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@@ -0,0 +1,946 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by The National Atomic Museum + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Trinity [Atomic Test] Site + The 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb + +Author: The National Atomic Museum + +Release Date: June 29, 2008 [EBook #277] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + + + + +Produced by Gregory Walker + + + + + +TRINITY SITE + +by the U.S. Department of Energy + +National Atomic Museum, + +Albuquerque, New Mexico + + + +Contents: + + The First Atomic Test. + Jumbo. + Schmidt-McDonald Ranch House. + Notes. + Bibliography. + The National Atomic Museum. + + + + + +THE FIRST ATOMIC TEST + + +On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when +the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico +desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret +Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. The +Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, +about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los +Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly located +in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands +Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons testing. + +Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land +that had always been sparsely populated. During the war it was even +more lonely and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate their +homes in January 1942. They left because the War Department wanted the +land to use as an artillery and bombing practice area. In September +1944, a remote 18 by 24 square mile portion of the north-east corner +of the Bombing Range was set aside for the Manhattan Project and the +Trinity test by the military. + +The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley +for the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test +sites. Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also +located in New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava +beds (now the El Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an area +southwest of Cuba and north of Thoreau. Other possible sites not located +in New Mexico were: an Army training area north of Blythe, California, +in the Mojave Desert; San Nicolas Island (one of the Channel Islands) +off the coast of Southern California; and on Padre Island south of +Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico. The last choice for the +test was in the beautiful San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado, +near today's Great Sand Dunes National Monument. + +Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance from +Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no Indian land +would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed down to two +in the summer of 1944. First choice was the military training area +in southern California. The second choice, was the Jornada del Muerto +Valley in New Mexico. The final site selection was made in late August +1944 by Major General Leslie R. Groves, the military head of the +Manhattan Project. When General Groves discovered that in order to use +the California location he would need the permission of its commander, +General George Patton, Groves quickly decided on the second choice, +the Jornada del Muerto. This was because General Groves did not want +anything to do with the flamboyant Patton, who Groves had once described +as "the most disagreeable man I had ever met."[1] Despite being second +choice the remote Jornada was a good location for the test, because it +provided isolation for secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of +Los Alamos, and was already under military control. Plus, the Jornada +enjoyed relatively good weather. + +The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it was +given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico. The Jornada +was a short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that linked old +Mexico to Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The Camino Real went +north from Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near present day El +Paso, Texas. Then the trail followed the river valley further north to +a point where the river curved to the west, and its valley narrowed and +became impassable for the supply wagons. To avoid this obstacle, the +wagons took the dubious detour north across the Jornada del Muerto. +Sixty miles of desert, very little water, and numerous hostile Apaches. +Hence the name Jornada del Muerto, which is often translated as the +journey of death or as the route of the dead man. It is also interesting +to note that in the late 16th century, the Spanish considered their +province of New Mexico to include most of North America west of the +Mississippi! + +The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also +interesting, but the true source is unknown. One popular account +attributes the name to J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of the +Manhattan Project. According to this version, the well read Oppenheimer +based the name Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by John Donne, a +16th century English poet and sermon writer. The sonnet started, "Batter +my heart, three-personed God."[2] Another version of the name's origin +comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc M. Szasz. In his +1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes Robert W. Henderson +head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives Division of the +Manhattan Project. Henderson told Szasz that the name Trinity came from +Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens. According to Henderson, he and Stevens were +at the test site discussing the best way to haul Jumbo (see below) the +thirty miles from the closest railway siding to the test site. "A devout +Roman Catholic, Stevens observed that the railroad siding was called +'Pope's Siding.' He [then] remarked that the Pope had special access to +the Trinity, and that the scientists would need all the help they could +get to move the 214 ton Jumbo to its proper spot."[3] + +The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final +preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's +plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12. The +abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the +test site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After +assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be +inserted into the thing or gadget as the atomic device was called. But, +on the first attempt to insert the core it stuck! After letting the +temperatures of the core and the gadget equalize, the core fit perfectly +to the great relief of all present. The completed device was raised +to the top of a 100-foot steel tower on Saturday, July 14. During this +process workers piled up mattresses beneath the gadget to cushion +a possible fall. When the bomb reached the top of the tower without +mishap, installation of the explosive detonators began. The 100-foot +tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch tower) was designated Point +Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the tower. + +As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a failure +of the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around Los Alamos. +It read: + + From this crude lab that spawned a dud. + Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled + Lo, the embattled savants stood, + and fired the flop heard round the world.