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diff --git a/27226.txt b/27226.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed1cbc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/27226.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2616 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of +Ireland by Henry Brooke + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of Ireland + +Author: Henry Brooke + +Release Date: November 10, 2008 [Ebook #27226] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND*** + + + + + + An Essay On The + + Ancient and Modern State + + Of Ireland + + With the Various Important Advantages + + Thereunto Derived, + + under the auspicious Reign of His most sacred Majesty + + King GEORGE the Second. + + Including a particular Account + + of the great and glorious + + St. Patrick + + By + + Henry Brooke + + Dublin: Printed + + London: Re-Printed + + for R. Griffiths. + + MDCCLX. + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +Dedication. +Essay. +The Farmer's Case Of The Roman-Catholics Of _Ireland_. +Footnotes + + + + + + +DEDICATION. + + +TO + +MATTHEW MC. NAMARA, + +Of _LIMERICK_, Esq; + +COUNSELLOR at LAW. + +Justly sensible, Sir, how sincerely You have the Character and Esteem of +our Native Country at Heart, I take Leave to offer to Your Perusal, and +commend to Your favourable Acceptance, the following Sheets. + +What gave them Rise, was my happening, some Time since, to have fallen +into Company with two or three sprightly young Gentlemen, then just +returned from their Continental Rambles,--who--altho' little burthened with +the Religion, Laws, Learning, Policy, Customs, Habits, Manners, or +Languages of any, or the several Countries they had scampered thro', +affected, nevertheless, an high Contempt for this,--their Native. + +I listened with silent Indignation, and determined to contribute my Mite +towards giving such unattentive, uninformed Youths, a more adequate Idea +of this Kingdom, under its ancient and under its present happy +Establishment. + +The common Accidents of Time must lead them by better Authority to clearer +Knowledge: In the mean while, I profess my Obligations to them, as they +have given me this Opportunity of declaring my Regard to my Country in +general, and the particular Attachments that ever bind me, in the +strictest Sense of Fidelity and Esteem, to a Friend so worthy as You have +been to, + +Sir, +Your very obliged, and +Most obedient Servant. + + + + + +ESSAY. + + +In a Nation, where almost every Gentleman is better acquainted, and more +conversant, with the Nature and Circumstances of other Countries than +those of his own, the Publication of such Hints as may somewhat contribute +to remove so odd an Inattention, and induce those far better qualified to +render a Subject so interesting some Justice, will not, I hope, be deemed +an Impertinence; in one especially who, by this Essay, however feeble, +hath nothing beside the Honour and Advantage of _Ireland_ in View, a +Kingdom whereof he is, without Vanity, proud of being a Native. + +As the Story of Savages and Barbarians can contain nothing instructive, or +entertaining, the _Antemilesian_ Inhabitants of this Land having been +mostly such, and all surviving Accounts of them almost totally overcast +with Fable, we are therefore, in treating of the antient _Scotia_, or +modern _Ireland_, to refer principally to three distinguished aeras, +whereof the _first_ is, its being peopled by an _Iberian_ or _Spanish_ +Colony: The _second_, truly glorious, the Arrival of St. _Patrick_, in his +most salutary Mission: The _third_ and last, its Cession to _Henry_ the +Second, King of _England_, (the first of the Royal Race of _Plantagenet_) +partly from a pretended Title of _Adrian_ the Fourth, Pope of _Rome_; +partly from the restless and insatiable Desires of _Henry_; _more_ from +the manifold Infirmities of the then reigning _Irish_ Chiefs--but above +all, from the peculiarly adverse Fate of _Roderick_, the last of our +Kings. + +The assiduous, exact, and candid Author of the _Dissertations_,(1) lately +published, on the Origin, Government, Letters, Sciences, Religion, Manners +and Customs of the antient Inhabitants of this Country, hath put all those +Matters in so clear and happy, and, at the same Time, in so strong a +Light, by the Powers of various foreign Testimonies, of undeniable +Authenticity, coincident with our own, that scarce any Thing new can be +offered on the same Subject. + +It may, however, in general be observed, that _Milesius_, a _Spanish_ +Prince, so far back as the Reign of _Solomon_ (instigated by Necessity, or +induced by Ambition) with a considerable Number of Associates and +Followers, landed from the Western Parts of _Spain_, on the Southern +Coasts of this Island, where it is probable they met little, or but faint +Opposition, from wild and undisciplined Inhabitants. + +Those People, from their early Knowledge of the _Phoenician_ Arts and +Letters, imported such Rudiments of Government and Learning, as those +primitive Times admitted; a Truth visible from the Similarity or rather +Identity of the _Phoenician_ and _Scotic_ Alphabet. + +This antient Colony quietly settled here, remote from the Storms and +Revolutions of the greater World, and secured by Situation from its +hostile Incursions, there is no Doubt but the Cultivation of Religion, +Philosophy, Politicks, Poetry, and Musick, became the chief Objects of +popular Study and Application: The Spirit of Ambition in succeeding Ages, +with its unhappy concomitant Train of Sedition, Faction, and Violence, the +foreign Invasions, and often the intestine Oppressions and Calamities, to +which our neighbouring Nations were subject, calling forth the protective +or conciliating Aids of those ancient Heroes, made them great Masters also +in the Art military. + +The Pentarchy originally formed by those _Iberian_ or _Celtic Spaniards_, +with a popular Right of Election, was certainly a Kind of Government +extremely consistent with the Essence and Genius of true Liberty, and a +System derived from the Patriarchs themselves. For when the various +Necessities of Society required a Subordination, together with some stated +Maxims to go by, to avoid the confused and promiscuous Intercourse in a +State of Nature; then did the People elect the most Virtuous and Wise, to +lead and conduct them in Times of War and Trouble; to govern, inform, and +protect them, in milder and more auspicious Seasons. Then was the Motto of +the Crown, or of the chief Ensign of Pre-eminence, _Digniori detur_, and +so continued till the Degeneracy of Time, and the baneful Growth of +Avarice and Pride, with the feverish Lust of Power, perverted it +to--_Rapiat Fortior_! + +Such, thro' a long Succession of Ages, was the Condition, and such at +length the Fate of this Kingdom, destroyed after a longer Continuance than +any other can boast, by the Abuse of its own Powers; a sure Argument that +all created Beings, all sublunary Institutions, however wisely composed, +in the very Essence of their Creation, and in the very Rudiments of their +Formation, comprehend, at the same Time, the Seeds of Dissolution: Yet it +is not more remarkable than true, that in the most boisterous Periods of +this Kingdom's antient Establishment, the Arts and Sciences, with the +fundamental Principles of Constitution, were preserved and cherished with +inviolable Assiduity. The Priests, Philosophers, Advocates, Annalists, +Poets and Musicians, were obliged to preserve Religion, political Wisdom, +Law, History, _&c._ hereditarily in their respective Tribes, and to +educate in these different Branches the Chiefs and Nobles of the Land, for +which they were graciously maintained in secure and splendid Tranquillity: +Those Sages attended the National Conventions, where all publick Acts were +religiously recorded, and all Abuses of Power and Government retrenched or +reformed; nor were they permitted, except in Case of extraordinary +Necessity, or uncommon Merit, to deviate from their proper and primitive +Spheres of Action: Since, where an harmonious Subordination of Rank and +Order hath not been duly preserved, even in free Estates, Liberty itself +(wisely attempered, the greatest of all social Blessings) hath often, from +Abuse and Neglect, sickened into Licentiousness, the immediate lewd Mother +of Anarchy! In the visible Creation, the direct Result of infinite Wisdom, +the lesser Planets do not interfere with, much less shock or oppose the +Motions and Revolutions of the greater; they constantly keep the Distances +first prescribed them, and all move regularly to their respective Ends. +The most verdant and fragrant Meadows may, from the too frequent Irruption +of muddy Waters, degenerate into noxious Marshes, if some Care was not +taken to divert those impure Gushings into their proper Channels. Hence it +may be inferred, that laying open the most honorary, as well as important +and useful Professions of Society, to the Intrusion, or rather pyratical +Invasions, of the Scum and Dregs of the People, cannot, however varnished +over with the fictitious Colourings of pretended Liberty, consist with +true Political Wisdom. + +Those ancient _Sophi_ and _Literati_ enjoyed their Places with the greater +Security, that they were uninvadable by the inferior Classes of Mankind; +with the greater Content and Chearfulness, that much Esteem and Emolument +were connected with them: The Priest and Advocate informed and directed +the Conscience and Conduct; the Historian and Annalist recorded the +Institutions; the Poet and Musician celebrated and sung the Exploits of +their Kings and Leaders: No Wonder then this Kingdom should have been +revered at Home, and admired Abroad; when Religion formed, Erudition +nurtured, Philosophy strengthened, History preserved, Rhetorick adorned, +Musick softened, and Poesy refined, the National Wisdom and +Accomplishments; to all which was added, a thorough Knowledge of Tactics, +and great Skill and Agility in all the athletick Arts, and bodily +Exercises. + +In the Versions of some original Codes exported by our Countryman, the +learned and pious St. _Fiechry_, still extant in the _Navarre_ Library at +_Paris_, the Constitutional Wisdom of _Ireland_ appears in a clear and +happy Light: Persons, Things, Actions, and Expressions, were cautiously +attended to, by the Laws; _Persons_, in their Minority, Youth, and +Manhood, according to their different Ranks in the State, so as by Care, +Education, and Discipline, to render them, some subservient, others +useful, some beneficial, and others ornamental thereunto. _Things_, so +carefully, as to prevent, by prohibatory Laws, Wastes of whatsoever Kind, +and to ascertain to each Individual, as well as Society, their proper and +distinct Rights. _Actions_, by directing those in general, and particular, +to the Honour of the Deity and Welfare of the Community: _Expression_, by +the penal Interdiction of prophane Cursing and Swearing, Obscenity, +Scurrility, Calumny, and Detraction, yet with a full Indulgence of proper +Satire against such as merited popular Reprehension, or Contempt; the +Satirist's Pen in those Days being as much dreaded, or rather more so, +than the Magistrate's Rod, and consequently as diligently avoided by a +Demeanour absolutely irreproachable. + +It appeareth that, under the antient Government of _Ireland_, the +Education of the landed Gentry, when Luxury, with its wasteful Catalogue +of Vices, had not rendered Property so mutable and wavering as in modern +Ages, was provided for; whether by the immediate Care of Parents, or +essential Attention of Guardians, by the Laws of the Land; in order that +Gentlemen should, to the Antiquity of Birth and Possession, add the +important Dignity of Learning, and social Refinement of Arts: Since a Man +at the Head of an original Estate, who should want the necessary +Cultivation of Letters, was considered only as a Peasant in Disguise, and +not more respected than a Hewer of Wood, or Drawer of Water. + +In these Writings of St. _Fiechry_, the legislative Wisdom of +_Olam-Fodla_; the philosophically-religious Capacity of _Cormac-O Quin_, +who, from the pure Light of Nature, in a great Measure defeated the absurd +_Polytheism_ of the _Druids_; the consummate Integrity and Impartiality of +_Federach_ the Just, and _Moran_ his Chief Justice; the Magnanimity of +_Con-Ked-Cathagh_; the Conquests of _Kineth Mac Alpin_; the long, +glorious, and peaceful Reign of _Conary_ the Great, _coaeval_ with the +Birth of our Blessed Lord and Saviour _Jesus Christ_, (undoubtedly the +happiest, brightest, and most blissful Period the World ever saw;) are all +displayed in a copious masterly Style, yet with strict chronological +Exactness. + +This learned St. _Fiechry_ was Founder of the University in _Paris_, in +the Beginning of the 8th Century. The better to enable him to carry on +that noble Work, he obtained of _Charles_ the Great a Tax on all +Wheel-Carriages, within the Barriers of that City: Whence, a Hackney-Coach +is at this Day technically term'd _Fiacre_. + +_Charles_ the Great, in order to repair the cruel and truly lamentable +literary Dilapidations of the ferocious North-men, invited Numbers of the +learned and pious _Irish_ to the Continent, where he established and +entertained them with Dignity, Tenderness, and Respect. In a curious +Manuscript of _Nicholaus Gurtlerus_, (now in the _French_ King's +_Parisian_ Library) Author of the _Origines Mundi_, where he alludes to +these Times, you find the following favourable, but true Account of +_Ireland_.--_Temporibus illis, barbaris Normannorum Cohortibus undequaque +irrumpentibus, Religio, Fides, Philosophia, Virtus, Hospitalitas, +Fortitudo, Castitas, necnon et Amoeniores omnium generum Artes, Hibernia +solummodo natali, veluti Solo, viguerunt_; little Wonder that _Ireland_ +should have been esteemed the _Ierne_, or sacred Isle of the _Greeks_, the +_Insula Sanctorum_, or Island of Saints of the _Romans_.