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+Project Gutenberg's Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 4, June 1906, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 4, June 1906
+       Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Emma Goldman
+
+Release Date: November 27, 2008 [EBook #27341]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHER EARTH, JUNE 1906 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Martin Pettit and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
++-------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcriber's note:                              |
+|                                                 |
+|Obvious typographical errors have been corrected |
++-------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+Vol. I.                     JUNE, 1906                   No. 4
+
+MOTHER EARTH
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                               PAGE
+
+Mrs. Grundy    VIROQUA DANIELS                    1
+
+A Greeting    ALEXANDER BERKMAN                   3
+
+Henrik Ibsen    M. B.                             6
+
+Observations and Comments                         8
+
+A Letter    EMMA GOLDMAN                         13
+
+Libertarian Instruction    EMILE JANVION         14
+
+The Antichrist    FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE            15
+
+Brain Work and Manual Work    PETER KROPOTKIN    21
+
+Motherhood and Marriage    HENRIETTE FUERTH      30
+
+Object Lesson for Advocates of Governmental
+Control    ARTHUR G. EVERETT, N--M.              33
+
+The Genius of War    JOHN FRANCIS VALTER         36
+
+Dignity Speaks                                   36
+
+Paternalistic Government    (CONTINUATION)
+    THEODORE SCHROEDER                           38
+
+Aim and Tactics of the Trade-Union Movement
+    MAX BAGINSKI                                 44
+
+Refined Cruelty    ANNA MERCY                    50
+
+"The Jungle"    VERITAS                          53
+
+The Game is Up    SADAKICHI HARTMANN             57
+
+
+
+
+10c. A COPY    $1 A YEAR
+
+
+MOTHER EARTH
+
+
+Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature
+           Published Every 15th of the Month
+
+EMMA GOLDMAN, Publisher, P. O. Box 217, Madison Square Station,
+                     New York, N. Y.
+
+Entered as second-class matter April 9, 1906, at the post office
+at New York, N. Y., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.
+
+Vol. I        JUNE, 1906        No. 4
+
+
+
+
+MRS. GRUNDY.
+
+By VIROQUA DANIELS.
+
+
+     _Her will is law. She holds despotic sway.
+     Her wont has been to show the narrow way
+     Wherein must tread the world, the bright, the brave,
+     From infancy to dotard's gloomy grave._
+
+     _"Obey! Obey!" with sternness she commands
+     The high, the low, in great or little lands.
+     She folds us all within her ample gown.
+     A forward act is met with angry frown._
+
+     _The lisping babes are taught her local speech;
+     Her gait to walk; her blessings to beseech.
+     They laugh or cry, as Mistress says they may,--
+     In everything the little tots obey._
+
+     _The youth know naught save Mrs. Grundy's whims.
+     They play her games. They sing her holy hymns.
+     They question not; accept both truth and fiction,_
+     _(The_ OLD _is right, within her jurisdiction!)._
+
+     _Maid, matron, man unto her meekly bow.
+     She with contempt or ridicule may cow.
+     They dare not speak, or dress, or love, or hate,
+     At variance with the program on her slate._
+
+     _Her subtle smile, e'en men to thinkers grown,
+     Are loath to lose; before its charm they're prone.
+     With great ado, they publicly conform--
+     Vain, cowards, vain; revolt_ MUST _raise a storm!_
+
+     _The "indiscreet," when hidden from her sight,
+     Attempt to live as they consider "right."
+     Lo! Walls have ears! The loyal everywhere
+     The searchlight turn, and loudly shout, "Beware!"_
+
+     _In tyranny the Mistress is supreme.
+     "Obedience," that is her endless theme.
+     Al countries o'er, in city, town and glen,
+     Her aid is sought by bosses over men._
+
+     _Of Greed, her brain is cunningly devised.
+     From Ignorance, her bulky body's sized.
+     When at her ease, she acts as judge and jury.
+     But she's the Mob when 'roused to fighting fury._
+
+     _Dame Grundy is, by far, the fiercest foe
+     To ev'ry kind of progress, that we know.
+     So Freedom is, to her, a poison thing.
+     Who heralds it, he must her death knell ring._
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A GREETING.
+
+By ALEXANDER BERKMAN.
+
+
+Dear Friends:--
+
+I am happy, inexpressibly happy to be in your midst again, after an
+absence of fourteen long years, passed amid the horrors and darkness of
+my Pennsylvania nightmare. * * * Methinks the days of miracles are not
+past. They say that nineteen hundred years ago a man was raised from the
+dead after having been buried for three days. They call it a great
+miracle. But I think the resurrection from the peaceful slumber of a
+three days' grave is not nearly so miraculous as the actual coming back
+to life from a living death of fourteen years duration;--'tis the
+twentieth century resurrection, not based on ignorant credulity, nor
+assisted by any Oriental jugglery. No travelers ever return, the poets
+say, from the Land of Shades beyond the river Styx--and may be it is a
+good thing for them that they don't--but you can see that there is an
+occasional exception even to that rule, for I have just returned from a
+hell, the like of which, for human brutality and fiendish barbarity, is
+not to be found even in the fire-and-brimstone creeds of our loving
+Christians.
+
+It was a moment of supreme joy when I felt the heavy chains, that had
+bound me so long, give way with the final clang of the iron doors behind
+me and I suddenly found myself transported, as it were, from the dreary
+night of my prison-existence into the warm sunshine of the living day;
+and then, as I breathed the free air of the beautiful May morning--my
+first breath of freedom in fourteen years--it seemed to me as if a
+beautiful nature had waved her magic wand and marshalled her most
+alluring charms to welcome me into the world again; the sun, bathed in a
+sea of sapphire, seemed to shed his golden-winged caresses upon me;
+beautiful birds were intoning a sweet paean of joyful welcome;
+green-clad trees on the banks of the Allegheny were stretching out to me
+a hundred emerald arms, and every little blade of grass seemed to lift
+its head and nod to me, and all Nature whispered sweetly "Welcome Home!"
+It was Nature's beautiful Springtime, the reawakening of Life, and Joy,
+and Hope, and the spirit of Springtime dwelt in my heart.
+
+I had been told before I left the prison that the world had changed so
+much during my long confinement that I would practically come back into
+a new and different world. I hoped it were true. For at the time when I
+retired from the world, or rather when I _was_ retired from the
+world--that was a hundred years ago, for it happened in the nineteenth
+century--at that time, I say, the footsteps of the world were faltering
+under the heavy cross of oppression, injustice and misery, and I could
+hear the anguish-cry of the suffering multitudes, even above the
+clanking of my own heavy chains. * * * But all that is different now--I
+thought as I left the prison--for have I not been told that the world
+had changed, changed so much that, as they put it, "its own mother
+wouldn't know it again." And that thought made me _doubly_ happy: happy
+at the recovery of my own liberty, and happy in the fond hope that I
+should find my own great joy mirrored in, and heightened by the
+happiness of my fellow-men.
+
+Then I began to look around, and indeed, I found the world changed; so
+changed, in fact, that I am now afraid to cross the street, lest
+lightning, in the shape of a horseless car, overtake me and strike me
+down; I also found a new race of beings, a race of red
+devils--automobiles you call them--and I have been told about the winged
+children of thought flying above our heads--talking through the air, you
+know, and sometimes also through the hat, perhaps--and here in New York
+you can ride on the ground, overground, above ground, underground, and
+without any ground at all.
+
+These and a thousand and one other inventions and discoveries have
+considerably changed the face of the world. But alas! its face _only_.
+For as I looked further, past the outer trappings, down into the heart
+of the world, I beheld the old, familiar, yet no less revolting sight of
+Mammon, enthroned upon a dais of bleeding hearts, and I saw the ruthless
+wheels of the social Juggernaut slowly crushing the beautiful form of
+liberty lying prostrate on the ground. * * * I saw men, women and
+children, without number, sacrificed on the altar of the capitalistic
+Moloch, and I beheld a race of pitiful creatures, stricken with the
+modern St. Vitus's dance at the shrine of the Golden Calf.
+
+With an aching heart I realized what I had been told in prison about
+the changed condition of the world was but a miserable myth, and my fond
+hope of returning into a new, regenerated world lay shattered at my
+feet....
+
+No, the world has not changed during my absence; I can find no
+improvement in the twentieth-century society over that of the
+nineteenth, and in truth, it is not capable of any real improvement, for
+this society is the product of a civilization so self-contradictory in
+its essential qualities, so stupendously absurd in its results, that the
+more we advance in this would-be civilization the less rational, the
+less human we become. Your twentieth-century civilization is fitly
+characterized by the fact that, paradoxical as it may seem, the more we
+produce, the less we have, and the richer we get, the poorer we are.
+Your pseudo-civilization is of that quality which defeats its own ends,
+so that notwithstanding the prodigious mechanical aids we possess in the
+production of all forms of wealth, the struggle for existence is more
+savage, more ferocious to-day than it has been ever since the dawn of
+our civilization.
+
+But what is the cause of all this, what is wrong with our society and
+our civilization?
+
+Simply this:--a lie can not prosper. Our whole social fabric, our
+boasted civilization rests on the foundations of a lie, a most gigantic
+lie--the religious, political and economic lie, a triune lie, from whose
+fertile womb has issued a world of corruption, evils, shams and
+unnameable crimes. There, denuded of its tinsel trappings, your
+civilization stands revealed in all the evil reality of its unadorned
+shame; and 'tis a ghastly sight, a mass of corruption, an ever-spreading
+cancer. Your false civilization is a disease, and capitalism is its most
+malignant form; 'tis the acute stage which is breeding into the world a
+race of cowards, weaklings and imbeciles; a race of mannikins, lacking
+the physical courage and mental initiative to think the thought and do
+the deed not inscribed in the book of practice; a race of pigmies,
+slaves to tradition and superstition, lacking all force of individuality
+and rushing, like wild maniacs, toward the treacherous eddies of that
+social cataclysm which has swallowed the far mightier and greater
+nations of the ancient world.
+
+It is because of these things that I address myself to you, fellow-men.
+Society has not changed during my absence, and yet, to be saved, it
+needs to be changed. It needs, above all, real men, men and women of
+originality and individuality; men and women, not afraid to brave the
+scornful contempt of the conventional mob, men and women brave enough to
+break from the ranks of custom and lead into new paths, men and women
+strong enough to smash the fatal social lock-step and lead us into new
+and happier ways.
+
+And because society has not changed, neither will I. Though the
+bloodthirsty hyena of the law has, in its wild revenge, despoiled me of
+the fourteen most precious blossoms in the garden of my life, yet I
+will, henceforth as heretofore, consecrate what days are left to me in
+the service of that grand ideal, the wonderful power of which has
+sustained me through those years of torture; and I will devote all my
+energies and whatever ability I may have to that noblest of all causes
+of a new, regenerated and free humanity; and it shall be more than my
+sufficient reward to know that I have added, if ever so little, in
+breaking the shackles of superstition, ignorance and tradition, and
+helped to turn the tide of society from the narrow lane of its blind
+selfishness and self-sufficient arrogance into the broad, open road
+leading toward a true civilization, to the new and brighter day of
+Freedom in Brotherhood.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+HENRIK IBSEN.
+
+M. B.
+
+
+I SHALL not attempt to confine him within the rigid lines of any
+literary circle; nor shall I press him into the narrow frame of school
+or party; nor stamp upon him the distinctive label of any particular
+ism. He would break such fetters; his free spirit, his great
+individuality would overflow the arbitrary confines of "the _sole_
+Truth," "the _only_ true principle." The waves of his soul would break
+down all artificial barriers and rush out to join the ever-moving
+currents of life.
+
+A seer has died.
+
+He carried the flaming torch of his art behind the scenes of society--he
+found there nothing but corruption. He tested the strength of our social
+foundations--its pillars shook: they were rotten.
+
+The rays of his genius penetrated the darkness of popular ideals; the
+hollow pretences of Philistinism filled his ardent soul with disgust,
+and pain. In this mood he wrote "The League of Youth," in which he
+exposed the pettiness of bourgeois aspirations and the poverty of their
+ideals.
+
+In "The Enemy of the People" Ibsen thunders his powerful protest against
+the democracy of stupidity, the tyrannous vulgarity of majority rule.
+Doctor Stockmann--that is Ibsen himself. How willing and eager the
+pigmies and yahoos would have been to stone him.
+
+"What shameless unconventionality, what shocking daring!" cried the
+Philistines when they beheld the characters portrayed in "Nora" (The
+Doll's House), "Wild Duck," and in "The Ghosts"--living pictures
+revealing all the evil hidden by the mask of "our sacred institutions,"
+"our holy hearthstone." In "Rosmersholm" Ibsen ignored even the
+inviolability of conscience; for there Ibsen showed how the sick
+conscience of Rosmer worked the ruin of Rebecca and himself, by robbing
+them of the joy of life.
+
+The moralists howled long and loud.
+
+"Has Ibsen no ideals? Does the accursed Midas-touch of his mind dissolve
+everything, one very Holy of Holies, into the ashes of nothing?"
+
+Thus spoke self-sufficient arrogance.
+
+But can one read "Brand" or "Peer Gynt" and ask such questions? No heart
+so overflowed with human yearning, no soul ever breathed grander, nobler
+ideals than Henrik Ibsen. True, he did not prostrate himself before the
+idols of the conventional mob, nor did his sacrificial fires burn on the
+altar of mediocrity and cretinism. He did not bow the proud head before
+the craven images that the State and Church have created for the
+subjugation of the masses. To Ibsen's free soul the morality of slaves
+was a nightmare.
+
+His ideal was Individuality, the development of character. He loved the
+man that was brave enough to be himself. He immeasurably hated all that
+was false; he abhorred all that was petty and small. He loved that true
+naturalness which, when most real, requires no effort.
+
+The most severe critic of Ibsen and his art was Ibsen himself. His
+attitude towards himself in his last work, "When We Dead Awaken," is
+that of the most unprejudiced judge.
+
+What is the result?
+
+We long for life; yet we are eternally chasing will-o'-the-wisps. We
+sacrifice ourselves for things which rob us of our Self. The castles we
+build prove houses made of cards, upon the first touch falling down.