[4] + +A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the +possible yield of the Trinity test. Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT +to zero were selected by the various bettors. The Nobel Prize-winning +(1938) physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the +test would wipe out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere +destruction of the entire State of New Mexico! + +Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic +and photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower. Other +instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air +pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists. + +According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at +Trinity could at times be very exciting. One afternoon while scientists +were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the tail gunner +of a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes and opened up +with his twin.50-caliber machine guns. "A dozen scientists,... under the +plane and out of the gunner's line of vision, dropped their instruments +and hugged the ground in terror as the bullets thudded about them."[5] +Later a number of these scientists threatened to quit the project. + +Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards), north, +south, and west of Ground Zero. Code named Able, Baker, and Pittsburgh, +these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with concrete, and +covered with earth. The bunker designated Baker or South 10,000 served +as the control center for the test. This is where head scientist J. +Robert Oppenheimer would be for the test. + +A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned Dave +McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero. The +primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20 miles +to the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate, off NM +380. + +The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was +postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased +the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with the test +results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War +Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The +nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns. +The light was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of +Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over +38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000 +times hotter than the surface of the sun! At ten miles away, this heat +was described as like standing directly in front of a roaring fireplace. +Every living thing within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The +power of the bomb was estimated to be equal to 20,000 tons of TNT, or +equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 B-29, Superfortresses! + +After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a +sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita: He said: "I am become death, the +shatterer of worlds."[6] In Los Alamos 230 miles to the north, a group +of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the not so secret +test, saw the light and heard the distant sound. One wife, Jane Wilson, +described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light [no] one had +ever seen. The trees, illuminated, leaping out. The mountains flashing +into life. Later, the long slow rumble. Something had happened, all +right, for good or ill."[7] + +General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell, +described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well +be called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and +terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever +occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole +country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times +that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue. +It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range +with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but must be seen to +be imagined..."[8] + +Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own air +supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the site. +The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was necessary +to protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground zero. The +tank's passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had virtually +disappeared, with only the metal and concrete stumps of its four legs +remaining. Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost 2,400 feet across +and about ten feet deep in places. Desert sand around the tower had been +fused by the intense heat of the blast into a jade colored glass. This +atomic glass was given the name Atomsite, but the name was later changed +to Trinitite. + +Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information +of what happened was released to the public until after the second +atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many people in New +Mexico were well aware that something extraordinary had happened the +morning of July 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the +shock wave had made a vivid impression on people who lived within a +radius of 160 miles of ground zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles +away in Silver City, and residents of Albuquerque saw the bright light +of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt the tremor of the +shock waves moments later. + +The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on +August 6, 1945. This is when the world's second nuclear bomb, nicknamed +Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, destroying a +large portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000 to 130,000 +of its inhabitants. Three days later on August 9, a third atomic bomb +devastated the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately 45,000 more +Japanese. The Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb, similar to the +Trinity device, and it was nicknamed Fat Man. On Tuesday August 14, at 7 +p.m. Eastern War Time, President Truman made a brief formal announcement +that Japan had finally surrendered and World War II was over after +almost six years and 60 million deaths! + +On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press +for the first time. This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high +radiation levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Led +by General Groves and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made +Trinity front page news all over the country. + +Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link +fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity. In the early +1950s most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into +a underground concrete bunker near Trinity. Also at this time the crater +was back filled with new soil. In 1963 the Trinitite