--Would to Heaven +our Countrymen had, upon all considerable Occasions, recollected those +deserved Encomiums, thereby to approve them worthy their applauded Origin, +and native Soil! + +We now proceed to consider _Ireland_ in her happiest and brightest View, +after the Admission and Propagation of Christianity. It is certain there +were many Christians in _Ireland_, before the Arrival of _Palladius_ in +431, or of St. _Patrick_ the Year following: St. _Kieran_, St. _Ailbe_, +St. _Declan_, and St. _Ibar_, whom _Ussher_ calls the Precursors, or +Forerunners of St. _Patrick_, are pregnant Proofs of this; they were of +the Birth of _Ireland_, from whence they travelled to _Rome_, in Search of +Education and Learning, where they lived some Years, were ordained, and +returned Home about the Year 402. + +It seems that those early Preachers confined their Labours to particular +Places, in which they had considerable Success, but fell very short of +converting the Body of the Nation: However, they sowed the Seed which St. +_Patrick_ came after to water: And it is certain that St. _Patrick_ was so +well satisfied with the Progress they made, in their particular Districts +in _Munster_, that this was the last Province in _Ireland_ he thought +proper to visit. That there were many Christians in _Ireland_, at this +Period, seems to be confirmed by _Prosper_, who, in giving an Account of +the Mission of _Palladius_, says, that he was ordained by Pope _Celestin_, +and sent the first Bishop to the _Scots_ believing in Christ. This Passage +can mean nothing else, but that _Palladius_, born in Britain, was sent to +the Scots [i.e. the _Irish_] who had already formed Churches under +_Kieran_, _Ailbe_, _Declan_ and _Ibar_; and so the Bishop of St. _Asaph_ +expounds it. This then was the next Attempt that was made for the +Conversion of the _Irish_: _Palladius_ engaged in a more ample and +extensive Design than his Predecessors, yet he failed in the Execution of +it, stay'd but a short Time in _Ireland_, and did little worth remembring; +he converted, however, a few, and is said to have founded three Churches; +but he had neither Courage to withstand the Fierceness of the heathen +_Irish_, nor Abilities, for Want of the Language, proper for the Work. + +_Nathi_, the Son of _Garcon_, an _Irish_ Prince, opposed his preaching; +upon which _Palladius_ left the Kingdom, and died in the Land of the +_Picts_, on the 15th of _December_, 431. This glorious Work was reserved +for St. _Patrick_, to whose holy Life, divine Mission, and extraordinary +Success, I refer the Reader. This great Apostle of the _Irish_ founded and +built the Cathedral Church of _Ardmagh_, about the Year 444, or 45, which, +from that early Period to this, hath continued the Metropolitan Church of +all _Ireland_. So that 1194 Years passed away from the Founding of the +City of _Rome_, to that of _Ardmagh_. + +The various and most signal Blessings derived to this Nation, from the +salutary Mission of this illustrious Saint, require, in Gratitude, our +giving the Reader yet a further Account of the Author of such Happiness +and Glory to _Ireland_. + +He was born in the extreme Bounds of _Britain_, (in that Part thereof +which is now comprehended within the Limits of the modern _Scotland_) at a +Village called _Banaven_, in the Territory of _Tabernia_, (as he himself +saith in his Confession) in _Vico Banaven Taberniae_, &c. He tells us that +he was born of a good Family. _Ingennuus fui secundum Carnem._ His Father +was _Calphurnius_, a Deacon, who was the Son of _Potitus_, a Priest; from +whence may be clearly inferred that the Clergy were not restrained from +Matrimony in that Age. He was just advanced into his sixteenth Year, when +he was taken Captive, the Manner of which is thus related by St. _Evin_ +and others: His Father, Mother, Brother, and five Sisters, undertook a +Voyage to _Aremorick Gaul_, (now called _Bass Bretagne_) to visit the +Relations of his Mother _Couchessa_. It happened about this Time, that the +seven Sons of _Factmude_, a _British_ Prince, were banished, and took to +the Sea; that, making an Inroad into _Aremorick Gaul_, they took _Patrick_ +and his Sister, _Lupita_, (some say _Tigrida_ also) Prisoners. They +brought their Captives to the North of _Ireland_, and sold _Patrick_ to +_Milcho Mac Huanan_, a Prince of _Dalaradia_: Others tell the Story in a +different Manner, and with a stronger Degree of Probability. That the +_Romans_ having deserted _Britain_, to preserve their own Country from the +barbarous Incursions of the _Northern Hive_, the _Irish_ made frequent +Conquests, in _North Britain_ especially, whence returning victorious, in +one of those Expeditions among others brought _Patrick_ Captive. But in +this they all agree, and he himself confirms it, that he continued +Prisoner in _Ireland_ six Years; he was sold to _Milcho_ and his three +Brothers, which gave Occasion of his changing his Name into _Cathraigh_, +or rather _Ceathir-Tigh_, because he served four Masters; _Ceathir_ +signifying four, and _Tigh_ a House or Family. _Milcho_ observing the Care +and Diligence of his new Servant, bought out the Shares of his Brothers, +and made him his own Property. He sent him to feed his Hogs on +_Sliev-Mis_. And St. _Patrick_ himself tells us his Behaviour in this +Office. + +"My constant Business was to feed the Hogs. I was frequent in Prayer; the +Love and Fear of God more and more inflamed my Heart; my Faith was +enlarged, and my Spirit augmented, so that I said an hundred Prayers by +Day, and almost as many by Night. I arose before Day to my Prayers, in the +Snow, in the Frost, and in the Rain, and yet I received no Damage; nor was +I affected with Slothfulness; for then the Spirit of God was warm within +me." It was here he perfected himself in the _Irish_ Language, the +wonderful Providence of God visibly appearing in this Instance of his +Captivity, that he should have the Opportunity in his tender Years of +becoming well acquainted with the Language, Manners, and Dispositions of +that People, to whom he was intended as a future Apostle. He continued six +whole Years in Servitude, and in the seventh was released. There seems to +have been a Law in _Ireland_ for this Purpose, agreeable to the +Institution of _Moses_, that a Servant should be released the seventh +Year. + +Having parted from his Master, after a great Variety of Distresses, he at +length arrived to his Parents, who received him with extraordinary Joy; +with these he remained two Years, and probably would much longer, had he +not by a Vision been quickened to a more active and glorious Life. In this +he thought he saw a Man coming to him from _Ireland_, whose Name was +_Victoricus_, with a great Number of Letters; that he gave him one of them +to read, in the Beginning of which were contained these Words, +_Vox-Hiberionacum_, the Voice of the _Irish_: While he was reading this +Letter, he thought the same Moment, that he heard the Voice of the +Inhabitants who lived near the Wood of _Foclut_, in the Barony of +_Tyr-Awley_, and County of _Mayo_, hard by the Western Sea, crying to him +with an audible and distinct Voice, "We intreat thee, holy Youth, to come +and walk among us." He was greatly amazed at this Vision, and awoke; it +animated him, however, to his future Studies and heavenly Progress; so far +even, that he tells us himself, he thanked God, that after many Years he +had dealt with the _Irish_, according to their crying out. + +These early Scenes of this great Saint's Life, should, among many others, +serve as lessons of Charity, Consideration, and Humility, to the Rich, the +Great, the Proud, and the Wanton; who may recollect that, altho' he was +well born, he was nevertheless, in the most vigorous Season of Life, a +Slave and a Swine-Herd: Happy, though wretched Servitude! In which, his +leisure Hours, mostly employed in Christian Confidence and Prayer, made +him so signally the Favourite of Heaven, that from those cloudy Dawnings, +he in Process of Time became a learned Doctor, a sanctified Missioner, a +venerable Prelate, an eminent Primate, a national Apostle, and the bright +Instructor of Kings! Such were the fruitful Rewards of uninterrupted +unshaken Devotion, Piety, and Zeal! From this Time he formed the steady +Resolution of converting the _Irish_; and, the better to accomplish the +heavenly Task, he undertook a laborious Journey to foreign Countries, to +enrich his Mind with Learning and Experience. + +He continued abroad thirty-five Years, pursuing his Studies under the +Direction principally of his Mother's Uncle, St. _Martin_, Bishop of +_Tours_, who had ordained him Deacon; and after his Death, partly with St. +_German_, Bishop of _Auxerre_, (who ordained him a Priest, and called his +Name _Magonius_, which was the third Name he was known by,) partly among a +Colony of _Hermits_ and _Monks_, in some Islands of the _Tuscan_ Sea; and +he employed a good Part of the Time in the City of _Rome_, among the +Canons Regular of the _Lateran_ Church: At length, having his Soul +thoroughly tempered with religious Virtue, enlightened with the true +Evangelical Faith, and his Understanding enlarged by the most profitable +and edifying Studies, he arrived in _Ireland_ about the 60th Year of his +Age; and in the Year of our Lord 432, landed in the County of _Wicklow_, +where he began his Ministry, by the Conversion of _Sinel_, a great Man in +that Country, the Grandson of _Finchad_, who ought to be remembered, as he +was the first Fruits of St. _Patrick_'s Mission in _Ireland_; he was the +8th in lineal Descent from _Cormac_, King of _Leinster_, and came +afterwards to be enumerated among the Saints of _Ireland_. + +From this Country he sailed to an Island on the Coast of the County of +_Dublin_, called after him _Inis Phadring_, and by the _English_, _Holm +Patrick_ at this Day, where he and his faithful Companions rested after +their Fatigues. From _Inis Phadring_, he sailed Northward to that Part of +_Ulster_ called _Ulidia_, and put in at _Inbherslaying_ Bay. When he and +his Fellow Labourers landed, _Dichu_, the Son of _Trichem_, Lord of the +County, being informed that they were Pirates, came out with armed Men in +order to kill them: But being struck with the venerable Appearance of St. +_Patrick_, he gave him Audience, and listened attentively to the Word of +Life preached by him; he changed his wicked Purpose, believed, and was +baptized, and brought over all his Family to the Faith: It is further +observed of him, that he was the first Person in _Ulster_, who embraced +Christianity. He dedicated the Land whereon his Conversion was wrought to +the Service of God, where a Church was erected, changed after to an +eminent Monastery. He travelled hence by Land to _Clunebois_ in +_Dalaradia_, to endeavour the Conversion of his old Master _Milcho_, whose +Service he had left thirty-eight Years before; but this obstinate Prince, +hearing of the great Success of St. _Patrick_'s preaching, and ashamed to +be persuaded in his old Age, to forsake the Religion of his Ancestors, (by +one especially who had been his Servant, in a most inferior Station,) made +a funeral Pile of his House and Goods, and by the Instigation of the Enemy +of Mankind, burned himself therein: Thus ended _Milcho McHuanan_. + +Hence St. _Patrick_ returned to _Inis_, the Habitation of _Dichu_, and in +his Journey converted great Numbers to the true Faith of _Christ_. In some +time, he took his Leave of _Dichu_, and bent his course Southward by Sea, +keeping the Coast on his Right-hand, and arrived at Port _Colbdi_, where +he landed, and committed the Care of his Vessel to his Nephew _Luman_, +desiring him to wait for him there forty Days, while he and his Disciples +were travelling in the inner Parts of the Country to preach the Gospel. +His Intention in this Journey was, to celebrate the Festival of _Easter_ +in the Plains of _Bregia_, and to be in the Neighbourhood of the Great +Triennial Convention at _Tarah_, which at this Season was held by King +_Leogair_, and all his Tributary Princes, Nobles, _Druids_, _Annalists_, +_and Fileas_. St. _Patrick_ wisely foreseeing that whatever Impressions he +should make on this august Assembly must have an Influence on the whole +Kingdom, and therefore, being supported with invincible Christian +Fortitude, resolved not to be absent from a Place where his Presence was +so conducive to the Ends of his Holy Ministry. + +Never did the Spirit of popular Freedom exert itself more powerfully or +harmoniously, than in those truly parliamentary Triennial Conventions of +_Ireland_, where the supreme Monarch, the Provincial Kings, the feudatory +Lords, the Nobles, landed Men, _Druids_, &c. by the unbiased Suffrages of +the People, convened for the Peace, good Government and Security of each +particular Province, as well as those of the whole Kingdom. Many Centuries +had this wise Constitution subsisted here, before our Neighbours, even of +_South Britain_, knew any thing relative to Houses, or Raiment; it being +notorious that so late as the Arrival of _Julius Caesar_ among them, they +painted their Bodies, to render them terrible, and lived in the open +Fields. It is really somewhat surprzing that People so near in Situation, +should differ so essentially in Disposition, as the Inhabitants of those +Islands have in all Ages; Hospitality having been the distinguishing +Attribute of the _Irish_, and it's opposite Defect, that of the _Britons_; +the Account given of them by _Horace_ 1700 and odd Years ago, _Visam +Britannes Hospitibus feros_, being as literally applicable to them at this +Day, where the Force of Education doth not operate to mitigate their +natural Ferocity. + +But to return: St. _Patrick_ in his Way to _Tarah_, took up his Lodgings +at the House of the hospitable _Sesgnen_ in _Meath_, who kindly received +and welcomed him. St. _Patrick_ preach'd Christ and his Gospel to him; he +believed, and was baptized with his whole Family. + +From the House of _Sesgnen_, he moved Westward, and arrived on _Easter +Eve_ at _Fierta-fir-feic_, on the Northern Banks of the River _Boyne_, +where he rested, resolving there to prepare for the next Day's Solemnity. +It was penal for any Person at the Time of the Celebration of this solemn +Convention at _Tarah_, to kindle a Fire in the Province, before the King's +Bonfire first appeared. I am of Opinion this was a religious Ceremony, as +the chief Deity of the ancient Inhabitants, in exterior Worship +especially, was _Bel_, or _Belus_; whence _Apollo_ or _Ap-haul_, the Son +of the Sun, whom they emblematically worshipped, by those fiery Offerings; +whence the first Day of _May_, peculiarly dedicated to this _Bel_, is even +now in _Irish_, called _Lha-Bel-Thinih_, and probably from the same Source +may be derived the Custom of lighting up Bonfires, and Sops, on the Eve of +the 24th Day of _June_. St. _Patrick_ however, either not knowing or not +minding this Ceremony, lighted up a Fire before his Booth, which altho' +eight Miles distant from _Tarah_, was very visible. It was seen with +Astonishment from Court, and the _Druids_ informed the King, that if he +did not immediately extinguish the Fire, he who kindled it, and his +Successors, should for ever hold the Principality of _Ireland_; which hath +hitherto turned out a true Prediction of those Heathen Priests, in a +Primatial and Spiritual Principality. + +The King dispatched Messengers to bring _Patrick_ before him, and gave his +positive Orders, that nobody should presume to rise out of his Seat, or +pay him the least Honour: But _Ere_, the Son of _Dego_, ventured to +disobey this Command; he arose, and offered the Holy Father his Seat. St. +_Patrick_ preached to him and converted him. He became a Person of eminent +Sanctity, and after some Time was consecrated by St. _Patrick_, Bishop of +_Slain_. + +The Day following, when St. _Patrick_ and two of his Disciples appeared +unexpectedly at Court, and preached to the King and his Nobles, _Dubtach_, +the King's Poet Laureat, payed Honour and Respect to the Saint, and was +converted by his Preaching. _Fiech_, a young Poet, who was under the +Tuition of _Dubtach_, was also converted, and afterwards made Bishop of +_Sletty_, and is said to have been the Author of a celebrated Poem, +composed in Praise of St. _Patrick_. _Anselm_, Arch-Bishop of +_Canterbury_, relates the Conversion of _Tingar_, the Son of _Clito_, (one +of the Nobles in this Assembly,) in the same Manner. The Queen also, and +many others of the Court, became Christians; and altho' the King held out +for a long Time with great Obstinacy, yet at last he submitted to be +baptized. St. _Patrick_ is said here to have wrought many Miracles: There +could not truly, even according to the Purposes of human Wisdom, have +happened a more solemn or weighty Occasion, for God Almighty's supporting +this Holy Preacher by Miracles, than when the collective Body of the whole +Nation was assembled together; from whose Report and Conviction, the +Influences of his blessed Works and Doctrine must of Course spread through +the whole Kingdom. + +His Conduct and Proceedings here, with a particular Detail of the Miracles +wrought by him, may be had at large in the History of his Life, published +by _John Colgan_. + +From _Tarah_, the Saint proceeded next to _Talten_, not far from thence, +at the Season of the Royal Diversions: Here he preached to _Cairbre_, and +_Conall_, the two Brothers of King _Leogin_; the former received him with +great Indignity, and perversely shut his Ears against his Doctrine; but +_Conall_ believed, and was baptized, and gave St. _Patrick_ a Place to +build a Church on. + +This _Conall_ was Great-Grand-Father to _Columb-Kill_. He spent