+Instead of living, we philosophize. Our life is an esthetic counterfeit.
+
+A mind of great depth, a soul of prophetic vision has passed away; yet
+not without leaving its powerful impress--for Henrik Ibsen stood upon
+the heights, and from their loftiest peaks we beheld, with him, the
+heavy fogs of the present, and through the rifts we saw the bright rays
+of a new sun, the promise of the dawn of a freer, stronger Humanity.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS.
+
+
+Schopenhauer's advice to ignore fools and knaves and not to speak to
+them, as the best method of keeping them at a distance, does not seem
+drastic enough in these days of the modern newspaper-reporter nuisance.
+One may throw them out of the house, nail all the doors and windows, and
+stuff up all key-holes; still he will come; he will slide down through
+the chimney, squeeze through the sewer-pipes--which, by the way, is the
+real field of activity of the journalistic profession.
+
+We Anarchists are usually poor business men, with a few "happy"
+exceptions, of course; still, we shall have to form an insurance company
+against the slugging system of the reporters.
+
+Alexander Berkman barely had a chance to breathe free air, when the
+newspaper scarecrows were let loose at his heels. Every
+suspicious-looking man, woman and child in New York was assailed as to
+Berkman's whereabouts, without avail. Finally these worthy gentlemen
+hit upon 210 East Thirteenth street--there the reporters made some
+miraculous discoveries. Two lonely hermits, utterly innocent of the ways
+of the world and the impertinence of reporters, were marked by the
+latter. They triumphed. Never before had they hit upon such simpletons,
+of whom they could so easily learn all the secrets of the fraternity of
+the Reds.
+
+"Is it not the custom of your clan to delegate every three days one of
+your members to take the life of some ruler?" they asked.
+
+One of the Reds smiled, knowingly. "Only one insignificant life in three
+days?! How little you know the Anarchists. I want you to understand,
+sirs, it is our wont to use just five minutes for each act, which means
+864 lives in three days."
+
+This was more than the most hardened press detective could stand. They
+fled in terror.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Carl Schurz, politician and career hunter by profession, died May 14th.
+He was met at the gate of Hell by the secretary of that institution with
+the following question, "Were you not one of the enthusiasts for the
+battle of freedom, in your young days?"
+
+"Yes," said Carl.
+
+"If the reports of my men are correct--and I am confident my men are
+more reliable than the majority of the newspaper men on your planet--you
+were even a Revolutionist?"
+
+Carl Schurz nodded.
+
+"And why have you thrown your ideals and convictions overboard?"
+
+"There was no money in them," Carl replied, sulkily.
+
+The Satanic Secretary nodded to one of his stokers, saying, "Add 5,000
+tons of hard coal to our fires. Here we have a man that sold his soul
+for money. He deserves to roast a thousand times more than the ordinary
+sinner."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+No one considers a thief the patron saint of honesty, nor is a liar
+expected to champion the truth. The hangman is not elected as president
+of a society for the preservation of human life; why, then, in the name
+of common sense, do people continue to see in the State the seat of
+justice and the patron saint of those whom it wrongs and outrages daily?
+
+If people would only look closer into the elements of the State, they
+would soon behold this trinity--the thief, the liar, and the hangman.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Free love is condemned; prostitution flourishes. The moralist, who is
+the best patron of the dens of prostitution, loudly proclaims the
+sanctity and purity of monogamy. The free expression of life's greatest
+force--love--must never be tolerated. On the other hand, it is perfectly
+respectable to receive a large sum of money from a millionaire
+father-in-law for marrying his daughter.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Rudolph von Jhering, one of the most distinguished theoreticians of
+jurisprudence in Europe, wrote, many years ago, "The way in which one
+utilizes his wealth is the best criterion of his character and degree of
+culture. The purpose that prompts the investment of his money is the
+safest characterization of him. The accounts of expenditures speak
+louder of a man's true nature than his diary." How well these words
+apply to the richest of the rich and to their methods of disposing of
+their capital!
+
+Take philanthropy, for instance, with its loud and common display. How
+it humiliates those that receive, and how it overestimates the
+importance of those that give.
+
+Philanthropy that steals in large quantities and returns of its bounty
+in medicine drops, that snatches the last bite from the mouth of the
+people and graciously gives them a few crumbs or a gnawed bone!
+
+Again, philanthropy as a money mania--in one instance it feeds the
+clergy on fat salaries, so that they might proclaim the virtue of
+self-denial, sobriety and prudence; in another instance it builds Sunday
+schools for young numbskulls and political aspirants who pretend to
+listen to the commonplace discourse about our Father in Heaven who gives
+every true Christian an opportunity to make money; rather would these
+milk-sops appreciate the advice of the young nabob as to how to turn a
+hundred-dollar bill into a thousand.
+
+Philanthropy, establishing scientific societies for the investigation of
+the mode of life of fleas, or philanthropy excremating libraries,
+maintaining missionaries in China or fostering the research of breeding
+sea horses.
+
+Mrs. Vanderbilt has the heels of her shoes set in diamonds, while
+another great philanthropist has established a pension for aged parrots.
+Indeed, the stupidity and sad lack of imagination of our philanthropists
+are pitiful. However, when one realizes that they are responsible for
+the distress, the poverty, and despair of the great masses of humanity,
+pity turns into anger and disgust with a society that will endure it
+all.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Chicago papers report a blood-curdling story, which has affected the
+Philistines like red affects a turkey. Knowing the keen sense of humor
+of our readers, we herewith reprint the story:
+
+"Treason and blasphemy as an outburst of Anarchism all but broke up a
+meeting held last night in the Masonic Temple under the auspices of the
+Spencer-Whitman Center, at which the subject of "Crime in Chicago" was
+discussed by various speakers. The Rev. John Roach Straton, pastor of
+the Second Baptist Church, was in the midst of the discourse detailing
+his theories with reference to the subject in hand when a voice from the
+doorway shouted out a blasphemous expression.
+
+The cry was greeted by hisses, but it was only a moment later that the
+same voice called:
+
+"Down with America! Up with Anarchy!"
+
+There was a rush for the door. A tall young man was the first to reach
+the offender, who is said to have been Carl Havel, associate editor of a
+German newspaper. There was a blow and the blasphemer reeled and fell
+against the wall. At the same moment a man, said to be Terence Carlin, a
+member of a prominent Chicago family, struck Havel's assailant. He in
+turn was seized by Parker H. Sercombe, chairman of the meeting, and a
+man who gave the name of Ben Bansig.
+
+The party struggled back and forth in the doorway, and the disturbers
+were forced back to an ante-room. Blows were struck in a lusty fashion
+and cries of "Police!" "They're murdering them!" "Help!" rang out.
+
+Finally the two disturbers made as if to get out, and the arrival of a
+watchman in uniform quieted them and their pursuers. It was, however,
+with ill grace that the disturbers of the meeting were allowed to leave,
+and as they passed through a door, cursing the law, the country, and
+God, a girl, still in her teens, broke through the crowd and turning to
+Havel, said:
+
+"That's all right, father."
+
+Ben Bansig saved Chicago,--there can be no dispute about that. As to
+Sercombe, the editor of _To-Morrow_, he deserves recognition. I suggest
+that he be awarded a tooth brush at the expense of City Hall.
+
+Our three friends, Terence Carlin, Havel, Mary Latter--who, as I can
+authentically prove, is not the daughter of Hyppolite Havel--can console
+themselves with the fact that their protest has done the names of
+Whitman and Spencer more honor than the gas of the Baptist preacher.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+That the suspiciously-red noses of the newspaper men should have smelt
+the "immoral conduct" of Maxim Gorky, was really very fortunate for the
+latter. He is now relieved from the impertinence of interviewers and
+prominent personages. He must feel as if he had recovered from some
+loathsome disease. Immorality has after all many desirable qualities.
+What if chickens gaggle, pharisaic goats piously turn up their eyes, and
+the dear little piggies grunt!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Well-meaning people are horrified that justice is making use of such
+creatures as Orchard and McParland against Moyer, Haywood and Pettibone.
+There is nothing unusual in that. The record of the American government
+in its persecution against Socialists and Anarchists is by no means so
+clean that one need be astonished that it employs spies and perjurers as
+its helpmates.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Lord has developed from a good Christian into a good banker: He
+destroyed more churches than vaults in San Francisco.
+
+
+
+
+A LETTER.
+
+
+Chicago, June 2nd, 1906.
+
+Dear Editor:--I hope you have not been trying to relieve your feelings
+by using language dangerous to your soul's salvation. I can sympathize
+with you, though. However, it was impossible for me to send the promised
+article for "M. E." Who, indeed, could expect a bride of two weeks to
+waste time upon magazine articles?! I hope you have read the reports of
+my marriage, though your silence would indicate that you have either
+neglected to read the important news, or that your usual lack of faith
+in the truth and honesty of the press has not permitted you to credit
+the story.
+
+It is high time, dear friend, that you get rid of your German
+skepticism; you know, I esteem your judgment, but when it comes to
+doubting anything the newspapers say, I draw the line. What reporters do
+not know about Anarchists, and especially about your publisher, is not
+worth knowing. According to their great wisdom I not only incited men to
+remove the crowned heads of various countries, but I have done worse--I
+have incited them to marry me, and when they proved unwilling to love,
+honor and obey the order of our secret societies to blow up all sacred
+institutions, I sent them about their business.
+
+Much as I realize the importance of my articles for MOTHER EARTH, you
+cannot expect me to sacrifice my wifely duty to my lord and master for
+Earth's sake.
+
+I have always held to the opinion that there must be absolute confidence
+between publisher and editor on all matters except the receipts;
+therefore I have to confess that my newly-wedded husband, who has just
+graduated from the University of the Western Penitentiary--the
+curriculum of which is lots of liberty, leisure and enjoyment--objects
+to the drudgery of an agitator and publisher. In justice to him, I dare
+not do more than write letters all day, address meetings every evening,
+and enjoy the love and kindness of the comrades till early morning
+hours. Where, then, shall I find time to write articles for MOTHER
+EARTH?
+
+But to be in keeping with the serious and dignified tone of our valuable
+magazine, and especially with you dear Editor, I want to say that my
+meetings were very successful, and that MOTHER EARTH is being received
+with great favor in every city. Nearly 500 copies were sold here.
+
+After reading the brilliant reports in the Chicago papers and seeing the
+handsome, refined policemen at the various meetings, I am not surprised
+that our magazine is being appreciated. Apropos of the Chicago police,
+just fancy, I have actually forced them out of their uniforms. I hope
+this will not conjure up the horrible picture of Chicago's finest
+parading the city in Adam's costume. Not that! Only, Chief of Police
+Collins was so outraged over my gentle criticism of his dear little boys
+at one of the woodworkers' meetings, that he gave strict orders, "No
+officer should again appear at a public meeting in uniform where that
+awful Emma Goldman is humiliating and degrading the emblem of authority
+and law."
+
+After this, I hope you will never again doubt the importance of public
+meetings and the great and far-reaching influence of my speaking.
+
+I shall soon be with you, if I survive my tour, the police, and the
+press. I shall then try to make up for my sins, in the July number of
+MOTHER EARTH, provided you will let me recuperate in your editorial care
+and affection.
+
+EMMA GOLDMAN.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+LIBERTARIAN INSTRUCTION.
+
+By EMILE JANVION.
+
+
+AMONG the important duties of Anarchists libertarian instruction should
+occupy the first place. As revolutionary propaganda it is the most
+effective. Tolstoi in Yasnaia-Poliana, Reclus at Bruxelles, Paul Robin
+at Cempius, the group of the Free School at Paris have inaugurated
+attempts during the period of daring we have witnessed of late years.
+
+Far from mixing education with instruction, the former should be
+considered as the natural consequence of the latter.
+
+Our ideas should never be imposed by an education too specialized,
+narrow or sectarian, but by means of full and all-round instruction
+which opens the mind to criticism and makes it accessible to the power
+of truth which is our strength and which will complete the forming of
+the character.
+
+Our instruction should be _integral_, _rational_, and _mixed_.
+
+_Integral_--Because it will tend to develop the whole being and make a
+complete, free _ensemble_, equally progressive in all knowledge,
+intellectual, physical, manual and professional, and this from the
+earliest age.
+
+_Rational_--Because it will be based on reason and in conformity with
+actual science and not on faith; on the development of personal Freedom
+and independence and not on that of piety and obedience; on the
+abolition of the fiction _God_, the eternal and absolute cause of
+subjection.
+
+_Mixed_--Because it favors the coeducation of the sexes in a constant,
+fraternal, familiar company of children, boys and girls, which gives to
+the character of their manners a special earnestness.
+
+To the scientific instruction must be added manual apprenticeship,
+instruction with which it is in a constant connection of balance and
+reciprocity, and also esthetic instruction (music, art, etc.), which in
+point of view of an integral development has certainly not a small
+importance.
+
+To turn our attention towards the child, to encourage the development of
+its initiative, to impress it with a sentiment of its dignity, to
+preserve it from cowardice and falsehood, to make it observe the _pros_
+and _cons_ of all social conceptions, to educate it for the struggle,
+that is the great work, scarcely yet begun, which awaits us.
+
+That will be the task of the nearest future if we will act logically and
+firmly.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE ANTICHRIST.
+
+    From "The Antichrist," by Friedrich Nietzsche. Edited by Alexander
+    Tille, translated by Thomas Common. Publishers: Macmillan & Co. New
+    York.
