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+Project Gutenberg's Trinity [Atomic Test] Site, by The National Atomic Museum
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Trinity [Atomic Test] Site
+       The 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Bomb
+
+Author: The National Atomic Museum
+
+Release Date: June 29, 2008 [EBook #277]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRINITY [ATOMIC TEST] SITE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Gregory Walker
+
+
+
+
+
+TRINITY SITE
+
+by the U.S. Department of Energy
+
+National Atomic Museum,
+
+Albuquerque, New Mexico
+
+
+
+Contents:
+
+     The First Atomic Test.
+     Jumbo.
+     Schmidt-McDonald Ranch House.
+     Notes.
+     Bibliography.
+     The National Atomic Museum.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST ATOMIC TEST
+
+
+On Monday morning July 16, 1945, the world was changed forever when
+the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico
+desert. Conducted in the final month of World War II by the top-secret
+Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. The
+Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range,
+about 230 miles south of the Manhattan Project's headquarters at Los
+Alamos, New Mexico. Today this 3,200 square mile range, partly located
+in the desolate Jornada del Muerto Valley, is named the White Sands
+Missile Range and is actively used for non-nuclear weapons testing.
+
+Before the war the range was mostly public and private grazing land
+that had always been sparsely populated. During the war it was even
+more lonely and deserted because the ranchers had agreed to vacate their
+homes in January 1942. They left because the War Department wanted the
+land to use as an artillery and bombing practice area. In September
+1944, a remote 18 by 24 square mile portion of the north-east corner
+of the Bombing Range was set aside for the Manhattan Project and the
+Trinity test by the military.
+
+The selection of this remote location in the Jornada del Muerto Valley
+for the Trinity test was from an initial list of eight possible test
+sites. Besides the Jornada, three of the other seven sites were also
+located in New Mexico: the Tularosa Basin near Alamogordo, the lava
+beds (now the El Malpais National Monument) south of Grants, and an area
+southwest of Cuba and north of Thoreau. Other possible sites not located
+in New Mexico were: an Army training area north of Blythe, California,
+in the Mojave Desert; San Nicolas Island (one of the Channel Islands)
+off the coast of Southern California; and on Padre Island south of
+Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico. The last choice for the
+test was in the beautiful San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado,
+near today's Great Sand Dunes National Monument.
+
+Based on a number of criteria that included availability, distance from
+Los Alamos, good weather, few or no settlements, and that no Indian land
+would be used, the choices for the test site were narrowed down to two
+in the summer of 1944. First choice was the military training area
+in southern California. The second choice, was the Jornada del Muerto
+Valley in New Mexico. The final site selection was made in late August
+1944 by Major General Leslie R. Groves, the military head of the
+Manhattan Project. When General Groves discovered that in order to use
+the California location he would need the permission of its commander,
+General George Patton, Groves quickly decided on the second choice,
+the Jornada del Muerto. This was because General Groves did not want
+anything to do with the flamboyant Patton, who Groves had once described
+as "the most disagreeable man I had ever met."[1] Despite being second
+choice the remote Jornada was a good location for the test, because it
+provided isolation for secrecy and safety, was only 230 miles south of
+Los Alamos, and was already under military control. Plus, the Jornada
+enjoyed relatively good weather.
+
+The history of the Jornada is in itself quite fascinating, since it was
+given its name by the Spanish conquerors of New Mexico. The Jornada
+was a short cut on the Camino Real, the King's Highway that linked old
+Mexico to Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. The Camino Real went
+north from Mexico City till it joined the Rio Grande near present day El
+Paso, Texas. Then the trail followed the river valley further north to
+a point where the river curved to the west, and its valley narrowed and
+became impassable for the supply wagons. To avoid this obstacle, the
+wagons took the dubious detour north across the Jornada del Muerto.
+Sixty miles of desert, very little water, and numerous hostile Apaches.
+Hence the name Jornada del Muerto, which is often translated as the
+journey of death or as the route of the dead man. It is also interesting
+to note that in the late 16th century, the Spanish considered their
+province of New Mexico to include most of North America west of the
+Mississippi!
