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diff --git a/27341-8.txt b/27341-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..374695f --- /dev/null +++ b/27341-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3104 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 4, June 1906, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 4, June 1906 + Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature + +Author: Various + +Editor: Emma Goldman + +Release Date: November 27, 2008 [EBook #27341] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHER EARTH, JUNE 1906 *** + + + + +Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Martin Pettit and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + ++-------------------------------------------------+ +|Transcriber's note: | +| | +|Obvious typographical errors have been corrected | ++-------------------------------------------------+ + + + + +Vol. I. JUNE, 1906 No. 4 + +MOTHER EARTH + + +[Illustration] + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE + +Mrs. Grundy VIROQUA DANIELS 1 + +A Greeting ALEXANDER BERKMAN 3 + +Henrik Ibsen M. B. 6 + +Observations and Comments 8 + +A Letter EMMA GOLDMAN 13 + +Libertarian Instruction EMILE JANVION 14 + +The Antichrist FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 15 + +Brain Work and Manual Work PETER KROPOTKIN 21 + +Motherhood and Marriage HENRIETTE FUERTH 30 + +Object Lesson for Advocates of Governmental +Control ARTHUR G. EVERETT, N--M. 33 + +The Genius of War JOHN FRANCIS VALTER 36 + +Dignity Speaks 36 + +Paternalistic Government (CONTINUATION) + THEODORE SCHROEDER 38 + +Aim and Tactics of the Trade-Union Movement + MAX BAGINSKI 44 + +Refined Cruelty ANNA MERCY 50 + +"The Jungle" VERITAS 53 + +The Game is Up SADAKICHI HARTMANN 57 + + + + +10c. A COPY $1 A YEAR + + +MOTHER EARTH + + +Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature + Published Every 15th of the Month + +EMMA GOLDMAN, Publisher, P. O. Box 217, Madison Square Station, + New York, N. Y. + +Entered as second-class matter April 9, 1906, at the post office +at New York, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. + +Vol. I JUNE, 1906 No. 4 + + + + +MRS. GRUNDY. + +By VIROQUA DANIELS. + + + _Her will is law. She holds despotic sway. + Her wont has been to show the narrow way + Wherein must tread the world, the bright, the brave, + From infancy to dotard's gloomy grave._ + + _"Obey! Obey!" with sternness she commands + The high, the low, in great or little lands. + She folds us all within her ample gown. + A forward act is met with angry frown._ + + _The lisping babes are taught her local speech; + Her gait to walk; her blessings to beseech. + They laugh or cry, as Mistress says they may,-- + In everything the little tots obey._ + + _The youth know naught save Mrs. Grundy's whims. + They play her games. They sing her holy hymns. + They question not; accept both truth and fiction,_ + _(The_ OLD _is right, within her jurisdiction!)._ + + _Maid, matron, man unto her meekly bow. + She with contempt or ridicule may cow. + They dare not speak, or dress, or love, or hate, + At variance with the program on her slate._ + + _Her subtle smile, e'en men to thinkers grown, + Are loath to lose; before its charm they're prone. + With great ado, they publicly conform-- + Vain, cowards, vain; revolt_ MUST _raise a storm!_ + + _The "indiscreet," when hidden from her sight, + Attempt to live as they consider "right." + Lo! Walls have ears! The loyal everywhere + The searchlight turn, and loudly shout, "Beware!"_ + + _In tyranny the Mistress is supreme. + "Obedience," that is her endless theme. + Al countries o'er, in city, town and glen, + Her aid is sought by bosses over men._ + + _Of Greed, her brain is cunningly devised. + From Ignorance, her bulky body's sized. + When at her ease, she acts as judge and jury. + But she's the Mob when 'roused to fighting fury._ + + _Dame Grundy is, by far, the fiercest foe + To ev'ry kind of progress, that we know. + So Freedom is, to her, a poison thing. + Who heralds it, he must her death knell ring._ + + +[Illustration] + + + + +A GREETING. + +By ALEXANDER BERKMAN. + + +Dear Friends:-- + +I am happy, inexpressibly happy to be in your midst again, after an +absence of fourteen long years, passed amid the horrors and darkness of +my Pennsylvania nightmare. * * * Methinks the days of miracles are not +past. They say that nineteen hundred years ago a man was raised from the +dead after having been buried for three days. They call it a great +miracle. But I think the resurrection from the peaceful slumber of a +three days' grave is not nearly so miraculous as the actual coming back +to life from a living death of fourteen years duration;--'tis the +twentieth century resurrection, not based on ignorant credulity, nor +assisted by any Oriental jugglery. No travelers ever return, the poets +say, from the Land of Shades beyond the river Styx--and may be it is a +good thing for them that they don't--but you can see that there is an +occasional exception even to that rule, for I have just returned from a +hell, the like of which, for human brutality and fiendish barbarity, is +not to be found even in the fire-and-brimstone creeds of our loving +Christians. + +It was a moment of supreme joy when I felt the heavy chains, that had +bound me so long, give way with the final clang of the iron doors behind +me and I suddenly found myself transported, as it were, from the dreary +night of my prison-existence into the warm sunshine of the living day; +and then, as I breathed the free air of the beautiful May morning--my +first breath of freedom in fourteen years--it seemed to me as if a +beautiful nature had waved her magic wand and marshalled her most +alluring charms to welcome me into the world again; the sun, bathed in a +sea of sapphire, seemed to shed his golden-winged caresses upon me; +beautiful birds were intoning a sweet paean of joyful welcome; +green-clad trees on the banks of the Allegheny were stretching out to me +a hundred emerald arms, and every little blade of grass seemed to lift +its head and nod to me, and all Nature whispered sweetly "Welcome Home!" +It was Nature's beautiful Springtime, the reawakening of Life, and Joy, +and Hope, and the spirit of Springtime dwelt in my heart. + +I had been told before I left the prison that the world had changed so +much during my long confinement that I would practically come back into +a new and different world. I hoped it were true. For at the time when I +retired from the world, or rather when I _was_ retired from the +world--that was a hundred years ago, for it happened in the nineteenth +century--at that time, I say, the footsteps of the world were faltering +under the heavy cross of oppression, injustice and misery, and I could +hear the anguish-cry of the suffering multitudes, even above the +clanking of my own heavy chains. * * * But all that is different now--I +thought as I left the prison--for have I not been told that the world +had changed, changed so much that, as they put it, "its own mother +wouldn't know it again." And that thought made me _doubly_ happy: happy +at the recovery of my own liberty, and happy in the fond hope that I +should find my own great joy mirrored in, and heightened by the +happiness of my fellow-men. + +Then I began to look around, and indeed, I found the world changed; so +changed, in fact, that I am now afraid to cross the street, lest +lightning, in the shape of a horseless car, overtake me and strike me +down; I also found a new race of beings, a race of red +devils--automobiles you call them--and I have been told about the winged +children of thought flying above our heads--talking through the air, you +know, and sometimes also through the hat, perhaps--and here in New York +you can ride on the ground, overground, above ground, underground, and +without any ground at all. + +These and a thousand and one other inventions and discoveries have +considerably changed the face of the world. But alas! its face _only_. +For as I looked further, past the outer trappings, down into the heart +of the world, I beheld the old, familiar, yet no less revolting sight of +Mammon, enthroned upon a dais of bleeding hearts, and I saw the ruthless +wheels of the social Juggernaut slowly crushing the beautiful form of +liberty lying prostrate on the ground. * * * I saw men, women and +children, without number, sacrificed on the altar of the capitalistic +Moloch, and I beheld a race of pitiful creatures, stricken with the +modern St. Vitus's dance at the shrine of the Golden Calf. + +With an aching heart I realized what I had been told in prison about +the changed condition of the world was but a miserable myth, and my fond +hope of returning into a new, regenerated world lay shattered at my +feet.... + +No, the world has not changed during my absence; I can find no +improvement in the twentieth-century society over that of the +nineteenth, and in truth, it is not capable of any real improvement, for +this society is the product of a civilization so self-contradictory in +its essential qualities, so stupendously absurd in its results, that the +more we advance in this would-be civilization the less rational, the +less human we become. Your twentieth-century civilization is fitly +characterized by the fact that, paradoxical as it may seem, the more we +produce, the less we have, and the richer we get, the poorer we are. +Your pseudo-civilization is of that quality which defeats its own ends, +so that notwithstanding the prodigious mechanical aids we possess in the +production of all forms of wealth, the struggle for existence is more +savage, more ferocious to-day than it has been ever since the dawn of +our civilization. + +But what is the cause of all this, what is wrong with our society and +our civilization? + +Simply this:--a lie can not prosper. Our whole social fabric, our +boasted civilization rests on the foundations of a lie, a most gigantic +lie--the religious, political and economic lie, a triune lie, from whose +fertile womb has issued a world of corruption, evils, shams and +unnameable crimes. There, denuded of its tinsel trappings, your +civilization stands revealed in all the evil reality of its unadorned +shame; and 'tis a ghastly sight, a mass of corruption, an ever-spreading +cancer. Your false civilization is a disease, and capitalism is its most +malignant form; 'tis the acute stage which is breeding into the world a +race of cowards, weaklings and imbeciles; a race of mannikins, lacking +the physical courage and mental initiative to think the thought and do +the deed not inscribed in the book of practice; a race of pigmies, +slaves to tradition and superstition, lacking all force of individuality +and rushing, like wild maniacs, toward the treacherous eddies of that +social cataclysm which has swallowed the far mightier and greater +nations of the ancient world. + +It is because of these things that I address myself to you, fellow-men. +Society has not changed during my absence, and yet, to be saved, it +needs to be changed. It needs, above all, real men, men and women of +originality and individuality; men and women, not afraid to brave the +scornful contempt of the conventional mob, men and women brave enough to +break from the ranks of custom and lead into new paths, men and women +strong enough to smash the fatal social lock-step and lead us into new +and happier ways. + +And because society has not changed, neither will I. Though the +bloodthirsty hyena of the law has, in its wild revenge, despoiled me of +the fourteen most precious blossoms in the garden of my life, yet I +will, henceforth as heretofore, consecrate what days are left to me in +the service of that grand ideal, the wonderful power of which has +sustained me through those years of torture; and I will devote all my +energies and whatever ability I may have to that noblest of all causes +of a new, regenerated and free humanity; and it shall be more than my +sufficient reward to know that I have added, if ever so little, in +breaking the shackles of superstition, ignorance and tradition, and +helped to turn the tide of society from the narrow lane of its blind +selfishness and self-sufficient arrogance into the broad, open road +leading toward a true civilization, to the new and brighter day of +Freedom in Brotherhood. + +[Illustration] + + + + +HENRIK IBSEN. + +M. B. + + +I SHALL not attempt to confine him within the rigid lines of any +literary circle; nor shall I press him into the narrow frame of school +or party; nor stamp upon him the distinctive label of any particular +ism. He would break such fetters; his free spirit, his great +individuality would overflow the arbitrary confines of "the _sole_ +Truth," "the _only_ true principle." The waves of his soul would break +down all artificial barriers and rush out to join the ever-moving +currents of life. + +A seer has died. + +He carried the flaming torch of his art behind the scenes of society--he +found there nothing but corruption. He tested the strength of our social +foundations--its pillars shook: they were rotten. + +The rays of his genius penetrated the darkness of popular ideals; the +hollow pretences of Philistinism filled his ardent soul with disgust, +and pain. In this mood he wrote "The League of Youth," in which he +exposed the pettiness of bourgeois aspirations and the poverty of their +ideals. + +In "The Enemy of the People" Ibsen thunders his powerful protest against +the democracy of stupidity, the tyrannous vulgarity of majority rule. +Doctor Stockmann--that is Ibsen himself. How willing and eager the +pigmies and yahoos would have been to stone him. + +"What shameless unconventionality, what shocking daring!" cried the +Philistines when they beheld the characters portrayed in "Nora" (The +Doll's House), "Wild Duck," and in "The Ghosts"--living pictures +revealing all the evil hidden by the mask of "our sacred institutions," +"our holy hearthstone." In "Rosmersholm" Ibsen ignored even the +inviolability of conscience; for there Ibsen showed how the sick +conscience of Rosmer worked the ruin of Rebecca and himself, by robbing +them of the joy of life. + +The moralists howled long and loud. + +"Has Ibsen no ideals? Does the accursed Midas-touch of his mind dissolve +everything, one very Holy of Holies, into the ashes of nothing?" + +Thus spoke self-sufficient arrogance. + +But can one read "Brand" or "Peer Gynt" and ask such questions? No heart +so overflowed with human yearning, no soul ever breathed grander, nobler +ideals than Henrik Ibsen. True, he did not prostrate himself before the +idols of the conventional mob, nor did his sacrificial fires burn on the +altar of mediocrity and cretinism. He did not bow the proud head before +the craven images that the State and Church have created for the +subjugation of the masses. To Ibsen's free soul the morality of slaves +was a nightmare. + +His ideal was Individuality, the development of character. He loved the +man that was brave enough to be himself. He immeasurably hated all that +was false; he abhorred all that was petty and small. He loved that true +naturalness which, when most real, requires no effort. + +The most severe critic of Ibsen and his art was Ibsen himself. His +attitude towards himself in his last work, "When We Dead Awaken," is +that of the most unprejudiced judge. + +What is the result? + +We long for life; yet we are eternally chasing will-o'-the-wisps. We +sacrifice ourselves for things which rob us of our Self. The castles we +build prove houses made of cards, upon the first touch falling down. +Instead of living, we philosophize. Our life is an esthetic counterfeit. + +A mind of great depth, a soul of prophetic vision has passed away; yet +not without leaving its powerful impress--for Henrik Ibsen stood upon +the heights, and from their loftiest peaks we beheld, with him, the +heavy fogs of the present, and through the rifts we saw the bright rays +of a new sun, the promise of the dawn of a freer, stronger Humanity. + +[Illustration] + + + + +OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS. + + +Schopenhauer's advice to ignore fools and knaves and not to speak to +them, as the best method of keeping them at a distance, does not seem +drastic enough in these days of the modern newspaper-reporter nuisance. +One may throw them out of the house, nail all the doors and windows, and +stuff up all key-holes; still he will come; he will slide down through +the chimney, squeeze through the sewer-pipes--which, by the way, is the +real field of activity of the journalistic profession. + +We Anarchists are usually poor business