+
+
+I MAKE war against this theological instinct: I have found traces of it
+everywhere. Whoever has theological blood in his veins is from the very
+beginning ambiguous and disloyal with respect to everything. The pathos
+which develops therefrom calls itself belief: the closing of the eye
+once for all with respect to one's self, so as not to suffer from the
+sight--of incurable falsity. A person makes for himself a morality, a
+virtue, a sanctity out of this erroneous perspective towards all things,
+he unites the good conscience to the _false_ mode of seeing,--he demands
+that no _other_ mode of perspective be any longer of value, after he has
+made his own sacrosanct with the names of "God," "salvation," and
+"eternity." I have digged out the theologist-instinct everywhere; it is
+the most diffused, the most peculiarly _subterranean_ form of falsity
+that exists on earth. What a theologian feels as true, _must_ needs be
+false: one has therein almost a criterion of truth. It is his most
+fundamental self-preservative instinct which forbids reality to be held
+in honor, or even to find expression on any point. As far as
+theologist-influence extends, the _judgment of value_ is turned right
+about, the concepts of "true" and "false" are necessarily reversed: what
+is most injurious to life is here called "true," what raises, elevates,
+affirms, justifies, and makes it triumph is called "false."
+
+                           *       *       *
+
+Let us not underestimate this: _we ourselves_, we free spirits, are
+already a "Transvaluation of all Values," an incarnate declaration of
+war against and triumph over all old concepts of "true" and "untrue."
+The most precious discernments into things are the latest discovered:
+the most precious discernments, however, are the _methods_. _All_
+methods, _all_ presuppositions of our present-day science, have for
+millenniums been held in the most profound contempt: by reason of them a
+person was excluded from intercourse with "honest" men--he passed for an
+"enemy of God," a despiser of truth, a "possessed" person. As a
+scientific man, a person was a Chandala.... We have had the entire
+pathos of mankind against us--their concept of that which truth _ought_
+to be, which the service of truth _ought_ to be: every "thou shalt" has
+been hitherto directed _against_ us. Our objects, our practices, our
+quiet, prudent, mistrustful mode--all appeared to mankind as absolutely
+unworthy and contemptible.--In the end one might, with some
+reasonableness, ask one's self if it was not really an esthetic taste
+which kept mankind in such long blindness: they wanted a _picturesque_
+effect from truth, they wanted in like manner the knowing ones to
+operate strongly on their senses. Our _modesty_ was longest against the
+taste of mankind.... Oh how they made that out, these turkey-cocks of
+God----.
+
+                           *       *       *
+
+The Christian concept of God--God as God of the sick, God as
+cobweb-spinner, God as spirit--is one of the most corrupt concepts of
+God ever arrived at on earth; it represents perhaps the gauge of low
+water in the descending development of the God-type. God degenerated to
+the _contradiction of life_, instead of being its transfiguration and
+its eternal _yea_! In God, hostility announced to life, to nature, to
+the will to life! God as the formula for every calumny of "this world,"
+for every lie of "another world!" In God nothingness deified, the will
+to nothingness declared holy!
+
+                           *       *       *
+
+That the strong races of Northern Europe have not thrust from themselves
+the Christian God, is verily no honor to their religious talent, not to
+speak of their taste. They ought to have got the better of such a sickly
+and decrepit product of _décadence_. There lies a curse upon them,
+because they have not got the better of it: they have incorporated
+sickness, old age and contradiction into all their instincts--they have
+_created_ no God since! Two millenniums almost, and not a single new
+God! But still continuing, and as if persisting by right, as an
+_ultimatum_ and _maximum_ of the God-shaping force, of the _creator
+spiritus_ in man, this pitiable God of Christian monotono-theism! This
+hybrid image of ruin, derived from nullity, concept and contradiction in
+which all _décadence_ instincts, all cowardices and lassitudes of soul
+have their sanction!
+
+                           *       *       *
+
+Has the celebrated story been really understood which stands at the
+commencement of the Bible--the story of God's mortal terror of
+_science_? It has not been understood. This priest-book _par excellence_
+begins appropriately with the great inner difficulty of the priest: he
+has only one great danger, consequently "God" has only one great
+danger.--
+
+The old God, entire "spirit," entire high priest, entire perfection,
+promenades in his garden: he only wants pastime. Against tedium even
+Gods struggle in vain. What does he do? He contrives man--man is
+entertaining.... But behold, man also wants pastime. The pity of God for
+the only distress which belongs to all paradises has no bounds: he
+forthwith created other animals besides. The _first_ mistake of God: man
+did not find the animals entertaining--he ruled over them, but did not
+even want to be an "animal"--God consequently created woman. And, in
+fact, there was now an end of tedium--but of other things also! Woman
+was the _second_ mistake of God.--"Woman is in her essence a serpent,
+Hera"--every priest knows that: "from woman comes _all_ the mischief in
+the world"--every priest knows that likewise. _Consequently_, _science_
+also comes from her.... Only through woman did man learn to taste of the
+tree of knowledge.--What had happened? The old God was seized by a
+mortal terror. Man himself had become his _greatest_ mistake, he had
+created a rival, science makes _godlike_; it is at an end with priests
+and Gods, if man becomes scientific!--_Moral_: science is the thing
+forbidden in itself--it alone is forbidden. Science is the _first_ sin,
+the germ of all sin, _original_ sin. _This alone is morality._--"Thou
+shalt _not_ know:"--the rest follows therefrom.--By his mortal terror
+God was not prevented from being shrewd. How does one _defend_ one's
+self against science? That was for a long time his main problem. Answer:
+away with man, out of paradise! Happiness and leisure lead to
+thoughts,--all thoughts are bad thoughts.... Man _shall_ not think--and
+the "priest in himself" contrives distress, death, the danger of life in
+pregnancy, every kind of misery, old age, weariness, and above all
+_sickness_,--nothing but expedients in the struggle against science!
+Distress does not _permit_ man to think.... And nevertheless! frightful!
+the edifice of knowledge towers aloft, heaven-storming, dawning on the
+Gods,--what to do!--The old God contrives _war_, he separates the
+peoples, he brings it about that men mutually annihilate one another
+(the priests have always had need of war ...). War, among other things,
+a great disturber of science!--Incredible! Knowledge, the _emancipation
+from the priest_, augments even in spite of wars.--And a final
+resolution is arrived at by the old God: "man has become
+scientific,--_there is no help for it, he must be drowned!_" ...
+
+                           *       *       *
+
+--I have been understood. The beginning of the Bible contains the
+_entire_ psychology of the priest.--The priest knows only one great
+danger: that is science,--the sound concept of cause and effect. But
+science flourishes on the whole only under favorable circumstances,--one
+must have _superfluous_ time, one must have _superfluous_ intellect in
+order to "perceive" ... _Consequently_ man must be made
+unfortunate,--this has at all times been the logic of the priest.--One
+makes out _what_ has only thereby come into the world in accordance with
+this logic:--"sin".... The concepts of guilt and punishment, the whole
+"moral order of the world," have been devised _in opposition_ to
+science,--_in opposition_ to a severance of man from the priest.... Man
+is _not_ to look outwards, he is to look inwards into himself, he is
+_not_ to look prudently and cautiously into things like a learner, he is
+not to look at all, he is to _suffer_.... And he is so to suffer as to
+need the priest always. _A Saviour is needed._--The concepts of guilt
+and punishment, inclusive of the doctrines of "grace," of "salvation,"
+and of "forgiveness"--_lies_ through and through, and without any
+psychological reality--have been contrived to destroy the _causal sense_
+in man, they are an attack on the concepts of cause and effect!--And
+_not_ an attack with the fists, with the knife, with honesty in hate and
+love! But springing from the most cowardly, most deceitful, and most
+ignoble instincts! A _priest's_ attack! A _parasite's_ attack! A
+vampirism of pale, subterranean blood-suckers! When the natural
+consequences of a deed are no longer "natural," but are supposed to be
+brought about by the conceptual spectres of superstition, by "God," by
+"spirits," by "souls," as mere "moral" consequences, as reward,
+punishment, suggestion, or means of education, the pre-requisite of
+perception has been destroyed--_the greatest crime against mankind has
+been committed._ Sin, repeated once more, this form of human
+self-violation _par excellence_, has been invented for the purpose of
+making impossible science, culture, every kind of elevation and nobility
+of man; the priest _rules_ by the invention of sin.--
+
+                           *       *       *
+
+I _condemn_ Christianity, I bring against the Christian Church the most
+terrible of all accusations that ever an accuser has taken into his
+mouth. It is to me the greatest of all imaginable corruptions, it has
+had the will to the ultimate corruption that is at all possible. The
+Christian Church has left nothing untouched with its depravity, it has
+made a worthlessness out of every value, a lie out of every truth, a
+baseness of soul out of every straight-forwardness. Let a person still
+dare to speak to me of its "humanitarian" blessings! To _do away with_
+any state of distress whatsoever was counter to its profoundest
+expediency, it lived by states of distress, it _created_ states of
+distress in order to perpetuate _itself_ eternally.... The worm of sin
+for example; it is only the Church that has enriched mankind with this
+state of distress!-- ...."Humanitarian" blessings of Christianity! To
+breed out of _humanitas_ a self-contradiction, an art of self-violation,
+a will to the lie at any price, a repugnance, a contempt for all good
+and straight-forward instincts! Those are for me blessing of
+Christianity!--Parasitism as the _sole_ praxis of the Church; drinking
+out all blood, all love, all hope for life, with its anćmic ideal of
+holiness; the other world as the will to the negation of every reality;
+the cross as the rallying sign for the most subterranean conspiracy that
+has ever existed,--against healthiness, beauty, well-constitutedness,
+courage, intellect, _benevolence_ of soul, _against life itself_....
+
+This eternal accusation of Christianity I shall write on all walls,
+wherever there are walls,--I have letters for making even the blind
+see.... I call Christianity the one great curse, the one great intrinsic
+depravity, the one great instinct of revenge for which no expedient is
+sufficiently poisonous, secret, subterranean, _mean_,--I call it the one
+immortal blemish of mankind!
+
+
+
+
+BRAIN WORK AND MANUAL WORK.
+
+By PETER KROPOTKIN.
+
+
+IN olden times men of science, and especially those who have done most
+to forward the growth of natural philosophy, did not despise manual work
+and handicraft. Galileo made his telescopes with his own hands. Newton
+learned in his boyhood the art of managing tools; he exercised his young
+mind in contriving most ingenious machines, and when he began his
+researches in optics he was able himself to grind the lenses for his
+instruments, and himself to make the well-known telescope, which, for
+its time, was a fine piece of workmanship. Leibnitz was fond of
+inventing machines: windmills and carriages to be moved without horses
+preoccupied his mind as much as mathematical and philosophical
+speculations. Linnćus became a botanist while helping his father--a
+practical gardener--in his daily work. In short, with our great geniuses
+handicraft was no obstacle to abstract researches--it rather favored
+them. On the other hand, if the workers of old found but few
+opportunities for mastering science, many of them had, at least, their
+intelligences stimulated by the very variety of work which was performed
+in the then unspecialized workshops; and some of them had the benefit of
+familiar intercourse with men of science. Watt and Rennie were friends
+with Professor Robinson; Brindley, the road-maker, despite his
+fourteen-pence-a-day wages, enjoyed intercourse with educated men, and
+thus developed his remarkable engineering faculties; the son of a
+well-to-do family could "idle" at a wheelwright's shop, so as to become
+later on a Smeaton or a Stephenson.
+
+We have changed all that. Under the pretext of division of labor, we
+have sharply separated the brain worker from the manual worker. The
+masses of the workmen do not receive more scientific education than
+their grandfathers did; but they have been deprived of the education of
+even the small workshop, while their boys and girls are driven into a
+mine or a factory from the age of thirteen, and there they soon forget
+the little they may have learned at school. As to the men of science,
+they despise manual labor. How few of them would be able to make a
+telescope, or even a plainer instrument? Most of them are not capable
+of even designing a scientific instrument, and when they have given a
+vague suggestion to the instrument-maker they leave it with him to
+invent the apparatus they need. Nay, they have raised the contempt of
+manual labor to the height of a theory. "The man of science," they say,
+"must discover the laws of nature, the civil engineer must apply them,
+and the worker must execute in steel or wood, in iron or stone, the
+patterns devised by the engineer. He must work with machines invented
+for him, not by him. No matter if he does not understand them and cannot
+improve them: the scientific man and the scientific engineer will take
+care of the progress of science and industry."
+
+It may be objected that nevertheless there is a class of men who belong
+to none of the above three divisions. When young they have been manual
+workers, and some of them continue to be; but, owing to some happy
+circumstances, they have succeeded in acquiring some scientific
+knowledge, and thus they have combined science with handicraft. Surely
+there are such men; happily enough there is a nucleus of men who have
+escaped the so-much-advocated specialization of labor, and it is
+precisely to them that industry owes its chief recent inventions. But in
+old Europe at least, they are the exceptions; they are the
+irregulars--the Cossacks who have broken the ranks and pierced the
+screens so carefully erected between the classes. And they are so few,
+in comparison with the ever-growing requirements of industry--and of
+science as well, as I am about to prove--that all over the world we hear
+complaint about the scarcity of precisely such men.
+
+What is the meaning, in fact, of the outcry for technical education
+which has been raised at one and the same time in England, in France, in
+Germany, in the States, and in Russia, if it does not express a general
+dissatisfaction with the present division into scientists, scientific
+engineers, and workers? Listen to those who know industry, and you will
+see that the substance of their complaint is this: "The worker whose
+task has been specialized by the permanent division of labor has lost
+the intellectual interest in his labor, and it is especially so in the
+great industries: he has lost his inventive powers. Formerly, he
+invented very much. Manual workers--not men of science nor trained
+engineers--have invented, or brought to perfection, the prime motors and
+all that mass of machinery which has revolutionized industry for the
+last hundred years. But since the great factory has been enthroned, the
+worker, depressed by the monotony of his work, invents no more. What can
+a weaver invent who merely supervises four looms, without knowing
+anything either about their complicated movements or how the machines
+grew to be what they are? What can a man invent who is condemned for
+life to bind together the ends of two threads with the greatest
+celerity, and knows nothing beyond making a knot?
+
+"At the outset of modern industry, three generations of workers _have_
+invented; now they cease to do so. As to the inventions of the
+engineers, specially trained for devising machines, they are either
+devoid of genius or not practical enough. Those "nearly to nothings," of
+which Sir Frederick Bramwell spoke once at Bath, are missing in their
+inventions--those nothings which can be learned in the workshop only,
+and which permitted a Murdoch and the Soho workers to make a practical
+engine of Watt's schemes. None but he who knows the machine--not in its
+drawings and models only, but in its breathing and throbbings--who
+unconsciously thinks of it while standing by it, can really improve it.