+
+The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also
+interesting, but the true source is unknown. One popular account
+attributes the name to J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific head of the
+Manhattan Project. According to this version, the well read Oppenheimer
+based the name Trinity on the fourteenth Holy Sonnet by John Donne, a
+16th century English poet and sermon writer. The sonnet started, "Batter
+my heart, three-personed God."[2] Another version of the name's origin
+comes from University of New Mexico historian Ferenc M. Szasz. In his
+1984 book, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, Szasz quotes Robert W. Henderson
+head of the Engineering Group in the Explosives Division of the
+Manhattan Project. Henderson told Szasz that the name Trinity came from
+Major W. A. (Lex) Stevens. According to Henderson, he and Stevens were
+at the test site discussing the best way to haul Jumbo (see below) the
+thirty miles from the closest railway siding to the test site. "A devout
+Roman Catholic, Stevens observed that the railroad siding was called
+'Pope's Siding.' He [then] remarked that the Pope had special access to
+the Trinity, and that the scientists would need all the help they could
+get to move the 214 ton Jumbo to its proper spot."[3]
+
+The Trinity test was originally set for July 4, 1945. However, final
+preparations for the test, which included the assembly of the bomb's
+plutonium core, did not begin in earnest until Thursday, July 12. The
+abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the
+test site served as the assembly point for the device's core. After
+assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be
+inserted into the thing or gadget as the atomic device was called. But,
+on the first attempt to insert the core it stuck! After letting the
+temperatures of the core and the gadget equalize, the core fit perfectly
+to the great relief of all present. The completed device was raised
+to the top of a 100-foot steel tower on Saturday, July 14. During this
+process workers piled up mattresses beneath the gadget to cushion
+a possible fall. When the bomb reached the top of the tower without
+mishap, installation of the explosive detonators began. The 100-foot
+tower (a surplus Forest Service fire-watch tower) was designated Point
+Zero. Ground Zero was at the base of the tower.
+
+As a result of all the anxiety surrounding the possibility of a failure
+of the test, a verse by an unknown author circulated around Los Alamos.
+It read:
+
+   From this crude lab that spawned a dud.
+   Their necks to Truman's ax uncurled
+   Lo, the embattled savants stood,
+   and fired the flop heard round the world.[4]
+
+A betting pool was also started by scientists at Los Alamos on the
+possible yield of the Trinity test. Yields from 45,000 tons of TNT
+to zero were selected by the various bettors. The Nobel Prize-winning
+(1938) physicist Enrico Fermi was willing to bet anyone that the
+test would wipe out all life on Earth, with special odds on the mere
+destruction of the entire State of New Mexico!
+
+Meanwhile back at the test site, technicians installed seismographic
+and photographic equipment at varying distances from the tower. Other
+instruments were set up for recording radioactivity, temperature, air
+pressure, and similar data needed by the project scientists.
+
+According to Lansing Lamont in his 1965 book Day of Trinity, life at
+Trinity could at times be very exciting. One afternoon while scientists
+were busily setting up test instruments in the desert, the tail gunner
+of a low flying B-29 bomber spotted some grazing antelopes and opened up
+with his twin.50-caliber machine guns. "A dozen scientists,... under the
+plane and out of the gunner's line of vision, dropped their instruments
+and hugged the ground in terror as the bullets thudded about them."[5]
+Later a number of these scientists threatened to quit the project.
+
+Workers built three observation points 5.68 miles (10,000 yards), north,
+south, and west of Ground Zero. Code named Able, Baker, and Pittsburgh,
+these heavily-built wooden bunkers were reinforced with concrete, and
+covered with earth. The bunker designated Baker or South 10,000 served
+as the control center for the test. This is where head scientist J.
+Robert Oppenheimer would be for the test.
+
+A fourth observation point was the test's Base Camp, (the abandoned Dave
+McDonald ranch) located about ten miles southwest of Ground Zero. The
+primary observation point was on Compania Hill, located about 20 miles
+to the northwest of Trinity near today's Stallion Range Gate, off NM
+380.