men, with a few "happy" +exceptions, of course; still, we shall have to form an insurance company +against the slugging system of the reporters. + +Alexander Berkman barely had a chance to breathe free air, when the +newspaper scarecrows were let loose at his heels. Every +suspicious-looking man, woman and child in New York was assailed as to +Berkman's whereabouts, without avail. Finally these worthy gentlemen +hit upon 210 East Thirteenth street--there the reporters made some +miraculous discoveries. Two lonely hermits, utterly innocent of the ways +of the world and the impertinence of reporters, were marked by the +latter. They triumphed. Never before had they hit upon such simpletons, +of whom they could so easily learn all the secrets of the fraternity of +the Reds. + +"Is it not the custom of your clan to delegate every three days one of +your members to take the life of some ruler?" they asked. + +One of the Reds smiled, knowingly. "Only one insignificant life in three +days?! How little you know the Anarchists. I want you to understand, +sirs, it is our wont to use just five minutes for each act, which means +864 lives in three days." + +This was more than the most hardened press detective could stand. They +fled in terror. + +[Illustration] + +Carl Schurz, politician and career hunter by profession, died May 14th. +He was met at the gate of Hell by the secretary of that institution with +the following question, "Were you not one of the enthusiasts for the +battle of freedom, in your young days?" + +"Yes," said Carl. + +"If the reports of my men are correct--and I am confident my men are +more reliable than the majority of the newspaper men on your planet--you +were even a Revolutionist?" + +Carl Schurz nodded. + +"And why have you thrown your ideals and convictions overboard?" + +"There was no money in them," Carl replied, sulkily. + +The Satanic Secretary nodded to one of his stokers, saying, "Add 5,000 +tons of hard coal to our fires. Here we have a man that sold his soul +for money. He deserves to roast a thousand times more than the ordinary +sinner." + +[Illustration] + +No one considers a thief the patron saint of honesty, nor is a liar +expected to champion the truth. The hangman is not elected as president +of a society for the preservation of human life; why, then, in the name +of common sense, do people continue to see in the State the seat of +justice and the patron saint of those whom it wrongs and outrages daily? + +If people would only look closer into the elements of the State, they +would soon behold this trinity--the thief, the liar, and the hangman. + +[Illustration] + +Free love is condemned; prostitution flourishes. The moralist, who is +the best patron of the dens of prostitution, loudly proclaims the +sanctity and purity of monogamy. The free expression of life's greatest +force--love--must never be tolerated. On the other hand, it is perfectly +respectable to receive a large sum of money from a millionaire +father-in-law for marrying his daughter. + +[Illustration] + +Rudolph von Jhering, one of the most distinguished theoreticians of +jurisprudence in Europe, wrote, many years ago, "The way in which one +utilizes his wealth is the best criterion of his character and degree of +culture. The purpose that prompts the investment of his money is the +safest characterization of him. The accounts of expenditures speak +louder of a man's true nature than his diary." How well these words +apply to the richest of the rich and to their methods of disposing of +their capital! + +Take philanthropy, for instance, with its loud and common display. How +it humiliates those that receive, and how it overestimates the +importance of those that give. + +Philanthropy that steals in large quantities and returns of its bounty +in medicine drops, that snatches the last bite from the mouth of the +people and graciously gives them a few crumbs or a gnawed bone! + +Again, philanthropy as a money mania--in one instance it feeds the +clergy on fat salaries, so that they might proclaim the virtue of +self-denial, sobriety and prudence; in another instance it builds Sunday +schools for young numbskulls and political aspirants who pretend to +listen to the commonplace discourse about our Father in Heaven who gives +every true Christian an opportunity to make money; rather would these +milk-sops appreciate the advice of the young nabob as to how to turn a +hundred-dollar bill into a thousand. + +Philanthropy, establishing scientific societies for the investigation of +the mode of life of fleas, or philanthropy excremating libraries, +maintaining missionaries in China or fostering the research of breeding +sea horses. + +Mrs. Vanderbilt has the heels of her shoes set in diamonds, while +another great philanthropist has established a pension for aged parrots. +Indeed, the stupidity and sad lack of imagination of our philanthropists +are pitiful. However, when one realizes that they are responsible for +the distress, the poverty, and despair of the great masses of humanity, +pity turns into anger and disgust with a society that will endure it +all. + +[Illustration] + +The Chicago papers report a blood-curdling story, which has affected the +Philistines like red affects a turkey. Knowing the keen sense of humor +of our readers, we herewith reprint the story: + +"Treason and blasphemy as an outburst of Anarchism all but broke up a +meeting held last night in the Masonic Temple under the auspices of the +Spencer-Whitman Center, at which the subject of "Crime in Chicago" was +discussed by various speakers. The Rev. John Roach Straton, pastor of +the Second Baptist Church, was in the midst of the discourse detailing +his theories with reference to the subject in hand when a voice from the +doorway shouted out a blasphemous expression. + +The cry was greeted by hisses, but it was only a moment later that the +same voice called: + +"Down with America! Up with Anarchy!" + +There was a rush for the door. A tall young man was the first to reach +the offender, who is said to have been Carl Havel, associate editor of a +German newspaper. There was a blow and the blasphemer reeled and fell +against the wall. At the same moment a man, said to be Terence Carlin, a +member of a prominent Chicago family, struck Havel's assailant. He in +turn was seized by Parker H. Sercombe, chairman of the meeting, and a +man who gave the name of Ben Bansig. + +The party struggled back and forth in the doorway, and the disturbers +were forced back to an ante-room. Blows were struck in a lusty fashion +and cries of "Police!" "They're murdering them!" "Help!" rang out. + +Finally the two disturbers made as if to get out, and the arrival of a +watchman in uniform quieted them and their pursuers. It was, however, +with ill grace that the disturbers of the meeting were allowed to leave, +and as they passed through a door, cursing the law, the country, and +God, a girl, still in her teens, broke through the crowd and turning to +Havel, said: + +"That's all right, father." + +Ben Bansig saved Chicago,--there can be no dispute about that. As to +Sercombe, the editor of _To-Morrow_, he deserves recognition. I suggest +that he be awarded a tooth brush at the expense of City Hall. + +Our three friends, Terence Carlin, Havel, Mary Latter--who, as I can +authentically prove, is not the daughter of Hyppolite Havel--can console +themselves with the fact that their protest has done the names of +Whitman and Spencer more honor than the gas of the Baptist preacher. + +[Illustration] + +That the suspiciously-red noses of the newspaper men should have smelt +the "immoral conduct" of Maxim Gorky, was really very fortunate for the +latter. He is now relieved from the impertinence of interviewers and +prominent personages. He must feel as if he had recovered from some +loathsome disease. Immorality has after all many desirable qualities. +What if chickens gaggle, pharisaic goats piously turn up their eyes, and +the dear little piggies grunt! + +[Illustration] + +Well-meaning people are horrified that justice is making use of such +creatures as Orchard and McParland against Moyer, Haywood and Pettibone. +There is nothing unusual in that. The record of the American government +in its persecution against Socialists and Anarchists is by no means so +clean that one need be astonished that it employs spies and perjurers as +its helpmates. + +[Illustration] + +The Lord has developed from a good Christian into a good banker: He +destroyed more churches than vaults in San Francisco. + + + + +A LETTER. + + +Chicago, June 2nd, 1906. + +Dear Editor:--I hope you have not been trying to relieve your feelings +by using language dangerous to your soul's salvation. I can sympathize +with you, though. However, it was impossible for me to send the promised +article for "M. E." Who, indeed, could expect a bride of two weeks to +waste time upon magazine articles?! I hope you have read the reports of +my marriage, though your silence would indicate that you have either +neglected to read the important news, or that your usual lack of faith +in the truth and honesty of the press has not permitted you to credit +the story. + +It is high time, dear friend, that you get rid of your German +skepticism; you know, I esteem your judgment, but when it comes to +doubting anything the newspapers say, I draw the line. What reporters do +not know about Anarchists, and especially about your publisher, is not +worth knowing. According to their great wisdom I not only incited men to +remove the crowned heads of various countries, but I have done worse--I +have incited them to marry me, and when they proved unwilling to love, +honor and obey the order of our secret societies to blow up all sacred +institutions, I sent them about their business. + +Much as I realize the importance of my articles for MOTHER EARTH, you +cannot expect me to sacrifice my wifely duty to my lord and master for +Earth's sake. + +I have always held to the opinion that there must be absolute confidence +between publisher and editor on all matters except the receipts; +therefore I have to confess that my newly-wedded husband, who has just +graduated from the University of the Western Penitentiary--the +curriculum of which is lots of liberty, leisure and enjoyment--objects +to the drudgery of an agitator and publisher. In justice to him, I dare +not do more than write letters all day, address meetings every evening, +and enjoy the love and kindness of the comrades till early morning +hours. Where, then, shall I find time to write articles for MOTHER +EARTH? + +But to be in keeping with the serious and dignified tone of our valuable +magazine, and especially with you dear Editor, I want to say that my +meetings were very successful, and that MOTHER EARTH is being received +with great favor in every city. Nearly 500 copies were sold here. + +After reading the brilliant reports in the Chicago papers and seeing the +handsome, refined policemen at the various meetings, I am not surprised +that our magazine is being appreciated. Apropos of the Chicago police, +just fancy, I have actually forced them out of their uniforms. I hope +this will not conjure up the horrible picture of Chicago's finest +parading the city in Adam's costume. Not that! Only, Chief of Police +Collins was so outraged over my gentle criticism of his dear little boys +at one of the woodworkers' meetings, that he gave strict orders, "No +officer should again appear at a public meeting in uniform where that +awful Emma Goldman is humiliating and degrading the emblem of authority +and law." + +After this, I hope you will never again doubt the importance of public +meetings and the great and far-reaching influence of my speaking. + +I shall soon be with you, if I survive my tour, the police, and the +press. I shall then try to make up for my sins, in the July number of +MOTHER EARTH, provided you will let me recuperate in your editorial care +and affection. + +EMMA GOLDMAN. + +[Illustration] + + + + +LIBERTARIAN INSTRUCTION. + +By EMILE JANVION. + + +AMONG the important duties of Anarchists libertarian instruction should +occupy the first place. As revolutionary propaganda it is the most +effective. Tolstoi in Yasnaia-Poliana, Reclus at Bruxelles, Paul Robin +at Cempius, the group of the Free School at Paris have inaugurated +attempts during the period of daring we have witnessed of late years. + +Far from mixing education with instruction, the former should be +considered as the natural consequence of the latter. + +Our ideas should never be imposed by an education too specialized, +narrow or sectarian, but by means of full and all-round instruction +which opens the mind to criticism and makes it accessible to the power +of truth which is our strength and which will complete the forming of +the character. + +Our instruction should be _integral_, _rational_, and _mixed_. + +_Integral_--Because it will tend to develop the whole being and make a +complete, free _ensemble_, equally progressive in all knowledge, +intellectual, physical, manual and professional, and this from the +earliest age. + +_Rational_--Because it will be based on reason and in conformity with +actual science and not on faith; on the development of personal Freedom +and independence and not on that of piety and obedience; on the +abolition of the fiction _God_, the eternal and absolute cause of +subjection. + +_Mixed_--Because it favors the coeducation of the sexes in a constant, +fraternal, familiar company of children, boys and girls, which gives to +the character of their manners a special earnestness. + +To the scientific instruction must be added manual apprenticeship, +instruction with which it is in a constant connection of balance and +reciprocity, and also esthetic instruction (music, art, etc.), which in +point of view of an integral development has certainly not a small +importance. + +To turn our attention towards the child, to encourage the development of +its initiative, to impress it with a sentiment of its dignity, to +preserve it from cowardice and falsehood, to make it observe the _pros_ +and _cons_ of all social conceptions, to educate it for the struggle, +that is the great work, scarcely yet begun, which awaits us. + +That will be the task of the nearest future if we will act logically and +firmly. + +[Illustration] + + + + +THE ANTICHRIST. + + From "The Antichrist," by Friedrich Nietzsche. Edited by Alexander + Tille, translated by Thomas Common. Publishers: Macmillan & Co. New + York. + + +I MAKE war against this theological instinct: I have found traces of it +everywhere. Whoever has theological blood in his veins is from the very +beginning ambiguous and disloyal with respect to everything. The pathos +which develops therefrom calls itself belief: the closing of the eye +once for all with respect to one's self, so as not to suffer from the +sight--of incurable falsity. A person makes for himself a morality, a +virtue, a sanctity out of this erroneous perspective towards all things, +he unites the good conscience to the _false_ mode of seeing,--he demands +that no _other_ mode of perspective be any longer of value, after he has +made his own sacrosanct with the names of "God," "salvation," and +"eternity." I have digged out the theologist-instinct everywhere; it is +the most diffused, the most peculiarly _subterranean_ form of falsity +that exists on earth. What a theologian feels as true, _must_ needs be +false: one has therein almost a criterion of truth. It is his most +fundamental self-preservative instinct which forbids reality to be held +in honor, or even to find expression on any point. As far as +theologist-influence extends, the _judgment of value_ is turned right +about, the concepts of "true" and "false" are necessarily reversed: what +is most injurious to life is here called "true," what raises, elevates, +affirms, justifies, and makes it triumph is called "false." + + * * * + +Let us not underestimate this: _we ourselves_, we free spirits, are +already a "Transvaluation of all Values," an incarnate declaration of +war against and triumph over all old concepts of "true" and "untrue." +The most precious discernments into things are the latest discovered: +the most precious discernments, however, are the _methods_. _All_ +methods, _all_ presuppositions of our present-day science, have for +millenniums been held in the most profound contempt: by reason of them a +person was excluded from intercourse with "honest" men--he passed for an +"enemy of God," a despiser of truth, a "possessed" person. As a +scientific man, a person was a Chandala.... We have had the entire +pathos of mankind against us--their concept of that which truth _ought_ +to be, which the service of truth _ought_ to be: every "thou shalt" has +been hitherto directed _against_ us. Our objects, our practices, our +quiet, prudent, mistrustful mode--all appeared to mankind as absolutely +unworthy and contemptible.