+Smeaton and Newcomen surely were excellent engineers; but in their
+engines a boy had to open the steam valve at each stroke of the piston;
+and it was one of those boys who once managed to connect the valve with
+the remainder of the machine, so as to make it open automatically, while
+he ran away to play with other boys. But in the modern machinery there
+is no room left for naďve improvements of that kind. Scientific
+education on a wide scale has become necessary for further inventions,
+and that education is refused to the workers. So that there is no issue
+out of the difficulty unless scientific education and handicraft are
+combined together--unless integration of knowledge takes the place of
+the present divisions." Such is the real substance of the present
+movement in favor of technical education. But, instead of bringing to
+public consciousness the, perhaps, unconscious motives of the present
+discontent, instead of widening the views of the discontented and
+discussing the problem to its full extent, the mouth-pieces of the
+movement do not mostly rise above the shopkeeper's view of the question.
+Some of them indulge in jingo talk about crushing all foreign industries
+out of competition, while the others see in technical education nothing
+but a means of somewhat improving the flesh-machine of the factory and
+of transferring a few workers into the upper class of trained engineers.
+
+Such an ideal may satisfy them, but it cannot satisfy those who keep in
+view the combined interests of science and industry, and consider both
+as a means for raising humanity to a higher level. We maintain that in
+the interests of both science and industry, as well as of society as a
+whole, every human being, without distinction of birth, ought to receive
+such an education as would enable him, or her, to combine a thorough
+knowledge of science with a thorough knowledge of handicraft. We fully
+recognize the necessity of specialization of knowledge, but we maintain
+that specialization must follow general education, and that general
+education must be given in science and handicraft alike. To the division
+of society into brain-workers and manual workers we oppose the
+combination of both kinds of activities; and instead of "technical
+education," which means the maintenance of the present division between
+brain work and manual work, we advocate the _éducation intégrale_, or
+complete education, which means the disappearance of that pernicious
+distinction. Plainly stated, the aims of the school under this system
+ought to be the following: To give such an education that, on leaving
+school at the age of eighteen or twenty, each boy and each girl should
+be endowed with a thorough knowledge of science--such a knowledge as
+might enable them to be useful workers in science--and, at the same
+time, to give them a general knowledge of what constitutes the bases of
+technical training, and such a skill in some special trade as would
+enable each of them to take his or her place in the grand world of the
+manual production of wealth. I know that many will find that aim too
+large, or even impossible to attain, but I hope that if they have the
+patience to read the following pages, they will see that we require
+nothing beyond what can be easily attained. In fact, _it has been
+attained_; and what has been done on a small scale could be done on a
+wider scale, were it not for the economical and social causes which
+prevent any serious reform from being accomplished in our miserably
+organized society.
+
+The experiment has been made at the Moscow Technical School for twenty
+consecutive years with many hundreds of boys; and, according to the
+testimonies of the most competent judges at the exhibitions of Brussels,
+Philadelphia, Vienna and Paris, the experiment has been a success. The
+Moscow school admits boys not older than fifteen, and it requires from
+boys of that age nothing but a substantial knowledge of geometry and
+algebra, together with the usual knowledge of their mother tongue;
+younger pupils are received in the preparatory classes. The school is
+divided into two sections--the mechanical and the chemical; but as I
+personally know better the former, and as it is also the more important
+with reference to the question before us, so I shall limit my remarks to
+the education given in the mechanical section. After a five or six
+years' stay at the school, the students leave it with a thorough
+knowledge of higher mathematics, physics, mechanics, and connected
+sciences--so thorough, indeed, that it is not second to that acquired in
+the best mathematical faculties of the most eminent European
+universities. When myself a student of the mathematical faculty of the
+St. Petersburg University, I had the opportunity of comparing the
+knowledge of the students at the Moscow Technical School with our own. I
+saw the courses of higher geometry some of them had compiled for the use
+of their comrades; I admired the facility with which they applied the
+integral calculus to dynamical problems, and I came to the conclusion
+that while we, University students, had more knowledge of a general
+character, they, the students of the Technical School, were much more
+advanced in higher geometry, and especially in the applications of
+higher mathematics to the most intricate problems of dynamics, the
+theories of heat and elasticity. But while we, the students of the
+University, hardly knew the use of our hands, the students of the
+Technical School fabricated _with their own hands_, and without the help
+of professional workmen, fine steam-engines, from the heavy boiler to
+the last finely turned screw, agricultural machinery, and scientific
+apparatus--all for the trade--and they received the highest awards for
+the work of their hands at the international exhibitions. They were
+scientifically educated skilled workers--workers with university
+education--highly appreciated even by the Russian manufacturers who so
+much distrust science.
+
+Now, the methods by which these wonderful results were achieved were
+these: In science, learning from memory was not in honor, while
+independent research was favored by all means. Science was taught hand
+in hand with its applications, and what was learned in the schoolroom
+was applied in the workshop. Great attention was paid to the highest
+abstractions of geometry as a means for developing imagination and
+research. As to the teaching of handicraft, the methods were quite
+different from those which proved a failure at the Cornell University,
+and differed, in fact, from those used in most technical schools. The
+student was not sent to a workshop to learn some special handicraft and
+to earn his existence as soon as possible, but the teaching of technical
+skill was prosecuted--according to a scheme elaborated by the founder of
+the school, M. Dellavos, and now applied also at Chicago and Boston--in
+the same systematical way as laboratory work is taught in the
+universities. It is evident that drawing was considered as the first
+step in technical education. Then the student was brought, first, to the
+carpenter's workshop, or rather laboratory, and there he was thoroughly
+taught to execute all kinds of carpentry and joinery. No efforts were
+spared in order to bring the pupil to a certain perfection in that
+branch--the real basis of all trades. Later on, he was transferred to
+the turner's workshop, where he was taught to make in wood the patterns
+of those things which he would have to make in metal in the following
+workshops. The foundry followed, and there he was taught to cast those
+parts of machines which he had prepared in wood; and it was only after
+he had gone through the first three stages that he was admitted to the
+smith's and engineering workshops. As for the perfection of the
+mechanical work of the students I cannot do better than refer to the
+reports of the juries at the above-named exhibitions.
+
+In America the same system has been introduced, in its technical part,
+first, in the Chicago Manual Training School, and later on in the Boston
+Technical School--the best, I am told, of the sort; and in this
+country, or rather in Scotland, I found the system applied with full
+success, for some years, under the direction of Dr. Ogilvie at Gordon's
+College in Aberdeen. It is the Moscow or Chicago system on a limited
+scale. While receiving substantial scientific education, the pupils are
+also trained in the workshops--but not for one special trade, as it
+unhappily too often is the case. They pass through the carpenter's
+workshop, the casting in metals, and the engineering workshop; and in
+each of these they learn the foundations of each of the three trades
+sufficiently well for supplying the school itself with a number of
+useful things. Besides, as far as I could ascertain from what I saw in
+the geographical and physical classes, as also in the chemical
+laboratory, the system of "through the hand to the brain," and _vice
+versa_, is in full swing, and it is attended with the best success. The
+boys _work_ with the physical instruments, and they study geography in
+the field, instruments in hands, as well as in the class-room. Some of
+their surveys filled my heart, as an old geographer, with joy. It is
+evident that the Gordon's College industrial department is not a mere
+copy of any foreign school; on the contrary, I cannot help thinking that
+if Aberdeen has made that excellent move towards combining science with
+handicraft, the move was a natural outcome of what has been practised
+long since, on a smaller scale, in the Aberdeen daily schools.
+
+The Moscow Technical School surely is not an ideal school.[1] It totally
+neglects the humanitarian education of the young men. But we must
+recognize that the Moscow experiment--not to speak of hundreds of other
+partial experiments--has perfectly well proved the possibility of
+combining a scientific education of a very high standard with the
+education which is necessary for becoming an excellent skilled laborer.
+It has proved, moreover, that the best means for producing really good
+skilled laborers is to seize the bull by the horns, and to grasp the
+educational problem in its great features, instead of trying to give
+some special skill in some handicraft, together with a few scraps of
+knowledge in a certain branch of some science. And it has shown also
+what can be obtained, without over-pressure, if a rational economy of
+the scholar's time is always kept in view, and theory goes hand in hand
+with practice. Viewed in this light, the Moscow results do not seem
+extraordinary at all, and still better results may be expected if the
+same principles are applied from the earliest years of education. Waste
+of time is the leading feature of our present education. Not only are we
+taught a mass of rubbish, but what is not rubbish is taught so as to
+make us waste over it as much time as possible. Our present methods of
+teaching originate from a time when the accomplishments required from an
+educated person were extremely limited; and they have been maintained,
+notwithstanding the immense increase of knowledge which must be conveyed
+to the scholar's mind since science has so much widened its former
+limits. Hence the over-pressure in schools, and hence, also, the urgent
+necessity of totally revising both the subjects and the methods of
+teaching, according to the new wants and to the examples already given
+here and there, by separate schools and separate teachers.
+
+It is evident that the years of childhood ought not to be spent so
+uselessly as they are now. German teachers have shown how the very plays
+of children can be made instrumental in conveying to the childish mind
+some concrete knowledge in both geometry and mathematics. The children
+who have made the squares of the theorem of Pythagoras out of pieces of
+colored cardboard, will not look at the theorem, when it comes in
+geometry, as on a mere instrument of torture devised by the teachers;
+and the less so if they apply it as the carpenters do. Complicated
+problems of arithmetic, which so much harassed us in our boyhood, are
+easily solved by children seven and eight years old if they are put in
+the shape of interesting puzzles. And if the _Kindergarten_--German
+teachers often make of it a kind of barrack in which each movement of
+the child is regulated beforehand--has often become a small prison for
+the little ones, the idea which presided at its foundation is
+nevertheless true. In fact, it is almost impossible to imagine, without
+having tried it, how many sound notions of nature, habits of
+classification, and taste for natural sciences can be conveyed to the
+children's minds; and, if a series of concentric courses adapted to the
+various phases of development of the human being were generally accepted
+in education, the first series in all sciences, save sociology, could be
+taught before the age of ten or twelve, so as to give a general idea of
+the universe, the earth and its inhabitants, the chief physical,
+chemical, zoological, and botanical phenomena, leaving the discovery of
+the _laws_ of those phenomena to the next series of deeper and more
+specialised studies. On the other side, we all know how children like to
+make toys themselves, how they gladly imitate the work of full-grown
+people if they see them at work in the workshop or the building-yard.
+But the parents either stupidly paralyze that passion, or do not know
+how to utilize it. Most of them despise manual work and prefer sending
+their children to the study of Roman history, or of Franklin's teachings
+about saving money, to seeing them at a work which is good for the
+"lower classes only." They thus do their best to render subsequent
+learning the more difficult.
+
+    *       *       *       *       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The so-called division of labor has grown under a system which condemned
+the masses to toil all the day long, and all the life long, at the same
+wearisome kind of labor. But if we take into account how few are the
+real producers of wealth in our present society, and how squandered is
+their labor, we must recognize that Franklin was right in saying that to
+work five hours a day would generally do for supplying each member of a
+civilized nation with the comfort now accessible for the few only,
+provided everybody took his due share in production. But we have made
+some progress since Franklin's times. More than one-half of the working
+day would thus remain to every one for the pursuit of art, science, or
+any hobby he might prefer; and his work in those fields would be the
+more profitable if he spent the other half of the day in productive
+work--if art and science were followed from mere inclination, not for
+mercantile purposes. Moreover, a community organized on the principles
+of all being workers would be rich enough to conclude that every man and
+woman, after having reached a certain age--say of forty or more--ought
+to be relieved from the moral obligation of taking a direct part in the
+performance of the necessary manual work, so as to be able entirely to
+devote himself or herself to whatever he or she chooses in the domain of
+art, or science, or any kind of work. Free pursuit in new branches of
+art and knowledge, free creation, and free development thus might be
+fully guaranteed. And such a community would not know misery amidst
+wealth. It would not know the duality of conscience which permeates our
+life and stifles every noble effort. It would freely take its flight
+towards the highest regions of progress compatible with human nature.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] What this school is now, I don't know. In the last years of
+Alexander II.'s reign it was wrecked, like so many other good
+institutions of the early part of his reign.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+MOTHERHOOD AND MARRIAGE
+
+By HENRIETTE FUERTH.
+
+(_Translated from the German for_ MOTHER EARTH by ANNY MALI HICKS.)
+
+
+    Knowledge becomes understanding only when its scope includes the
+    origin, the development and the conclusion of things.--Bachofen,
+    "Right to Motherhood."
+
+"THE future will endeavor to extend its power through its own ideas of
+facts and appearances, however unfamiliar these may seem, rather than to
+be influenced by a past and submerged civilization with a spirit far
+removed from its own."
+
+There could hardly be a more appropriate introduction to our remarks on
+motherhood and marriage than these words of Bachofen's, for there are
+few human relations whose traditional stages, taking through outside
+causes and effects an established form, have become eternal law and
+sacrament, as is the case in the realm of sex relations. Motherhood and
+marriage! For most people these two conceptions are inseparably bound
+together, or, rather, are in ratio connected as their ideas of morality
+and religion are synonymous. Marriage in the Romish Church is a
+religious sacrament, and in the collective Christian and Jewish worlds
+the only sex relation acknowledged as customary and possible, is the one
+based on a monogamous union. To work out logically from this
+standpoint, the only condition of motherhood which is socially
+justified, is that one which is the result of marital relations. In
+consequence motherhood without the consent of the State or the benefit
+of the clergy is just as logically condemned. And they who thus sit in
+judgment, flatter themselves to be the prophets of an advanced and
+enlightened era,--ingrafting their personal feelings and rights on the
+religious and lawful order of the universe. Or, in common parlance, and
+as our introduction so aptly put it, these good people wish to intend
+the domination of the ideas of their own time over all the past and into
+all the future. Marriage seems to them an everlasting institution, a
+godly regulation, through which they can lend to their individual bias,
+the dignity of that which is humanly purest and highest. Consequently it
+also seems to them that the present form of marriage and its
+accompanying conditions for motherhood, resting as these do on the
+mutual consent of God and man, that these are to be in all eternity the
+permanent form of sex relation.
