friends to deliberate, and, + being agreed upon our verdict, I said to him, "Curianus, it is our opinion + that your conduct has justly drawn upon you your mother's displeasure." + Sometime afterwards, Curianus commenced a suit in the Court of the Hundred + against all the co-heirs except myself. The day appointed for the trial + approaching, the rest of the co-heirs were anxious to compromise the + affair and have done with it, not out of any diffidence of their cause, + but from a distrust of the times. They were apprehensive of what had + happened to many others, happening to them, and that from a civil suit it + might end in a criminal one, as there were some among them to whom the + friendship of Gratilla and Rusticus<a href="#linknote-73" + name="linknoteref-73" id="linknoteref-73">[73]</a> might be extremely + prejudicial: they therefore desired me to go and talk with Curianus. We + met in the temple of Concord; "Now supposing," I said, "your mother had + left you the fourth part of her estate, or even suppose she had made you + sole heir, but had exhausted so much of the estate in legacies that there + would not be more than a fourth part remaining to you, could you justly + complain? You ought to be content, therefore, if, being absolutely + disinherited as you are, the heirs are willing to relinquish to you a + fourth part, which however I will increase by contributing my proportion. + You know you did not commence any suit against me, and two years have now + elapsed, which gives me legal and indisputable possession. But to induce + you to agree to the proposals on the part of the other co-heirs, and that + you may be no sufferer by the peculiar respect you shew me, I offer to + advance my proportion with them." The silent approval of my own conscience + is not the only result out of this transaction; it has contributed also to + the honour of my character. For it is this same Cunianus who has left me + the legacy I have mentioned in the beginning of my letter, and I received + it as a very notable mark of his approbation of my conduct, if I do not + flatter myself. I have written and told you all this, because in all my + joys and sorrows I am wont to look upon you as myself, and I thought it + would be unkind not to communicate to so tender a friend whatever + occasions me a sensible gratification; for I am not philosopher enough to + be indifferent, when I think I have acted like an honour-able man, whether + my actions meet with that approval which is in some sort their due. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0050" id="link2H_4_0050"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + L — To TITIUS ARISTO + </h2> + <p> + AMONG the many agreeable and obliging instances I have received of your + friendship, your not concealing from me the long conversations which + lately took place at your house concerning my verses, and the various + judgments passed upon them (which served to prolong the talk,) is by no + means the least. There were some, it seems, who did not disapprove of my + poems in themselves, but at the same time censured me in a free and + friendly way, for employing myself in composing and reciting them. I am so + far, however, from desiring to extenuate the charge that I willingly + acknowledge myself still more deserving of it, and confess that I + sometimes amuse myself with writing verses of the gayer sort. I compose + comedies, divert myself with pantomimes, read the lyric poets, and enter + into the spirit of the most wanton muse, besides that, I indulge myself + sometimes in laughter, mirth, and frolic, and, to sum up every kind of + innocent relaxation in one word, I am a man. I am not in the least + offended, though, at their low opinion of my morals, and that those who + are ignorant of the fact that the most learned, the wisest, and the best + of men have employed themselves in the same way, should be surprised at + the tone of my writings: but from those who know what noble and numerous + examples I follow, I shall, I am confident, easily obtain permission to + err with those whom it is an honour to imitate, not only in their most + serious occupations but their lightest triflings. Is it unbecoming me (I + will not name any living example, lest I should seem to flatter), but is + it unbecoming me to practise what became Tully, Calvus, Pollio, Messala, + Hortensius, Brutus, Sulla, Catulus, Scaevola, Sulpitius, Varro, the + Torquati, Memmius, Gaetulicus, Seneca, Lucceius, and, within our own + memory, Verginius Rufus? But if the examples of private men are not + sufficient to justify me, I can cite Julius Casar, Augustus, Nerva, and + Tiberius Casar. I forbear to add Nero to the catalogue, though I am aware + that what is practised by the worst of men does not therefore degenerate + into wrong: on the contrary, it still maintains its credit, if frequently + countenanced by the best. In that number, Virgil, Cornelius Nepos, and + prior to these, Ennius and Attius, justly deserve the most distinguished + place. These last indeed were not senators, but goodness knows no + distinction of rank or title. I recite my works, it is true, and in this + instance I am not sure I can support myself by their examples. They, + perhaps, might be satisfied with their own judgment, but I have too humble + an opinion of mine to suppose my compositions perfect, because they appear + so to my own mind. My reason then for reciting are, that, for one thing, + there is a certain deference for one's audience, which excites a somewhat + more vigorous application, and then again, I have by this means an + opportunity of settling any doubts I may have concerning my performance, + by observing the general opinion of the audience. In a word, I have the + advantage of receiving different hints from different persons: and + although they should not declare their meaning in express terms, yet the + expression of the countenance, the movement of the head, the eyes, the + motion of a hand, a whisper, or even silence itself will easily + distinguish their real opinion from the language of politeness. And so if + any one of my audience should have the curiosity to read over the same + performance which he heard me read, he may find several things altered or + omitted, and perhaps too upon his particular judgment, though he did not + say a single word to me. But I am not defending my conduct in this + particular, as if I had actually recited my works in public, and not in my + own house before my friends, a numerous appearance of whom has upon many + occasions been held an honour, but never, surely, a reproach. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0051" id="link2H_4_0051"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LI — To NONIUS MAXIMUS + </h2> + <p> + I AM deeply afflicted with the news I have received of the death of + Fannius; in the first place, because I loved one so eloquent and refined, + in the next, because I was accustomed to be guided by his judgment—and + indeed he possessed great natural acuteness, improved by practice, + rendering him able to see a thing in an instant. There are some + circumstances about his death, which aggravate my concern. He left behind + him a will which had been made a considerable time before his decease, by + which it happens that his estate is fallen into the hands of those who had + incurred his displeasure, whilst his greatest favourites are excluded. But + what I particularly regret is, that he has left unfinished a very noble + work in which he was employed. Notwithstanding his full practice at the + bar, he had begun a history of those persons who were put to death or + banished by Nero, and completed three books of it. They are written with + great elegance and precision, the style is pure, and preserves a proper + medium between the plain narrative and the historical: and as they were + very favourably received by the public, he was the more desirous of being + able to finish the rest. The hand of death is ever, in my opinion, too + untimely and sudden when it falls upon such as are employed in some + immortal work. The sons of sensuality, who have no outlook beyond the + present hour, put an end every day to all motives for living, but those + who look forward to posterity, and endeavour to transmit their names with + honour to future generations by their works—to such, death is always + immature, as it still snatches them from amidst some unfinished design. + Fannius, long before his death, had a presentiment of what has happened: + he dreamed one night that as he was lying on his couch, in an undress, all + ready for his work, and with his desk,<a href="#linknote-74" + name="linknoteref-74" id="linknoteref-74">[74]</a> as usual, in front of + him, Nero entered, and placing himself by his side, took up the three + first books of this history, which he read through and then departed. This + dream greatly alarmed him, and he regarded it as an intimation, that he + should not carry on his history any farther than Nero had read, and so the + event has proved. I cannot reflect upon this accident without lamenting + that he was prevented from accomplishing a work which had cost him so many + toilsome vigils, as it suggests to me, at the same time, reflections on my + own mortality, and the fate of my writings: and I am persuaded the same + apprehensions alarm you for those in which you are at present employed. + Let us then, my friend, while life permits, exert all our endeavours, that + death, whenever it arrives, may find as little as possible to destroy. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0052" id="link2H_4_0052"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LII — To DOMITIUS APOLLINARIS + </h2> + <p> + THE kind concern you expressed on hearing of my design to pass the summer + at my villa in Tuscany, and your obliging endeavours to dissuade me from + going to a place which you think unhealthy, are extremely pleasing to me. + It is quite true indeed that the air of that part of Tuscany which lies + towards the coast is thick and unwholesome: but my house stands at a good + distance from the sea, under one of the Apennines which are singularly + healthy. But, to relieve you from all anxiety on my account, I will give + you a description of the temperature of the climate, the situation of the + country, and the beauty of my villa, which, I am persuaded, you will hear + with as much pleasure as I shall take in giving it. The air in winter is + sharp and frosty, so that myrtles, olives, and trees of that kind which + delight in constant warmth, will not flourish here: but the laurel + thrives, and is remarkably beautiful, though now and then the cold kills + it—though not oftener than it does in the neighbourhood of Rome. The + summers are extraordinarily mild, and there is always a refreshing breeze, + seldom high winds. This accounts for the number of old men we have about, + you would see grandfathers and great-grandfathers of those now grown up to + be young men, hear old stories and the dialect of our ancestors, and fancy + yourself born in some former age were you to come here. The character of + the country is exceedingly beautiful. Picture to yourself an immense + amphitheatre, such as nature only could create. Before you lies a broad, + extended plain bounded by a range of mountains, whose summits are covered + with tall and ancient woods, which are stocked with all kinds of game. + </p> + <p> + The descending slopes of the mountains are planted with underwood, among + which are a number of little risings with a rich soil, on which hardly a + stone is to be found. In fruitfulness they are quite equal to a valley, + and though their harvest is rather later, their crops are just as good. At + the foot of these, on the mountain-side, the eye, wherever it turns, runs + along one unbroken stretch of vineyards terminated by a belt of shrubs. + Next you have meadows and the open plain. The arable land is so stiff that + it is necessary to go over it nine times with the biggest oxen and the + strongest ploughs. The meadows are bright with flowers, and produce + trefoil and other kinds of herbage as fine and tender as if it were but + just sprung up, for all the soil is refreshed by never failing streams. + But though there is plenty of water, there are no marshes; for the ground + being on a slope, whatever water it receives without absorbing runs off + into the Tiber. This river, which winds through the middle of the meadows, + is navigable only in the winter and spring, at which seasons it transports + the produce of the lands to Rome: but in summer it sinks below its banks, + leaving the name of a great river to an almost empty channel: towards the + autumn, however, it begins again to renew its claim to that title. You + would be charmed by taking a view of this country from the top of one of + our neighbouring mountains, and would fancy that not a real, but some + imaginary landscape, painted by the most exquisite pencil, lay before you, + such an harmonious variety of beautiful objects meets the eye, whichever + way it turns. My house, although at the foot of a hill, commands as good a + view as if it stood on its brow, yet you approach by so gentle and gradual + a rise that you find yourself on high ground without perceiving you have + been making an ascent. Behind, but at a great distance, is the Apennine + range. In the calmest days we get cool breezes from that quarter, not + sharp and cutting at all, being spent and broken by the long distance they + have travelled. The greater part of the house has a southern aspect, and + seems to invite the afternoon sun in summer (but rather earlier in the + winter) into a broad and proportionately long portico, consisting of + several rooms, particularly a court of antique fashion. In front of the + portico is a sort of terrace, edged with box and shrubs cut into different + shapes. You descend, from the terrace, by an easy slope adorned with the + figures of animals in box, facing each other, to a lawn overspread with + the soft, I had almost said the liquid, Acanthus: this is surrounded by a + walk enclosed with evergreens, shaped into a variety of forms. Beyond it + is the gestation laid out in the form of a circus running round the + multiform box-hedge and the dwarf-trees, which are cut quite close. The + whole is fenced in with a wall completely covered by box cut into steps + all the way up to the top. On the outside of the wall lies a meadow that + owes as many beauties to nature as all I have been describing within does + to art; at the end of which are open plain and numerous other meadows and + copses. From the extremity of the portico a large dining-room runs out, + opening upon one end of the terrace, while from the windows there is a + very extensive view over the meadows up into the country, and from these + you also see the terrace and the projecting wing of the house together + with the woods enclosing the adjacent hippodrome. Almost opposite the + centre of the portico, and rather to the back, stands a summer-house, + enclosing a small area shaded by four plane-trees, in the midst of which + rises a marble fountain which gently plays upon the roots of the + plane-trees and upon the grass-plots underneath them. This summer-house + has a bed-room in it free from every sort of noise, and which the light + itself cannot penetrate, together with a common dining-room I use when I + have none but intimate friends with me. A second portico looks upon this + little area, and has the same view as the other I have just been + describing. There is, besides, another room, which, being situate close to + the nearest plane-tree, enjoys a constant shade and green. Its sides are + encrusted with carved marble up to the ceiling, while above the marble a + foliage is painted with birds among the branches, which has an effect + altogether as agreeable as that of the carving, at the foot of which a + little fountain, playing through several small pipes into a vase it + encloses, produces a most pleasing murmur. From a corner of the portico + you enter a very large bed-chamber opposite the large dining-room, which + from some of its windows has a view of the terrace, and from others, of + the meadow, as those in the front look upon a cascade, which entertains at + once both the eye and the ear; for the water, dashing from a great height, + foams over the marble basin which receives it below. This room is + extremely warm in winter, lying much exposed to the sun, and on a cloudy + day the heat of an adjoining stove very well supplies his absence. Leaving + this room, you pass through a good-sized, pleasant, undressing-room into + the cold-bath-room, in which is a large gloomy bath: but if you are + inclined to swim more at large, or in warmer water, in the middle of the + area stands a wide basin for that purpose, and near it a reservoir from + which you may be supplied with cold water to brace yourself again, if you + should find you are too much relaxed by the warm. Adjoining the cold bath + is one of a medium degree of heat, which enjoys the kindly warmth of the + sun, but not so intensely as the hot bath, which projects farther. This + last consists of three several compartments, each of different degrees of + heat; the two former lie open to the full sun, the latter, though not much + exposed to its heat, receives an equal share of its light. Over the + undressing-room is built the tennis-court, which admits of different kinds + of games and different sets of players. Not far from the baths is the + staircase leading to the enclosed portico, three rooms intervening. One of + these looks out upon the little area with the four plane-trees round it, + the other upon the meadows, and from the third you have a view of several + vineyards, so that each has a different one, and looks towards a different + point of the heavens. At the upper end of the enclosed portico, and indeed + taken off from it, is a room that looks out upon the hippodrome, the + vineyards, and the mountains; adjoining is a room which has a full + exposure to the sun, especially in winter, and out of which runs another + connecting the hippodrome with the house. This forms the front. On the + side rises an enclosed portico, which not only looks out upon the + vineyards, but seems almost to touch them. From the middle of this portico + you enter a dining-room cooled by the wholesome breezes from the Apennine + valleys: from the windows behind, which are extremely large, there is a + close view of the vineyards, and from the folding doors through the summer + portico. Along that side of the dining-room where there are no windows + runs a private staircase for greater convenience in serving up when I give + an entertainment; at the farther end is a sleeping-room with a look-out + upon the vineyards, and (what is equally agreeable) the portico. + Underneath this room is an enclosed portico resembling a grotto, which, + enjoying in the midst of summer heats its own natural coolness, neither + admits nor wants external air. After you have passed both these porticoes, + at the end of the dining-room stands a third, which according as the day + is more or less advanced, serves either for Winter or summer use. It leads + to two different apartments, one containing four chambers, the other, + three, which enjoy by turns both sun and shade. This arrangement of the + different parts of my house is exceedingly pleasant, though it is not to + be compared with the beauty of the hippodrome,' lying entirely open in the + middle of the grounds, so that the eye, upon your first entrance, takes it + in entire in one view. It is set round with plane-trees covered with ivy, + so that, while their tops flourish with their own green, towards the roots + their verdure is borrowed from the ivy that twines round the trunk and + branches, spreads from tree to tree, and connects them together. Between + each plane-tree are planted box-trees, and behind these stands a grove of + laurels which blend their shade with that of the planes. This straight + boundary to the hippodrome<a href="#linknote-75" name="linknoteref-75" + id="linknoteref-75">[75]</a> alters its shape at the farther end, bending + into a semicircle, which is planted round, shut in with cypresses, and + casts a deeper and gloomier shade, while the inner circular walks (for + there are several), enjoying an open exposure, are filled with plenty of + roses, and correct, by a very pleasant contrast, the coolness of the shade + with the warmth of the sun. Having passed through these several winding + alleys, you enter a straight walk, which breaks out into a variety of + others, partitioned off by box-row hedges. In one place you have a little + meadow, in another the box is cut in a thousand different forms, sometimes + into letters, expressing the master's name, sometimes the artificer's, + whilst here and there rise little obelisks with fruit-trees alternately + intermixed, and then on a sudden, in the midst of this elegant regularity, + you are surprised with an imitation of the negligent beauties of rural + nature. In the centre of this lies a spot adorned with a knot of dwarf + plane-trees. Beyond these stands an acacia, smooth and bending in places, + then again various other shapes and names. At the upper end is an alcove + of white marble, shaded with vines and supported by four small Carystian + columns. From this semicircular couch, the water, gushing up through + several little pipes, as though pressed out by the weight of the persons + who recline themselves upon it, falls into a stone cistern underneath, + from whence it is received into a fine polished marble basin, so skilfully + contrived that it is always full without ever overflowing. When I sup + here, this basin serves as a table, the larger sort of dishes being placed + round the margin, while the smaller ones swim about in the form of vessels + and water-fowl. Opposite this is a fountain which is incessantly emptying + and filling, for the water which it throws up to a great height, falling + back again into it, is by means of consecutive apertures returned as fast + as it is received. Facing the alcove (and reflecting upon it as great an + ornament as it borrows from it) stands a summer-house of exquisite marble, + the doors of which project and open into a green enclosure, while from its + upper and lower windows the eye falls upon a variety of different greens. + Next to this is a little private closet (which, though it seems distinct, + may form part of the same room), furnished with a couch, and + notwithstanding it has windows on every side, yet it enjoys a very + agreeable gloom, by means of a spreading vine which climbs to the top, and + entirely overshadows it. Here you may lie and fancy yourself in a wood, + with this only difference, that you are not exposed to the weather as you + would be there. Here too a fountain rises and instantly disappears—several + marble seats are set in different places, which are as pleasant as the + summer-house itself after one is tired out with walking. Near each is a + little fountain, and throughout the whole hippodrome several small rills + run murmuring along through pipes, wherever the hand of art has thought + proper to conduct them, watering here and there different plots of green, + and sometimes all parts at once. I should have ended before now, for fear + of being too chatty, had I not proposed in this letter to lead you into + every corner of my house and gardens. Nor did I apprehend your thinking it + a trouble to read the description of a place which I feel sure would + please you were you to see it; especially as you can stop just when you + please, and by throwing aside my letter, sit down as it were, and give + yourself a rest as often as you think proper. Besides, I gave my little + passion indulgence, for I have a passion for what I have built, or + finished, myself. In a word, (for why should I conceal from my friend + either my deliberate opinion or my prejudice?) I look upon it as the first + duty of every writer to frequently glance over his title-page and consider + well the subject he has proposed to himself; and he may be sure, if he + dwells on his subject, he cannot justly be thought tedious, whereas if, on + the contrary, he introduces and drags in anything irrelevant, he will be + thought exceedingly so. Homer, you know, has employed many verses in the + description of the arms of Achilles, as Virgil has also in those of + Aeneas, yet neither 'of them is prolix, because they each keep within the + limits of their original design. Aratus, you observe, is not considered + too circumstantial, though he traces and enumerates the minutest stars, + for he does not go out of his way for that purpose, but only follows where + his subject leads him. In the same way (to compare small things with + great), so long as, in endeavouring to give you an idea of my house, I + have not introduced anything irrelevant or superfluous, it is not my + letter which describes, but my villa which is described, that is to be + considered large. But to return to where I began, lest I should justly be + condemned by my own law, if I continue longer in this digression, you see + now the reasons why I prefer my Tuscan villa to those which I possess at + Tusculum, Tiber, and Praeneste.<a href="#linknote-76" name="linknoteref-76" + id="linknoteref-76">[76]</a> Besides the advantages already mentioned, I + enjoy here a cozier, more profound and undisturbed retirement than + anywhere else, as I am at a greater distance from the business of the town + and the interruption of troublesome clients. All is calm and composed; + which circumstances contribute no less than its clear air and unclouded + sky to that health of body and mind I particularly enjoy in this place, + both of which I keep in full swing by study and hunting. And indeed there + is no place which agrees better with my family, at least I am sure I have + not yet lost one (may the expression be allowed!<a href="#linknote-77" + name="linknoteref-77" id="linknoteref-77">[77]</a>) of all those I brought + here with me. And may the gods continue that happiness to me, and that + honour to my villa. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0053" id="link2H_4_0053"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIII — To CALVISIUS + </h2> + <p> + IT is certain the law does not allow a corporate city to inherit any + estate by will, or to receive a legacy. Saturninus, however, who has + appointed me his heir, had left a fourth part of his estate to our + corporation of Comum; afterwards, instead of a fourth part, he bequeathed + four hundred thousand sesterces.<a href="#linknote-78" + name="linknoteref-78" id="linknoteref-78">[78]</a> This bequest, in the + eye of the law, is null and void, but, considered as the clear and express + will of the deceased, ought to stand firm and valid. Myself, I consider + the will of the dead (though I am afraid what I say will not please the + lawyers) of higher authority than the law, especially when the interest of + one's native country is concerned. Ought I, who made them a present of + eleven hundred thousand sesterces<a href="#linknote-79" + name="linknoteref-79" id="linknoteref-79">[79]</a> out of my own + patrimony, to withhold a benefaction of little more than a third part of + that sum out of an estate which has come quite by a chance into my hands? + You, who like a true patriot have the same affection for this our common + country, will agree with me in opinion, I feel sure. I wish therefore you + would, at the next meeting of the Decurii, acquaint them, just briefly and + respectfully, as to how the law stands in this case, and then add that I + offer them four hundred thousand sesterces according to the direction in + Saturninus' will. You will represent this donation as his present and his + liberality; I only claim the merit of complying with his request. I did + not trouble to write to their senate about this, fully relying as I do + upon our intimate friendship and your wise discretion, and being quite + satisfied that you are both able and willing to act for me upon this + occasion as I would for myself; besides, I was afraid I should not seem to + have so cautiously guarded my expressions in a letter as you will be able + to do in a speech. The countenance, the gesture, and even the tone of + voice govern and determine the sense of the speaker, whereas a letter, + being without these advantages, is more liable to malignant + misinterpretation. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0054" id="link2H_4_0054"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIV — To MARCELLINUS + </h2> + <p> + I WRITE this to you in the deepest sorrow: the youngest daughter of my + friend Fundanus is dead! I have never seen a more cheerful and more + lovable girl, or one who better deserved to have enjoyed a long, I had + almost said an immortal, life! She was scarcely fourteen, and yet there + was in her a wisdom far beyond her years, a matronly gravity united with + girlish sweetness and virgin bashfulness. With what an endearing fondness + did she hang on her father's neck! How affectionately and modestly she + used to greet us his friends! With what a tender and deferential regard + she used to treat her nurses, tutors, teachers, each in their respective + offices! What an eager, industrious, intelligent, reader she was! She took + few amusements, and those with caution. How self-controlled, how patient, + how brave, she was, under her last illness! She complied with all the + directions of her physicians; she spoke cheerful, comforting words to her + sister and her father; and when all her bodily strength was exhausted, the + vigour of her mind sustained her. That indeed continued even to her last + moments, unbroken by the pain of a long illness, or the terrors of + approaching death; and it is a reflection which makes us miss her, and + grieve that she has gone from us, the more. 0 melancholy, untimely, loss, + too truly! She was engaged to an excellent young man; the wedding-day was + fixed, and we were all invited. How our joy has been turned into sorrow! I + cannot express in words the inward pain I felt when I heard Fundanus + himself (as grief is ever finding out fresh circumstances to aggravate its + affliction) ordering the money he had intended laying out upon clothes, + pearls, and jewels for her marriage, to be employed in frankincense, + ointments, and perfumes for her funeral. He is a man of great learning and + good sense, who has applied himself from his earliest youth to the deeper + studies and the fine arts, but all the maxims of fortitude which he has + received from books, or advanced himself, he now absolutely rejects, and + every other virtue of his heart gives place to all a parent's tenderness. + You will excuse, you will even approve, his grief, when you consider what + he has lost. He has lost a daughter who resembled him in his manners, as + well as his person, and exactly copied out all her father. So, if you + should think proper to write to him upon the subject of so reasonable a + grief, let me remind you not to use the rougher arguments of consolation, + and such as seem to carry a sort of reproof with them, but those of kind + and sympathizing humanity. Time will render him more open to the dictates + of reason: for as a fresh wound shrinks back from the hand of the surgeon, + but by degrees submits to, and even seeks of its own accord the means of + its cure, so a mind under the first impression of a misfortune shuns and + rejects all consolations, but at length desires and is lulled by their + gentle application. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0055" id="link2H_4_0055"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LV — To SPURINNA + </h2> + <p> + KNOWING, as I do, how much you admire the polite arts, and what + satisfaction you take in seeing young men of quality pursue the steps of + their ancestors, I seize this earliest opportunity of informing you that I + went to-day to hear Calpurnius Piso read a beautiful and scholarly + production of his, entitled the Sports of Love. His numbers, which were + elegiac, were tender, sweet, and flowing, at the same time that they + occasionally rose to all the sublimity of diction which the nature of his + subject required. He varied his style from the lofty to the simple, from + the close to the copious, from the grave to the florid, with equal genius + and judgment. These beauties were further recommended by a most harmonious + voice; which a very becoming modesty rendered still more pleasing. A + confusion and concern in the countenance of a speaker imparts a grace to + all he utters; for diffidence, I know not how, is infinitely more engaging + than assurance and self-sufficiency. I might mention several other + circumstances to his advantage, which I am the more inclined to point out, + as they are exceedingly striking in one of his age, and are most uncommon + in a youth of his quality: but not to enter into a farther detail of his + merit, I will only add that, when he had finished his poem, I embraced him + very heartily, and being persuaded that nothing is a greater encouragement + than applause, I exhorted him to go on as he had begun, and to shine out + to posterity with the same glorious lustre, which was reflected upon him + from his ancestors. I congratulated his excellent mother, and particularly + his brother, who gained as much honour by the generous affection he + manifested upon this occasion as Calpurnius did by his eloquence; so + remarkable a solicitude he showed for him when he began to recite his + poem, and so much pleasure in his success. May the gods grant me frequent + occasions of giving you accounts of this nature! for I have a partiality + to the age in which I live, and should rejoice to find it not barren of + merit. I ardently wish, therefore, our young men of quality would have + something else to show of honourable memorial in their houses than the + images<a href="#linknote-80" name="linknoteref-80" id="linknoteref-80">[80]</a> + of their ancestors. As for those which are placed in the mansion of these + excellent youths, I now figure them to myself as silently applauding and + encouraging their pursuits, and (what is a sufficient degree of honour to + both brothers) as recognizing their kindred. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0056" id="link2H_4_0056"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LVI — To PAULINUS + </h2> + <p> + As I know the humanity with which you treat your own servants, I have less + reserve in confessing to you the indulgence I shew to mine. I have ever in + my mind that line of Homer's — + </p> + <p> + "Who swayed his people with a father's love": + </p> + <p> + and this expression of ours, "father of a family." But were I harsher and + harder than I really am by nature, the ill state of health of my freedman + Zosimus (who has the stronger claim upon my tenderness, in that he now + stands in more especial need of it) would be sufficient to soften me. He + is a good, honest fellow, attentive in his services, and well-read; but + his chief talent, and indeed his distinguishing qualification, is that of + a comedian, in which he highly excels. His pronunciation is distinct, + correct in emphasis, pure, and graceful: he has a very skilled touch, too, + upon the lyre, and performs with better execution than is necessary for + one of his profession. To this I must add, he reads history, oratory, and + poetry, as well as if these had been the sole objects of his study. I am + the more particular in enumerating his qualifications, to let you see how + many agreeable services I receive from this one servant alone. He is + indeed endeared to me by the ties of a long affection, which are + strengthened by the danger he is now in. For nature has so formed our + hearts that nothing contributes more to incite and kindle affection than + the fear of losing the object of it: a fear which I have suffered more + than once on his account. Some years ago he strained himself so much by + too strong an exertion of his voice, that he spit blood, upon which + account I sent him into Egypt;<a href="#linknote-81" name="linknoteref-81" + id="linknoteref-81">[81]</a> from whence, after a long absence, belately + returned with great benefit to his health. But having again exerted + himself for several days together beyond his strength, he was reminded of + his former malady by a slight return of his cough, and a spitting of + blood. For this reason I intend to send him to your farm at Forum-Julii,<a + href="#linknote-82" name="linknoteref-82" id="linknoteref-82">[82]</a> + having frequently heard you mention it as a healthy air, and recommend the + milk of that place as very salutary in disorders of his nature. I beg you + would give directions to your people to receive him into your house, and + to supply him with whatever he may have occasion for: which will not be + much, for he is so sparing and abstemious as not only to abstain from + delicacies, but even to deny himself the necessaries his ill state of + health requires. I shall furnish him towards his journey with what will be + sufficient for one of his moderate requirements, who is coming under your + roof. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0057" id="link2H_4_0057"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LVII — To RUFUS + </h2> + <p> + I WENT into the Julian<a href="#linknote-83" name="linknoteref-83" + id="linknoteref-83">[83]</a> court to hear those lawyers to whom, + according to the last adjournment, I was to reply. The judges had taken + their seats, the decemviri<a href="#linknote-84" name="linknoteref-84" + id="linknoteref-84">[84]</a> were arrived, the eyes of the audience were + fixed upon the counsel, and all was hushed silence and expectation, when a + messenger arrived from the praetor, and the Hundred are at once dismissed, + and the case postponed: an accident extremely agreeable to me, who am + never so well prepared but that I am glad of gaining further time. The + occasion of the court's rising thus abruptly was a short edict of Nepos, + the praetor for criminal causes, in which he directed all persons + concerned as plaintiffs or defendants in any cause before him to take + notice that he designed strictly to put in force the decree of the senate + annexed to his edict. Which decree was expressed in the following words: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + ALL PERSONS WHOSOEVER THAT HAVE ANY LAW-SUITS DEPENDING ARE + HEREBY REQUIRED AND COMMANDED, BEFORE ANY PROCEEDINGS BE HAD + THEREON, TO TAKE AN OATH THAT THEY HAVE NOT GIVEN, PROMISED, + OR ENGAGED TO GIVE, ANY FEE OR REWARD TO ANY ADVOCATE, UPON + ACCOUNT OF HIS UNDERTAKING THEIR CAUSE. +</pre> + <p> + In these terms, and many others equally full and express, the lawyers were + prohibited to make their professions venal. However, after the case is + decided, they are permitted to accept a gratuity of ten thousand + sesterces.<a href="#linknote-85" name="linknoteref-85" id="linknoteref-85">[85]</a> + The praetor for civil causes, being alarmed at this order of Nepos, gave + us this unexpected holiday in order to take time to consider whether he + should follow the example. Meanwhile the whole town is talking, and either + approving or condemning this edict of Nepos. We have got then at last (say + the latter with a sneer) a redressor of abuses. But pray was there never a + praetor before this man? Who is he then who sets up in this way for a + public reformer? Others, on the contrary, say, "He has done perfectly + right upon his entry into office; he has paid obedience to the laws; + considered the decrees of the senate, repressed most indecent contracts, + and will not suffer the most honourable of all professions to be debased + into a sordid lucre traffic." This is what one hears all around one; but + which side may prevail, the event will shew. It is the usual method of the + world (though a very unequitable rule of estimation) to pronounce an + action either right or wrong, according as it is attended with good or ill + success; in consequence of which you may hear the very same conduct + attributed to zeal or folly, to liberty or licentiousness, upon different + several occasions. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0058" id="link2H_4_0058"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LVIII — To ARRIANUS + </h2> + <p> + SOMETIMES I miss Regulus in our courts. I cannot say I deplore his loss. + The man, it must be owned, highly respected his profession, grew pale with + study and anxiety over it, and used to write out his speeches though he + could not get them by heart. There was a practice he had of painting round + his right or left eye,<a href="#linknote-86" name="linknoteref-86" + id="linknoteref-86">[86]</a> and wearing a white patch<a + href="#linknote-87" name="linknoteref-87" id="linknoteref-87">[87]</a> + over one side or the other of his forehead, according as he was to plead + either for the plaintiff or defendant; of consulting the soothsayers upon + the issue of an action; still, all this excessive superstition was really + due to his extreme earnestness in his profession. And it was acceptable + enough being concerned in the same cause with him, as he always obtained + full indulgence in point of time, and never failed to get an audience + together; for what could be more convenient than, under the protection of + a liberty which you did not ask yourself, and all the odium of the + arrangement resting with another, and before an audience which you had not + the trouble of collecting, to speak on at your ease, and as long as you + thought proper? Nevertheless Regulus did well in departing this life, + though he would have done much better had he made his exit sooner. He + might really have lived now without any danger to the public, in the reign + of a prince under whom he would have had no opportunity of doing any harm. + I need not scruple therefore, I think, to say I sometimes miss him: for + since his death the custom has prevailed of not allowing, nor indeed of + asking more than an hour or two to plead in, and sometimes not above half + that time. The truth is, our advocates take more pleasure in finishing a + cause than in defending it; and our judges had rather rise from the bench + than sit upon it: such is their indolence, and such their indifference to + the honour of eloquence and the interest of justice! But are we wiser than + our ancestors? are we more equitable than the laws which grant so many + hours and days of adjournments to a case? were our forefathers slow of + apprehension, and dull beyond measure? and are we clearer of speech, + quicker in our conceptions, or more scrupulous in our decisions, because + we get over our causes in fewer hours than they took days? O Regulus! it + was by zeal in your profession that you secured an advantage which is but + rarely given to the highest integrity. As for myself, whenever I sit upon + the bench (which is much oftener than I appear at the bar), I always give + the advocates as much time as they require: for I look upon it as highly + presuming to pretend to guess, before a case is heard, what time it will + require, and to set limits to an affair before one is acquainted with its + extent; especially as the first and most sacred duty of a judge is + patience, which constitutes an important part of justice. But this, it is + objected, would give an opening to much superfluous matter: I grant it + may; yet is it not better to hear too much than not to hear enough? + Besides, how shall you know that what an advocate has farther to offer + will be superfluous, until you have heard him? But this, and many other + public abuses, will be best reserved for a conversation when we meet; for + I know your affection to the commonwealth inclines you to wish that some + means might be found out to check at least those grievances, which would + now be very difficult absolutely to remove. But to return to affairs of + private concern: I hope all goes well in your family; mine remains in its + usual situation. The good which I enjoy grows more acceptable to me by its + continuance; as habit renders me less sensible of the evils I suffer. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0059" id="link2H_4_0059"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIX — To CALPURNIA<a href="#linknote-88" name="linknoteref-88" + id="linknoteref-88">[88]</a> + </h2> + <p> + NEVER was business more disagreeable to me than when it prevented me not + only from accompanying you when you went into Campania for your health, + but from following you there soon after; for I want particularly to be + with you now, that I may learn from my own eyes whether you are growing + stronger and stouter, and whether the tranquillity, the amusements, and + plenty of that charming country really agree with you. Were you in perfect + health, yet I could ill support your absence; for even a moment's + uncertainty of the welfare of those we tenderly love causes a feeling of + suspense and anxiety: but now your sickness conspires with your absence to + trouble me grievously with vague and various anxieties. I dread + everything, fancy everything, and, as is natural to those who fear, + conjure up the very things I most dread. Let me the more earnestly entreat + you then to think of my anxiety, and write to me every day, and even twice + a day: I shall be more easy, at least while I am reading your letters, + though when I have read them, I shall immediately feel my fears again. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0060" id="link2H_4_0060"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LX — To CALPURNIA + </h2> + <p> + You kindly tell me my absence very sensibly affects you, and that your + only consolation is in conversing with my works, which you frequently + substitute in my stead. I am glad that you miss me; I am glad that you + find some rest in these alleviations. In return, I read over your letters + again and again, and am continually taking them up, as if I had just + received them; but, alas! this only stirs in me a keener longing for you; + for how sweet must her conversation be whose letters have so many charms? + Let me receive them, however, as often as possible, notwithstanding there + is still a mixture of pain in the pleasure they afford me. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0061" id="link2H_4_0061"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXI — To PRISCUS + </h2> + <p> + You know Attilius Crescens, and you love him; who is there, indeed, of any + rank or worth, that does not? For myself, I profess to have a friendship + for him far exceeding ordinary attachments of the world. Our native towns + are separated only by a day's journey; and we got to care for each other + when we were very young; the season for passionate friendships. Ours + improved by years; and so far from being chilled, it was confirmed by our + riper judgments, as those who know us best can witness. He takes pleasure + in boasting everywhere of my friendship; as I do to let the world know + that his reputation, his ease, and his interest are my peculiar concern. + Insomuch that upon his expressing to me some apprehension of insolent + treatment from a certain person who was entering upon the tribuneship of + the people, I could not forbear answering, — + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Long as Achilles breathes this vital air, + To touch thy head no impious hand shall dare."<a href="#linknote-89" + name="linknoteref-89" id="linknoteref-89">[89]</a> +</pre> + <p> + What is my object in telling you these things? Why, to shew you that I + look upon every injury offered to Attilius as done to myself. "But what is + the object of all this?" you repeat. You must know then, Valerius Varus, + at his death, owed Attilius a sum of money. Though I am on friendly terms + with Maximus, his heir, yet there is a closer friendship between him and + you. I beg therefore, and entreat you by the affection you have for me, to + take care that Attilius is not only paid the capital which is due to him, + but all the long arrears of interest too. He neither covets the property + of others nor neglects the care of his own; and as he is not engaged in + any lucrative profession, he has nothing to depend upon but his own + frugality: for as to literature, in which he greatly distinguishes + himself, he pursues this merely from motives of pleasure and ambition. In + such a situation, the slightest loss presses hard upon a man, and the more + so because he has no opportunities of repairing any injury done to his + fortune. Remove then, I entreat you, our uneasiness, and suffer me still + to enjoy the pleasure of his wit and bonhommie; for I cannot bear to see + the cheerfulness of my friend over-clouded, whose mirth and good humour + dissipates every gloom of melancholy in myself. In short, you know what a + pleasant entertaining fellow he is, and I hope you will not suffer any + injury to engloom and embitter his disposition. You may judge by the + warmth of his affection how severe his resentments would prove; for a + generous and great mind can ill brook an injury when coupled with + contempt. But though he could pass it over, yet cannot I: on the contrary, + I shall regard it as a wrong and indignity done to myself, and resent it + as one offered to my friend; that is, with double warmth. But, after all, + why this air of threatening? rather let me end in the same style in which + I began, namely, by begging, entreating you so to act in this affair that + neither Attilius may have reason to imagine (which I am exceedingly + anxious he should not) that I neglect his interest, nor that I may have + occasion to charge you with carelessness of mine: as undoubtedly I shall + not if you have the same regard for the latter as I have for the former. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0062" id="link2H_4_0062"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXII — To ALBINUS + </h2> + <p> + I WAS lately at Alsium,<a href="#linknote-90" name="linknoteref-90" + id="linknoteref-90">[90]</a> where my mother-in-law has a villa which once + belonged to Verginius Rufus. The place renewed in my mind the sorrowful + remembrance of that-great and excellent man. He was extremely fond of this + retirement, and used to call it the nest of his old age. Whichever way I + looked, I missed him, I felt his absence. I had an inclination to visit + his monument; but I repented having seen it, afterwards: for I found it + still unfinished, and this, not from any difficulty residing in the work + itself, for it is very plain, or rather indeed slight; but through the + neglect of him to whose care it was entrusted. I could not see without a + concern, mixed with indignation, the remains of a man, whose fame filled + the whole world, lie for ten years after his death without an inscription, + or a name. He had however directed that the divine and immortal action of + his life should be recorded upon his tomb in the following lines: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Here Rufus lies, who Vindex' arms withstood, + Not for himself, but for his country's good." +</pre> + <p> + But faithful friends are so rare, and the dead so soon forgotten, that we + shall be obliged ourselves to build even our very tombs, and anticipate + the office of our heirs. For who is there that has no reason to fear for + himself what we see has happened to Verginius, whose eminence and + distinction, while rendering such treatment more shameful, so, in the same + way, make it more notorious? Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0063" id="link2H_4_0063"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXIII — To MAXIMUS + </h2> + <p> + O WHAT a happy day I lately spent! I was called by the prefect of Rome, to + assist him in a certain case, and had the pleasure of hearing two + excellent young men, Fuscus Salinator and Numidius Quadratus, plead on the + opposite sides: their worth is equal, and each of them will one day, I am + persuaded, prove an ornament not only to the present age, but to + literature itself. They evinced upon this occasion an admirable probity, + supported by inflexible courage: their dress was decent, their elocution + distinct, their tones were manly, their memory retentive, their genius + elevated, and guided by an equal solidity of judgment. I took infinite + pleasure in observing them display these noble qualities; particularly as + I had the satisfaction to see that, while they looked upon me as their + guide and model, they appeared to the audience as my imitators and rivals. + It was a day (I cannot but repeat it again) which afforded me the most + exquisite happiness, and which I shall ever distinguish with the fairest + mark. For what indeed could be either more pleasing to me on the public + account than to observe two such noble youths building their fame and + glory upon the polite arts; or more desirable upon my own than to be + marked out as a worthy example to them in their pursuits of virtue? May + the gods still grant me the continuance of that pleasure! And I implore + the same gods, you are my witness, to make all these who think me + deserving of imitation far better than I am, Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0064" id="link2H_4_0064"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXIV — To ROMANUS + </h2> + <p> + You were not present at a very singular occurrence here lately: neither + was I, but the story reached me just after it had happened. Passienus + Paulus, a Roman knight, of good family, and a man of peculiar learning and + culture besides, composes elegies, a talent which runs in the family, for + Propertius is reckoned by him amongst his ancestors, as well as being his + countryman. He was lately reciting a poem which began thus: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Priscus, at thy command"— +</pre> + <p> + Whereupon Javolenus Priscus, who happened to be present as a particular + friend of the poet's, cried out—"But he is mistaken, I did not + command him." Think what laughter and merriment this occasioned. Priscus's + wits, you must know, are reckoned rather unsound,<a href="#linknote-91" + name="linknoteref-91" id="linknoteref-91">[91]</a> though he takes a share + in public business, is summoned to consultations, and even publicly acts + as a lawyer, so that this behaviour of his was the more remarkable and + ridiculous: meanwhile Paulus was a good deal disconcerted by his friend's + absurdity. You see how necessary it is for those who are anxious to recite + their works in public to take care that the audience as well as the author + are perfectly sane. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0065" id="link2H_4_0065"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXV — To TACITUS + </h2> + <p> + YOUR request that I would send you an account of my uncle's death, in + order to transmit a more exact relation of it to posterity, deserves my + acknowledgments; for, if this accident shall be celebrated by your pen, + the glory of it, I am well assured, will be rendered forever illustrious. + And notwithstanding he perished by a misfortune, which, as it involved at + the same time a most beautiful country in ruins, and destroyed so many + populous cities, seems to promise him an everlasting remembrance; + notwithstanding he has himself composed many and lasting works; yet I am + persuaded, the mentioning of him in your immortal writings, will greatly + contribute to render his name immortal. Happy I esteem those to be to whom + by provision of the gods has been granted the ability either to do such + actions as are worthy of being related or to relate them in a manner + worthy of being read; but peculiarly happy are they who are blessed with + both these uncommon talents: in the number of which my uncle, as his own + writings and your history will evidently prove, may justly be ranked. It + is with extreme willingness, therefore, that I execute your commands; and + should indeed have claimed the task if you had not enjoined it. He was at + that time with the fleet under his command at Misenum.<a + href="#linknote-92" name="linknoteref-92" id="linknoteref-92">[92]</a> On + the 24th of August, about one in the afternoon, my mother desired him to + observe a cloud which appeared of a very unusual size and shape. He had + just taken a turn in the sun<a href="#linknote-93" name="linknoteref-93" + id="linknoteref-93">[93]</a> and, after bathing himself in cold water, and + making a light luncheon, gone back to his books: he immediately arose and + went out upon a rising ground from whence he might get a better sight of + this very uncommon appearance. A cloud, from which mountain was uncertain, + at this distance (but it was found afterwards to come from Mount + Vesuvius), was ascending, the appearance of which I cannot give you a more + exact description of than by likening it to that of a pine tree, for it + shot up to a great height in the form of a very tall trunk, which spread + itself out at the top into a sort of branches; occasioned, I imagine, + either by a sudden gust of air that impelled it, the force of which + decreased as it advanced upwards, or the cloud itself being pressed back + again by its own weight, expanded in the manner I have mentioned; it + appeared sometimes bright and sometimes dark and spotted, according as it + was either more or less impregnated with earth and cinders. This + phenomenon seemed to a man of such learning and research as my uncle + extraordinary and worth further looking into. He ordered a light vessel to + be got ready, and gave me leave, if I liked, to accompany him. I said I + had rather go on with my work; and it so happened, he had himself given me + something to write out. As he was coming out of the house, he received a + note from Rectina, the wife of Bassus, who was in the utmost alarm at the + imminent danger which threatened her; for her villa lying at the foot of + Mount Vesuvius, there was no way of escape but by sea; she earnestly + entreated him therefore to come to her assistance. He accordingly changed + his first intention, and what he had begun from a philosophical, he now + carries out in a noble and generous spirit. He ordered the galleys to be + put to sea, and went himself on board with an intention of assisting not + only Rectina, but the several other towns which lay thickly strewn along + that beautiful coast. Hastening then to the place from whence others fled + with the utmost terror, he steered his course direct to the point of + danger, and with so much calmness and presence of mind as to be able to + make and dictate his observations upon the motion and all the phenomena of + that dreadful scene. He was now so close to the mountain that the cinders, + which grew thicker and hotter the nearer he approached, fell into the + ships, together with pumice-stones, and black pieces of burning rock: they + were in danger too not only of being aground by the sudden retreat of the + sea, but also from the vast fragments which rolled down from the mountain, + and obstructed all the shore. Here he stopped to consider whether he + should turn back again; to which the pilot advising him, "Fortune," said + he, "favours the brave; steer to where Pomponianus is." Pomponianus was + then at Stabiae,<a href="#linknote-94" name="linknoteref-94" + id="linknoteref-94">[94]</a> separated by a bay, which the sea, after + several insensible windings, forms with the shore. He had already sent his + baggage on board; for though he was not at that time in actual danger, yet + being within sight of it, and indeed extremely near, if it should in the + least increase, he was determined to put to sea as soon as the wind, which + was blowing dead in-shore, should go down. It was favourable, however, for + carrying my uncle to Pomponianus, whom he found in the greatest + consternation: he embraced him tenderly, encouraging and urging him to + keep up his spirits, and, the more effectually to soothe his fears by + seeming unconcerned himself, ordered a bath to be got ready, and then, + after having bathed, sat down to supper with great cheerfulness, or at + least (what is just as heroic) with every appearance of it. Meanwhile + broad flames shone out in several places from Mount Vesuvius, which the + darkness of the night contributed to render still brighter and clearer. + But my uncle, in order to soothe the apprehensions of his friend, assured + him it was only the burning of the villages, which the country people had + abandoned to the flames: after this he retired to rest, and it is most + certain he was so little disquieted as to fall into a sound sleep: for his + breathing, which, on account of his corpulence, was rather heavy and + sonorous, was heard by the attendants outside. The court which led to his + apartment being now almost filled with stones and ashes, if he had + continued there any time longer, it would have been impossible for him to + have made his way out. So he was awoke and got up, and went to Pomponianus + and the rest of his company, who were feeling too anxious to think of + going to bed. They consulted together whether it would be most prudent to + trust to the houses, which now rocked from side to side with frequent and + violent concussions as though shaken from their very foundations; or fly + to the open fields, where the calcined stones and cinders, though light + indeed, yet fell in large showers, and threatened destruction. In this + choice of dangers they resolved for the fields: a resolution which, while + the rest of the company were hurried into by their fears, my uncle + embraced upon cool and deliberate consideration. They went out then, + having pillows tied upon their heads with napkins; and this was their + whole defence against the storm of stones that fell round them. It was now + day everywhere else, but there a deeper darkness prevailed than in the + thickest night; which however was in some degree alleviated by torches and + other lights of various kinds. They thought proper to go farther down upon + the shore to see if they might safely put out to sea, but found the waves + still running extremely high, and boisterous. There my uncle, laying + himself down upon a sail cloth, which was spread for him, called twice for + some cold water, which he drank, when immediately the flames, preceded by + a strong whiff of sulphur, dispersed the rest of the party, and obliged + him to rise. He raised himself up with the assistance of two of his + servants, and instantly fell down dead; suffocated, as I conjecture, by + some gross and noxious vapour, having always had a weak throat, which was + often inflamed. As soon as it was light again, which was not till the + third day after this melancholy accident, his body was found entire, and + without any marks of violence upon it, in the dress in which he fell, and + looking more like a man asleep than dead. During all this time my mother + and I, who were at Miscnum—but this has no connection with your + history, and you did not desire any particulars besides those of my + uncle's death; so I will end here, only adding that I have faithfully + related to you what I was either an eye-witness of myself or received + immediately after the accident happened, and before there was time to vary + the truth. You will pick out of this narrative whatever is most important: + for a letter is one thing, a history another; it is one thing writing to a + friend, another thing writing to the public. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0066" id="link2H_4_0066"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXVI — To CORNELIUS TACITUS + </h2> + <p> + THE letter which, in compliance with your request, I wrote to you + concerning the death of my uncle has raised, it seems, your curiosity to + know what terrors and dangers attended me while I continued at Misenum; + for there, I think, my account broke off: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Though my shock'd soul recoils, my tongue shall tell." +</pre> + <p> + My uncle having left us, I spent such time as was left on my studies (it + was on their account indeed that I had stopped behind), till it was time + for my bath. After which I went to supper, and then fell into a short and + uneasy sleep. There had been noticed for many days before a trembling of + the earth, which did not alarm us much, as this is quite an ordinary + occurrence in Campania; but it was so particularly violent that night that + it not only shook but actually overturned, as it would seem, everything + about us. My mother rushed into my chamber, where she found me rising, in + order to awaken her. We sat down in the open court of the house, which + occupied a small space between the buildings and the sea. As I was at that + time but eighteen years of age, I know not whether I should call my + behaviour, in this dangerous juncture, courage or folly; but I took up + Livy, and amused myself with turning over that author, and even making + extracts from him, as if I had been perfectly at my leisure. Just then, a + friend of my uncle's, who had lately come to him from Spain, joined us, + and observing me sitting by my mother with a book in my hand, reproved her + for her calmness, and me at the same time for my careless security: + nevertheless I went on with my author. Though it was now morning, the + light was still exceedingly faint and doubtful; the buildings all around + us tottered, and though we stood upon open ground, yet as the place was + narrow and confined, there was no remaining without imminent danger: we + therefore resolved to quit the town. A panic-stricken crowd followed us, + and (as to a mind distracted with terror every suggestion seems more + prudent than its own) pressed on us in dense array to drive us forward as + we came out. Being at a convenient distance from the houses, we stood + still, in the midst of a most dangerous and dreadful scene. The chariots, + which we had ordered to be drawn out, were so agitated backwards and + forwards, though upon the most level ground, that we could not keep them + steady, even by supporting them with large stones. The sea seemed to roll + back upon itself, and to be driven from its banks by the convulsive motion + of the earth; it is certain at least the shore was considerably enlarged, + and several sea animals were left upon it. On the other side, a black and + dreadful cloud, broken with rapid, zigzag flashes, revealed behind it + variously shaped masses of flame: these last were like sheet-lightning, + but much larger. Upon this our Spanish friend, whom I mentioned above, + addressing himself to my mother and me with great energy and urgency: "If + your brother," he said, "if your uncle be safe, he certainly wishes you + may be so too; but if he perished, it was his desire, no doubt, that you + might both survive him: why therefore do you delay your escape a moment?" + We could never think of our own safety, we said, while we were uncertain + of his. Upon this our friend left us, and withdrew from the danger with + the utmost precipitation. Soon afterwards, the cloud began to descend, and + cover the sea. It had already surrounded and concealed the island of + Capreae and the promontory of Misenum. My mother now besought, urged, even + commanded me to make my escape at any rate, which, as I was young, I might + easily do; as for herself, she said, her age and corpulency rendered all + attempts of that sort impossible; however, she would willingly meet death + if she could have the satisfaction of seeing that she was not the occasion + of mine. But I absolutely refused to leave her, and, taking her by the + hand, compelled her to go with me. She complied with great reluctance, and + not without many reproaches to herself for retarding my flight. The ashes + now began to fall upon us, though in no great quantity. I looked back; a + dense dark mist seemed to be following us, spreading itself over the + country like a cloud. "Let us turn out of the high-road," I said, "while + we can still see, for fear that, should we fall in the road, we should be + pressed to death in the dark, by the crowds that are following us." We had + scarcely sat down when night came upon us, not such as we have when the + sky is cloudy, or when there is no moon, but that of a room when it is + shut up, and all the lights put out. You might hear the shrieks of women, + the screams of children, and the shouts of men; some calling for their + children, others for their parents, others for their husbands, and seeking + to recognise each other by the voices that replied; one lamenting his own + fate, another that of his family; some wishing to die, from the very fear + of dying; some lifting their hands to the gods; but the greater part + convinced that there were now no gods at all, and that the final endless + night of which we have heard had come upon the world.<a href="#linknote-95" + name="linknoteref-95" id="linknoteref-95">[95]</a> Among these there were + some who augmented the real terrors by others imaginary or wilfully + invented. I remember some who declared that one part of Misenum had + fallen, that another was on fire; it was false, but they found people to + believe them. It now grew rather lighter, which we imagined to be rather + the forerunner of an approaching burst of flames (as in truth it was) than + the return of day: however, the fire fell at a distance from us: then + again we were immersed in thick darkness, and a heavy shower of ashes + rained upon us, which we were obliged every now and then to stand up to + shake off, otherwise we should have been crushed and buried in the heap. I + might boast that, during all this scene of horror, not a sigh, or + expression of fear, escaped me, had not my support been grounded in that + miserable, though mighty, consolation, that all mankind were involved in + the same calamity, and that I was perishing with the world itself. At last + this dreadful darkness was dissipated by degrees, like a cloud or smoke; + the real day returned, and even the sun shone out, though with a lurid + light, like when an eclipse is coming on. Every object that presented + itself to our eyes (which were extremely weakened) seemed changed, being + covered deep with ashes as if with snow. We returned to Misenum, where we + refreshed ourselves as well as we could, and passed an anxious night + between hope and fear; though, indeed, with a much larger share of the + latter: for the earthquake still continued, while many frenzied persons + ran up and down heightening their own and their friends' calamities by + terrible predictions. However, my mother and I, notwithstanding the danger + we had passed, and that which still threatened us, had no thoughts of + leaving the place, till we could receive some news of my uncle. + </p> + <p> + And now, you will read this narrative without any view of inserting it in + your history, of which it is not in the least worthy; and indeed you must + put it down to your own request if it should appear not worth even the + trouble of a letter. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0067" id="link2H_4_0067"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LX VII — To MACER + </h2> + <p> + How much does the fame of human actions depend upon the station of those + who perform them! The very same conduct shall be either applauded to the + skies or entirely overlooked, just as it may happen to proceed from a + person of conspicuous or obscure rank. I was sailing lately upon our lake,<a + href="#linknote-96" name="linknoteref-96" id="linknoteref-96">[96]</a> + with an old man of my acquaintance, who desired me to observe a villa + situated upon its banks, which had a chamber overhanging the water. "From + that room," said he, "a woman of our city threw herself and her husband." + Upon enquiring into the cause, he informed me, "That her husband having + been long afflicted with an ulcer in those parts which modesty conceals, + she prevailed with him at last to let her inspect the sore, assuring him + at the same time that she would most sincerely give her opinion whether + there was a possibility of its being cured. Accordingly, upon viewing the + ulcer, she found the case hopeless, and therefore advised him to put an + end to his life: she herself accompanying him, even leading the way by her + example, and being actually the means of his death; for tying herself to + her husband, she plunged with him into the lake." Though this happened in + the very city where I was born, I never heard it mentioned before; and yet + that this action is taken less notice of than that famous one of Arria's, + is not because it was less remarkable, but because the person who + performed it was more obscure. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0068" id="link2H_4_0068"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXVIII — To SERVIANUS + </h2> + <p> + I AM extremely glad to hear that you intend your daughter for Fuscus + Salinator, and congratulate you upon it. His family is patrician,<a + href="#linknote-97" name="linknoteref-97" id="linknoteref-97">[97]</a> and + both his father and mother are persons of the most distinguished merit. As + for himself, he is studious, learned, and eloquent, and, with all the + innocence of a child, unites the sprightliness of youth and the wisdom of + age. I am not, believe me, deceived by my affection, when I give him this + character; for though I love him, I confess, beyond measure (as his + friendship and esteem for me well deserve), yet partiality has no share in + my judgment: on the contrary, the stronger my affection for him, the more + exactingly I weigh his merit. I will venture, then, to assure you (and I + speak it upon my own experience) you could not have, formed to your + wishes, a more accomplished son-in-law. May he soon present you with a + grandson, who shall be the exact copy of his father! and with what + pleasure shall I receive from the arms of two such friends their children + or grand-children, whom I shall claim a sort of right to embrace as my + own! Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0069" id="link2H_4_0069"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXIX — To SEVERUS + </h2> + <p> + You desire me to consider what turn you should give to your speech in + honour of the emperor,<a href="#linknote-98" name="linknoteref-98" + id="linknoteref-98">[98]</a> upon your being appointed consul elect.<a + href="#linknote-99" name="linknoteref-99" id="linknoteref-99">[99]</a> It + is easy to find copies, not so easy to choose out of them; for his virtues + afford such abundant material. However, I will write and give you my + opinion, or (what I should prefer) I will let you have it in person, after + having laid before you the difficulties which occur to me. I am doubtful, + then, whether I should advise you to pursue the method which I observed + myself on the same occasion. When I was consul elect, I avoided running + into the usual strain of compliment, which, however far from adulation, + might yet look like it. Not that I affected firmness and independence; + but, as well knowing the sentiments of our amiable prince, and being + thoroughly persuaded that the highest praise I could offer to him would be + to show the world I was under no necessity of paying him any. When I + reflected what profusion of honours had been heaped upon the very worst of + his predecessors, nothing, I imagined, could more distinguish a prince of + his real virtues from those infamous emperors than to address him in a + different manner. And this I thought proper to observe in my speech, lest + it might be suspected I passed over his glorious acts, not out of + judgment, but inattention. Such was the method I then observed; but I am + sensible the same measures are neither agreeable nor indeed suitable to + all alike. Besides the propriety of doing or omitting a thing depends not + only upon persons, but time and circumstances; and as the late actions of + our illustrious prince afford materials for panegyric, no less just than + recent and glorious, I doubt (as I said before) whether I should persuade + you in the present instance to adopt the same plan as I did myself. In + this, however, I am clear, that it was proper to offer you by way of + advice the method I pursued. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0070" id="link2H_4_0070"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXX — To FABATUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE the best reason, certainly, for celebrating your birthday as my + own, since all the happiness of mine arises from yours, to whose care and + diligence it is owing that I am gay here and at my ease in town. — + Your Camillian villa<a href="#linknote-100" name="linknoteref-100" + id="linknoteref-100">[100]</a> in Campania has suffered by the injuries of + time, and is falling into decay; however, the most valuable parts of the + building either remain entire or are but slightly damaged, and it shall be + my care to see it put into thorough repair. — Though I flatter + myself I have many friends, yet I have scarcely any of the sort you + enquire after, and which the affair you mention demands. All mine lie + among those whose employments engage them in town; whereas the conduct of + country business requires a person of a robust constitution, and bred up + to the country, to whom the work may not seem hard, nor the office beneath + him, and who does not feel a solitary life depressing. You think most + highly of Rufus, for he was a great friend of your son's; but of what use + he can be to us upon this occasion, I cannot conceive; though I am sure he + will be glad to do all he can for us. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0071" id="link2H_4_0071"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXI — To CORNELIANUS + </h2> + <p> + I RECEIVED lately the most exquisite satisfaction at Centumcellae<a + href="#linknote-101" name="linknoteref-101" id="linknoteref-101">[101]</a> + (as it is now called), being summoned thither by Cęsar<a + href="#linknote-102" name="linknoteref-102" id="linknoteref-102">[102]</a> + to attend a council. Could anything indeed afford a higher pleasure than + to see the emperor exercising his justice, his wisdom, and his affability, + even in retirement, where those virtues are most observable? Various were + the points brought in judgment before him, and which proved, in so many + different instances, the excellence of the judge. The cause of Claudius + Ariston came on first. He is an Ephesian nobleman, of great munificence + and unambitious popularity, whose virtues have rendered him obnoxious to a + set of people of far different characters; they had instigated an informer + against him, of the same infamous stamp with themselves; but he was + honourably acquitted. The next day, the case of Galitta, accused of + adultery, was heard. Her husband, who is a military tribune, was upon the + point of offering himself as a candidate for certain honours at Rome, but + she had stained her own good name and his by an intrigue with a centurion.<a + href="#linknote-103" name="linknoteref-103" id="linknoteref-103">[103]</a> + The husband informed the consul's lieutenant, who wrote to the emperor + about it. Cęsar, having thoroughly sifted the evidence, cashiered the + centurion, and sentenced him to banishment. It remained that some penalty + should be inflicted likewise upon the other party, as it is a crime of + which both must necessarily be equally guilty. But the husband's affection + for his wife inclined him to drop that part of the prosecution, not + without some reflections on his forbearance; for he continued to live with + her even after he had commenced this prosecution, content, it would seem, + with having removed his rival. But he was ordered to proceed in the suit: + and, though he complied with great reluctance, it was necessary, + nevertheless, that she should be condemned. Accordingly, she was sentenced + to the punishment directed by the Julian law.<a href="#linknote-104" + name="linknoteref-104" id="linknoteref-104">[104]</a> The emperor thought + proper to specify, in his decree, the name and office of the centurion, + that it might appear he passed it in virtue of military discipline; lest + it should be imagined he claimed a particular cognizance in every cause of + the same nature. The third day was employed in examining into an affair + which had occasioned a good deal of talk and various reports; it was + concerning the codicils of Julius Tiro, part of which was plainly genuine, + while the other part, it was alleged, was forged. The persons accused of + this fraud were Sempronius Senecio, a Roman knight, and Eurythmus, Cęsar's + freedman and procurator.<a href="#linknote-105" name="linknoteref-105" + id="linknoteref-105">[105]</a> The heirs jointly petitioned the emperor, + when he was in Dacia,<a href="#linknote-106" name="linknoteref-106" + id="linknoteref-106">[106]</a> that he would reserve to himself the trial + of this cause; to which he consented. On his return from that expedition, + he appointed a day for the hearing; and when some of the heirs, as though + out of respect to Eurythmus, offered to withdraw the suit, the emperor + nobly replied, "He is not Polycletus,<a href="#linknote-107" + name="linknoteref-107" id="linknoteref-107">[107]</a> nor am I Nero." + However, he indulged the petitioners with an adjournment, and the time + being expired, he now sat to hear the cause. Two of the heirs appeared, + and desired that either their whole number might be compelled to plead, as + they had all joined in the information, or that they also might have leave + to withdraw. Cęsar delivered his opinion with great dignity and + moderation; and when the counsel on the part of Senecio and Eurythmus had + represented that unless their clients were heard, they would remain under + the suspicion of guilt,—"I am not concerned," said the emperor, + "what suspicions they may lie under, it is I that am suspected;" and then + turning to us, "Advise me," said he, "how to act in this affair, for you + see they complain when allowed to withdraw their suit." At length, by the + advice of the counsel, he 'ordered notice to be given to the heirs that + they should either proceed with the case or each of them justify their + reasons for not doing so; otherwise that he would pass sentence upon them + as calumniators.<a href="#linknote-108" name="linknoteref-108" + id="linknoteref-108">[108]</a> Thus you see how usefully and seriously we + spent our time, which however was diversified with amusements of the most + agreeable kind. We were every day invited to Cęsar's table, which, for so + great a prince, was spread with much plainness and simplicity. There we + were either entertained with interludes or passed the night in the most + pleasing conversation. When we took our leave of him the last day, he made + each of us presents; so studiously polite is Cęsar! As for myself, I was + not only charmed with the dignity and wisdom of the judge, the honour done + to the assessors, the ease and unreserved freedom of our social + intercourse, but with the exquisite situation of the place itself. This + delightful villa is surrounded by the greenest meadows, and overlooks the + shore, which bends inwards, forming a complete harbour. The left arm of + this port is defended by exceedingly strong works, while the right is in + process of completion. An artificial island, which rises at the mouth of + the harbour, breaks the force of the waves, and affords a safe passage to + ships on either side. This island is formed by a process worth seeing: + stones of a most enormous size are transported hither in a large sort of + pontoons, and being piled one upon the other, are fixed by their own + weight, gradually accumulating in the manner, as it were, of a natural + mound. It already lifts its rocky back above the ocean, while the waves + which beat upon it, being broken and tossed to an immense height, foam + with a prodigious noise, and whiten all the surrounding sea. To these + stones are added wooden piers, which in process of time will give it the + appearance of a natural island. This haven is to be called by the name of + its great author,<a href="#linknote-109" name="linknoteref-109" + id="linknoteref-109">[109]</a> and will prove of infinite benefit, by + affording a secure retreat to ships on that extensive and dangerous coast. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0072" id="link2H_4_0072"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXII — To MAXIMUS + </h2> + <p> + You did perfectly right in promising a gladiatorial combat to our good + friends the citizens of Verona, who have long loved, looked up to, and + honoured, you; while it was from that city too you received that amiable + object of your most tender affection, your late excellent wife. And since + you owed some monument or public representation to her memory, what other + spectacle could you have exhibited more appropriate to the occasion? + Besides, you were so unanimously pressed to do so that to have refused + would have looked more like hardness than resolution. The readiness too + with which you granted their petition, and the magnificent manner in which + you performed it, is very much to your honour; for a greatness of soul is + seen in these smaller instances, as well as in matters of higher moment. I + wish the African panthers, which you had largely provided for this + purpose, had arrived on the day appointed, but though they were delayed by + the stormy weather, the obligation to you is equally the same, since it + was not your fault that they were not exhibited. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0073" id="link2H_4_0073"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXIII — To RESTITUTUS + </h2> + <p> + THIS obstinate illness of yours alarms me; and though I know how extremely + temperate you are, yet I fear lest your disease should get the better of + your moderation. Let me entreat you then to resist it with a determined + abstemiousness: a remedy, be assured, of all others the most laudable as + well as the most salutary. Human nature itself admits the practicability + of what I recommend: it is a rule, at least, which I always enjoin my + family to observe with respect to myself. "I hope," I say to them, "that + should I be attacked with any disorder, I shall desire nothing of which I + ought either to be ashamed or have reason to repent; however, if my + distemper should prevail over my resolution, I forbid that anything be + given me but by the consent of my physicians; and I shall resent your + compliance with me in things improper as much as another man would their + refusal." I once had a most violent fever; when the fit was a little + abated, and I had been anointed,<a href="#linknote-110" + name="linknoteref-110" id="linknoteref-110">[110]</a> my physician offered + me something to drink; I held out my hand, desiring he would first feel my + pulse, and upon his not seeming quite satisfied, I instantly returned the + cup, though it was just at my lips. Afterwards, when I was preparing to go + into the bath, twenty days from the first attack of my illness, perceiving + the physicians whispering together, I enquired what they were saying. They + replied they were of opinion I may possibly bathe with safety, however + that they were not without some suspicion of risk. "What need is there," + said I, "of my taking a bath at all?" And so, with perfect calmness and + tranquillity, I gave up a pleasure I was upon the point of enjoying, and + abstained from the bath as serenely and composedly as though I were going + into it. I mention this, not only by way of enforcing my advice by + example, but also that this letter may be a sort of tie upon me to + persevere in the same resolute abstinence for the future. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0074" id="link2H_4_0074"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXIV — To CALPURNIA<a href="#linknote-111" name="linknoteref-111" + id="linknoteref-111">[111]</a> + </h2> + <p> + You will not believe what a longing for you possesses me. The chief cause + of this is my love; and then we have not grown used to be apart. So it + comes to pass that I lie awake a great part of the night, thinking of you; + and that by day, when the hours return at which I was wont to visit you, + my feet take me, as it is so truly said, to your chamber, but not finding + you there, I return, sick and sad at heart, like an excluded lover. The + only time that is free from these torments is when I am being worn out at + the bar, and in the suits of my friends. Judge you what must be my life + when I find my repose in toil, my solace in wretchedness and anxiety. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0075" id="link2H_4_0075"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXV — To MACRINUS + </h2> + <p> + A VERY singular and remarkable accident has happened in the affair of + Varenus,<a href="#linknote-112" name="linknoteref-112" id="linknoteref-112">[112]</a> + the result of which is yet doubtful. The Bithynians, it is said, have + dropped their prosecution of him being convinced at last that it was + rashly undertaken. A deputy from that province is arrived, who has brought + with him a decree of their assembly; copies of which he has delivered to + Cęsar,<a href="#linknote-113" name="linknoteref-113" id="linknoteref-113">[113]</a> + and to several of the leading men in Rome, and also to us, the advocates + for Varenus. Magnus,<a href="#linknote-114" name="linknoteref-114" + id="linknoteref-114">[114]</a> nevertheless, whom I mentioned in my last + letter to you, persists in his charge, to support which he is incessantly + teasing the worthy Nigrinus. This excellent person was counsel for him in + his former petition to the consuls, that Varenus might be compelled to + produce his accounts. Upon this occasion, as I attended Varenus merely as + a friend, I determined to be silent. I thought it highly imprudent for me, + as I was appointed his counsel by the senate, to attempt to defend him as + an accused person, when it was his business to insist that there was + actually no charge subsisting against him. However, when Nigrinus had + finished his speech, the consuls turning their eyes upon me, I rose up, + and, "When you shall hear," I said, "what the real deputies from the + province have to object against the motion of Nigrinus, you will see that + my silence was not without just reason." Upon this Nigrinus asked me, "To + whom are these deputies sent?" I replied, "To me among others; I have the + decree of the province in my hands." He returned, "That is a point which, + though it may be clear to you, I am not so well satisfied of." To this I + answered, "Though it may not be so evident to you, who are concerned to + support the accusation, it may be perfectly clear to me, who am on the + more favourable side." Then Polyaenus, the deputy from the province, + acquainted the senate with the reasons for superseding the prosecution, + but desired it might be without prejudice to Cęsar's determination. Magnus + answered him; Polyaenus replied; as for myself, I only now and then threw + in a word, observing in general a complete silence. For I have learned + that upon some occasions it is as much an orator's business to be silent + as to speak, and I remember, in some criminal cases, to have done even + more service to my clients by a discreet silence than I could have + expected from the most carefully prepared speech. To enter into the + subject of eloquence is indeed very foreign to the purpose of my letter, + yet allow me to give you one instance in proof of my last observation. A + certain lady having lost her son suspected that his freedmen, whom he had + appointed coheirs with her, were guilty of forging the will and poisoning + him. Accordingly she charged them with the fact before the emperor, who + directed Julianus Suburanus to try the cause. I was counsel for the + defendants, and the case being exceedingly remarkable, and the counsel + engaged on both sides of eminent ability, it drew together a very numerous + audience. The issue was, the servants being put to the torture, my clients + were acquitted. But the mother applied a second time to the emperor, + pretending she had discovered some new evidence. Suburanus was therefore + directed to hear the cause, and see if she could produce any fresh proofs. + Julius Africanus was counsel for the mother, a young man of good parts, + but slender experience. He is grandson to the famous orator of that name, + of whom it is reported that Passienus Crispus, hearing him one day plead, + archly said, "Very fine, I must confess, very fine; but is all this fine + speaking to the purpose?" Julius Africanus, I say, having made a long + harangue, and exhausted the portion of time allotted to him, said, "I beg + you, Suburanus, to allow me to add one word more." When he had concluded, + and the eyes of the whole assembly had been fixed a considerable time upon + me, I rose up. "I would have answered Africanus," said I, "if he had added + that one word he begged leave to do, in which I doubt not he would have + told us all that we had not heard before." I do not remember to have + gained so much applause by any speech that I ever made as I did in this + instance by making none. Thus the little that I had hitherto said for + Varenus was received with the same general approbation. The consuls, + agreeably to the request of Polyaenus, reserved the whole affair for the + determination of the emperor, whose resolution I impatiently wait for; as + that will decide whether I may be entirely secure and easy with respect to + Varenus, or must again renew all my trouble and anxiety upon his account. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0076" id="link2H_4_0076"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXVI — To TUSCUS + </h2> + <p> + You desire my opinion as to the method of study you should pursue, in that + retirement to which you have long since withdrawn. In the first place, + then, I look upon it as a very advantageous practice (and it is what many + recommend) to translate either from Greek into Latin or from Latin into + Greek. By this means you acquire propriety and dignity of expression, and + a variety of beautiful figures, and an ease and strength of exposition, + and in the imitation of the best models a facility of creating such models + for yourself. Besides, those things which you may possibly have overlooked + in an ordinary reading over cannot escape you in translating: and this + method will also enlarge your knowledge, and improve your judgment. It may + not be amiss, after you have read an author, to turn, as it were, to his + rival, and attempt something ol your own upon the same topic, and then + make a careful comparison between your performance and his, in order to + see in what points either you or he may be the happier. You may + congratulate yourself indeed if you shall find in some things that you + have the advantage of him, while it will be a great mortification if he is + always superior. You may sometimes select very famous passages and compete + with what you select. The competition is daring enough, but, as it is + private, cannot be called impudent. Not but that we have seen instances of + persons who have publicly entered this sort of lists with great credit to + themselves, and, while they did not despair of overtaking, have gloriously + outstripped those whom they thought it sufficient honour to follow. A + speech no longer fresh in your memory, you may take up again. You will + find plenty in it to leave unaltered, but still more to reject; you will + add a new thought here, and alter another there. It is a laborious and + tedious task, I own, thus to re-enflame the mind after the first heat is + over, to recover an impulse when its force has been checked and spent, + and, worse than all, to put new limbs into a body already complete without + disturbing the old; but the advantage attending this method will + overbalance the difficulty. I know the bent of your present attention is + directed towards the eloquence of the bar; but I would not for that reason + advise you never to quit the polemic, if I may so call it, and contentious + style. As land is improved by sowing it with various seeds, constantly + changed, so is the mind by exercising it now with this subject of study, + now with that. I would recommend you, therefore, sometimes to take a + subject from history, and you might give more care to the composition of + your letters. For it frequently happens that in pleading one has occasion + to make use not only of historical, but even poetical, styles of + description; and then from letters you acquire a concise and simple mode + of expression. You will do quite right again in refreshing yourself with + poetry: when I say so, I do not mean that species of poetry which turns + upon subjects of great length and continuity (such being suitable only for + persons of leisure), but those little pieces of the sprightly kind of + poesy, which serve as proper reliefs to, and are consistent with, + employments of every sort. They commonly go under the title of poetical + amusements; but these amusements have sometimes gained their authors as + much reputation as works of a more serious nature; and thus (for while I + am exhorting you to poetry, why should I not turn poet myself?) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "As yielding wax the artist's skill commands, + Submissive shap'd beneath his forming hands; + Now dreadful stands in arms a Mars confest; + Or now with Venus's softer air imprest; + A wanton Cupid now the mould belies; + Now shines, severely chaste, a Pallas wife: + As not alone to quench the raging flame, + The sacred fountain pours her friendly stream; + But sweetly gliding through the flow'ry green, + Spreads glad refreshment o'er the smiling scene: + So, form'd by science, should the ductile mind + Receive, distinct, each various art refin'd." +</pre> + <p> + In this manner the greatest men, as well as the greatest orators, used + either to exercise or amuse themselves, or rather indeed did both. It is + surprising how much the mind is enlivened and refreshed by these little + poetical compositions, as they turn upon love, hatred, satire, tenderness, + politeness, and everything, in short, that concerns life and the affairs + of the world. Besides, the same advantage attends these, as every other + sort of poems, that we turn from them to prose with so much the more + pleasure after having experienced the difficulty of being constrained and + fettered by metre. And now, perhaps, I have troubled you upon this subject + longer than you desired; however, there is one thing I have left out: I + have not told you what kind of authors you should read; though indeed that + was sufficiently implied when I told you on what you should write. + Remember to be careful in your choice of authors of every kind: for, as it + has been well observed, "though we should read much, we should not read + many books." Who those authors are, is so clearly settled, and so + generally known, that I need not particularly specify them; besides, I + have already extended this letter to such an immoderate length that, while + suggesting how you ought to study, I have, I fear, been actually + interrupting your studies. I will here resign you therefore to your + tablets, either to resume the studies in which you were before engaged or + to enter upon some of those I have recommended. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0077" id="link2H_4_0077"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXX VII — To FABATUS (HIS WIFE'S GRANDFATHER) + </h2> + <p> + You are surprised, I find, that my share of five-twelfths of the estate + which lately fell to me, and which I had directed to be sold to the best + bidder, should have been disposed of by my freedman Hermes to Corellia + (without putting it up to auction) at the rate of seven hundred thousand + sesterces<a href="#linknote-115" name="linknoteref-115" + id="linknoteref-115">[115]</a> for the whole. And as you think it might + have fetched nine hundred thousand,<a href="#linknote-116" + name="linknoteref-116" id="linknoteref-116">[116]</a> you are so much the + more desirous to know whether I am inclined to ratify what he has done. I + am; and listen, while I tell you why, for I hope that not only you will + approve, but also that my fellow-coheirs will excuse me for having, upon a + motive of superior obligation, separated my interest from theirs. I have + the highest esteem for Corellia, both as the sister of Rufus, whose memory + will always be a sacred one to me, and as my mother's intimate friend. + Besides, that excellent man Minutius Tuscus, her husband, has every claim + to my affection that a long friendship can give him; as there was likewise + the closest intimacy between her son and me, so much so indeed that I + fixed upon him to preside at the games which I exhibited when I was + elected praetor. This lady, when I was last in the country, expressed a + strong desire for some place upon the borders of our lake of Comum; I + therefore made her an offer, at her own price, of any part of my land + there, except what came to me from my father and mother; for that I could + not consent to part with, even to Corellia, and accordingly when the + inheritance in question fell to me, I wrote to let her know it was to be + sold. This letter I sent by Hermes, who, upon her requesting him that he + would immediately make over to her my proportion of it, consented. Am I + not then obliged to confirm what my freedman has thus done in pursuance of + my inclinations? I have only to entreat my fellow-coheirs that they will + not take it ill at my hands that I have made a separate sale of what I had + certainly a right to dispose of. They are not bound in any way to follow + my example, since they have not the same connections with Corellia. They + are at full liberty therefore to be guided by interest, which in my own + case I chose to sacrifice to friendship. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0078" id="link2H_4_0078"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXVIII — To CORELLIA + </h2> + <p> + You are truly generous to desire and insist that I take for my share of + the estate you purchased of me, not after the rate of seven hundred + thousand sesterces for the whole, as my freedman sold it to you; but in + the proportion of nine hundred thousand, agreeably to what you gave to the + farmers of the twentieths for their part. But I must desire and insist in + my turn that you would consider not only what is suitable to your + character, but what is worthy of mine; and that you would suffer me to + oppose your inclination in this single instance, with the same warmth that + I obey it in all others. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0079" id="link2H_4_0079"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXIX — To CELER + </h2> + <p> + EVERY author has his particular reasons for reciting his works; mine, I + have often said, are, in order, if any error should have escaped my own + observation (as no doubt they do escape it sometimes), to have it pointed + out to me. I cannot therefore but be surprised to find (what your letter + assures me) that there are some who blame me for reciting my speeches: + unless, perhaps, they are of opinion that this is the single species of + composition that ought to be held exempt from any correction. If so, I + would willingly ask them why they allow (if indeed they do allow) that + history may be recited, since it is a work which ought to be devoted to + truth, not ostentation? or why tragedy, as it is composed for action and + the stage, not for being read to a private audience? or lyric poetry, as + it is not a reader, but a chorus of voices and instruments that it + requires? They will reply, perhaps, that in the instances referred to + custom has made the practice in question usual: I should be glad to know, + then, if they think the person who first introduced this practice is to be + condemned? Besides the rehearsal of speeches is no unprecedented thing + either with us or the Grecians. Still, perhaps, they will insist that it + can answer no purpose to recite a speech which has already been delivered. + True; if one were immediately to repeat the very same speech word for + word, and to the very same audience; but if you make several additions and + alterations; if your audience is composed partly of the same, and partly + of different persons, and the recital is at some distance of time, why is + there less propriety in rehearsing your speech than in publishing it? "But + it is difficult," the objectors urge, "to give satisfaction to an audience + by the mere recital of a speech;" that is a consideration which concerns + the particular skill and pains of the person who rehearses, but by no + means holds good against recitation in general. The truth is, it is not + whilst I am reading, but when I am read, that I aim at approbation; and + upon this principle I omit no sort of correction. In the first place, I + frequently go carefully over what I have written, by myself, after this I + read it out to two or three friends, and then give it to others to make + their remarks. If after this I have any doubt concerning the justness of + their observations, I carefully weigh them again with a friend or two; + and, last of all, I recite them to a larger audience, then is the time, + believe me, when I correct most energetically and unsparingly; for my care + and attention rise in proportion to my anxiety; as nothing renders the + judgment so acute to detect error as that deference, modesty, and + diffidence one feels upon those occasions. For tell me, would you not be + infinitely less affected were you to speak before a single person only, + though ever so learned, than before a numerous assembly, even though + composed of none but illiterate people? When you rise up to plead, are you + not at that juncture, above all others, most self-distrustful? and do you + not wish, I will not say some particular parts only, but that the whole + arrangement of your intended speech were altered? especially if the + concourse should be large in which you are to speak? for there is + something even in a low and vulgar audience that strikes one with awe. And + if you suspect you are not well received at the first opening of your + speech, do you not find all your energy relaxed, and feel yourself ready + to give way? The reason I imagine to be that there is a certain weight of + collective opinion in a multitude, and although each individual judgment + is, perhaps, of little value, yet when united it becomes considerable. + Accordingly, Pomponius Secundus, the famous tragic poet, whenever some + very intimate friend and he differed about the retaining or rejecting + anything in his writings, used to say, "I appeal<a href="#linknote-117" + name="linknoteref-117" id="linknoteref-117">[117]</a> to the people"; and + thus, by their silence or applause, adopted either his own or his friend's + opinion; such was the deference he paid to the popular judgment! Whether + justly or not, is no concern of mine, as I am not in the habit of reciting + my works publicly, but only to a select circle, whose presence I respect, + and whose judgment I value; in a word, whose opinions I attend to as if + they were so many individuals I had separately consulted, at the same time + that I stand in as much awe before them as I should before the most + numerous assembly. What Cicero says of composing will, in my opinion, hold + true of the dread we have of the public: "Fear is the most rigid critic + imaginable." The very thought of reciting, the very entrance into an + assembly, and the agitated concern when one is there; each of these + circumstances tends to improve and perfect an author's performance. Upon + the whole, therefore, I cannot repent of a practice which I have found by + experience so exceedingly useful; and am so far from being discouraged by + the trifling objections of these censors that I request you would point + out to me if there is yet any other kind of correction, that I may also + adopt it; for nothing can sufficiently satisfy my anxiety to render my + compositions perfect. I reflect what an undertaking it is resigning any + work into the hands of the public; and I cannot but be persuaded that + frequent revisals, and many consultations, must go to the perfecting of a + performance, which one desires should universally and forever please. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0080" id="link2H_4_0080"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXX — To PRISCUS + </h2> + <p> + THE illness of my friend Fannia gives me great concern. She contracted it + during her attendance on Junia, one of the Vestal virgins, engaging in + this good office at first voluntarily, Junia being her relation, and + afterwards being appointed to it by an order from the college of priests: + for these virgins, when excessive ill-health renders it necessary to + remove them from the temple of Vesta, are always delivered over to the + care and custody of some venerable matron. It was owing to her assiduity + in the execution of this charge that she contracted her present dangerous + disorder, which is a continual fever, attended with a cough that increases + daily. She is extremely emaciated, and every part of her seems in a total + decay except her spirits: those, indeed, she fully keeps up; and in a way + altogether worthy the wife of Helvidius, and the daughter of Thrasea. In + all other respects there is such a falling away that I am more than + apprehensive upon her account; I am deeply afflicted. I grieve, my friend, + that so excellent a woman is going to be removed from the eyes of the + world, which will never, perhaps, again behold her equal. So pure she is, + so pious, so wise and prudent, so brave and steadfast! Twice she followed + her husband into exile, and the third time she was banished herself upon + his account. For Senecio, when arraigned for writing the life of + Helvidius, having said in his defence that he composed that work at the + request of Fannia, Metius Carus, with a stern and threatening air, asked + her whether she had made that request, and she replied, "I made it." Did + she supply him likewise with materials for the purpose? "I did." Was her + mother privy to this transaction? "She was not." In short, throughout her + whole examination, not a word escaped her which betrayed the smallest + fear. On the contrary, she had preserved a copy of those very books which + the senate, over-awed by the tyranny of the times, had ordered to be + suppressed, and at the same time the effects of the author to be + confiscated, and carried with her into exile the very cause of her exile. + How pleasing she is, how courteous, and (what is granted to few) no less + lovable than worthy of all esteem and admiration! Will she hereafter be + pointed out as a model to all wives; and perhaps be esteemed worthy of + being set forth as an example of fortitude even to our sex; since, while + we still have the pleasure of seeing and conversing with her, we + contemplate her with the same admiration, as those heroines who are + celebrated in ancient story? For myself, I confess, I cannot but tremble + for this illustrious house, which seems shaken to its very foundations, + and ready to fall; for though she will leave descendants behind her, yet + what a height of virtue must they attain, what glorious deeds must they + perform, ere the world will be persuaded that she was not the last of her + family! It is an additional affliction and anguish to me that by her death + I seem to lose her mother a second time; that worthy mother (and what can + I say higher in her praise?) of so noble a woman! who, as she was restored + to me in her daughter, so she will now again be taken from me, and the + loss of Fannia will thus pierce my heart at once with a fresh, and at the + same time re-opened, wound. I so truly loved and honoured them both, that + I know not which I loved the best; a point they desired might ever remain + undetermined. In their prosperity and their adversity I did them every + kindness in my power, and was their comforter in exile, as well as their + avenger at their return. But I have not yet paid them what I owe, and am + so much the more solicitous for the recovery of this lady, that I may have + time to discharge my debt to her. Such is the anxiety and sorrow under + which I write this letter! But if some divine power should happily turn it + into joy, I shall not complain of the alarms I now suffer. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0081" id="link2H_4_0081"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXI — To GEMINIUS + </h2> + <p> + NUMIDIA QUADRATILLA is dead, having almost reached her eightieth year. She + enjoyed, up to her last illness, uninterrupted good health, and was + unusually stout and robust for one of her sex. She has left a very prudent + will, having disposed of two-thirds of her estate to her grandson, and the + rest to her grand-daughter. The young lady I know very slightly, but the + grandson is one of my most intimate friends. He is a remarkable young man, + and his merit entitles him to the affection of a relation, even where his + blood does not. Notwithstanding his remarkable personal beauty, he escaped + every malicious imputation both whilst a boy and when a youth: he was a + husband at four-and-twenty, and would have been a father if Providence had + not disappointed his hopes. He lived in the family with his grandmother, + who was exceedingly devoted to the pleasures of the town, yet observed + great severity of conduct himself, while always perfectly deferential and + submissive to her. She retained a set of pantomimes, and was an encourager + of this class of people to a degree inconsistent with one of her sex and + rank. But Quadratus never appeared at these entertainments, whether she + exhibited them in the theatre or in her own house; nor indeed did she + require him to be present. I once heard her say, when she was recommending + to me the supervision of her grandson's studies, that it was her custom, + in order to pass away some of those unemployed hours with which female + life abounds, to amuse herself with playing at chess, or seeing the + mimicry of her pantomimes; but that, whenever she engaged in either of + those amusements, she constantly sent away her grandson to his studies: + she appeared to me to act thus as much out of reverence for the youth as + from affection. I was a good deal surprised, as I am sure you will be too, + at what he told me the last time the Pontifical games<a + href="#linknote-118" name="linknoteref-118" id="linknoteref-118">[118]</a> + were exhibited. As we were coming out of the theatre together, where we + had been entertained with a show of these pantomimes, "Do you know," said + he, "to-day is the first time I ever saw my grandmother's freedman dance?" + Such was the grandson's speech! while a set of men of a far different + stamp, in order to do honour to Quadratilla (am ashamed to call it + honour), were running up and down the theatre, pretending to be struck + with the utmost admiration and rapture at the performances of those + pantomimes, and then imitating in musical chant the mien and manner of + their lady patroness. But now all the reward they have got, in return for + their theatrical performances, is just a few trivial legacies, which they + have the mortification to receive from an heir who was never so much as + present at these shows.—I send you this account, knowing you do not + dislike hearing town news, and because, too, when any occurrence has given + me pleasure, I love to renew it again by relating it. And indeed this + instance of affection in Quadratilla, and the honour done therein to that + excellent youth her grandson, has afforded me a very sensible + satisfaction; as I extremely rejoice that the house which once belonged to + Cassius,<a href="#linknote-119" name="linknoteref-119" id="linknoteref-119">[119]</a> + the founder and chief of the Cassian school, is come into the possession + of one no less considerable than its former master. For my friend will + fill it and become it as he ought, and its ancient dignity, lustre, and + glory will again revive under Quadratus, who, I am persuaded, will prove + as eminent an orator as Cassius was a lawyer. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0082" id="link2H_4_0082"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXII — To MAXIMUS + </h2> + <p> + THE lingering disorder of a friend of mine gave me occasion lately to + reflect that we are never so good as when oppressed with illness. Where is + the sick man who is either solicited by avarice or inflamed with lust? At + such a season he is neither a slave of love nor the fool of ambition; + wealth he utterly disregards, and is content with ever so small a portion + of it, as being upon the point of leaving even that little. It is then he + recollects there are gods, and that he himself is but a man: no mortal is + then the object of his envy, his admiration, or his contempt; and the + tales of slander neither raise his attention nor feed his curiosity: his + dreams are only of baths and fountains. These are the supreme objects of + his cares and wishes, while he resolves, if he should recover, to pass the + remainder of his days in ease and tranquillity, that is, to live + innocently and happily. I may therefore lay down to you and myself a short + rule, which the philosophers have endeavoured to inculcate at the expense + of many words, and even many volumes; that "we should try and realise in + health those resolutions we form in sickness." Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0083" id="link2H_4_0083"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXIII — To SURA + </h2> + <p> + THE present recess from business we are now enjoying affords you leisure + to give, and me to receive, instruction. I am extremely desirous therefore + to know whether you believe in the existence of ghosts, and that they have + a real form, and are a sort of divinities, or only the visionary + impressions of a terrified imagination. What particularly inclines me to + believe in their existence is a story which I heard of Curtius Rufus. When + he was in low circumstances and unknown in the world, he attended the + governor of Africa into that province. One evening, as he was walking in + the public portico, there appeared to him the figure of a woman, of + unusual size and of beauty more than human. And as he stood there, + terrified and astonished, she told him she was the tutelary power that + presided over Africa, and was come to inform him of the future events of + his life: that he should go back to Rome, to enjoy high honours there, and + return to that province invested with the pro-consular dignity, and there + should die. Every circumstance of this prediction actually came to pass. + It is said farther that upon his arrival at Carthage, as he was coming out + of the ship, the same figure met him upon the shore. It is certain, at + least, that being seized with a fit of illness, though there were no + symptoms in his case that led those about him to despair, he instantly + gave up all hope of recovery; judging, apparently, of the truth of the + future part of the prediction by what had already been fulfilled, and of + the approaching misfortune from his former prosperity. Now the following + story, which I am going to tell you just as I heard it, is it not more + terrible than the former, while quite as wonderful? There was at Athens a + large and roomy house, which had a bad name, so that no one could live + there. In the dead of the night a noise, resembling the clashing of iron, + was frequently heard, which, if you listened more attentively, sounded + like the rattling of chains, distant at first, but approaching nearer by + degrees: immediately afterwards a spectre appeared in the form of an old + man, of extremely emaciated and squalid appearance, with a long beard and + dishevelled hair, rattling the chains on his feet and hands. The + distressed occupants meanwhile passed their wakeful nights under the most + dreadful terrors imaginable. This, as it broke their rest, ruined their + health, and brought on distempers, their terror grew upon them, and death + ensued. Even in the day time, though the spirit did not appear, yet the + impression remained so strong upon their imaginations that it still seemed + before their eyes, and kept them in perpetual alarm, Consequently the + house was at length deserted, as being deemed absolutely uninhabitable; so + that it was now entirely abandoned to the ghost. However, in hopes that + some tenant might be found who was ignorant of this very alarming + circumstance, a bill was put up, giving notice that it was either to be + let or sold. It happened that Athenodorus<a href="#linknote-120" + name="linknoteref-120" id="linknoteref-120">[120]</a> the philosopher came + to Athens at this time, and, reading the bill, enquired the price. The + extraordinary cheapness raised his suspicion; nevertheless, when he heard + the whole story, he was so far from being discouraged that he was more + strongly inclined to hire it, and, in short, actually did so. When it grew + towards evening, he ordered a couch to be prepared for him in the front + part of the house, and, after calling for a light, together with his + pencil and tablets, directed all his people to retire. But that his mind + might not, for want of employment, be open to the vain terrors of + imaginary noises and spirits, he applied himself to writing with the + utmost attention. The first part of the night passed in entire silence, as + usual; at length a clanking of iron and rattling of chains was heard: + however, he neither lifted up his eyes nor laid down his pen, but in order + to keep calm and collected tried to pass the sounds off to himself as + something else. The noise increased and advanced nearer, till it seemed at + the door, and at last in the chamber. He looked up, saw, and recognized + the ghost exactly as it had been described to him: it stood before him, + beckoning with the finger, like a person who calls another. Athenodorus in + reply made a sign with his hand that it should wait a little, and threw + his eyes again upon his papers; the ghost then rattled its chains over the + head of the philosopher, who looked up upon this, and seeing it beckoning + as before, immediately arose, and, light in hand, followed it. The ghost + slowly stalked along, as if encumbered with its chains, and, turning into + the area of the house, suddenly vanished. Athenodorus, being thus + deserted, made a mark with some grass and leaves on the spot where the + spirit left him. The next day he gave information to the magistrates, and + advised them to order that spot to be dug up. This was accordingly done, + and the skeleton of a man in chains was found there; for the body, having + lain a considerable time in the ground, was putrefied and mouldered away + from the fetters. The bones being collected together were publicly buried, + and thus after the ghost was appeased by the proper ceremonies, the house + was haunted no more. This story I believe upon the credit of others; what + I am going to mention, I give you upon my own. I have a freedman named + Marcus, who is by no means illiterate. One night, as he and his younger + brother were lying together, he fancied he saw somebody upon his bed, who + took out a pair of scissors, and cut off the hair from the top part of his + own head, and in the morning, it appeared his hair was actually cut, and + the clippings lay scattered about the floor. A short time after this, an + event of a similar nature contributed to give credit to the former story. + A young lad of my family was sleeping in his apartment with the rest of + his companions, when two persons clad in white came in, as he says, + through the windows, cut off his hair as he lay, and then returned the + same way they entered. The next morning it was found that this boy had + been served just as the other, and there was the hair again, spread about + the room. Nothing remarkable indeed followed these events, unless perhaps + that I escaped a prosecution, in which, if Domitian (during whose reign + this happened) had lived some time longer, I should certainly have been + involved. For after the death of that emperor, articles of impeachment + against me were found in his scrutore, which had been exhibited by Carus. + It may therefore be conjectured, since it is customary for persons under + any public accusation to let their hair grow, this cutting off the hair of + my servants was a sign I should escape the imminent danger that threatened + me. Let me desire you then to give this question your mature + consideration. The subject deserves your examination; as, I trust, I am + not myself altogether unworthy a participation in the abundance of your + superior knowledge. And though you should, as usual, balance between two + opinions, yet I hope you will lean more on one side than on the other, + lest, whilst I consult you in order to have my doubt settled, you should + dismiss me in the same suspense and indecision that occasioned you the + present application. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0084" id="link2H_4_0084"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXIV — To SEPTITIUS + </h2> + <p> + You tell me certain persons have blamed me in your company, as being upon + all occasions too lavish in the praise I give my friends. I not only + acknowledge the charge, but glory in it; for can there be a nobler error + than an overflowing benevolence? But still, who are these, let me ask, + that are better acquainted with my friends than I am myself? Yet grant + there are any such, why will they deny me the satisfaction of so pleasing + a mistake? For supposing my friends not to deserve the highest encomiums I + give them, yet I am happy in believing they do. Let them recommend then + this malignant zeal to those (and their number is not inconsiderable) who + imagine they show their judgment when they indulge their censure upon + their friends. As for myself, they will never be able to persuade me I can + be guilty of an excess<a href="#linknote-121" name="linknoteref-121" + id="linknoteref-121">[121]</a> in friendship, Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0085" id="link2H_4_0085"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXV — To TACITUS + </h2> + <p> + I PREDICT (and I am persuaded I shall not be deceived) that your histories + will be immortal. I frankly own therefore I so much the more earnestly + wish to find a place in them. If we are generally careful to have our + faces taken by the best artists, ought we not to desire that our actions + may be celebrated by an author of your distinguished abilities? I + therefore call your attention to the following matter, which, though it + cannot have escaped your notice, as it is mentioned in the public + journals, still I call your attention to, that you may the more readily + believe how agreeable it will be to me that this action, greatly + heightened by the risk which attended it, should receive additional lustre + from the testimony of a man of your powers. The senate appointed Herennius + Senecio, and myself, counsel for the province of Baetica, in their + impeachment of Boebius Massa. He was condemned, and the house ordered his + effects to be seized into the hands of the public officer. Shortly after, + Senecio, having learnt that the consuls intended to sit to hear petitions, + came and said to me, "Let us go together, and petition them with the same + unanimity in which we executed the office which had been enjoined us, not + to suffer Massa's effects to be dissipated by those who were appointed to + preserve them." I answered, "As we were counsel in this affair by order of + the senate, I recommend it to your consideration whether it would be + proper for us, after sentence passed, to interpose any farther." "You are + at liberty," said he, "to prescribe what bounds you please to yourself, + who have no particular connections with the province, except what arise + from your late services to them; but then I was born there, and enjoyed + the post of quaestor among them." "If such," I replied, "is your + determined resolution, I am ready to accompany you, that whatever + resentment may be the consequence of this affair, it may not fall singly + upon yourself." We accordingly proceeded to the consuls, where Senecio + said what was pertinent to the affair, and I added a few words to the same + effect. Scarcely had we ended when Massa, complaining that Senecio had not + acted against him with the fidelity of an advocate, but the bitterness of + an enemy, desired he might be at liberty to prosecute him for treason. + This occasioned general consternation. Whereupon I rose up; "Most noble + consuls," said I, "I am afraid it should seem that Massa has tacitly + charged me with having favoured him in this cause, since he did not think + proper to join me with Senecio in the desired prosecution." This short + speech was immediately received with applause, and afterwards got much + talked about everywhere. The late emperor Nerva (who, though at that time + in a private station, yet interested himself in every meritorious action + performed in public) wrote a most impressive letter to me upon the + occasion, in which he not only congratulated me, but the age which had + produced an example so much in the spirit (as he was pleased to call it) + of the good old days. But, whatever be the actual fact, it lies in your + power to raise it into a grander and more conspicuously illustrious + position, though I am far from desiring you in the least to exceed the + bounds of reality. History ought to be guided by strict truth, and worthy + actions require nothing more. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0086" id="link2H_4_0086"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXX VI — To SEPTITIUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAD a good journey here, excepting only that some of my servants were + upset by the excessive heat. Poor Encolpius, my reader,<a + href="#linknote-122" name="linknoteref-122" id="linknoteref-122">[122]</a> + who is so indispensable to me in my studies and amusements, was so + affected with the dust that it brought on a spitting of blood: an accident + which will prove no less unpleasant to me than unfortunate to himself, + should he be thereby rendered unfit for the literary work in which he so + greatly excels. If that should unhappily result, where shall I find one + who will read my works so well, or appreciate them so thoroughly as he? + Whose tones will my ears drink in as they do his? But the gods seem to + favour our better hopes, as the bleeding is stopped, and the pain abated. + Besides, he is extremely temperate; while no concern is wanting on my part + or care on his physician's. This, together with the wholesomeness of the + air, and the quiet of retirement, gives us reason to expect that the + country will contribute as much to the restoration of his health as to his + rest. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0087" id="link2H_4_0087"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXVII — To CALVISIUS + </h2> + <p> + OTHER people visit their estates in order to recruit their purses; whilst + I go to mine only to return so much the poorer. I had sold my vintage to + the merchants, who were extremely eager to purchase it, encouraged by the + price it then bore, and what it was probable it would rise to: however + they were disappointed in their expectations. Upon this occasion to have + made the same general abatement to all would have been much the easiest, + though not so equitable a method. Now I hold it particularly worthy of a + man of honour to be governed by principles of strict equity in his + domestic as well as public conduct; in little matters as in great ones; in + his own concerns as well as in those of others. And if every deviation + from rectitude is equally criminal,<a href="#linknote-123" + name="linknoteref-123" id="linknoteref-123">[123]</a> every approach to it + must be equally praiseworthy. So accordingly I remitted to all in general + one-eighth part of the price they had agreed to give me, that none might + go away without some compensation: next, I particularly considered those + who had advanced the largest sums towards their purchase, and done me so + much the more service, and been greater sufferers themselves. To those, + therefore, whose purchase amounted to more than ten thousand sesterces,<a + href="#linknote-124" name="linknoteref-124" id="linknoteref-124">[124]</a> + I returned (over and above that which I may call the general and common + eighth) a tenth part of what they had paid beyond that sum. I fear I do + not express myself sufficiently clearly; I will endeavour to explain my + meaning more fully: for instance, suppose a man had purchased of me to the + value of fifteen thousand sesterces,<a href="#linknote-125" + name="linknoteref-125" id="linknoteref-125">[125]</a> I remitted to him + one-eighth part of that whole sum, and likewise one-tenth of five + thousand.<a href="#linknote-126" name="linknoteref-126" + id="linknoteref-126">[126]</a> Besides this, as several had deposited, in + different proportions, part of the price they had agreed to pay, whilst + others had advanced nothing, I thought it would not be at all fair that + all these should be favoured with the same undistinguished remission. To + those, therefore, who had made any payments, I returned a tenth part upon + the sums so paid. By this means I made a proper acknowledgment to each, + according to their respective deserts, and likewise encouraged them, not + only to deal with me for the future, but to be prompt in their payments. + This instance of my good-nature or my judgment (call it which you please) + was a considerable expense to me. However, I found my account in it; for + all the country greatly approved both of the novelty of these abatements + and the manner in which I regulated them. Even those whom I did not "mete" + (as they say) "by the same measure," but distinguished according to their + several degrees, thought themselves obliged to me, in proportion to the + probity of their principles, and went away pleased with having experienced + that not with me + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "The brave and mean an equal honour find."<a href="#linknote-127" + name="linknoteref-127" id="linknoteref-127">[127]</a> +</pre> + <p> + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0088" id="link2H_4_0088"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXX VIII — To ROMANUS + </h2> + <p> + HAVE you ever seen the source of the river Clitumnus? If you have not (and + I hardly think you can have seen it yet, or you would have told me), go + there as soon as possible. I saw it yesterday, and I blame myself for not + having seen it sooner. At the foot of a little hill, well wooded with old + cypress trees, a spring gushes out, which, breaking up into different and + unequal streams, forms itself, after several windings, into a large, broad + basin of water, so transparently clear that you may count the shining + pebbles, and the little pieces of money thrown into it, as they lie at the + bottom. From thence it is carried off not so much by the declivity of the + ground as by its own weight and exuberance. A mere stream at its source, + immediately, on quitting this, you find it expanded into a broad river, + fit for large vessels even, allowing a free passage by each other, + according as they sail with or against the stream. The current runs so + strong, though the ground is level, that the large barges going down the + river have no occasion to make use of their oars; while those going up + find it difficult to make headway even with the assistance of oars and + poles: and this alternate interchange of ease and toil, according as you + turn, is exceedingly amusing when one sails up and down merely for + pleasure. The banks are well covered with ash and poplar, the shape and + colour of the trees being as clearly and distinctly reflected in the + stream as if they were actually sunk in it. The water is cold as snow, and + as white too. Near it stands an ancient and venerable temple, in which is + placed the river-god Clitumnus clothed in the usual robe of state; and + indeed the prophetic oracles here delivered sufficiently testify the + immediate presence of that divinity. Several little chapels are scattered + round, dedicated to particular gods, distinguished each by his own + peculiar name and form of worship, and some of them, too, presiding over + different fountains. For, besides the principal spring, which is, as it + were, the parent of all the rest, there are several other lesser streams, + which, taking their rise from various sources, lose themselves in the + river; over which a bridge is built that separates the sacred part from + that which lies open to common use. Vessels are allowed to come above this + bridge, but no person is permitted to swim except below it. The + Hispellates, to whom Augustus gave this place, furnish a public bath, and + likewise entertain all strangers, at their own expense. Several villas, + attracted by the beauty of this river, stand about on its borders. In + short, every surrounding object will afford you entertainment. You may + also amuse yourself with numberless inscriptions upon the pillars and + walls, by different persons, celebrating the virtues of the fountain, and + the divinity that presides over it. Many of them you will admire, while + some will make you laugh; but I must correct myself when I say so; you are + too humane, I know, to laugh upon such an occasion. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0089" id="link2H_4_0089"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXIX — To ARISTO + </h2> + <p> + As you are no less acquainted with the political laws of your country + (which include the customs and usages of the senate) than with the civil, + I am particularly desirous to have your opinion whether I was mistaken in + an affair which lately came before the house, or not. This I request, not + with a view of being directed in my judgment as to what is passed (for + that is now too late), but in order to know how to act in any possible + future case of the kind. You will, ask, perhaps, "Why do you apply for + information concerning a point on which you ought to be well instructed?" + Because the tyranny of former reigns,<a href="#linknote-128" + name="linknoteref-128" id="linknoteref-128">[128]</a> as it introduced a + neglect and ignorance of all other parts of useful knowledge, so + particularly of what relates to the customs of the senate; for who is + there so tamely industrious as to desire to learn what he can never have + an opportunity of putting in practice? Besides, it is not very easy to + retain even the knowledge one has acquired where no opportunity of + employing it occurs. Hence it was that Liberty, on her return<a + href="#linknote-129" name="linknoteref-129" id="linknoteref-129">[129]</a> + found us totally ignorant and inexperienced; and thus in the warmth of our + eagerness to taste her sweets, we are sometimes hurried off to action, ere + we are well instructed how we ought to act. But by the institution of our + ancestors, it was wisely provided that the young should learn from the + old, not only by precept, but by their own observation, how to behave in + that sphere in which they were one day themselves to move; while these, + again, in their turn, transmitted the same mode of instruction to their + children. Upon this principle it was that the youth were sent early into + the army, that by being taught to obey they might learn to command, and, + whilst they followed others, might be trained by degrees to become leaders + themselves. On the same principle, when they were candidates for any + office, they were obliged to stand at the door of the senate-house, and + were spectators of the public council before they became members of it. + The father of each youth was his instructor upon these occasions, or if he + had none, some person of years and dignity supplied the place of a father. + Thus they were taught by that surest method of discipline, Example; how + far the right of proposing any law to the senate extended; what privileges + a senator had in delivering his opinion in the house; the power of the + magistrates in that assembly, and the rights of the rest of the members; + where it is proper to yield, and where to insist; when and how long to + speak, and when to be silent; how to make necessary distinctions between + contrary opinions, and how to improve upon a former motion: in a word, + they learnt by this means every senatorial usage. As for myself, it is + true indeed, I served in the army when I was a youth; but it was at a time + when courage was suspected, and want of spirit rewarded; when generals + were without authority, and soldiers without modesty; when there was + neither discipline nor obedience, but all was riot, disorder, and + confusion; in short, when it was happier to forget than to remember what + one learnt. I attended likewise in my youth the senate, but a senate + shrinking and speechless; where it was dangerous to utter one's opinion, + and mean and pitiable to be silent. What pleasure was there in learning, + or indeed what could be learnt, when the senate was convened either to do + nothing whatever or to give their sanction to some consummate infamy! when + they were assembled either for cruel or ridiculous purposes, and when + their deliberations were never serious, though often sad! But I was not + only a witness to this scene of wretchedness, as a spectator; I bore my + share of it too as a senator, and both saw and suffered under it for many + years; which so broke and damped my spirits that they have not even yet + been able fully to recover themselves. It is within quite recently (for + all time seems short in proportion to its happiness) that we could take + any pleasure in knowing what relates to or in setting about the duties of + our station. Upon these considerations, therefore, I may the more + reasonably entreat you, in the first place, to pardon my error (if I have + been guilty of one), and, in the next, to lead me out of it by your + superior knowledge: for you have always been diligent to examine into the + constitution of your country, both with respect to its public and private, + its ancient and modern, its general and special laws. I am persuaded + indeed the point upon which I am going to consult you is such an unusual + one that even those whose great experience in public business must have + made them, one would have naturally supposed, acquainted with everything + were either doubtful or absolutely ignorant upon it. I shall be more + excusable, therefore, if I happen to have been mistaken; as you will earn + the higher praise if you can set me right in an affair which it is not + clear has ever yet fallen within your observation. The enquiry then before + the house was concerning the freedmen of Afranius Dexter, who being found + murdered, it was uncertain whether he fell by his own hands, or by those + of his household; and if the latter, whether they committed the fact in + obedience to the commands of Afranius, or were prompted to it by their own + villainy. After they had been put to the question, a certain senator (it + is of no importance to mention his name, but if you are desirous to know, + it was myself) was for acquitting them; another proposed that they should + be banished for a limited time; and a third that they should suffer death. + </p> + <p> + These several opinions were so extremely different that it was impossible + either of them could stand with the other. For what have death and + banishment in common with one another? Why, no more than banishment and + acquittal have together. Though an acquittal approaches rather nearer a + sentence of exile than a sentence of death does: for both the former agree + at least in this that they spare life, whereas the latter takes it away. + In the meanwhile, those senators who were for punishing with death, and + those who proposed banishment, sat together on the same side of the + house: and thus by a present appearance of unanimity suspended their real + disagreement. I moved, therefore, that the votes for each of the three + opinions should be separately taken, and that two of them should not, + under favour of a short truce between themselves, join against the third. + I insisted that such of the members who were for capital punishment should + divide from the others who voted for banishment; and that these two + distinct parties should not be permitted to form themselves into a body, + in opposition to those who declared for acquittal, when they would + immediately after disunite again: for it was not material that they agreed + in disliking one proposal, since they differed with respect to the other + two. It seemed very extraordinary that he who moved the freedmen should be + banished, and the slaves suffer death, should not be allowed to join these + two in one motion, but that each question should be ordered to be put to + the house separately; and yet that the votes of one who was for inflicting + capital punishment upon the freedmen should be taken together with that of + one who was for banishing them. For if, in the former instance, it was + reasonable that the motion should be divided, because it comprehended two + distinct propositions, I could not see why, in the latter case, suffrages + so extremely different should be thrown into the same scale. Permit me, + then, notwithstanding the point is already settled, to go over it again as + if it were still undecided, and to lay before you those reasons at my + ease, which I offered to the house in the midst of much interruption and + clamour. Let us suppose there had been only three judges appointed to hear + this cause, one of whom was of opinion that the parties in question + deserved death; the other that they should only be banished; and the third + that they ought to be acquitted: should the two former unite their weight + to overpower the latter, or should each be separately balanced? For the + first and second are no more compatible than the second and third. They + ought therefore in the same manner to be counted in the senate as contrary + opinions, since they were delivered as different ones. Suppose the same + person had moved that they should both have been banished and put to + death, could they possibly, in pursuance of this opinion, have suffered + both punishments? Or could it have been looked upon as one consistent + motion when it united two such different decisions? Why then should the + same opinion, when delivered by distinct persons, be considered as one and + entire, which would not be deemed so if it were proposed by a single man? + Does not the law manifestly imply that a distinction is to be made between + those who are for a capital conviction, and those who are for banishment, + in the very form of words made use of when the house is ordered to divide? + You who are of such an opinion, come to this side; you who are of any + other, go over to the side of him whose opinion you follow. Let us examine + this form, and weigh every sentence: You who are of this opinion: that is, + for instance, you who are for banishment, come on this side; namely, on + the side of him who moved for banishment. From whence it is clear he + cannot remain on this side of those who are for death. You who are for any + other: observe, the law is not content with barely saying another, but it + adds any. Now can there be a doubt as to whether they who declare for a + capital conviction are of any other opinion than those who propose exile! + Go over to the side of him whose opinion you follow: does not the law + seem, as it were, to call, compel, drive over, those who are of different + opinions, to contrary sides? Does not the consul himself point out, not + only by this solemn form of words, but by his hand and gesture, the place + in which every man is to remain, or to which he is to go over? "But," it + is objected, "if this separation is made between those who vote for + inflicting death, and those who are on the side of exile, the opinion for + acquitting the prisoners must necessarily prevail." But how does that + affect the parties who vote? Certainly it does not become them to contend + by every art, and urge every expedient, that the milder sentence may not + take place. "Still," say they, "those who are for condemning the accused + either capitally or to banishment should be first set in opposition to + those who are for acquitting them, and afterwards weighed against each + other." Thus, as, in certain public games, some particular combatant is + set apart by lot and kept to engage with the conqueror; so, it seems, in + the senate there is a first and second combat, and of two different + opinions, the prevailing one has still a third to contend with. What? when + any particular opinion is received, do not all the rest fall of course? Is + it reasonable, then, that one should be thrown into the scale merely to + weigh down another? To express my meaning more plainly: unless the two + parties who are respectively for capital punishment and exile immediately + separate upon the first division of the house it would be to no purpose + afterwards to dissent from those with whom they joined before. But I am + dictating instead of receiving instruction. — Tell me then whether + you think these votes should have been taken separately? My motion, it is + true, prevailed; nevertheless I am desirous to know whether you think I + ought to have insisted upon this point, or have yielded as that member did + who declared for capital punishment? For convinced, I will not say of the + legality, but at least of the equity of my proposal, he receded from his + opinion, and went over to the party for exile: fearing perhaps, if the + votes were taken separately (which he saw would be the case), the freedmen + would be acquitted: for the numbers were far greater on that side than on + either of the other two, separately counted. The consequence was that + those who had been influenced by his authority, when they saw themselves + forsaken by his going over to the other party, gave up a motion which they + found abandoned by the first proposer, and deserted, as it were, with + their leader. Thus the three opinions were resolved at length into two; + and of those two, one prevailed, and the other was rejected; while the + third, as it was not powerful enough to conquer both the others, had only + to choose to which of the two it would yield. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0090" id="link2H_4_0090"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XC — To PATERNUS + </h2> + <p> + THE sickness lately in my family, which has carried off several of my + servants, some of them, too, in the prime of their years, has been a great + affliction to me. I have two consolations, however, which, though by no + means equivalent to such a grief, still are consolations. One is, that as + I have always readily manumitted my slaves, their death does not seem + altogether immature, if they lived long enough to receive their freedom: + the other, that I have allowed them to make a kind of will,<a + href="#linknote-130" name="linknoteref-130" id="linknoteref-130">[130]</a> + which I observe as religiously as if they were legally entitled to that + privilege. I receive and obey their last requests and injunctions as so + many authoritative commands, suffering them to dispose of their effects to + whom they please; with this single restriction, that they leave them to + some one in my household, for to slaves the house they are in is a kind of + state and commonwealth, so to speak. But though I endeavor to acquiesce + under these reflections, yet the same tenderness which led me to show them + these indulgences weakens and gets the better of me. However, I would not + wish on that account to become harder: though the generality of the world, + I know, look upon losses of this kind in no other view than as a + diminution of their property, and fancy, by cherishing such an unfeeling + temper, they show a superior fortitude and philosophy. Their fortitude and + philosophy I will not dispute. But humane, I am sure, they are not; for it + is the very criterion of true manhood to feel those impressions of sorrow + which it endeavors to resist, and to admit not to be above the want of + consolation. But perhaps I have detained you too long upon this subject, + though not so long as I would. There is a certain pleasure even in giving + vent to one's grief; especially when we weep on the bosom of a friend who + will approve, or, at least, pardon, our tears. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0091" id="link2H_4_0091"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCI — To MACRINUS + </h2> + <p> + Is the weather with you as rude and boisterous as it is with us? All here + is in tempest and inundation. The Tiber has swelled its channel, and + overflowed its banks far and wide. Though the wise precaution of the + emperor had guarded against this evil, by cutting several outlets to the + river, it has nevertheless flooded all the fields and valleys and entirely + overspread the whole face of the flat country. It seems to have gone out + to meet those rivers which it used to receive and carry off in one united + stream, and has driven them back to deluge those countries it could not + reach itself. That most delightful of rivers, the Anio, which seems + invited and detained in its course by the villas built along its banks, + has almost entirely rooted up and carried away the woods which shaded its + borders. It has overthrown whole mountains, and, in endeavouring to find a + passage through the mass of ruins that obstructed its way, has forced down + houses, and risen and spread over the desolation it has occasioned. The + inhabitants of the hill countries, who are situated above the reach of + this inundation, have been the melancholy spectators of its dreadful + effects, having seen costly furniture, instruments of husbandry, ploughs, + and oxen with their drivers, whole herds of cattle, together with the + trunks of trees, and beams of the neighbouring villas, floating about in + different parts. Nor indeed have these higher places themselves, to which + the waters could not reach up, escaped the calamity. A continued heavy + rain and tempestuous hurricane, as destructive as the river itself, poured + down upon them, and has destroyed all the enclosures which divided that + fertile country. It has damaged likewise, and even overturned, some of the + public buildings, by the fall of which great numbers have been maimed, + smothered, bruised. And thus lamentation over the fate of friends has been + added to losses. I am extremely uneasy lest this extensive ruin should + have spread to you: I beg therefore, if it has not, you will immediately + relieve my anxiety; and indeed I desire you would inform me though it + should have done so; for the difference is not great between fearing a + danger, and feeling it; except that the evil one feels has some bounds, + whereas one's apprehensions have none. For we can suffer no more than what + actually has happened but we fear all that possibly could happen. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0092" id="link2H_4_0092"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCII — To RUFINUS + </h2> + <p> + The common notion is certainly quite a false one, that a man's will is a + kind of mirror in which we may clearly discern his real character, for + Domitius Tullus appears a much better man since his death than he did + during his lifetime. After having artfully encouraged the expectations of + those who paid court to him, with a view to being his heirs, he has left + his estate to his niece whom he adopted. He has given likewise several + very considerable legacies among his grandchildren, and also to his + great-grandson. In a word, he has shown himself a most kind relation + throughout his whole will; which is so much the more to be admired as it + was not expected of him. This affair has been very much talked about, and + various opinions expressed: some call him false, ungrateful, and + forgetful, and, while thus railing at him in this way as if they were + actually disinherited kindred, betray their own dishonest designs: others, + on the contrary, applaud him extremely for having disappointed the hopes + of this infamous tribe of men, whom, considering the disposition of the + times, it is but prudence to deceive. They add that he was not at liberty + to make any other will, and that he cannot so properly be said to have + bequeathed, as returned, his estate to his adopted daughter, since it was + by her means it came to him. For Curtilius Mancia, whose daughter Domitius + Lucanus, brother to this Tullus, married, having taken a dislike to his + son-in-law, made this young lady (who was the issue of that marriage) his + heiress, upon condition that Lucanus her father would emancipate her. He + accordingly did so, but she being afterwards adopted by Tullus, her uncle, + the design of Mancia's will was entirely frustrated. For these two + brothers having never divided their patrimony, but living together as + joint-tenants of one common estate, the daughter of Lucanus, + notwithstanding the act of emancipation, returned back again, together + with her large fortune, under the dominion of her father, by means of this + fraudulent adoption. It seems indeed to have been the fate of these two + brothers to be enriched by those who had the greatest aversion to them. + For Domitius Afer, by whom they were adopted, left a will in their favour, + which he had made eighteen years before his death; though it was plain he + had since altered his opinion with regard to the family, because he was + instrumental in procuring the confiscation of their father's estate. There + is something extremely singular in the resentment of Afer, and the good + fortune of the other two; as it was very extraordinary, on the one hand, + that Domitius should endeavour to extirpate from the privileges of society + a man whose children he had adopted, and, on the other, that these + brothers should find a parent in the very person that ruined their father. + But Tullus acted justly, after having been appointed sole heir by his + brother, in prejudice to his own daughter, to make her amends by + transferring to her this estate, which came to him from Afer, as well as + all the rest which he had gained in partnership with his brother. His will + therefore deserves the higher praise, having been dictated by nature, + justice, and sense of honour; in which he has returned his obligations to + his several relations, according to their respective good offices towards + him, not forgetting his wife, having bequeathed to that excellent woman, + who patiently endured much for his sake, several delightful villas, + besides a large sum of money. And indeed she deserved so much the more at + his hands, in proportion to the displeasure she incurred on her marriage + with him. It was thought unworthy a person of her birth and repute, so + long left a widow by her former husband, by whom she had issue, to marry, + in the decline of her life, an old man, merely for his wealth, and who was + so sickly and infirm that, even had he passed the best years of his youth + and health with her, she might well have been heartily tired of him. He + had so entirely lost the use of all his limbs that he could not move + himself in bed without assistance; and the only enjoyment he had of his + riches was to contemplate them. He was even (sad and disgusting to relate) + reduced to the necessity of having his teeth washed and scrubbed by + others: in allusion to which he used frequently to say, when he was + complaining of the indignities which his infirmities obliged him to + suffer, that he was every day compelled to lick his servant's fingers. + Still, however, he lived on, and was willing to accept of life upon such + terms. That he lived so long as he did was particularly owing, indeed, to + the care of his wife, who, whatever reputation she might lose at first by + her marriage, acquired great honour by her unwearied devotion as his wife. + — Thus I have given you all the news of the town, where nothing is + talked of but Tullus. It is expected his curiosities will shortly be sold + by auction. He had such an abundant collection of very old statues that he + actually filled an extensive garden with them, the very same day he + purchased it; not to mention numberless other antiques, lying neglected in + his lumber-room. If you have anything worth telling me in return, I hope + you will not refuse the trouble of writing to me: not only as we are all + of us naturally fond, you know, of news, but because example has a very + beneficial influence upon our own conduct. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0093" id="link2H_4_0093"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCIII — To GALLUS + </h2> + <p> + THOSE works of art or nature which are usually the motives of our travels + are often overlooked and neglected if they lie within our reach: whether + it be that we are naturally less inquisitive concerning those things which + are near us, while our curiosity is excited by remote objects; or because + the easiness of gratifying a desire is always sure to damp it; or, + perhaps, that we put off from time to time going and seeing what we know + we have an opportunity of seeing when we please. Whatever the reason be, + it is certain there are numberless curiosities in and near Rome which we + have not only never seen, but even never so much as heard of: and yet had + they been the produce of Greece, or Egypt, or Asia, or any other country + which we admire as fertile and productive of belief in wonders, we should + long since have heard of them, read of them, and enquired into them. For + myself at least, I confess, I have lately been entertained with one of + these curiosities, to which I was an entire stranger before. My wife's + grandfather desired I would look over his estate near Ameria.