--In the end one might, with some +reasonableness, ask one's self if it was not really an esthetic taste +which kept mankind in such long blindness: they wanted a _picturesque_ +effect from truth, they wanted in like manner the knowing ones to +operate strongly on their senses. Our _modesty_ was longest against the +taste of mankind.... Oh how they made that out, these turkey-cocks of +God----. + + * * * + +The Christian concept of God--God as God of the sick, God as +cobweb-spinner, God as spirit--is one of the most corrupt concepts of +God ever arrived at on earth; it represents perhaps the gauge of low +water in the descending development of the God-type. God degenerated to +the _contradiction of life_, instead of being its transfiguration and +its eternal _yea_! In God, hostility announced to life, to nature, to +the will to life! God as the formula for every calumny of "this world," +for every lie of "another world!" In God nothingness deified, the will +to nothingness declared holy! + + * * * + +That the strong races of Northern Europe have not thrust from themselves +the Christian God, is verily no honor to their religious talent, not to +speak of their taste. They ought to have got the better of such a sickly +and decrepit product of _décadence_. There lies a curse upon them, +because they have not got the better of it: they have incorporated +sickness, old age and contradiction into all their instincts--they have +_created_ no God since! Two millenniums almost, and not a single new +God! But still continuing, and as if persisting by right, as an +_ultimatum_ and _maximum_ of the God-shaping force, of the _creator +spiritus_ in man, this pitiable God of Christian monotono-theism! This +hybrid image of ruin, derived from nullity, concept and contradiction in +which all _décadence_ instincts, all cowardices and lassitudes of soul +have their sanction! + + * * * + +Has the celebrated story been really understood which stands at the +commencement of the Bible--the story of God's mortal terror of +_science_? It has not been understood. This priest-book _par excellence_ +begins appropriately with the great inner difficulty of the priest: he +has only one great danger, consequently "God" has only one great +danger.-- + +The old God, entire "spirit," entire high priest, entire perfection, +promenades in his garden: he only wants pastime. Against tedium even +Gods struggle in vain. What does he do? He contrives man--man is +entertaining.... But behold, man also wants pastime. The pity of God for +the only distress which belongs to all paradises has no bounds: he +forthwith created other animals besides. The _first_ mistake of God: man +did not find the animals entertaining--he ruled over them, but did not +even want to be an "animal"--God consequently created woman. And, in +fact, there was now an end of tedium--but of other things also! Woman +was the _second_ mistake of God.--"Woman is in her essence a serpent, +Hera"--every priest knows that: "from woman comes _all_ the mischief in +the world"--every priest knows that likewise. _Consequently_, _science_ +also comes from her.... Only through woman did man learn to taste of the +tree of knowledge.--What had happened? The old God was seized by a +mortal terror. Man himself had become his _greatest_ mistake, he had +created a rival, science makes _godlike_; it is at an end with priests +and Gods, if man becomes scientific!--_Moral_: science is the thing +forbidden in itself--it alone is forbidden. Science is the _first_ sin, +the germ of all sin, _original_ sin. _This alone is morality._--"Thou +shalt _not_ know:"--the rest follows therefrom.--By his mortal terror +God was not prevented from being shrewd. How does one _defend_ one's +self against science? That was for a long time his main problem. Answer: +away with man, out of paradise! Happiness and leisure lead to +thoughts,--all thoughts are bad thoughts.... Man _shall_ not think--and +the "priest in himself" contrives distress, death, the danger of life in +pregnancy, every kind of misery, old age, weariness, and above all +_sickness_,--nothing but expedients in the struggle against science! +Distress does not _permit_ man to think.... And nevertheless! frightful! +the edifice of knowledge towers aloft, heaven-storming, dawning on the +Gods,--what to do!--The old God contrives _war_, he separates the +peoples, he brings it about that men mutually annihilate one another +(the priests have always had need of war ...). War, among other things, +a great disturber of science!--Incredible! Knowledge, the _emancipation +from the priest_, augments even in spite of wars.--And a final +resolution is arrived at by the old God: "man has become +scientific,--_there is no help for it, he must be drowned!_" ... + + * * * + +--I have been understood. The beginning of the Bible contains the +_entire_ psychology of the priest.--The priest knows only one great +danger: that is science,--the sound concept of cause and effect. But +science flourishes on the whole only under favorable circumstances,--one +must have _superfluous_ time, one must have _superfluous_ intellect in +order to "perceive" ... _Consequently_ man must be made +unfortunate,--this has at all times been the logic of the priest.--One +makes out _what_ has only thereby come into the world in accordance with +this logic:--"sin".... The concepts of guilt and punishment, the whole +"moral order of the world," have been devised _in opposition_ to +science,--_in opposition_ to a severance of man from the priest.... Man +is _not_ to look outwards, he is to look inwards into himself, he is +_not_ to look prudently and cautiously into things like a learner, he is +not to look at all, he is to _suffer_.... And he is so to suffer as to +need the priest always. _A Saviour is needed._--The concepts of guilt +and punishment, inclusive of the doctrines of "grace," of "salvation," +and of "forgiveness"--_lies_ through and through, and without any +psychological reality--have been contrived to destroy the _causal sense_ +in man, they are an attack on the concepts of cause and effect!--And +_not_ an attack with the fists, with the knife, with honesty in hate and +love! But springing from the most cowardly, most deceitful, and most +ignoble instincts! A _priest's_ attack! A _parasite's_ attack! A +vampirism of pale, subterranean blood-suckers! When the natural +consequences of a deed are no longer "natural," but are supposed to be +brought about by the conceptual spectres of superstition, by "God," by +"spirits," by "souls," as mere "moral" consequences, as reward, +punishment, suggestion, or means of education, the pre-requisite of +perception has been destroyed--_the greatest crime against mankind has +been committed._ Sin, repeated once more, this form of human +self-violation _par excellence_, has been invented for the purpose of +making impossible science, culture, every kind of elevation and nobility +of man; the priest _rules_ by the invention of sin.-- + + * * * + +I _condemn_ Christianity, I bring against the Christian Church the most +terrible of all accusations that ever an accuser has taken into his +mouth. It is to me the greatest of all imaginable corruptions, it has +had the will to the ultimate corruption that is at all possible. The +Christian Church has left nothing untouched with its depravity, it has +made a worthlessness out of every value, a lie out of every truth, a +baseness of soul out of every straight-forwardness. Let a person still +dare to speak to me of its "humanitarian" blessings! To _do away with_ +any state of distress whatsoever was counter to its profoundest +expediency, it lived by states of distress, it _created_ states of +distress in order to perpetuate _itself_ eternally.... The worm of sin +for example; it is only the Church that has enriched mankind with this +state of distress!-- ...."Humanitarian" blessings of Christianity! To +breed out of _humanitas_ a self-contradiction, an art of self-violation, +a will to the lie at any price, a repugnance, a contempt for all good +and straight-forward instincts! Those are for me blessing of +Christianity!--Parasitism as the _sole_ praxis of the Church; drinking +out all blood, all love, all hope for life, with its anćmic ideal of +holiness; the other world as the will to the negation of every reality; +the cross as the rallying sign for the most subterranean conspiracy that +has ever existed,--against healthiness, beauty, well-constitutedness, +courage, intellect, _benevolence_ of soul, _against life itself_.... + +This eternal accusation of Christianity I shall write on all walls, +wherever there are walls,--I have letters for making even the blind +see.... I call Christianity the one great curse, the one great intrinsic +depravity, the one great instinct of revenge for which no expedient is +sufficiently poisonous, secret, subterranean, _mean_,--I call it the one +immortal blemish of mankind! + + + + +BRAIN WORK AND MANUAL WORK. + +By PETER KROPOTKIN. + + +IN olden times men of science, and especially those who have done most +to forward the growth of natural philosophy, did not despise manual work +and handicraft. Galileo made his telescopes with his own hands. Newton +learned in his boyhood the art of managing tools; he exercised his young +mind in contriving most ingenious machines, and when he began his +researches in optics he was able himself to grind the lenses for his +instruments, and himself to make the well-known telescope, which, for +its time, was a fine piece of workmanship. Leibnitz was fond of +inventing machines: windmills and carriages to be moved without horses +preoccupied his mind as much as mathematical and philosophical +speculations. Linnćus became a botanist while helping his father--a +practical gardener--in his daily work. In short, with our great geniuses +handicraft was no obstacle to abstract researches--it rather favored +them. On the other hand, if the workers of old found but few +opportunities for mastering science, many of them had, at least, their +intelligences stimulated by the very variety of work which was performed +in the then unspecialized workshops; and some of them had the benefit of +familiar intercourse with men of science. Watt and Rennie were friends +with Professor Robinson; Brindley, the road-maker, despite his +fourteen-pence-a-day wages, enjoyed intercourse with educated men, and +thus developed his remarkable engineering faculties; the son of a +well-to-do family could "idle" at a wheelwright's shop, so as to become +later on a Smeaton or a Stephenson. + +We have changed all that. Under the pretext of division of labor, we +have sharply separated the brain worker from the manual worker. The +masses of the workmen do not receive more scientific education than +their grandfathers did; but they have been deprived of the education of +even the small workshop, while their boys and girls are driven into a +mine or a factory from the age of thirteen, and there they soon forget +the little they may have learned at school. As to the men of science, +they despise manual labor. How few of them would be able to make a +telescope, or even a plainer instrument? Most of them are not capable +of even designing a scientific instrument, and when they have given a +vague suggestion to the instrument-maker they leave it with him to +invent the apparatus they need. Nay, they have raised the contempt of +manual labor to the height of a theory. "The man of science," they say, +"must discover the laws of nature, the civil engineer must apply them, +and the worker must execute in steel or wood, in iron or stone, the +patterns devised by the engineer. He must work with machines invented +for him, not by him. No matter if he does not understand them and cannot +improve them: the scientific man and the scientific engineer will take +care of the progress of science and industry." + +It may be objected that nevertheless there is a class of men who belong +to none of the above three divisions. When young they have been manual +workers, and some of them continue to be; but, owing to some happy +circumstances, they have succeeded in acquiring some scientific +knowledge, and thus they have combined science with handicraft. Surely +there are such men; happily enough there is a nucleus of men who have +escaped the so-much-advocated specialization of labor, and it is +precisely to them that industry owes its chief recent inventions. But in +old Europe at least, they are the exceptions; they are the +irregulars--the Cossacks who have broken the ranks and pierced the +screens so carefully erected between the classes. And they are so few, +in comparison with the ever-growing requirements of industry--and of +science as well, as I am about to prove--that all over the world we hear +complaint about the scarcity of precisely such men. + +What is the meaning, in fact, of the outcry for technical education +which has been raised at one and the same time in England, in France, in +Germany, in the States, and in Russia, if it does not express a general +dissatisfaction with the present division into scientists, scientific +engineers, and workers? Listen to those who know industry, and you will +see that the substance of their complaint is this: "The worker whose +task has been specialized by the permanent division of labor has lost +the intellectual interest in his labor, and it is especially so in the +great industries: he has lost his inventive powers. Formerly, he +invented very much. Manual workers--not men of science nor trained +engineers--have invented, or brought to perfection, the prime motors and +all that mass of machinery which has revolutionized industry for the +last hundred years. But since the great factory has been enthroned, the +worker, depressed by the monotony of his work, invents no more. What can +a weaver invent who merely supervises four looms, without knowing +anything either about their complicated movements or how the machines +grew to be what they are? What can a man invent who is condemned for +life to bind together the ends of two threads with the greatest +celerity, and knows nothing beyond making a knot? + +"At the outset of modern industry, three generations of workers _have_ +invented; now they cease to do so. As to the inventions of the +engineers, specially trained for devising machines, they are either +devoid of genius or not practical enough. Those "nearly to nothings," of +which Sir Frederick Bramwell spoke once at Bath, are missing in their +inventions--those nothings which can be learned in the workshop only, +and which permitted a Murdoch and the Soho workers to make a practical +engine of Watt's schemes. None but he who knows the machine--not in its +drawings and models only, but in its breathing and throbbings--who +unconsciously thinks of it while standing by it, can really improve it. +Smeaton and Newcomen surely were excellent engineers; but in their +engines a boy had to open the steam valve at each stroke of the piston; +and it was one of those boys who once managed to connect the valve with +the remainder of the machine, so as to make it open automatically, while +he ran away to play with other boys. But in the modern machinery there +is no room left for naďve improvements of that kind. Scientific +education on a wide scale has become necessary for further inventions, +and that education is refused to the workers. So that there is no issue +out of the difficulty unless scientific education and handicraft are +combined together--unless integration of knowledge takes the place of +the present divisions." Such is the real substance of the present +movement in favor of technical education. But, instead of bringing to +public consciousness the, perhaps, unconscious motives of the present +discontent, instead of widening the views of the discontented and +discussing the problem to its full extent, the mouth-pieces of the +movement do not mostly rise above the shopkeeper's view of the question. +Some of them indulge in jingo talk about crushing all foreign industries +out of competition, while the others see in technical education nothing +but a means of somewhat improving the flesh-machine of the factory and +of transferring a few workers into the upper class of trained engineers. + +Such an ideal may satisfy them, but it cannot satisfy those who keep in +view the combined interests of science and industry, and consider