+
+But when we stop one moment only, to free ourselves from preconceived
+and obsolete ideas, and look at motherhood and marriage from the calm
+and unprejudiced standpoint of historical development and growth, how
+differently do these in reality appear. Many advanced thinkers have done
+this, and their views have here and there found adherents. Not so,
+however, with the average seeker for light and truth, who if he wish to
+succeed must stem the tide of prejudiced opinion.
+
+But the day has come when, if all signs do not fail, spring is here, and
+a thousand and one buds of promise are pushing toward the light, when a
+wider and saner understanding of motherhood and marriage is at hand. And
+it is not an untimely spring either, not one which the treacherous sun
+of January calls forth only to blight with later snow and frost. No, it
+is the real light and life-giving spring, which comes when the sap
+begins to run, when the sun calls up smoky mists from out the brown
+earth, ready to enclose the seed, which shall bring forth summer flowers
+and autumn fruits.
+
+And this same brown, misty earth, what a different aspect shall she
+present to her children, for whom conditions are so changed, with truer
+sex relations, encompassing the ethical and spiritual needs of the free
+individual. Then only will it be _possible_ to base these needs and
+demands on the surrounding world of realities filled with material and
+spiritual phenomena.
+
+But first it must be proven that the present form of marriage and its
+effect on motherhood is not necessarily permanent, but, like all else,
+subject to natural development and change. What indeed is the much
+talked of marriage bond of to-day,--which is considered the cornerstone
+of both Church and State? Is it something towards which the steps of
+development in nature and history all go? No seriously minded person
+could in truth make such a statement. In the plant and animal kingdoms,
+whose species evoke as do those of the human race, we find no examples
+of sex relations to which the term marriage would apply. And this is
+also true of the historical development of man and social conditions. It
+is not marriage but motherhood which has given permanence to sex
+relations wherever they appear. Motherhood standing at the source of
+life with its creative and ever recreative force.
+
+
+     "Goddesses enthroned in solitude,
+     Surrounded not by time or place,
+     These are the mothers!
+     About them formed and formless,
+     Eternal stability and endless change
+     In images of all created life."
+
+
+Thus does Goethe describe the depths of being which enclose the eternal
+mystery of motherhood, leading not into known, but unknown paths.
+
+And truly, how far have we strayed from the path of true and natural
+feeling when we seek to justify motherhood from the standpoint of
+expediency and custom! It is something in itself holy, and is its own
+reason for being. I ask all mothers, all real mothers, when their child
+comes to them, with eyes brimming with childlike love and affection,
+against which all else counts for naught, I ask them do they think
+whether that child is legitimate or what is called an illegitimate
+child? No! the joy of motherhood completely fills the heart, there is no
+room for other feelings, and truly the answer comes, Nature does not
+discriminate between the legitimate and illegitimate mothers, any more
+than she labels the children brought into the world as such. And this
+alone is the foundation to which we must hold fast. Nature acknowledges
+motherhood only, wisely providing for its needs. Not so marriage, which
+is a form men have given their sex relations, and established from the
+standpoint of social and economic exigencies and considerations, it is
+consequently subject to limitations and changes. Motherhood is an
+eternal force lying at the root of life, not subjected to time or
+change.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+OBJECT LESSON FOR ADVOCATES OF GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL.
+
+By ARTHUR G. EVERETT, N--M.
+
+
+THE best literary efforts possible have been exhausted in a vain effort
+to convey to those fortunately not in San Francisco on the morning of
+April 18, 1906, what terrible things resulted from the earthquake and
+the fire which left that city a complete ruin; likewise has the kodak
+and the camera--though busy at work while the flames roared around the
+operator driving him, from one vantage point to another, before its
+resistless power--failed to depict in its entirety the horrors, the
+tragedies that followed in the wake of the crumbling walls, the
+crackling flames that licked up alike palatial mansions and the squalid
+homes of the poor, not content to feast upon the products of the forests
+of California and the Eastern States alone, but, with the strategy of a
+warrior, surrounded and penned within four walls hundreds of human
+beings, stalwart men, delicate women, and babes at the breast, who were
+then slowly roasted to death upon the funeral pyre of San Francisco.
+
+Upon the minds and hearts of the survivors, alone, who walked between
+the walls of fire those days, who escaped the frightful holocaust but by
+a miracle while loved ones perished before their eyes, are written, are
+recorded, too complete, too vivid, those terrible scenes, and fain would
+they efface from their mind's negative those pictures of horrors which
+now turn their dreams of the night into such a frightful nightmare that
+they dread to close their eyes in slumber.
+
+While the horrors of the earthquake and fire were so terrible, yet there
+was something far worse, for the earthquake and fire were beyond human
+control, but the still worse acts of the soldiers into whose hands the
+control of the city were delegated could have been restrained by the
+authorities had they so chosen; now that the world is being made aware
+of the fact that the soldiers ruthlessly shot down men and women--yes,
+women as well as men; in one case a woman was shot down by a soldier
+because she dared to light a match to see where to lay her little sick
+baby down--and that without any justification other than the order of
+their superiors who likewise were so ordered by the authorities--a
+natural result of governmental control--hence they are doing all they
+can to controvert the facts regarding the brutal murders and worse of
+the soldiers. In one case they went so far as to threaten the
+confiscation of a printery if the editor did not call in and suppress an
+issue in which was printed an article by a marine telling of seeing the
+soldiers shoot down the inmates of a hotel so surrounded by fire it
+seemed they else must be burned up--the excuse the soldiers gave for
+shooting them--and so the soldiers shot them down to save (?) them. The
+marine in this article did not tell how many of those thus shot down by
+the soldiers were only wounded and writhed in agony on the increasing
+heated floor until the fiery fiend ended their misery from the gun shot
+wounds.
+
+Brevity precludes going into details of what is already a matter of
+history; of the soldiers shooting the inmates of an improvised hospital
+that were unable to be moved when the fire surrounded the building; of
+the soldiers shooting an old man for refusing to work, though so infirm
+with age that he had to walk with a cane; of the shooting of a Red Cross
+man while in his auto on a deed of mercy bent; of the man shot in the
+back for talking back to a soldier, and that after he had turned away
+from the drunken brute; of the shooting of a man for having whisky in
+his possession and refusing to give it up--that the soldiers had plenty
+is in evidence from the fact that a large per cent. were so drunk that
+they could walk with but difficulty--of their insulting women, and even
+far worse than mere insult also; of shooting persons for looting while
+they themselves did the same; all this and much more and worse are known
+to be true, and, in the language of another writer on this same subject,
+"Strive as they may the authorities will never be able to whitewash the
+military abominations inflicted upon San Francisco and vicinity." In
+this regard the same writer says most truly:
+
+
+     "The rulers of the State furnished us an example of 'anarchy,'
+     according to their own definition of the term."
+
+
+In times like these it brings out what is in the man, and these murders
+and lesser brutalities of the soldiers while policing San Francisco tell
+us that the soldier is but an infuriated thug, ready to do murder and
+rapine at the first opportunity; the civic authorities of Oakland
+recognized this as a fact when they finally allowed the reopening of the
+saloons, for the barkeepers were specially interdicted from selling or
+giving liquor to soldiers; they were already loaded too heavy with
+murderous instincts and propensities and it would not do to run the risk
+of touching off that magazine of murder with the match of whisky.
+
+These brutal butcheries and rapine by the soldiers while thus in control
+of San Francisco are the legitimate fruits of governmental control, and
+it would be well for those who are so strenuously advocating
+militarism--the true name for Governmental Control--to bear these things
+in mind, for such horrors would be the daily menu under such system, for
+there is lots of the savage in the most of us and it needs but to put a
+gun in the hands of some and decorate them with brass buttons with U. S.
+inscribed thereon to bring to the surface--like a plaster on a boil--all
+the native savagery there is in the man; personally, I would prefer to
+run my chances among the Head Hunters on the Isle of Borneo than among
+uniformed thugs protected and encouraged by martial law to carry out
+their natural murderous propensities as was the case in San Francisco,
+following the earthquake on the morning of April 18, 1906.
+
+
+
+
+THE GENIUS OF WAR
+
+By JOHN FRANCIS VALTER.
+
+
+     _I am the Genius of War.
+     My standard's the Skull and the Bones.
+     I raise my voice--I stamp my foot,
+     And legions rise out of the ground._
+
+     _Armies advance and retreat,
+     Poisoned, diseased and maimed:
+     All that is left is a grewsome aspect
+     To the moonlight, the ghouls and Me._
+
+     _All this to a laudable end:--
+     The general has his star;
+     Shylock his four per cent;
+     The contractor's wife a costly gem
+     To enhance her vulgar charms;
+     The mother a harvest of tears;
+     The wife a broken heart;
+     The unborn babe a prenatal curse;
+     While I have my surfeit of blood_.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DIGNITY SPEAKS.
+
+
+"Hark ye, millions, and tremble! I am more powerful than the Law.
+Together with my sister, Respectability, I reach far beyond the boundary
+of the authority of governments. I am supreme.
+
+Behold the miserable criminal, desperately resisting the brutal
+treatment of the police officer. I shall force him to his knees. I shall
+subdue him. Enthroned upon the seat of Justice, robed in the solemn
+black of my sacred office, I shall break the rebel's spirit.
+
+'Tis in this that the highest refinement of tyranny manifests itself--it
+enters into the very innermost depths of the human mind and there it
+ravages, till its foul breath has withered the last resistance of the
+unfortunate soul, and the consciousness of self is destroyed; this
+accomplished, the man himself is dead.
+
+The Law! See how the timid masses cower at the mere mention of my name.
+See them tremble as I enter the arena of the Legislature.
+
+The Dignity of the Law!
+
+The Majesty of the Law!
+
+It must forever remain my great secret that the Law is the Cerberus that
+guards the portals of our earthly paradise against the common herd--we
+must not be disturbed in our orgies.
+
+The Law! 'Tis our beastly greediness, our bloodthirsty rapacity
+expressed in statutes. 'Tis the insatiety of the human beasts of prey
+immortalized in jurisprudence, and I, Dignity, sanctify all that.
+
+As a captain of industry, as a prince of commerce, or as a king of
+finance, I speak with solemn face of the heavy responsibilities that
+rest upon those to whose care God, in his infinite wisdom, has entrusted
+the wealth of the universe; I speak with zeal of the sacred duty of the
+rich to lend a helping hand to our less fortunate brothers; I never tire
+to emphasize the necessity of wise stewardship.
+
+In the meantime, I exploit the "poor brothers" and I appropriate the
+lion's share of the fruit of his labor; he is made to pay me an usurious
+profit on my investments.
+
+I fill my shops and factories with men, women and children, and I
+transmute the base metal of their bones into the noble coin of the
+realm; my coffers grow fat, my slaves grow lean, but I acquire the
+reputation of a public benefactor, a public-spirited citizen, a noble
+humanitarian.
+
+As military commander, as a great general, I eulogize the heroism and
+self-sacrifice of my blind slaves and hirelings that have returned from
+a successful campaign against a weaker nation. I speak of the great
+benefit that the success of our arms will confer upon the people, I
+emphasize its stimulating effect upon the progress of our country and
+upon our civilization.
+
+Yet while my anointed lips pour forth these solemn lies, my mind travels
+over the bloody fields of carnage; I behold the thousands of the slain,
+the mutilated bodies, the torn limbs, the streams of human blood....
+
+I stand in the pulpit and call the faithful to prayer. I thunder eternal
+curses upon the heads of the unbelievers; I threaten the people with the
+torments of hell and I try to bribe them by the promise of heaven.
+Believe, live and be saved, I cry. Or else you will die and be damned!
+
+For I am the visible representative on earth of those invisible,
+extra-mundane spirits whom man, in his fear and ignorance, created to
+his own continued mental enslavement.
+
+Terrified, sin lies prostrate at my feet. It does not know that a sick
+conscience is a characteristic trait of all slaves. It is the universal
+self-accuser. Were the people--individually and collectively--to sin on
+a grand scale, were they to refuse to be the puppets of the man-made
+idols--were that to happen, masters and slaves would cease to be.
+
+The tyrants of the world are under great obligations to me. They must
+not forget this. For if they should, I will unfold my solemn black robe,
+I will smooth the hypocritical lines on my face--then shall the world
+behold all the filth and corruption that I, Dignity, hide."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PATERNALISTIC GOVERNMENT.
+
+By THEODORE SCHROEDER.
+
+(_Continuation._)
+
+
+HERE is paternal solicitude with a vengeance in a law I requote from
+Wordsworth Donisthorpe:
+
+"They shall have bows and arrows, and use the same of Sundays and
+holidays; and leave all playing at tennis or foot-ball and other games
+called quoits, dice, casting of stone, kailes, and other such importune
+games. Forasmuch as labourers and grooms keep greyhounds and other dogs,
+and on the holidays when good Christians be at church hearing divine
+service, they go hunting in parks, warrens, and connigries, it is
+ordained that no manner of layman which hath not lands to the value of
+forty shillings a year, shall from henceforth keep any greyhound or
+other dog to hunt, nor shall he use ferrets, nets, heys, harepipes nor
+cords, nor any engines for to take or destroy deer, hares, nor conies,
+nor other _gentlemen's game_, under pain of twelve months imprisonment.
+
+"For the great dearth that is in many places of the realm of poultry, it
+is ordained that the price of a young capon shall not pass threepence,
+and of an old fourpence, of a hen twopence, of a pullet a penny, of a
+goose fourpence.
+
+"Esquires and gentlemen under the estate of a knight shall not wear
+cloth of a higher price than four and a half marks, they shall wear no
+cloth of gold nor silk nor silver, nor no manner of clothing
+embroidered, ring button nor brooch of gold nor of silver, nor nothing
+of stone nor no manner of fur; and their wives and daughters shall be of
+the same condition as to their vesture and apparel, without any
+turning-up or purfle or apparel of gold, silver nor of stone.