+
+The test was originally scheduled for 4 a.m., Monday July 16, but was
+postponed to 5:30 due to a severe thunderstorm that would have increased
+the amount of radioactive fallout, and have interfered with the test
+results. The rain finally stopped and at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War
+Time, the device exploded successfully and the Atomic Age was born. The
+nuclear blast created a flash of light brighter than a dozen suns.
+The light was seen over the entire state of New Mexico and in parts of
+Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. The resultant mushroom cloud rose to over
+38,000 feet within minutes, and the heat of the explosion was 10,000
+times hotter than the surface of the sun! At ten miles away, this heat
+was described as like standing directly in front of a roaring fireplace.
+Every living thing within a mile of the tower was obliterated. The
+power of the bomb was estimated to be equal to 20,000 tons of TNT, or
+equivalent to the bomb load of 2,000 B-29, Superfortresses!
+
+After witnessing the awesome blast, Oppenheimer quoted a line from a
+sacred Hindu text, the Bhagavad-Gita: He said: "I am become death, the
+shatterer of worlds."[6] In Los Alamos 230 miles to the north, a group
+of scientists' wives who had stayed up all night for the not so secret
+test, saw the light and heard the distant sound. One wife, Jane Wilson,
+described it this way, "Then it came. The blinding light [no] one had
+ever seen. The trees, illuminated, leaping out. The mountains flashing
+into life. Later, the long slow rumble. Something had happened, all
+right, for good or ill."[7]
+
+General Groves' deputy commander, Brigadier General T. F. Farrell,
+described the explosion in great detail: "The effects could well
+be called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous, and
+terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever
+occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole
+country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times
+that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue.
+It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range
+with a clarity and beauty that cannot be described but must be seen to
+be imagined..."[8]
+
+Immediately after the test a Sherman M-4 tank, equipped with its own air
+supply, and lined with two inches of lead went out to explore the site.
+The lead lining added 12 tons to the tank's weight, but was necessary
+to protect its occupants from the radiation levels at ground zero. The
+tank's passengers found that the 100-foot steel tower had virtually
+disappeared, with only the metal and concrete stumps of its four legs
+remaining. Surrounding ground zero was a crater almost 2,400 feet across
+and about ten feet deep in places. Desert sand around the tower had been
+fused by the intense heat of the blast into a jade colored glass. This
+atomic glass was given the name Atomsite, but the name was later changed
+to Trinitite.
+
+Due to the intense secrecy surrounding the test, no accurate information
+of what happened was released to the public until after the second
+atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. However, many people in New
+Mexico were well aware that something extraordinary had happened the
+morning of July 16, 1945. The blinding flash of light, followed by the
+shock wave had made a vivid impression on people who lived within a
+radius of 160 miles of ground zero. Windows were shattered 120 miles
+away in Silver City, and residents of Albuquerque saw the bright light
+of the explosion on the southern horizon and felt the tremor of the
+shock waves moments later.
+
+The true story of the Trinity test first became known to the public on
+August 6, 1945. This is when the world's second nuclear bomb, nicknamed
+Little Boy, exploded 1,850 feet over Hiroshima, Japan, destroying a
+large portion of the city and killing an estimated 70,000 to 130,000
+of its inhabitants. Three days later on August 9, a third atomic bomb
+devastated the city of Nagasaki and killed approximately 45,000 more
+Japanese. The Nagasaki weapon was a plutonium bomb, similar to the
+Trinity device, and it was nicknamed Fat Man. On Tuesday August 14, at 7
+p.m. Eastern War Time, President Truman made a brief formal announcement
+that Japan had finally surrendered and World War II was over after
+almost six years and 60 million deaths!
+
+On Sunday, September 9, 1945, Trinity Site was opened to the press
+for the first time. This was mainly to dispel rumors of lingering high
+radiation levels there, as well as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Led
+by General Groves and Oppenheimer, this widely publicized visit made
+Trinity front page news all over the country.