both +as a means for raising humanity to a higher level. We maintain that in +the interests of both science and industry, as well as of society as a +whole, every human being, without distinction of birth, ought to receive +such an education as would enable him, or her, to combine a thorough +knowledge of science with a thorough knowledge of handicraft. We fully +recognize the necessity of specialization of knowledge, but we maintain +that specialization must follow general education, and that general +education must be given in science and handicraft alike. To the division +of society into brain-workers and manual workers we oppose the +combination of both kinds of activities; and instead of "technical +education," which means the maintenance of the present division between +brain work and manual work, we advocate the _éducation intégrale_, or +complete education, which means the disappearance of that pernicious +distinction. Plainly stated, the aims of the school under this system +ought to be the following: To give such an education that, on leaving +school at the age of eighteen or twenty, each boy and each girl should +be endowed with a thorough knowledge of science--such a knowledge as +might enable them to be useful workers in science--and, at the same +time, to give them a general knowledge of what constitutes the bases of +technical training, and such a skill in some special trade as would +enable each of them to take his or her place in the grand world of the +manual production of wealth. I know that many will find that aim too +large, or even impossible to attain, but I hope that if they have the +patience to read the following pages, they will see that we require +nothing beyond what can be easily attained. In fact, _it has been +attained_; and what has been done on a small scale could be done on a +wider scale, were it not for the economical and social causes which +prevent any serious reform from being accomplished in our miserably +organized society. + +The experiment has been made at the Moscow Technical School for twenty +consecutive years with many hundreds of boys; and, according to the +testimonies of the most competent judges at the exhibitions of Brussels, +Philadelphia, Vienna and Paris, the experiment has been a success. The +Moscow school admits boys not older than fifteen, and it requires from +boys of that age nothing but a substantial knowledge of geometry and +algebra, together with the usual knowledge of their mother tongue; +younger pupils are received in the preparatory classes. The school is +divided into two sections--the mechanical and the chemical; but as I +personally know better the former, and as it is also the more important +with reference to the question before us, so I shall limit my remarks to +the education given in the mechanical section. After a five or six +years' stay at the school, the students leave it with a thorough +knowledge of higher mathematics, physics, mechanics, and connected +sciences--so thorough, indeed, that it is not second to that acquired in +the best mathematical faculties of the most eminent European +universities. When myself a student of the mathematical faculty of the +St. Petersburg University, I had the opportunity of comparing the +knowledge of the students at the Moscow Technical School with our own. I +saw the courses of higher geometry some of them had compiled for the use +of their comrades; I admired the facility with which they applied the +integral calculus to dynamical problems, and I came to the conclusion +that while we, University students, had more knowledge of a general +character, they, the students of the Technical School, were much more +advanced in higher geometry, and especially in the applications of +higher mathematics to the most intricate problems of dynamics, the +theories of heat and elasticity. But while we, the students of the +University, hardly knew the use of our hands, the students of the +Technical School fabricated _with their own hands_, and without the help +of professional workmen, fine steam-engines, from the heavy boiler to +the last finely turned screw, agricultural machinery, and scientific +apparatus--all for the trade--and they received the highest awards for +the work of their hands at the international exhibitions. They were +scientifically educated skilled workers--workers with university +education--highly appreciated even by the Russian manufacturers who so +much distrust science. + +Now, the methods by which these wonderful results were achieved were +these: In science, learning from memory was not in honor, while +independent research was favored by all means. Science was taught hand +in hand with its applications, and what was learned in the schoolroom +was applied in the workshop. Great attention was paid to the highest +abstractions of geometry as a means for developing imagination and +research. As to the teaching of handicraft, the methods were quite +different from those which proved a failure at the Cornell University, +and differed, in fact, from those used in most technical schools. The +student was not sent to a workshop to learn some special handicraft and +to earn his existence as soon as possible, but the teaching of technical +skill was prosecuted--according to a scheme elaborated by the founder of +the school, M. Dellavos, and now applied also at Chicago and Boston--in +the same systematical way as laboratory work is taught in the +universities. It is evident that drawing was considered as the first +step in technical education. Then the student was brought, first, to the +carpenter's workshop, or rather laboratory, and there he was thoroughly +taught to execute all kinds of carpentry and joinery. No efforts were +spared in order to bring the pupil to a certain perfection in that +branch--the real basis of all trades. Later on, he was transferred to +the turner's workshop, where he was taught to make in wood the patterns +of those things which he would have to make in metal in the following +workshops. The foundry followed, and there he was taught to cast those +parts of machines which he had prepared in wood; and it was only after +he had gone through the first three stages that he was admitted to the +smith's and engineering workshops. As for the perfection of the +mechanical work of the students I cannot do better than refer to the +reports of the juries at the above-named exhibitions. + +In America the same system has been introduced, in its technical part, +first, in the Chicago Manual Training School, and later on in the Boston +Technical School--the best, I am told, of the sort; and in this +country, or rather in Scotland, I found the system applied with full +success, for some years, under the direction of Dr. Ogilvie at Gordon's +College in Aberdeen. It is the Moscow or Chicago system on a limited +scale. While receiving substantial scientific education, the pupils are +also trained in the workshops--but not for one special trade, as it +unhappily too often is the case. They pass through the carpenter's +workshop, the casting in metals, and the engineering workshop; and in +each of these they learn the foundations of each of the three trades +sufficiently well for supplying the school itself with a number of +useful things. Besides, as far as I could ascertain from what I saw in +the geographical and physical classes, as also in the chemical +laboratory, the system of "through the hand to the brain," and _vice +versa_, is in full swing, and it is attended with the best success. The +boys _work_ with the physical instruments, and they study geography in +the field, instruments in hands, as well as in the class-room. Some of +their surveys filled my heart, as an old geographer, with joy. It is +evident that the Gordon's College industrial department is not a mere +copy of any foreign school; on the contrary, I cannot help thinking that +if Aberdeen has made that excellent move towards combining science with +handicraft, the move was a natural outcome of what has been practised +long since, on a smaller scale, in the Aberdeen daily schools. + +The Moscow Technical School surely is not an ideal school.[1] It totally +neglects the humanitarian education of the young men. But we must +recognize that the Moscow experiment--not to speak of hundreds of other +partial experiments--has perfectly well proved the possibility of +combining a scientific education of a very high standard with the +education which is necessary for becoming an excellent skilled laborer. +It has proved, moreover, that the best means for producing really good +skilled laborers is to seize the bull by the horns, and to grasp the +educational problem in its great features, instead of trying to give +some special skill in some handicraft, together with a few scraps of +knowledge in a certain branch of some science. And it has shown also +what can be obtained, without over-pressure, if a rational economy of +the scholar's time is always kept in view, and theory goes hand in hand +with practice. Viewed in this light, the Moscow results do not seem +extraordinary at all, and still better results may be expected if the +same principles are applied from the earliest years of education. Waste +of time is the leading feature of our present education. Not only are we +taught a mass of rubbish, but what is not rubbish is taught so as to +make us waste over it as much time as possible. Our present methods of +teaching originate from a time when the accomplishments required from an +educated person were extremely limited; and they have been maintained, +notwithstanding the immense increase of knowledge which must be conveyed +to the scholar's mind since science has so much widened its former +limits. Hence the over-pressure in schools, and hence, also, the urgent +necessity of totally revising both the subjects and the methods of +teaching, according to the new wants and to the examples already given +here and there, by separate schools and separate teachers. + +It is evident that the years of childhood ought not to be spent so +uselessly as they are now. German teachers have shown how the very plays +of children can be made instrumental in conveying to the childish mind +some concrete knowledge in both geometry and mathematics. The children +who have made the squares of the theorem of Pythagoras out of pieces of +colored cardboard, will not look at the theorem, when it comes in +geometry, as on a mere instrument of torture devised by the teachers; +and the less so if they apply it as the carpenters do. Complicated +problems of arithmetic, which so much harassed us in our boyhood, are +easily solved by children seven and eight years old if they are put in +the shape of interesting puzzles. And if the _Kindergarten_--German +teachers often make of it a kind of barrack in which each movement of +the child is regulated beforehand--has often become a small prison for +the little ones, the idea which presided at its foundation is +nevertheless true. In fact, it is almost impossible to imagine, without +having tried it, how many sound notions of nature, habits of +classification, and taste for natural sciences can be conveyed to the +children's minds; and, if a series of concentric courses adapted to the +various phases of development of the human being were generally accepted +in education, the first series in all sciences, save sociology, could be +taught before the age of ten or twelve, so as to give a general idea of +the universe, the earth and its inhabitants, the chief physical, +chemical, zoological, and botanical phenomena, leaving the discovery of +the _laws_ of those phenomena to the next series of deeper and more +specialised studies. On the other side, we all know how children like to +make toys themselves, how they gladly imitate the work of full-grown +people if they see them at work in the workshop or the building-yard. +But the parents either stupidly paralyze that passion, or do not know +how to utilize it. Most of them despise manual work and prefer sending +their children to the study of Roman history, or of Franklin's teachings +about saving money, to seeing them at a work which is good for the +"lower classes only." They thus do their best to render subsequent +learning the more difficult. + + * * * * * * * * * + +The so-called division of labor has grown under a system which condemned +the masses to toil all the day long, and all the life long, at the same +wearisome kind of labor. But if we take into account how few are the +real producers of wealth in our present society, and how squandered is +their labor, we must recognize that Franklin was right in saying that to +work five hours a day would generally do for supplying each member of a +civilized nation with the comfort now accessible for the few only, +provided everybody took his due share in production. But we have made +some progress since Franklin's times. More than one-half of the working +day would thus remain to every one for the pursuit of art, science, or +any hobby he might prefer; and his work in those fields would be the +more profitable if he spent the other half of the day in productive +work--if art and science were followed from mere inclination, not for +mercantile purposes. Moreover, a community organized on the principles +of all being workers would be rich enough to conclude that every man and +woman, after having reached a certain age--say of forty or more--ought +to be relieved from the moral obligation of taking a direct part in the +performance of the necessary manual work, so as to be able entirely to +devote himself or herself to whatever he or she chooses in the domain of +art, or science, or any kind of work. Free pursuit in new branches of +art and knowledge, free creation, and free development thus might be +fully guaranteed. And such a community would not know misery amidst +wealth. It would not know the duality of conscience which permeates our +life and stifles every noble effort. It would freely take its flight +towards the highest regions of progress compatible with human nature. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[1] What this school is now, I don't know. In the last years of +Alexander II.'s reign it was wrecked, like so many other good +institutions of the early part of his reign. + +[Illustration] + + + + +MOTHERHOOD AND MARRIAGE + +By HENRIETTE FUERTH. + +(_Translated from the German for_ MOTHER EARTH by ANNY MALI HICKS.) + + + Knowledge becomes understanding only when its scope includes the + origin, the development and the conclusion of things.