was removed +from the bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into trucks +belonging to the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the +Manhattan Project). Trinity site remained off-limits to military and +civilian personnel of the range and closed to the public for many +years, despite attempts immediately after the war to turn Trinity into a +national monument. + +In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house +sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range. +Two years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on +the 10th anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and +pray for peace. + +Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first +Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to avoid +the desert heat. Later Trinity Site was opened one additional day on the +first Saturday in April. The Site remains closed to the public except +for these two days, because it lies within the impact areas for missiles +fired into the northern part of the Range. + +In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero. Built +of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker for the +site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred there. +On the monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple inscription: +"Trinity Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on +July 16, 1945." + +During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the +first by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a National +Historic Landmark. This plaque reads, "This site possesses national +significance in commemorating the history of the U.S.A." + + + + +JUMBO + + +Lying next to the entrance of the chain link fence that still surrounds +Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo. Jumbo was the code name for +the 214-ton Thermos shaped steel and concrete container designed to hold +the precious plutonium core of the Trinity device in case of a nuclear +mis-fire. Built by the Babcock and Wilcox Company of Barberton, Ohio, +Jumbo was 28 feet long, 12 feet, 8 inches in diameter, and with steel +walls up to 16 inches thick. + +The idea of using some kind of container for the Trinity device was +based on the fact that plutonium was extremely expensive and very +difficult to produce. So, much thought went into a way of containing +the 15 lb. plutonium core of the bomb, in case the 5,300 lbs. of +conventional high explosives surrounding the core exploded without +setting off a nuclear blast, and in the process scattering the costly +plutonium (about 250 million dollars worth) across the dessert. After +extensive research and testing of other potential containment ideas, the +concept of Jumbo was decided on in the late summer of 1944. + +However, by the spring of 1945, after Jumbo had already been built and +transported (with great difficulty) to the Trinity Site by the Eichleay +Corporation of Pittsburgh, it was decided not to explode the Trinity +device inside of Jumbo after all. There were several reasons for this +new decision: first, plutonium had become more readily (relatively) +available; second, the Project scientists decided that the Trinity +device would probably work as planned; and last, the scientists realized +that if Jumbo were used it would adversely affect the test results, and +add 214 tons of highly radioactive material to the atmosphere. + +Not knowing what else to do with the massive 12 million dollar Jumbo, it +was decided to suspend it from a steel tower 800 yards from Ground +Zero to see how it would withstand the Trinity test. Jumbo survived the +approximately 20 kiloton Trinity blast undamaged, but its supporting +70-foot tall steel tower was flattened. + +Two years later, in an attempt to destroy the unused Jumbo before it +and its 12 million dollar cost came to the attention of a congressional +investigating committee, Manhattan Project Director General Groves +ordered two junior officers from the Special Weapons Division at Sandia +Army Base in Albuquerque to test Jumbo. The Army officers placed eight +500-pound conventional bombs in the bottom of Jumbo. Since the bombs +were on the bottom of Jumbo, and not the center (the correct position), +the resultant explosion blew both ends off Jumbo. Unable to totally +destroy Jumbo, the Army then buried it in the desert near Trinity Site. +It was not until the early 1970s that the impressive remains of Jumbo, +still weighing over 180 tons, were moved to their present location. + + + + +SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE + + +The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground +Zero. The property encompasses about three acres and consists of the +main house and assorted outbuildings. The house, surrounded by a low +stone wall, was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant and +homesteader. In the 1920s Schmidt sold the ranch to George McDonald and +moved to Florida. + +The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot adobe (mud bricks) +building. An ice house is located on the west side along with an 9'-4" +deep underground cistern. A 14 by 18.5 foot stone addition, which +included a modern bathroom, was added onto the north side in the 1930s. +East of the house there is a large, divided concrete water storage tank +and a windmill. South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse, +and a barn which also served as a garage. Further to the east are +corrals and holding pens for livestock. + +The McDonalds vacated their ranch house and their thousands of acres of +marginal range land in early 1942 when it became part of the Alamogordo +Bombing and Gunnery Range. The old house remained empty until Manhattan +Project personnel arrived in 1945. Then a spacious room in the northeast +corner of the house was selected by the Project personnel for the +assembly of the plutonium core of the Trinity device. Workmen installed +work benches, tables, and other equipment in this large room. To keep +the desert dust and sand out, the room's windows and cracks were covered +with plastic and sealed with tape. The core of the bomb consisted of +two hemispheres of plutonium, (Pu-239), and an initiator. According +to reports, while scientists assembled the initiator and the Pu-239 +hemispheres, jeeps were positioned outside with their engines running +for a quick getaway if needed. Detection devices were used to monitor +radiation levels in the room, and when fully assembled the core was warm +to the touch. The completed core was later transported the two miles to +Ground Zero, inserted into the bomb assembly, and raised to the top of +the tower. + +The Trinity explosion on Monday morning, July 16, did not significantly +damage the McDonald house. Even though most of the windows were blown +out, and the chimney was blown over, the main structure survived intact. +Years of rain water dripping through holes in the metal roof did much +more damage to the mud brick walls than the bomb did. The nearby barn +did not fare as well. The Trinity test blew part of its roof off, and +the roof has since totally collapsed. + +The ranch house stood empty and deteriorating for 37 years until 1982 +when the US Army stabilized it to prevent any further damage. The next +year, the Department