+
+Trinity Site was later encircled with more than a mile of chain link
+fencing and posted with signs warning of radioactivity. In the early
+1950s most of the remaining Trinitite in the crater was bulldozed into
+a underground concrete bunker near Trinity. Also at this time the crater
+was back filled with new soil. In 1963 the Trinitite was removed
+from the bunker, packed into 55-gallon drums, and loaded into trucks
+belonging to the Atomic Energy Commission (the successor of the
+Manhattan Project). Trinity site remained off-limits to military and
+civilian personnel of the range and closed to the public for many
+years, despite attempts immediately after the war to turn Trinity into a
+national monument.
+
+In 1953 about 700 people attended the first Trinity Site open house
+sponsored by the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce and the Missile Range.
+Two years later, a small group from Tularosa, NM visited the site on
+the 10th anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and
+pray for peace.
+
+Regular visits have been made annually in recent years on the first
+Saturday in October instead of the anniversary date of July 16, to avoid
+the desert heat. Later Trinity Site was opened one additional day on the
+first Saturday in April. The Site remains closed to the public except
+for these two days, because it lies within the impact areas for missiles
+fired into the northern part of the Range.
+
+In 1965, Range officials erected a modest monument at Ground Zero. Built
+of black lava rock, this monument serves as a permanent marker for the
+site and as a reminder of the momentous event that occurred there.
+On the monument is a plain metal plaque with this simple inscription:
+"Trinity Site Where the World's First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on
+July 16, 1945."
+
+During the annual tour in 1975, a second plaque was added below the
+first by The National Park Service, designating Trinity Site a National
+Historic Landmark. This plaque reads, "This site possesses national
+significance in commemorating the history of the U.S.A."
+
+
+
+
+JUMBO
+
+
+Lying next to the entrance of the chain link fence that still surrounds
+Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo. Jumbo was the code name for
+the 214-ton Thermos shaped steel and concrete container designed to hold
+the precious plutonium core of the Trinity device in case of a nuclear
+mis-fire. Built by the Babcock and Wilcox Company of Barberton, Ohio,
+Jumbo was 28 feet long, 12 feet, 8 inches in diameter, and with steel
+walls up to 16 inches thick.
+
+The idea of using some kind of container for the Trinity device was
+based on the fact that plutonium was extremely expensive and very
+difficult to produce. So, much thought went into a way of containing
+the 15 lb. plutonium core of the bomb, in case the 5,300 lbs. of
+conventional high explosives surrounding the core exploded without
+setting off a nuclear blast, and in the process scattering the costly
+plutonium (about 250 million dollars worth) across the dessert. After
+extensive research and testing of other potential containment ideas, the
+concept of Jumbo was decided on in the late summer of 1944.
+
+However, by the spring of 1945, after Jumbo had already been built and
+transported (with great difficulty) to the Trinity Site by the Eichleay
+Corporation of Pittsburgh, it was decided not to explode the Trinity
+device inside of Jumbo after all. There were several reasons for this
+new decision: first, plutonium had become more readily (relatively)
+available; second, the Project scientists decided that the Trinity
+device would probably work as planned; and last, the scientists realized
+that if Jumbo were used it would adversely affect the test results, and
+add 214 tons of highly radioactive material to the atmosphere.
+
+Not knowing what else to do with the massive 12 million dollar Jumbo, it
+was decided to suspend it from a steel tower 800 yards from Ground
+Zero to see how it would withstand the Trinity test. Jumbo survived the
+approximately 20 kiloton Trinity blast undamaged, but its supporting
+70-foot tall steel tower was flattened.
+
+Two years later, in an attempt to destroy the unused Jumbo before it
+and its 12 million dollar cost came to the attention of a congressional
+investigating committee, Manhattan Project Director General Groves
+ordered two junior officers from the Special Weapons Division at Sandia
+Army Base in Albuquerque to test Jumbo. The Army officers placed eight
+500-pound conventional bombs in the bottom of Jumbo. Since the bombs
+were on the bottom of Jumbo, and not the center (the correct position),
+the resultant explosion blew both ends off Jumbo. Unable to totally
+destroy Jumbo, the Army then buried it in the desert near Trinity Site.