--Bachofen, + "Right to Motherhood." + +"THE future will endeavor to extend its power through its own ideas of +facts and appearances, however unfamiliar these may seem, rather than to +be influenced by a past and submerged civilization with a spirit far +removed from its own." + +There could hardly be a more appropriate introduction to our remarks on +motherhood and marriage than these words of Bachofen's, for there are +few human relations whose traditional stages, taking through outside +causes and effects an established form, have become eternal law and +sacrament, as is the case in the realm of sex relations. Motherhood and +marriage! For most people these two conceptions are inseparably bound +together, or, rather, are in ratio connected as their ideas of morality +and religion are synonymous. Marriage in the Romish Church is a +religious sacrament, and in the collective Christian and Jewish worlds +the only sex relation acknowledged as customary and possible, is the one +based on a monogamous union. To work out logically from this +standpoint, the only condition of motherhood which is socially +justified, is that one which is the result of marital relations. In +consequence motherhood without the consent of the State or the benefit +of the clergy is just as logically condemned. And they who thus sit in +judgment, flatter themselves to be the prophets of an advanced and +enlightened era,--ingrafting their personal feelings and rights on the +religious and lawful order of the universe. Or, in common parlance, and +as our introduction so aptly put it, these good people wish to intend +the domination of the ideas of their own time over all the past and into +all the future. Marriage seems to them an everlasting institution, a +godly regulation, through which they can lend to their individual bias, +the dignity of that which is humanly purest and highest. Consequently it +also seems to them that the present form of marriage and its +accompanying conditions for motherhood, resting as these do on the +mutual consent of God and man, that these are to be in all eternity the +permanent form of sex relation. + +But when we stop one moment only, to free ourselves from preconceived +and obsolete ideas, and look at motherhood and marriage from the calm +and unprejudiced standpoint of historical development and growth, how +differently do these in reality appear. Many advanced thinkers have done +this, and their views have here and there found adherents. Not so, +however, with the average seeker for light and truth, who if he wish to +succeed must stem the tide of prejudiced opinion. + +But the day has come when, if all signs do not fail, spring is here, and +a thousand and one buds of promise are pushing toward the light, when a +wider and saner understanding of motherhood and marriage is at hand. And +it is not an untimely spring either, not one which the treacherous sun +of January calls forth only to blight with later snow and frost. No, it +is the real light and life-giving spring, which comes when the sap +begins to run, when the sun calls up smoky mists from out the brown +earth, ready to enclose the seed, which shall bring forth summer flowers +and autumn fruits. + +And this same brown, misty earth, what a different aspect shall she +present to her children, for whom conditions are so changed, with truer +sex relations, encompassing the ethical and spiritual needs of the free +individual. Then only will it be _possible_ to base these needs and +demands on the surrounding world of realities filled with material and +spiritual phenomena. + +But first it must be proven that the present form of marriage and its +effect on motherhood is not necessarily permanent, but, like all else, +subject to natural development and change. What indeed is the much +talked of marriage bond of to-day,--which is considered the cornerstone +of both Church and State? Is it something towards which the steps of +development in nature and history all go? No seriously minded person +could in truth make such a statement. In the plant and animal kingdoms, +whose species evoke as do those of the human race, we find no examples +of sex relations to which the term marriage would apply. And this is +also true of the historical development of man and social conditions. It +is not marriage but motherhood which has given permanence to sex +relations wherever they appear. Motherhood standing at the source of +life with its creative and ever recreative force. + + + "Goddesses enthroned in solitude, + Surrounded not by time or place, + These are the mothers! + About them formed and formless, + Eternal stability and endless change + In images of all created life." + + +Thus does Goethe describe the depths of being which enclose the eternal +mystery of motherhood, leading not into known, but unknown paths. + +And truly, how far have we strayed from the path of true and natural +feeling when we seek to justify motherhood from the standpoint of +expediency and custom! It is something in itself holy, and is its own +reason for being. I ask all mothers, all real mothers, when their child +comes to them, with eyes brimming with childlike love and affection, +against which all else counts for naught, I ask them do they think +whether that child is legitimate or what is called an illegitimate +child? No! the joy of motherhood completely fills the heart, there is no +room for other feelings, and truly the answer comes, Nature does not +discriminate between the legitimate and illegitimate mothers, any more +than she labels the children brought into the world as such. And this +alone is the foundation to which we must hold fast. Nature acknowledges +motherhood only, wisely providing for its needs. Not so marriage, which +is a form men have given their sex relations, and established from the +standpoint of social and economic exigencies and considerations, it is +consequently subject to limitations and changes. Motherhood is an +eternal force lying at the root of life, not subjected to time or +change. + +[Illustration] + + + + +OBJECT LESSON FOR ADVOCATES OF GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL. + +By ARTHUR G. EVERETT, N--M. + + +THE best literary efforts possible have been exhausted in a vain effort +to convey to those fortunately not in San Francisco on the morning of +April 18, 1906, what terrible things resulted from the earthquake and +the fire which left that city a complete ruin; likewise has the kodak +and the camera--though busy at work while the flames roared around the +operator driving him, from one vantage point to another, before its +resistless power--failed to depict in its entirety the horrors, the +tragedies that followed in the wake of the crumbling walls, the +crackling flames that licked up alike palatial mansions and the squalid +homes of the poor, not content to feast upon the products of the forests +of California and the Eastern States alone, but, with the strategy of a +warrior, surrounded and penned within four walls hundreds of human +beings, stalwart men, delicate women, and babes at the breast, who were +then slowly roasted to death upon the funeral pyre of San Francisco. + +Upon the minds and hearts of the survivors, alone, who walked between +the walls of fire those days, who escaped the frightful holocaust but by +a miracle while loved ones perished before their eyes, are written, are +recorded, too complete, too vivid, those terrible scenes, and fain would +they efface from their mind's negative those pictures of horrors which +now turn their dreams of the night into such a frightful nightmare that +they dread to close their eyes in slumber. + +While the horrors of the earthquake and fire were so terrible, yet there +was something far worse, for the earthquake and fire were beyond human +control, but the still worse acts of the soldiers into whose hands the +control of the city were delegated could have been restrained by the +authorities had they so chosen; now that the world is being made aware +of the fact that the soldiers ruthlessly shot down men and women--yes, +women as well as men; in one case a woman was shot down by a soldier +because she dared to light a match to see where to lay her little sick +baby down--and that without any justification other than the order of +their superiors who likewise were so ordered by the authorities--a +natural result of governmental control--hence they are doing all they +can to controvert the facts regarding the brutal murders and worse of +the soldiers. In one case they went so far as to threaten the +confiscation of a printery if the editor did not call in and suppress an +issue in which was printed an article by a marine telling of seeing the +soldiers shoot down the inmates of a hotel so surrounded by fire it +seemed they else must be burned up--the excuse the soldiers gave for +shooting them--and so the soldiers shot them down to save (?) them. The +marine in this article did not tell how many of those thus shot down by +the soldiers were only wounded and writhed in agony on the increasing +heated floor until the fiery fiend ended their misery from the gun shot +wounds. + +Brevity precludes going into details of what is already a matter of +history; of the soldiers shooting the inmates of an improvised hospital +that were unable to be moved when the fire surrounded the building; of +the soldiers shooting an old man for refusing to work, though so infirm +with age that he had to walk with a cane; of the shooting of a Red Cross +man while in his auto on a deed of mercy bent; of the man shot in the +back for talking back to a soldier, and that after he had turned away +from the drunken brute; of the shooting of a man for having whisky in +his possession and refusing to give it up--that the soldiers had plenty +is in evidence from the fact that a large per cent. were so drunk that +they could walk with but difficulty--of their insulting women, and even +far worse than mere insult also; of shooting persons for looting while +they themselves did the same; all this and much more and worse are known +to be true, and, in the language of another writer on this same subject, +"Strive as they may the authorities will never be able to whitewash the +military abominations inflicted upon San Francisco and vicinity." In +this regard the same writer says most truly: + + + "The rulers of the State furnished us an example of 'anarchy,' + according to their own definition of the term." + + +In times like these it brings out what is in the man, and these murders +and lesser brutalities of the soldiers while policing San Francisco tell +us that the soldier is but an infuriated thug, ready to do murder and +rapine at the first opportunity; the civic authorities of Oakland +recognized this as a fact when they finally allowed the reopening of the +saloons, for the barkeepers were specially interdicted from selling or +giving liquor to soldiers; they were already loaded too heavy with +murderous instincts and propensities and it would not do to run the risk +of touching off that magazine of murder with the match of whisky. + +These brutal butcheries and rapine by the soldiers while thus in control +of San Francisco are the legitimate fruits of governmental control, and +it would be well for those who are so strenuously advocating +militarism--the true name for Governmental Control--to bear these things +in mind, for such horrors would be the daily menu under such system, for +there is lots of the savage in the most of us and it needs but to put a +gun in the hands of some and decorate them with brass buttons with U. S. +inscribed thereon to bring to the surface--like a plaster on a boil--all +the native savagery there is in the man; personally, I would prefer to +run my chances among the Head Hunters on the Isle of Borneo than among +uniformed thugs protected and encouraged by martial law to carry out +their natural murderous propensities as was the case in San Francisco, +following the earthquake on the morning of April 18, 1906. + + + + +THE GENIUS OF WAR + +By JOHN FRANCIS VALTER. + + + _I am the Genius of War. + My standard's the Skull and the Bones. + I raise my voice--I stamp my foot, + And legions rise out of the ground._ + + _Armies advance and retreat, + Poisoned, diseased and maimed: + All that is left is a grewsome aspect + To the moonlight, the ghouls and Me._ + + _All this to a laudable end:-- + The general has his star; + Shylock his four per cent; + The contractor's wife a costly gem + To enhance her vulgar charms; + The mother a harvest of tears; + The wife a broken heart; + The unborn babe a prenatal curse; + While I have my surfeit of blood_. + + +[Illustration] + + + + +DIGNITY SPEAKS. + + +"Hark ye, millions, and tremble! I am more powerful than the Law. +Together with my sister, Respectability, I reach far beyond the boundary +of the authority of governments. I am supreme. + +Behold the miserable criminal, desperately resisting the brutal +treatment of the police officer. I shall force him to his knees. I shall +subdue him. Enthroned upon the seat of Justice, robed in the solemn +black of my sacred office, I shall break the rebel's spirit. + +'Tis in this that the highest refinement of tyranny manifests itself--it +enters into the very innermost depths of the human mind and there it +ravages, till its foul breath has withered the last resistance of the +unfortunate soul, and the consciousness of self is destroyed; this +accomplished, the man himself is dead. + +The Law! See how the timid masses cower at the mere mention of my name. +See them tremble as I enter the arena of the Legislature. + +The Dignity of the Law! + +The Majesty of the Law! + +It must forever remain my great secret that the Law is the Cerberus that +guards the portals of our earthly paradise against the common herd--we +must not be disturbed in our orgies. + +The Law! 'Tis our beastly greediness, our bloodthirsty rapacity +expressed in statutes. 'Tis the insatiety of the human beasts of prey +immortalized in jurisprudence, and I, Dignity, sanctify all that. + +As a captain of industry, as a prince of commerce, or as a king of +finance, I speak with solemn face of the heavy responsibilities that +rest upon those to whose care God, in his infinite wisdom, has entrusted +the wealth of the universe; I speak with zeal of the sacred duty of the +rich to lend a helping hand to our less fortunate brothers; I never tire +to emphasize the necessity of wise stewardship. + +In the meantime, I exploit the "poor brothers" and I appropriate the +lion's share of the fruit of his labor; he is made to pay me an usurious +profit on my investments. + +I fill my shops and factories with men, women and children, and I +transmute the base metal of their bones into the noble coin of the +realm; my coffers grow fat, my slaves grow lean, but I acquire the +reputation of a public benefactor, a public-spirited citizen, a noble +humanitarian. + +As military commander, as a great general, I eulogize the heroism and +self-sacrifice of my blind slaves and hirelings that have returned from +a successful campaign against a weaker nation. I speak of the great +benefit that the success of our arms will confer upon the people, I +emphasize its stimulating effect upon the progress of our country and +upon our civilization. + +Yet while my anointed lips pour forth these solemn lies, my mind travels +over the bloody fields of carnage; I behold the thousands of the slain, +the mutilated bodies, the torn limbs, the streams of human blood.... + +I stand in the pulpit and call the faithful to prayer. I thunder eternal +curses upon the heads of the unbelievers; I threaten the people with the +torments of hell and I try to bribe them by the promise of heaven. +Believe, live and be saved, I cry. Or else you will die and be damned! + +For I am the visible representative on earth of those invisible, +extra-mundane spirits whom man, in his fear and ignorance, created to +his own continued mental enslavement. + +Terrified, sin lies prostrate at my feet. It does not know that a sick +conscience is a characteristic trait of all slaves. It is the universal +self-accuser. Were the people--individually and collectively--to sin on +a grand scale, were they to refuse to be the puppets of the man-made +idols--were that to happen, masters and slaves would cease to be. + +The tyrants of the world are under great obligations to me. They must +not forget this. For if they should, I will unfold my solemn black robe, +I will smooth the hypocritical lines on my face--then shall the world +behold all the filth and corruption that I, Dignity, hide." + +[Illustration] + + + + +PATERNALISTIC GOVERNMENT. + +By THEODORE SCHROEDER. + +(_Continuation._) + + +HERE is paternal solicitude with a vengeance in a law I requote from +Wordsworth Donisthorpe: + +"They shall have bows and arrows, and use the same of Sundays and +holidays; and leave all playing at tennis or foot-ball and other games +called quoits, dice, casting of stone, kailes, and other such importune +games. Forasmuch as labourers and grooms keep greyhounds and other dogs, +and on the holidays when good Christians be at church hearing divine +service, they go hunting in parks, warrens, and connigries, it is +ordained that no manner of layman which hath not lands to the value of +forty shillings a year, shall from henceforth keep any greyhound or +other dog to hunt, nor shall he use ferrets, nets, heys, harepipes nor +cords, nor any engines for to take or destroy deer, hares, nor conies, +nor other _gentlemen's game_, under pain of twelve months imprisonment. + +"For the great dearth that is in many places of the realm of poultry, it +is ordained that the price of a young capon shall not pass threepence, +and of an old fourpence, of a hen twopence, of a pullet a penny, of a +goose fourpence. + +"Esquires and gentlemen under the estate of a knight shall not wear +cloth of a higher price than four and a half marks, they shall wear no +cloth of gold nor silk nor silver, nor no manner of clothing +embroidered, ring button nor brooch of gold nor of silver, nor nothing +of stone nor no manner of fur; and their wives and daughters shall be of +the same condition as to their vesture and apparel, without any +turning-up or purfle or apparel of gold, silver nor of stone. + +"Because that servants and labourers will not nor by long season would, +serve and labour without outrageous and excessive hire, and much more +than hath been given to such servants and labourers in any time past, so +that for scarcity of the said servants and labourers the husbands and +land-tenants may not pay their rent nor live upon their lands, to the +great damage and loss as well of the Lords as of the Commons, it is +accorded and assented that the bailiff for