<a + href="#linknote-131" name="linknoteref-131" id="linknoteref-131">[131]</a> + As I was walking over his grounds, 1 was shown a lake that lies below + them, called Vadirnon,<a href="#linknote-132" name="linknoteref-132" + id="linknoteref-132">[132]</a> about which several very extraordinary + things are told. I went up to this lake. It is perfectly circular in form, + like a wheel lying on the ground; there is not the least curve or + projection of the shore, but all is regular, even, and just as if it had + been hollowed and cut out by the hand of art. The water is of a clear + sky-blue, though with somewhat of a greenish tinge; its smell is + sulphurous, and its flavour has medicinal properties, and is deemed of + great efficacy in all fractures of the limbs, which it is supposed to + heal. Though of but moderate extent, yet the winds have a great effect + upon it, throwing it into violent agitation. No vessels are suffered to + sail here, as its waters are held sacred; but several floating islands + swim about it, covered with reeds and rushes, and with whatever other + plants the surrounding marshy ground and the edge itself of the lake + produce in greater abundance. Each island has its peculiar shape and size, + but the edges of all of them are worn away by their frequent collision + with the shore and one another. They are all of the same height and + motion; as their respective roots, which are formed like the keel of a + boat, may be seen hanging not very far down in the water, and at an equal + depth, on whichever side you stand. Sometimes they move in a cluster, and + seem to form one entire little continent; sometimes they are dispersed + into different quarters by the wind; at other times, when it is calm, they + float up and down separately. You may frequently see one of the larger + islands sailing along with a lesser joined to it, like a ship with its + long boat; or, perhaps, seeming to strive which shall out-swim the other: + then again they are all driven to the same spot, and by joining themselves + to the shore, sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other, lessen or + restore the size of the lake in this part or that, accordingly, till at + last uniting in the centre they restore it to its usual size. The sheep + which graze upon the borders of this lake frequently go upon these islands + to feed, without perceiving that they have left the shore, until they are + alarmed by finding themselves surrounded with water; as though they had + been forcibly conveyed and placed there. Afterwards, when the wind drives + them back again, they as little perceive their return as their departure. + This lake empties itself into a river, which, after running a little way, + sinks under ground, and, if anything is thrown in, it brings it up again + where the stream emerges.—I have given you this account because I + imagined it would not be less new, nor less agreeable, to you than it was + to me; as I know you take the same pleasure as myself in contemplating the + works of nature. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0094" id="link2H_4_0094"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCIV — To ARRIANUS + </h2> + <p> + NOTHING, in my opinion, gives a more amiable and becoming grace to our + studies, as well as manners, than to temper the serious with the gay, lest + the former should degenerate into melancholy, and the latter run up into + levity. Upon this plan it is that I diversify my graver works with + compositions of a lighter nature. I had chosen a convenient place and + season for some productions of that sort to make their appearance in; and + designing to accustom them early to the tables of the idle, I fixed upon + the month of July, which is usually a time of vacation to the courts of + justice, in order to read them to some of my friends I had collected + together; and accordingly I placed a desk before each couch. But as I + happened that morning to be unexpectedly called away to attend a cause, I + took occasion to preface my recital with an apology. I entreated my + audience not to impute it to me as any want of due regard for the business + to which I had invited them that on the very day I had appointed for + reading my performances to a small circle of my friends I did not refuse + my services to others in their law affairs. I assured them I would observe + the same rule in my writings, and should always give the preference to + business, before pleasure; to serious engagements before amusing ones; and + to my friends before myself. The poems I recited consisted of a variety of + subjects in different metres. It is thus that we who dare not rely for + much upon our abilities endeavour to avoid satiating our readers. In + compliance with the earnest solicitation of my audience, I recited for two + days successively; but not in the manner that several practise, by passing + over the feebler passages, and making a merit of so doing: on the + contrary, I omitted nothing, and freely confessed it. I read the whole, + that I might correct the whole; which it is impossible those who only + select particular passages can do. The latter method, indeed, may have + more the appearance of modesty, and perhaps respect; but the former shows + greater simplicity, as well as a more affectionate disposition towards the + audience. For the belief that a man's friends have so much regard for him + as not to be weary on these occasions, is a sure indication of the love he + bears them. Otherwise, what good do friends do you who assemble merely for + their own amusement? He who had rather find his friend's performance + correct, than make it so, is to be regarded as a stranger, or one who is + too lackadaisical to give himself any trouble. Your affection for me + leaves me no room to doubt that you are impatient to read my book, even in + its present very imperfect condition. And so you shall, but not until I + have made those corrections which were the principal inducement of my + recital. You are already acquainted with some parts of it; but even those, + after they have been improved (or perhaps spoiled, as is sometimes the + case by the delay of excessive revision) will seem quite new to you. For + when a piece has undergone various changes, it gets to look new, even in + those very parts which remain unaltered. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0095" id="link2H_4_0095"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCV — To MAXIMUS + </h2> + <p> + My affection for you obliges me, not indeed to direct you (for you are far + above the want of a guide), but to admonish you carefully to observe and + resolutely to put in practice what you already know, that is, in other + words, to know it to better purpose. Consider that you are sent to that + noble province, Achaia, the real and genuine Greece, where politeness, + learning, and even agriculture itself, are supposed to have taken their + first rise; sent to regulate the condition of free cities; sent, that is, + to a society of men who breathe the spirit of true manhood and liberty; + who have maintained the rights they received from Nature, by courage, by + virtue, by alliances; in a word, by civil and religious faith. Revere the + gods their founders; their ancient glory, and even that very antiquity + itself which, venerable in men, is sacred in states. Honour them therefore + for their deeds of old renown, nay, their very legendary traditions. Grant + to every one his full dignity, privileges, yes, and the indulgence of his + very vanity. Remember it was from this nation we derived our laws; that + she did not receive ours by conquest, but gave us hers by favour. + Remember, it is Athens to which you go; it is Lacedaemon you govern; and + to deprive such a people of the declining shadow, the remaining name of + liberty, would be cruel, inhuman, barbarous. Physicians, you see, though + in sickness there is no difference between freedom and slavery, yet treat + persons of the former rank with more tenderness than those of the latter. + Reflect what these cities once were; but so reflect as not to despise them + for what they are now. Far be pride and asperity from my friend; nor fear, + by a proper condescension, to lay yourself open to contempt. Can he who is + vested with the power and bears the ensigns of authority, can he fail of + meeting with respect, unless by pursuing base and sordid measures, and + first breaking through that reverence he owes to himself? Ill, believe me, + is power proved by insult; ill can terror command veneration, and far more + effectual is affection in obtaining one's purpose than fear. For terror + operates no longer than its object is present, but love produces its + effects with its object at a distance: and as absence changes the former + into hatred, it raises the latter into respect. And therefore you ought + (and I cannot but repeat it too often), you ought to well consider the + nature of your office, and to represent to yourself how great and + important the task is of governing a free state. For what can be better + for society than such government, what can be more precious than freedom? + How ignominious then must his conduct be who turns good government into + anarchy, and liberty into slavery? To these considerations let me add, + that you have an established reputation to maintain: the fame you acquired + by the administration of the quaestorship in Bithynia,<a + href="#linknote-133" name="linknoteref-133" id="linknoteref-133">[133]</a> + the good opinion of the emperor, the credit you obtained when you were + tribune and praetor, in a word, this very government, which may be looked + upon as the reward of your former services, are all so many glorious + weights which are incumbent upon you to support with suitable dignity. The + more strenuously therefore you ought to endeavour that it may not be said + you showed greater urbanity, integrity, and ability in a province remote + from Rome, than in one which lies so much nearer the capital; in the midst + of a nation of slaves, than among a free people; that it may not be + remarked, that it was chance, and not judgment, appointed you to this + office; that your character was unknown and unexperienced, not tried and + approved. For (and it is a maxim which your reading and conversation must + have often suggested to you) it is a far greater disgrace losing the name + one has once acquired than never to have attained it. I again beg you to + be persuaded that I did not write this letter with a design of + instruction, but of reminder. Though indeed, if I had, it would have only + been in consequence of the great affection I bear you: a sentiment which I + am in no fear of carrying beyond its just bounds: for there can be no + danger of excess where one cannot love too well. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0096" id="link2H_4_0096"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCVI — To PAULINUS + </h2> + <p> + OTHERS may think as they please; but the happiest man, in my opinion, is + he who lives in the conscious anticipation of an honest and enduring name, + and secure of future glory in the eyes of posterity. I confess, if I had + not the reward of an immortal reputation in view, I should prefer a life + of uninterrupted ease and indolent retirement to any other. There seems to + be two points worthy every man's attention: endless fame, or the short + duration of life. Those who are actuated by the former motive ought to + exert themselves to the very utmost of their power; while such as are + influenced by the latter should quietly resign themselves to repose, and + not wear out a short life in perishable pursuits, as we see so many doing—and + then sink at last into utter self-contempt, in the midst of a wretched and + fruitless course of false industry. These are my daily reflections, which + I communicate to you, in order to renounce them if you do not agree with + them; as undoubtedly you will, who are for ever meditating some glorious + and immortal enterprise. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0097" id="link2H_4_0097"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCVII — To CALVISIUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE spent these several days past, in reading and writing, with the + most pleasing tranquillity imaginable. You will ask, "How that can + possibly be in the midst of Rome?" It was the time of celebrating the + Circensian games; an entertainment for which I have not the least taste. + They have no novelty, no variety to recommend them, nothing, in short, one + would wish to see twice. It does the more surprise me therefore that so + many thousand people should be possessed with the childish passion of + desiring so often to see a parcel of horses gallop, and men standing + upright in their chariots. If, indeed, it were the swiftness of the + horses, or the skill of the men that attracted them, there might be some + pretence of reason for it. But it is the dress<a href="#linknote-134" + name="linknoteref-134" id="linknoteref-134">[134]</a> they like; it is the + dress that takes their fancy. And if, in the midst of the course and + contest, the different parties were to change colours, their different + partisans would change sides, and instantly desert the very same men and + horses whom just before they were eagerly following with their eyes, as + far as they could see, and shouting out their names with all their might. + Such mighty charms, such wondrous power reside in the colour of a paltry + tunic! And this not only with the common crowd (more contemptible than the + dress they espouse), but even with serious-thinking people. When I observe + such men thus insatiably fond of so silly, so low, so uninteresting, so + common an entertainment, I congratulate myself on my indifference to these + pleasures: and am glad to employ the leisure of this season upon my books, + which others throw away upon the most idle occupations. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0098" id="link2H_4_0098"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCVIII — To ROMANUS + </h2> + <p> + I AM pleased to find by your letter that you are engaged in building; for + I may now defend my own conduct by your example. I am myself employed in + the same sort of work; and since I have you, who shall deny I have reason + on my side? Our situations too are not dissimilar; your buildings are + carried on upon the sea-coast, mine are rising upon the side of the Larian + lake. I have several villas upon the borders of this lake, but there are + two particularly in which, as I take most delight, so they give me most + employment. They are both situated like those at Baiae:<a + href="#linknote-135" name="linknoteref-135" id="linknoteref-135">[135]</a> + one of them stands upon a rock, and overlooks the lake; the other actually + touches it. The first, supported as it were by the lofty buskin,<a + href="#linknote-136" name="linknoteref-136" id="linknoteref-136">[136]</a> + I call my tragic; the other, as resting upon the humble rock, my comic + villa. Each has its own peculiar charm, recommending it to its possessor + so much more on account of this very difference. The former commands a + wider, the latter enjoys a nearer view of the lake. One, by a gentle + curve, embraces a little bay; the other, being built upon a greater + height, forms two. Here you have a strait walk extending itself along the + banks of the lake; there, a spacious terrace that falls by a gentle + descent towards it. The former does not feel the force of the waves; the + latter breaks them; from that you see the fishing-vessels; from this you + may fish yourself, and throw your line out of your room, and almost from + your bed, as from off a boat. It is the beauties therefore these agreeable + villas possess that tempt me to add to them those which are wanting.—But + I need not assign a reason to you; who, undoubtedly, will think it a + sufficient one that I follow your example. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0099" id="link2H_4_0099"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCIX — To GEMINUS + </h2> + <p> + YOUR letter was particularly acceptable to me, as it mentioned your desire + that I would send you something of mine, addressed to you, to insert in + your works. I shall find a more appropriate occasion of complying with + your request than that which you propose, the subject you point out to me + being attended with some objections; and when you reconsider it, you will + think so.—As I did not imagine there were any booksellers at + Lugdunum,<a href="#linknote-137" name="linknoteref-137" + id="linknoteref-137">[137]</a> I am so much the more pleased to learn that + my works are sold there. I rejoice to find they maintain the character + abroad which they raised at home, and I begin to flatter myself they have + some merit, since persons of such distant countries are agreed in their + opinion with regard to them. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0100" id="link2H_4_0100"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + C — To JUNIOR + </h2> + <p> + A CERTAIN friend of mine lately chastised his son, in my presence, for + being somewhat too expensive in the matter of dogs and horses. "And pray," + I asked him, when the youth had left us, "did you never commit a fault + yourself which deserved your father's correction? Did you never? I repeat. + Nay, are you not sometimes even now guilty of errors which your son, were + he in your place, might with equal gravity reprove? Are not all mankind + subject to indiscretions? And have we not each of us our particular + follies in which we fondly indulge ourselves?"<a href="#linknote-138" + name="linknoteref-138" id="linknoteref-138">[138]</a> + </p> + <p> + The great affection I have for you induced me to set this instance of + unreasonable severity before you—a caution not to treat your son + with too much harshness and severity. Consider, he is but a boy, and that + there was a time when you were so too. In exerting, therefore, the + authority of a father, remember always that you are a man, and the parent + of a man. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0101" id="link2H_4_0101"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CI — To QUADRATUS + </h2> + <p> + THE pleasure and attention with which you read the vindication I published + of Helvidius,<a href="#linknote-139" name="linknoteref-139" + id="linknoteref-139">[139]</a> has greatly raised your curiosity, it + seems, to be informed of those particulars relating to that affair, which + are not mentioned in the defence; as you were too young to be present + yourself at that transaction. When Domitian was assassinated, a glorious + opportunity, I thought, offered itself to me of pursuing the guilty, + vindicating the injured, and advancing my own reputation. But amidst an + infinite variety of the blackest crimes, none appeared to me more + atrocious than that a senator, of praetorian dignity, and invested with + the sacred character of a judge, should, even in the very senate itself, + lay violent hands upon a member<a href="#linknote-140" + name="linknoteref-140" id="linknoteref-140">[140]</a> of that body, one of + consular rank, and who then stood arraigned before him. Besides this + general consideration, I also happened to be on terms of particular + intimacy with Helvidius, as far as this was possible with one who, through + fear of the times, endeavoured to veil the lustre of his fame, and his + virtues, in obscurity and retirement. Arria likewise, and her daughter + Fannia, who was mother-in-law to Helvidius, were in the number of my + friends. But it was not so much private attachments as the honour of the + public, a just indignation at the action, and the danger of the example if + it should pass unpunished, that animated me upon the occasion. At the + first restoration of liberty every man singled out his own particular + enemy (though it must be confessed, those only of a lower rank), and, in + the midst of much clamour and confusion, no sooner brought the charge than + procured the condemnation. But for myself, I thought it would be more + reasonable and more effectual, not to take advantage of the general + resentment of the public, but to crush this criminal with the single + weight of his own enormous guilt. When therefore the first heat of public + indignation began to cool, and declining passion gave way to justice, + though I was at that time under great affliction for the loss of my wife,<a + href="#linknote-142" name="linknoteref-142" id="linknoteref-142">[142]</a> + I sent to Anteia, the widow of Helvidius, and desired her to come to me, + as my late misfortune prevented me from appearing in public. When she + arrived, I said to her, "I am resolved not to suffer the injuries your + husband has received, to pass unrevenged; let Arria and Fannia" (who were + just returned from exile) "know this; and consider together whether you + would care to join with me in the prosecution. Not that I want an + associate, but I am not so jealous of my own glory as to refuse to share + it with you in this affair." She accordingly carried this message; and + they all agreed to the proposal without the least hesitation. It happened + very opportunely that the senate was to meet within three days. It was a + general rule with me to consult, in all my affairs, with Corellius, a + person of the greatest far-sightedness and wisdom this age has produced. + However, in the present case, I relied entirely upon my own discretion, + being apprehensive he would not approve of my design, as he was very + cautious and deliberate. But though I did not previously take counsel with + him (experience having taught me, never to do so with a person concerning + a question we have already determined, where he has a right to expect that + one shall be decided by his judgment), yet I could not forbear acquainting + him with my resolution at the time I intended to carry it into execution. + The senate being assembled, I came into the house, and begged I might have + leave to make a motion; which I did in few words, and with general assent. + When I began to touch upon the charge, and point out the person I intended + to accuse (though as yet without mentioning him by name), I was attacked + on all sides. "Let us know," exclaims one, "who is the subject of this + informal motion?" "Who is it," (asked another) "that is thus accused, + without acquainting the house with his name, and his crime?" "Surely," + (added a third) "we who have survived the late dangerous times may expect + now, at least, to remain in security." I heard all this with perfect + calmness, and without being in the least alarmed. Such is the effect of + conscious integrity; and so much difference is there with respect to + inspiring confidence or fear, whether the world had only rather one should + forbear a certain act, or absolutely condemn it. It would be too tedious + to relate all that was advanced, by different parties, upon this occasion. + At length the consul said, "You will be at liberty, Secundus, to propose + what you think proper when your turn comes to give your opinion upon the + order of the day."<a href="#linknote-143" name="linknoteref-143" + id="linknoteref-143">[143]</a> I replied, "You must allow me a liberty + which you never yet refused to any;" and so sat down: when immediately the + house went upon another business. In the meanwhile, one of my consular + friends took me aside, and, with great earnestness telling me he thought I + had carried on this affair with more boldness than prudence, used every + method of reproof and persuasion to prevail with me to desist; adding at + the same time that I should certainly, if I persevered, render myself + obnoxious to some future prince. "Be it so," I returned, "should he prove + a bad one." Scarcely had he left me when a second came up: "Whatever," + said he, "are you attempting? Why ever will you ruin yourself? Do you + consider the risks you expose yourself to? Why will you presume too much + on the present situation of public affairs, when it is so uncertain what + turn they may hereafter take? You are attacking a man who is actually at + the head of the treasury, and will shortly be consul. Besides, recollect + what credit he has, and with what powerful friendships he is supported?" + Upon which he named a certain person, who (not without several strong and + suspicious rumours) was then at the head of a powerful army in the east. I + replied, + </p> + <p> + "'All I've foreseen, and oft in thought revolv'd;<a href="#linknote-144" + name="linknoteref-144" id="linknoteref-144">[144]</a> and am willing, if + fate shall so decree, to suffer in an honest cause, provided I can draw + vengeance down upon a most infamous one." The time for the members to give + their opinions was now arrived. Domitius Apollinaris, the consul elect, + spoke first; after him Fabricius Vejento, then Fabius Maximinus, Vettius + Proculus next (who married my wife's mother, and who was the colleague of + Publicius Certus, the person on whom the debate turned), and last of all + Ammius Flaccus. They all defended Certus, as if I had named him (though I + had not yet so much as once mentioned him), and entered upon his + justification as if I had exhibited a specific charge. It is not necessary + to repeat in this place what they respectively said, having given it all + at length in their words in the speech above-mentioned. Avidius Quietus + and Cornutus Tertullus answered them. The former observed, "that it was + extremely unjust not to hear the complaints of those who thought + themselves injured, and therefore that Arria and Fannia ought not to be + denied the privilege of laying their grievances before the house; and that + the point for the consideration of the senate was not the rank of the + person, but the merit of the cause." + </p> + <p> + Then Cornutus rose up and acquainted the house, "that, as he was appointed + guardian to the daughter of Helvidius by the consuls, upon the petition of + her mother and her father-in-law, he felt himself compelled to fulfil the + duty of his trust. In the execution of which, however, he would endeavour + to set some bounds to his indignation by following that great example of + moderation which those excellent women<a href="#linknote-145" + name="linknoteref-145" id="linknoteref-145">[145]</a> had set, who + contented themselves with barely informing the senate of the cruelties + which Certus committed in order to carry on his infamous adulation; and + therefore," he said, "he would move only that, if a punishment due to a + crime so notoriously known should be remitted, Certus might at least be + branded with some mark of the displeasure of that august assembly." + Satrius Rufus spoke next, and, meaning to steer a middle course, expressed + himself with considerable ambiguity. "I am of opinion," said he, "that + great injustice will be done to Certus if he is not acquitted (for I do + not scruple to mention his name, since the friends of Arria and Fannia, as + well as his own, have done so too), nor indeed have we any occasion for + anxiety upon this account. We who think well of the man shall judge him + with the same impartiality as the rest; but if he is innocent, as I hope + he is, and shall be glad to find, I think this house may very justly deny + the present motion till some charge has been proved against him." Thus, + according to the respective order in which they were called upon, they + delivered their several opinions. When it came to my turn, I rose up, and, + using the same introduction to my speech as I have published in the + defence, I replied to them severally. It is surprising with what + attention, what clamorous applause I was heard, even by those who just + before were loudest against me: such a wonderful change was wrought either + by the importance of the affair, the successful progress of the speech, or + the resolution of the advocate. After I had finished, Vejento attempted to + reply; but the general clamour raised against him not permitting him to go + on, "I entreat you, conscript fathers,"<a href="#linknote-146" + name="linknoteref-146" id="linknoteref-146">[146]</a> said he, "not to + oblige me to implore the assistance of the tribunes."<a + href="#linknote-147" name="linknoteref-147" id="linknoteref-147">[147]</a> + Immediately the tribune Murena cried out, "You have my permission, most + illustrious Vejento, to go on." But still the clamour was renewed. In the + interval, the consul ordered the house to divide, and having counted the + voices, dismissed the senate, leaving Vejento in the midst, still + attempting to speak. He made great complaints of this affront (as he + called it), applying the following lines of Homer to himself: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Great perils, father, wait the unequal fight; + Those younger champions will thy strength o'ercome."<a href="#linknote-148" + name="linknoteref-148" id="linknoteref-148">[148]</a> +</pre> + <p> + There was hardly a man in the senate that did not embrace and kiss me, and + all strove who should applaud me most, for having, at the cost of private + enmities, revived a custom so long disused, of freely consulting the + senate upon affairs that concern the honour of the public; in a word, for + having wiped off that reproach which was thrown upon it by other orders in + the state, "that the senators mutually favoured the members of their own + body, while they were very severe in animadverting upon the rest of their + fellow-citizens." All this was transacted in the absence of Certus; who + kept out of the way either because he suspected something of this nature + was intended to be moved, or (as was alleged in his excuse) that he was + really unwell. Cęsar, however, did not refer the examination of this + matter to the senate. But I succeeded, nevertheless, in my aim, another + person being appointed to succeed Certus in the consulship, while the + election of his colleague to that office was confirmed. And thus, the wish + with which I concluded my speech, was actually accomplished: "May he be + obliged," said I, "to renounce, under a virtuous prince,<a + href="#linknote-149" name="linknoteref-149" id="linknoteref-149">[149]</a> + that reward he received from an infamous one!"<a href="#linknote-150" + name="linknoteref-150" id="linknoteref-150">[150]</a> Some time after I + recollected, as well as I could, the speech I had made upon this occasion; + to which I made several additions. It happened (though indeed it had the + appearance of being something more than casual) that a few days after I + had published this piece, Certus was taken ill and died. I was told that + his imagination was continually haunted with this affair, and kept + picturing me ever before his eyes, as a man pursuing him with a drawn + sword. Whether there was any truth in this rumour, I will not venture to + assert; but, for the sake of example, however, I could wish it might gain + credit. And now I have sent you a letter which (considering it is a + letter) is as long as the defence you say you have read: but you must + thank yourself for not being content with such information as that piece + could afford you. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0102" id="link2H_4_0102"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CII — To GENITOR + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE received your letter, in which you complain of having been highly + disgusted lately at a very splendid entertainment, by a set of buffoons, + mummers, and wanton prostitutes, who were dancing about round the tables.<a + href="#linknote-151" name="linknoteref-151" id="linknoteref-151">[151]</a> + But let me advise you to smooth your knitted brow somewhat. I confess, + indeed, I admit nothing of this kind at my own house; however, I bear with + it in others. "And why, then," you will be ready to ask, "not have them + yourself?" + </p> + <p> + The truth is, because the gestures of the wanton, the pleasantries of the + buffoon, or the extravagancies of the mummer, give me no pleasure, as they + give me no surprise. It is my particular taste, you see, not my judgment, + that I plead against them. And indeed, what numbers are there who think + the entertainments with which you and I are most delighted no better than + impertinent follies! How many are there who, as soon as a reader, a + lyrist, or a comedian is introduced, either take their leave of the + company or, if they remain, show as much dislike to this sort of thing as + you did to those monsters, as you call them! Let us bear therefore, my + friend, with others in their amusements, that they, in return, may show + indulgence to ours. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0103" id="link2H_4_0103"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CIII — To SABINIANUS + </h2> + <p> + YOUR freedman, whom you lately mentioned to me with displeasure, has been + with me, and threw himself at my feet with as much submission as he could + have fallen at yours. He earnestly requested me with many tears, and even + with all the eloquence of silent sorrow, to intercede for him; in short, + he convinced me by his whole behaviour that he sincerely repents of his + fault. I am persuaded he is thoroughly reformed, because he seems deeply + sensible of his guilt. I know you are angry with him, and I know, too, it + is not without reason; but clemency can never exert itself more laudably + than when there is the most cause for resentment. You once had an + affection for this man, and, I hope, will have again; meanwhile, let me + only prevail with you to pardon him. If he should incur your displeasure + hereafter, you will have so much the stronger plea in excuse for your + anger as you show yourself more merciful to him now. Concede something to + his youth, to his tears, and to your own natural mildness of temper: do + not make him uneasy any longer, and I will add too, do not make yourself + so; for a man of your kindness of heart cannot be angry without feeling + great uneasiness. I am afraid, were I to join my entreaties with his, I + should seem rather to compel than request you to forgive him. Yet I will + not scruple even to write mine with his; and in so much the stronger terms + as I have very sharply and severely reproved him, positively threatening + never to interpose again in his behalf. But though it was proper to say + this to him, in order to make him more fearful of offending, I do not say + so to you. I may perhaps, again have occasion to entreat you upon this + account, and again obtain your forgiveness; supposing, I mean, his fault + should be such as may become me to intercede for, and you to pardon. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0104" id="link2H_4_0104"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CIV — To MAXIMUS + </h2> + <p> + IT has frequently happened, as I have been pleading before the Court of + the Hundred, that these venerable judges, after having preserved for a + long period the gravity and solemnity suitable to their character, have + suddenly, as though urged by irresistible impulse, risen up to a man and + applauded me. I have often likewise gained as much glory in the senate as + my utmost wishes could desire: but I never felt a more sensible pleasure + than by an account which I lately received from Cornelius Tacitus. He + informed me that, at the last Circensian games, he sat next to a Roman + knight, who, after conversation had passed between them upon various + points of learning, asked him, "Are you an Italian, or a provincial?" + Tacitus replied, "Your acquaintance with literature must surely have informed + you who I am." "Pray, then, is it Tacitus or Pliny I am talking with?" I + cannot express how highly I am pleased to find that our names are not so + much the proper appellatives of men as a kind of distinction for learning + herself; and that eloquence renders us known to those who would otherwise + be ignorant of us. An accident of the same kind happened to me a few days + ago. Fabius Rufinus, a person of distinguished merit, was placed next to + me at table; and below him a countryman of his, who had just then come to + Rome for the first time. Rufinus, calling his friend's attention to me, + said to him, "You see this man?" and entered into a conversation upon the + subject of my pursuits: to whom the other immediately replied, "This must + undoubtedly be Pliny." To confess the truth, I look upon these instances + as a very considerable recompense of my labours. If Demosthenes had reason + to be pleased with the old woman of Athens crying out, "This is + Demosthenes!" may not I, then, be allowed to congratulate myself upon the + celebrity my name has acquired? Yes, my friend, I will rejoice in it, and + without scruple admit that I do. As I only mention the judgment of others, + not my own, I am not afraid of incurring the censure of vanity; especially + from you, who, whilst envying no man's reputation, are particularly + zealous for mine. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0105" id="link2H_4_0105"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CV — To SABINIANUS + </h2> + <p> + I GREATLY approve of your having, in compliance with my letter,<a + href="#linknote-152" name="linknoteref-152" id="linknoteref-152">[152]</a> + received again into your favour and family a discarded freedman, who you + once admitted into a share of your affection. This will afford you, I + doubt not, great satisfaction. It certainly has me, both as a proof that + your passion can be controlled, and as an instance of your paying so much + regard to me, as either to yield to my authority or to comply with my + request. Let me, therefore, at once both praise and thank you. At the same + time I must advise you to be disposed for the future to pardon the faults + of your people, though there should be none to intercede in their behalf. + Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0106" id="link2H_4_0106"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CVI — To LUPERCUS + </h2> + <p> + I SAID once (and, I think, not inaptly) of a certain orator of the present + age, whose compositions are extremely regular and correct, but deficient + in grandeur and embellishment, "His only fault is that he has none." + Whereas he, who is possessed of the true spirit of oratory, should be bold + and elevated, and sometimes even flame out, be hurried away, and + frequently tread upon the brink of a precipice: for danger is generally + near whatever is towering and exalted. The plain, it is true, affords a + safer, but for that reason a more humble and inglorious, path: they who + run are more likely to stumble than they who creep; but the latter gain no + honour by not slipping, while the former even fall with glory. It is with + eloquence as with some other arts; she is never more pleasing than when + she risks most. Have you not observed what acclamations our rope-dancers + excite at the instant of imminent danger? Whatever is most entirely + unexpected, or as the Greeks more strongly express it, whatever is most + perilous, most excites our admiration. The pilot's skill is by no means + equally proved in a calm as in a storm: in the former case he tamely + enters the port, unnoticed and unapplauded; but when the cordage cracks, + the mast bends, and the rudder groans, then it is that he shines out in + all his glory, and is hailed as little inferior to a sea-god. + </p> + <p> + The reason of my making this observation is, because, if I mistake not, + you have marked some passages in my writings for being tumid, exuberant, + and over-wrought, which, in my estimation, are but adequate to the + thought, or boldly sublime. But it is material to consider whether your + criticism turns upon such points as are real faults, or only striking and + remarkable expressions. Whatever is elevated is sure to be observed; but + it requires a very nice judgment to distinguish the bounds between true + and false grandeur; between loftiness and exaggeration. To give an + instance out of Homer, the author who can, with the greatest propriety, + fly from one extreme of style to another. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Heav'n in loud thunder bids the trumpet sound; + And wide beneath them groans the rending ground."<a href="#linknote-153" + name="linknoteref-153" id="linknoteref-153">[153]</a> +</pre> + <p> + Again, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Reclin'd on clouds his steed and armour lay."<a href="#linknote-154" + name="linknoteref-154" id="linknoteref-154">[154]</a> +</pre> + <p> + So in this passage: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "As torrents roll, increas'd by numerous rills, + With rage impetuous down their echoing hills, + Rush to the vales, and pour'd along the plain, + Roar through a thousand channels to the main." +</pre> + <p> + It requires, I say, the nicest balance to poise these metaphors, and + determine whether they are incredible and meaningless, or majestic and + sublime. Not that I think anything which I have written, or can write, + admits of comparison with these. I am not quite so foolish; but what I + would be understood to contend for is, that we should give eloquence free + rein, and not restrain the force and impetuosity of genius within too + narrow a compass. But it will be said, perhaps, that one law applies to + orators, another to poets. As if, in truth, Marc Tully were not as bold in + his metaphors as any of the poets! But not to mention particular instances + from him, in a point where, I imagine, there can be no dispute; does + Demosthenes<a href="#linknote-155" name="linknoteref-155" + id="linknoteref-155">[155]</a> himself, that model and standard of true + oratory, does Demosthenes check and repress the fire of his indignation, + in that well-known passage which begins thus: "These wicked men, these + flatterers, and these destroyers of mankind," &c. And again: "It is + neither with stones nor bricks that I have fortified this city," &c. + — And afterwards: "I have thrown up these out-works before Attica, + and pointed out to you all the resources which human prudence can + suggest," &c.—And in another place: "O Athenians, I swear by the + immortal gods that he is intoxicated with the grandeur of his own + actions," &c.<a href="#linknote-156" name="linknoteref-156" + id="linknoteref-156">[156]</a> — But what can be more daring and + beautiful than that long digression, which begins in this manner: "A + terrible disease?" — The following passage likewise, though somewhat + shorter, is equally boldly conceived: — "Then it was I rose up in + opposition to the daring Pytho, who poured forth a torrent of menaces + against you," &c.<a href="#linknote-157" name="linknoteref-157" + id="linknoteref-157">[157]</a> — The subsequent stricture is of the + same stamp: "When a man has strengthened himself, as Philip has, in + avarice and wickedness, the first pretence, the first false step, be it + ever so inconsiderable, has overthrown and destroyed all," &c.<a + href="#linknote-158" name="linknoteref-158" id="linknoteref-158">[158]</a>—So + in the same style with the foregoing is this: — "Railed off, as it + were, from the privileges of society, by the concurrent and just judgments + of the three tribunals in the city." — And in the same place: "O + Aristogiton! you have betrayed that mercy which used to be shown to + offences of this nature, or rather, indeed, you have wholly destroyed it. + In vain then would you fly for refuge to a port, which you have shut up, + and encompassed with rocks."—He has said before: "I am afraid, + therefore, you should appear in the judgment of some, to have erected a + public seminary of faction: for there is a weakness in all wickedness + which renders it apt to betray itself!" — And a little lower: "I see + none of these resources open to him; but all is precipice gulf, and + profound abyss."—And again: "Nor do I imagine that our ancestors + erected those courts of judicature that men of his character should be + planted there, but on the contrary', eradicated, that none may emulate + their evil actions."—And afterwards: "If he is then the artificer of + every wickedness, if he only makes it his trade and traffic," &c.—And + a thousand other passages which I might cite to the same purpose; not to + mention those expressions which Aeschines calls not words, but wonders.—You + will tell me, perhaps, I have unwarily mentioned Aeschines, since + Demosthenes is condemned even by him, for running into these figurative + expressions. But observe, I entreat you, how far superior the former + orator is to his critic, and superior too in the very passage to which he + objects; for in others, the force of his genius, in those above quoted, + its loftiness, makes itself manifest. But does Aeschines himself avoid + those errors which he reproves in Demosthenes? "The orator," says he, + "Athenians, and the law, ought to speak the same language; but when the + voice of the law declares one thing, and that of the orator another we + should give our vote to the justice of the law, not to the impudence of + the orator."<a href="#linknote-159" name="linknoteref-159" + id="linknoteref-159">[159]</a>—And in another place: "He afterwards + manifestly discovered the design he had, of concealing his fraud under + cover of the decree, having expressly declared therein that the + ambassadors sent to the Oretae gave the five talents, not to you, but to + Callias. And that you may be convinced of the truth of what I say (after + having stripped the decree of its gallies, its trim, and its arrogant + ostentation) the clause itself." — And in another part: "Suffer him + not to break cover and escape out of the limits of the question." A + metaphor he is so fond of that he repeats it again. "But remaining firm + and confident in the assembly, drive him into the merits of the question, + and observe well how he doubles."—Is his style more reserved and + simple when he says: "But you are ever wounding our ears, and are more + concerned in the success of your daily harangues than for the salvation of + the city?"—What follows is conceived in a yet higher strain of + metaphor: "Will you not expel this man as the common calamity of Greece? + Will you not seize and punish this pirate of the state, who sails about in + quest of favourable conjunctures," &c.—With many other passages + of a similar nature. And now I expect you will make the same attacks upon + certain expressions in this letter as you did upon those I have been + endeavouring to defend. The rudder that groans, and the pilot compared to + a sea-god, will not, I imagine, escape your criticism: for I perceive, + while I am suing for indulgence to my former style, I have fallen into the + same kind of figurative diction which you condemn. But attack them if you + please provided you will immediately appoint a day when we may meet to + discuss these matters in person: you will then either teach me to be less + daring or I shall teach you to be more bold. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0107" id="link2H_4_0107"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CVII — To CANINIUS + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE met with a story, which, although authenticated by undoubted + evidence, looks very like fable, and would afford a worthy field for the + exercise of so exuberant, lofty, and truly poetical a genius as your own. + It was related to me the other day over the dinner table, where the + conversation happened to run upon various kinds of marvels. The person who + told the story was a man of unsuspected veracity:—but what has a + poet to do with truth? However, you might venture to rely upon his + testimony, even though you had the character of a faithful historian to + support. There is in Africa a town called Hippo, situated not far from the + sea-coast: it stands upon a navigable lake, communicating with an estuary + in the form of a river, which alternately flows into the lake, or into the + ocean, according to the ebb and flow of the tide. People of all ages amuse + themselves here with fishing, sailing, or swimming; especially boys, whom + love of play brings to the spot. With these it is a fine and manly + achievement to be able to swim the farthest; and he that leaves the shore + and his companions at the greatest distance gains the victory. It + happened, in one of these trials of skill, that a certain boy, bolder than + the rest, launched out towards the opposite shore. He was met by a + dolphin, who sometimes swam before him, and sometimes behind him, then + played round him, and at last took him upon his back, and set him down, + and afterwards took him up again; and thus he carried the poor frightened + fellow out into the deepest part; when immediately he turns back again to + the shore, and lands him among his companions. The fame of this remarkable + accident spread through the town, and crowds of people flocked round the + boy (whom they viewed as a kind of prodigy) to ask him questions and hear + him relate the story. The next day the shore was thronged with spectators, + all attentively watching the ocean, and (what indeed is almost itself an + ocean) the lake. Meanwhile the boys swam as usual, and among the rest, the + boy I am speaking of went into the lake, but with more caution than + before. The dolphin appeared again and came to the boy, who, together with + his companions, swam away with the utmost precipitation. The dolphin, as + though to invite and call them back, leaped and dived up and down, in a + series of circular movements. This he practised the next day, the day + after, and for several days together, till the people (accustomed from + their infancy to the sea) began to be ashamed of their timidity. They + ventured, therefore, to advance nearer, playing with him and calling him + to them, while he, in return, suffered himself to be touched and stroked. + Use rendered them courageous. The boy, in particular, who first made the + experiment, swam by the side of him, and, leaping upon his back, was + carried backwards and forwards in that manner, and thought the dolphin + knew him and was fond of him, while he too had grown fond of the dolphin. + There seemed, now, indeed, to be no fear on either side, the confidence of + the one and tameness of the other mutually increasing; the rest of the + boys, in the meanwhile, surrounding and encouraging their companion. It is + very remarkable that this dolphin was followed by a second, which seemed + only as a spectator and attendant on the former; for he did not at all + submit to the same familiarities as the first, but only escorted him + backwards and forwards, as the boys did their comrade. But what is further + surprising, and no less true than what I have already related, is that + this dolphin, who thus played with the boys and carried them upon his + back, would come upon the shore, dry himself in the sand, and, as soon as + he grew warm, roll back into the sea. It is a fact that Octavius Avitus, + deputy governor of the province, actuated by an absurd piece of + superstition, poured some ointment<a href="#linknote-160" + name="linknoteref-160" id="linknoteref-160">[160]</a> over him as he lay + on the shore: the novelty and smell of which made him retire into the + ocean, and it was not till several days after that he was seen again, when + he appeared dull and languid; however, he recovered his strength and + continued his usual playful tricks. All the magistrates round flocked + hither to view this sight, whose arrival, and prolonged stay, was an + additional expense, which the slender finances of this little community + would ill afford; besides, the quiet and retirement of the place was + utterly destroyed. It was thought proper, therefore, to remove the + occasion of this concourse, by privately killing the poor dolphin. And + now, with what a flow of tenderness will you describe this affecting + catastrophe!<a href="#linknote-161" name="linknoteref-161" + id="linknoteref-161">[161]</a> and how will your genius adorn and heighten + this moving story! Though, indeed, the subject does not require any + fictitious embellishments; it will be sufficient to describe the actual + facts of the case without suppression or diminution. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0108" id="link2H_4_0108"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CVIII — TO FUSCUS + </h2> + <p> + You want to know how I portion out my day, in my summer villa at Tuscum? I + get up just when I please; generally about sunrise, often earlier, but + seldom later than this. I keep the shutters closed, as darkness and + silence wonderfully promote meditation. Thus free and abstracted from + these outward objects which dissipate attention, I am left to my own + thoughts; nor suffer my mind to wander with my eyes, but keep my eyes in + subjection to my mind, which, when they are not distracted by a + multiplicity of external objects, see nothing but what the imagination + represents to them. If I have any work in hand, this is the time I choose + for thinking it out, word for word, even to the minutest accuracy of + expression. In this way I compose more or less, according as the subject + is more or less difficult, and I find myself able to retain it. I then + call my secretary, and, opening the shutters, dictate to him what I have + put into shape, after which I dismiss him, then call him in again, and + again dismiss him. About ten or eleven o'clock (for I do not observe one + fixed hour), according to the weather, I either walk upon my terrace or in + the covered portico, and there I continue to meditate or dictate what + remains upon the subject in which I am engaged. This completed, I get into + my chariot, where I employ myself as before, when I was walking, or in my + study; and find this change of scene refreshes and keeps up my attention. + On my return home, I take a little nap, then a walk, and after that repeat + out loud and distinctly some Greek or Latin speech, not so much for the + sake of strengthening my voice as my digestion;<a href="#linknote-162" + name="linknoteref-162" id="linknoteref-162">[162]</a> though indeed the + voice at the same time is strengthened by this practice. I then take + another walk, am anointed, do my exercises, and go into the bath. At + supper, if I have only my wife or a few friends with me, some author is + read to us; and after supper we are entertained either with music or an + interlude. When that is finished, I take my walk with my family, among + whom I am not without some scholars. Thus we pass our evenings in varied + conversation; and the day, even when at the longest, steals imperceptibly + away. Upon some occasions I change the order in certain of the articles + abovementioned. For instance, if I have studied longer or walked more than + usual, after my second sleep, and reading a speech or two aloud, instead + of using my chariot I get on horseback; by which means I ensure as much + exercise and lose less time. The visits of my friends from the + neighbouring villages claim some part of the day; and sometimes, by an + agreeable interruption, they come in very seasonably to relieve me when I + am feeling tired. I now and then amuse myself with hunting, but always + take my tablets into the field, that, if I should meet with no game, I may + at least bring home something. Part of my time too (though not so much as + they desire) is allotted to my tenants; whose rustic complaints, along + with these city occupations, make my literary studies still more + delightful to me. Farewell. — + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0109" id="link2H_4_0109"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CIX — To PAULINUS + </h2> + <p> + As you are not of a disposition to expect from your friends the ordinary + ceremonial observances of society when they cannot observe them without + inconvenience to themselves, so I love you too steadfastly to be + apprehensive of your taking otherwise than I wish you should my not + waiting upon you on the first day of your entrance upon the consular + office, especially as I am detained here by the necessity of letting my + farms upon long leases. I am obliged to enter upon an entirely new plan + with my tenants: for under the former leases, though I made them very + considerable abatements, they have run greatly in arrear. For this reason + several of them have not only taken no sort of care to lessen a debt which + they found themselves incapable of wholly discharging, but have even + seized and consumed all the produce of the land, in the belief that it + would now be of no advantage to themselves to spare it. I must therefore + obviate this increasing evil, and endeavour to find out some remedy + against it. The only one I can think of is, not to reserve my rent in + money, but in kind, and so place some of my servants to overlook the + tillage, and guard the stock; as indeed there is no sort of revenue more + agreeable to reason than what arises from the bounty of the soil, the + seasons, and the climate. It is true, this method will require great + honesty, sharp eyes, and many hands. However, I must risk the experiment, + and, as in an inveterate complaint, try every change of remedy. You see, + it is not any pleasurable indulgence that prevents my attending you on the + first day of your consulship. I shall celebrate it nevertheless, as much + as if I were present, and pay my vows for you here, with all the warmest + tokens of joy and congratulation. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0110" id="link2H_4_0110"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CX — To FUSCUS + </h2> + <p> + You are much pleased, I find, with the account I gave you in my former + letter of how I spend the summer season at Tuscum, and desire to know what + alteration I make in my method when I am at Laurentum in the winter. None + at all, except abridging myself of my sleep at noon, and borrowing a good + piece of the night before daybreak and after sunset for study: and if + business is very urgent (which in winter very frequently happens), instead + of having interludes or music after supper, I reconsider whatever I have + previously dictated, and improve my memory at the same time by this + frequent mental revision. Thus I have given you a general sketch of my + mode of life in summer and winter; to which you may add the intermediate + seasons of spring and autumn, in which, while losing nothing out of the + day, I gain but little from the night. Farewell. + </p> + <p> + ] <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FOOTNOTES TO THE LETTERS OF PLINY] + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ A pupil and intimate friend + of Paetus Thrasea, the distinguished Stoic philosopher. Arulenus was put + to death by Domitian for writing a panegyric upon Thrasea.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ The impropriety of this + expression, in the original, seems to he in the word stigmosum, which + Regulus, probably either coined through affectation or used through + ignorance. It is a word, at least, which does not occur in any author of + authority: the translator has endeavoured, therefore, to preserve the same + sort of impropriety, by using an expression of like unwarranted stamp in + his own tongue. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ An allusion to a wound he + had received in the war between Vitellius and Vespasian.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ A brother of Piso Galba's + adopted son. He was put to death by Nero.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ Sulpicius Camerinus, put to + death by the same emperor, upon some frivolous charge.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ A select body of men who + formed a court of judicature, called the centurnviral court. Their + jurisdiction extended chiefly, if not entirely, to questions of wills and + intestate estates. Their number, it would seem, amounted to 100. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ Junius Mauricus, the + brother of Rusticus Arulenus. Both brothers were sentenced on the same + day, Arulenue to execution and Mauricui to banishment.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-8" id="linknote-8"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 8 (<a href="#linknoteref-8">return</a>)<br /> [ There seems to have been a + cast of uncommon blackness in the character of this Regulus; otherwise the + benevolent Pliny would scarcely have singled him out, as he has in this + and some following letters, for the subject of his warmest contempt and + indignation. Yet, infamous as he was, he had his flatterers and admirers; + and a contemporary poet frequently represents him as one of the most + finished characters of the age, both in eloquence and virtue. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-9" id="linknote-9"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 9 (<a href="#linknoteref-9">return</a>)<br /> [ The Decurii were a sort of + senators in the municipal or corporate cities of Italy. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-10" id="linknote-10"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 10 (<a href="#linknoteref-10">return</a>)<br /> [ "Euphrates was a native + of Tyre, or, according to others, of Byzantium. He belonged to the Stoic + school of philosophy. In his old age he became tired of life, and asked + and obtained from Hadrian permission to put an end to himself by poison." + Smith's Dict. of Greek and Roman Biog.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-11" id="linknote-11"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 11 (<a href="#linknoteref-11">return</a>)<br /> [ A pleader and historian + of some distinction, mentioned by Tacitus, Ann. XIV. 19, and by + Quintilian, X, I, 102.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-12" id="linknote-12"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 12 (<a href="#linknoteref-12">return</a>)<br /> [ Padua.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-13" id="linknote-13"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 13 (<a href="#linknoteref-13">return</a>)<br /> [ Domitian] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-14" id="linknote-14"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 14 (<a href="#linknoteref-14">return</a>)<br /> [ Iliad, XII. 243. Pope.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-15" id="linknote-15"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 15 (<a href="#linknoteref-15">return</a>)<br /> [ Equal to about $4,000 of + our money. After the reign of Augustus the value of the sesterces.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-16" id="linknote-16"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 16 (<a href="#linknoteref-16">return</a>)<br /> [ "The equestrian dignity, + or that order of the Roman people which we commonly call knights, had + nothing in it analogous to any order of modern knighthood, but depended + entirely upon a valuation of their estates; and every citizen, whose + entire fortune amounted to 400,000 sesterces, that is, to about $16000 of + our money, was enrolled, of course, in the list of knights, who were + considered as a middle order between the senators and common people, yet, + without any other distinction than the privilege of wearing a gold ring, + which was the peculiar badge of their order." Life of Cicero, Vol. I. III. + in note. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-17" id="linknote-17"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 17 (<a href="#linknoteref-17">return</a>)<br /> [ An elegant Attic orator, + remarkable for the grace and lucidity of his style, also for his vivid and + accurate delineations of character.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-18" id="linknote-18"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 18 (<a href="#linknoteref-18">return</a>)<br /> [ A graceful and powerful + orator, and friend of Densosthenes.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-19" id="linknote-19"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 19 (<a href="#linknoteref-19">return</a>)<br /> [ A Roman orator of the + Augustan age. He was a poet and historian as well, but gained most + distinction as an orator.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-20" id="linknote-20"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 20 (<a href="#linknoteref-20">return</a>)<br /> [ A man of considerable + taste, talent, and eloquence, but profligate and extravagant. He was on + terms of some intimacy with Cicero.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-21" id="linknote-21"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 21 (<a href="#linknoteref-21">return</a>)<br /> [ The praetor was assisted + by ten assessors, five of whom were senators, and the rest knights. With + these he was obliged to consult before he pronounced sentence. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-22" id="linknote-22"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 22 (<a href="#linknoteref-22">return</a>)<br /> [ A contemporary and rival + of Aristophanes.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-23" id="linknote-23"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 23 (<a href="#linknoteref-23">return</a>)<br /> [ Aristophanes, Ach. 531] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-24" id="linknote-24"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 24 (<a href="#linknoteref-24">return</a>)<br /> [ Thersites. Iliad, II. V. + 212.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-25" id="linknote-25"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 25 (<a href="#linknoteref-25">return</a>)<br /> [ Ulysses. Iliad, III. V. + 222.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-26" id="linknote-26"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 26 (<a href="#linknoteref-26">return</a>)<br /> [ Menelaua. Iliad, III. V. + 214.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-27" id="linknote-27"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 27 (<a href="#linknoteref-27">return</a>)<br /> [ Great-grandfather of the + Emperor M. Aurelius.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-28" id="linknote-28"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 28 (<a href="#linknoteref-28">return</a>)<br /> [ An eminent lawyer of + Trajan's reign.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-29" id="linknote-29"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 29 (<a href="#linknoteref-29">return</a>)<br /> [ The philosophers used to + hold their disputations in the gymnasia and porticoes, being places of the + most public resort for walking, &c. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-30" id="linknote-30"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 30 (<a href="#linknoteref-30">return</a>)<br /> [ "Verginius Rufus was + governor of Upper Germany at the time of the revolt of Julius Vindex in + Gaul. A.D. 68. The soldiers of Verginius wished to raise him to the + empire, but he refused the honour, and marched against Vindex, who + perished before Vesontio. After the death of Nero, Verginius supported the + claims of Galba, and accompanied him to Rome. Upon Otho's death, the + soldiers again attempted to proclaim Verginius emperor, and in consequence + of his refusal of the honour, he narrowly escaped with his life." (See + Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biog., &c.)] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-31" id="linknote-31"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 31 (<a href="#linknoteref-31">return</a>)<br /> [ Nerva.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-32" id="linknote-32"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 32 (<a href="#linknoteref-32">return</a>)<br /> [ The historian,] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-33" id="linknote-33"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 33 (<a href="#linknoteref-33">return</a>)<br /> [ Namely, of augurs. "This + college, as regulated by Sylla, consisted of fifteen, who were all persons + of the first distinction in Rome; it was a priesthood for life, of a + character indelible, which no crime or forfeiture could efface; it was + necessary that every candidate should be nominated to the people by two + augurs, who gave a solemn testimony upon, oath of his dignity and fitness + for that office." Middleton's Life of Cicero, I. 547. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-34" id="linknote-34"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 34 (<a href="#linknoteref-34">return</a>)<br /> [ The ancient Greeks and + Romans did not sit up at the table as we do, but reclined round it on + couches, three and sometimes even four occupying one conch, at least this + latter was the custom among the Romans. Each guest lay flat upon his chest + while eating, reaching out his hand from time to time to the table, for + what he might require. As soon as he had made a sufficient meal, he turned + over upon his left side, leaning on the elbow.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-35" id="linknote-35"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 35 (<a href="#linknoteref-35">return</a>)<br /> [ A people of Germany.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-36" id="linknote-36"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 36 (<a href="#linknoteref-36">return</a>)<br /> [ "Any Roman priest devoted + to the service of one particular god was designated Flamen, receiving a + distinguishing epithet from the deity to whom he ministered. The office + was understood to last for life; but a flamen might be compelled to resign + for a breach of duty, or even on account of the occurrence of an + ill-omened accident while discharging his functions." Smith's Dictionary + of Antiquities.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-37" id="linknote-37"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 37 (<a href="#linknoteref-37">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-38" id="linknote-38"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 38 (<a href="#linknoteref-38">return</a>)<br /> [ By a law passed A. D. + 76, it was enacted that every citizen of Rome who had three children + should be excused from all troublesome offices where he lived. This + privilege the emperors sometimes extended to those who were not legally + entitled to it.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-39" id="linknote-39"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 39 (<a href="#linknoteref-39">return</a>)<br /> [ About 54 cents.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-40" id="linknote-40"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 40 (<a href="#linknoteref-40">return</a>)<br /> [ Avenue] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-41" id="linknote-41"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 41 (<a href="#linknoteref-41">return</a>)<br /> [ "Windows made of a + transparent stone called lapis specularis (mica), which was first found in + Hispania Citerior, and afterwards in Cyprus, Cappadocia, Sicily, and + Africa; but the best caine from Spain and Cappadocia. It was easily split + into the thinnest sheets. Windows, made of this stone were called + specularia." Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-42" id="linknote-42"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 42 (<a href="#linknoteref-42">return</a>)<br /> [ A feast held in honour of + the god Saturn, which began on the 19th of December, and continued as some + say, for seven days. It was a time of general rejoicing, particularly + among the slaves, who had at this season the privilege of taking great + liberties with their masters. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-43" id="linknote-43"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 43 (<a href="#linknoteref-43">return</a>)<br /> [ Cicero and Quintilian + have laid down rules how far, and in what instances, this liberty was + allowable, and both agree it ought to be used with great sagacity and + judgment. The latter of these excellent critics mentions a witticism of + Flavius Virginius, who asked one of these orators, "Quot nillia assuum + deciamassett." How many miles he had declaimed. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-44" id="linknote-44"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 44 (<a href="#linknoteref-44">return</a>)<br /> [ This was an act of great + ceremony; and if Aurelia's dress was of the kind which some of the Roman + ladies used, the legacy must have been considerable which Regulus had the + impudence to ask. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-45" id="linknote-45"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 45 (<a href="#linknoteref-45">return</a>)<br /> [ $3,350,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-46" id="linknote-46"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 46 (<a href="#linknoteref-46">return</a>)<br /> [ A poet to whom Quintilian + assigns the highest rank, as a Writer of tragedies, among his + contemporaries (book X. C. I. 98). Tacitus also speaks of him in terms of + high appreciation (Annals, v. 8).] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-47" id="linknote-47"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 47 (<a href="#linknoteref-47">return</a>)<br /> [ Stepson of Augustus and + brother to Tiberius. An amiable and popular prince. He died at the close + of his third campaign, from a fracture received by falling from his + horse.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-48" id="linknote-48"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 48 (<a href="#linknoteref-48">return</a>)<br /> [ A historian under + Augustus and Tiberius. He wrote part of a history of Rome, which was + continued by the elder Pliny; also an account of the German war, to which + Quintilian makes allusion (Inst. X. 103), pronouncing him, as a historian, + "estimable in all respects, yet in some things failing to do himself + justice."] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-49" id="linknote-49"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 49 (<a href="#linknoteref-49">return</a>)<br /> [ The distribution of time + among the Romans was very different from ours. They divided the night into + four equal parts, which they called watches, each three hours in length; + and part of these they devoted either to the pleasures of the table or to + study. The natural day they divided into twelve hours, the first beginning + with sunrise, and the last ending with sunset; by which means their hours + were of unequal length, varying according to the different seasons of the + year. The time for business began with sunrise, and continued to the fifth + hour, being that of dinner, which with them was only a slight repast. From + thence to the seventh hour was a time of repose; a custom which still + prevails in Italy. The eighth hour was employed in bodily exercises; after + which they constantly bathed, and from thence went to supper. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-50" id="linknote-50"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 50 (<a href="#linknoteref-50">return</a>)<br /> [ $16,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-51" id="linknote-51"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 51 (<a href="#linknoteref-51">return</a>)<br /> [ Born about A. D. 25. He + acquired some distinction as an advocate. The only poem of his which has + come down to us is a heavy prosaic performance in seventeen books, + entitled "Tunica," and containing an account of the events of the Second + Punic War, from the capture of Saguntum to the triumph of Scipio + Africanus. See Smith's Dict. of Gr. and Roin. Biog.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-52" id="linknote-52"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 52 (<a href="#linknoteref-52">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-53" id="linknote-53"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 53 (<a href="#linknoteref-53">return</a>)<br /> [ Spurinna's wife.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-54" id="linknote-54"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 54 (<a href="#linknoteref-54">return</a>)<br /> [ Domitian banished the + philosophers not only from Rome, but Italy, as Suetonius (Dom. C. X.) and + Aulus Gellius (Noct. Att. b. XV. CXI. 3, 4, 5) Inform us among these was + the celebrated Epictetus. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-55" id="linknote-55"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 55 (<a href="#linknoteref-55">return</a>)<br /> [ The following is the + story, as related by several of the ancient historians. Paetus, having + joined Scribonianus, who was in arms, in Illyria, against Claudius, was + taken after the death of Scribonianus, and condemned to death. Arria + having, in vain, solicited his life, persuaded him to destroy himself, + rather than suffer the ignominy of falling by the executioner's hands; + and, in order to encourage him to an act, to which, it seems, he was not + particularly inclined, she set him the example in the manner Pliny + relates. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-56" id="linknote-56"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 56 (<a href="#linknoteref-56">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-57" id="linknote-57"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 57 (<a href="#linknoteref-57">return</a>)<br /> [ The Roman, used to employ + their criminals in the lower ones of husbandry, such as ploughing, &c. + Pun. H. N. 1. 18, 3. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-58" id="linknote-58"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 58 (<a href="#linknoteref-58">return</a>)<br /> [ About $500,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-59" id="linknote-59"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 59 (<a href="#linknoteref-59">return</a>)<br /> [ About $800,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-60" id="linknote-60"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 60 (<a href="#linknoteref-60">return</a>)<br /> [ One of the famous seven + hills upon which Rome was situated.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-61" id="linknote-61"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 61 (<a href="#linknoteref-61">return</a>)<br /> [ Mart. LX. 19.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-62" id="linknote-62"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 62 (<a href="#linknoteref-62">return</a>)<br /> [ Calpurnia, Pliny's wife.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-63" id="linknote-63"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 63 (<a href="#linknoteref-63">return</a>)<br /> [ Now Citta di Castello.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-64" id="linknote-64"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 64 (<a href="#linknoteref-64">return</a>)<br /> [ The Romans had an + absolute power over their children, of which no age or station of the + latter deprived them.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-65" id="linknote-65"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 65 (<a href="#linknoteref-65">return</a>)<br /> [ Their business was to + interpret dreams, oracles, prodigies, &c., and to foretell whether any + action should be fortunate or prejudicial, to particular persons, or to + the whole commonwealth. Upon this account, they very often occasioned the + displacing of magistrates, the deferring of public assemblies, &c. + Kennet's Ron,. Antig. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-66" id="linknote-66"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 66 (<a href="#linknoteref-66">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-67" id="linknote-67"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 67 (<a href="#linknoteref-67">return</a>)<br /> [ A slave was incapable of + property; and, therefore, whatever he acquired became the right of his + master. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-68" id="linknote-68"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 68 (<a href="#linknoteref-68">return</a>)<br /> [ "Their office was to + attend upon the rites of Vests, the chief part of which was the + preservation of the holy fire. If this fire happened to go out, it was + considered impiety to light it at any common flame, but they made use of + the pure and unpolluted rays of the sun for that purpose. There were + various other duties besides connected with their office. The chief rules + prescribed them were, to vow the strictest chastity, for the space of + thirty years. After this term was completed, they had liberty to leave the + order. If they broke their vow of virginity, they were buried alive in a + place allotted to that peculiar use." Kennet's Antiq. Their reputation for + sanctity was so high that Livy mentions the fact of two of those virgins + having violated their vows, as a prodigy that, threatened destruction to + the Roman state. Lib. XXII. C. 57. And Suetonius inform, us that Augiastus + had so high an opinion of this religious order, that he consigned the care + of his will to the Vestal Virgins. Suet, in vit. Aug. C. XCI. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-69" id="linknote-69"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 69 (<a href="#linknoteref-69">return</a>)<br /> [ It was usual with + Domitian to triumph, not only without a victory, but even after a defeat, + M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-70" id="linknote-70"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 70 (<a href="#linknoteref-70">return</a>)<br /> [ Euripides' Hecuba,] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-71" id="linknote-71"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 71 (<a href="#linknoteref-71">return</a>)<br /> [ The punishment inflicted + upon the violators of Vestal chastity was to be scourged to death. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-72" id="linknote-72"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 72 (<a href="#linknoteref-72">return</a>)<br /> [ Calpurnia, Pliny's wife.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-73" id="linknote-73"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 73 (<a href="#linknoteref-73">return</a>)<br /> [ Gratilla was the wife of + Rusticus: Rusticus was put to death by Domitian, and Gratilla banished. It + was sufficient crime in the reign of that execrable prince to be even a + friend of those who were obnoxious to him. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-74" id="linknote-74"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 74 (<a href="#linknoteref-74">return</a>)<br /> [ In the original, + scrinium, box for holding MSS.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-75" id="linknote-75"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 75 (<a href="#linknoteref-75">return</a>)<br /> [ The hippodromus, in its + proper signification, was a place, among the Grecians, set apart for + horse-racing and other exercises of that kind. But it seems here to be + nothing more than a particular walk, to which Pliny perhaps gave that + name, from its bearing some resemblance in its form to the public places + so called. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-76" id="linknote-76"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 76 (<a href="#linknoteref-76">return</a>)<br /> [ Now called Frascati, + Tivoli, and Palestrina, all of them situated in the Campagna di Roma, and + at no great distance from Rome. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-77" id="linknote-77"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 77 (<a href="#linknoteref-77">return</a>)<br /> [ "This is said in allusion + to the idea of Nemesis supposed to threaten excessive prosperity." (Church + and Brodribb.)] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-78" id="linknote-78"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 78 (<a href="#linknoteref-78">return</a>)<br /> [ About $15,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-79" id="linknote-79"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 79 (<a href="#linknoteref-79">return</a>)<br /> [ About $42,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-80" id="linknote-80"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 80 (<a href="#linknoteref-80">return</a>)<br /> [ None had the right of + using family pictures or statues but those whose ancestors or themselves + had borne some of the highest dignities. So that the jus imaginis was much + the same thing among the Romans as the right of bearing a coat of arms + among us. Ken. Antiq. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-81" id="linknote-81"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 81 (<a href="#linknoteref-81">return</a>)<br /> [ The Roman physicians used + to send their patients in consumptive cases into Egypt, particularly to + Alexandria. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-82" id="linknote-82"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 82 (<a href="#linknoteref-82">return</a>)<br /> [ Frejus, in Provence, the + southern part of France. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-83" id="linknote-83"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 83 (<a href="#linknoteref-83">return</a>)<br /> [ A court of justice + erected by Julius Cęsar in the forum, and opposite to the basilica + Aemilia.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-84" id="linknote-84"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 84 (<a href="#linknoteref-84">return</a>)<br /> [ The deceniviri seem to + have been magistrates for the administration of justice, subordinate to + the praetors, who (to give the English reader a general notion of their + office) may be termed lords chief justices, as the judges here mentioned + were something in the nature of our juries. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-85" id="linknote-85"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 85 (<a href="#linknoteref-85">return</a>)<br /> [ About $400.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-86" id="linknote-86"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 86 (<a href="#linknoteref-86">return</a>)<br /> [ This silly piece of + superstition seems to have been peculiar to Regulus, and not of any + general practice; at least it is a custom of which we find no other + mention in antiquity. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-87" id="linknote-87"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 87 (<a href="#linknoteref-87">return</a>)<br /> [ "We gather from Martial + that the wearing of these was not an unusual practice with fops and + dandies." See Epig. II. 29, in which he ridicules a certain Rufus, and + hints that if you were to "strip off the 'splenia (plasters)' from his + face, you would find out that he was a branded runaway slave." (Church and + Brodribb.)] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-88" id="linknote-88"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 88 (<a href="#linknoteref-88">return</a>)<br /> [ His wife.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-89" id="linknote-89"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 89 (<a href="#linknoteref-89">return</a>)<br /> [ Hom. II. lib, I. V. 88.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-90" id="linknote-90"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 90 (<a href="#linknoteref-90">return</a>)<br /> [ Now Alzia, not far from + Corno.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-91" id="linknote-91"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 91 (<a href="#linknoteref-91">return</a>)<br /> [ Nevertheless, Javolentis + Priscus was one of the most eminent lawyers of his time, and is frequently + quoted in the Digesta of Justinian.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-92" id="linknote-92"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 92 (<a href="#linknoteref-92">return</a>)<br /> [ In the Bay of Naples.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-93" id="linknote-93"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 93 (<a href="#linknoteref-93">return</a>)<br /> [ The Romans used to lie or + walk naked in the sun, after anointing their bodies with oil, which was + esteemed as greatly contributing to health, and therefore daily practised + by them. This custom, however, of anointing themselves, is inveighed + against by the Satirists as in the number of their luxurious indulgences: + but since we find the elder Pliny here, and the amiable Spurinna in a + former letter, practising this method, we can not suppose the thing itself + was esteemed unmanly, but only when it was attended with some particular + circumstances of an over-refined delicacy. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-94" id="linknote-94"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 94 (<a href="#linknoteref-94">return</a>)<br /> [ Now called Castelamare, + in the Bay of Naples. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-95" id="linknote-95"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 95 (<a href="#linknoteref-95">return</a>)<br /> [ The Stoic and Epicurean + philosophers held that the world was to be destroyed by fire, and all + things fall again into original chaos; not excepting even the national + gods themselves from the destruction of this general conflagration. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-96" id="linknote-96"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 96 (<a href="#linknoteref-96">return</a>)<br /> [ The lake Larius.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-97" id="linknote-97"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 97 (<a href="#linknoteref-97">return</a>)<br /> [ Those families were + styled patrician whose ancestors had been members of the senate in the + earliest times of the regal or consular government. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-98" id="linknote-98"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 98 (<a href="#linknoteref-98">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-99" id="linknote-99"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 99 (<a href="#linknoteref-99">return</a>)<br /> [ The consuls, though they + were chosen in August, did not enter upon their office till the first of + January, during which interval they were styled consules designati, + consuls elect. It was usual for them upon that occasion to compliment the + emperor, by whose appointment, after the dissolution of the republican + government, they were chosen. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-100" id="linknote-100"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 100 (<a href="#linknoteref-100">return</a>)<br /> [ So called, because it + formerly belonged to Camillus. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-101" id="linknote-101"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 101 (<a href="#linknoteref-101">return</a>)<br /> [ Civita Vecchia.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-102" id="linknote-102"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 102 (<a href="#linknoteref-102">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-103" id="linknote-103"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 103 (<a href="#linknoteref-103">return</a>)<br /> [ An officer in the Roman + legions, answering in some sort to a captain In our companies. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-104" id="linknote-104"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 104 (<a href="#linknoteref-104">return</a>)<br /> [ This law was made by + Augustus Cęsar; but it nowhere clearly appears what was the peculiar + punishment it inflicted. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-105" id="linknote-105"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 105 (<a href="#linknoteref-105">return</a>)<br /> [ An officer employed by + the emperor to receive and regulate the public revenue in the provinces. + M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-106" id="linknote-106"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 106 (<a href="#linknoteref-106">return</a>)<br /> [ Comprehending + Transylvania, Moldavia, and Walaehia. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-107" id="linknote-107"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 107 (<a href="#linknoteref-107">return</a>)<br /> [ Polycletus was a + freedman, and great favourite of Nero. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-108" id="linknote-108"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 108 (<a href="#linknoteref-108">return</a>)<br /> [ Memmius, or Rhemmius + (the critics are not agreed which), was author of a law by which it was + enacted that whosoever was convicted of calumny and false accusation + should be stigmatised with a mark in his forehead; and by the law of the + twelve tables, false accusers were to suffer the same punishment as would + have been inflicted upon the person unjustly accused if the crime had been + proved. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-109" id="linknote-109"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 109 (<a href="#linknoteref-109">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-110" id="linknote-110"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 110 (<a href="#linknoteref-110">return</a>)<br /> [ Unction was much + esteemed and prescribed by the ancients. Celsus expressly recommends it in + the remission of acute distempers: "ungi leniterque pertractari corpus, + etiam in acutic et recentibus niorbis opartet; us rernissione fumen," + &c. Celsi Med. ed. Aliucloveen, p. 88. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-111" id="linknote-111"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 111 (<a href="#linknoteref-111">return</a>)<br /> [ His wife.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-112" id="linknote-112"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 112 (<a href="#linknoteref-112">return</a>)<br /> [ See book V. letter XX.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-113" id="linknote-113"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 113 (<a href="#linknoteref-113">return</a>)<br /> [ Trajan.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-114" id="linknote-114"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 114 (<a href="#linknoteref-114">return</a>)<br /> [ One of the Bithynians + employed to manage the trial. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-115" id="linknote-115"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 115 (<a href="#linknoteref-115">return</a>)<br /> [ About $28,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-116" id="linknote-116"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 116 (<a href="#linknoteref-116">return</a>)<br /> [ About $26,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-117" id="linknote-117"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 117 (<a href="#linknoteref-117">return</a>)<br /> [ There is a kind of + witticism in this expression, which will be lost to the mere English + reader unless he be informed that the Romans had a privilege, confirmed to + them by several laws which passed in the earlier ages of the republic, of + appealing from the decisions of the magistrates to the general assembly of + the people: and they did so in the form of words which Pomponius here + applies to a different purpose. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-118" id="linknote-118"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 118 (<a href="#linknoteref-118">return</a>)<br /> [ The priests, as well as + other magistrates, exhibited public games to the people when they entered + upon their office. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-119" id="linknote-119"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 119 (<a href="#linknoteref-119">return</a>)<br /> [ A famous lawyer who + flourished in the reign of the emperor Claudius: those who followed his + opinions were said to be Cassians, or of the school of Cassius. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-120" id="linknote-120"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 120 (<a href="#linknoteref-120">return</a>)<br /> [ A Stoic philosopher and + native of Tarsus. He was tutor for some time to Octavius, afterwards + Augustus, Cęsar.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-121" id="linknote-121"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 121 (<a href="#linknoteref-121">return</a>)<br /> [ Balzac very prettily + observes: "Il y a des riviere: qui ne font jamais tact de bien que quand + elles se dibordent; de eneme, l'amitie n'a mealleur quo l'exces." M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-122" id="linknote-122"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 122 (<a href="#linknoteref-122">return</a>)<br /> [ Persons of rank and + literature among the Romans retained in their families a domestic whose + sole business was to read to them. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-123" id="linknote-123"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 123 (<a href="#linknoteref-123">return</a>)<br /> [ It was a doctrine + maintained by the Stoics that all crimes are equal M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-124" id="linknote-124"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 124 (<a href="#linknoteref-124">return</a>)<br /> [ About $400.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-125" id="linknote-125"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 125 (<a href="#linknoteref-125">return</a>)<br /> [ About $600.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-126" id="linknote-126"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 126 (<a href="#linknoteref-126">return</a>)<br /> [ About $93.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-127" id="linknote-127"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 127 (<a href="#linknoteref-127">return</a>)<br /> [ Hom. II. lib. IX. V. + 319.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-128" id="linknote-128"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 128 (<a href="#linknoteref-128">return</a>)<br /> [ Those of Nero and + Domitian. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-129" id="linknote-129"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 129 (<a href="#linknoteref-129">return</a>)<br /> [ When Nerva and Trajan + received the empire. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-130" id="linknote-130"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 130 (<a href="#linknoteref-130">return</a>)<br /> [ A slave could acquire + no property, and consequently was incapable bylaw of making a will. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-131" id="linknote-131"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 131 (<a href="#linknoteref-131">return</a>)<br /> [ Now called Amelia, a + town in Ombria. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-132" id="linknote-132"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 132 (<a href="#linknoteref-132">return</a>)<br /> [ Now Laghetto di + Bassano. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-133" id="linknote-133"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 133 (<a href="#linknoteref-133">return</a>)<br /> [ A province in Anatolia, + or Asia Minor. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-134" id="linknote-134"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 134 (<a href="#linknoteref-134">return</a>)<br /> [ The performers at these + games were divided into companies, distinguished by the particular colour + of their habits; the principal of which were the white, the red, the blue, + and the green. Accordingly the spectators favoured one or the other + colour, as humour and caprice inclined them. In the reign of Justinian a + tumult arose in Constantinople, occasioned merely by a contention among + the partisans of these several colours, wherein no less than 30,000 men + lost their lives. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-135" id="linknote-135"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 135 (<a href="#linknoteref-135">return</a>)<br /> [ Now called Castello di + Baia, in Terra di Lavoro. It was the place the Romans chose for their + winter retreat; and which they frequented upon account of its warm baths. + Some few ruins of the beautiful villas that once covered this delightful + coast still remain; and nothing can give one a higher idea of the + prodigious expense and magnificence of the Romans in their private + buildings than the manner in which some of these were situated. It appears + from this letter, as well as from several other passages in the classic + writers, that they actually projected into the sea, being erected upon + vast piles, sunk for that purpose.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-136" id="linknote-136"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 136 (<a href="#linknoteref-136">return</a>)<br /> [ The buskin was a kind + of high shoe worn upon the stage by the actors of tragedy, in order to + give them a more heroical elevation of stature; as the sock was something + between a shoe and stocking, it was appropriated to the comic players. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-137" id="linknote-137"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 137 (<a href="#linknoteref-137">return</a>)<br /> [ Lyons.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-138" id="linknote-138"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 138 (<a href="#linknoteref-138">return</a>)<br /> [ He was accused of + treason, under pretence that in a dramatic piece which he composed he had, + in the characters of Paris and Oenone, reflected upon Domitian for + divorcing his wife Domitia. Suet, in Vit. Domit. C. 10. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-139" id="linknote-139"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 139 (<a href="#linknoteref-139">return</a>)<br /> [ Helvidius.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-140" id="linknote-140"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 140 (<a href="#linknoteref-140">return</a>)<br /> [ Upon the accession of + Nerva to the empire, after the death of Domitian. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-142" id="linknote-142"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 142 (<a href="#linknoteref-142">return</a>)<br /> [ Our authors first wife; + of whom we have no particular account. After her death, he married his + favourite Calpurnia. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-143" id="linknote-143"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 143 (<a href="#linknoteref-143">return</a>)<br /> [ It is very remarkable + that, when any senator was asked his opinion in the house, he had the + privilege of speaking as long as he pleased upon any other affair before + he came to the point in question. Aul. Gell. IV. C. 10. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-144" id="linknote-144"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 144 (<a href="#linknoteref-144">return</a>)<br /> [ Aeneid, LIB. VI. V. + 105.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-145" id="linknote-145"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 145 (<a href="#linknoteref-145">return</a>)<br /> [ Arria and Fannia.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-146" id="linknote-146"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 146 (<a href="#linknoteref-146">return</a>)<br /> [ The appellation by + which the senate was addressed. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-147" id="linknote-147"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 147 (<a href="#linknoteref-147">return</a>)<br /> [ The tribunes were + magistrates chosen at first out of the body of the commons, for the + defence of their liberties, and to interpose in all grievances offered by + their superiors. Their authority extended even to the deliberations of the + senate. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-148" id="linknote-148"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 148 (<a href="#linknoteref-148">return</a>)<br /> [ Diomed's speech to + Nestor, advising him to retire from the field of battle. Iliad, VIII. 302. + Pope. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-149" id="linknote-149"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 149 (<a href="#linknoteref-149">return</a>)<br /> [ Nerva.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-150" id="linknote-150"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 150 (<a href="#linknoteref-150">return</a>)<br /> [ Domitian; by whom he + had been appointed consul elect, though he had not yet entered upon that + office. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-151" id="linknote-151"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 151 (<a href="#linknoteref-151">return</a>)<br /> [ These persons were + introduced at most of the tables of the great, for the purposes of mirth + and gaiety, and constituted an essential part in all polite entertainments + among the Romans. It is surprising how soon this great people fell off + from their original severity of manners, and were tainted with the stale + refinements of foreign luxury. Livy dates the rise of this and other + unmanly delicacies from the conquest of Scipio Asiaticus over Antiochus; + that is when the Roman name had scarce subsisted above a hundred and + threescore years. "Luxuriae peregrinae origio," says he, "exercitu + Asiatico in urbem invecta est." This triumphant army caught, it seems, the + contagious softness of the people it subdued; and, on its return to Rome, + spread an infection among their countrymen, which worked by slow degrees, + till it effected their total destruction. Thus did Eastern luxury revenge + itself on Roman arms. It may be wondered that Pliny should keep his own + temper, and check the indignation of his friends at a scene which was fit + only for the dissolute revels of the infamous Trimalchio. But it will not, + perhaps, be doing justice to our author to take an estimate of his real + sentiments upon this point from the letter before us. Genitor, it seems, + was a man of strict, but rather of too austere morals for the free turn of + the age: "emendatus et gravis: paulo etiam horridior et durior ut in hac + licentia teniporuni" (Ep. III. 1. 3). But as there is a certain seasonable + accommodation to the manners of the times, not only extremely Consistent + with, but highly conducive to, the interests of virtue, Pliny, probably, + may affect a greater latitude than he in general approved, in order to + draw off his friend from that stiffness and unyielding disposition which + might prejudice those of a gayer turn against him, and consequently lessen + the beneficial influence of his virtues upon the world. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-152" id="linknote-152"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 152 (<a href="#linknoteref-152">return</a>)<br /> [ See letter CIII.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-153" id="linknote-153"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 153 (<a href="#linknoteref-153">return</a>)<br /> [ Iliad, XXI. 387. Pope. + M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-154" id="linknote-154"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 154 (<a href="#linknoteref-154">return</a>)<br /> [ Iliad, V. 356, speaking + of Mars. M.; Iliad, IV. 452. Pope.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-155" id="linknote-155"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 155 (<a href="#linknoteref-155">return</a>)<br /> [ The design of Pliny in + this letter is to justify the figurative expressions he had employed, + probably, in same oration, by instances of the same warmth of colouring + from those great masters of eloquence, Demosthenes and his rival + Aesehines. But the force of the passages which he produces from those + orators must necessarily be greatly weakened to a mere modern reader, some + of them being only hinted at, as generally well known; and the metaphors + in several of the others have either lost much of their original spirit + and boldness, by being introduced and received in Common language, or + cannot, perhaps, he preserved in an English translation. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-156" id="linknote-156"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 156 (<a href="#linknoteref-156">return</a>)<br /> [ See 1st Philippic.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-157" id="linknote-157"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 157 (<a href="#linknoteref-157">return</a>)<br /> [ See Demosthenes' speech + in defence of Cteisphon.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-158" id="linknote-158"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 158 (<a href="#linknoteref-158">return</a>)<br /> [ See end Olynthiac.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-159" id="linknote-159"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 159 (<a href="#linknoteref-159">return</a>)<br /> [ See Aesehines' speech + against Ctesiphon.