+It was not until the early 1970s that the impressive remains of Jumbo,
+still weighing over 180 tons, were moved to their present location.
+
+
+
+
+SCHMIDT-McDONALD RANCH HOUSE
+
+
+The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground
+Zero. The property encompasses about three acres and consists of the
+main house and assorted outbuildings. The house, surrounded by a low
+stone wall, was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant and
+homesteader. In the 1920s Schmidt sold the ranch to George McDonald and
+moved to Florida.
+
+The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot adobe (mud bricks)
+building. An ice house is located on the west side along with an 9'-4"
+deep underground cistern. A 14 by 18.5 foot stone addition, which
+included a modern bathroom, was added onto the north side in the 1930s.
+East of the house there is a large, divided concrete water storage tank
+and a windmill. South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse,
+and a barn which also served as a garage. Further to the east are
+corrals and holding pens for livestock.
+
+The McDonalds vacated their ranch house and their thousands of acres of
+marginal range land in early 1942 when it became part of the Alamogordo
+Bombing and Gunnery Range. The old house remained empty until Manhattan
+Project personnel arrived in 1945. Then a spacious room in the northeast
+corner of the house was selected by the Project personnel for the
+assembly of the plutonium core of the Trinity device. Workmen installed
+work benches, tables, and other equipment in this large room. To keep
+the desert dust and sand out, the room's windows and cracks were covered
+with plastic and sealed with tape. The core of the bomb consisted of
+two hemispheres of plutonium, (Pu-239), and an initiator. According
+to reports, while scientists assembled the initiator and the Pu-239
+hemispheres, jeeps were positioned outside with their engines running
+for a quick getaway if needed. Detection devices were used to monitor
+radiation levels in the room, and when fully assembled the core was warm
+to the touch. The completed core was later transported the two miles to
+Ground Zero, inserted into the bomb assembly, and raised to the top of
+the tower.
+
+The Trinity explosion on Monday morning, July 16, did not significantly
+damage the McDonald house. Even though most of the windows were blown
+out, and the chimney was blown over, the main structure survived intact.
+Years of rain water dripping through holes in the metal roof did much
+more damage to the mud brick walls than the bomb did. The nearby barn
+did not fare as well. The Trinity test blew part of its roof off, and
+the roof has since totally collapsed.
+
+The ranch house stood empty and deteriorating for 37 years until 1982
+when the US Army stabilized it to prevent any further damage. The next
+year, the Department of Energy and the Army provided funds for the
+National Park Service to completely restore the house to the way it
+appeared in July, 1945. When the work was completed, the house with many
+photo displays on Trinity was opened to the public for the first time
+in October 1984 during the semi-annual tour. The Schmidt-McDonald ranch
+house is part of the Trinity National Historic Landmark.
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque:
+University of New Mexico Press, 1984. p. 28.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Hayward, John, ed. John Donne: Complete Poetry and Selected
+Prose. New York: Random House, Inc., 1949. p. 285.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, p. 40.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York:
+Simon and Schuster, 1984. p. 204.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965.
+p. 123-124.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic
+Age, 1943-1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. p.
+170.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Wilson, Jane S. and Charlotte Serber, eds. Standing By
+and Making Do: Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos
+Historical Society, 1988. p. x, xi.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret
+History of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977. p. 516.]
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+Bainbridge, Kenneth T. Trinity. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Scientific
+Laboratory, (La-6300-H), 1946.
+
+Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. The Secret History of the
+Atomic Bomb. New York: Dell, 1977.
+
+Compton, Arthur Holly. Atomic Quest: A Personal Quest. New York: Oxford
+University Press, 1956.
+
+Fanton, Jonathan F., Stoff, Michael B. and Williams, R. Hal editors.
+The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age.
+Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.
+
+Feis, Herbert. Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in
+the Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.
+
+Groves, Leslie R. Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan
+Project. New York: Da Capo Press, 1975.