husbandry shall take by the +years 13s. 3d. and his clothing once by the year at most; the master +hind 10s., the carter 10s., the shepherd 10s., the oxherd 6s. 8d., the +swineherd 6s., a woman labourer 6s., a dey 6s., a driver of the plough +7s. at the most, and every other labourer and servant according to his +degree; and less in the country where less was wont to be given, without +clothing, courtesy, or other reward by covenant. If any give or take by +covenant more than is above specified, at the first that they shall be +thereof attained, as well the givers as the takers, shall pay the value +of the excess so taken, and at the second time of their attainer the +double value of such excess, and at the third time the treble value of +such excess, and if the taker so attained have nothing whereof to pay +the said excess, he shall have forty days imprisonment." + +Our puritan fathers had the same paternal solicitude as all other +tyrants. They made it a crime to disregard the Sabbath, or to deny +Scripture, or the truth of Christianity or of the Trinity. In the +records of the colony for September 1639 it is written: "For as much as +it is evident unto this court that the common custom of drinking one to +another, is a mere useless ceremony, and draweth on that abominable +practice of drinking healths, and is also an occasion of much waste of +the good creatures, and of many other sin," etc. Then it declares that +such is a reproach to a Christian commonwealth, "wherein the least evils +are not to be tolerated." + +In the instructions of the Massachusetts Company to Endicott and his +Council, the trade in tobacco is only allowed to the "old planters," "if +they conceive that they cannot otherwise provide for their livelihood." +It is left to the discretion of Endicott and his Council "to give way +for the present to their planting of it, in such manner and with such +restrictions" as they may think fitting. "But," it is added, "we +absolutely forbid the sale of it or the use of it by any of our own +particular (private) men's servants, unless upon urgent occasion, for +the benefit of health, and taken privately." In the Records of the +Colony of Massachusetts for September 3, 1634, "it is ordered that +victuallers or keepers of an ordinary shall not suffer any tobacco to be +taken into their houses, under penalty of 5s. for every offence to be +paid by the victualler, and 12d. by the party that takes it." "Further +it is ordered that no person shall take tobacco publicly under the +penalty of 2s. 6d., nor privately in his own house or in the house of +another before strangers, and that two or more shall not take it +together anywhere, under the aforesaid penalty for every offence." + +The laws which our Colonial fathers enacted against "excess and bravery +in apparel" are fitted to excite a smile. But there is something more +than ludicrous in the aspect of grave lawmakers passing judgment on all +the minutić of dress, and finding matter of offence in an extra "slash," +or a needless garniture of "lace." Against this last-named article the +zeal of our Puritan fathers seems to have been especially stirred up. In +1634 it was ordered "that no person, either man or woman, shall +hereafter make or buy any apparel, either woolen, silk, or linen with +any lace on it, silver, gold, silk, or thread, under the penalty of +forfeiture of such clothes." In 1636 it was enacted "that no person, +after one month, shall make or sell any bone-lace or other lace, to be +worn upon any garment or linen, upon pain of 5s. the yard for every yard +of such lace so made, or sold, or set on; neither shall any tailor set +any lace upon any garment, upon pain of 10s. for every +offence,--provided that binding or small edging laces may be used upon +garments or linen." Again, three years later, a new edict was launched +at this obnoxious material, because "there is much complaint of the +excessive wearing of lace and other superfluities, tending to little use +or benefit, but to the nourishing of pride and the exhausting of men's +estates, and also of evil example to others." The law of 1634 was indeed +repealed in 1644; but in 1651 the Court, to their great grief, are +compelled to try their hand at the work again, though frankly confessing +the impotence of all previous legislation, and evidently awakening to a +sense of the inherent difficulties of the subject. "We acknowledge it," +say they, "to be a matter of much difficulty, in regard of the blindness +of men's minds and the stubbornness of their wills, to set down exact +rules to confine all sorts of persons"; and so, leaving the wealthier +class to their own conscience of fancy, they undertake to prescribe for +"people of mean condition." It was therefore ordered (in 1651) that no +one whose estate is not of the value of Ł200 "shall wear any gold or +silver lace, or gold or silver buttons, or any bone-lace above 2s. per +yard or silk hoods or scarfs"; and moreover, the selectmen of the town +are required to fine anybody whom "they shall judge to exceed their rank +and ability in the costliness or fashion of their apparel, in any +respect"! And finally, a law passed in 1662 forbids "children and +servants" to wear any apparel "exceeding the quality and condition of +their persons or estate," "the grand jury and country court of the +shire" being judges of the offence. + +One provision of the law of 1634 against "new and immodest fashions" is +too remarkable to be omitted. It reads as follows: "Moreover, it is +agreed, if any man shall judge the wearing of any the forenamed +particulars, new fashions, or long hair, or anything of the like nature, +to be uncomely or prejudicial to the common good, and the party +offending reform not the same, upon notice given him, that then the next +Assistant, being informed thereof, shall have power to bind the party so +offending to answer it at the next Court, if the case so requires; +provided, and it is the meaning of the Court, that men and women shall +have liberty to wear out such apparel as they are now provided of +(except the immoderate great sleeves, slashed apparel, immoderate great +veils, long wings, etc.)." What intolerable tyranny of private +surveillance is indicated in the phrase, "what any man shall judge to be +uncomely"! + +In the second letter of instructions (dated June, 1629) to Endicott and +his Council, they are exhorted to prevent the sale of "strong waters" to +the Indians, and to punish any of their own people who shall become +drunk in the use of them. In the preamble to a law enacted in 1646, one +is led to expect an enforcement of the modern principles of abstinence +and prohibition; since, after declaring that "drunkenness is a vice to +be abhorred of all nations, especially of those which hold out and +profess the Gospel of Christ Jesus," it goes on to assert that "any +strict laws against the sin will not prevail unless the cause be taken +away." But it would seem that "the cause," in the eyes of our Puritan +lawmakers, was an indiscriminate sale of spirituous drinks; for the law +chiefly enacts that none but "vintners" shall have permission to retail +wine and "strong water." It is also permitted to constables to search +any tavern, or even any private house, "suspected to sell wine contrary +to this order." Moreover, no person is "to drink or tipple at +unseasonable times in houses of entertainment,"--the "unseasonable" time +being declared to be after nine in the evening. + +But these laws were of small avail, for, in 1648, the Court is grieved +to confess: "It is found by experience that a great quantity of wine is +spent, and much thereof abused to excess of drinking and unto +drunkenness itself, notwithstanding all the wholesome laws provided and +published for the preventing thereof." It therefore orders, that those +who are authorized to sell wine and beer shall not harbor a drunkard in +their houses, but shall forthwith give him up to be dealt with by the +proper officer, under penalty of five pounds for disobedience. + +In 1636 one "Peter Bussaker was censured for drunkenness to be whipped +and to have twenty stripes sharply inflicted, and fined Ł5 for slighting +the magistrates," etc. In March, 1634, it was ordered, "that Robert +Coles, for drunkenness by him committed at Roxbury, shall be +disfranchised, wear about his neck and so to hangg upon his outward +garment a D made of red cloth and set upon white; to continue this for a +year, and not to leave it off at any time when he comes amongst company, +under penalty of 40s. for the first offence and Ł5 for the second." What +was the efficacy of the whipping or the "scarlet letter," we are not +informed. + +Of course, people capable of such legislation must frame fantastic +definitions of Liberty. Here is an old one whose sentiments have been +often parroted by unthinking humans of modern times. It reads: "True +Liberty consists in a freedom of doing and receiving good under the +protection of a government solicitous for the people's good." Such has +always been the tyrant's conception of freedom, and, strange to say, +finds many endorsements even to this day. + +It has recently been solemnly announced from the judicial bench that the +only liberty an American has is the liberty to do the right thing, of +course according to other people's conception of right. That is +precisely the kind of tyranny or liberty that was enjoyed by the victims +of the paternalistic laws above described. + +Persons afflicted with newspaper intelligence express their conception +that the individual has no rights that government may not invade, by +that hollow phrase, "Liberty under the Law." Liberty under the law is +what the government-ridden peasants of Russia enjoy. Liberty under the +law was the pleasure of those who expired with indescribable agony on +the rack and amid the flames. Liberty under the law was meted out to the +millions of victims of the witchcraft delusion. Liberty under the law +was also the liberty of our Southern chattel slaves before as well as +after the war. Liberty under the law is the same old idea of liberty +which every tyrant has ever advanced. As for myself, I shouldn't object +to a little liberty in spite of the law, when that does not conform to +the rule of liberty as laid down by Herbert Spencer in these words: +"Every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes +not the equal freedom of any other man." + + + + +AIM AND TACTICS OF THE TRADE-UNION MOVEMENT. + +By MAX BAGINSKI. + + +TRADE unionism represents to the working man the most natural form of +association with his fellow-brother. This medium became a necessity to +him when he was confronted by modern industrialism and the power of +capitalism. It dawned on him that the individual producer had not a +shadow of a chance with the owner of the means of production, who, +together with the economic power, enjoyed the protection of the State +with its various weapons of warfare and coercion. In the face of such a +giant master all the appeals of the workingman to the love of justice +and common humanity went up into smoke. + +The beginning of modern industry found the producer in abject slavery +and without the understanding of an organized form of resistance. +Exploitation reigned supreme, ever seeking to sap the last drop of +strength of its victims. No mercy for the common man, nor any +consideration shown for his life, his health, growth and development. +Capitalism's only aim was the accumulation of profits, of wealth and +power, and to this moloch everything else was ruthlessly sacrificed. + +This spirit of accumulation did not admit of the right of the masses to +think, feel, or demand; it merely considered them a class of coolies, +specially created, as it were, for their masters' use. + +This notion is still in vogue to-day, and if the conditions of the +workers at this moment are somewhat better, somewhat more endurable, it +is not thanks to the milk of human kindness of the money power. +Whatsoever the workingmen have achieved in the way of better human +conditions,--a higher standard of living, or a partial recognition of +their rights,--they have wrenched from their enemies through a hard and +bitter struggle that required great endurance, tremendous courage and +many sacrifices. + +The tendency to treat the people as a herd of sheep the purpose of which +is to serve as food for parasites is still very strong; but this +tendency no longer goes unchallenged; it is being met with tremendous +opposition; increased social knowledge and revolutionary ideas have +taught the workingmen to unite their efforts against those who have been +comfortably seated on their backs for centuries past. + +The first unskilled attempt on the part of the people to gain a clear +conception of their position brought out blind hatred against the +technical methods of exploitation instead of hatred against the latter. + +In England, for instance, the workingmen considered machinery their +deadly foe, to be gotten rid of by all means. The simple axiom that +machinery, factories, mines, land, together with every other means of +production, if only in the hands of the entire community, would serve +for the comfort and happiness of all, instead of being a curse, was a +book of seven seals for the people in those days. And even at this late +hour this simple truth is entertained by a comparative few, though more +than one decade of socialistic and anarchistic enlightenment has passed. + +The first trade-unionistic attempts have met with the same ferocious +persecution that Anarchism is being met with to-day. Even as to-day +capital avails itself of the strongest weapons of government in its +attack upon labor. The authorities were not slow in passing laws against +trade unionism and every effort for organization was at that time +considered high treason, organizers and all those who participated in +strikes were considered aides and abettors of crime and conspiracy, +punishable with long years of imprisonment and, in many cases, even with +death. + +At the behest of Money, the State sent human bloodhounds on the trail of +the man who in any way was suspected in participating in the trade-union +movement. The most villainous and brutal methods were employed to +counteract the growth and success of labor organizations. The powers +that be recognized the great force that is contained in organized labor +as the means of the regeneration of society much quicker than the +workingmen themselves. They felt this force hanging like a Damocles +sword over their heads, which danger made them dread the future, and +nothing was left undone to nip this force in the bud. + +The fundamental principle of trade unionism is of a revolutionary +character and, as such, it never was and never can be a mere palliative +for the adjustment of Labor to Capital. Hence, it must aim at the social +and economic reconstruction of society. + +Many labor leaders in this country, who consider their duty performed +when they sit themselves at the table of wealth and authority, trying to +bring about peace and harmony between Capital and Labor, might greatly +profit by the history of trade-unionism and the various economic +struggles it has fought. + +Only ignorance can account for the birth of such superficial stuff on +the labor question as the book of John Mitchell that has been launched +upon the market through loud and vulgar advertisement. Nothing could +have disproved the fitness of Mr. Mitchell for a labor leader so +drastically as this book. + +As already stated, the violent attempt to kill trade unionism or its +organizations have proven futile. The swelling tide of the labor +movement could not be stopped. The social and economic problem brought +to light by modern industry demanded a hearing, produced various +theories and an extensive literature on the subject--a literature that +spoke with a tongue of fire of the awful existence of the oppressed +millions, their trials, their tribulations, the uncertainty, the dangers +surrounding them; it spoke of the terrible results of their conditions, +of the lives crippled, of the hopes marred; a literature that demanded +to know why it is that those who toil are condemned to want and poverty, +while those who never produced were living in affluence and +extravagance. + +Well-meaning people have even attempted to prove that Capital and Labor +are twins, and that in order to maintain their common interests they +ought to live in harmony; or, that if Sister Labor had a grievance +against its big brother it ought to be settled in a calm and peaceful +way. Meanwhile the dear sister was fleeced and bled by Brother