the +Remainder of this Year in _Meath_ and _Louth_, and the Districts +adjoining, preaching, and converting great Numbers of People. The +_Taltenian_ Sports above-mentioned, have been much celebrated by the +_Irish_ Historians, and Antiquaries. They were a kind of warlike +Exercises, somewhat resembling the _Olympick_ Games, consisting of Racing, +Tilts, Tournaments, Wrestling, Leaping, Vaulting, and all other manly and +martial Exercises, which gave Rise to the many hyperbolical Tales, +formerly related of those _Taltenian_ Sports. They were exhibited every +Year at _Talten_, a Mountain in _Meath_, for fifteen Days before, and +fifteen Days after the First of _August_. Their first Institution is +ascribed to _Lughaid-lam-fadha_, the twelfth King of _Ireland_, who began +his Reign _A. M._ 2764 (a sufficient Proof of _Ireland_'s Antiquity as a +Kingdom). They were ordained by _Lughaid_, in Gratitude to the Memory of +_Tailte_, the Daughter of _Magh-More_, (a Prince of some Part of _Spain_) +who having been married to _Eochaid_, King of _Ireland_, took the same +_Lughaid_ under her Protection, and had the Care of his Education in his +Minority. From this Princess both the Sports, and the Place where they +were celebrated, took their Names: From _Lughaid_, the First of _August_ +was called _Lugnasa_, or the Memory of _Lughaid_, _Nasa_ signifying +Memory, in the _Irish_ Language. + +In the Year of the World 2700, _Gideon_ then reigning fourth Judge of the +_Hebrews_, appear'd many Heroes, as _Hercules_, _Orpheus_, _Castor_, +_Pollux_, the _Argonauts_, _Jason_, _Laomedon_, _Thesaeus_, _Dedalus_, &c. +The _Amazones_, Heroines of _Scythic_ Extraction, having lost their +Husbands in Battle, took up Arms themselves, with a manly Spirit of +Resentment, and (inspired with Love of their deceased Husbands, and Grief +for so great and irretrievable a Loss!) subdued _Asia_, and built +_Ephesus_. _Hercules_ and _Thesaeus_ waged War against those Heroines, and +defeated them, more to the Glory of the Vanquished than their own, those +Matrons having defended themselves with surprizing Resolution. They cut +off the Guards set over them, and escaped the Severity and Pride of their +Conquerors. _Hercules_, in Honour of such extraordinary heroick Females, +instituted the _Olympick_ Games; as likewise did _Thesaeus_, the +_Isthmian_, in the Year of the World, about 2700, the _Taltenian_ Sports, +the very same with the _Olympick_, brought sixty-four Years after from +_Spain_ into _Ireland_, by _Tailte_, and her Followers. Now this _Tailte_, +Queen of _Ireland_, was the Grand-daughter of an _Amazone_ Princess, those +immortal Females having, with their Progeny, Friends and Followers, to +avoid the ruinous Hostilities of _Hercules_ and _Thesaeus_, sought Shelter +in _Spain_, whither they imported the Learning of _Trismegistus_, the +Grandson of _Mercury_, and Glory of _AEgypt_, together with all the +literary Arts derived into _Greece_, from _Phoenicia_, by _Cadmus_, the +Brother of _Europa_, about the Year of the World 2530, _Othoniel_ then +reigning the first Judge of the _Hebrews_. The Posterity of this ancient +and illustrious Colony, about the Year of the World 3000, (_Solomon_ then +reigning with great Splendour, third King of the _Hebrews_) settled in +this Kingdom, as before observed: So that, by an impartial Estimate of +Dates, Periods, and Facts, our Origin is well ascertained, our early +Possession of Letters, wise Policy, and the politer Arts, proved, and the +Remark of an _Italian_ Monk in the 7th Century, from the University of +_Mongret_, in an Epistle to his Correspondent at _Rome_, justified, _Nil +mirum Populum hunc Celtico Scythicum e praeclara Amazonidum stirpe +oriundum, vera Religione et __ incorrupta Fide illuminatum, sapientia +Doctrina optimisque Morbidus ornatum, viros fortes et Faeminas castas +plerumque procreare_. A Rescript of this Original Epistle still extant, in +the _Vatican_ Library, some Years ago in the Hands of Father Don _Levy_, +may therefore, I believe, be found in the College of _Lombard_ at _Paris_. + +In this shining Period were Cathedrals and Churches erected, Universities +founded and established, Colleges, Seminaries and Schools propagated in +many Parts of this Kingdom, which, at the same Time, became a peaceful and +hospitable Retreat to religious and learned Men, disturbed on the +Continent of _Europe_, by the frequent Invasions, and cruel Hostilities of +the North-men, whose Piracies and Barbarity, even _Ireland_ could not +always escape! For, from the Time of _Artigrius_, Archbishop of _Ardmagh_ +in 822, for near 200 Years the cruel _Danes_ miserably ravaged this +Kingdom, destroying, by Fire and Sword, every Establishment, as well of +Piety as Learning, (to both which, and to all religious Maxims of +civilized Society, they had been avowed implacable Enemies) till they were +themselves, in 1014, totally defeated at _Clontarf_, by the invincible +Arms of the Great Monarch, _Bryan Borou_, from whom descended a Race +conspicuous for exemplary Prelates, heroick Leaders, and steady Patriots. + +The learned Author of the _Dissertations_ before-mentioned, charges this +Hero with a Violation of the Constitution of his Country: Yet the +Violation seems of far earlier Date, when the supreme Monarchy was, by the +_Hugonian_ Law, inalienably united to one Family, whose Sovereignty, +however founded originally, whether by Birth, or Election, was essential +to the public Welfare: For we must allow that the Preservation of the +People is the principal Law to which all others are subordinate. _Salus +Populi suprema Lex_; and equally, that not only the Necessities, but the +Safety also of the People, at that Time of Danger and Distraction, eagerly +called forth the Conduct and Valour, the protective and restorative +Abilities of that great and virtuous Man, of whom a faithful Historian, in +his Detail of the Battle of _Clontarf_, says; _Integra prius adept a +Victoria rebus humanis eodem Die excessit vir Bello ac Pace summus, +Justitiae, Religionis, Literarum, Cultor eximius, et cum Carolo Magno +utique comparandus_. + +In the 239th Page of the _Dissertations_, the excellent Author expresseth +himself as follows: + +"I now proceed to give some Account of the second Royal House of _Scots_, +the oldest of the _Milesian_ Race, and the Posterity of _Eber_." This Race +then being avowed the oldest, in Respect of Primogeniture, must, of +Course, have been prior in Point of Dignity and Sway, or at least, equally +entitled to the Election of the People to such Ranks; were not those by +violent Measures annexed to the _Heremonian_ Line: Yet, however this might +have been, certain it is, that no Houses that we read of, ancient or +modern, have produced a greater Number of truly heroick Princes, or of +longer Continuance, than those of the North and South _Hy-Nial_; from whom +also issued many noble Families of real Worth, and equal Renown. With +_Bryan_, the happy Genius of _Ireland_, in a great Measure, expired: For +the cruel _Danes_ had, for near 200 Years before, so wofully overturned +the Universities of _Ardmagh_, _Dondaleith-Glass_, _Mongret_, and +_Lismore_, with all other Seminaries of Piety and Learning, (the only +genuine Sources of national Greatness, Concord, good Discipline, and +Happiness) had obliged, in the 8th Century, so many learned Men to seek +that Shelter and Security on the Continent, which the barbarous +Hostilities, and impious Manners of those Northerns, denied them at Home; +had made such frequent lamentable Breaches in the antient, wise +Constitution of the Kingdom; had, by the fatal Example of their profligate +dissolute Lives, so vitiated the national Morality; and finally, had left +behind them so many noxious Seeds of Faction and Anarchy, as, in less than +two Centuries, gave up a Kingdom, of above 2000 Years Establishment, the +unaccountable Prey of a few adventurous _Normans_! + +_Patrick_ governed the See of _Dublin_ about ten Years, and, in a Voyage +to _England_, perished by Shipwreck, in the _British_ Sea, on the 16th of +_October_, 1084; having been sent to _Lanfranc_, Archbishop of +_Canterbury_, by King _Tirdelvac_. + +_Donat_, or _Dongus O'Haingly_, having spent some Time in the Study of +useful Learning in _Ireland_, went over into _England_, and became a +Benedictine Monk at _Canterbury_. He was afterwards, (by the Consent of +King _Tirdelvac_, and the Clergy of _Dublin_) consecrated, _A. D._ 1085, +in the Cathedral of _Canterbury_, by the before-mentioned _Lanfranc_, to +whom he made the following Profession of Obedience: + +"I, _Donat_, Bishop of the See of _Dublin_ in _Ireland_, do promise +Canonical Obedience to you, _O' Lanfranc_, Archbishop of the holy Church +of _Canterbury_, and to your Successors." + +It is evident that the Title of the Kings of _England_ to this Kingdom, by +Papal Donation, or Appointment, was very insufficient, if not absolutely +trifling: Nor could a Right of Conquest be urged in any Period of the +Reign of _Henry_ the Second, or his Descendants. But the Great and Royal +Families of _Ireland_, long the Prey of Faction, deliberately preferred a +limitted and stipulated Submission to foreign Authority, to the various +Evils arising from intestine Feuds and Animosities; and this, had the wise +Conditions thereof been constantly attended to, with mutual Observance, +had been a sound Title, well and judiciously founded. + +True it is, that after the Surrender of the Crown by King _John_ to the +See of _Rome_, the Pope exerted some temporal Authority in this Kingdom, +instanced in his having created _Mc. Con More Mc. Namaras_(2) Duke of +_Klan Cullane_, a Man of great Valour and Piety, supported by ample +Possessions in the Baronies of _Tulla_ and _Bunratty_, in the County of +_Clare_; which extensive Districts entirely belonged to that ancient, +hospitable, martial, and religious Race, of which _Mc. Con More_ was +Chief: The _Mc. Namaras_, more or less, have in all Ages made, and still +continue to make, a distinguished Figure, as well in the Field, as in the +learned Professions; and were formerly so warlike a People, that of +themselves they formed an heroic Cavalry, justly stiled the _Phalanx_ of +that Part of _Ireland_ wherein they resided. + +How our Neighbours came to call us _waild Ayrish_, I am a Loss to +conjecture; it being evident we have been a thousand Years, at least, in +Possession of Letters, Laws, and Civility, before the Arrival of _Julius +Caesar_ in _Britain_. + +I am equally at a Loss to know why a Man should become a standing Jest for +his Ignorance in an alien Tongue, almost the constant Fate of our +Countrymen in _Britain_, where, whoever is not smartly expert in the +_English_ Language, is immediately denominated a _Teague_, a _Paddy_, or I +know not what, in the Stile of Derision: At the same Time that the most +awkward-tongued _Irishman_ in _London_ speaks _English_ with far more +Propriety, and a better Accent, than the smartest _British Petit Maitre_ +in _Paris_ doth _French_. + +Some dramatick Scriblers, (probably of our own degenerate Growth) the +better to qualify them for eleemosinary Dinners, gave Rise to this +impertinent Treatment of a Nation, which, from the concurrent Testimonies +of all the Dispassionate and Learned, can, in Reality, be as little the +Object of Scurrility, as any other. + +Why should even poor _Teague_ prove so constant a Butt, to Farce-wrights, +and Hackney Laughers; when, upon Examination, he is, by a thousand +Degrees, preferable to the _British_ Hobbinol, or _French_ Gregoire? For +_Teague_ is a very Pattern of Hospitality; so much so, that if a Gentleman +should happen to miss his Road, and be nessitated to seek the Shelter of +_Teague_'s Cabbin, or Hut, was poor _Teague_ trusting to two Sheep for his +worldly Subsistance, he would kill one, and sell the other, at the next +Village or Inn, for the better Entertainment of his Guest, and think +himself happy in such an Occasion of approving his Generosity and Respect: +He would the next Morning abandon his Spade, and chearfully trot ten Miles +to shew such bewilder'd Gentleman the right Road. He is naturally civil, +generous, and hospitable, (for scarce a Night passeth that poor Travellers +are not entertained in his Cottage,) extremely respectful to his +Superiors, and to his Lord and Master faithful to Death. The military +Annals of _Europe_ proclaim his Capacity and Taste for Fighting; then if +you should take this identical _Teague_'s infant Son, and give him a +regular liberal Education, it is one hundred to one, but he turns out a +Gentleman of Merit, Learning, Worth, and Politeness; whereas it would +certainly require more than _Herculean_ Labour to chissel a _French +Paisan_, a primitive _Westmoreland_, or _Devonshire_ Boor, not only into +the Form of an elegant, but even into that of a sociable Creature. + +The Insignificancy of those Jesters and Spatterers, will more clearly +appear, if we look back to the wise, free, and truly parliamentary +Constitution of this Kingdom; if we recollect the vast Length of its +Duration, as a free and independant State; the military Prowess of its +Inhabitants in all Ages; their victorious Conflicts with the _Romans_, and +with the _French_ under _Henry_ the Vth, and the Black _Prince_; their +having founded a Monarchy in _North Britain_, whence, by a Right of +Descent, in Addition to every other, his present Majesty, (whom God long +preserve,) by the special Providence and infinite Mercy of Heaven, ruleth +over us: If we consider the Number of our Universities, Colleges, and +Academies, religious Monasteries and pious Seminaries, resorted to from +all civilized Parts of _Europe_, our Metropolitical and Diocesan +Cathedrals; on such impartial Review, surely, the foregoing Tribe of +Sneerers and Flouters must dwindle into deserved Contempt. + +I shall close this feeble Attempt on the antient State of _Ireland_, with +the Description thereof by _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesulae_, near _Florence_, +in the 7th or 8th Century; referring, at the same Time, to the most +authentick _British_ Antiquaries, _Campden_, _Giraldus Cambrensis_, +_Buchanan_, _Ware_, &c. for Confirmation of what hath been previously +observed on the same Subject. + +_Finibus Occiduis describitur optima Tellus,_ +_Nomine et Antiquis __SCOTIA__ scripta Libris----_ +_Insula dives Opum, Gemmarum, Vestis et Auri,_ +_Commoda Corporibus, Aere sole Solo;_ +_Melle fluit pulchris et lacteis __SCOTIA__ Campis_ +_Vestibus atque Armis, frugibus, arte viris._ +_Ursorum Rabies, nulla est ibi; saeva Leonum_ +_Semina, nec unquam __SCOTICA__ Terra tulit_ +_Nulla Venena nocent, nec Serpens serpit in Herba,_ +_Nec conquesta canit Garula Rana Lacu;_ +_In qua __SCOTORUM__ Gentes habitare merentur_ +_Inclita Gens Hominum Milite, Pace, Fide._ + +Thus Englished by the Ingenius and Reverend Mr. _Dunkin_: + +"Far Westward, lies an Isle of antient Fame, +By Nature bless'd, and SCOTIA is her Name; +Enroll'd in Books: Exhaustless is her Store +Of veiny Silver, and of Golden Ore: +Her fruitful Soil for ever teams with Wealth, +With Gems her Waters, and her Air with Health: +Her verdant Fields with Milk and Honey flow; +Her woolly Fleeces vie with Virgin Snow: +Her waving Furrows float with bearded Corn, +And Arms and Arts her envy'd Sons adorn. +No savage Bear, with lawless Fury, roves; +No rav'nous Lion, thro' her peaceful Groves; +No Poison there infects; no scaly Snake +Creeps thro' the Grass, nor Frog annoys the Lake: +An Island worthy of its pious Race, +In War triumphant, and unmatch'd in Peace." + +This _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesula_, was an _Irishman_, of the antient and +hospitable Family, afterwards _O Hogan_; a Family which held ample and +fair Possessions in the Province of _Munster_, and which, in former Times, +adorned the See