+
+Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946.
+
+Jette, Eleanor. Inside Box 1663. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical
+Society, 1977.
+
+Kunetka, James W. City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age,
+1943-1945. Albuquerque; University of New Mexico Press, 1978.
+
+Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Athenaeum, 1965.
+
+Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and
+Schuster, 1986.
+
+Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb.
+Columbia; University of South Carolina Press, 1994.
+
+Smyth, Henry DeWolf. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton:
+Princeton University Press, 1948.
+
+Szasz, Ferenc. The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of
+New Mexico Press, 1984.
+
+Tibbets, Paul W. Flight of the Enola Gay. Reynoldsburg, Ohio: Buckeye
+Aviation Book Company, 1989.
+
+Williams, Robert C. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
+Harvard University Press, 1987.
+
+Wilson, Jane S. and Serber, Charlotte, eds. Standing By and Making Do:
+Women in Wartime Los Alamos. Los Alamos: Los Alamos Historical Society,
+1988.
+
+Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After. New York: Simon and
+Schuster, 1984.
+
+
+
+
+THE NATIONAL ATOMIC MUSEUM,
+
+Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico
+
+
+Since its opening in 1969, the objective of the National Atomic museum
+has been to provide a readily accessible repository of educational
+materials, and information on the Atomic Age. In addition, the museum's
+goal is to preserve, interpret, and exhibit to the public memorabilia
+of this Age. In late 1991 the museum was chartered by Congress as the
+United States' only official Atomic museum.
+
+Prominently featured in the museum's high bay is the story of the
+Manhattan Engineer District, the unprecedented 2.2 billion dollar
+scientific-engineering project that was centered in New Mexico during
+World War II. The Manhattan Project as it was more commonly called,
+developed, built, and tested the world's first Atomic bomb in New
+Mexico. This display also includes casings similar to the only Atomic
+bombs ever used in warfare. Dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima
+and Nagasaki, these two bombs helped bring World War II to an end in
+mid-August 1945. The story of the Manhattan Project's three secret
+cities, Hanford, Washington, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Oak Ridge,
+Tennessee, is also presented in this area.
+
+A portion of the museum, the low bay, is devoted to exhibits on the
+research, development, and use of various forms of nuclear energy.
+Historical and other traveling exhibits are also displayed in this area.
+Also found in the low bay is the museum's store, which is operated by
+the museum's foundation.
+
+Adjacent to the low bay is the theater. The featured film is David
+Wolpers classic 1963 production, Ten Seconds That Shook The World. This
+excellent film is a 53-minute documentary on the Manhattan Project.
+Other films relating to the history of the Atomic Age are available for
+viewing and checkout from the library.
+
+Next to the theater is the library/Department of Energy public reading
+room, containing government documents that are available to the public
+for in-library research. The library also has many nuclear related books
+available for reference and checkout.
+
+Located around the outside of the museum are a number of large exhibits.
+These include the Boeing B-52B jet bomber that dropped the United
+States' last air burst H-bomb in 1962, and a 280-mm (11 inches) Atomic
+cannon, once America's most powerful field artillery. Also found in
+this area is a Navy TA-7C (a modified A-7B) Corsair II fighter-bomber, a
+veteran of the Vietnam War. Many other nuclear weapons systems, rockets,
+and missiles are found in this area.
+
+In front of the museum are a pair of Navy Terrier missiles. The Terrier
+was the Navy's first operational surface to air missile. To the south
+of the museum, next to the visitors parking lot, is a Republic F-105D
+Thunderchief fighter-bomber. Further south is a World War II Boeing
+B-29 Superfortress. This plane is similar to the B-29's, Enola Gay and
+Bockscar that dropped the Atomic bombs on Japan.
+
+The National Atomic Museum, is open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, except
+for New Years Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The museum
+is located at 20358 Wyoming Blvd. SE, on Kirtland Air Force Base,
+Albuquerque, New Mexico. Guided tours for groups are available by
+calling (505)845-4636 in advance. Admission and tours are free, and
+cameras are always welcome!
+
+
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