+
+"Because that servants and labourers will not nor by long season would,
+serve and labour without outrageous and excessive hire, and much more
+than hath been given to such servants and labourers in any time past, so
+that for scarcity of the said servants and labourers the husbands and
+land-tenants may not pay their rent nor live upon their lands, to the
+great damage and loss as well of the Lords as of the Commons, it is
+accorded and assented that the bailiff for husbandry shall take by the
+years 13s. 3d. and his clothing once by the year at most; the master
+hind 10s., the carter 10s., the shepherd 10s., the oxherd 6s. 8d., the
+swineherd 6s., a woman labourer 6s., a dey 6s., a driver of the plough
+7s. at the most, and every other labourer and servant according to his
+degree; and less in the country where less was wont to be given, without
+clothing, courtesy, or other reward by covenant. If any give or take by
+covenant more than is above specified, at the first that they shall be
+thereof attained, as well the givers as the takers, shall pay the value
+of the excess so taken, and at the second time of their attainer the
+double value of such excess, and at the third time the treble value of
+such excess, and if the taker so attained have nothing whereof to pay
+the said excess, he shall have forty days imprisonment."
+
+Our puritan fathers had the same paternal solicitude as all other
+tyrants. They made it a crime to disregard the Sabbath, or to deny
+Scripture, or the truth of Christianity or of the Trinity. In the
+records of the colony for September 1639 it is written: "For as much as
+it is evident unto this court that the common custom of drinking one to
+another, is a mere useless ceremony, and draweth on that abominable
+practice of drinking healths, and is also an occasion of much waste of
+the good creatures, and of many other sin," etc. Then it declares that
+such is a reproach to a Christian commonwealth, "wherein the least evils
+are not to be tolerated."
+
+In the instructions of the Massachusetts Company to Endicott and his
+Council, the trade in tobacco is only allowed to the "old planters," "if
+they conceive that they cannot otherwise provide for their livelihood."
+It is left to the discretion of Endicott and his Council "to give way
+for the present to their planting of it, in such manner and with such
+restrictions" as they may think fitting. "But," it is added, "we
+absolutely forbid the sale of it or the use of it by any of our own
+particular (private) men's servants, unless upon urgent occasion, for
+the benefit of health, and taken privately." In the Records of the
+Colony of Massachusetts for September 3, 1634, "it is ordered that
+victuallers or keepers of an ordinary shall not suffer any tobacco to be
+taken into their houses, under penalty of 5s. for every offence to be
+paid by the victualler, and 12d. by the party that takes it." "Further
+it is ordered that no person shall take tobacco publicly under the
+penalty of 2s. 6d., nor privately in his own house or in the house of
+another before strangers, and that two or more shall not take it
+together anywhere, under the aforesaid penalty for every offence."
+
+The laws which our Colonial fathers enacted against "excess and bravery
+in apparel" are fitted to excite a smile. But there is something more
+than ludicrous in the aspect of grave lawmakers passing judgment on all
+the minutić of dress, and finding matter of offence in an extra "slash,"
+or a needless garniture of "lace." Against this last-named article the
+zeal of our Puritan fathers seems to have been especially stirred up. In
+1634 it was ordered "that no person, either man or woman, shall
+hereafter make or buy any apparel, either woolen, silk, or linen with
+any lace on it, silver, gold, silk, or thread, under the penalty of
+forfeiture of such clothes." In 1636 it was enacted "that no person,
+after one month, shall make or sell any bone-lace or other lace, to be
+worn upon any garment or linen, upon pain of 5s. the yard for every yard
+of such lace so made, or sold, or set on; neither shall any tailor set
+any lace upon any garment, upon pain of 10s. for every
+offence,--provided that binding or small edging laces may be used upon
+garments or linen." Again, three years later, a new edict was launched
+at this obnoxious material, because "there is much complaint of the
+excessive wearing of lace and other superfluities, tending to little use
+or benefit, but to the nourishing of pride and the exhausting of men's
+estates, and also of evil example to others." The law of 1634 was indeed
+repealed in 1644; but in 1651 the Court, to their great grief, are
+compelled to try their hand at the work again, though frankly confessing
+the impotence of all previous legislation, and evidently awakening to a
+sense of the inherent difficulties of the subject. "We acknowledge it,"
+say they, "to be a matter of much difficulty, in regard of the blindness
+of men's minds and the stubbornness of their wills, to set down exact
+rules to confine all sorts of persons"; and so, leaving the wealthier
+class to their own conscience of fancy, they undertake to prescribe for
+"people of mean condition." It was therefore ordered (in 1651) that no
+one whose estate is not of the value of Ł200 "shall wear any gold or
+silver lace, or gold or silver buttons, or any bone-lace above 2s. per
+yard or silk hoods or scarfs"; and moreover, the selectmen of the town
+are required to fine anybody whom "they shall judge to exceed their rank
+and ability in the costliness or fashion of their apparel, in any
+respect"! And finally, a law passed in 1662 forbids "children and
+servants" to wear any apparel "exceeding the quality and condition of
+their persons or estate," "the grand jury and country court of the
+shire" being judges of the offence.
+
+One provision of the law of 1634 against "new and immodest fashions" is
+too remarkable to be omitted. It reads as follows: "Moreover, it is
+agreed, if any man shall judge the wearing of any the forenamed
+particulars, new fashions, or long hair, or anything of the like nature,
+to be uncomely or prejudicial to the common good, and the party
+offending reform not the same, upon notice given him, that then the next
+Assistant, being informed thereof, shall have power to bind the party so
+offending to answer it at the next Court, if the case so requires;
+provided, and it is the meaning of the Court, that men and women shall
+have liberty to wear out such apparel as they are now provided of
+(except the immoderate great sleeves, slashed apparel, immoderate great
+veils, long wings, etc.)." What intolerable tyranny of private
+surveillance is indicated in the phrase, "what any man shall judge to be
+uncomely"!
+
+In the second letter of instructions (dated June, 1629) to Endicott and
+his Council, they are exhorted to prevent the sale of "strong waters" to
+the Indians, and to punish any of their own people who shall become
+drunk in the use of them. In the preamble to a law enacted in 1646, one
+is led to expect an enforcement of the modern principles of abstinence
+and prohibition; since, after declaring that "drunkenness is a vice to
+be abhorred of all nations, especially of those which hold out and
+profess the Gospel of Christ Jesus," it goes on to assert that "any
+strict laws against the sin will not prevail unless the cause be taken
+away." But it would seem that "the cause," in the eyes of our Puritan
+lawmakers, was an indiscriminate sale of spirituous drinks; for the law
+chiefly enacts that none but "vintners" shall have permission to retail
+wine and "strong water." It is also permitted to constables to search
+any tavern, or even any private house, "suspected to sell wine contrary
+to this order." Moreover, no person is "to drink or tipple at
+unseasonable times in houses of entertainment,"--the "unseasonable" time
+being declared to be after nine in the evening.
+
+But these laws were of small avail, for, in 1648, the Court is grieved
+to confess: "It is found by experience that a great quantity of wine is
+spent, and much thereof abused to excess of drinking and unto
+drunkenness itself, notwithstanding all the wholesome laws provided and
+published for the preventing thereof." It therefore orders, that those
+who are authorized to sell wine and beer shall not harbor a drunkard in
+their houses, but shall forthwith give him up to be dealt with by the
+proper officer, under penalty of five pounds for disobedience.
+
+In 1636 one "Peter Bussaker was censured for drunkenness to be whipped
+and to have twenty stripes sharply inflicted, and fined Ł5 for slighting
+the magistrates," etc. In March, 1634, it was ordered, "that Robert
+Coles, for drunkenness by him committed at Roxbury, shall be
+disfranchised, wear about his neck and so to hangg upon his outward
+garment a D made of red cloth and set upon white; to continue this for a
+year, and not to leave it off at any time when he comes amongst company,
+under penalty of 40s. for the first offence and Ł5 for the second." What
+was the efficacy of the whipping or the "scarlet letter," we are not
+informed.
+
+Of course, people capable of such legislation must frame fantastic
+definitions of Liberty. Here is an old one whose sentiments have been
+often parroted by unthinking humans of modern times. It reads: "True
+Liberty consists in a freedom of doing and receiving good under the
+protection of a government solicitous for the people's good." Such has
+always been the tyrant's conception of freedom, and, strange to say,
+finds many endorsements even to this day.
+
+It has recently been solemnly announced from the judicial bench that the
+only liberty an American has is the liberty to do the right thing, of
+course according to other people's conception of right. That is
+precisely the kind of tyranny or liberty that was enjoyed by the victims
+of the paternalistic laws above described.
+
+Persons afflicted with newspaper intelligence express their conception
+that the individual has no rights that government may not invade, by
+that hollow phrase, "Liberty under the Law." Liberty under the law is
+what the government-ridden peasants of Russia enjoy. Liberty under the
+law was the pleasure of those who expired with indescribable agony on
+the rack and amid the flames. Liberty under the law was meted out to the
+millions of victims of the witchcraft delusion. Liberty under the law
+was also the liberty of our Southern chattel slaves before as well as
+after the war. Liberty under the law is the same old idea of liberty
+which every tyrant has ever advanced. As for myself, I shouldn't object
+to a little liberty in spite of the law, when that does not conform to
+the rule of liberty as laid down by Herbert Spencer in these words:
+"Every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes
+not the equal freedom of any other man."
+
+
+
+
+AIM AND TACTICS OF THE TRADE-UNION MOVEMENT.
+
+By MAX BAGINSKI.
+
+
+TRADE unionism represents to the working man the most natural form of
+association with his fellow-brother. This medium became a necessity to
+him when he was confronted by modern industrialism and the power of
+capitalism. It dawned on him that the individual producer had not a
+shadow of a chance with the owner of the means of production, who,
+together with the economic power, enjoyed the protection of the State
+with its various weapons of warfare and coercion. In the face of such a
+giant master all the appeals of the workingman to the love of justice
+and common humanity went up into smoke.
+
+The beginning of modern industry found the producer in abject slavery
+and without the understanding of an organized form of resistance.
+Exploitation reigned supreme, ever seeking to sap the last drop of
+strength of its victims. No mercy for the common man, nor any
+consideration shown for his life, his health, growth and development.
+Capitalism's only aim was the accumulation of profits, of wealth and
+power, and to this moloch everything else was ruthlessly sacrificed.
+
+This spirit of accumulation did not admit of the right of the masses to
+think, feel, or demand; it merely considered them a class of coolies,
+specially created, as it were, for their masters' use.
+
+This notion is still in vogue to-day, and if the conditions of the
+workers at this moment are somewhat better, somewhat more endurable, it
+is not thanks to the milk of human kindness of the money power.
+Whatsoever the workingmen have achieved in the way of better human
+conditions,--a higher standard of living, or a partial recognition of
+their rights,--they have wrenched from their enemies through a hard and
+bitter struggle that required great endurance, tremendous courage and
+many sacrifices.
+
+The tendency to treat the people as a herd of sheep the purpose of which
+is to serve as food for parasites is still very strong; but this
+tendency no longer goes unchallenged; it is being met with tremendous
+opposition; increased social knowledge and revolutionary ideas have
+taught the workingmen to unite their efforts against those who have been
+comfortably seated on their backs for centuries past.
+
+The first unskilled attempt on the part of the people to gain a clear
+conception of their position brought out blind hatred against the
+technical methods of exploitation instead of hatred against the latter.
+
+In England, for instance, the workingmen considered machinery their
+deadly foe, to be gotten rid of by all means. The simple axiom that
+machinery, factories, mines, land, together with every other means of
+production, if only in the hands of the entire community, would serve
+for the comfort and happiness of all, instead of being a curse, was a
+book of seven seals for the people in those days. And even at this late
+hour this simple truth is entertained by a comparative few, though more
+than one decade of socialistic and anarchistic enlightenment has passed.
+
+The first trade-unionistic attempts have met with the same ferocious
+persecution that Anarchism is being met with to-day. Even as to-day
+capital avails itself of the strongest weapons of government in its
+attack upon labor. The authorities were not slow in passing laws against
+trade unionism and every effort for organization was at that time
+considered high treason, organizers and all those who participated in
+strikes were considered aides and abettors of crime and conspiracy,
+punishable with long years of imprisonment and, in many cases, even with
+death.
+
+At the behest of Money, the State sent human bloodhounds on the trail of
+the man who in any way was suspected in participating in the trade-union
+movement. The most villainous and brutal methods were employed to
+counteract the growth and success of labor organizations. The powers
+that be recognized the great force that is contained in organized labor
+as the means of the regeneration of society much quicker than the
+workingmen themselves. They felt this force hanging like a Damocles
+sword over their heads, which danger made them dread the future, and
+nothing was left undone to nip this force in the bud.
+
+The fundamental principle of trade unionism is of a revolutionary
+character and, as such, it never was and never can be a mere palliative
+for the adjustment of Labor to Capital. Hence, it must aim at the social
+and economic reconstruction of society.
+
+Many labor leaders in this country, who consider their duty performed
+when they sit themselves at the table of wealth and authority, trying to
+bring about peace and harmony between Capital and Labor, might greatly
+profit by the history of trade-unionism and the various economic
+struggles it has fought.
+
+Only ignorance can account for the birth of such superficial stuff on
+the labor question as the book of John Mitchell that has been launched
+upon the market through loud and vulgar advertisement. Nothing could
+have disproved the fitness of Mr. Mitchell for a labor leader so
+drastically as this book.
+
+As already stated, the violent attempt to kill trade unionism or its
+organizations have proven futile. The swelling tide of the labor
+movement could not be stopped. The social and economic problem brought
+to light by modern industry demanded a hearing, produced various
+theories and an extensive literature on the subject--a literature that
+spoke with a tongue of fire of the awful existence of the oppressed
+millions, their trials, their tribulations, the uncertainty, the dangers
+surrounding them; it spoke of the terrible results of their conditions,
+of the lives crippled, of the hopes marred; a literature that demanded
+to know why it is that those who toil are condemned to want and poverty,
+while those who never produced were living in affluence and
+extravagance.