of _Killaloe_, with four very learned and exemplary +Prelates; namely, with _Matthew O Hogan_, who succeeded to this +Bishoprick, in the Reign of _Henry_ the IIId, and in the Year of our Lord +1267; and who, having much enlarged his Diocese, and done many signal Acts +of popular Charity, died in the Year, 1281, and was buried in _Limerick_, +in a Convent of _Dominican_ Friars. To this Bishop succeeded _Maurice O +Hogan_, who governed this See with peculiar Zeal and Charity, upwards of +sixteen Years, and died in 1298, or the Year following, and was buried in +his own Church. _Thomas O Hogan_, Canon of _Killaloe_, was consecrated in +1343, and died on the 30th of _October_, 1354; five Days after which, he +was buried among his worthy Ancestors at _Nenagh_; as may be seen in the +Annals of that Place. + +_Richard O Hogan_ succeeded to the See of _Killaloe_, in 1525, and was in +1539 translated to _Clon Mac Nois_: He was a Prelate of great Learning and +Capacity, in all spiritual and ecclesiastical Matters. + +This antient Family is, at this Time, represented by _Edmund O Hogan_, +Esq; High Sheriff of the County of _Clare_, a Gentleman, who, by the whole +Tenor of his Life, hath proved Generosity of Heart, Charity, and +Hospitality, to be Qualities inherent. + +_Dermod Mac Murchad_, sovereign Prince of _Hy-Kinsellagh_, banished by +_Roderick O Connor_, King of _Ireland_, for his various and high State +Crimes, sought Sanctuary and Redress in the Court of _England_; where, in +the Absence of _Henry_, then in _Normandy_, diverse adventurous _Normans_, +_Flemings_, _Saxons_, and old _Britons_, (being themselves unsettled, and +unestablished) acceded to the Fate and Fortunes of _Dermod_, under the +Conduct of _Strongbow_, Earl of _Pembroke_; whose casual Success in +_Ireland_, against _Roderick_ (owing _more_ to the general Defection, at +that fatal Period, of the _Irish_ Chiefs against their lawful Sovereign, +than to any _superior Valour_ or Address of those Adventurers) induced +_Henry_ to a deliberate and grand Invasion of a Kingdom, to which he could +lay no Claim on the Score of Nature, Reason, or Right, and whither his +pretended Mission, on the Score of collecting St. _Peter_'s Dues, (which +St. _Peter_ himself never once thought of, or imagined) was as +_ridiculous_ as _groundless_. The _Summa Dies_, however, arrived: and the +People of _Ireland_, wearied out with intestine Strife, acknowledged +_Henry_ for their Sovereign Lord; and a grand Charter of Rights and +Covenants, mutual Protection and Allegiance, was entered into, anteriorly +to that of _England_. How well this Charter was _observed_ on the +_protective_ Side, the absolute Anarchy of near four Centuries, from its +original Date and Perfection, to the Reign of Queen _Elizabeth_, +demonstrates: A whole Nation, that sought Protection, and that _agreed_ +for quiet, regular, and lawful Government, upon rationable Terms, deprived +of the Power of ordaining Laws for its own Security and Well-being, and +precluded (all to four or five great and favourite Families) from the +Benefits and Advantages accruing from those of that Kingdom, to which it +had voluntarily united itself; exposed, through such a Length of Time, to +arbitary Depredations, and unpunished, unredressed, uncensured Rapine, +_Quis talia sando temperet a Lachrymis_! + +King _Henry_ called back into _England_, to lay the Storms raised by his +rebellious Sons, with whom and _Thomas Becket_, Archbishop of +_Canterbury_, he was so constantly embroiled to the End of his Life, that +he could little attend to the Settlement of the Affairs of this new +acquired Sovereignty. + +_Richard_ the First, his immediate Successor, called away to the Holy Wars +against the _Saracens_, had as little Leisure as his Predecessor to +promote the Quiet, or Happiness of _Ireland_. + +From the usurped Authority of King _John_, a continued Series of Papal +Animosity, Bloodshed, Calamities and Piracies, closed at last by Poison; +little beside political Disasters of all Sorts, could be expected. + +_Henry_ the Third, through a Reign of Fifty-six Years, was continually +involved in Troubles and Hostilities, with his inflexible _English_ +Barons. + +_Edward_ the First, a great and warlike Prince, was, throughout his whole +Reign, engaged in the Reduction of the _Welch_ and _Scots_, and so intent +thereon, that he could turn his Thoughts to no other Object. + +_Edward_ the Second, indeed, sent _Gaveston_ hither, more to screen him +from the implacable Resentments of the stubborn _English_ Nobility, than +to render any good Offices to the Inhabitants of this Country; who, +indiscriminately, (_Strongbownians_ as well as _Irish_) felt the Severity +of that insolent Favourite's Measures. + +_Richard_ the Second visited this Kingdom in Person, with the good +Intentions of establishing Peace, Order, and Harmony, in a valuable but +long neglected Estate: Yet his own adverse Fate, conspiring with that of +this Land, called him back, before he could carry his favourable +Resolutions into Execution, to defend his _English_ Dominions from the +hostile Attacks of _Henry_, Earl of _Hereford_, who, with the Duke of +_Norfolk_, Son to _John_ of _Gaunt_, had some Years before been banished +by _Richard_, to prevent a personal Combat: This King, worthy more +propitious Stars, long agitated and afflicted by the Turbulence and +irreconcilable Obstinacy of his _British_ Subjects, perished at last under +the impious Hands of Sir _Pierce_ of _Exton_, who, at the Head of eight +barbarous armed Assassins, rushed into his Chamber, and murdered him. + +The Reign of _Henry_ the Fourth was short, tumultuous, and bloody; Deluges +of noble Blood having been shed by the bare Hands of the common +Executioner, to confirm a Throne acquired by abominable Crimes, and +Violence! And no sooner had these dreadful Storms begun to abate, than +_Henry_ was forced to depart from a Scene he had more adorned, (for he +was, without Question, a great and valiant Man) had not his Ambition +blindly hurried him beyond the Bounds of Justice and Nature. + +_Henry_ the Fifth, his Son and Successor, and truly Inheritor of his +Ambition and warlike Genius, imagining himself aggrieved by the _Salique +Law_, which excluded his Great Great-Grandmother, _Isabel_, from the +Monarchy of _France_, turned his elevated Thoughts intirely to the +Conquest of that Kingdom: Wherein, by his own vast Merit in martial +Affairs, and the Co-operation of the Queen of _France_, (Consort of +_Charles_ the Sixth, then frantick,) and that of the Duke of _Burgundy_, a +great and powerful Prince, he so far succeeded, as, after his Marriage +with _Catharine de Valois_, Daughter of _Charles_ the Sixth, to be +crowned, and acknowledged King of _France_. + +To this great and victorious Monarch succeeded _Henry_ the Sixth, who, +through a long, various, and constantly clouded Reign, seemed the very +Play of Fortune! This Day a King, the next a Prisoner! One Day acknowleged +by his Parliament, the next attainted! One Day a Conqueror, and the next a +Captive! + +Fierce, frequent, and bloody, were the Conflicts between the Houses of +_York_ and _Lancaster_, the _White_ and _Red Roses_; the former +endeavouring to recover its Loss, the latter to maintain its usurped +Authority. In this dreadful Quarrel perished two hundred thousand of +private Soldiers; ten thousand of the Nobility, Gentry, and Persons of +Distinction; three Kings; and, at last, the entire Race of _Plantagenet_. + +_Edward_ the Fourth soon fell, by his natural Intemperance, or rather by +the insatiable Cruelty of _Gloucester_; who had already sacrificed his +Brother _Clarence_, to pave his Way to the Throne. Nor better fared it +with _Edward_ the Fifth, who, by all the Arts of Seduction and Delusion, +which his unnatural Uncle and Guardian, _Richard_, practised on the Fears +and Weakness of the Queen Dowager; was, with his Brother the Duke of +_York_, conveyed with great Pomp to the Tower; where the bloody Tyrant, +aided by the Duke of _Buckingham_, soon sacrificed those young, innocent +and hopeful Princes to his wicked and boundless Ambition. But he soon +after lost his own flagitious Life, and a most cruelly-acquired Crown, on +the Plains of _Bosworth_. + +To him succeeded _Henry_ the Seventh, and the first of the Race of +_Tudor_, a great, wise and valiant Prince, but rather too much inclined to +Rigour, and Avarice; Imperfections which extremely blemished his other +great Qualities. + +In the tenth Year of this Reign, the Parliamentary Constitution of +_Ireland_ received a deeper Stab than had ever before, or since, been +inflicted thereon, by a Statute Law, commonly called _Poynin_'s Act; by +which a new, and, till that wretched Period, an unheard of Order, was +added to the three established Ranks of the State. By this Law, the +_English_ Privy-Council may impose a _Negative_ on the _free_ and +_unanimous_ Parliamentary Ordinances of the representative Body of the +Kingdom of _Ireland_; a manifest Injury to the Authority and Dignity of +Parliament; and an equal Diminution of the Royal Prerogative, that only +should include, and should alone exert, a Power so important. + +In Times dark, tumultuated and dangerous, no Wonder extraordinary Laws +should pass: _Desperate Diseases_ require _desperate Remedies_: But when +the _Fever_ is removed, it certainly is a horrid Management to leave the +blistering Plaister _still sticking_ to the _recovered_ Patient's Back. + +The Distempers of this Nation were heavy, complicated and chronic; and +finally curable, only by the salutary all-healing Hands of our present +King, and present Parliament. + +To _Henry_ the Seventh succeeded _Henry_ the Eighth, as consummate a +Tyrant, in every Sense, as ever swayed the _British_, or any other +Sceptre; whose whole Life was so continued a Scene of wanton Dissipation, +Lust, Cruelty, Rapine, Bloodshed and Sacrilege, that it must have been a +peculiar Happiness, to any Part of his Dominions, to have been _neglected_ +or _forgotten_ by him: Nor could the two succeeding Reigns of _Edward_ the +Sixth, and Queen _Mary_, short, various, cloudy, and vastly agitated on +the Score of Religion, (which, in those two Reigns, took Faces almost +diametrically opposite,) afford this Kingdom much reflected Sunshine. + +To those ensued that of Queen _Elizabeth_, a Princess of powerful +Abilities, who, truly intent on the Peace and Welfare of her Subjects, +caused her Laws to operate, and Justice to circulate in this Kingdom, +abandoned, as hath been observed, to a State almost of Anarchy, thro' a +dismal Series of seventeen Reigns: But the Reformation in Religion, which +she established in _England_, and introduced in _Ireland_, much obviated +her Purposes for the latter Kingdom: For, the _Irish_, more tenacious of +their Altars, than of their Fire-places, could not easily reconcile +themselves to the Exchange of a Religion they deemed a _new one_, for +_that_ they had been in Possession of from the fourth, to the fifteenth +Century: Which produced a rebellious Defection, in a few of the principal +Chieftains of this Land, and gave Occasion to the greedy Provincial +Precedents, of trumping up _imaginary Rebellions_, to pave the Way to +_real Forfeitures_; thereby to aggrandize their own Houses; what some of +them effectually accomplished, to the Ruin and Extirpation of many honest +Families. + +This great and illustrious Princess, (whose Reign had remained +untarnished, had it not been for the Death of the ill-fated Queen of +_Scotland_) was succeeded by _James_ the Sixth of _Scotland_, and the +first of the _Stuart_ Race that governed _England_: From this Prince, +descended of _Irish_ Kings, the People of _Ireland_ might have expected +many Favours and Immunities; wherein, however, they were miserably +disappointed: Which, with a Train of other Hardships and antiparental +Severities, (particularly his alienating, at _one Stroke_, six of the best +Counties in the Kingdom, on the _procured_ Testimony of an obscure +wretched Individual, one _Teige Lenane_,) is too sufficient and too +lasting a Proof of: _Heu! tot Conquesta Annorum, hauserit una Dies!_ The +Possession of at least twenty Centuries, of the great and good, the heroic +and hospitable _O Neils_, _O Donnels_, _Mac Guires_, _Mac Gennises_, _O +Reillys_, _O Cahanes_, &c. ravished away to gratify hungry Favourites, and +indigent Relatives! the six Counties, however, as the Law Term has it, +_escheated_. Had the _Highlands_ of _Scotland_, at that unhappy Period, +been more populated, probably six or eight Counties _more_ had been +procured to _escheat_, and there had been _a braa Clutch of bonny +Traitors_; the _O Connors_, _Mac Carthys_, _O Briens_, _O Donnels_, _O +Hares_, _O Malones_, &c. had been _all_ in the _same Bottom_ with the +Families above mentioned; especially, as they could not, according to +_James_ the First's own Phrase, _look to the Pope, and row with him_. + +To _James_ the 6th of _Scotland_, and first of _England_, succeeded +_Charles_ the First; who, notwithstanding his eminent Possession of all +the Virtues that adorn and illustrate human Nature, could neither divert +the adverse Fate of Subjects, or prevent his own. + +The Disseisin of many honest Families in the County of _Kilkenny_, and +elsewhere, by the Earl of _Strafford_, on stale Pretences of _Non +Performance of Covenants_ on their Part; his Attempt of confiscating +twenty-five Parts in thirty of the whole Province of _Connaught_, on a +Claim of Descent, dormant 300 Years, and _originally ill founded_, with +the arbitrary Steps by him taken to the Accomplishment of this wasteful +Purpose; too clearly proved that Nobleman a second _Verres_. The cruel and +intoxicated Administration of the Rump Parliament; the insolent, +licentious, and riotous Controul of the military _Independents_; the +abject Tyranny of _Oliver Cromwell_, who prostrated Constitution, Church +and State, will always be recollected with the Contempt, Horror, and +Detestation of every good Subject. + +The Calamities from 1641, to the happy Restoration of King _Charles_ the +Second, in 1660, being common to all good Subjects, were the more +tolerable, _ferre quam sortem patiuntur omnes, nemo recusat_: But now or +never, surely, might his ever loyal, ever faithful _Irish_ Subjects have, +with the most reasonable Assurance, hoped, if not for publick and lasting +Rewards, the common Wages of uncommon Fidelity; at least, for a +Restitution of what had been their own, through Ages immemorial. + +Will late Posterity _believe_, that, in Favour of mercenary Adventurers, +who advanced Money to provide for a desperate regicide Army; in Favour of +the Officers of this same Army, whom their Ringleader _Cromwell_, seared +as his Conscience was, indulged with no more than _temporary_ Grants of +the Estates belonging to the King's most faithful Subjects: Will +Posterity, I say, believe, that, in special Favour of such Men, those +_identical Subjects_, the bravest Advocates, as well as the most +affectionate undeviating Friends of the Monarchy and Constitution, were +_for ever_ deprived of their Properties! To remunerate the _others_, the +most _inveterate_ and _implacable_ Enemies of EITHER! _Doing Good for +Evil_ is a Divine Precept, and certainly includes a most sublime Moral; +but _rendering Evil for Good_, is such a Principle as must carry Horror +with it, among savage Nations! + +The King of _France_'s immediate Letter, on this Subject, to King +_Charles_ the Second, as it reflects Honour on the Memory of those +illustrious Sufferers, I therefore take Leave to transcribe in this Place. + + * * * * * + +_His Most Christian Majesty's Letter to the King of __Great Britain__, in +Favour of the __Roman Catholicks__ of __Ireland__._ + + + "Most High, Most Excellent, and Most Potent Prince, our dear and + well-beloved Brother and Cousin! At