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-160" id="linknote-160"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 160 (<a href="#linknoteref-160">return</a>)<br /> [ It was a religious + ceremony practised by the ancients to pour precious ointments upon the + statues of their gods: Avitus, it is probable, imagined this dolphin was + some sea-divinity, and therefore expressed his veneration of him by the + solemnity of a sacred unction. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-161" id="linknote-161"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 161 (<a href="#linknoteref-161">return</a>)<br /> [ The overflowing + humanity of Pliny's temper breaks out upon all occasions, but he discovers + it in nothing more strongly than by the impression which this little story + appears to have made upon him. True benevolence, indeed, extends itself + through the whole compass of existence, and sympathises with the distress + of every creature of sensation. Little minds may be apt to consider a + compassion of this inferior kind as an instance of weakness; but it is + undoubtedly the evidence of a noble nature. Homer thought it not + unbecoming the character even of a hero to melt into tears at a distress + of this sort, and has given us a most amiable and affecting picture of + Ulysses weeping over his faithful dog Argus, when he expires at his feet: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Soft pity touch'd the mighty master's soul; + Adown his cheek the tear unbidden stole, + Stole unperceived; he turn'd his head and dry'd + The drop humane.". + (Odyss. XVII. Pope.) M.] +</pre> + <p> + <a name="linknote-162" id="linknote-162"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 162 (<a href="#linknoteref-162">return</a>)<br /> [ By the regimen which + Pliny here follows, one would imagine, if he had not told us who were his + physicians, that the celebrated Celsus was in the number. That author + expressly recommends reading aloud, and afterwards walking, as beneficial + in disorders of the stomach: "Si quis stomacho laborat, leqere clare + debet; post lectionem ambulare," &c. Celsi Medic. 1. I. C. 8. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0112" id="link2H_4_0112"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0113" id="link2H_4_0113"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + I — TO THE EMPEROR TRAJAN<a href="#linknote-1001" + name="linknoteref-1001" id="linknoteref-1001">[1001]</a> + </h2> + <p> + THE pious affection you bore, most sacred Emperor, to your august father + induced you to wish it might be late ere you succeeded him. But the + immortal gods thought proper to hasten the advancement of those virtues to + the helm of the commonwealth which had already shared in the steerage.<a + href="#linknote-1002" name="linknoteref-1002" id="linknoteref-1002">[1002]</a> + May you then, and the world through your means, enjoy every prosperity + worthy of your reign: to which let me add my wishes, most excellent + Emperor, upon a private as well as public account, that your health and + spirits may be preserved firm and unbroken. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0114" id="link2H_4_0114"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + II — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + You have occasioned me, Sir, an inexpressible pleasure in deeming me + worthy of enjoying the privilege which the laws confer on those who have + three children. For although it was from an indulgence to the request of + the excellent Julius Servianus, your own most devoted servant, that you + granted this favour, yet I have the satisfaction to find by the words of + your rescript that you complied the more willingly as his application was + in my behalf. I cannot but look upon myself as in possession of my utmost + wish, after having thus received, at the beginning of your most auspicious + reign, so distinguishing a mark of your peculiar favour; at the same time + that it considerably heightens my desire of leaving a family behind me. I + was not entirely without this desire even in the late most unhappy times: + as my two marriages will induce you to believe. But the gods decreed it + better, by reserving every valuable privilege to the bounty of your + generous dispensations. And indeed the pleasure of being a father will be + so much more acceptable to me now, that I can enjoy it in full security + and happiness. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0115" id="link2H_4_0115"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + III — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE experience, most excellent Emperor, I have had of your unbounded + generosity to me, in my own person, encourages me to hope I may be yet + farther obliged to it, in that of my friends. Voconius Romanus (who was my + schoolfellow and companion from our earliest years) claims the first rank + in that number; in consequence of which I petitioned your sacred father to + promote him to the dignity of the senatorial order. But the completion of + my request is reserved to your goodness; for his mother had not then + advanced, in the manner the law directs, the liberal gift<a + href="#linknote-1003" name="linknoteref-1003" id="linknoteref-1003">[1003]</a> + of four hundred thousand sesterces, which she engaged to give him, in her + letter to the late emperor, your father. This, however, by my advice she + has since done, having made over certain estates to him, as well as + completed every other act necessary to make the conveyance valid. The + difficulties therefore being removed which deferred the gratification of + our wishes, it is with full confidence I venture to assure you of the + worth of my friend Romanus, heightened and adorned as it is not only by + liberal culture, but by his extraordinary tenderness to his parents as + well. It is to that virtue he owes the present liberality of his mother; + as well as his immediate succession to his late father's estate, and his + adoption by his father-in-law. To these personal qualifications, the + wealth and rank of his family give additional lustre; and I persuade + myself it will be some further recommendation that I solicit in his + behalf. Let me, then, entreat you, Sir, to enable me to congratulate + Romanus on so desirable an occasion, and at the same time to indulge an + eager and, I hope, laudable ambition, of having it in my power to boast + that your favourable regards are extended not only to myself, but also to + my friend. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0116" id="link2H_4_0116"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + IV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WHEN by your gracious indulgence, Sir, I was appointed to preside at the + treasury of Saturn, I immediately renounced all engagements of the bar (as + indeed I never blended business of that kind with the functions of the + state), that no avocations might call off my attention from the post to + which I was appointed. For this reason, when the province of Africa + petitioned the senate that I might undertake their cause against Marius + Priscus, I excused myself from that office; and my excuse was allowed. But + when afterwards the consul elect proposed that the senate should apply to + us again, and endeavour to prevail with us to yield to its inclinations, + and suffer our names to be thrown into the urn, I thought it most + agreeable to that tranquillity and good order which so happily + distinguishes your times not to oppose (especially in so reasonable an + instance) the will of that august assembly. And, as I am desirous that all + my words and actions may receive the sanction of your exemplary virtue, I + hope you approve of my compliance. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0117" id="link2H_4_0117"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + V — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You acted as became a good citizen and a worthy senator, by paying + obedience to the just requisition of that august assembly: and I have full + confidence you will faithfully discharge the business you have undertaken. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0118" id="link2H_4_0118"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + HAVING been attacked last year by a very severe and dangerous illness, I + employed a physician, whose care and diligence, Sir, I cannot sufficiently + reward, but by your gracious assistance. I entreat you therefore to make + him a denizen of Rome; for as he is the freedman of a foreign lady, he is, + consequently, himself also a foreigner. His name is Harpocras; his + patroness (who has been dead a considerable time) was Thermuthis, the + daughter of Theon. I further entreat you to bestow the full privileges of + a Roman citizen upon Hedia and Antonia Harmeris, the freedwomen of Antonia + Maximilla, a lady of great merit. It is at her desire I make this request. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0119" id="link2H_4_0119"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I RETURN YOU thanks, Sir, for your ready compliance with my desire, in + granting the complete privileges of a Roman to the freedwomen of a lady to + whom I am allied and also for making Harpocras, my physician, a denizen of + Rome. But when, agreeably to your directions, I gave in an account of his + age, and estate, I was informed by those who are better skilled in the + affairs than I pretend to be that, as he is an Egyptian, I ought first to + have obtained for him the freedom of Alexandria before he was made free of + Rome. I confess, indeed, as I was ignorant of any difference in this case + between those of Egypt and other countries, I contented myself with Only + acquainting you that he had been manumitted by a foreign lady long since + deceased. However, it is an ignorance I cannot regret, since it affords me + an opportunity of receiving from you a double obligation in favour of the + same person. That I may legally therefore enjoy the benefit of your + goodness, I beg you would be pleased to grant him the freedom of the city + of Alexandria, as well as that of Rome. And that your gracious intentions + may not meet with any further obstacles, I have taken care, as you + directed, to send an account to your freedman of his age and possessions. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0120" id="link2H_4_0120"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IT is my resolution, in pursuance of the maxim observed by the princes my + predecessors, to be extremely cautious in granting the freedom of the city + of Alexandria: however, since you have obtained of me the freedom of Rome + for your physician Harpocras, I cannot refuse you this other request. You + must let me know to what district he belongs, that I may give you a letter + to my friend Pompeius Planta, governor of Egypt. + </p> +<p> + <a name="link29trajan" id="link29trajan"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + IX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I CANNOT express, Sir, the pleasure your letter gave me, by which I am + informed that you have made my physician Harpocras a denizen of + Alexandria; notwithstanding your resolution to follow the maxim of your + predecessors in this point, by being extremely cautious in granting that + privilege. Agreeably to your directions, I acquaint you that Harpocras + belongs to the district of Memphis.<a href="#linknote-1004" + name="linknoteref-1004" id="linknoteref-1004">[1004]</a> I entreat you + then, most gracious Emperor, to send me, as you promised, a letter to your + friend Pompeius Planta, governor of Egypt. As I purpose (in order to have + the earliest enjoyment of your presence, so ardently wished for here) to + come to meet you, I beg, Sir, you would permit me to extend my journey as + far as possible. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0121" id="link2H_4_0121"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + X — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I WAS greatly obliged, Sir, in my late illness, to Posthumius Marinus, my + physician; and I cannot make him a suitable return, but by the assistance + of your wonted gracious indulgence. I entreat you then to make Chrysippus + Mithridates and his wife Stratonica (who are related to Marinus) denizens + of Rome. I entreat likewise the same privilege in favour of Epigonus and + Mithridates, the two sons of Chrysippus; but with this restriction' that + they may remain under the dominion of their father, and yet reserve their + right of patronage over their own freedmen. I further entreat you to grant + the full privileges of a Roman to L. Satrius Abascantius, P. Caesius + Phosphorus, and Pancharia Soteris. This request I make with the consent of + their patrons.<a href="#linknote-1005" name="linknoteref-1005" + id="linknoteref-1005">[1005]</a> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0122" id="link2H_4_0122"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + AFTER your late sacred father, Sir, had, in a noble speech, as well as by + his own generous example, exhorted and encouraged the public to acts of + munificence, I implored his permission to remove the several statues which + I had of the former emperors to my corporation, and at the same time + requested permission to add his own to the number. For as I had hitherto + let them remain in the respective places in which they stood when they + were left to me by several different inheritances, they were dispersed in + distant parts of my estate. He was pleased to grant my request, and at the + same time to give me a very ample testimony of his approbation. I + immediately, therefore, wrote to the decurii, to desire they would allot a + piece of ground, upon which I might build a temple at my own expense; and + they, as a mark of honour to my design, offered me the choice of any site + I might think proper. However, my own ill-health in the first place, and + later that of your father, together with the duties of that employment + which you were both pleased to entrust me, prevented my proceeding with + that design. But I have now, I think, a convenient opportunity of making + an excursion for the purpose, as my monthly attendances ends on the 1st of + September, and there are several festivals in the month following. My + first request, then, is that you would permit me to adorn the temple I am + going to erect with your statue, and next (in order to the execution of my + design with all the expedition possible) that you would indulge me with + leave of absence. It would ill become the sincerity I profess, were I to + dissemble that your goodness in complying with this desire will at the + same time be extremely serviceable to me in my own private affairs. It is + absolutely necessary I should not defer any longer the letting of my lands + in that province; for, besides that they amount to above four hundred + thousand sesterces,<a href="#linknote-1006" name="linknoteref-1006" + id="linknoteref-1006">[1006]</a> the time for dressing the vineyards is + approaching, and that business must fall upon my new tenants.<a + href="#linknote-1007" name="linknoteref-1007" id="linknoteref-1007">[1007]</a> + The unfruitfulness of the seasons besides, for several years past, obliges + me to think of making some abatements in my rents; which I cannot possibly + settle unless I am present. I shall be indebted then to your indulgence, + Sir, for the expedition of my work of piety, and the settlement of my own + private affairs, if you will be pleased to grant me leave of absence<a + href="#linknote-1008" name="linknoteref-1008" id="linknoteref-1008">[1008]</a> + for thirty days. I cannot give myself a shorter time, as the town and the + estate of which I am speaking lie above a hundred and fifty miles from + Rome. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0123" id="link2H_4_0123"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You have given me many private reasons, and every public one, why you + desire leave of absence; but I need no other than that it is your desire: + and I doubt not of your returning as soon as possible to the duty of an + office which so much requires your attendance. As I would not seem to + check any instance of your affection towards me, I shall not oppose your + erecting my statue in the place you desire; though in general I am + extremely cautious in giving any encouragement to honours of that kind. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0124" id="link2H_4_0124"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> +<a + href="#linknote-1009" name="linknoteref-1009" id="linknoteref-1009">[1009]</a> + <p> + As I am sensible, Sir, that the highest applause my actions can receive is + to be distinguished by so excellent a prince, I beg you would be + graciously pleased to add either the office of augur or septemvir' (both + which are now vacant) to the dignity I already enjoy by your indulgence; + that I may have the satisfaction of publicly offering up those vows for + your prosperity, from the duty of my office, which I daily prefer to the + gods in private, from the affection of my heart. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0125" id="link2H_4_0125"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + HAVING safely passed the promontory of Malea, I am arrived at Ephesus with + all my retinue, notwithstanding I was detained for some time by contrary + winds: a piece of information, Sir, in which, I trust, you will feel + yourself concerned. I propose pursuing the remainder of my journey to the + province<a href="#linknote-1010" name="linknoteref-1010" + id="linknoteref-1010">[1010]</a> partly in light vessels, and partly in + post-chaises: for as the excessive heats will prevent my travelling + altogether by land, so the Etesian winds,<a href="#linknote-1011" + name="linknoteref-1011" id="linknoteref-1011">[1011]</a> which are now set + in, will not permit me to proceed entirely by sea. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0126" id="link2H_4_0126"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + YOUR information, my dear Pliny, was extremely agreeable to mc, as it does + concern me to know in what manner you arrive at your province. It is a + wise intention of yours to travel either by sea or land, as you shall find + most convenient. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0127" id="link2H_4_0127"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + As I had a very favourable voyage to Ephesus, so in travelling by + post-chaise from thence I was extremely troubled by the heats, and also by + some slight feverish attacks, which kept me some time at Pergamus. From + there, Sir, I got on board a coasting vessel, but, being again detained by + contrary winds, did not arrive at Bithynia so soon as I had hoped. + However, I have no reason to complain of this delay, since (which indeed + was the most auspicious circumstance that could attend me) I reached the + province in time to celebrate your birthday. I am at present engaged in + examining the finances of the Prusenses,<a href="#linknote-1012" + name="linknoteref-1012" id="linknoteref-1012">[1012]</a> their expenses, + revenues, and credits; and the farther I proceed in this work, the more I + am convinced of the necessity of my enquiry. Several large sums of money + are owing to the city from private persons, which they neglect to pay upon + various pretences; as, on the other hand, I find the public funds are, in + some instances, very unwarrantably applied. This, Sir, I write to you + immediately on my arrival. I entered this province on the 17th of + September,<a href="#linknote-1013" name="linknoteref-1013" + id="linknoteref-1013">[1013]</a> and found in it that obedience and + loyalty towards yourself which you justly merit from all mankind. You will + consider, Sir, whether it would not be proper to send a surveyor here; for + I am inclined to think much might be deducted from what is charged by + those who have the conduct of the public works if a faithful admeasurement + were to be taken: at least I am of that opinion from what I have already + seen of the accounts of this city, which I am now going into as fully as + is possible. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0128" id="link2H_4_0128"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XVII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I SHOULD have rejoiced to have heard that you arrived at Bithynia without + the smallest inconvenience to yourself or any of your retinue, and that + your journey from Ephesus had been as easy as your voyage to that place + was favourable. For the rest, your letter informs me, my dearest Secundus, + on what day you reached Bithynia. The people of that province will be + convinced, I persuade myself, that I am attentive to their interest: as + your conduct towards them will make it manifest that I could have chosen + no more proper person to supply my place. The examination of the public + accounts ought certainly to be your first employment, as they are + evidently in great disorder. I have scarcely surveyors sufficient to + inspect those works<a href="#linknote-1014" name="linknoteref-1014" + id="linknoteref-1014">[1014]</a> which I am carrying on at Rome, and in + the neighbourhood; but persons of integrity and skill in this art may be + found, most certainly, in every province, so that they will not fail you + if only you will make due enquiry. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0129" id="link2H_4_0129"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THOUGH I am well assured, Sir, that you, who never omit any opportunity of + exerting your generosity, are not unmindful of the request I lately made + to you, yet, as you have often indulged me in this manner, give me leave + to remind and earnestly entreat you to bestow the praetorship now vacant + upon Attius Sura. Though his ambition is extremely moderate, yet the + quality of his birth, the inflexible integrity he has preserved in a very + narrow fortune, and, more than all, the felicity of your times, which + encourages conscious virtue to claim your favour, induce him to hope he + may experience it in the present instance. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0130" id="link2H_4_0130"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I CONGRATULATE both you and the public, most excellent Emperor, upon the + great and glorious victory you have obtained; so agreeable to the heroism + of ancient Rome. May the immortal gods grant the same happy success to all + your designs, that, under the administration of so many princely virtues, + the splendour of the empire may shine out, not only in its former, but + with additional lustre.<a href="#linknote-1015" name="linknoteref-1015" + id="linknoteref-1015">[1015]</a> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0131" id="link2H_4_0131"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + Mv lieutenant, Servilius Pudens, came to Nicomedia,<a href="#linknote-1016" + name="linknoteref-1016" id="linknoteref-1016">[1016]</a> Sir, on the 24th + of November, and by his arrival freed me, at length, from the anxiety of a + very uneasy expectation. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0132" id="link2H_4_0132"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + YOUR generosity to me, Sir, was the occasion of uniting me to Rosianus + Geminus, by the strongest ties; for he was my quaestor when I was consul. + His behaviour to me during the continuance of our offices was highly + respectful, and he has treated me ever since with so peculiar a regard + that, besides the many obligations I owe him upon a public account, I am + indebted to him for the strongest pledges of private friendship. I entreat + you, then, to comply with my request for the advancement of one whom (if + my recommendation has any weight) you will even distinguish with your + particular favour; and whatever trust you shall repose in him, he will + endeavour to show himself still deserving of an higher. But I am the more + sparing in my praises of him, being persuaded his integrity, his probity, + and his vigilance are well known to you, not only from those high posts + which he has exercised in Rome within your immediate inspection, but from + his behaviour when he served under you in the army. One thing, however, my + affection for him inclines me to think, I have not yet sufficiently done; + and therefore, Sir, I repeat my entreaties that you will give me the + pleasure, as early as possible, of rejoicing in the advancement of my + quaestor, or, in other words, of receiving an addition to my own honours, + in the person of my friend. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0133" id="link2H_4_0133"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + IT is not easy, Sir, to express the joy I received when I heard you had, + in compliance with the request of my mother-in-law and myself, granted + Coelius Clemens the proconsulship of this province after the expiration of + his consular office; as it is from thence I learn the full extent of your + goodness towards me, which thus graciously extends itself through my whole + family. As I dare not pretend to make an equal return to those obligations + I so justly owe you, I can only have recourse to vows, and ardently + implore the gods that I may not be found unworthy of those favours which + you are repeatedly conferring upon me. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0134" id="link2H_4_0134"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I RECEIVED, Sir, a dispatch from your freedman, Lycormas, desiring me, if + any embassy from Bosporus<a href="#linknote-1017" name="linknoteref-1017" + id="linknoteref-1017">[1017]</a> should come here on the way to Rome, that + I would detain it till his arrival. None has yet arrived, at least in the + city<a href="#linknote-1018" name="linknoteref-1018" id="linknoteref-1018">[1018]</a> + where I now am. But a courier passing through this place from the king of + Sarmatia,<a href="#linknote-1019" name="linknoteref-1019" + id="linknoteref-1019">[1019]</a> I embrace the opportunity which + accidentally offers itself, of sending with him the messenger which + Lycormas despatched hither, that you might be informed by both their + letters of what, perhaps, it may be expedient you should be acquainted + with at one and the same time. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0135" id="link2H_4_0135"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I AM informed by a letter from the king of Sarmatia that there are certain + affairs of which you ought to be informed as soon as possible. In order, + therefore, to hasten the despatches which his courier was charged with to + you, I granted him an order to make use of the public post.<a + href="#linknote-1020" name="linknoteref-1020" id="linknoteref-1020">[1020]</a> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0136" id="link2H_4_0136"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE ambassador from the king of Sarmatia having remained two days, by his + own choice, at Nicea, I did not think it reasonable, Sir, to detain him + any longer: because, in the first place, it was still uncertain when your + freedman, Lycormas, would arrive, and then again some indispensable + affairs require my presence in a different part of the province. Of this I + thought it necessary that you should be informed, because I lately + acquainted you in a letter that Lycormas had desired, if any embassy + should come this way from Bosporus, that I would detain it till his + arrival. But I saw no plausible pretext for keeping him back any longer, + especially as the despatches from Lycormas, which (as I mentioned before) + I was not willing to detain, would probably reach you some days sooner + than this ambassador. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0137" id="link2H_4_0137"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I RECEIVED a letter, Sir, from Apuleius, a military man, belonging to the + garrison at Nicomedia, informing me that one Callidromus, being arrested + by Maximus and Dionysius (two bakers, to whom he had hired himself), fled + for refuge to your statue;<a href="#linknote-1021" name="linknoteref-1021" + id="linknoteref-1021">[1021]</a> that, being brought before a magistrate, + he declared he, was formerly slave to Laberius Maximus, but being taken + prisoner by Susagus<a href="#linknote-1022" name="linknoteref-1022" + id="linknoteref-1022">[1022]</a> in Moesia,<a href="#linknote-1023" + name="linknoteref-1023" id="linknoteref-1023">[1023]</a> he was sent as a + present from Decebalus to Pacorus, king of Parthia, in whose service he + continued several years, from whence he made his escape, and came to + Nicomedia. When he was examined before me, he confirmed this account, for + which reason I thought it necessary to send<a href="#linknote-1024" + name="linknoteref-1024" id="linknoteref-1024">[1024]</a> him to you. This + I should have done sooner, but I delayed his journey in order to make an + inquiry concerning a seal ring which he said was taken from him, upon + which was engraven the figure of Pacorus in his royal robes; I was + desirous (if it could have been found) of transmitting this curiosity to + you, with a small gold nugget which he says he brought from out of the + Parthian mines. I have affixed my seal to it, the impression of which is a + chariot drawn by four horses. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0138" id="link2H_4_0138"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + YOUR freedman and procurator,<a href="#linknote-1025" + name="linknoteref-1025" id="linknoteref-1025">[1025]</a> Maximus, behaved, + Sir, during all the time we were together, with great probity, attention, + and diligence; as one strongly attached to your interest, and strictly + observant of discipline. This testimony I willingly give him; and I give + it with all the fidelity I owe you. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0139" id="link2H_4_0139"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + AFTER having experienced, Sir, in Gabius Bassus, who commands on the + Pontic<a href="#linknote-1026" name="linknoteref-1026" + id="linknoteref-1026">[1026]</a> coast, the greatest integrity, honour, + and diligence, as well as the most particular respect to myself, I cannot + refuse him my best wishes and suffrage; and I give them to him with all + that fidelity which is due to you. I have found him abundantly qualified + by having served in the army under you; and it is owing to the advantages + of your discipline that he has learned to merit your favour. The soldiery + and the people here, who have had full experience of his justice and + humanity, rival each other in that glorious testimony they give of his + conduct, both in public and in private; and I certify this with all the + sincerity you have a right to expect from me. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0140" id="link2H_4_0140"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + NYMPHIDIUS Lupus,<a href="#linknote-1027" name="linknoteref-1027" + id="linknoteref-1027">[1027]</a> Sir, and myself, served in the army + together; he commanded a body of the auxiliary forces at the same time + that I was military tribune; and it was from thence my affection for him + began. A long acquaintance has since mutually endeared and strengthened + our friendship. For this reason I did violence to his repose, and insisted + upon his attending me into Bithynia, as my assessor in council. He most + readily granted me this proof of his friendship; and without any regard to + the plea of age, or the ease of retirement, he shared, and continues to + share, with me, the fatigue of public business. I consider his relations, + therefore, as my own; in which number Nymphidius Lupus, his son, claims my + particular regard. He is a youth of great merit and indefatigable + application, and in every respect well worthy of so excellent a father. + The early proof he gave of his merit, when he commanded a regiment of + foot, shows him to be equal to any honour you may think proper to confer + upon him; and it gained him the strongest testimony of approbation from + those most illustrious personages, Julius Ferox and Fuscus Salinator. And + I will add, Sir, that I shall rejoice in any accession of dignity which he + shall receive as an occasion of particular satisfaction to myself. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0141" id="link2H_4_0141"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I BEG your determination, Sir, on a point I am exceedingly doubtful about: + it is whether I should place the public slaves<a href="#linknote-1028" + name="linknoteref-1028" id="linknoteref-1028">[1028]</a> as sentries round + the prisons of the several cities in this province (as has been hitherto + the practice) or employ a party of soldiers for that purpose? On the one + hand, I am afraid the public slaves will not attend this duty with the + fidelity they ought; and on the other, that it will engage too large a + body of the soldiery. In the meanwhile I have joined a few of the latter + with the former. I am apprehensive, however, there may be some danger that + this method will occasion a general neglect of duty, as it will afford + them a mutual opportunity of throwing the blame upon each other. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0142" id="link2H_4_0142"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THERE is no occasion, my dearest Secundus, to draw off any soldiers in + order to guard the prisons. Let us rather persevere in the ancient customs + observed in this province, of employing the public slaves for that + purpose; and the fidelity with which they shall execute their duty will + depend much upon your care and strict discipline. It is greatly to be + feared, as you observe, if the soldiers should be mixed with the public + slaves, they will mutually trust to each other, and by that means grow so + much the more negligent. But my principal objection is that as few + soldiers as possible should be withdrawn from their standard. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0143" id="link2H_4_0143"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + GABIUS BASSUS, who commands upon the frontiers of Pontica, in a manner + suitable to the respect and duty which he owes you, came to me, and has + been with me, Sir, for several days. As far as I could observe, he is a + person of great merit and worthy of your favour. I acquainted him it was + your order that he should retain only ten beneficiary<a + href="#linknote-1029" name="linknoteref-1029" id="linknoteref-1029">[1029]</a> + soldiers, two horse-guards, and one centurion out of the troops which you + were pleased to assign to my command. He assured me those would not be + sufficient, and that he would write to you accordingly; for which reason I + thought it proper not immediately to recall his supernumeraries. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0144" id="link2H_4_0144"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE received from Gabius Bassus the letter you mention, acquainting me + that the number of soldiers I had ordered him was not sufficient; and for + your information I have directed my answer to be hereunto annexed. It is + very material to distinguish between what the exigency of affairs requires + and what an ambitious desire of extending power may think necessary. As + for ourselves, the public welfare must be our only guide: accordingly it + is incumbent upon us to take all possible care that the soldiers shall not + be absent from their standard. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0145" id="link2H_4_0145"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE PRUSENSES, Sir, having an ancient bath which lies in a ruinous state, + desire your leave to repair it; but, upon examination, I am of opinion it + ought to be rebuilt. I think, therefore, you may indulge them in this + request, as there will be a sufficient fund for that purpose, partly from + those debts which are due from private persons to the public which I am + now collecting in; and partly from what they raise among themselves + towards furnishing the bath with oil, which they are willing to apply to + the carrying on of this building; a work which the dignity of the city and + the splendour of your times seem to demand. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0146" id="link2H_4_0146"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IF the erecting a public bath will not be too great a charge upon the + Prusenses, we may comply with their request; provided, however, that no + new tax be levied for this purpose, nor any of those taken off which are + appropriated to necessary services. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0147" id="link2H_4_0147"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I AM assured, Sir, by your freedman and receiver-general Maximus, that it + is necessary he should have a party of soldiers assigned to him, over and + besides the beneficiarii, which by your orders I allotted to the very + worthy Gemellinus. Those therefore which I found in his service, I thought + proper he should retain, especially as he was going into Paphlagonia,<a + href="#linknote-1030" name="linknoteref-1030" id="linknoteref-1030">[1030]</a> + in order to procure corn. For his better protection likewise, and because + it was his request, I added two of the cavalry. But I beg you would inform + me, in your next despatches, what method you would have me observe for the + future in points of this nature. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0148" id="link2H_4_0148"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXX VII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + As my freedman Maximus was going upon an extraordinary commission to + procure corn, I approve of your having supplied him with a file of + soldiers. But when he shall return to the duties of his former post, I + think two from you and as many from his coadjutor, my receiver-general + Virdius Gemelhinus, will be sufficient. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0149" id="link2H_4_0149"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXVIII To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE very excellent young man Sempronius Caelianus, having discovered two + slaves<a href="#linknote-1031" name="linknoteref-1031" + id="linknoteref-1031">[1031]</a> among the recruits, has sent them to me. + But I deferred passing sentence till I had consulted you, the restorer and + upholder of military discipline, concerning the punishment proper to be + inflicted upon them. My principal doubt is that, whether, although they + have taken the military oath, they are yet entered into any particular + legion. I request you therefore, Sir, to inform me what course I should + pursue in this affair, especially as it concerns example. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0150" id="link2H_4_0150"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XXXIX — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + SEMPRONIUS CAELINUS has acted agreeably to my orders, in sending such + persons to be tried before you as appear to deserve capital punishment. It + is material however, in the case in question, to inquire whether these + slaves in-listed themselves voluntarily, or were chosen by the officers, + or presented as substitutes for others. If they were chosen, the officer + is guilty; if they are substitutes, the blame rests with those who deputed + them; but if, conscious of the legal inabilities of their station, they + presented themselves voluntarily, the punishment must fall upon their own + heads. That they are not yet entered into any legion, makes no great + difference in their case; for they ought to have given a true account of + themselves immediately, upon their being approved as fit for the service. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0151" id="link2H_4_0151"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XL — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + As I have your permission, Sir, to address myself to you in all my doubts, + you will not consider it beneath your dignity to descend to those humbler + affairs which concern my administration of this province. I find there are + in several cities, particularly those of Nicomedia and Nicea, certain + persons who take upon themselves to act as public slaves, and receive an + annual stipend accordingly; notwithstanding they have been condemned + either to the mines, the public games,<a href="#linknote-1032" + name="linknoteref-1032" id="linknoteref-1032">[1032]</a> or other + punishments of the like nature. Having received information of this abuse + I have been long debating with myself what I ought to do. On the one hand, + to send them back again to their respective punishments (many of them + being now grown old, and behaving, as I am assured, with sobriety and + modesty) would, I thought, be proceeding against them too severely; on the + other, to retain convicted criminals in the public service, seemed not + altogether decent. I considered at the same time to support these people + in idleness would be an useless expense to the public; and to leave them + to starve would be dangerous. I was obliged therefore to suspend the + determination of this matter till I could consult with you. You will be + desirous, perhaps, to be informed how it happened that these persons + escaped the punishments to which they were condemned. This enquiry I have + also made, but cannot return you any satisfactory answer. The decrees + against them were indeed produced; but no record appears of their having + ever been reversed. It was asserted, however, that these people were + pardoned upon their petition to the proconsuls, or their lieutenants; + which seems likely to be the truth, as it is improbable any person would + have dared to set them at liberty without authority. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0152" id="link2H_4_0152"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You will remember you were sent into Bithynia for the particular purpose + of correcting those many abuses which appeared in need of reform. Now none + stands more so than that of criminals who have been sentenced to + punishment should not only be set at liberty (as your letter informs me) + without authority; but even appointed to employments which ought only to + be exercised by persons whose characters are irreproachable. Those + therefore among them who have been convicted within these ten years, and + whose sentence has not been reversed by proper authority, must be sent + back again to their respective punishments: but where more than ten years + have elapsed since their conviction, and they are grown old and infirm, + let them he disposed of in such employments as are but few degrees removed + from the punishments to which they were sentenced; that is, either to + attend upon the public baths, cleanse the common sewers, or repair the + streets and highways, the usual offices assigned to such persons. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0153" id="link2H_4_0153"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WHILE I was making a progress in a different part of the province, a most + extensive fire broke out at Nicomedia, which not only consumed several + private houses, but also two public buildings; the town-house and the + temple of Isis, though they stood on contrary sides of the street. The + occasion of its spreading thus far was partly owing to the violence of the + wind, and partly to the indolence of the people, who, manifestly, stood + idle and motionless spectators of this terrible calamity. The truth is the + city was not furnished with either engines, <a + href="#linknote-1033" name="linknoteref-1033" id="linknoteref-1033">[1033]</a>buckets, or any single + instrument suitable for extinguishing fires; which I have now however + given directions to have prepared. You will consider, Sir, whether it may + not be advisable to institute a company of fire-men, consisting only of + one hundred and fifty members. I will take care none but those of that + business shall be admitted into it, and that the privileges granted them + shall not be applied to any other purpose. As this corporate body will be + restricted to so small a number of members, it will be easy to keep them + under proper regulation. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0154" id="link2H_4_0154"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You are of opinion it would be proper to establish a company of firemen in + Nicomedia, agreeably to what has been practised in several other cities. + But it is to be remembered that societies of this sort have greatly + disturbed the peace of the province in general, and of those cities in + particular. Whatever name we give them, and for whatever purposes they may + be founded, they will not fail to form themselves into factious + assemblies, however short their meetings may be. It will therefore be + safer to provide such machines as are of service in extinguishing fires, + enjoining the owners of houses to assist in preventing the mischief from + spreading, and, if it should be necessary, to call in the aid of the + populace. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0155" id="link2H_4_0155"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WE have acquitted, Sir, and renewed our annual vows<a href="#linknote-1034" + name="linknoteref-1034" id="linknoteref-1034">[1034]</a> for your + prosperity, in which that of the empire is essentially involved, imploring + the gods to grant us ever thus to pay and thus to repeat them. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0156" id="link2H_4_0156"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I RECEIVED the satisfaction, my dearest Secundus, of being informed by + your letter that you, together with the people under your government, have + both discharged and renewed your vows to the immortal gods for my health + and happiness. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0157" id="link2H_4_0157"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE citizens of Nicomedia, Sir, have expended three millions three hundred + and twenty-nine sesterces<a href="#linknote-1035" name="linknoteref-1035" + id="linknoteref-1035">[1035]</a> in building an aqueduct; but, not being + able to finish it, the works are entirely falling to ruin. They made a + second attempt in another place, where they laid out two millions.<a + href="#linknote-1036" name="linknoteref-1036" id="linknoteref-1036">[1036]</a> + But this likewise is discontinued; so that, after having been at an + immense charge to no purpose, they must still be at a further expense, in + order to be accommodated with water. I have examined a fine spring from + whence the water may be conveyed over arches (as was attempted in their + first design) in such a manner that the higher as well as level and low + parts of the city may be supplied. There are still remaining a very few of + the old arches; and the square stones, however, employed in the former + building, may be used in turning the new arches. I am of opinion part + should be raised with brick, as that will be the easier and cheaper + material. But that this work may not meet with the same ill-success as the + former, it will be necessary to send here an architect, or some one + skilled in the construction of this kind of waterworks. And I will venture + to say, from the beauty and usefulness of the design, it will be an + erection well worthy the splendour of your times. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0158" id="link2H_4_0158"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLVII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + CARE must be taken to supply the city of Nicomedia with water; and that + business, I am well persuaded, you will perform with all the diligence you + ought. But really it is no less incumbent upon you to examine by whose + misconduct it has happened that such large sums have been thrown away upon + this, lest they apply the money to private purposes, and the aqueduct in + question, like the preceding, should be begun, and afterwards left + unfinished. You will let me know the result of your inquiry. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0160" id="link2H_4_0160"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE citizens of Nicea, Sir; are building a theatre, which, though it is + not yet finished, has already exhausted, as I am informed (for I have not + examined the account myself), above ten millions of sesterces;<a + href="#linknote-1037" name="linknoteref-1037" id="linknoteref-1037">[1037]</a> + and, what is worse, I fear to no purpose. For either from the foundation + being laid in soft, marshy ground, or that the stone itself is light and + crumbling, the walls are sinking, and cracked from top to bottom. It + deserves your consideration, therefore, whether it would be best to carry + on this work, or entirely discontinue it, or rather, perhaps, whether it + would not be most prudent absolutely to destroy it: for the buttresses and + foundations by means of which it is from time to time kept up appear to me + more expensive than solid. Several private persons have undertaken to + build the compartment of this theatre at their own expense, some engaging + to erect the portico, others the galleries over the pit:<a + href="#linknote-1038" name="linknoteref-1038" id="linknoteref-1038">[1038]</a> + but this design cannot be executed, as the principal building which ought + first to be completed is now at a stand. This city is also rebuilding, + upon a far more enlarged plan, the gymnasium,<a href="#linknote-1039" + name="linknoteref-1039" id="linknoteref-1039">[1039]</a> which was burnt + down before my arrival in the province. They have already been at some + (and, I rather fear, a fruitless) expense. The structure is not only + irregular and ill-proportioned, but the present architect (who, it must be + owned, is a rival to the person who was first employed) asserts that the + walls, although twenty-two feet<a href="#linknote-1040" + name="linknoteref-1040" id="linknoteref-1040">[1040]</a> in thickness, are + not strong enough to support the superstructure, as the interstices are + filled up with quarrystones, and the walls are not overlaid with + brickwork. Also the inhabitants of Claudiopolis<a href="#linknote-1041" + name="linknoteref-1041" id="linknoteref-1041">[1041]</a> are sinking (I + cannot call it erecting) a large public bath, upon a low spot of ground + which lies at the foot of a mountain. The fund appropriated for the + carrying on of this work arises from the money which those honorary + members you were pleased to add to the senate paid (or, at least, are + ready to pay whenever I call upon them) for their admission.<a + href="#linknote-1042" name="linknoteref-1042" id="linknoteref-1042">[1042]</a> + As I am afraid, therefore, the public money in the city of Nicea, and + (what is infinitely more valuable than any pecuniary consideration) your + bounty in that of Nicopolis, should be ill applied, I must desire you to + send hither an architect to inspect, not only the theatre, but the bath; + in order to consider whether, after all the expense which has already been + laid out, it will be better to finish them upon the present plan, or alter + the one, and remove the other, in as far as may seem necessary: for + otherwise we may perhaps throw away our future cost in endeavoring not to + lose what we have already expended. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0161" id="link2H_4_0161"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XLIX — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You, who are upon the spot, will best be able to consider and determine + what is proper to be done concerning the theatre which the inhabitants of + Nicea are building; as for myself, it will be sufficient if you let me + know your determination. With respect to the particular parts of this + theatre which are to be raised at a private charge, you will see those + engagements fulfilled when the body of the building to which they are to + be annexed shall be finished. — These paltry Greeks<a + href="#linknote-1043" name="linknoteref-1043" id="linknoteref-1043">[1043]</a> + are, I know, immoderately fond of gymnastic diversions, and therefore, + perhaps, the citizens of Nicea have planned a more magnificent building + for this purpose than is necessary; however, they must be content with + such as will be sufficient to answer the purpose for which it is intended. + I leave it entirely to you to persuade the Claudiopolitani as you shall + think proper with regard to their bath, which they have placed, it seems, + in a very improper situation. As there is no province that is not + furnished with men of skill and ingenuity, you cannot possibly want + architects; unless you think it the shortest way to procure them from + Rome, when it is generally from Greece that they come to us. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0162" id="link2H_4_0162"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + L — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WHEN I reflect upon the splendour of your exalted station, and the + magnanimity of your spirit, nothing, I am persuaded, can be more suitable + to both than to point out to you such works as are worthy of your glorious + and immortal name, as being no less useful than magnificent. Bordering + upon the territories of the city of Nicomedia is a most extensive lake; + over which marbles, fruits, woods, and all kinds of materials, the + commodities of the country, are brought over in boats up to the high-road, + at little trouble and expense, but from thence are conveyed in carriages + to the sea-side, at a much greater charge and with great labour. To remedy + this inconvenience, many hands will be in request; but upon such an + occasion they cannot be wanting: for the country, and particularly the + city, is exceedingly populous; and one may assuredly hope that every + person will readily engage in a work which will be of universal benefit. + It only remains then to send hither, if you shall think proper, a surveyor + or an architect, in order to examine whether the lake lies above the level + of the sea; the engineers of this province being of opinion that the + former is higher by forty cubits,<a href="#linknote-1044" + name="linknoteref-1044" id="linknoteref-1044">[1044]</a> I find there is + in the neighbourhood of this place a large canal, which was cut by a king + of this country; but as it is left unfinished, it is uncertain whether it + was for the purpose of draining the adjacent fields, or making a + communication between the lake and the river. It is equally doubtful too + whether the death of the king, or the despair of being able to accomplish + the design, prevented the completion of it. If this was the reason, I am + so much the more eager and warmly desirous, for the sake of your + illustrious character (and I hope you will pardon me the ambition), that + you may have the glory of executing what kings could only attempt. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0163" id="link2H_4_0163"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THERE is something in the scheme you propose of opening a communication + between the lake and the sea, which may, perhaps, tempt me to consent. But + you must first carefully examine the situation of this body of water, what + quantity it contains, and from whence it is supplied; lest, by giving it + an opening into the sea, it should be totally drained. You may apply to + Calpurnius Macer for an engineer, and I will also send you from hence some + one skilled in works of this nature. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0164" id="link2H_4_0164"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + UPON examining into the public expenses of the city of Byzantium, which, I + find, are extremely great, I was informed, Sir, that the appointments of + the ambassador whom they send yearly to you with their homage, and the + decree which passes in the senate upon that occasion, amount to twelve + thousand sesterces.<a href="#linknote-1045" name="linknoteref-1045" + id="linknoteref-1045">[1045]</a> But knowing the generous maxims of your + government, I thought proper to send the decree without the ambassador, + that, at the same time they discharged their public duty to you, their + expense incurred in the manner of paying it might be lightened. This city + is likewise taxed with the sum of three thousand sesterces<a + href="#linknote-1046" name="linknoteref-1046" id="linknoteref-1046">[1046]</a> + towards defraying the expense of an envoy, whom they annually send to + compliment the governor of Moesia: this expense I have also directed to be + spared. I beg, Sir, you would deign either to confirm my judgment or + correct my error in these points, by acquainting me with your sentiments. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0165" id="link2H_4_0165"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I ENTIRELY approve, my dearest Secundus, of your having excused the + Byzantines that expense of twelve thousand sesterces in sending an + ambassador to me. I shall esteem their duty as sufficiently paid, though I + only receive the act of their senate through your hands. The governor of + Moesia must likewise excuse them if they compliment him at a less expense. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0166" id="link2H_4_0166"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I BEG, Sir, you would settle a doubt I have concerning your diplomas;<a + href="#linknote-1047" name="linknoteref-1047" id="linknoteref-1047">[1047]</a> + whether you think proper that those diplomas the dates of which are + expired shall continue in force, and for how long? For I am apprehensive I + may, through ignorance, either confirm such of these instruments as are + illegal or prevent the effect of those which are necessary. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0167" id="link2H_4_0167"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THE diplomas whose dates are expired must by no means be made use of. For + which reason it is an inviolable rule with me to send new instruments of + this kind into all the provinces before they are immediately wanted. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0168" id="link2H_4_0168"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + UPON intimating, Sir, my intention to the city of Apamea,<a + href="#linknote-1048" name="linknoteref-1048" id="linknoteref-1048">[1048]</a> + of examining into the state of their public dues, their revenue and + expenses, they told me they were all extremely willing I should inspect + their accounts, but that no proconsul had ever yet looked them over, as + they had a privilege (and that of a very ancient date) of administering + the affairs of their corporation in the manner they thought proper. I + required them to draw up a memorial of what they then asserted, which I + transmit to you precisely as I received it; though I am sensible it + contains several things foreign to the question. I beg you will deign to + instruct me as to how I am to act in this affair, for I should be + extremely sorry either to exceed or fall short of the duties of my + commission. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0169" id="link2H_4_0169"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LVII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THE memorial of the Apanieans annexed to your letter has saved me the + necessity of considering the reasons they suggest why the former + proconsuls forbore to inspect their accounts, since they are willing to + submit them to your examination. Their honest compliance deserves to be + rewarded; and they may be assured the enquiry you are to make in pursuance + of my orders shall be with a full reserve to their privileges. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0170" id="link2H_4_0170"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LVIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE Nicomedians, Sir, before my arrival in this province, had begun to + build a new forum adjoining their former, in a corner of which stands an + ancient temple dedicated to the mother of the gods.<a href="#linknote-1049" + name="linknoteref-1049" id="linknoteref-1049">[1049]</a> This fabric must + either be repaired or removed, and for this reason chiefly, because it is + a much lower building than that very lofty one which is now in process of + erection. Upon enquiry whether this temple had been consecrated, I was + informed that their ceremonies of dedication differ from ours. You will be + pleased therefore, Sir, to consider whether a temple which has not been + consecrated according to our rites may be removed,<a href="#linknote-1040b" + name="linknoteref-1040b" id="linknoteref-1040b">[1040b]</a> consistently + with the reverence due to religion: for, if there should be no objection + from that quarter, the removal in every other respect would be extremely + convenient. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0171" id="link2H_4_0171"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LIX — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You may without scruple, my dearest Secundus, if the situation requires + it, remove the temple of the mother of the gods, from the place where it + now stands, to any other spot more convenient. You need be under no + difficulty with respect to the act of dedication; for the ground of a + foreign city <a href="#linknote-1041b" name="linknoteref-1041b" + id="linknoteref-1041b">[1041b]</a> is not capable of receiving that kind + of consecration which is sanctified by our laws. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0172" id="link2H_4_0172"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WE have celebrated, Sir (with those sentiments of joy your virtues so + justly merit), the day of your accession to the empire, which was also its + preservation, imploring the gods to preserve you in health and prosperity; + for upon your welfare the security and repose of the world depends. I + renewed at the same time the oath of allegiance at the head of the army, + which repeated it after me in the usual form, the people of the province + zealously concurring in the same oath. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0173" id="link2H_4_0173"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + YOUR letter, my dearest Secundus, was extremely acceptable, as it informed + me of the zeal and affection with which you, together with the army and + the provincials, solemnised the day of my accession to the empire. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0174" id="link2H_4_0174"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE debts which we are owing to the public are, by the prudence, Sir, of + your counsels, and the care of my administration, either actually paid in + or now being collected: but I am afraid the money must lie unemployed. For + as on one side there are few or no opportunities of purchasing land, so, + on the other, one cannot meet with any person who is willing to borrow of + the public <a href="#linknote-1042b" name="linknoteref-1042b" + id="linknoteref-1042b">[1042b]</a> (especially at 12 per cent, interest) + when they can raise money upon the same terms from private sources. You + will consider then, Sir, whether it may not be advisable, in order to + invite responsible persons to take this money, to lower the interest; or + if that scheme should not succeed, to place it in the hands of the + decurii, upon their giving sufficient security to the public. And though + they should not be willing to receive it, yet as the rate of interest will + be diminished, the hardship will be so much the less. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0175" id="link2H_4_0175"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I AGREE with you, my dear Pliny, that there seems to be no other method of + facilitating the placing out of the public money than by lowering the + interest; the measure of which you will determine according to the number + of the borrowers. But to compel persons to receive it who are not disposed + to do so, when possibly they themselves may have no opportunity of + employing it, is by no means consistent with the justice of my government. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0176" id="link2H_4_0176"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXIV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I RETURN you my warmest acknowledgments, Sir, that, among the many + important occupations in which you are engaged you have condescended to be + my guide on those points on which I have consulted you: a favour which I + must now again beseech you to grant me. A certain person presented himself + with a complaint that his adversaries, who had been banished for three + years by the illustrious Servilius Calvus, still remained in the province: + they, on the contrary, affirmed that Calvus had revoked their sentence, + and produced his edict to that effect. I thought it necessary therefore to + refer the whole affair to you. For as I have your express orders not to + restore any person who has been sentenced to banishment either by myself + or others so I have no directions with respect to those who, having been + banished by some of my predecessors in this government, have by them also + been restored. It is necessary for me, therefore, to beg you would inform + me, Sir, how I am to act with regard to the above- mentioned persons, as + well as others, who, after having been condemned to perpetual banishment, + have been found in the province without permission to return; for cases of + that nature have likewise fallen under my cognisance. A person was brought + before me who had been sentenced to perpetual exile by the proconsul + Julius Bassus, but knowing that the acts of Bassus, during his + administration, had been rescinded, and that the senate had granted leave + to all those who had fallen under his condemnation of appealing from his + decision at any time within the space of two years, I enquired of this man + whether he had, accordingly, stated his case to the proconsul. He replied + he had not. I beg then you would inform me whether you would have him sent + back into exile or whether you think some more severe and what kind of + punishment should be inflicted upon him, and such others who may hereafter + be found under the same circumstances. I have annexed to my letter the + decree of Calvus, and the edict by which the persons above-mentioned were + restored, as also the decree of Bassus. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0177" id="link2H_4_0177"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I WILL let you know my determination concerning those exiles which were + banished for three years by the proconsul P. Servilius Calvus, and soon + afterwards restored to the province by his edict, when I shall have + informed myself from him of the reasons of this proceeding. With respect + to that person who was sentenced to perpetual banishment by Julius Bassus, + yet continued to remain in the province, without making his appeal if he + thought himself aggrieved (though he had two years given him for that + purpose), I would have sent in chains to my praetorian prefects: <a + href="#linknote-1043b" name="linknoteref-1043b" id="linknoteref-1043b">[1043b]</a> + for, only to remand him back to a punishment which he has contumaciously + eluded will by no means be a sufficient punishment. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0178" id="link2H_4_0178"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXVI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WHEN I cited the judges, Sir, to attend me at a sessions <a + href="#linknote-1044b" name="linknoteref-1044b" id="linknoteref-1044b">[1044b]</a> + which I was going to hold, Flavius Archippus claimed the privilege of + being excused as exercising the profession of a philosopher. <a + href="#linknote-1045b" name="linknoteref-1045b" id="linknoteref-1045b">[1045b]</a> + It was alleged by some who were present that he ought not only to be + excused from that office, but even struck out of the rolls of judges, and + remanded back to the punishment from which he had escaped, by breaking his + chains. At the same time a sentence of the proconsul Velius Paullus was + read, by which it appeared that Archippus had been condemned to the mines + for forgery. He had nothing to produce in proof of this sentence having + ever been reversed. He alleged, however, in favour of his restitution, a + petition which he presented to Domitian, together with a letter from that + prince, and a decree of the Prusensians in his honour. To these he + subjoined a letter which he had received from you; as also an edict and a + letter of your august father confirming the grants which had been made to + him by Domitian. For these reasons, notwithstandng crimes of so atrocious + a nature were laid to his charge, I did not think proper to determine + anything concerning him, without first consulting with you, as it is an + affair which seems to merit your particular decision. I have transmitted + to you, with this letter, the several allegations on both sides. + </p> + <p> + DOMITIAN'S LETTER TO TERENTIUS MAXIMUS + </p> + <p> + "Flavius Archippus the philosopher has prevailed with me to give an order + that six hundred thousand sesterces <a href="#linknote-1046b" + name="linknoteref-1046b" id="linknoteref-1046b">[1046b]</a> be laid out in + the purchase of an estate for the support of him and his family, in the + neighbourhood of Prusias, <a href="#linknote-1047b" + name="linknoteref-1047b" id="linknoteref-1047b">[1047b]</a> his native + country. Let this be accordingly done; and place that sum to the account + of my benefactions." + </p> + <p> + FROM THE SAME TO L. APPIUS MAXIMUS + </p> + <p> + "I recommend, my dear Maximus, to your protection that worthy philosopher + Archippus; a person whose moral conduct is agreeable to the principles of + the philosophy he professes; and I would have you pay entire regard to + whatever he shall reasonably request." + </p> + <p> + THE EDICT OF THE EMPEROR NERVA + </p> + <p> + "There are some points no doubt, Quirites, concerning which the happy + tenour of my government is a sufficient indication of my sentiments; and a + good prince need not give an express declaration in matters wherein his + intention cannot but be clearly understood. Every citizen in the empire + will bear me witness that I gave up my private repose to the security of + the public, and in order that I might have the pleasure of dispensing new + bounties of my own, as also of confirming those which had been granted by + predecessors. But lest the memory of him <a href="#linknote-1048b" + name="linknoteref-1048b" id="linknoteref-1048b">[1048b]</a> who conferred + these grants, or the diffidence of those who received them, should + occasion any interruption to the public joy, I thought it as necessary as + it is agreeable to me to obviate these suspicions by assuring them of my + indulgence. I do not wish any man who has obtained a private or a public + privilege from one of the former emperors to imagine he is to be deprived + of such a privilege, merely that he may owe the restoration of it to me; + nor need any who have received the gratifications of imperial favour + petition me to have them confirmed. Rather let them leave me at leisure + for conferring new grants, under the assurance that I am only to be + solicited for those bounties which have not already been obtained, and + which the happier fortune of the empire has put it in my power to bestow." + </p> + <p> + FROM THE SAME TO TULLIUS JUSTUS + </p> + <p> + "Since I have publicly decreed that all acts begun and accomplished in + former reigns should be confirmed, the letters of Domitian must remain + valid." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0179" id="link2H_4_0179"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + FLAVIUS ARCHIPPUS has conjured me, by all my vows for your prosperity, and + by your immortal glory, that I would transmit to you the memorial which he + presented to me. I could not refuse a request couched in such terms; + however, I acquainted the prosecutrix with this my intention, from whom I + have also received a memorial on her part. I have annexed them both to + this letter; that by hearing, as it were, each party, you may the better + be enabled to decide. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0180" id="link2H_4_0180"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LX VIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IT is possible that Domitian might have been ignorant of the circumstances + in which Archippus was when he wrote the letter so much to that + philosopher's credit. However, it is more agreeable to my disposition to + suppose that prince designed he should be restored to his former + situation; especially since he so often had the honour of a statue decreed + to him by those who could not be ignorant of the sentence pronounced + against him by the proconsul Paullus. But I do not mean to intimate, my + dear Pliny, that if any new charge should be brought against him, you + should be the less disposed to hear his accusers. I have examined the + memorial of his prosecutrix, Furia Prima, as well as that of Archippus + himself, which you sent with your last letter. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0181" id="link2H_4_0181"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE apprehensions you express, Sir, that the lake will be in danger of + being entirely drained if a communication should be opened between that + and the sea, by means of the river, are agreeable to that prudence and + forethought you so eminently possess; but I think I have found a method to + obviate that inconvenience. A channel may be cut from the lake up to the + river so as not quite to join them, leaving just a narrow strip of land + between, preserving the lake; by this means it will not only be kept quite + separate from the river, but all the same purposes will be answered as if + they were united: for it will be extremely easy to convey over that little + intervening ridge whatever goods shall be brought down by the canal. This + is a scheme which may be pursued, if it should be found necessary; but I + hope there will be no occasion to have recourse to it. For, in the first + place, the lake itself is pretty deep; and in the next, by damming up the + river which runs from it on the opposite side and turning its course as we + shall find expedient, the same quantity of water may be retained. Besides, + there are several brooks near the place where it is proposed the channel + shall be cut which, if skilfully collected, will supply the lake with + water in proportion to what it shall discharge. But if you should rather + approve of the channel's being extended farther and cut narrower, and so + conveyed directly into the sea, without running into the river, the reflux + of the tide will return whatever it receives from the lake. After all, if + the nature of the place should not admit of any of these schemes, the + course of the water may be checked by sluices. These, however, and many + other particulars, will be more skilfully examined into by the engineer, + whom, indeed, Sir, you ought to send, according to your promise, for it is + an enterprise well worthy of your attention and magnificence. In the + meanwhile, I have written to the illustrious Calpurnius Macer, in + pursuance of your orders, to send me the most skilful engineer to be had. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0182" id="link2H_4_0182"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXX — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IT is evident, my dearest Secundus, that neither your prudence nor your + care has been wanting in this affair of the lake, since, in order to + render it of more general benefit, you have provided so many expedients + against the danger of its being drained. I leave it to your own choice to + pursue whichever of the schemes shall be thought most proper. Calpurnius + Macer will furnish you, no doubt, with an engineer, as artificers of that + kind are not wanting in his province. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0183" id="link2H_4_0183"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + A VERY considerable question, Sir, in which the whole province is + interested, has been lately started, concerning the state <a + href="#linknote-1049b" name="linknoteref-1049b" id="linknoteref-1049b">[1049b]</a> + and maintenance of deserted children.<a href="#linknote-1050" + name="linknoteref-1050" id="linknoteref-1050">[1050]</a> I have examined + the constitutions of former princes upon this head, but not finding + anything in them relating, either in general or particular, to the + Bithynians, I thought it necessary to apply to you for your directions: + for in a point which seems to require the special interposition of your + authority, I could not content myself with following precedents. An edict + of the emperor Augustus (as pretended) was read to me, concerning one + Annia; as also a letter from Vespasian to the Lacedaemonians, and another + from Titus to the same, with one likewise from him to the Achaeans, also + some letters from Domitian, directed to the proconsuls Avidius Nigrinus + and Armenius Brocchus, together with one from that prince to the + Lacedaemonians: but I have not transmitted them to you, as they were not + correct (and some of them too of doubtful authenticity), and also because + I imagine the true copies are preserved in your archives. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0184" id="link2H_4_0184"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXII TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THE question concerning children who were exposed by their parents, and + afterwards preserved by others, and educated in a state of servitude, + though born free, has been frequently discussed; but I do not find in the + constitutions of the princes my predecessors any general regulation upon + this head, extending to all the provinces. There are, indeed, some + rescripts of Domitian to Avidius Nigrinus and Armenhis Brocchus, which + ought to be observed; but Bithynia is not comprehended in the provinces + therein mentioned. I am of opinion therefore that the claims of those who + assert their right of freedom upon this footing should be allowed; without + obliging them to purchase their liberty by repaying the money advanced for + their maintenance.<a href="#linknote-1051" name="linknoteref-1051" + id="linknoteref-1051">[1051]</a> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0185" id="link2H_4_0185"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + HAVING been petitioned by some persons to grant them the liberty + (agreeably to the practice of former proconsuls) of removing the relics of + their deceased relations, upon the suggestion that either their monuments + were decayed by age or ruined by the inundations of the river, or for + other reasons of the same kind, I thought proper, Sir, knowing that in + cases of this nature it is usual at Rome to apply to the college of + priests, to consult you, who are the sovereign of that sacred order, as to + how you would have me act in this case. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0186" id="link2H_4_0186"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXX IV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IT will be a hardship upon the provincials to oblige them to address + themselves to the college of priests whenever they may have just reasons + for removing the ashes of their ancestors. In this case, therefore, it + will be better you should follow the example of the governors your + predecessors, and grant or deny them this liberty as you shall see + reasonable. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0187" id="link2H_4_0187"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE enquired, Sir, at Prusa, for a proper place on which to erect the + bath you were pleased to allow that city to build, and I have found one to + my satisfaction. It is upon the site where formerly, I am told, stood a + very beautiful mansion, but which is now entirely fallen into ruins. By + fixing upon that spot, we shall gain the advantage of ornamenting the city + in a part which at present is exceedingly deformed, and enlarging it at + the same time without removing any of the buildings; only restoring one + which is fallen to decay. There are some circumstances attending this + structure of which it is proper I should inform you. Claudius Polyaenus + bequeathed it to the emperor Claudius Cęsar, with directions that a temple + should be erected to that prince in a colonnade-court, and that the + remainder of the house should be let in apartments. The city received the + rents for a considerable time; but partly by its having been plundered, + and partly by its being neglected, the whole house, colonnade-court, and + all, is entirely gone to ruin, and there is now scarcely anything + remaining of it but the ground upon which it stood. If you shall think + proper, Sir, either to give or sell this spot of ground to the city, as it + lies so conveniently for their purpose, they will receive it as a most + particular favour. I intend, with your permission, to place the bath in + the vacant area, and to extend a range of porticoes with seats in that + part where the former edifice stood. This new erection I purpose + dedicating to you, by whose bounty it will rise with all the elegance and + magnificence worthy of your glorious name. I have sent you a copy of the + will, by which, though it is inaccurate, you will see that Polyaenus left + several articles of ornament for the embellishment of this house; but + these also are lost with all the rest: I will, however, make the strictest + enquiry after them that I am able. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0188" id="link2H_4_0188"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + 1 HAVE no objection to the Prusenses making use of the ruined court and + house, which you say are untenanted, for the erection of their bath. But + it is not sufficiently clear by your letter whether the temple in the + centre of the colonnade-court was actually dedicated to Claudius or not; + for if it were, it is still consecrated ground.<a href="#linknote-1052" + name="linknoteref-1052" id="linknoteref-1052">[1052]</a> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0189" id="link2H_4_0189"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE been pressed by some persons to take upon myself the enquiry of + causes relating to claims of freedom by birth-right, agreeably to a + rescript of Domitian's to Minucius Rufus, and the practice of former + proconsuls. But upon casting my eye on the decree of the senate concerning + cases of this nature, I find it only mentions the proconsular provinces.<a + href="#linknote-1053" name="linknoteref-1053" id="linknoteref-1053">[1053]</a> + I have therefore, Sir, deferred interfering in this affair, till I shall + receive your instructions as to how you would have me proceed. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0190" id="link2H_4_0190"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IF you will send me the decree of the senate, which occasioned your doubt, + I shall be able to judge whether it is proper you should take upon + yourself the enquiry of causes relating to claims of freedom by + birth-right. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0191" id="link2H_4_0191"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + JULIUS LARGUS, of Ponus<a href="#linknote-1054" name="linknoteref-1054" + id="linknoteref-1054">[1054]</a> (a person whom I never saw nor indeed + ever heard his name till lately), in confidence, Sir, of your + distinguishing judgment in my favour, has entrusted me with the execution + of the last instance of his loyalty towards you. He has left me, by his + will, his estate upon trust, in the first place to receive out of it fifty + thousand sesterces<a href="#linknote-1055" name="linknoteref-1055" + id="linknoteref-1055">[1055]</a> for my own use, and to apply the + remainder for the benefit of the cities of Heraclea and Tios,<a + href="#linknote-1056" name="linknoteref-1056" id="linknoteref-1056">[1056]</a> + either by erecting some public edifice dedicated to your honour or + instituting athletic games, according as I shall judge proper. These games + are to be celebrated every five years, and to be called Trajan's games. My + principal reason for acquainting you with this bequest is that I may + receive your directions which of the respective alternatives to choose. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0192" id="link2H_4_0192"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXX — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + By the prudent choice Julius Largus has made of a trustee, one would + imagine he had known you perfectly well. You will consider then what will + most tend to perpetuate his memory, under the circumstances of the + respective cities, and make your option accordingly. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0193" id="link2H_4_0193"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + You acted agreeably, Sir, to your usual prudence and foresight in ordering + the illustrious Calpurnius Macer to send a legionary centurion to + Byzantium: you will consider whether the city of Juliopolis' does not + deserve the same regard, which, though it is extremely small, sustains + very great burthens, and is so much the more exposed to injuries as it is + less capable of resisting them. Whatever benefits you shall confer upon + that city will in effect be advantageous to the whole country; for it is + situated at the entrance of Bithynia, and is the town through which all + who travel into this province generally pass. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0194" id="link2H_4_0194"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THE circumstances of the city of Byzantium are such, by the great + confluence of strangers to it, that I held it incumbent upon me, and + consistent with the customs of former reigns, to send thither a legionary + centurion's guard to preserve the privileges of that state. But if we + should distinguish the city of Juliopolis<a href="#linknote-1057" + name="linknoteref-1057" id="linknoteref-1057">[1057]</a> in the same way, + it will be introducing a precedent for many others, whose claim to that + favour will rise in proportion to their want of strength. I have so much + confidence, however, in your administration as to believe you will omit no + method of protecting them from injuries. If any persons shall act contrary + to the discipline I have enjoined, let them be instantly corrected; or if + they happen to be soldiers, and their crimes should be too enormous for + immediate chastisement, I would have them sent to their officers, with an + account of the particular misdemeanour you shall find they have been + guilty of; but if the delinquents should be on their way to Rome, inform + me by letter. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0195" id="link2H_4_0195"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + BY a law of Pompey's<a href="#linknote-1058" name="linknoteref-1058" + id="linknoteref-1058">[1058]</a> concerning the Bithynians, it is enacted, + Sir, that no person shall be a magistrate, or be chosen into the senate, + under the age of thirty. By the same law it is declared that those who + have exercised the office of magistrate are qualified to be members of the + senate. Subsequent to this law, the emperor Augustus published an edict, + by which it was ordained that persons of the age of twenty-two should be + capable of being magistrates. The question therefore is whether those who + have exercised the functions of a magistrate before the age of thirty may + be legally chosen into the senate by the censors?<a href="#linknote-1059" + name="linknoteref-1059" id="linknoteref-1059">[1059]</a> And if so, + whether, by the same kind of construction, they may be elected senators, + at the age which entitles them to be magistrates, though they should not + actually have borne any office? A custom which, it seems, has hitherto + been observed, and is said to be expedient, as it is rather better that + persons of noble birth should be admitted into the senate than those of + plebeian rank. The censors elect having desired my sentiments upon this + point, I was of opinion that both by the law of Pompey and the edict of + Augustus those who had exercised the magistracy before the age of thirty + might be chosen into the senate; and for this reason, because the edict + allows the office of magistrate to be undertaken before thirty; and the + law declares that whoever has been a magistrate should be eligible for the + senate. But with respect to those who never discharged any office in the + state, though they were of the age required for that purpose, I had some + doubt: and therefore, Sir, I apply to you for your directions. I have + subjoined to this letter the heads of the law, together with the edict of + Augustus. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0196" id="link2H_4_0196"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I AGREE with you, my dearest Secundus, in your construction, and am of + opinion that the law of Pompey is so far repealed by the edict of the + emperor Augustus that those persons who are not less than twenty-two years + of age may execute the office of magistrates, and, when they have, may be + received into the senate of their respective cities. But I think that they + who are under thirty years of age, and have not discharged the function of + a magistrate, cannot, upon pretence that in point of years they were + competent to the office, legally be elected into the senate of their + several communities. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0197" id="link2H_4_0197"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WHILST I was despatching some public affairs, Sir, at my apartments in + Prusa, at the foot of Olympus, with the intention of leaving that city the + same day, the magistrate Asclepiades informed me that Eumolpus had + appealed to me from a motion which Cocceianus Dion made in their senate. + Dion, it seems, having been appointed supervisor of a public building, + desired that it might be assigned<a href="#linknote-1060" + name="linknoteref-1060" id="linknoteref-1060">[1060]</a> to the city in + form. Eumolpus, who was counsel for Flavius Archippus, insisted that Dion + should first be required to deliver in his accounts relating to this work, + before it was assigned to the corporation; suggesting that he had not + acted in the manner he ought. He added, at the same time, that in this + building, in which your statue is erected, the bodies of Dion's wife and + son are entombed,<a href="#linknote-1061" name="linknoteref-1061" + id="linknoteref-1061">[1061]</a> and urged me to hear this cause in the + public court of judicature. Upon my at once assenting to his request, and + deferring my journey for that purpose, he desired a longer day in order to + prepare matters for hearing, and that I would try this cause in some other + city. I appointed the city of Nicea; where, when I had taken my seat, the + same Eumolpus, pretending not to be yet sufficiently instructed, moved + that the trial might be again put off: Dion, on the contrary, insisted it + should be heard. They debated this point very fully on both sides, and + entered a little into the merits of the cause; when being of opinion that + it was reasonable it should be adjourned, and thinking it proper to + consult with you in an affair which was of consequence in point of + precedent, I directed them to exhibit the articles of their respective + allegations in writing; for I was desirous you should judge from their own + representations of the state of the question between them. Dion promised + to comply with this direction and Eumolpus also assured me he would draw + up a memorial of what he had to allege on the part of the community. But + he added that, being only concerned as advocate on behalf of Archippus, + whose instructions he had laid before me, he had no charge to bring with + respect to the sepulchres. Archippus, however, for whom Eulnolpus was + counsel here, as at Prusa, assured me he would himself present a charge in + form upon this head. But neither Eumolpus nor Archippus (though I have + waited several days for that purpose) have yet performed their engagement: + Dion indeed has; and I have annexed his memorial to this letter. I have + inspected the buildings in question, where I find your statue is placed in + a library, and as to the edifice in which the bodies of Dion's wife and + son are said to be deposited, it stands in the middle of a court, which is + enclosed with a colonnade. Deign, therefore, I entreat you, Sir, to direct + my judgment in the determination of this cause above all others as it is a + point to which the public is greatly attentive, and necessarily so, since + the fact is not only acknowledged, but countenanced by many precedents. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0198" id="link2H_4_0198"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You well know, my dearest Secundus, that it is my standing maxim not to + create an awe of my person by severe and rigorous measures, and by + construing every slight offence into an act of treason; you had no reason, + therefore, to hesitate a moment upon the point concerning which you + thought proper to consult me. Without entering therefore into the merits + of that question (to which I would by no means give any attention, though + there were ever so many instances of the same kind), I recommend to your + care the examination of Dion's accounts relating to the public works which + he has finished; as it is a case in which the interest of the city is + concerned, and as Dion neither ought nor, it seems, does refuse to submit + to the examination. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0199" id="link2H_4_0199"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE Niceans having, in the name of their community, conjured me, Sir, by + all my hopes and wishes for your prosperity and immortal glory (an + adjuration which is and ought to be most sacred to me), to present to you + their petition, I did not think myself at liberty to refuse them: I have + therefore annexed it to this letter. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0200" id="link2H_4_0200"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THE Niceans I find, claim a right, by an edict of Augustus, to the estate + of every citizen who dies intestate. You will therefore summon the several + parties interested in this question, and, examining these pretensions, + with the assistance of the procurators Virdius Gemellinus, and Epimachus, + my freedman (having duly weighed every argument that shall be alleged + against the claim), determine as shall appear most equitable. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0201" id="link2H_4_0201"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + LXXXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + MAY this and many succeeding birthdays be attended, Sir, with the highest + felicity to you; and may you, in the midst of an uninterrupted course of + health and prosperity, be still adding to the increase of that immortal + glory which your virtues justly merit! + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0202" id="link2H_4_0202"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XC — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + YOUR wishes, my dearest Secundus, for my enjoyment of many happy birthdays + amidst the glory and prosperity of the republic were extremely agreeable + to me. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0203" id="link2H_4_0203"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE inhabitants of Sinope<a href="#linknote-1062" name="linknoteref-1062" + id="linknoteref-1062">[1062]</a> are ill supplied, Sir, with water, which + however may be brought thither from about sixteen miles' distance in great + plenty and perfection. The ground, indeed, near the source of this spring + is, for rather over a mile, of a very suspicious and marshy nature; but I + have directed an examination to be made (which will be effected at a small + expense) whether it is sufficiently firm to support any superstructure. I + have taken care to provide a sufficient fund for this purpose, if you + should approve, Sir, of a work so conducive to the health and enjoyment of + this colony, greatly distressed by a scarcity of water. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0204" id="link2H_4_0204"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I WOULD have you proceed, my dearest Secundus, in carefully examining + whether the ground you suspect is firm enough to support an aqueduct. For + I have no manner of doubt that the Sinopian colony ought to be supplied + with water; provided their finances will bear the expense of a work so + conducive to their health and pleasure. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0205" id="link2H_4_0205"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE free and confederate city of the Amiseni<a href="#linknote-1063" + name="linknoteref-1063" id="linknoteref-1063">[1063]</a> enjoys, by your + indulgence, the privilege of its own laws. A memorial being presented to + me there, concerning a charitable institution,<a href="#linknote-1064" + name="linknoteref-1064" id="linknoteref-1064">[1064]</a> I have subjoined + it to this letter, that you may consider, Sir, whether, and how far, this + society ought to be licensed or prohibited. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0206" id="link2H_4_0206"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IF the petition of the Amiseni which you have transmitted to me, + concerning the establishment of a charitable society, be agreeable to + their own laws, which by the articles of alliance it is stipulated they + shall enjoy, I shall not oppose it; especially if these contributions are + employed, not for the purpose of riot and faction, but for the support of + the indigent. In other cities, however, which are subject to our laws, I + would have all assemblies of this nature prohibited. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0207" id="link2H_4_0207"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS, Sir, is a most excellent, honour-able, and learned + man. I was so much pleased with his tastes and disposition that I have + long since invited him into my family, as my constant guest and domestic + friend; and my affection for him increased the more I knew of him. Two + reasons concur to render the privileges which the law grants to those who + have three children particularly necessary to him; I mean the bounty of + his friends, and the ill-success of his marriage. Those advantages, + therefore, which nature has denied to him, he hopes to obtain from your + goodness, by my intercession. I am thoroughly sensible, Sir, of the value + of the privilege I am asking; but I know, too, I am asking it from one + whose gracious compliance with all my desires I have amply experienced. + How passionately I wish to do so in the present instance, you will judge + by my thus requesting it in my absence; which I would not, had it not been + a favour which I am more than ordinarily anxious to obtain.<a + href="#linknote-1065" name="linknoteref-1065" id="linknoteref-1065">[1065]</a> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0208" id="link2H_4_0208"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You cannot but be sensible, my dearest Secundus, how reserved I am in + granting favours of the kind you desire; having frequently declared in the + senate that I had not exceeded the number of which I assured that + illustrious order I would be contented with. I have yielded, however, to + your request, and have directed an article to be inserted in my register, + that I have conferred upon Tranquillus, on my usual conditions, the + privilege which the law grants to these who have three children. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0209" id="link2H_4_0209"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCVII To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN<a href="#linknote-1066" name="linknoteref-1066" + id="linknoteref-1066">[1066]</a> + </h2> + <p> + IT is my invariable rule, Sir, to refer to you in all matters where I feel + doubtful; for who is more capable of removing my scruples, or informing my + ignorance? Having never been present at any trials concerning those who + profess Christianity, I am unacquainted not only with the nature of their + crimes, or the measure of their punishment, but how far it is proper to + enter into an examination concerning them. Whether, therefore, any + difference is usually made with respect to ages, or no distinction is to + be observed between the young and the adult; whether repentance entitles + them to a pardon; or if a man has been once a Christian, it avails nothing + to desist from his error; whether the very profession of Christianity, + unattended with any criminal act, or only the crimes themselves inherent + in the profession are punishable; on all these points I am in great doubt. + In the meanwhile, the method I have observed towards those who have been + brought before me as Christians is this: I asked them whether they were + Christians; if they admitted it, I repeated the question twice, and + threatened them with punishment; if they persisted, I ordered them to be + at once punished: for I was persuaded, whatever the nature of their + opinions might be, a contumacious and inflexible obstinacy certainly + deserved correction. There were others also brought before me possessed + with the same infatuation, but being Roman citizens,<a + href="#linknote-1067" name="linknoteref-1067" id="linknoteref-1067">[1067]</a> + I directed them to be sent to Rome. But this crime spreading (as is + usually the case) while it was actually under prosecution, several + instances of the same nature occurred. An anonymous information was laid + before me containing a charge against several persons, who upon + examination denied they were Christians, or had ever been so. They + repeated after me an invocation to the gods, and offered religious rites + with wine and incense before your statue (which for that purpose I had + ordered to be brought, together with those of the gods), and even reviled + the name of Christ: whereas there is no forcing, it is said, those who are + really Christians into any of these compliances: I thought it proper, + therefore, to discharge them. Some among those who were accused by a + witness in person at first confessed themselves Christians, but + immediately after denied it; the rest owned indeed that they had been of + that number formerly, but had now (some above three, others more, and a + few above twenty years ago) renounced that error. They all worshipped your + statue and the images of the gods, uttering imprecations at the same time + against the name of Christ. They affirmed the whole of their guilt, or + their error, was, that they met on a stated day before it was light, and + addressed a form of prayer to Christ, as to a divinity, binding themselves + by a solemn oath, not for the purposes of any wicked design, but never to + commit any fraud, theft, or adultery, never to falsify their word, nor + deny a trust when they should be called upon to deliver it up; after which + it was their custom to separate, and then reassemble, to eat in common a + harmless meal. From this custom, however, they desisted after the + publication of my edict, by which, according to your commands, I forbade + the meeting of any assemblies. After receiving this account, I judged it + so much the more necessary to endeavor to extort the real truth, by + putting two female slaves to the torture, who were said to officiate' in + their religious rites: but all I could discover was evidence of an absurd + and extravagant superstition. I deemed it expedient, therefore, to adjourn + all further proceedings, in order to consult you. For it appears to be a + matter highly deserving your consideration, more especially as great + numbers must be involved in the danger of these prosecutions, which have + already extended, and are still likely to extend, to persons of all ranks + and ages, and even of both sexes. In fact, this contagious superstition is + not confined to the cities only, but has spread its infection among the + neighbouring villages and country. Nevertheless, it still seems possible + to restrain its progress. The temples, at least, which were once almost + deserted, begin now to be frequented; and the sacred rites, after a long + intermission, are again revived; while there is a general demand for the + victims, which till lately found very few purchasers. From all this it is + easy to conjecture what numbers might be reclaimed if a general pardon + were granted to those who shall repent of their error.<a + href="#linknote-1068" name="linknoteref-1068" id="linknoteref-1068">[1068]</a> + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0210" id="link2H_4_0210"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You have adopted the right course, my dearest Secundtis, in investigating + the charges against the Christians who were brought before you. It is not + possible to lay down any general rule for all such cases. Do not go out of + your way to look for them. If indeed they should be brought before you, + and the crime is proved, they must be punished;<a href="#linknote-1069" + name="linknoteref-1069" id="linknoteref-1069">[1069]</a> with the + restriction, however, that where the party denies he is a Christian, and + shall make it evident that he is not, by invoking our gods, let him + (notwithstanding any former suspicion) be pardoned upon his repentance. + Anonymous informations ought not to be received in any sort of + prosecution. It is introducing a very dangerous precedent, and is quite + foreign to the spirit of our age. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0211" id="link2H_4_0211"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XCIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE elegant and beautiful city of Amastris,<a href="#linknote-1070" + name="linknoteref-1070" id="linknoteref-1070">[1070]</a> Sir, has, among + other principal constructions, a very fine street and of considerable + length, on one entire side of which runs what is called indeed a river, + but in fact is no other than a vile common sewer, extremely offensive to + the eye, and at the same time very pestilential on account of its noxious + smell. It will be advantageous, therefore, in point of health, as well as + decency, to have it covered; which shall be done with your permission: as + I will take care, on my part, that money be not wanting for executing so + noble and necessary a work. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0212" id="link2H_4_0212"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + C — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IT IS highly reasonable, my dearest Secundus, if the water which runs + through the city of Amastris is prejudicial, while uncovered, to the + health of the inhabitants, that it should be covered up. I am well assured + you will, with your usual application, take care that the money necessary + for this work shall not be wanting. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0213" id="link2H_4_0213"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CI To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WE have celebrated, Sir, with great joy and festivity, those votive + soleninities which were publicly proclaimed as formerly, and renewed them + the present year, accompanied by the soldiers and provincials, who + zealously joined with us in imploring the gods that they would be + graciously pleased to preserve you and the republic in that state of + prosperity which your many and great virtues, particularly your piety and + reverence towards them, so justly merit. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0214" id="link2H_4_0214"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + IT was agreeable to me to learn by your letter that the army and the + provincials seconded you, with the most joyful unanimity, in those vows + which you paid and renewed to the immortal gods for my preservation and + prosperity. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0215" id="link2H_4_0215"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + WE have celebrated, with all the warmth of that pious zeal we justly + ought, the day on which, by a most happy succession, the protection of + mankind was committed over into your hands; recommending to the gods, from + whom you received the empire, the object of your public vows and + congratulations. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0216" id="link2H_4_0216"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I WAS extremely well pleased to be informed by your letter that you had, + at the head of the soldiers and the provincials, solemnised my accession + to the empire with all due joy and zeal. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0217" id="link2H_4_0217"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + VALERIUS PAULINUS, Sir, having bequeathed to me the right of patronage<a + href="#linknote-1071" name="linknoteref-1071" id="linknoteref-1071">[1071]</a> + over all his freedmen, except one, I intreat you to grant the freedom of + Rome to three of them. To desire you to extend this favour to all of them + would, I fear, be too unreasonable a trespass upon your indulgence; which, + in proportion as I have amply experienced, I ought to be so much the more + cautious in troubling. The persons for whom I make this request are C. + Valerius Astraeus, C. Valerius Dionysius, and C. Valerius Aper. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0219" id="link2H_4_0219"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + YOU act most generously in so early soliciting in favour of those whom + Valerius Paulinus has confided to your trust. I have accordingly granted + the freedom of the city to such of his freedmen for whom you requested it, + and have directed the patent to be registered: I am ready to confer the + same on the rest, whenever you shall desire me. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0220" id="link2H_4_0220"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + P. ATTIUS AQUILA, a centurion of the sixth equestrian cohort, requested + me, Sir, to transmit his petition to you, in favour of his daughter. I + thought it would be unkind to refuse him this service, knowing, as I do, + with what patience and kindness you attend to the petitions of the + soldiers. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0221" id="link2H_4_0221"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE read the petition of P. Attius Aquila, centurion of the sixth + equestrian cohort, which you sent to me; and in compliance with his + request, I have conferred upon his daughter the freedom of the city of + Rome. I send you at the same time the patent, which you will deliver to + him. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0222" id="link2H_4_0222"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I REQUEST, Sir, your directions with respect to the recovering those debts + which are due to the cities of Bithynia and Pontus, either for rent, or + goods sold, or upon any other consideration. I find they have a privilege + conceded to them by several proconsuls, of being preferred to other + creditors; and this custom has prevailed as if it had been established by + law. Your prudence, I imagine, will think it necessary to enact some + settled rule, by which their rights may always be secured. For the edicts + of others, how wisely however founded, are but feeble and temporary + ordinances, unless confirmed and sanctioned by your authority. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0223" id="link2H_4_0223"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CX — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THE right which the cities either of Pontus or Bithynia claim relating to + the recovery of debts of whatever kind, due to their several communities, + must be determined agreeably to their respective laws. Where any of these + communities enjoy the privilege of being preferred to other creditors, it + must be maintained; but, where no such privilege prevails, it is not just + I should establish one, in prejudice of private property. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0224" id="link2H_4_0224"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE solicitor to the treasury of the city of Amisis instituted a claim, + Sir, before me against Julius Piso of about forty thousand denarii,<a + href="#linknote-1072" name="linknoteref-1072" id="linknoteref-1072">[1072]</a> + presented to him by the public above twenty years ago, with the consent of + the general council and assembly of the city: and he founded his demand + upon certain of your edicts, by which donations of this kind are + prohibited. Piso, on the other hand, asserted that he had conferred large + sums of money upon the community, and, indeed, had thereby expended almost + the whole of his estate. He insisted upon the length of time which had + intervened since this donation, and hoped that he should not be compelled, + to the ruin of the remainder of his fortunes, to refund a present which + had been granted him long since, in return for many good offices he had + done the city. For this reason, Sir, I thought it necessary to suspend + giving any judgment in this cause till I shall receive your directions. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0225" id="link2H_4_0225"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THOUGH by my edicts I have ordained that no largesses shall be given out + of the public money, yet, that numberless private persons may not be + disturbed in the secure possession of their fortunes, those donations + which have been made long since ought not to be called in question or + revoked. We will not therefore enquire into anything that has been + transacted in this affair so long ago as twenty years; for I would be no + less attentive to secure the repose of every private man than to preserve + the treasure of every public community. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0226" id="link2H_4_0226"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXIII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE Pompeian law, Sir, which is observed in Pontus and Bithynia, does not + direct that any money for their admission shall be paid in by those who + are elected into the senate by the censors. It has, however, been usual + for such members as have been admitted into those assemblies, in pursuance + of the privilege which you were pleased to grant to some particular + cities, of receiving above their legal number, to pay one<a + href="#linknote-1073" name="linknoteref-1073" id="linknoteref-1073">[1073]</a> + or two thousand denarii<a href="#linknote-1074" name="linknoteref-1074" + id="linknoteref-1074">[1074]</a> on their election. Subsequent to this, + the proconsul Anicius Maximus ordained (though indeed his edict related to + some few cities only) that those who were elected by the censors should + also pay into the treasury a certain sum, which varied in different + places. It remains, therefore, for your consideration whether it would not + be proper to settle a certain sum for each member who is elected into the + councils to pay upon his entrance; for it well becomes you, whose every + word and action deserves to be immortalized, to establish laws that shall + endure for ever. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0227" id="link2H_4_0227"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXIV — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + I CAN give no general directions applicable to all the cities of Bithynia, + in relation to those who are elected members of their respective councils, + whether they shall pay an honorary fee upon their admittance or not. I + think that the safest method which can be pursued is to follow the + particular laws of each city; and I also think that the censors ought to + make the sum less for those who are chosen into the senate contrary to + their inclinations than for the rest. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0228" id="link2H_4_0228"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXV — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE Pompeian law, Sir, allows the Bithynians to give the freedom of their + respective cities to any person they think proper, provided he is not a + foreigner, but native of some of the cities of this province. The same law + specifies the particular causes for which the censors may expel any member of the senate, but makes no mention of foreigners. Certain of the censors + therefore have desired my opinion whether they ought to expel a member if + he should happen to be a foreigner. But I thought it necessary to receive + your instructions in this case; not only because the law, though it + forbids foreigners to be admitted citizens, does not direct that a senator + shall be expelled for the same reason, but because I am informed that in + every city in the province a great number of the senators are foreigners. + If, therefore, this clause of the law, which seems to be antiquated by a + long custom to the contrary, should be enforced, many cities, as well as + private persons, must be injured by it. I have annexed the heads of this + law to my letter. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0229" id="link2H_4_0229"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXVI — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You might well be doubtful, my dearest Secundus, what reply to give to the + censors, who consulted you concerning their right to elect into the senate + foreign citizens, though of the same province. The authority of the law on + one side, and long custom prevailing against it on the other, might justly + occasion you to hesitate, The proper mean to observe in this case will be + to make no change in what is past, but to allow those senators who are + already elected, though contrary to law, to keep their seats, to whatever + city they may belong; in all future elections, however, to pursue the + directions of the Pompeian law: for to give it a retrospective operation + would necessarily introduce great confusion. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0230" id="link2H_4_0230"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXVII — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + IT is customary here upon any person taking the manly robe, solemnising + his marriage, entering upon the office of a magistrate, or dedicating any + public work, to invite the whole senate, together with a considerable part + of the commonalty, and distribute to each of the company one or two + denarii.<a href="#linknote-1075" name="linknoteref-1075" + id="linknoteref-1075">[1075]</a> I request you to inform me whether you + think proper this ceremony should be observed, or how far you approve of + it. For myself, though I am of opinion that upon some occasions, + especially those of public festivals, this kind of invitation may be + permitted, yet, when carried so far as to draw together a thousand + persons, and sometimes more, it seems to be going beyond a reasonable + number, and has somewhat the appearance of ambitious largesses. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0231" id="link2H_4_0231"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXVIII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You very justly apprehended that those public invitations which extend to + an immoderate number of people, and where the dole is distributed, not + singly to a few acquaintances, but, as it were, to whole collective + bodies, may be turned to the factious purposes of ambition. But I + appointed you to your present government, fully relying upon your + prudence, and in the persuasion that you would take proper measures for + regulating the manners and settling the peace of the province. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0232" id="link2H_4_0232"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXIX — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + THE athletic victors, Sir, in the Iselastic<a href="#linknote-1076" + name="linknoteref-1076" id="linknoteref-1076">[1076]</a> games, conceive + that the stipend you have established for the conquerors becomes due from + the day they are crowned: for it is not at all material, they say, what + time they were triumphantly conducted into their country, but when they + merited that honour. On the contrary, when I consider the meaning of the + term Iselastic, I am strongly inclined to think that it is intended the + stipend should commence from the time of their public entry. They likewise + petition to be allowed the treat you give at those combats which you have + converted into Iselastic, though they were conquerors before the + appointment of that institution: for it is but reasonable, they assert, + that they should receive the reward in this instance, as they are deprived + of it at those games which have been divested of the honour of being + Iselastic, since their victory. But I am very doubtful, whether a + retrospect should be admitted in the case in question, and a reward given, + to which the claimants had no right at the time they obtained the victory. + I beg, therefore, you would be pleased to direct my judgment in these + points, by explaining the intention of your own benefactions. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0233" id="link2H_4_0233"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXX — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + THE stipend appointed for the conqueror in the Iselastic games ought not, + I think, to commence till he makes his triumphant entry into his city. Nor + are the prizes, at those combats which I thought proper to make Iselastic, + to be extended backwards to those who were victors before that alteration + took place. With regard to the plea which these athletic combatants urge, + that they ought to receive the Iselastic prize at those combats which have + been made Iselastic subsequent to their conquests, as they are denied it + in the same case where the games have ceased to be so, it proves nothing + in their favour; for notwithstanding any new arrangements which has been + made relating to these games, they are not called upon to return the + recompense which they received prior to such alteration. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0234" id="link2H_4_0234"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXXI — To THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + I HAVE hitherto never, Sir, granted an order for post-chaises to any + person, or upon any occasion, but in affairs that relate to your + administration. I find myself, however, at present under a sort of + necessity of breaking through this fixed rule. My wife having received an + account of her grandfather's death, and being desirous to wait upon her + aunt with all possible expedition, I thought it would be unkind to deny + her the use of this privilege; as the grace of so tender an office + consists in the early discharge of it, and as I well knew a journey which + was founded in filial piety could not fail of your approbation. I should + think myself highly ungrateful therefore, were I not to acknowledge that, + among other great obligations which I owe to your indulgence, I have this + in particular, that, in confidence of your favour, I have ventured to do, + without consulting you, what would have been too late had I waited for + your consent. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0235" id="link2H_4_0235"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CXXII — TRAJAN TO PLINY + </h2> + <p> + You did me justice, my dearest Secundus, in confiding in my affection + towards you. Without doubt, if you had waited for my consent to forward + your wife in her journey by means of those warrants which I have entrusted + to your care, the use of them would not have answered your purpose; since + it was proper this visit to her aunt should have the additional + recommendation of being paid with all possible expedition. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_FOOT2" id="link2H_FOOT2"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FOOTNOTES TO THE CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EMPEROR TRAJAN + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1001" id="linknote-1001"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1001 (<a href="#linknoteref-1001">return</a>)<br /> [ The greater part of + the following letters were written by Pliny during his administration in + the province of Bithynia. They are of a style and character extremely + different from those in the preceding collection; whence some critics have + injudiciously inferred that they are the production of another hand: not + considering that the occasion necessarily required a different manner. In + letters of business, as these chiefly are, turn and sentiment would be + foreign and impertinent; politeness and elegance of expression being the + essentials that constitute perfection in this kind: and in that view, + though they may be less entertaining, they have not less merit than the + former. But besides their particular excellence as letters, they have a + farther recommendation as so many valuable pieces of history, by throwing + a strong light upon the character of one of the most amiable and glorious + princes in the Roman annals. Trajan appears throughout in the most + striking attitude that majesty can be placed in; in the exertion of power + to the godlike purposes of justice and benevolence: and what one of the + ancient historians has said of him is here clearly verified, that "he + rather chose to be loved than flattered by his people." To have been + distinguished by the favour and friendship of a monarch of so exalted a + character is an honour that reflects the brightest lustre upon our author; + as to have been served and celebrated by a courtier of Pliny's genius and + virtues is the noblest monunient of glory that could have been raised to + Trajan. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1002" id="linknote-1002"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1002 (<a href="#linknoteref-1002">return</a>)<br /> [ Nerva, who succeeded + Domitian, reigned but sixteen months and a few days. Before his death he + not only adopted Trajan, and named him for his successor, but actually + admitted him into a share of the government; giving him the titles of + Cęsar, Germanicus and Imperator. Vid. Plin. Paneg. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1003" id="linknote-1003"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1003 (<a href="#linknoteref-1003">return</a>)<br /> [ $16,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1004" id="linknote-1004"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1004 (<a href="#linknoteref-1004">return</a>)<br /> [ One of the four + governments of Lower Egypt. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1005" id="linknote-1005"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1005 (<a href="#linknoteref-1005">return</a>)<br /> [ The extensive power + of paternal authority was (as has been observed in the notes above) + peculiar to the Romans. But after Chrysippus was made a denizen of Rome, + he was not, it would seem, consequentially entitled to that privilege over + those children which were born before his denization. On the other hand, + if it was expressly granted him, his children could not preserve their + right of patronage over their own freedmen, because that right would of + course devolve to their father, by means of this acquired dominion over + them. The denization therefore of his children is as expressly solicited + as his own. But both parties becoming quirites, the children by this + creation, and not pleading in right of their father, would be patres fam. + To prevent which the clause is added, "ita ut sint in patris potestate:" + as there is another to save to them their rights of patronage over their + freedmen, though they were reduced in patrmam potestate. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1006" id="linknote-1006"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1006 (<a href="#linknoteref-1006">return</a>)<br /> [ Pliny enjoyed the + office of treasurer in conjunction with Cornutus Tertullus. It was the + custom at Rome for those who had colleagues to administer the duties of + their posts by monthly turns. Buchner. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1007" id="linknote-1007"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1007 (<a href="#linknoteref-1007">return</a>)<br /> [ About $16,000; the + annual income of Pliny's estate in Tuscany. He mentions another near Comum + in Milan, the yearly value of which does not appear. We find him likewise + meditating the purchase of an estate, for which he was to give about + $117,000 of our money; but whether he ever completed that purchase is + uncertain. This, however, we are sure of, that his fortunes were but + moderate, considering his high station and necessary expenses: and yet, by + the advantage of a judicious economy, we have seen him in the course of + these letters, exercising a liberality of which after ages have furnished + no parallel. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1008" id="linknote-1008"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1008 (<a href="#linknoteref-1008">return</a>)<br /> [ The senators were not + allowed to go from Rome into the provinces without having first obtained + leave of the emperor. Sicily, however, had the privilege to be excepted + out of that law; as Gallia Narbonensis afterwards was, by Claudius Cęsar. + Tacit. Ann. XII. C. 23. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1009" id="linknote-1009"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1009 (<a href="#linknoteref-1009">return</a>)<br /> [ One of the seven + priests who presided over the feasts appointed in honour of Jupiter and + the other gods, an office, as appears, of high dignity, since Pliny ranks + it with the augurship.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1010" id="linknote-1010"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1010 (<a href="#linknoteref-1010">return</a>)<br /> [ Bithynia, a province + in Anatolia, or Asia Minor, of which Pliny was appointed governor by + Trajan, in the sixth year of his reign, A. D. 103, not as an ordinary + proconsul, but as that emperor's own lieutenant, with powers + extraordinary. (See Dio.) The following letters were written during his + administration of that province. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1011" id="linknote-1011"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1011 (<a href="#linknoteref-1011">return</a>)<br /> [ A north wind in the + Grecian seas, which rises yearly some time in July, and continues to the + end of August; though others extend it to the middle of September. They + blow only in the day-time. Varenius's Geogr. V.I. p. 513. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1012" id="linknote-1012"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1012 (<a href="#linknoteref-1012">return</a>)<br /> [ The inhabitants of + Prusa (Brusa), a principal city of Bithynia.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1013" id="linknote-1013"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1013 (<a href="#linknoteref-1013">return</a>)<br /> [ In the sixth year of + Trajan's reign, A. D. 103, and the 41st of our author's age: he continued + in this province about eighteen months. Vid. Mass, in Vit. Phin. 129. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1014" id="linknote-1014"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1014 (<a href="#linknoteref-1014">return</a>)<br /> [ Among other noble + works which this glorious emperor executed, the forum or square which went + by his name seems to have been the most magnificent. It was built with the + foreign spoils he had taken in war. The covering of this edifice was all + brass, the porticoes exceedingly beautiful and magnificent, with pillars + of more than ordinary height and dimensions. In the centre of this forum + was erected the famous pillar which has been already described.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1015" id="linknote-1015"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1015 (<a href="#linknoteref-1015">return</a>)<br /> [ It is probable the + victory here alluded to was that famous one which Trajan gained over the + Daciaiss; some account of which has been given in the notes above. It is + certain, at least, Pliny lived to see his wish accomplished, this emperor + having carried the Roman splendour to its highest pitch, and extended the + dominions of the empire farther than any of his predecessors; as after his + death it began to decline. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1016" id="linknote-1016"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1016 (<a href="#linknoteref-1016">return</a>)<br /> [ The capital of + Bithynia; its modern name is Izmid.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1017" id="linknote-1017"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1017 (<a href="#linknoteref-1017">return</a>)<br /> [ The town of + Panticapoeum, also called Bosporus, standing on the European side of the + Cimmerian Bosporus (Straits of Kaffa), in the modern Crimea.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1018" id="linknote-1018"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1018 (<a href="#linknoteref-1018">return</a>)<br /> [ Nicea (as appears by + the 15th letter of this book), a city in Bithynia, now called Iznik. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1019" id="linknote-1019"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1019 (<a href="#linknoteref-1019">return</a>)<br /> [ Sarmatia was divided + into European, Asiatic, and German Sarmatia. It is not exactly known what + bounds the ancients gave to this extensive region; however, in general, it + comprehended the northern part of Russia, and the greater part of Poland, + &c. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1020" id="linknote-1020"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1020 (<a href="#linknoteref-1020">return</a>)<br /> [ The first invention + of public couriers is ascribed to Cyrus, who, in order to receive the + earliest intelligence from the governors of the several provinces, erected + post-houses throughout the kingdom of Persia, at equal distances, which + supplied men and horses to forward the public despatches. Augustus was the + first who introduced this most useful institution among the Romans, by + employing post-chaises, disposed at convenient distances, for the purpose + of political intelligence. The magistrates of every city were obliged to + furnish horses for these messengers, upon producing a diploma, or a kind + of warrant, either from the emperor himself or from those who had that + authority under him. Sometimes, though upon very extraordinary occasions, + persons who travelled upon their private affairs, were allowed the use of + these post-chaises. It is surprising they were not sooner used for the + purposes of commerce and private communication. Louis XI. first + established them in France, in the year 1414; but it was not till later (date uncertain) that the post-office was settled in England by Act of + Parliament, M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1021" id="linknote-1021"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1021 (<a href="#linknoteref-1021">return</a>)<br /> [ Particular temples, + altars, and statues were allowed among the Romans as places of privilege + and sanctuary to slaves, debtors and malefactors. This custom was + introduced by Romulus, who borrowed it probably from the Greeks; but + during the free state of Rome, few of these asylums were permitted. This + custom prevailed most under the emperors, till it grew so scandalous that + the Emperor Pius found it necessary to restrain those privileged places by + an edict. See Lipsii Excurs. ad Taeiti Ann. III, C. 36, M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1022" id="linknote-1022"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1022 (<a href="#linknoteref-1022">return</a>)<br /> [ General under + Deeebalus, king of the Dacians. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1023" id="linknote-1023"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1023 (<a href="#linknoteref-1023">return</a>)<br /> [ A province in Daeia, + comprehending the southern parts of Servia and part of Bulgaria. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1024" id="linknote-1024"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1024 (<a href="#linknoteref-1024">return</a>)<br /> [ The second expedition + of Trajan against Decebalus was undertaken the same year that Pliny went + governor into this province; the reason therefore why Pliny sent this + Calhidromus to the emperor seems to be that some use might possibly be + made of him in favour of that design, M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1025" id="linknote-1025"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1025 (<a href="#linknoteref-1025">return</a>)<br /> [ Receiver of the + finances. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1026" id="linknote-1026"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1026 (<a href="#linknoteref-1026">return</a>)<br /> [ The coast round the + Black Sea.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1027" id="linknote-1027"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1027 (<a href="#linknoteref-1027">return</a>)<br /> [ The text calls him + primipilarem, that is, one who had been Prirnipilus, in officer in the + army, whose post was both highly honourable and profitable; among other + parts of his office he had the care of the eagle, or chief standard of the + legion. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1028" id="linknote-1028"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1028 (<a href="#linknoteref-1028">return</a>)<br /> [ Slaves who were + purchased by the public. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1029" id="linknote-1029"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1029 (<a href="#linknoteref-1029">return</a>)<br /> [ The most probable + conjecture (for it is a point of a good deal of obscurity) concerning the + beneficiary seems to be that they were a certain number of soldiers + exempted from the usual duty of their office, in order to be employed as a + sort of body-guards to the general. These were probably foot; as the + equites here mentioned were perhaps of the same nature, only that they + served on horseback. Equites singulares Cęsaris Augusti, &c., are + frequently met with upon ancient inscriptions, and are generally supposed + to mean the bodyguards of the emperor. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1030" id="linknote-1030"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1030 (<a href="#linknoteref-1030">return</a>)<br /> [ A province in Asia + Minor, bounded by the Black Sea on the north, Bithynia on the west, Pontus + on the east, and Phrygia on the south.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1031" id="linknote-1031"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1031 (<a href="#linknoteref-1031">return</a>)<br /> [ The Roman policy + excluded slaves from entering into military service, and it was death if + they did so. However, upon cases of great necessity, this maxim was + dispensed with; but then they were first made free before they were + received into the army, excepting only (as Servius in his notes upon + Virgil) observes after the fatal battle of Cannae; when the public + distress was so great that the Romans recruited their army with their + slaves, though they had not time to give them their freedom. One reason, + perhaps, of this policy might be that they did not think it safe to arm so + considerable a body of men, whose numbers, in the times when the Roman + luxury was at its highest, we may have some idea of by the instance which + Pun the naturalist mentions of Claudius Isodorus, who at the time of his + death was possessed of no less than 4,116 slaves, notwithstanding he had + lost great numbers in the civil wars. Pun. Hist. Nat. XXXIII. 10. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1032" id="linknote-1032"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1032 (<a href="#linknoteref-1032">return</a>)<br /> [ A punishment among + the Romans, usually inflicted upon slaves, by which they were to engage + with wild beasts, or perform the part of gladiators, in the public shows. + M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1033" id="linknote-1033"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1033 (<a href="#linknoteref-1033">return</a>)<br /> [ It has been generally + imagined that the ancients had not the art of raising water by engines; + but this passage seems to favour the contrary opinion. The word in the + original is sipho, which Hesychius explains (as one of the commentators + observes) "instrumentuns ad jaculandas aquas adversas incendia; an + instrument to throw up water against fires." But there is a passage in + Seneca which seems to put this matter beyond conjecture, though none of + the critics upon this place have taken notice of it: "Solemiss," says he, + "duabus manibus inter se junctis aguam concipere, et com pressa utrinque + palma in modum ciphonis exprimere" (Q. N. 1. II. 16) where we plainly see + the use of this sipho was to throw UP water, and consequently the Romans + were acquainted with that art. The account which Pliny gives of his + fountains at Tuscum is likewise another evident proof. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1034" id="linknote-1034"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1034 (<a href="#linknoteref-1034">return</a>)<br /> [ This was an + anniversary custom observed throughout the empire on the 30th of December. + M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1035" id="linknote-1035"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1035 (<a href="#linknoteref-1035">return</a>)<br /> [ About $132,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1036" id="linknote-1036"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1036 (<a href="#linknoteref-1036">return</a>)<br /> [ About $80,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1037" id="linknote-1037"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1037 (<a href="#linknoteref-1037">return</a>)<br /> [ About $400,000. To + those who are not acquainted with the immense riches of the ancients, it + may seem incredible that a city, and not the capital one either, of a + conquered province should expend so large a sum of money upon only the + shell (as it appears to be) of a theatre: but Asia was esteemed the most + considerable part of the world for wealth; its fertility and exportations + (as Tully observes) exceeding that of all other countries. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1038" id="linknote-1038"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1038 (<a href="#linknoteref-1038">return</a>)<br /> [ The word carte, in + the original, comprehends more than what we call the pit in our theatres, + as at means the whole space lit which the spectators sat. These theatres + being open at the top, the galleries here mentioned were for the + convenience of retiring in bad weather. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1039" id="linknote-1039"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1039 (<a href="#linknoteref-1039">return</a>)<br /> [ A place in which the + athletic exercises were performed, and where the philosophers also used to + read their lectures. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1040" id="linknote-1040"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1040 (<a href="#linknoteref-1040">return</a>)<br /> [ The Roman foot + consisted of 11.71 inches of our standard, M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1041" id="linknote-1041"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1041 (<a href="#linknoteref-1041">return</a>)<br /> [ A colony in the + district of Cataonia, in Cappadocia.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1042" id="linknote-1042"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1042 (<a href="#linknoteref-1042">return</a>)<br /> [ The honorary + senators, that is, such who were not received into the council of the city + by election, but by the appointment of the emperor, paid a certain sum of + money upon their admission into the senate. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1043" id="linknote-1043"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1043 (<a href="#linknoteref-1043">return</a>)<br /> [ "Graeculi. Even under + the empire, with its relaxed morality and luxurious tone, the Romans + continued to apply this contemptuous designation to people to whom they + owed what taste for art and culture they possessed." Church and Brodribb.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1044" id="linknote-1044"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1044 (<a href="#linknoteref-1044">return</a>)<br /> [ A Roman cubit is + equal to a foot 5.406 inches of our measure. Arbuthanot's Tab. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1045" id="linknote-1045"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1045 (<a href="#linknoteref-1045">return</a>)<br /> [ About $480.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1046" id="linknote-1046"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1046 (<a href="#linknoteref-1046">return</a>)<br /> [ About $120.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1047" id="linknote-1047"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1047 (<a href="#linknoteref-1047">return</a>)<br /> [ A diploma is properly + a grant of certain privileges either to particular places or persons. It + signifies also grants of other kinds; and it sometimes means + post-warrants, as, perhaps, it does in this place. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1048" id="linknote-1048"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1048 (<a href="#linknoteref-1048">return</a>)<br /> [ A city in Bithynia. + M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1049" id="linknote-1049"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1049 (<a href="#linknoteref-1049">return</a>)<br /> [ Cybele, Rhea, or Ops, + as she is otherwise called; from whom, according to the pagan creed, the + rest of the gods are supposed to have descended. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1040b" id="linknote-1040b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1040b (<a href="#linknoteref-1040b">return</a>)<br /> [ Whatever was + legally consecrated was ever afterwards unapplicable to profane uses. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1041b" id="linknote-1041b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1041b (<a href="#linknoteref-1041b">return</a>)<br /> [ That is, a city not + admitted to enjoy the laws and privileges of Rome. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1042b" id="linknote-1042b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1042b (<a href="#linknoteref-1042b">return</a>)<br /> [ The reason why they + did not choose to borrow of the public at the same rate of interest which + they paid to private persons was (as one of the Commentators observes) + because in the former instance they were obliged to give security, whereas + in the latter they could raise money upon their personal credit. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1043b" id="linknote-1043b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1043b (<a href="#linknoteref-1043b">return</a>)<br /> [ These, in the + original institution as settled by Augustus, were only commanders of his + body-guards; but in the later times of the Roman empire they were next in + authority under the emperor, to whom they seem to have acted as a sort of + prime ministers. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1044b" id="linknote-1044b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1044b (<a href="#linknoteref-1044b">return</a>)<br /> [ The provinces were + divided into, a kind of circuits called conventus, whither the proconsuls + used to go in order to administer justice. The judges here mentioned must + not be understood to mean the same sort of judicial officers as with us: + they rather answered to our juries. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1045b" id="linknote-1045b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1045b (<a href="#linknoteref-1045b">return</a>)<br /> [ By the imperial + constitutions the philosophers were exempted from all public functions. + Catariscus. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1046b" id="linknote-1046b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1046b (<a href="#linknoteref-1046b">return</a>)<br /> [ About $24,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1047b" id="linknote-1047b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1047b (<a href="#linknoteref-1047b">return</a>)<br /> [ Geographers are not + agreed where to place this city; Cellarius conjectures it may possibly be + the same with Prusa ad Olympum, Prusa at the foot of Mount Olympus in + Mysia.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1048b" id="linknote-1048b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1048b (<a href="#linknoteref-1048b">return</a>)<br /> [ Domitian.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1049b" id="linknote-1049b"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1049b (<a href="#linknoteref-1049b">return</a>)<br /> [ That is, whether + they should be considered in a state of freedom or slavery. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1050" id="linknote-1050"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1050 (<a href="#linknoteref-1050">return</a>)<br /> [ "Parents throughout + the entire ancient world had the right to expose their children and leave + them to their fate. Hence would sometimes arise the question whether such + a child, if found and brought up by another, was entitled to his freedom, + whether also the person thus adopting him must grant him his freedom + without repayment for the cost of maintenance." Church and Brodribb.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1051" id="linknote-1051"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1051 (<a href="#linknoteref-1051">return</a>)<br /> [ "This decision of + Trajan, the effect of which would be that persons would be slow to adopt + an abandoned child which, when brought up, its natural parents could + claim back without any compensation for its nurture, seems harsh, and we + find that it was disregarded by the later emperors in their legal + decisions on the subject." Church and Brodribb.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1052" id="linknote-1052"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1052 (<a href="#linknoteref-1052">return</a>)<br /> [ And consequently by + the Roman laws unapplicable to any other purpose. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1053" id="linknote-1053"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1053 (<a href="#linknoteref-1053">return</a>)<br /> [ The Roman provinces + in the times of the emperors were of two sorts: those which were + distinguished by the name of the provinciae Cęsaris and the provinciae + senatus. The provinciae Cęsaris, or imperial provinces, were such as the + emperor, for reasons of policy, reserved to his own immediate + administration, or of those whom he thought proper to appoint: the + provinciae senatus, or proconsular provinces, were such as he left to the + government of proconsuls or praetors, chosen in the ordinary method of + election. (Vid. Suet, in Aug. V. 47.) Of the former kind was Bithynis, at + the time when our author presided there. (Vid. Masson. Vit. Plin. p. 133.) + M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1054" id="linknote-1054"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1054 (<a href="#linknoteref-1054">return</a>)<br /> [ A province in Asia, + bordering upon the Black Sea, and by some ancient geographers considered + as one province with Bithynia. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1055" id="linknote-1055"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1055 (<a href="#linknoteref-1055">return</a>)<br /> [ About $2,000. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1056" id="linknote-1056"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1056 (<a href="#linknoteref-1056">return</a>)<br /> [ Cities of Pontus near + the Euxine or Black Sea. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1057" id="linknote-1057"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1057 (<a href="#linknoteref-1057">return</a>)<br /> [ Gordium, the old + capital of Phrygia. It afterwards, in the reign of the Emperor Augustus, + received the name of Juliopolis. (See Smith's Classical Diet.)] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1058" id="linknote-1058"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1058 (<a href="#linknoteref-1058">return</a>)<br /> [ Pompey the Great + having subdued Mithridates, and by that means enlarged the Roman empire, + passed several laws relating to the newly conquered provinces, and, among + others, that which is here mentioned. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1059" id="linknote-1059"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1059 (<a href="#linknoteref-1059">return</a>)<br /> [ The right of electing + Senators did not originally belong to the censors, who were only, as + Cicero somewhere calls them, guardians of the discipline and manners of + the city; but in process of time they engrossed the whole privilege of + conferring that honour. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1060" id="linknote-1060"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1060 (<a href="#linknoteref-1060">return</a>)<br /> [ This, probably, was + some act whereby the city was to ratify and confirm the proceedings of + Dion under the commission assigned to him.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1061" id="linknote-1061"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1061 (<a href="#linknoteref-1061">return</a>)<br /> [ It was a notion which + generally prevailed with the ancients, in the Jewish as well as heathen + world, that there was a pollution in the contact of dead bodies, and this + they extended to the very house in which the corpse lay, and even to the + uncovered vessels that stood in the same room. (Vid. Pot. Antiq. V. II. + 181.) From some such opinion as this it is probable that the circumstance, + here mentioned, of placing Trajan's statue where these bodies were + deposited, was esteemed as a mark of disrespect to his person.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1062" id="linknote-1062"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1062 (<a href="#linknoteref-1062">return</a>)<br /> [ A thriving Greek + colony in the territory of Sinopis, on the Euxine.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1063" id="linknote-1063"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1063 (<a href="#linknoteref-1063">return</a>)<br /> [ A colony of Athenians + in the province of Pontus. Their town, Amisus, on the coast, was one of + the residences of Mithridates.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1064" id="linknote-1064"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1064 (<a href="#linknoteref-1064">return</a>)<br /> [ Casaubon, in his + observations upon Theophrastus (as cited by one of the commentators) + informs us that there were at Athens and other cities of Greece Certain + fraternities which paid into a common chest a monthly contribution towards + the support of such of their members who had fallen into misfortunes; upon + condition that, if ever they arrived to more prosperous circumstances, + they should repay into the general fund the money so advanced. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1065" id="linknote-1065"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1065 (<a href="#linknoteref-1065">return</a>)<br /> [ By the law for + encouragement of matrimony (some account of which has already been given + in the notes above), as a penalty upon those who lived bachelors, they + were declared incapable of inheriting any legacy by will; so likewise, if + being married, they had no children, they could not claim the full + advantage of benefactions of that kind.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1066" id="linknote-1066"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1066 (<a href="#linknoteref-1066">return</a>)<br /> [ This letter is + esteemed as almost the only genuine monument of ecclesiastical antiquity + relating to the times immediately succeeding the Apostles, it being + written at most not above forty years after the death of St. Paul. It was + preserved by the Christians themselves as a clear and unsuspicious + evidence of the purity of their doctrines, and is frequently appealed to + by the early writers of the Church against the calumnies of their + adversaries. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1067" id="linknote-1067"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1067 (<a href="#linknoteref-1067">return</a>)<br /> [ It was one of the + privileges of a Roman citizen, secured by the Semprorian law, that he + could not be capitally convicted but by the suffrage of the people; which + seems to have been still so far in force as to make it necessary to send + the persons here mentioned to Rome. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1068" id="linknote-1068"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1068 (<a href="#linknoteref-1068">return</a>)<br /> [ These women, it is + supposed, exercised the same office as Phoebe mentioned by St. Paul, whom + he styles deaconess of the church of Cenchrea. Their business was to tend + the poor and sick, and other charitable offices; as also to assist at the + ceremony of female baptism, for the more decent performance of that rite: + as Vossius observes upon this passage. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1069" id="linknote-1069"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1069 (<a href="#linknoteref-1069">return</a>)<br /> [ If we impartially + examine this prosecution of the Christians, we shall find it to have been + grounded on the ancient constitution of the state, and not to have + proceeded from a cruel or arbitrary temper in Trajan. The Roman + legislature appears to have been early jealous of any innovation in point + of public worship; and we find the magistrates, during the old republic + frequently interposing in cases of that nature. Valerius Maximus has + collected some instances to that purpose (L. I. C. 3), and Livy mentions + it as an established principle of the earlier ages of the commonwealth, to + guard against the introduction of foreign ceremonies of religion. It was + an old and fixed maxim likewise of the Roman government not to suffer any + unlicensed assemblies of the people. From hence it seems evident that the + Christians had rendered themselves obnoxious not so much to Trajan as to + the ancient and settled laws of the state, by introducing a foreign + worship, and assembling themselves without authority. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1070" id="linknote-1070"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1070 (<a href="#linknoteref-1070">return</a>)<br /> [ On the coast of + Paphlagonia.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1071" id="linknote-1071"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1071 (<a href="#linknoteref-1071">return</a>)<br /> [ By the Papian law, + which passed in the consulship of M. Papius Mutilus and Q. Poppeas + Secundus, u. c. 761, if a freedman died worth a hundred thousand sesterces + (or about $4,000 of our money), leaving only one child, his patron (that + is, the master from whom he received his liberty) was entitled to half his + estate; if he left two children, to one-third; but if more than two, then + the patron was absolutely excluded. This was afterwards altered by + Justinian, Inst. 1. III. tit. 8. M.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1072" id="linknote-1072"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1072 (<a href="#linknoteref-1072">return</a>)<br /> [ About $7,000.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1073" id="linknote-1073"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1073 (<a href="#linknoteref-1073">return</a>)<br /> [ About $175] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1074" id="linknote-1074"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1074 (<a href="#linknoteref-1074">return</a>)<br /> [ About $350.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1075" id="linknote-1075"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1075 (<a href="#linknoteref-1075">return</a>)<br /> [ The denarius=7 cents. + The sum total, then, distributed among one thousand persons at the rate + of, say, two denara a piece would amount to about $350.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1076" id="linknote-1076"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1076 (<a href="#linknoteref-1076">return</a>)<br /> [ These games are + called Iselastic from the Greek word invehor, because the victors, drawn + by white horses, and wearing crowns on their heads, were conducted with + great pomp into their respective cities, which they entered through a + breach in the walls made for that purpose; intimating, as Plutarch + observes, that a City which produced such able and victorious citizens, + had little occasion for the defence of walls (Catanaeus). They received + also annually a certain honourable stipend from the public. M.] + </p> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Letters of Pliny, by Pliny + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS OF PLINY *** + +***** This file should be named 2811-h.htm or 2811-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/1/2811/ + +Produced by David Reed and David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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