+
+Well-meaning people have even attempted to prove that Capital and Labor
+are twins, and that in order to maintain their common interests they
+ought to live in harmony; or, that if Sister Labor had a grievance
+against its big brother it ought to be settled in a calm and peaceful
+way. Meanwhile the dear sister was fleeced and bled by Brother Capital,
+and every time the abused and slaved and outraged creature would turn to
+her brother for justice the dear fellow would whip the rebellious child
+into submission.
+
+Along with the forcible subjection of organized labor, the minds of the
+people were confused and blurred by the sugar-coated promises of
+politicians who assured them that the trade unions ought to be organized
+by the law, and that all labor quarrels ought to be settled by political
+and legal means. Indeed, legislatures even discussed a few
+labor-protective laws that either never saw the light of day, or, if
+really enacted, were set aside or overridden by the possessing class as
+an obstacle to profit-making.
+
+Every government, no matter what political basis it rests upon, acts in
+unison with wealth, and therefore it never passed any legislation in
+behalf of the producing element of the country that would seriously
+benefit the great bulk of the people or in any way aim at any change of
+wage-slaving or economic subjugation.
+
+Every step of improvement the workingmen have made is due solely to
+their own economic efforts and not to any legal or political aid ever
+given them, and through their own endeavors only can ever come the
+reconstruction of the economic and social conditions of society. Just as
+little as the workingmen can expect from legislative methods can they
+gain from trade-unionistic efforts that attempt to better economic
+conditions along the basic lines of the present industrial system.
+
+The cardinal fault of the trade-union movement of this country lies in
+the fact that its hopes and ideals rest upon the present social status;
+these ideals ever rotate in the same circle and, therefore, cannot bear
+intellectual and material fruit. Condemned to pasture in the lean
+meadows of capitalistic economy, trade-unionism drags on a miserable
+existence, satisfied with the crumbs that fall from the heavily laden
+tables of their lordly masters.
+
+True social science has amply proved the futility of a reconciliation
+between the two opposing forces; the existence of the one force
+representing possession, wealth and power inevitably has a paralyzing
+effect upon its opposing force--Labor.
+
+Trade-unionistic tactics of to-day unfortunately still travel the path
+marked out for Labor by the powers that be, while the majority of the
+labor leaders waste the time paid for by their organizations in
+listening to or discussing with capitalists sweet nothings in the form
+of arbitration or reconciliation, and are apparently unaware of the
+fundamental difference between the body they represent and the powers
+they bow to. And thus it happens that labor organizations are being
+brutally attacked, that the militia and soldiers are maiming their
+brothers in the various strike regions while the leaders are being dined
+and wined. The American Federation of Labor is lobbying in Washington,
+begging for legal protection, and in return venal Justice sends
+Winchester rifles and drunken militiamen into the disturbed labor
+districts. Recently the American Federation of Labor made an alleged
+radical step in deciding to put up labor candidates for Congress--an old
+and threadbare political move--thereby sacrificing whatever honest men
+and clear heads they may have in their ranks. Such tactics are not worth
+a single drop of sweat of the workingmen, since they are not only
+contradictory to the basic principles of trade unionism, but even
+useless and impractical.
+
+Pity for and indignation against the workers fill one's soul at the
+spectacle of the ridiculous strike methods so often employed and that as
+often frustrate the possible success of every large labor war. Or is it
+not laughable, if it were not so deadly serious, that the producers
+publicly discuss for months in advance where and when they might strike,
+and therewith give the enemy a chance to prepare his means of combat.
+For months the papers of the money power bring long interviews with
+labor leaders, giving detailed descriptions of the ways and means of the
+proposed strikes, or the results of negotiations with this or that mine
+magnate. The more often these negotiations are reported, the more glory
+to the so-called leaders, for the more often their names appear in the
+papers; the more "reasonable" the utterances of these gentlemen (which
+means that they are neither fish nor flesh, neither warm nor cold), the
+surer they grow of the sympathy of the most reactionary element in the
+country or of an invitation to the White House to join the Chief
+Magistrate at dinner. Labor leaders of such caliber fail to consider
+that every strike is a labor event upon the success or failure of which
+thousands of lives depend; rather do they see in it an opportunity to
+push their own insignificant personalities into prominence. Instead of
+leading their organized hosts to victory, they disclose their
+superficiality in their zeal not to injure their reputation for
+"respectability."
+
+The workingmen? Be it victory or defeat, they must take up the reins of
+every strike themselves; as it is, they play the dupes of the shrewd
+attorneys on both sides, unaware of the price the trickery and cunning
+of these men cost them.
+
+As I said before, the unions negotiate strikes for days and weeks and
+months beforehand, even allowing their men to work overtime in order to
+produce all the commodities to continue business while the strike is
+going on.
+
+The printers, for instance, worked late into the night on magazines that
+were being got ready four months in advance, and the miners who
+discussed the strike so long until every remnant of enthusiasm was gone.
+
+What wonder, then, that strikes fail? As long as the employer is in a
+position to say, "Strike if you will; I do not need you; I can fill my
+orders; I know that hunger will drive _you_ back into the mine and
+factory, _I_ can wait," there is no hope for the success of the strike.
+
+Such have been the results of the legal trade union methods.
+
+The history of the labor struggle of this country shows an incident that
+warrants the hope for an energetic, revolutionary trade union agitation.
+That is the eight-hour movement of 1886 which culminated in the death of
+five labor leaders. That movement contained the true element of the
+proletarian and revolutionary spirit, the lack of which makes organized
+labor of to-day a ball in the hands of selfish aspirants, know-nothings
+and politicians.
+
+That which specifically characterized the event of 1886 as a
+revolutionary factor was the fact that the eight-hour workday could
+never be accomplished through lobbying with politicians, but through the
+direct and economic weapon, the general strike.
+
+The desire to demonstrate the efficacy of this weapon gave birth to the
+idea of celebrating the first of May as an appropriate day for Labor's
+festival. On that day the workingmen were to give the first practical
+demonstration of the power of the general strike as an at least one-day
+protest against oppression and tyranny, and which day were gradually to
+become the means for the final overthrow of economic and social
+dependence.
+
+One may suggest that the tragedy of the 11th of November of 1887 has
+stamped the general strike as a futile method, but this is not true. The
+battle of liberation cannot be put a stop to by the brutality and
+rascality of the ruling powers. The vicious anger and the wild hatred
+that strangled our brothers in Chicago are the safest guarantee that
+their activity struck a potentially fatal blow to government and
+capital.
+
+Neither Mr. Mitchell nor Mr. Gompers run the risk of dying upon the
+gallows of sacred capitalistic Justitia; her ladyship is not at all as
+blind as some suppose her to be; on the contrary, she has a very keen
+eye for all that may prove beneficial or dangerous to the society that
+draws its subsistence from the lives' blood of its people. She has quite
+made up her mind that the gentlemen in the ranks of Labor to-day lead
+the people about in a circle and never will urge them out into the open,
+towards liberation.
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+REFINED CRUELTY.
+
+By ANNA MERCY.
+
+
+CIVILIZATION has eliminated none of the qualities that marked the age of
+savagery. The cruelties which especially characterized primitive man is
+exercised as much to-day as in the days of cannibalism.
+
+Civilization has been the refining agent of our qualities. Just as a
+number of chemicals put into a crucible are refined by a certain acid,
+while yet the original substances remain, though in different forms, so
+has civilization refined and remolded the crude elements of our nature,
+leaving the essence of our primitive qualities the same.
+
+The subtlety with which cruelty is exercised to-day makes of it a
+far-reaching and far more destructive force than formerly. Instead of
+attacking our neighbors with sticks and stones and tomahawks, and
+forcing them into captivity in order that they may work for us, we
+obtain the same or even better results by numerous subtle methods. We
+instill respect for law, wealth and morality. We withdraw the land and
+other natural resources from general use. With a show of generous
+sentiment, we allow the lambs we have shorn to assist us in the
+shearing of other lambs.
+
+Every morning and every evening we see a long procession of men and
+women going or coming from the work, at which they have given up their
+life force for the sake of a mere pittance. Look at these men and women!
+There they go, evidently free! No shackles are on their hands or feet,
+no overseer keeps them in check by club or gun. There they go
+voluntarily to their prison factories, offices, stores, in the morning;
+and in the evening, when the glorious sun is hidden from sight, they
+come out again, haggard and worn, to creep to their prison homes.
+
+When the savage desires to rob you, he may attempt to strangle and maim
+you. But the civilized man scorns such crude methods. He builds cheap
+tenements in which you may gradually and surely choke to death; and not
+satisfied with that, he, with a great show of kindness, prepares your
+foods for you, that they may slowly, very slowly, but surely, hasten
+your deliverance. Babies are not frankly murdered any more, but they are
+served with nice, adulterated milk, which accomplishes the same purpose
+in a quieter way.
+
+Under the name of law many atrocious crimes are committed. Imprisonment,
+capital punishment and war are yet crude in their methods. They are
+still susceptible of more refining. Here cruelty has rather a thin
+garment on and needs to be covered up a little more.
+
+Even in our every-day relations with each other, we use many and varied
+forms of refined cruelty. When displeased, we no longer beat each other,
+but we use the subtler forces of sarcasm, irony, slander, neglect. We
+regard directness a rudeness, when in reality it is the greatest
+kindness imaginable. Instead of being positive and direct in our
+dealings with each other, we constantly exercise a passive cruelty, in
+other words, the cruelty of refinement. We are evasive, delusive,
+subdued, falsified. But we deceive with dignity, tell falsehoods
+fluently, use words and cold behavior as daggers.
+
+To-day we do not turn away an unwelcome visitor, but we announce that we
+are not at home; or we slander him behind his back. When we love we
+pretend to be modest and indifferent, while, in an indirect way, we
+attempt to build walls around the person we love. There is nothing free
+in the expression of our emotions, for we are subdued, crushed; we are
+civilized!
+
+Everything is sham and hypocrisy, and hidden daggers are everywhere, in
+one form or another. These daggers are concealed under kindness,
+charity, benevolence, morality, law, and are, therefore, difficult to
+deal with. The blades are thrust into the back; you can feel them, but
+you cannot grapple with them.
+
+Our inherent cruelty is best illustrated in the treatment we give those
+who are absolutely in our power--little children and the dumb animals.
+With what authority do we elicit respect and obedience from our little
+people! With rod in hand and with venomous tongues we begin the process
+of subjugating and civilizing our little free, emotional people. In the
+name of "their highest good" do we mould them to be actors, that they
+may properly enact the tragedy of life as we had enacted it before them!
+
+The dumb animals receive the cream of our refined cruelty. In order to
+appear civilized, we drive in carriages pulled by horses whose spinal
+columns have been docked, whose necks are held stiff by tight check
+reins, whose eyes are blinded by "fashionable" devices.
+
+There used to be cannibalism and human sacrifices; there used to be
+religious prostitution and the murder of weak children and of girls;
+there used to be bloody revenge and the slaughter of whole populations,
+judicial tortures, quarterings, burnings at the stake, the lash, and
+slavery, which have disappeared. But if we have outlived these dreadful
+customs and institutions, this does not prove that there do not exist
+institutions and customs amongst us which have become as abhorrent to
+enlightened reason and conscience as those which have in their time been
+abolished and have become for us only a dreadful remembrance. The way of
+human perfecting is endless, and at every moment of historical life
+there are superstitions, deceits, pernicious and evil institutions
+already outlived by men and belonging to the past; there are others
+which appear to us in the far mists of the future; and there are some
+which we are now living through and whose over-living forms the object
+of our life. Such in our time is capital punishment and all punishment
+in general. Such is prostitution, such is the work of militarism, war,
+and such is the nearest and most obvious evil, private property in land.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+"THE JUNGLE."
+
+A Recension by VERITAS.
+
+
+"THE JUNGLE," a recent story by Upton Sinclair, is a nightmare of
+horrors, of which the worst horror is that it is not a phantom of the
+night, but claims to be true history of one phase of our
+twentieth-century civilization. Nothing but the book itself could
+represent its own tragic power. In my opinion it is the most terrible
+book ever written.
+
+It is for the most part a tale of the abattoirs, those unspeakable
+survivals in our Christendom in which man reeks his savage and sensual
+will on the lesser animals; and indirectly it is a story of the moral
+abattoirs of politics, economics, society, religion and the home, where
+the victims are of the species human, and where man's inhumanity to man
+is as selfish and relentless as his age-long cruelty to his brothers and
+sisters just behind him in the great procession.
+
+Possibly the title is inappropriate. There is a "law of the pack," which
+is observed in the genuine jungle, but these human beasts appear to have
+all of the jungle's vices and few of its virtues. The author might have
+called his history, "The Slaughter House," or, perhaps, plain "Hell."
+
+It is a common saying about a packing house, "We use all of the hog
+except the squeal." This author uses the squeal, or, rather, the wild
+death shrieks of agony of the ten millions of living creatures tortured
+to death every year in Chicago and the other tens of millions elsewhere,
+to pander to the old brutal, inhuman thirst of humanity for a diet of
+blood. The billions of the slain have found a voice at last, and if I
+mistake not this cry of anguish from the "killing-beds" shall not sound
+on until men, whose ancestors once were cannibals, shall cease to devour
+even the corpses of their murdered animal relatives. But while "The
+Jungle" will undoubtedly make more vegetarians, it would take more than
+the practice of universal vegetarianism to cause the book to fulfil its
+mission; for this is a story of Civilization's Inferno and of the crisis
+of the world, a recital of conditions for which, when once comprehended,
+there can be no remedy but the revolution of revolutions, the event
+toward which the ages ran, the establishment of a genuine political,
+industrial and social democracy.[2]
+
+If the story be dramatized and Mrs. Fiske take the part of Ona, her
+presentation will make Tess seem like a pastoral idyll in comparison.
+
+The book is great even from a political standpoint.