the same Time that we have + been told of your Majesty's great Goodness towards your Subjects, + and the Precedent you have given of an extraordinary Clemency, in + granting them your general Amnesty (some few only excepted, of + those whom the Blood of their King, and that of his People, cry + aloud to Heaven for Revenge against). We could not but let your + Majesty know, that we were extremely surprized to hear, that the + _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_ were _excluded_ from that Act of + Oblivion, and, by that Means, put into the Number of the _most + criminal_! This News has so much the more excited our Compassion + towards them, that we have been informed, that, in _all the + Changes_ which have hitherto happened in your Dominions, and in + the almost general _Defection of_ your Subjects, _none_ stood + _more constant_ to their lawful Sovereign, even in the greatest + Streights, than the _Catholicks_: So that, if they are now branded + for their Religion, it may be said, for their Honour, that, in + Times past, none could be found _readier_, or more _cheerfully + disposed_, than _they_, to serve and assist their Prince; and that + with so much _Ardour_, that their Zeal then for the Royal Family + was reckoned a certain Mark of their true Religion. It is for that + Reason that we now become their Intercessors to you: For, + otherwise, had they _failed_ in the Fidelity they owe you, instead + of interceding for them, we would join with you in using them with + all imaginable Rigour; and it would never come into our Thoughts + to concern ourselves, as we do, for the _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_; + though we _were obliged to it_, by the last Treaty of Peace made + with the Marquess of _Ormond_, and which was granted them by our + Mediation. And, as we are well assured, that, since the Conclusion + of that Peace, they have done Nothing which can be called a + _Failure of their Duty to you_, we find ourselves under so much + the greater Obligation to conjure you, to make good that Treaty to + them, in that they _religiously_ observed it on _their_ Side, in + all its Parts: And to beseech you not to suffer, that either the + Hatred, which an immoderate Zeal swells some bigotted Sectaries + with, nor the unlucky Spoils of these poor People, render criminal + or miserable the _most faithful_ of your Subjects; to whom their + lawful King, as you are, is not _the less dear_, nor _less + respected_, because of a _different Belief_ from _theirs_. We + propose Nothing to ourselves in this, nor ask any Thing, but what + we daily _practise_ (as you may know) towards those of our + Subjects who are of the _reformed Religion_. And, as we have + commanded the Sieur Marquis _de Rouvigny_ to explain our + Sentiments more amply on this Subject to you, be pleased to give + him a favourable Audience: And, above all Things, be perswaded, + that, in this Affair, we have no less your own _true Interest_ in + View, than what _natural Reason_ and _Equity_ requires; and that + our sincere Friendship for you is the principal Motive of this + Request. Dated at _Paris_, the 7th of _September_, 1660." + + +The _good_ King _Charles_, regardless of this important Solicitation, +unattentive to the plain Suggestions of _common Right_, and unaccountably +forgetful of all their _past signal Services_ and inviolate Zeal; observed +indeed that those faithful _Irish_ Subjects had no Stock; consequently, +that dispossessing the Adherents of _Oliver_, who, with the Land, had +pirated the national Stock, would cause much Confusion. As for the +_former_, he hoped some Settlement might in Time be found for them; (in +Truth, I believe, for aught his Majesty in Reality concerned himself, this +might have been in _Terra Australis Incognita_). Their Want of Stock is +the less to be admired at, it being well known, that, with their Pay in +foreign Service, chiefly expended to contribute all in their Power to the +_Royal Support_, they even went so far as to sell their Plate, and +valuable Moveables, to answer the same _generous Purpose_: But, when every +known Acre in the Kingdom, that could be disposed of, was given away by +Wholesale to the Duke of _York_, the Heir-apparent of the Crown, (partial +Distribution!) to new-fangled Favourites, and the staunch old Enemies of +Church and Crown; it was hoped some Lands might be _yet_ discovered, to +satisfy and compensate those _Irish_ Worthies, who had Nothing left for +their Support, beside an inalienable Sense of Honour and Loyalty, and a +Character of invincible Fidelity (which all Nations admired and +applauded). No such Discovery, however, was made, nor any relative to the +_Irish_, under that Administration, but what tended to convince them, by +the famous Act of Settlement, _&c._ of the extraordinary severe +Peculiarity of their Fate! Yet, ordained to shew Posterity unprecedented +Specimens of Loyalty and Zeal, they still adhered, with inflexible +Constancy, to the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, not mindful of +their Injuries by _James_ the First, their unexampled Sufferings by the +excessive harsh Measures of King _Charles_ the First, his Ministers, and +Deputies, or their unheard-of Treatment (I won't say _Wrongs_, it being a +Maxim the King of _England_ can do none) by King _Charles_ II. Little +Wonder, a House, constantly sapping it's own best Pillars, should at +length fall. + +King _James_ the Second, constrained to abdicate the Throne of _England_, +endeavoured the Preservation of this his Kingdom of _Ireland_, where his +faithful Subjects, (a Remnant of the various and manifold Wastes of +foregoing Reigns) considering the thousand Disadvantages they laboured +under, made _such a Stand_ as later Ages will look up to with +Astonishment! A Parcel of Men, congregated in the utmost Hurry and +Confusion, undisciplin'd, unarm'd, uncloathed, unpaid! Yet did those very +Men, animated by the Example of their heroick Leaders, (I mean their +immediate Lords and Countrymen) on the Plains of _Aughrim_, convince the +best veteran Army that Day in _Europe_, superior in Numbers, excellently +provided for in every Respect, and conducted by a Prince of singular +Valour and Address, that _Irishmen_ were deserving of more auspicious +Stars. + +Never was a more gallant Defence than they, after this, made in +_Limerick_; where, although abandoned by the Prince, (whose Cause they had +so remarkably espoused) and his auxiliary _French_, they obtained an +honourable CAPITULATION from those in Commission under King _William_ the +Third, whose strict _Observance_ thereof, to the End of his glorious Life, +reflects, among many other his great Atchievements, deserved Honour on his +Memory. + +The distinguished Figure made by those Noblemen and Gentlemen, who, +regardless of _Property_ or _Ease_, followed the Destiny of that +hard-fated Prince, King _James_ the Second, (namely, the Lords +_Mount-Cashel_, _Tyrconnel_, _Clare_ and _Lucan_, the _Dillons_, +_Nugents_, _Rooths_, _Burkes_, _Lees_, _Fitz-Geralds_, _Cooks_, _Lacys_, +_Browns_, _Wogans_, _Baggots_, _Sheridans_, _Creaghs_, _Plunkets_, +_Barnewals_, _Neagles_, _Lallys_, _Mac Carthys_, _Mac Donnels_, _Mac +Guires_, _Mac Namarras_, _Mac Mahons_, _Mac Gennis's_, _O Neils_, _O +Connors_, _O Donnels_, _O Briens_, _O Dwyers_, _O Shaghnussys_, _O +Mahonys_, _O Sullivans_, _O Kellys_, _O Ferralls_, _O Reillys_, _O Haras_, +_O Hogans_, _O Byrnes_, _O Daes_, &c. &c. &c. the military Annals of +_Germany_, _France_, _Spain_, _Flanders_, _Italy_, _Naples_, and +_Russia_), must bear ample and authentic Testimony of, to future Ages. + +Those were they, of whom Dr. _Mac en Crow_ gives the following concise, +but just and happy Character. + + + _Genus acre Bello, Studiis Genus acre Minervae, Devotumque mori pro + Rege, Fideque tuendis._ + + +Among those who followed the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, were Sir +_Richard Neagle_, his Attorney-General, and Dr. _Moore_, Provost of +_Trinity-college_, near _Dublin_; two Gentlemen very justly distinguished +in their respective Spheres; the former, a Gentleman of unshaken +Integrity, and great Capacity in the Profession of the Laws; the latter, +of exemplary Piety, universal Learning, and fine Accomplishments. _Louis_ +the Fourteenth, then King of _France_, protected those worthy deserving +Men, with singular Tenderness and Attention; and was instructed and guided +solely by Dr. _Moore_, in the restoring, establishing, and modelling the +University of _Paris_, at that gloomy Period! quite buried in perplexed, +unintelligible, peripatetic Philosophy, and disfigured with romantic +Legends, and Gothic Jingle! But, at the Doctor's Appearance, Entities, +Quiddities, Sympathies, Antipathies, occult Qualities, substantial Forms, +metaphysical Degrees, Categories, and all this unideal wordy Stuff, +vanished; and were succeeded by a clear, concise Method of Reasoning, and +sound, useful, and experimental Philosophy. _Greek_, _Hebrew_, _Syriac_, +_Chaldaic_, and _Arabic_, were Languages _untaught_, _unknown_, in the +University of _Paris_, before Dr. _Moore_; for whom particularly, _Louis_ +the Fourteenth founded, established, and endowed the Royal College, now +called _College du Cambray_: And how well our Doctor succeeded therein, +may be inferred from the Character and Writings of his Pupils and Hearers, +_Boileau_, _Fontinelle_, _Porec_, _Montesquieu_, _Fleuri_, _Lauguet_, with +many others, and _Rollin_, his peculiar Favourite and immediate Successor, +_all_ great Genius's, applauded Writers, and celebrated Wits. So that, as +_Ireland_ had the Honour of founding, it had also that of restoring and +reviving the great University of _Paris_, in the Persons of two of its +learned Natives. + +The Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_ (glorious to her Arms, under the +Conduct of _John_, Duke of _Marlborough_, and her other Generals, and +justly distinguished by the Number of great Genius's and Wits, who +enlightened that Period) was in this Kingdom chiefly employed in +_additional_ Acts against the further Growth of Popery: And many there +were, who deemed it an unparallel'd Severity in her Majesty, to give her +Royal Assent to them particular Laws; by which the _Roman Catholicks_ of +_Ireland_ (already ruined by their inimitable Allegiance to her Royal +Father, Uncle, and Grandfather) were _precluded_ from availing themselves, +by a tolerable easy Lease, of any Part or Parcel of these Estates, +forfeited by their Ancestors, thro' their unremitting Endeavours, to +support and maintain that Stem, of which she was herself an immediate +Branch. + +So late even as this Reign, the whole Kingdom of _Ireland_ was a desolate +diffusive Scene of total Decay! covered with all the ghastly Symptoms of +the Consumption of Centuries! But, at length, on the happy Accession of +his late Majesty of glorious Memory, the blissful Morning of Peace and +Concord began its auspicious Dawn! Yet, as Time, publick Spirit, +Patriotism (in its highest Conception) and unwearied Diligence, were all +collectively essential to the giving Life, Vigour, and Activity, to +national Industry and Improvement, so very long in a melancholy State of +Languor and Oppression: Not before the present truly glorious Reign, did +_Hibernia_ tune her old Harp, now newly strung to universal Harmony and +Elegance, and rear her awful Head from the stupid dismal Dozes of Ages; +where comes the literal Application of my third Motto, RENASCIMUR. + + + _Hinc priscae redeunt Artes, felicibus inde Ingeniis aperitur iter, + despectaque Musae Colla levant.----_ + + +Having travelled through a tedious Night, thick-set with Horrors of +various Hues! and thus come to the End of a painful Journey; give me +Leave, kind Reader, to indulge awhile with admiring the beautiful Variety +of Objects, which now surround me, to the serene Delight of the Mind, and +refined Gratification of Sense; before I attempt that Display of them to +which I have no Occasion of professing my Inequality. + +In this Reign, and not before, our Linen Manufacture, in many Respects one +of the most profitable Branches of our national Commerce, received all the +Encouragement from Royal Bounty, and Parliamentary Sanction, that could be +reasonably hoped for. + +Persons of the highest Rank, Dignity, and Fortune, were appointed +_Trustees_ for the Propagation, Encouragement, and Diffusion, of this +beneficial Trade, throughout the respective Provinces. + +The _Linen-Hall_ was erected in _Dublin_, under as just and nice +Regulations as any commercial House in _Europe_. + +The North of _Ireland_ began to wear an Aspect entirely new; and, from +being (through Want of Industry, Business, and Tillage) the almost +exhausted Nursery of our _American_ Plantations, soon became a populous +Scene of Improvement, Traffic, Wealth, and Plenty; and is, at this Day, a +well-planted District, considerable for Numbers of well-affected, useful, +and industrious Subjects. + +Now arose, now shone forth, the ever Honourable DUBLIN SOCIETY; a Society +equalled by none. It is true, we read of Patriarchs, Philosophers, +Warriors, Orators, and Poets; of Senates, Parliaments, Councils, _&c._ but +we no where, abstracted from our own Country, meet a Set of pious +Patriots, from their _private Funds_, adorning their Country in general, +in every Degree and Branch of Industry, and Improvement; and, inspired +with Sentiments truly public and social, munificently rewarding their +Countrymen, of whatsoever Denomination, without Favour or Distinction; for +meliorating their proper Estates, or Farms; for excelling in any +Production of Nature, or Art; for any Discovery, or Invention, useful to +Mankind: A Set of _truly honourable_, and _generous_ Personages, +instructing their Countrymen with clear, yet philosophical Precepts, +encouraging them by their Example, and rewarding them from their +inexhaustible Bounty! _Such_, and _such unrivalled_, is the ILLUSTRIOUS +DUBLIN SOCIETY! What Pity, the ample Distributions, and instructive +Writings of this learned and munificent Body, are not regularly published, +in _Latin_, _English_, and _French_, for the peculiar Honour of this +Nation, the Edification of Posterity, and as a bright Pattern of Imitation +to all other civiliz'd Countries! + +Now likewise appeared the _Philharmonic Society_, that, (from a few +Gentlemen, who used _occasionally_ to meet, in order to while away an Hour +with a gentle Tune, and chearful Glass) grew into an harmonious Body, not +alone for the Improvement of the charming Art of Music, but for the +_effectual Relief_ also of successive Thousands, from Misery, Famine, and +Confinement: _Concordia res parvae crescunt_. ORPHEUS, we are told, built +the Walls of _Thebes_, by the irresistible Powers of Harmony: Be this true +or fabulous; how many Iron Gates have we not seen open, to the persuasive +Charities of this tuneful Society! how many gloomy Cells vacated by their +Charms! This elegant Society, by moderate Loans, Interest-free to the +industrious Poor, prevents many such from getting into the Distress of +Prisons, or following offensive Courses; and, by enabling them to obtain +an honest Livelihood, rendereth them useful Members to the Community: So +that, of this Society, it might have been justly said, + +_Omne tulit Punctum quae miscuit utile dulci._ + +In this happy Reign was incorporated, under the protective Sanction of +Royal Bounty, a Society, truly Christian, for the pious Establishment of +_Protestant_ CHARTER-SCHOOLS throughout the Kingdom: An Institution far +more productive of national Morality, and Reformation, than +excommunicative Discipline, or restrictive penal Statutes; since +Persuasion and Rewards have ever been, and must ever continue to be, more +consistent with the meek and benevolent Temper of true Christianity, more +effectual, Apostolic, and Catholic, than _Punishments_, _Persecution_, or +_Sequestrations_. + +In this Reign shines out a Christian Divine, who, in the inestimable +individual Dr. _Madden_, collects _a whole Society of Patriots_; a +venerable Man, not alone the Guide of his particular Congregation, but a +pure, also clear and lasting Light of Perfection, and noble Imitation, to +his Countrymen in general. + +On _Madden_, kindred Angels smile! +Bright Mirrour to his native Isle! +To whom old Age shall say, and Youth, +With grateful and prophetic Truth, + +_Semper Honos, Nomenq; tuum, Laudesq; manebunt._ + +St. _Patrick's_ Hospital, for the Reception of Lunaticks and Ideots, a +lasting Monument of the late Dean _Swift's_ Charity, as are his various +Writings, of his great Genius and Wit: _Mercer's_ charitable Hospitable in +_Stephen-street_: The noble Hospital for the Relief of poor +Lying-inn-Women, of the Projection of our late excellent Countryman, Dr. +_Bartholomew Mosse_; by which a great Number of Women and Children are +preserved from miserable and untimely Ends: The _Charitable Infirmary_ on +the _Inns-Quay_: The New Hospital for _Incurables_, on _Lazer's-Hill_: St. +_Nicholas's_ Hospital, in _Francis-street_: The _Meath_ Hospital, in +_Skinner's Alley_: The _Lock_ Hospital, in _George's-Lane_, for hapless +Women and Children, tainted with the Venereal Infection: And the +Charitable Hospital in _King-street, Oxmantown_, are all the humane and +pious Growth of this transcendent Reign. + +Those Hospitals are duly and regularly attended, by the most eminent +Physicians, and skilful Surgeons, without Fee or Reward: So that, from +this obvious Consideration, the frequent and large Collections in our +Churches, for the comfortable Support, and Christian Education, of +indigent Boys; the stated Distributions of our Chief Magistrates, to the +Helpless and Needy; and, in Truth, from the general Disposition of its +worthy Inhabitants; we may, without any Risque of incurring the least +Censure of Adulation, or Vanity, pronounce DUBLIN as charitable a +Metropolis as any in the known World. In the beautiful new Garden, plann'd +by Dr. _Mosse_, breathing in all the natural Fragrance of the Spring, +adorned with all the Elegancies of Art, all the Splendor of Illumination, +and inspired with the most soothing Charms of delightful Harmony; to +behold Crowds of young Ladies, in the full Glow of Beauty, and Bloom of +Youth, finely habited, and elegantly decorated in the Manufactures of our +own Country, (and finished in the most exquisite Taste, by our own +Artizans); to behold them, I say, converting their very Amusements and +Recreations to the heavenly Purposes of relieving the Distressed, must, to +every thinking _Irish_ Spectator, afford a Prospect of the utmost rational +Joy! + +As all Men, who render their Country distinguished Honour, or singular +Service, deserve, therefore, lasting Monuments of public grateful +Acknowledgment to their Memories; it is hoped that, in this Respect, Dr. +_Mosse_ will not be forgotten by those who are evidently fond of +encouraging and rewarding public Zeal: + +Eternal Joys to _Mosse_ kind Heaven give, +By whom, on Earth, so many Thousands live! + +The _Marine Society_, of recent Institution also, disposeth many poor +young Men into a Condition of acquiring an honest, and praise-worthy +Livelihood, and of becoming useful Members of the Community; by serving on +Board of his Majesty's Fleets in War-time, and serving our Merchants in +Times of Peace; and, in this double Capacity, of contributing to the +general Welfare of their Mother-Country, to which they may otherwise prove +a Burden. + +Our publick Entertainments of various Kinds are, for the most Part, +conducted with strict Propriety, and real Politeness; those especially of +the Theatre, which should, by no Means, pass for Matter of slight or +casual Consideration; seeing the _Romans_, the greatest of all People, +esteemed the Theatre worthy the Attention of particular Laws, _Roscia Lex +Theatralis_, &c. Mr. _Sheridan_'s general Merit as a _Player_ stands +confessed; but as a _Manager_, that Gentleman's falling frequently under +the heavy Displeasure of the Public, (whether from an haughty Distaste to +his Profession, or indulged Arrogance of Temper) with his violent +Introduction of anti-dramatick Rope and Wire-dancing, Tumbling, and +Fire-eating, to the visible Degradation of a liberal Stage, whereon +nothing mean, shocking, or monstrous, should ever appear; he hath not +succeeded so well: Then, his Scheme of uniting an Academy, for the sober +regular Education of Youth, with a publick Theatre, seemed rather the +feverish Delusion of a distempered Brain, and heated Imagination, than the +cool deliberate Result of rational Judgment; from which fermented Source, +also seem'd directly to flow his avowed Concern for the _long lost Art of +Oratory_ among us: Had Mr. _Sheridan_ attended to the Debates of our High +Court of Parliament; been frequent in our different Churches, and at the +Bars of our Courts of Judicature; and had, in this Case, formed a +comparative Judgment, from the Writings of _Demosthenes_, _Plato_, +_Isocrates_, _Cicero_, and _Pliny_ the Younger; from the Rules and +Precepts of _Aristotle_, _Longinus_, _Horace_, _Quinctilian_, _Scaliger_, +_Rapin_, _Poree_, and _Rollin_; he had been _then_ convinced how little +Occasion there was for his _lamenting_ the _Loss_ of an Art in this +Kingdom, which breathes there in full Maturity of all it's persuasive +Charms. This his dogmatical Assertion of the _long-lost Art of Oratory_, +his wild _Academical_ Projects, with the foregoing theatrical +Inconsistencies, too much subject that Gentleman to the Character given, +by the _Roman_ Satirist, of an assuming sharp-set _Greekling_: + + + _Gramaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes, Augur, + Scoenobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit._ + + +Upon the Whole, I will readily grant Mr. _Sheridan_ a _Roscius_, if the +Name can sooth him; a _Critic_; nay, an _Orator_; but I shall be bold to +assert, that we have many, very many, in this Kingdom, of far greater +Powers than that Gentleman, whereof some of his Orations, _so called_, are +incontrovertible Testimonies. + +This Kingdom hath of late Years exhibited as justly celebrated Male and +Female Players, as any other; evinced in the Characters of Messieurs +_Quin_, _Ryan_, _Delane_, _Sheridan_, _Barry_, _Mossop_, _Dexter_, +_Sparks_, Mrs. _Woffington_, the inimitable Mrs. _Fitz-Henry_, and several +others, of either Sex. + +Mr. _Barry_'s Capacity, as a Manager, appeareth equal to his +eminently-affecting Powers in Tragedy, (so generally known, and so +unexceptionably confessed) from the magnificent Theatre, erected by that +Gentleman, with amazing Expedition, in Grandeur, Convenience, and +Elegance, preferable to any in _London_, or _Paris_: From the obliging +Decency the respective Performances thereof are conducted with, and +evidently from the surpassing theatrical Abilities of the Company, that, +with the most engaging Variety, entertains the Publick in _Crow-street_ +Play-house. I have sometimes seen, and have been as often delighted, with +Performances of the Gentlemen just mentioned, as with those of the admired +Mr. _Garrick_, and the famous Messieurs _Dufresne_, _Gossin_, and +_Quinault_; and, if I may take Leave to declare my Opinion, am therein +clear that Mr. _Barry_, in the exquisitely pathetick Strokes of deep +Tragedy, touches the Soul with as much delicate Sensibility, and, in the +irrefrainable Sallies of the more boisterous Passions, soars with as +majestick Wings, as any one of them, I will not say higher. To behold Mr. +_Barry_, sublimely struggling in a Storm of Adversity, with the sudden +Shocks, and unexpected Blows of Fortune; _then_, (when all human Efforts +must yield to inevitable Necessity) sinking in the irretrievable Plunge of +Sorrow and Calamities, with that calm Resignation ever attendant on true +Heroism; must convince any judicious Spectator of his being born a +Tragedian. I must here declare, that what I have advanced on this Subject +neither ariseth from Prepossession on one Side, or Prejudice on the other; +having no Manner of Connection, nay, not even a personal Acquaintance, +with Mr. _Barry_; nor any Objection to Mr. _Sheridan_, but such as must +naturally issue from my just Resentment against any Individual, of +whatsoever Rank, Character, or Denomination, who should prove so ignorant, +and yet so hardy, as to declare _Elocution lost_ in our native Country; an +illiberal Censure, which, if true, had necessarily wrapped our High Court +of Parliament, the whole Body of our Clergy, our University, Bench and +Bar, in Shades that, I am certain, had been never dispell'd by the +Approach of Light, so dim and glimmering as that Gentleman's. + +Let us now take a summary View of the Inhabitants of _Ireland_, in their +respective Ranks: And to begin with the Peers: Are they not such +Personages, as, by their Munificence, Affability of Manners, Easiness of +Comportment, Propriety of Appearance, and Generosity in dealing, reflect +true Honour on Nobility; and, Reality, derive their superior Rank, as much +from the Pre-eminence of their Virtues, as from the constitutional Dignity +of their Titles? + +The Encrease of our People, Wealth, Commerce, Industry, Arts, Inventions; +the extraordinary additional Number, in this happy Reign, of our beautiful +Seats, elegant Improvements, useful and ornamental Plantations, extensive +Inclosures, excellent high Roads, (formerly almost impassable,) with the +visible Reformation in national Harmony, and Allegiance, will best suggest +an Idea of the Honourable the House of Commons of _Ireland_, composed of +such candid Spirits, as, neither the Smiles or Frowns of superior +Influence, popular Views, or private Connections, can bend from the +various essential Duties due to their King, their Country, and themselves; +constant in their Attendance; careful in their Protection; and zealous in +their Promotion of publick Felicity; not more extensive in their noble +Projects, for this great Purpose, than expeditious in carrying those into +Execution. + +Our Constitution, partly of _Gothic_, partly of _Norman_ Institution, (the +first High Court of Parliament on the present Establishment, having been +ordained in the Reign of _Henry_ the First, Son of _William_ the +Conquerer) avoiding the turbulent Licentiousness of a _Democracy_, the +factious domineering Temper of _Aristocracy_, and the variable oppressive +Sway of _Arbitrary Monarchy_; but including, by an harmonious Assemblage, +the essential Virtues of those different Systems of Government; is +unquestionably the _best digested_ and _wisest_ in the known World: Under +which, the King and the Nobles, with the Commons, _unite_, to extend the +Commerce, promote the Happiness, guard over the Safety, preserve the +Lives, defend the Characters, support the Liberties, and protect the +Property of the People. Bless'd Constitution! O! may it ever flourish! +under whose mild and preservative Influence, a few only feel Restraint; +except from the Commission of private Evil, or social Injury. + +I have said a _Few only_; because there are some among us, who, on the +Score of Religion, are secluded from permanent Property: And even Those, +it is hoped, will, in Consideration of the invariable Tenor of their +humble and pacific Conduct, from the Capitulation of _Limerick_, to this +Day; and from their unanimous and chearful Obedience to our Civil +Government, e're long obtain some Mitigation of their Affairs; such the +benevolent Temper and Disposition of the present incomparable Reign! Some +late excellent(3) Pamphlets, wherein these Gentlemen's political +Principles are fully and clearly explained, shew of what signal Advantage +it had been to the Numbers, Industry, Health, Wealth, and Beauty of this +Kingdom, to indulge them a Property, even in our uncultivated Mountains, +dreary Wastes, and noxious Marshes: Which Measure, should it appear in a +true Light to our worthy Representatives, we may in a few Years more, hope +to see _Ireland_ one of the most beautiful, best-improved, +best-conditioned Islands in the Universe. Our Bench is adorned with +Honourable Personages, conspicuous for Learning, Integrity, Humanity, and +Impartiality; of whom, it may be boldly affirmed, and with the strictest +Truth, that they are not Favourers of Persons. The present Lord Chief +Justice of the _King-Bench_, the late Master of the Rolls, and Chancellor +of the Exchequer, Natives of _Ireland_, formed a Triumvirate, whose +Learning, Worth, and distinguished Abilities, had rendered them eminently +respectable in the brightest AEras, either of the _Roman_ Commonwealth, or +Empire. + +Our Attorney and Solicitor General, our Serjeants at Law, and King's +Council, with many eminent Barristers, and a Set of learned eloquent young +Gentlemen, all shining out together; such as _Tully_, _Hortensius_, and +_Pliny_, had with fond Tenderness cherished and with pleasing Pride, +avowed for their Pupils; form as distinguished a Body of Advocates and +Orators, as adorn any Courts of Judicature in _Europe_. + +In the Diocese of _Dublin_ existeth a truly pious Society for the Relief +and Support of the Widows and Children of the inferior Clergy thereof. It +is, indeed, surprizing in a Kingdom, such (thank Heaven) as _Ireland_ is, +that the Example of this charitable Society, hath not been _universally_ +followed. It hath often affected me to the Quick, to have seen a learned +Divine, after a tedious and painful Free-School Institution, and expensive +University Education, struggling, upon a poor Pension or Salary of _Forty_ +Pounds a Year, to maintain an honest Gentlewoman, Children, and Servants, +(and really with some Decency of Hospitality) sedulously discharging, at +the same Time, the different Duties of the pastoral Function; when a +_foreign Fidler_ shall run away with tripple that Sum, or more, for one +Night's Performance. I would by no Means be understood to derogate from +the Merits of fine Performers in the different Parts of Musick, or +endeavour to diminish their reasonable Perquisites: But, surely, such Men +and such Things are not to be thought of, in Competition with those, who, +by Teaching and Preaching, refine our Morals, instruct our Understandings, +inform our Lives, and enlighten our Souls with the celestial Spirit of the +Christian Faith; and thereby happily lead us, through this transient and +precarious State, to eternal Tranquilly and Bliss. I am not a Preacher; +but thus far shall venture: As the Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of +Wisdom, our generally following the heavenly Example of this venerable +Society, must be a great Test as well of the one, as the other. If the +Bishops, the temporal Lords, and great estated Men of each Diocese, would +but graciously lead the Way, it is not unlikely they had been attended by +Crowds of zealous Followers: And, in Fact, a _small_ Matter _annually set +apart_, from even the superfluous Outgoings of the Wealthy and Opulent, of +different Ranks, would very happily answer the generous noble End of +preserving, from an anxious State of particular Dependance, Numbers of +virtuous, well-educated Gentlewomen, and their Children, from the various +Miseries, which the untimely Death of a Father, and narrow Circumstances, +but too frequently expose them to; an End so every Way worthy the natural +Disposition, the benevolent Temper, the inherent Hospitality, and the +essentially-charitable Character of _Ireland_. + +Our _Protestant_ Brethren, the _Dissenters_, by a prudent and pious +Regulation of secreting one Pound a Year, each parochial Minister, for +this religiously humane Purpose, have constantly a Fund sufficient to +allow the Relict of each