Capital, +and every time the abused and slaved and outraged creature would turn to +her brother for justice the dear fellow would whip the rebellious child +into submission. + +Along with the forcible subjection of organized labor, the minds of the +people were confused and blurred by the sugar-coated promises of +politicians who assured them that the trade unions ought to be organized +by the law, and that all labor quarrels ought to be settled by political +and legal means. Indeed, legislatures even discussed a few +labor-protective laws that either never saw the light of day, or, if +really enacted, were set aside or overridden by the possessing class as +an obstacle to profit-making. + +Every government, no matter what political basis it rests upon, acts in +unison with wealth, and therefore it never passed any legislation in +behalf of the producing element of the country that would seriously +benefit the great bulk of the people or in any way aim at any change of +wage-slaving or economic subjugation. + +Every step of improvement the workingmen have made is due solely to +their own economic efforts and not to any legal or political aid ever +given them, and through their own endeavors only can ever come the +reconstruction of the economic and social conditions of society. Just as +little as the workingmen can expect from legislative methods can they +gain from trade-unionistic efforts that attempt to better economic +conditions along the basic lines of the present industrial system. + +The cardinal fault of the trade-union movement of this country lies in +the fact that its hopes and ideals rest upon the present social status; +these ideals ever rotate in the same circle and, therefore, cannot bear +intellectual and material fruit. Condemned to pasture in the lean +meadows of capitalistic economy, trade-unionism drags on a miserable +existence, satisfied with the crumbs that fall from the heavily laden +tables of their lordly masters. + +True social science has amply proved the futility of a reconciliation +between the two opposing forces; the existence of the one force +representing possession, wealth and power inevitably has a paralyzing +effect upon its opposing force--Labor. + +Trade-unionistic tactics of to-day unfortunately still travel the path +marked out for Labor by the powers that be, while the majority of the +labor leaders waste the time paid for by their organizations in +listening to or discussing with capitalists sweet nothings in the form +of arbitration or reconciliation, and are apparently unaware of the +fundamental difference between the body they represent and the powers +they bow to. And thus it happens that labor organizations are being +brutally attacked, that the militia and soldiers are maiming their +brothers in the various strike regions while the leaders are being dined +and wined. The American Federation of Labor is lobbying in Washington, +begging for legal protection, and in return venal Justice sends +Winchester rifles and drunken militiamen into the disturbed labor +districts. Recently the American Federation of Labor made an alleged +radical step in deciding to put up labor candidates for Congress--an old +and threadbare political move--thereby sacrificing whatever honest men +and clear heads they may have in their ranks. Such tactics are not worth +a single drop of sweat of the workingmen, since they are not only +contradictory to the basic principles of trade unionism, but even +useless and impractical. + +Pity for and indignation against the workers fill one's soul at the +spectacle of the ridiculous strike methods so often employed and that as +often frustrate the possible success of every large labor war. Or is it +not laughable, if it were not so deadly serious, that the producers +publicly discuss for months in advance where and when they might strike, +and therewith give the enemy a chance to prepare his means of combat. +For months the papers of the money power bring long interviews with +labor leaders, giving detailed descriptions of the ways and means of the +proposed strikes, or the results of negotiations with this or that mine +magnate. The more often these negotiations are reported, the more glory +to the so-called leaders, for the more often their names appear in the +papers; the more "reasonable" the utterances of these gentlemen (which +means that they are neither fish nor flesh, neither warm nor cold), the +surer they grow of the sympathy of the most reactionary element in the +country or of an invitation to the White House to join the Chief +Magistrate at dinner. Labor leaders of such caliber fail to consider +that every strike is a labor event upon the success or failure of which +thousands of lives depend; rather do they see in it an opportunity to +push their own insignificant personalities into prominence. Instead of +leading their organized hosts to victory, they disclose their +superficiality in their zeal not to injure their reputation for +"respectability." + +The workingmen? Be it victory or defeat, they must take up the reins of +every strike themselves; as it is, they play the dupes of the shrewd +attorneys on both sides, unaware of the price the trickery and cunning +of these men cost them. + +As I said before, the unions negotiate strikes for days and weeks and +months beforehand, even allowing their men to work overtime in order to +produce all the commodities to continue business while the strike is +going on. + +The printers, for instance, worked late into the night on magazines that +were being got ready four months in advance, and the miners who +discussed the strike so long until every remnant of enthusiasm was gone. + +What wonder, then, that strikes fail? As long as the employer is in a +position to say, "Strike if you will; I do not need you; I can fill my +orders; I know that hunger will drive _you_ back into the mine and +factory, _I_ can wait," there is no hope for the success of the strike. + +Such have been the results of the legal trade union methods. + +The history of the labor struggle of this country shows an incident that +warrants the hope for an energetic, revolutionary trade union agitation. +That is the eight-hour movement of 1886 which culminated in the death of +five labor leaders. That movement contained the true element of the +proletarian and revolutionary spirit, the lack of which makes organized +labor of to-day a ball in the hands of selfish aspirants, know-nothings +and politicians. + +That which specifically characterized the event of 1886 as a +revolutionary factor was the fact that the eight-hour workday could +never be accomplished through lobbying with politicians, but through the +direct and economic weapon, the general strike. + +The desire to demonstrate the efficacy of this weapon gave birth to the +idea of celebrating the first of May as an appropriate day for Labor's +festival. On that day the workingmen were to give the first practical +demonstration of the power of the general strike as an at least one-day +protest against oppression and tyranny, and which day were gradually to +become the means for the final overthrow of economic and social +dependence. + +One may suggest that the tragedy of the 11th of November of 1887 has +stamped the general strike as a futile method, but this is not true. The +battle of liberation cannot be put a stop to by the brutality and +rascality of the ruling powers. The vicious anger and the wild hatred +that strangled our brothers in Chicago are the safest guarantee that +their activity struck a potentially fatal blow to government and +capital. + +Neither Mr. Mitchell nor Mr. Gompers run the risk of dying upon the +gallows of sacred capitalistic Justitia; her ladyship is not at all as +blind as some suppose her to be; on the contrary, she has a very keen +eye for all that may prove beneficial or dangerous to the society that +draws its subsistence from the lives' blood of its people. She has quite +made up her mind that the gentlemen in the ranks of Labor to-day lead +the people about in a circle and never will urge them out into the open, +towards liberation. + +(_To be continued._) + +[Illustration] + + + + +REFINED CRUELTY. + +By ANNA MERCY. + + +CIVILIZATION has eliminated none of the qualities that marked the age of +savagery. The cruelties which especially characterized primitive man is +exercised as much to-day as in the days of cannibalism. + +Civilization has been the refining agent of our qualities. Just as a +number of chemicals put into a crucible are refined by a certain acid, +while yet the original substances remain, though in different forms, so +has civilization refined and remolded the crude elements of our nature, +leaving the essence of our primitive qualities the same. + +The subtlety with which cruelty is exercised to-day makes of it a +far-reaching and far more destructive force than formerly. Instead of +attacking our neighbors with sticks and stones and tomahawks, and +forcing them into captivity in order that they may work for us, we +obtain the same or even better results by numerous subtle methods. We +instill respect for law, wealth and morality. We withdraw the land and +other natural resources from general use. With a show of generous +sentiment, we allow the lambs we have shorn to assist us in the +shearing of other lambs. + +Every morning and every evening we see a long procession of men and +women going or coming from the work, at which they have given up their +life force for the sake of a mere pittance. Look at these men and women! +There they go, evidently free! No shackles are on their hands or feet, +no overseer keeps them in check by club or gun. There they go +voluntarily to their prison factories, offices, stores, in the morning; +and in the evening, when the glorious sun is hidden from sight, they +come out again, haggard and worn, to creep to their prison homes. + +When the savage desires to rob you, he may attempt to strangle and maim +you. But the civilized man scorns such crude methods. He builds cheap +tenements in which you may gradually and surely choke to death; and not +satisfied with that, he, with a great show of kindness, prepares your +foods for you, that they may slowly, very slowly, but surely, hasten +your deliverance. Babies are not frankly murdered any more, but they are +served with nice, adulterated milk, which accomplishes the same purpose +in a quieter way. + +Under the name of law many atrocious crimes are committed. Imprisonment, +capital punishment and war are yet crude in their methods. They are +still susceptible of more refining. Here cruelty has rather a thin +garment on and needs to be covered up a little more. + +Even in our every-day relations with each other, we use many and varied +forms of refined cruelty. When displeased, we no longer beat each other, +but we use the subtler forces of sarcasm, irony, slander, neglect. We +regard directness a rudeness, when in reality it is the greatest +kindness imaginable. Instead of being positive and direct in our +dealings with each other, we constantly exercise a passive cruelty, in +other words, the cruelty of refinement. We are evasive, delusive, +subdued, falsified. But we deceive with dignity, tell falsehoods +fluently, use words and cold behavior as daggers. + +To-day we do not turn away an unwelcome visitor, but we announce that we +are not at home; or we slander him behind his back. When we love we +pretend to be modest and indifferent, while, in an indirect way, we +attempt to build walls around the person we love. There is nothing free +in the expression of our emotions, for we are subdued, crushed; we are +civilized! + +Everything is sham and hypocrisy, and hidden daggers are everywhere, in +one form or another. These daggers are concealed under kindness, +charity, benevolence, morality, law, and are, therefore, difficult to +deal with. The blades are thrust into the back; you can feel them, but +you cannot grapple with them. + +Our inherent cruelty is best illustrated in the treatment we give those +who are absolutely in our power--little children and the dumb animals. +With what authority do we elicit respect and obedience from our little +people! With rod in hand and with venomous tongues we begin the process +of subjugating and civilizing our little free, emotional people. In the +name of "their highest good" do we mould them to be actors, that they +may properly enact the tragedy of life as we had enacted it before them! + +The dumb animals receive the cream of our refined cruelty. In order to +appear civilized, we drive in carriages pulled by horses whose spinal +columns have been docked, whose necks are held stiff by tight check +reins, whose eyes are blinded by "fashionable" devices. + +There used to be cannibalism and human sacrifices; there used to be +religious prostitution and the murder of weak children and of girls; +there used to be bloody revenge and the slaughter of whole populations, +judicial tortures, quarterings, burnings at the stake, the lash, and +slavery, which have disappeared. But if we have outlived these dreadful +customs and institutions, this does not prove that there do not exist +institutions and customs amongst us which have become as abhorrent to +enlightened reason and conscience as those which have in their time been +abolished and have become for us only a dreadful remembrance. The way of +human perfecting is endless, and at every moment of historical life +there are superstitions, deceits, pernicious and evil institutions +already outlived by men and belonging to the past; there are others +which appear to us in the far mists of the future; and there are some +which we are now living through and whose over-living forms the object +of our life. Such in our time is capital punishment and all punishment +in general. Such is prostitution, such is the work of militarism, war, +and such is the nearest and most obvious evil, private property in land. + +[Illustration] + + + + +"THE JUNGLE." + +A Recension by VERITAS. + + +"THE JUNGLE," a recent story by Upton Sinclair, is a nightmare of +horrors, of which the worst horror is that it is not a phantom of the +night, but claims to be true history of one phase of our +twentieth-century civilization. Nothing but the book itself could +represent its own tragic power. In my opinion it is the most terrible +book ever written. + +It is for the most part a tale of the abattoirs, those unspeakable +survivals in our Christendom in which man reeks his savage and sensual +will on the lesser animals; and indirectly it is a story of the moral +abattoirs of politics, economics, society, religion and the home, where +the victims are of the species human, and where man's inhumanity to man +is as selfish and relentless as his age-long cruelty to his brothers and +sisters just behind him in the great procession. + +Possibly the title is inappropriate. There is a "law of the pack," which +is observed in the genuine jungle, but these human beasts appear to have +all of the jungle's vices and few of its virtues. The author might have +called his history, "The Slaughter House," or, perhaps, plain "Hell." + +It is a common saying about a packing house, "We use all of the hog +except the squeal." This author uses the squeal, or, rather, the wild +death shrieks of agony of the ten millions of living creatures tortured +to death every year in Chicago and the other tens of millions elsewhere, +to pander to the old brutal, inhuman thirst of humanity for a diet of +blood. The billions of the slain have found a voice at last, and if I +mistake not this cry of anguish from the "killing-beds" shall not sound +on until men, whose ancestors once were cannibals, shall cease to devour +even the corpses of their murdered animal relatives. But while "The +Jungle" will undoubtedly make more vegetarians, it would take more than +the practice of universal vegetarianism to cause the book to fulfil its +mission; for this is a story of Civilization's Inferno and of the crisis +of the world, a recital of conditions for which, when once comprehended, +there can be no remedy but the revolution of revolutions, the event +toward which the ages ran, the establishment of a genuine political, +industrial and social democracy.