+
+But more than this, it is a great moral appeal. Not in Victor Hugo or
+Charles Dickens does the moral passion burn with purer or intenser light
+than in these pages.
+
+I should not advise children or very delicately constituted women to
+read it.
+
+I have said it is a book of horrors. I started to mark the passages of
+peculiar tragedy and found that I was marking every page, and yet it is
+a justifiable book and a necessary book.
+
+The author tells as facts the story of "diseased meat," and worse, the
+preparation in the night time of the bodies of the cattle which have
+died from known and unknown causes before reaching the slaughter pens,
+and the distribution of the effects, with the rest of the intentional
+killing of the day; he describes the preparation of "embalmed beef" from
+cattle covered with boils; he even narrates the story of "men who fell
+into the vats," and "sometimes they would be overlooked for days till
+all but the bones of them had gone out to the world as Durham's Pure
+Leaf Lard"; he writes of the making of smoked sausage out of waste
+potatoes by the use of chemicals and out of spoiled meat as well; and he
+further speaks of rats which were "nuisances, and the packers would put
+poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread and
+meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no
+joke; the meat would be shovelled into carts and the man who did the
+shovelling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw
+one--there were things which went into the sausage in comparison with
+which a poisoned rat was a tidbit."
+
+But the worst of the story is a tale of the condition of the workers at
+Packingtown and elsewhere. It is the story of strong men who justly
+hated their work; of men, for no fault of their own, cast out in middle
+life to die; of weeping children driven with whips to their ignoble
+toil; of disease-producing conditions in winter, only surpassed by the
+deadly summer; of people working with their feet upon the ice and their
+heads enveloped in hot steam; of the perpetual stench which infests
+their nostrils, the sores which universally covered their bodies; of the
+terrible pace set by the continual "speeding up" of the pace makers,
+goaded to a pitch of frenzy; of accidents commonplace in every family;
+of the garbage pile of refuse from the tables of more fortunate
+citizens, from which many were forced to satisfy their hunger; of the
+terrors of the black list, the shut-down, the strike and the lockout;
+and of the universal swindle, whether a man bought a house, or doctored
+tea, coffee, sugar or flour.
+
+It is still further a story of the moral enormities and monstrosities of
+the almost universal graft, "the plants honeycombed with rottenness. The
+bosses grafted off the men and they grafted off each other, and some day
+the superintendent would find out about the boss, and then he would
+graft off the boss."
+
+When the men were set to perform some peculiarly immoral act, they would
+say, "Now we are working for the church," referring to the benefactions
+of the proprietors to religious institutions.
+
+It tells the story of the training of the children in vice, of girls
+forced into immorality, so that a girl without virtue would stand a
+better chance than a decent one. It is a tale of the terrible ending of
+old Antanas by saltpeter poisoning; of Jonas, no one knows how, possibly
+he fell into the vats; of little Kristoforas by convulsions; of little
+Antanas by falling into a pit before the door of his house; of Marija,
+in a house of shame; of Stanislovas, who was eaten by rats; and of
+beautiful little Ona, to the description of whose ending no other than
+the author's pen could do justice.
+
+The book shows how men graft everywhere, not only in the packing house,
+but how the slime of the serpent is over almost all of our modern
+commercial and political practises.
+
+No one can justly hold the meat kings responsible for all of this.
+
+Nothing less than a thorough reconstruction of our whole social organism
+will suffice. Palliative philanthropy is, as the author says, "like
+standing upon the brink of the pit of hell and throwing snow balls in to
+lower the temperature."
+
+"The Jungle" is the boiling over of our social volcano and shows us what
+is in it. It is a danger signal!
+
+We are all indicted and must stand our trial. There rests upon us the
+obligation to ascertain the facts. The author of "The Jungle" lived in
+Packingtown for months, and the eminently respectable publishers who are
+now issuing the book sent a shrewd lawyer to Chicago to report as to
+whether the statements in it were exaggerated, and his report confirmed
+the assertions of the author.
+
+This book is a call to immediate action.
+
+The Lithuanian hero found his solution of the problems suggested in
+Socialism. The solution lies either in that direction or in something
+better, and it behooves those who warn us against Socialistic
+experiments to tell us if they know of any other effective remedy.
+Surely all thoughtful men should study these theories of social
+redemption and learn why their advocates claim that putting them in
+practice would modify or abolish the evils of our modern conditions.
+
+"The masters, lords and rulers of all lands," the thinkers and workers
+of our time must speedily give themselves to the understanding and
+application of some adequate remedy, or there will be blood, woe and
+tears almost without end, "when this dumb terror shall reply to God,
+after the silence of the centuries."
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[2] Genuine or not genuine: we live right now in a democracy. If, in
+spite of that, such diabolical crimes as Sinclair describes them are
+committed daily, then this only proves that democracy is no panacea for
+them. Why should it, if criminals of the Armour kind realize profits out
+of their wholesale poisoning of such dimensions that they can easily buy
+all the glory of the people's sovereignty.--Editor.
+
+
+
+
+THE GAME IS UP.
+
+By SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
+
+
+"HELLO, Morrison, may I come in?" The door stood slightly ajar.
+
+Morrison came to the door--the complexion of his face was sallow and his
+eyes had a peculiar look--he recognized his visitor, hesitated for a
+moment whether he should admit him, then opened the door and made a sort
+of mock courtesy.
+
+"Cleaning up?" the tall, lean man asked as he entered the little hall
+room.
+
+"Yes," and a wistful smile glided over Morrison's pale face; "cleaning
+up for good."
+
+The room had a peculiar appearance. There was no disorder and yet a lot
+of things were lying about; it looked as if the lodger intended to go
+away on a long journey and had tried to straighten up matters previous
+to his departure. The visitor gazed curiously about the room. He had a
+strange foreboding, but forced himself to ask in a jocular mood: "Going
+to Egypt again?"
+
+"Farther than that this time, but it won't take so long; the journey I
+am contemplating will be over by to-morrow evening, I hope."
+
+"What do you mean?"
+
+"The game is up."
+
+The tall, lean man made no immediate reply, he merely gazed steadily
+into the face of his friend. He had always suspected that it would come
+to this some day. He really wondered that Morrison had not done it long
+ago. If any man had a right to dispose of his life it was surely
+Morrison. He had endured more than most human beings. His case was
+absolutely hopeless.
+
+"Is there no way out of it?"
+
+Morrison shook his head. He wanted to say something, but his voice
+failed him. He stepped to the dresser near the window, looked into the
+mirror and arranged his faded, threadbare tie. It was pitiful to see how
+shabbily he was dressed. He no longer set the fashion as in his days of
+success, years ago in Boston.
+
+"Would money help you?" and the tall, lean visitor fumbled in his
+pockets. Although fairly well dressed, he was hard up most of the time
+and only ventured to broach the subject as he just happened to have a
+few dollars to spare that day.
+
+"No, what good would the little do that you could give me?" and he
+continued to adjust matters and tuck things away in his trunk.
+
+"There, you are right again, not much. But I won forty dollars on the
+track; I sometimes go out there," he added as a sort of excuse, "as it
+is impossible to live on literature alone. I could spare ten."
+
+"Can you really spare them? I won't be able to return them, you know. I
+would like to have them. I suppose you will refuse to let me buy a
+revolver with them. I have all sorts of poisons," he pointed to some
+little bottles, "but I would prefer not to use them, it wouldn't be
+esthetical, and then I want to go away to some place where nobody knows
+me. I don't want to be identified."
+
+The literary man slowly pulled a small roll out of his pocket. He
+thought of his wife and children who needed the money. It was really
+foolish to have made that offer. Well, it was probably the last service
+he could render his friend. Morrison was serious about his departure,
+there was no doubt about that. "Here!"
+
+"Thanks," Morrison answered, though he did not take the money right
+away. He looked about absentmindedly, as in a dream. This was friendship
+indeed. He had not believed that anybody could so completely enter
+another man's state of mind. Not a word of opposition. This was
+glorious! They had known each other for more than seventeen years. They
+had often drifted apart and, somehow, had always met again. They had
+never been very intimate, they had merely respected each other for the
+work they had accomplished, each in his profession; although they
+differed largely in ideas. Morrison was a sculptor, and almost an
+ancient Greek in his feelings for the beauty of lines. The tall, lean
+man, on the other hand, was a strange mixture of a visionary and brutal
+realist. They both were cynics, however, that found life rather futile.
+With the literary man this was merely a theoretical view point, while
+Morrison was really embittered with life. The incidents of this
+afternoon had surprised him. He was deeply moved and felt as if he
+should give utterance to his emotions. He remembered that his attitude
+towards his friend had been rather arrogant at times. He now felt sorry
+for it, but somehow could not form his sentiments and thoughts into
+coherent sentences.
+
+"Thanks," he simply repeated, "Has anybody seen you enter the house?"
+
+"No, the door was open and I walked right up. Why do you ask?"
+
+"I don't want anybody to be mixed up in this affair, as it only concerns
+me."
+
+The literary man smiled: "Could any man influence you one way or
+another? As far as I can make out you are beyond mortal influence."
+
+A pause ensued. Morrison threw the last thing into his trunk. "Well, I
+am ready. Everything is settled."
+
+"How about your statues?"
+
+"Pshaw!" Morrison shrugged his shoulders. "Nobody was interested in them
+while I lived. Why should I bother to think what might become of them
+after my death?"
+
+The author nodded and scowled at the same time. He was not satisfied
+with the answer. But there were still other things on his mind. He was
+used to analyze everything to shreds and tatters. "Are you not afraid
+that you might make a botch out of the whole job?"
+
+Morrison weighed the question in his mind, then shook his head and
+answered: "No, there is hardly a chance for it now. I have been tuned up
+to it, trained myself to it, so to speak. The fruit is ripe. It has to
+fall. It would be awful, though--" he added, with an after-thought. "Do
+you remember my emerald ring? I had to pawn it, but I kept the poison
+which was hidden under the stone. I will take that if anything goes
+wrong."
+
+"Would you object to my company?" asked the tall, lean man, "I mean
+until all is over. I, myself, am not quite ready yet for any such
+heroical performances."
+
+"Oh, don't think of it," the sculptor ejaculated; notwithstanding, the
+tone of his voice indicated that he would not object, that he would even
+prefer a traveling companion for the last few hours of his life.
+
+"Well, I'll go with you. Where are you going?"
+
+"To New Haven. It's a nice trip." Morrison carefully brushed his hair
+and clothes, there came a flush to his face as he realized how shabby
+his clothes really were. The tall, lean man was delicate enough to look
+away as if he had not noticed anything.
+
+A few moments later they left the room. Morrison locked the door and
+they went out into the street. They did not talk much, merely
+commonplace phrases that did not bear upon the subject. Both were
+occupied with their own thoughts, and strange thoughts they must have
+been. They leisurely strolled to a store of sporting outfits, bought a
+revolver and cartridges, had their shoes shined at the next corner, and
+slowly wended their way toward the depot. Their actions were almost
+mechanical. Suicide is an attack of insanity, a sort of mental plague.
+If one has caught the fever, one is doomed. There is no escape from it.
+At the same time it is contagious. The literary man was somewhat
+infected by it. All his interests in life seemed to be dulled,
+obliterated as it were. He could only think the one thought, "Morrison
+is going to kill himself. But who knows, he may, after all, turn up next
+week with the excuse that he had changed his mind. No, not he!--it was
+really too bad!" Morrison, on the other hand, grew quite cheerful. With
+him the idea that he would do it, had become so matter-of-fact, that he
+ceased to think of it. Nothing could influence him any more. Even if
+some vague current of soul activity should revolt at the very last
+moment, he was certain that his hand would mechanically perform the
+task.
+
+"Only one return ticket," he whispered as he approached the ticket
+office. "Oh, I almost forgot," replied his friend.
+
+During the trip they silently sat opposite each other, smoking. Now and
+then Morrison pointed out the beautiful sights. He seemed to be familiar
+with the scenery. At their arrival in New Haven, at dusk, they at once
+adjourned to a hotel and sat down at a table in the bar-room. They began
+to talk about art, they discussed commercialism, the lack of
+appreciation and the vanity of all serious work, at least as far as art
+is concerned. They began to relate reminiscences of their student
+years, and reviewed the hopes and ambitions of their youth. If they had
+been realized, what wonders they would have accomplished!
+
+"I gave the other side a chance. They never responded. I waited for ten
+long years, and now, it's all up. Let us have another drink, waiter, the
+last." They clinked glasses. "And now for a decent departure as in the
+good old times, when Hegesias, the Cyrenaic, preached suicide in
+Alexandria--"
+
+They arose. It had grown dark. They sauntered forth into the night.
+Morrison seemed to know where he was going. "I once spent very pleasant
+days out here," he explained, "years, I hardly remember how many years
+ago." After that they did not converse any more. They finally arrived at
+a beautiful avenue of old elms that extended far into the country. Its
+deep, dark vista was lit up only by the shimmer of a distant lake.
+
+Morrison stopped, seized his friend's hand, shook it, and said in a firm
+voice: "Good-bye."
+
+"Good-bye."
+
+And Morrison walked away. It was so dark that in a few moments his form
+became invisible. Only his footsteps could still be heard. They grew
+fainter and fainter. The tall, lean man stared after his friend into the
+blackness of the night. His eyes grew dim.
+
+A few rain drops fell on his face and hands. "I hope it won't rain," he
+murmured, "it might make dying more difficult, but no--the sky is
+clear." Then he slightly bent forward and listened eagerly. Everything
+was calm, motionless, as in suspense. Nobody passed through the avenue.
+Only in the adjoining side streets pedestrians flitted by like ghosts.
+
+So this was the end! After having struggled bravely for years, after
+living up to high ideals as well as one could, to go down a long, dark
+avenue--a falling star flashed across the tree tops.
+
+The tall, lean man pressed his hand to his heart, although he was not
+certain of having heard a report, he felt, that his friend had arrived
+at the goal of his life's journey. The game was up!
+
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+End of Project Gutenberg's Mother Earth, Vol. 1 No. 4, June 1906, by Various
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