Clergyman twenty Pounds a Year, (which preserves +her from the Miseries of Want and Dependance) and have, at some Periods, +where-with to set their Children up, in an honest and creditable Way of +living. As we are emulously fond of adopting the Wisdom and Virtues of +each Christian Sect and Society, it is fervently hoped we will also this +tender and pious Scheme; a Scheme so comprehensive of true Charity, and so +productive of social and happy Effects! How difficult is it for Minds, +crowded with Cares, and beset with the pressing Calls of +Family-preservation, to attend, with due Composure and Inclination, to the +various indispensible Duties of the pastoral Office? But how chearfully +would those Reverend Gentlemen proceed in their divine Mission, when, by +some visible Provision for the proper Objects of their present Cares and +future Concern, they should, in a great Measure, be released from +domestick Anxiety, from gloomy Apprehensions, and alarming Prospects, into +the temporal Futurity of those, for whom they must be necessarily affected +with the most tender Feelings! + +The most convincing and decisive Method of adjudging Causes, being by a +comprehensive View and critical Examination of their Effects; of Streams, +by a nice Scrutiny and Investigation of their Sources; hence may we, from +the shining Characters, and extensive Abilities of our Divines and +Barristers, frame a just Idea of the University of _Dublin_, which, for +Compass and Extent of the Sciences, Variety of elegant Arts, found +Erudition, and polite Literature therein taught, in the most regular and +perspicuous Methods, is equalled by few, excelled by none. + +The Students are carefully instructed in the more refined Parts of +classical Learning; oriental, antient, and modern Languages; Criticism, +sacred and profane History, Oratory, Logick, Ethicks, and Metaphysicks; in +natural and experimental Philosophy; Anatomy, Botany and Chymistry; the +mathematicks, in Theory and Practice; Civil and Canon Laws; Theology, +Controversy, and Ecclesiastical History: So that, with a good Capacity, +and regular Application, one may depart this University, as completely and +happily instituted for the honorary Professions of Life, as may be +reasonably expected from any Nursery of Learning extant. The obtaining a +Fellowship in this University, is a demonstrative Test of comprehensive +native Talents, thorough intellectual Cultivation, deep and various +learned Acquirements. + +The _Newtonian_ Philosophy, the excellent _Boyle_'s experimental +Philosophy, and Mr. _Locke_'s Metaphysicks, prevail much in the College of +_Dublin_: Which, for Extent, Convenience, Magnificence, and a most +sumptuous elegant Library, exceeds any one College in _Europe_. The +beautiful Parks belonging to it, seem actually, on a serene Evening, the +delightful Vale of _Tempe_, or enchanting Recesses of _Parnassus_, +inhabited by all the Muses, all the Graces, with their charming Train. + +The Trade of _Ireland_, however in former Times miserably restrained and +limited, hath in this happy Reign received considerable Enlargements; such +as, the opening several Wooll-Ports; the Bounty on _Irish_ Linens, now our +staple Commodity, imported into _Great-Britain_; and the Immunity lately +granted of importing thither Beef, Butter, Tallow, Candles, Pork, Hides, +live Cattle, _&c._ a Privilege that, in its Consequences, must prove of +signal Advantage to both Nations; to _this_ especially, as we shall hereby +be enabled, upon any occasional Exigency, to supply our protecting +Friends, and proportionably stint the Hands of our Enemies, who, (by the +Profusion of Wines and spirituous Liquors, annually exported from _France_ +to Ireland, in Exchange for our Beef, Butter, _&c._ to pass over the Gluts +of Teas and Spirits, _&c._ smuggled thence by the _western_ Runners) have +constantly the Balance on their Side. Our Exports, with those already +mentioned, consist in a few Cheeses, Salmon and Kelp: But, as our Linens +are, without Question, become the vital Spring of _Irish_ Commerce, it is +Matter of great Concern and equal Surprize, that the other Provinces do +not more _universally_ and _effectually_ follow the lucrative Example of +the _North_! since, it is evident, nothing but _equal Industry_ can be +wanting to render them _equally flourishing_, The Over-growth of Graziers +and Stockmasters, is the strongest Indication that can be of national +Waste and Decay, in respect of Inhabitants. What could a Foreigner, +travelling among us, particularly in the _western_ Counties, some Summers +past, judge of our national Wisdom and Oeconomy? Would he not start even +at our Humanity, on seeing the best arable Grounds in the Kingdom, in +immense Tracts, wantonly enjoyed by the Cattle of a few petulant +Individuals; and at the same Juncture, our high Ways and Streets crowded +with Shoals of mendicant fellow-creatures! reduced, through Want of proper +Sustenance, to the utmost Distress? Would not a _Frenchman_ for Example, +give a Shrug extraordinary, at finding, in every little Inn, _Bourdeaux_ +Claret and _Nantz_ Brandy, though, in all Likelihood, not a Morsel of +_Irish_ Bread? + +It is much to be hoped, That, when the Spirit of Tillage should become +more general and active, our Farmers more attentive to the Growth of the +best Kinds of Grain, and our Brewers, more attentive to the Rules and +Precepts for that Purpose laid down by the Honourable the DUBLIN SOCIETY; +we shall have little or no Occasion for that Inundation of _London +Porter_; (an heavy, cloudy, intoxicating, ill-flavoured Liquor) that +annually overflows this City and other Parts of the Kingdom; as, in the +above Case, we may have a sufficient Plenty and Variety of Malt Liquors, +our own native Produce, far better than any imported; and, in Case of a +Redundancy of Grain, (a Matter not very likely to happen) may, with +moderate Care, have Spirituous Liquors of far a more wholesome Nature, +exquisite Taste, and delicate Flavour, than those imported at an +extraordinary Expence; and but too often adulterated, in the first +Concoction. + +We have, in several Parts of this Kingdom, (in the Province of _Munster_ +especially) a recy, spirituous, fine-flavoured Cyder, very little, if at +all, inferior to the best imported White Wines; and a moderate Plenty of +grateful Honey-Liquors, which, with our prime Beef, Mutton, Pork, Veal, +Lamb, Variety of Fowls, tame and wild; red and fallow Deer; Hares, +Rabbits, Pidgeons, Pheasants, Grouse; and Partridge; wild Duck, Plover, +Snipe, _&c._ Lake, River, Shell and Sea Fish, of all Kinds; the Produce of +the Garden, (Horticulture having of late Years so vastly improved among +us, that we now have many curious Plants, Fruits, and Flowers, not only +not _known_, but never even _heard of_, in former Times) and _all_ in such +Plenty and Perfection, as demonstrate _Ireland_ happier than most other +Countries, in regard of the Necessaries and even of the Delicacies of +Life; to which may be added, the great Number of our beautiful Lakes, +noble Rivers, pure Fountains, limpid Streams, and Health-restoring mineral +Wells.(4) In this Country are bred valuable Horses, for the Draught, Road, +and Chace; and for the Course, as high-formed ones, as in any Part of +_Europe_; and large horned Cattle, and Sheep in Abundance. + +It must afford real Satisfaction to consider the universal and visible +Reformation in the Lives and Morals even of our common People, clearly +evinced in this, that (thank Heaven) fewer legal Punishments succeed an +entire Circuit, in our happy Days, than did a single Assize in former +Reigns: And, without Question, this Reformation must still rise higher, in +Proportion to the Lenity of our worthy Legislature, and wise Indulgence of +our landed Men, who must certainly find it more conducive to the Welfare +of the State, and to their own Strength, Honour, and Interest, to have +their Estates farmed and inhabited by a great Number of honest, laborious +improving Families, than wasted by a few Purse-proud Bullock-Brokers, who +rarely allow the wretched Herd of an hundred, as much Ground for his own +and poor Family's Support, as is equal to that of two Bullocks. + +Suppose a Gentleman was to let two thousand Acres of arable Ground to +farm; were it not demonstrably more conducive to all the foregoing +Motives, to dispose of these to twenty honest, industrious Families, at an +hundred Acres each, than to any one Beau-Grazier whatever? From the twenty +Tenures, the Landlord may, in any national Shock, raise a considerable +Number of effective Hands, and zealous Hearts, for the Service of the +Crown, or Defence of his Country; and reap many signal Advantages to the +public and private Concernments of Life, not possibly derivable from the +anti-social Monopolizers and Forestallers of Farms; who ever fondly +attribute their Growth to their own Sagacity and Cleverness, without any +the least Gratitude or Obligation to the Land-owner. These Sentiments, it +is hoped, will every Day gain more and more Consideration with our wise +and beneficent Legislature, Nobility and Gentry. + +Many intelligent Persons, of all Ranks, complain much of the Want of some +Establishment in the Way of a national Bank, to secure popular Credit, and +the Kingdom from the various alarming Shocks it is so frequently incident +to, on Account of the Failure of particular Banks. + +The Nobility and Gentry of _Ireland_, are Loyalists and Patriots by +Principle and Education: They are brave, without Arrogance; gay, without +Levity; polite, without Affectation; charitable, without Ostentation; +religious, without Formality; affable, without Meanness; generous, without +View; and hospitable, without Reserve: In their Converse, easy; in their +Dealings just; placable in their Resentments, in their Friendship +steady:--They have neither the volatile Airyness of the _Frenchman_, the +stated Gravity of the _Spaniard_; the supicious Jealousy of the _Italian_; +the forbidding Haughtiness of the _German_; the saturnine Gloominess of +the _Flandrican_, nor the sordid Parsimony of the _Dutchman_: In short, +they are neither whimsical, splenetic, sullen or capricious:--And, as for +Cunning, Craft, or Dissimulation, these are such sorry Guests as never +found Shelter in the generous Breast of an _Irish_ Noble or Gentleman; so +that, if we consider this Country, with regard to its military Fame, +constitutional Wisdom, Learning, Arts, Improvements, and natural +Advantages; and above all, the benevolent Temper, charitable and +hospitable Disposition of its Inhabitants; it is true, we may find many of +more popular Bustle and Eclat, more extensive Commerce, greater Opulence +and Pomp; but none of more general, solid, and intrinsick Worth, than +_Ireland_. + +I shall conclude with the following Proposition to any one, who may +arrogate to himself Praise or Wit, by ridiculing _Ireland_. + +_Si quid Novisti rectius istis--_ +_Candidus imperti; Si non, his utere mecum._ + + + + + +THE FARMER'S CASE OF THE ROMAN-CATHOLICS OF _IRELAND_. + + +In a LETTER from a MEMBER of the PROTESTANT CHURCH. + +DEAR SIR, + +I think myself indebted to any Occasion that restores you to a Friend, +whom I feared you had long forgotten. But I confess, at the same Time, +that the Pleasure of hearing from you, after a Silence of Several Years, +is, in some Measure, damped by the Censure that seems to constitute the +chief Intent of your Letter. + +You tell me that you lately happened upon some Papers that were entitled +The FARMER's LETTERS, _&c._ which were imputed to me as the Author. And, +after some Compliments on Spirit, and Genius, and so forth, in order to +palliate, as I suppose, what you purpose to administer, you charge me, by +Implication, with Crimes, whose smallest Tendency I should abhor in +myself, as in any Man breathing. + +You say, favourably enough for your own Disposition, that you have long +looked on the _Roman-Catholics_ of these Kingdoms as a discountenanced and +pitiable People. That you would choose to allow to others the same +Latitude of Conscience that you like for yourself. That it is not a Part +of Humanity to break a Reed already bruised. That such a Treatment would +be blameable respecting any Individual; how much more so, in Prejudice of +a whole People. That those Papers are pointed with a Keenness of Enmity, +for which the Talents, which you are pleased to ascribe, cannot +sufficiently apologize. And, that you did not think me capable of +exasperating Government and Power against a Set of Men who were already +under the Displeasure and Depression of the Law. + +These, my dear Friend, are home and heavy Accusations, however tempered by +Expressions of Kindness and Affection from the Man whom I sincerely love +and respect. + +But, if I know any-thing of myself, the Quality, called Ill-nature, is not +my Characteristic. I would not exchange one Grain of Good-heart for all +the Wit of a _C----d_ or Comprehension of a _P--tt_, independent of their +Virtue. And I may say, with great Truth, that an Excess of Humanity hath +occasioned all the Misfortunes and Distresses of my Life. + +I most solemnly assure you, that when I wrote those Letters I was in +perfect Love and Charity with every _Roman Catholic_ in the Kingdom of +_Ireland_. I knew that they were a depressed People. I had long pitied +them as such. I was sensible that the Laws, under which they suffered, had +been enacted by our Ancestors, when the Impressions of Hostility were +fresh and warm, and when Passion, if I may venture to say so, co-operated, +in some Measure, with Utility and Reason. I will go a Step further. I +thought those Laws not severe enough to suppress them as Enemies, nor yet +sufficiently favourable to attach them to us as Friends. They were not so +cruel as, wholly, to serve for quelling; and yet they had a Poignancy that +might tend to provoke. And all this I imputed to the Resentment that was +blended with the Humanity of our Ancestors. Their Humanity left to Papists +a Power of hurting, while their Resentment abridged the Inducements that +might engage them to serve us. + +Believe me, Sir, I never was of a cruel or persecuting Disposition. I was +grieved to see the Discouragements under which the _Roman Catholics_ of +this Kingdom laboured, but these very Discouragements made me fear them +the more. + +Previous to the Letters, which you censure so warmly, a dangerous +Rebellion had broken out in _Scotland_, in consequence of a _French_ +Invasion, that was headed by a Popish Pretender to the Throne. Be pleased +to remember, (if it is not too mortifying a Recollection for a free-born +_Briton_) the Pannic into which all _England_ was struck by a few _Scotch_ +Vassals, undisciplined, and unactuated by any Motive of Liberty or Virtue, +save the Virtue of being attached to their _Laird_ or their _Leader_. +Millions of _English_, at that Time, sunk in the Down of a long Peace, and +enervated by ministerial Corruption and Venality, feared that a Handful of +_Highlanders_ would win their Way to _London_, and, at one Stroke, put a +Period to the boasted Strength and Grandeur of the _British_ Constitution. + +I was astonished at the Apprehensions that _England_ was under from so +contemptible an Armament. But I deemed the Case of _Ireland_ to be highly +alarming. The _Roman-Catholics_, at that Time, outnumbered us Five to One. +They were disarmed, it is true, but I was not equally sure that they had +Reason to be reconciled. As they were not admitted to realize their +Fortune, it consisted of ready Money, and that gave ready Power. As they +were not permitted to purchase, or accept a Tenure of any valuable Length, +Loyalty, perhaps, might induce them to fight for their King; but where was +the Stake to impel them to fight for a Country in which they had no +_Inheritance_? Without an Interest in Lands, they