[2] + +If the story be dramatized and Mrs. Fiske take the part of Ona, her +presentation will make Tess seem like a pastoral idyll in comparison. + +The book is great even from a political standpoint. + +But more than this, it is a great moral appeal. Not in Victor Hugo or +Charles Dickens does the moral passion burn with purer or intenser light +than in these pages. + +I should not advise children or very delicately constituted women to +read it. + +I have said it is a book of horrors. I started to mark the passages of +peculiar tragedy and found that I was marking every page, and yet it is +a justifiable book and a necessary book. + +The author tells as facts the story of "diseased meat," and worse, the +preparation in the night time of the bodies of the cattle which have +died from known and unknown causes before reaching the slaughter pens, +and the distribution of the effects, with the rest of the intentional +killing of the day; he describes the preparation of "embalmed beef" from +cattle covered with boils; he even narrates the story of "men who fell +into the vats," and "sometimes they would be overlooked for days till +all but the bones of them had gone out to the world as Durham's Pure +Leaf Lard"; he writes of the making of smoked sausage out of waste +potatoes by the use of chemicals and out of spoiled meat as well; and he +further speaks of rats which were "nuisances, and the packers would put +poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread and +meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no +joke; the meat would be shovelled into carts and the man who did the +shovelling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw +one--there were things which went into the sausage in comparison with +which a poisoned rat was a tidbit." + +But the worst of the story is a tale of the condition of the workers at +Packingtown and elsewhere. It is the story of strong men who justly +hated their work; of men, for no fault of their own, cast out in middle +life to die; of weeping children driven with whips to their ignoble +toil; of disease-producing conditions in winter, only surpassed by the +deadly summer; of people working with their feet upon the ice and their +heads enveloped in hot steam; of the perpetual stench which infests +their nostrils, the sores which universally covered their bodies; of the +terrible pace set by the continual "speeding up" of the pace makers, +goaded to a pitch of frenzy; of accidents commonplace in every family; +of the garbage pile of refuse from the tables of more fortunate +citizens, from which many were forced to satisfy their hunger; of the +terrors of the black list, the shut-down, the strike and the lockout; +and of the universal swindle, whether a man bought a house, or doctored +tea, coffee, sugar or flour. + +It is still further a story of the moral enormities and monstrosities of +the almost universal graft, "the plants honeycombed with rottenness. The +bosses grafted off the men and they grafted off each other, and some day +the superintendent would find out about the boss, and then he would +graft off the boss." + +When the men were set to perform some peculiarly immoral act, they would +say, "Now we are working for the church," referring to the benefactions +of the proprietors to religious institutions. + +It tells the story of the training of the children in vice, of girls +forced into immorality, so that a girl without virtue would stand a +better chance than a decent one. It is a tale of the terrible ending of +old Antanas by saltpeter poisoning; of Jonas, no one knows how, possibly +he fell into the vats; of little Kristoforas by convulsions; of little +Antanas by falling into a pit before the door of his house; of Marija, +in a house of shame; of Stanislovas, who was eaten by rats; and of +beautiful little Ona, to the description of whose ending no other than +the author's pen could do justice. + +The book shows how men graft everywhere, not only in the packing house, +but how the slime of the serpent is over almost all of our modern +commercial and political practises. + +No one can justly hold the meat kings responsible for all of this. + +Nothing less than a thorough reconstruction of our whole social organism +will suffice. Palliative philanthropy is, as the author says, "like +standing upon the brink of the pit of hell and throwing snow balls in to +lower the temperature." + +"The Jungle" is the boiling over of our social volcano and shows us what +is in it. It is a danger signal! + +We are all indicted and must stand our trial. There rests upon us the +obligation to ascertain the facts. The author of "The Jungle" lived in +Packingtown for months, and the eminently respectable publishers who are +now issuing the book sent a shrewd lawyer to Chicago to report as to +whether the statements in it were exaggerated, and his report confirmed +the assertions of the author. + +This book is a call to immediate action. + +The Lithuanian hero found his solution of the problems suggested in +Socialism. The solution lies either in that direction or in something +better, and it behooves those who warn us against Socialistic +experiments to tell us if they know of any other effective remedy. +Surely all thoughtful men should study these theories of social +redemption and learn why their advocates claim that putting them in +practice would modify or abolish the evils of our modern conditions. + +"The masters, lords and rulers of all lands," the thinkers and workers +of our time must speedily give themselves to the understanding and +application of some adequate remedy, or there will be blood, woe and +tears almost without end, "when this dumb terror shall reply to God, +after the silence of the centuries." + +FOOTNOTE: + +[2] Genuine or not genuine: we live right now in a democracy. If, in +spite of that, such diabolical crimes as Sinclair describes them are +committed daily, then this only proves that democracy is no panacea for +them. Why should it, if criminals of the Armour kind realize profits out +of their wholesale poisoning of such dimensions that they can easily buy +all the glory of the people's sovereignty.--Editor. + + + + +THE GAME IS UP. + +By SADAKICHI HARTMANN. + + +"HELLO, Morrison, may I come in?" The door stood slightly ajar. + +Morrison came to the door--the complexion of his face was sallow and his +eyes had a peculiar look--he recognized his visitor, hesitated for a +moment whether he should admit him, then opened the door and made a sort +of mock courtesy. + +"Cleaning up?" the tall, lean man asked as he entered the little hall +room. + +"Yes," and a wistful smile glided over Morrison's pale face; "cleaning +up for good." + +The room had a peculiar appearance. There was no disorder and yet a lot +of things were lying about; it looked as if the lodger intended to go +away on a long journey and had tried to straighten up matters previous +to his departure. The visitor gazed curiously about the room. He had a +strange foreboding, but forced himself to ask in a jocular mood: "Going +to Egypt again?" + +"Farther than that this time, but it won't take so long; the journey I +am contemplating will be over by to-morrow evening, I hope." + +"What do you mean?" + +"The game is up." + +The tall, lean man made no immediate reply, he merely gazed steadily +into the face of his friend. He had always suspected that it would come +to this some day. He really wondered that Morrison had not done it long +ago. If any man had a right to dispose of his life it was surely +Morrison. He had endured more than most human beings. His case was +absolutely hopeless. + +"Is there no way out of it?" + +Morrison shook his head. He wanted to say something, but his voice +failed him. He stepped to the dresser near the window, looked into the +mirror and arranged his faded, threadbare tie. It was pitiful to see how +shabbily he was dressed. He no longer set the fashion as in his days of +success, years ago in Boston. + +"Would money help you?" and the tall, lean visitor fumbled in his +pockets. Although fairly well dressed, he was hard up most of the time +and only ventured to broach the subject as he just happened to have a +few dollars to spare that day. + +"No, what good would the little do that you could give me?" and he +continued to adjust matters and tuck things away in his trunk. + +"There, you are right again, not much. But I won forty dollars on the +track; I sometimes go out there," he added as a sort of excuse, "as it +is impossible to live on literature alone. I could spare ten." + +"Can you really spare them? I won't be able to return them, you know. I +would like to have them. I suppose you will refuse to let me buy a +revolver with them. I have all sorts of poisons," he pointed to some +little bottles, "but I would prefer not to use them, it wouldn't be +esthetical, and then I want to go away to some place where nobody knows +me. I don't want to be identified." + +The literary man slowly pulled a small roll out of his pocket. He +thought of his wife and children who needed the money. It was really +foolish to have made that offer. Well, it was probably the last service +he could render his friend. Morrison was serious about his departure, +there was no doubt about that. "Here!" + +"Thanks," Morrison answered, though he did not take the money right +away. He looked about absentmindedly, as in a dream. This was friendship +indeed. He had not believed that anybody could so completely enter +another man's state of mind. Not a word of opposition. This was +glorious! They had known each other for more than seventeen years. They +had often drifted apart and, somehow, had always met again. They had +never been very intimate, they had merely respected each other for the +work they had accomplished, each in his profession; although they +differed largely in ideas. Morrison was a sculptor, and almost an +ancient Greek in his feelings for the beauty of lines. The tall, lean +man, on the other hand, was a strange mixture of a visionary and brutal +realist. They both were cynics, however, that found life rather futile. +With the literary man this was merely a theoretical view point, while +Morrison was really embittered with life. The incidents of this +afternoon had surprised him. He was deeply moved and felt as if he +should give utterance to his emotions. He remembered that his attitude +towards his friend had been rather arrogant at times. He now felt sorry +for it, but somehow could not form his sentiments and thoughts into +coherent sentences. + +"Thanks," he simply repeated, "Has anybody seen you enter the house?" + +"No, the door was open and I walked right up. Why do you ask?" + +"I don't want anybody to be mixed up in this affair, as it only concerns +me." + +The literary man smiled: "Could any man influence you one way or +another? As far as I can make out you are beyond mortal influence." + +A pause ensued. Morrison threw the last thing into his trunk. "Well, I +am ready. Everything is settled." + +"How about your statues?" + +"Pshaw!" Morrison shrugged his shoulders. "Nobody was interested in them +while I lived. Why should I bother to think what might become of them +after my death?" + +The author nodded and scowled at the same time. He was not satisfied +with the answer. But there were still other things on his mind. He was +used to analyze everything to shreds and tatters. "Are you not afraid +that you might make a botch out of the whole job?" + +Morrison weighed the question in his mind, then shook his head and +answered: "No, there is hardly a chance for it now. I have been tuned up +to it, trained myself to it, so to speak. The fruit is ripe. It has to +fall. It would be awful, though--" he added, with an after-thought. "Do +you remember my emerald ring? I had to pawn it, but I kept the poison +which was hidden under the stone. I will take that if anything goes +wrong." + +"Would you object to my company?" asked the tall, lean man, "I mean +until all is over. I, myself, am not quite ready yet for any such +heroical performances." + +"Oh, don't think of it," the sculptor ejaculated; notwithstanding, the +tone of his voice indicated that he would not object, that he would even +prefer a traveling companion for the last few hours of his life. + +"Well, I'll go with you. Where are you going?" + +"To New Haven. It's a nice trip." Morrison carefully brushed his hair +and clothes, there came a flush to his face as he realized how shabby +his clothes really were. The tall, lean man was delicate enough to look +away as if he had not noticed anything. + +A few moments later they left the room. Morrison locked the door and +they went out into the street. They did not talk much, merely +commonplace phrases that did not bear upon the subject. Both were +occupied with their own thoughts, and strange thoughts they must have +been. They leisurely strolled to a store of sporting outfits, bought a +revolver and cartridges, had their shoes shined at the next corner, and +slowly wended their way toward the depot. Their actions were almost +mechanical. Suicide is an attack of insanity, a sort of mental plague. +If one has caught the fever, one is doomed. There is no escape from it. +At the same time it is contagious. The literary man was somewhat +infected by it. All his interests in life seemed to be dulled, +obliterated as it were. He could only think the one thought, "Morrison +is going to kill himself. But who knows, he may, after all, turn up next +week with the excuse that he had changed his mind. No, not he!--it was +really too bad!" Morrison, on the other hand, grew quite cheerful. With +him the idea that he would do it, had become so matter-of-fact, that he +ceased to think of it. Nothing could influence him any more. Even if +some vague current of soul activity should revolt at the very last +moment, he was certain that his hand would mechanically perform the +task. + +"Only one return ticket," he whispered as he approached the ticket +office. "Oh, I almost forgot," replied his friend. + +During the trip they silently sat opposite each other, smoking. Now and +then Morrison pointed out the beautiful sights. He seemed to be familiar +with the scenery. At their arrival in New Haven, at dusk, they at once +adjourned to a hotel and sat down at a table in the bar-room. They began +to talk about art, they discussed commercialism, the lack of +appreciation and the vanity of all serious work, at least as far as art +is concerned. They began to relate reminiscences of their student +years, and reviewed the hopes and ambitions of their youth. If they had +been realized, what wonders they would have accomplished! + +"I gave the other side a chance. They never responded. I waited for ten +long years, and now, it's all up. Let us have another drink, waiter, the +last." They clinked glasses. "And now for a decent departure as in the +good old times, when Hegesias, the Cyrenaic, preached suicide in +Alexandria--" + +They arose. It had grown dark. They sauntered forth into the night. +Morrison seemed to know where he was going. "I once spent very pleasant +days out here," he explained, "years, I hardly remember how many years +ago." After that they did not converse any more. They finally arrived at +a beautiful avenue of old elms that extended far into the country. Its +deep, dark vista was lit up only by the shimmer of a distant lake. + +Morrison stopped, seized his friend's hand, shook it, and said in a firm +voice: "Good-bye." + +"Good-bye." + +And Morrison walked away. It was so dark that in a few moments his form +became invisible. Only his footsteps could still be heard. They grew +fainter and fainter. The tall, lean man stared after his friend into the +blackness of the night. His eyes grew dim. + +A few rain drops fell on his face and hands. "I hope it won't rain," he +murmured, "it might make dying more difficult, but no--the sky is +clear." Then he slightly bent forward and listened eagerly. Everything +was calm, motionless, as in suspense. Nobody passed through the avenue. +Only in the adjoining side streets pedestrians flitted by like ghosts. + +So this was the end! After having struggled bravely for years, after +living up to high ideals as well as one could, to go down a long, dark +avenue--a falling star flashed across the tree tops. + +The tall, lean man pressed his hand to his heart, although he was not +certain of having heard a report, he felt, that his friend had arrived +at the goal of his life's journey. The game was up! + + * * * * * + ++Books to be had through Mother Earth+ + ++The Doukhobors:+ Their History in Russia; Their Migration to Canada. By +Joseph Elkins +$2.00+ + ++Moribund Society and Anarchism.+ By Jean Grave +25c.+ + ++Education and Heredity.+ By J. M. Guyau +$1.25+ + ++A Sketch of Morality+--Independent of Obligation and Sanction. By J. M. +Guyau +$1.00+ + ++American Communities:+ New and Old Communistic, Semi-Communistic, and +Co-Operative. By W. A. Hinds +$1.00+ + ++History of the French Revolution.+ (An excellent work for students. 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