of Energy and the Army provided funds for the +National Park Service to completely restore the house to the way it +appeared in July, 1945. When the work was completed, the house with many +photo displays on Trinity was opened to the public for the first time +in October 1984 during the semi-annual tour. The Schmidt-McDonald ranch +house is part of the Trinity National Historic Landmark. + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +[Footnote 1: Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: +University of New Mexico Press, 1984. p. 28.] + +[Footnote 2: Hayward, John, ed. John Donne: Complete Poetry and Selected +Prose. New York: Random House, Inc., 1949. p. 285.] + +[Footnote 3: Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, p. 40.] + +[Footnote 4: Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: +Simon and Schuster, 1984. p. 204.] + +[Footnote 5: Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965. +p. 123-124.] + +[Footnote 6: Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic +Age, 1943-1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. p. +170.] + +[Footnote 7: Wilson, Jane S. and Charlotte Serber, eds. Standing By +and Making Do: Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos +Historical Society, 1988. p. x, xi.] + +[Footnote 8: Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret +History of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. p. 516.] + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +Bainbridge, Kenneth T. Trinity. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific +Laboratory, (La-6300-H), 1946. + +Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of the +Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. + +Compton, Arthur Holly. Atomic Quest: A Personal Quest. New York: Oxford +University Press, 1956. + +Fanton, Jonathan F., Stoff, Michael B. and Williams, R. Hal editors. +The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. +Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. + +Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in +the Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. + +Groves, Leslie R. Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan +Project. New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. + +Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. + +Jette, Eleanor. Inside Box 1663. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical +Society, 1977. + +Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, +1943-1945. Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, 1978. + +Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Athenaeum, 1965. + +Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and +Schuster, 1986. + +Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. +Columbia; University of South Carolina Press, 1994. + +Smyth, Henry DeWolf. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton: +Princeton University Press, 1948. + +Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of +New Mexico Press, 1984. + +Tibbets, Paul W. Flight of the Enola Gay. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: Buckeye +Aviation Book Company, 1989. + +Williams, Robert C. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: +Harvard University Press, 1987. + +Wilson, Jane S. and Serber, Charlotte, eds. Standing By and Making Do: +Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical Society, +1988. + +Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon and +Schuster, 1984. + + + + +THE NATIONAL ATOMIC MUSEUM, + +Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico + + +Since its opening in 1969, the objective of the National Atomic museum +has been to provide a readily accessible repository of educational +materials, and information on the Atomic Age. In addition, the museum's +goal is to preserve, interpret, and exhibit to the public memorabilia +of this Age. In late 1991 the museum was chartered by Congress as the +United States' only official Atomic museum. + +Prominently featured in the museum's high bay is the story of the +Manhattan Engineer District, the unprecedented 2.2 billion dollar +scientific-engineering project that was centered in New Mexico during +World War II. The Manhattan Project as it was more commonly called, +developed, built, and tested the world's first Atomic bomb in New +Mexico. This display also includes casings similar to the only Atomic +bombs ever used in warfare. Dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima +and Nagasaki, these two bombs helped bring World War II to an end in +mid-August 1945. The story of the Manhattan Project's three secret +cities, Hanford, Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge, +Tennessee, is also presented in this area. + +A portion of the museum, the low bay, is devoted to exhibits on the +research, development, and use of various forms of nuclear energy. +Historical and other traveling exhibits are also displayed in this area. +Also found in the low bay is the museum's store, which is operated by +the museum's foundation. + +Adjacent to the low bay is the theater. The featured film is David +Wolpers classic 1963 production, Ten Seconds That Shook The World. This +excellent film is a 53-minute documentary on the Manhattan Project. +Other films relating to the history of the Atomic Age are available for +viewing and checkout from the library. + +Next to the theater is the library/Department of Energy public reading +room, containing government documents that are available to the public +for in-library research. The library also has many nuclear related books +available for reference and checkout. + +Located around the outside of the museum are a number of large exhibits. +These include the Boeing B-52B jet bomber that dropped the United +States' last air burst H-bomb in 1962, and a 280-mm (11 inches) Atomic +cannon, once America's most powerful field artillery. Also found in +this area is a Navy TA-7C (a modified A-7B) Corsair II fighter-bomber, a +veteran of the Vietnam War. Many other nuclear weapons systems, rockets, +and missiles are found in this area. + +In front of the museum are a pair of Navy Terrier missiles. The Terrier +was the Navy's first operational surface to air missile. To the south +of the museum, next to the visitors parking lot, is a Republic F-105D +Thunderchief fighter-bomber. Further south is a World War II Boeing +B-29 Superfortress. This plane is similar to the B-29's, Enola Gay and +Bockscar that dropped the Atomic bombs on Japan. + +The National Atomic Museum, is open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, except +for New Years Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The museum +is located at 20358 Wyoming Blvd. SE, on Kirtland Air Force Base, +Albuquerque, New Mexico. Guided tours for groups are available by +calling (505)845-4636 in advance. Admission and tours are free, and +cameras are always welcome! + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by +The National Atomic Museum + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE *** + +***** This file should be named 277.txt or 277.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/277/ + +Produced by Gregory Walker + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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