had little to lose by +any Change of Estate. Without a Loan lodged with Government, they had the +less to lose by a Change of Constitution. + +I cannot conceive how _Religion_, or mere Difference of Opinion, should +prove a real Cause of Quarrel among Men; though it often serves as a _Word +of War_, or a _Term_ whereby to give Notice for Onset. On the contrary, I +had observed that wherever People are united by _Interest_, though of a +thousand opposite Sects, Persuasions and Professions, they never fail to +join in the Maintenance and Defence of _common Rights_. + +I, therefore, did not fear the _Roman Catholics_, as having a different +_Religion_, but as having an _Interest_ that was different from the +Interest of _Protestants_. Were they a Compound of all the Follies, +Absurdities, and Contradictions that ever were generated by +Monster-bearing Superstition, had their Interest bound them to us, I +should not have feared their _Fealty_. + +But this was not the Case. The _French_ Invasion of _Great Britain_ was +headed by a Person who was, by Birth, Education, Principle, and Interest, +an Enemy to the Freedom and Rights of a Constitution that was established +on the Dispossession of his Ancestors; and he was, consequently, an Enemy +to the general Change of Privilege and Property, that ensued on the said +Establishment. The said Change, as we all know, was to the Disadvantage of +_Roman Catholics_. Had the Invader prevailed, a Change would again have +ensued, in their Favour. Men naturally with Success to an Event from +whence they propose Benefit; and it is as natural for them to act +conformable to those Wishes. + +Had _Roman Catholics_ been possessed of an unrestrained Property, along +with the other Liberties, Blessings, and Enjoyments, which they derived, +in common with us, from the Establishment at the Revolution, no spiritual +or temporal Power on Earth could have tempted them to permit, much less to +wish, a Change of a Constitution whose Equal they could not find upon +Earth. + +But as this was very far from being the Fact, I feared that _Interest_ +might prove an Incentive to _Desire_; and Desire equally prove an +Incentive to _Action_; and, I am not ashamed to confess, that my +Expectations were greatly, though happily, disappointed, by the Steadiness +of their peaceful and loyal Demeanour on that trying Occasion. + +Believe me, my Friend, at the Time that I wrote those Papers, which have +given you so much Offence, I looked upon the _Papists_ of this Kingdom, by +the Patronage of _France_ and _Spain_, by their Numbers, by their Wealth, +and by their Union with each other, to be vastly superior to _Irish +Protestants_, in Power; and my Spirit of Opposition rose, in Proportion to +my Idea of their Ability. But neither then, before, nor since, did I ever +mean to excite any Action, or Intention, against the Weak, or the +Oppressed, the Fallen, or the Afflicted. + +When _Brutus_ unsheathed the reluctant Sword of Freedom against his +Friend, Humanity must suppose that his Heart was wrung with Compunction, +while his Country enjoined and impelled the Blow. + +But further, Sir, there is a very wide Difference between a _Popish +Regency_ and a _Popish People_. The whole Intent and Virulence, as you +call it, of my Papers, is pointed and levelled against the _One_, but not +a Syllable uttered, from End to End, against the _Other_. A _Popish +Regency_, in Temporals alike as in Spirituals, I held to be, by Principle, +an arbitrary and oppressive Government; but I held a _Popish People_ to +be, of all People, the most amenable and submissive to Rulers, whatever +the Form or Nature of that State may be, under which they shall happen to +be subjected. And, on this very Account, I dreaded them the more, should +they become passive Instruments in the Hand of a Papal Dictator. + +To apply a sure Test to the Propriety, or Impropriety, of my +Apprehensions, at the Period when I wrote the _Farmer's Letters_, let us +suppose that no one of the Penal Laws, which were instituted during the +Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_, had yet passed into Form, but that +Matters had remained in the same Situation, in which the _Monarch_, of +_humane_, as well as _glorious Memory_, had left this unhappy People. +Well, what would have been the Consequence? Would _Papists_, in that Case, +have been less amenable to the Government, by which they had been +favoured, supported, and cherished? Would they have been the forwarder to +bring Damage and Destruction on a Country, because their own Interest was +connected therewith, and the Fortunes of their Posterity deposited +therein? Would they have been the readier to attempt the Overthrow of our +beneficent Constitution, because they enjoyed the Privileges and +Advantages thereof? No, Sir, no. The Absurdity of the Supposition is +inclusive of the Answer. Had this been the Case, the _Farmer's Letters_ +would not have existed to have caused the Renewal of our Acquaintance. + +I have read and noted many Instances, in free States and Commonwealths, +where _Liberty_, when fermented into _Licentiousness_, hath occasioned +many partial Struggles for Power, many Broils and Factions, and much +Disturbance to the Community. But very few are the Instances of the +Insurrection of any People, who have not been goaded thereto by Severity +and Oppression. The inoffensive Stag grows formidable when _at __ Bay_. +The Worm turneth not, till it receiveth a Crush. + +I forget the Book, though I remember the Passage, where a Prince demanded +of his favourite Minister, what he should do with a Number of the Commons +and Nobility, whom he had suppressed and taken Captive in the Act of +Rebellion? The Minister answered, _Put them, and their Adherents, +instantly to Death_. No, replied the Prince, that were an Act of such +Bloodshed and Barbarity, as neither Fear nor Revenge shall persuade me to +perpetrate. _Then, grant them all free Pardon_, rejoined the Minister. +How! said the Prince, must Rebellion go altogether unpunished? There is no +Medium that can assure your Safety, answered the Minister; you must either +pull this Party wholly up by the Root, so as to leave no Fibre from whence +future Enmity may grow; or else, you must change that Enmity into +Friendship, by binding their Gratitude to your Person and Interest, with +the kindliest of all Connections, that of your Goodness and Favour. _A +partial Punishment will be too little for your Safety; a partial Pardon +will not be enough._ You must either wholly annihilate their Power, by +their _Death_; or derive Strength to yourself, from that Power, by their +_Friendship_. + +By disarming our Enemies, the utmost we can hope, is, to render them +impotent. The Diminution of _their_ Power adds nothing to our _own_. +Repentance is never so permanent or sincere, as when preceded by Pardon; +and Favour is, as the polar Attraction, to Inclination. Is there a Man +whose Love and Gratitude you desire to engage? Common Sense will direct +you to do him a Benefit. Would you bind him to your Service with Hoops of +Steel? You must make it his Interest, as well as his Duty, to befriend +you. + +It is, by no means, my Intention to arraign either the Wisdom or good +Policy of our Forefathers. But all Men are, in some Degree, fallible, as +well in the congregate, as in the individual; and the Shrewd may err as +much, by over-reaching their Aim, as the Ignorant, by falling short, or +deviating from it. + +But, had a hundred _Pitts_, and a hundred _Cecils_, composed the Senate of +our Ancestors, at the Time that those _Penal Laws_ were enacted; had those +Laws been ever so wise and so just, so wholesome and necessary, and well +suited to the Season; is that a Reason that they should _continue so_ to +the End of Time? In a World where nothing is permanent; where Modes, +Manners, Principles, and Practice are at a Flux; where Life is uncertain, +and all it contains changeable; Nature and Reason will conform to +Situation and Circumstance; and where _Causes_ have ceased, in any Degree, +the _Consequences_ ought to cease in the same Proportion. + +It is not now with _Rome_ as it was in the Days when Princes held her +Steed, and Emperors her Stirrup. The Kings of the Earth have, pretty +clearly, resumed her Usurpations and Acquisitions of temporal Dominion. It +is not now, as it was when she cried Peace! and it became Peace; or when +the Breath of her Mandate kindled the Nations to Battle. Even his +_Holiness_ is, now, but a poor limited Prince, pent up within his little +_Italian_ Demesne. If some few still acknowledge to hold of his Authority, +it is a Homage of Words, and not of Facts; they will not acknowledge to +hold of his Power. He is restored to the quiet and unenvied Possession of +all the Lordship and Interest he can acquire in Heaven. But the Sceptre, +even of his spiritual Dominion upon Earth, is, of late, as I take it, most +wonderfully shortened. + +Matters are much altered with the ecclesiastical World, even since I wrote +the Letters that have roused your Spleen. Whether it be through a Decline +of the _Romish_ Religion, in particular; or, possibly, through a Decline +of all Religion, in general; the pontifical and episcopal Dictatorship and +Authority are wofully fallen, from the Chair of Infallibility, where they +had been seated by Opinion. The Sons of the most bigotted Ancestors do now +perceive, that Piety and Immorality are not rightly consistent. And even +the vulgar and ignorant, among the _Roman_ Laity, would grumble at +departing from an Inch of their Property, though the Priest should advise, +and the Pope, himself, should enjoin it. + +But, Sir, if the Change of Times, and Principles, Situation, and +Circumstances; if the Change of every Cause that produced those penal +Laws, have not availed for a Change of _Consequences_; for some Mitigation +or Abatement of their Rigour, toward these my unhappy Brethren, the _Roman +Catholics of Ireland_: If no Argument, I say, that is taken from Changes, +may avail for the Purpose, I will take one from Permanence and Duration +itself, that shall strike Light and Conviction to the Eye of every +Beholder; that Power may _gainsay_, but cannot _refute_; that Malevolence +may _dispute_, but never can _answer_. + +About six Generations have now passed away, according to the Rates of +Purchase and Estimate of the Life of Man, since these People have offended +in Word or in Deed. No Riotings have been heard in their Houses, no +Complainings in their Streets; they have been silent and harmless as Sheep +before their Sheerers. Our Parties, Factions, and Insurrections, as they +are merrily stiled in _England_, have been all among ourselves; this +People were neither Actors nor Partakers therein. They have offered +themselves to our Fleets, and to our Armies; to tend our Persons, to till +our Grounds, to hew our Wood, and to draw our Water. Where we admit them +to fight for us, they have ever proved valiant; where we admit them to +serve us, they are found loving, observant, and faithful. Temptations have +come to their Doors and called them forth; the Contagion of Rebellion hath +broken out among their Neighbours; they have yet remained quiet, and +continued untainted; still loyal to their Sovereign, amenable to +Government, and submissive to Law, through a long and trying Succession of +about seventy Years, they have scarce appeared to repine in the midst of +their Calamities. + +When I look back on the querulous and restless Nature of Man: When I trace +the human Propensities through the Records of Ages and Nations: In all the +Histories of those States who had least Cause of Complaint: Throughout the +Commonwealths of _Asia Minor_, the _Archipelago_, the _Grecian Continent_, +_Italy_, the Islands of the _Mediterranean_, &c. where the RIGHTS OF +NATURE, under Forms of various Institution, were ASSERTED BY LIBERTY AND +GUARDED BY LAW: Where the ASSURANCE OF PROPERTY gave most REASON FOR +CONTENT: I can find but few Instances of any People who, through such a +Length of Time, have continued firm and unshaken, in an uninterrupted +Loyalty and Submission to Government. + +What then, do we look for further? What Proofs do ye yet require, of +Peacefulness and Attachment at the Hands of these our Brethren? Is no +Period to be put to their State of Probation? Must they _for ever_ keep +out upon _Quarantine_, without Harbour or Hopes of Rest or Reconciliation? +That were hard, indeed. + +If it is Revenge that we seek, they have, already, suffered enough, not +for their own Faults, but for the Hostility of their Forefathers. If we +seek our Safety, alone; let us chace _them, at once, from Country and +Community_; or put an _End to our domestic Fears_, by giving them Cause to +defend us. + +Indeed, Sir, neither common Sense, nor Sense of any Kind, can possibly +suppose, That Acts of Kindness which have been, from the Beginning of the +World, the Cement of Friendship to all other People, should prove the +reverse to these People alone. + +Had they been to us, as the Swallow, in Autumn, who forsakes all +Connections on the Approach of Inclemency, I should never have pleaded for +any Confidence in them. But a People, who, through a Winter of seventy +Years Continuance, have never failed, or forsaken, or given us Cause of +Offence, surely merit some Consideration, some grateful and chearing Ray +to warm them to a Sense that _Protestants_ are not, by Choice, of a cruel, +unforgiving, and malevolent Nature. + +Lastly, Sir, as I know you to be a Gentleman of a communicative +Disposition, and that you were, formerly, fond of exhibiting the +Sentiments of some of your Friends; should you impart this Letter to any +of your popish Acquaintance, I doubt they might be apt to give me more +Thanks than I am conscious I deserve. It is, therefore, but commonly +honest, to advertise you, and them, that while I write in the Favour of +_Papists_, the Interest of _Protestants_ is never out of my Eye. + +When I thought your Favourites most formidable, I shewed I did not fear +them; and now, that I think them impotent, let them not think I flatter. + +What I have hitherto hinted is but a narrow opening to the Concerns and +Interests of an unhappy Country, whereof I have the Misfortune to be a +helpless, though loving, Member. To promote the Advantage of _Ireland_, in +any respect, would be, to me, the cardinal Point of the whole Compass of +my Ambition; and a subsequent Letter may shew how far my Observations +relate to the Decline, or Prosperity, of my Country, whenever you confer +the Pleasure of an Answer on, + +_Dear_ SIR, +_Your truly affectionate_, &c. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +_ 1 Dublin_, 1753, _M. Reilly_, Editor. + + 2 This _Mac Con More Macnamara_, Duke of _Klan Cullane_, founded, + erected, and amply endowed the beautiful Abbey of _Quin_; as did + other Chieftains of his Name and Family, several Parochial Churches, + with a great Number of magnificent Castles. + +_ 3 Seasonable Thoughts_, &c. published by _George Faulkner_; _the Case + of the Roman Catholics_, and _the Principles of the Roman + Catholics_, the two last published by _P. Lord_, in _Cook-street, + Dublin_. + + 4 To all the above Productions of _Ireland_, may be justly added, our + inestimable Fisheries, and plentiful Mines, which, under due + national Encouragement, would raise immense Treasures. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND*** + + + +CREDITS + + +November 10, 2008 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Robert Cicconetti, David King, and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + + + +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 27226.txt or 27226.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/7/2/2/27226/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. 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