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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of
+Ireland by Henry Brooke
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of Ireland
+
+Author: Henry Brooke
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [Ebook #27226]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             An Essay On The
+
+                         Ancient and Modern State
+
+                                Of Ireland
+
+                  With the Various Important Advantages
+
+                            Thereunto Derived,
+
+          under the auspicious Reign of His most sacred Majesty
+
+                         King GEORGE the Second.
+
+                      Including a particular Account
+
+                        of the great and glorious
+
+                               St. Patrick
+
+                                    By
+
+                               Henry Brooke
+
+                             Dublin: Printed
+
+                            London: Re-Printed
+
+                            for R. Griffiths.
+
+                                 MDCCLX.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Dedication.
+Essay.
+The Farmer’s Case Of The Roman-Catholics Of _Ireland_.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+
+TO
+
+MATTHEW MC. NAMARA,
+
+Of _LIMERICK_, Esq;
+
+COUNSELLOR at LAW.
+
+Justly sensible, Sir, how sincerely You have the Character and Esteem of
+our Native Country at Heart, I take Leave to offer to Your Perusal, and
+commend to Your favourable Acceptance, the following Sheets.
+
+What gave them Rise, was my happening, some Time since, to have fallen
+into Company with two or three sprightly young Gentlemen, then just
+returned from their Continental Rambles,—who—altho’ little burthened with
+the Religion, Laws, Learning, Policy, Customs, Habits, Manners, or
+Languages of any, or the several Countries they had scampered thro’,
+affected, nevertheless, an high Contempt for this,—their Native.
+
+I listened with silent Indignation, and determined to contribute my Mite
+towards giving such unattentive, uninformed Youths, a more adequate Idea
+of this Kingdom, under its ancient and under its present happy
+Establishment.
+
+The common Accidents of Time must lead them by better Authority to clearer
+Knowledge: In the mean while, I profess my Obligations to them, as they
+have given me this Opportunity of declaring my Regard to my Country in
+general, and the particular Attachments that ever bind me, in the
+strictest Sense of Fidelity and Esteem, to a Friend so worthy as You have
+been to,
+
+Sir,
+Your very obliged, and
+Most obedient Servant.
+
+
+
+
+
+ESSAY.
+
+
+In a Nation, where almost every Gentleman is better acquainted, and more
+conversant, with the Nature and Circumstances of other Countries than
+those of his own, the Publication of such Hints as may somewhat contribute
+to remove so odd an Inattention, and induce those far better qualified to
+render a Subject so interesting some Justice, will not, I hope, be deemed
+an Impertinence; in one especially who, by this Essay, however feeble,
+hath nothing beside the Honour and Advantage of _Ireland_ in View, a
+Kingdom whereof he is, without Vanity, proud of being a Native.
+
+As the Story of Savages and Barbarians can contain nothing instructive, or
+entertaining, the _Antemilesian_ Inhabitants of this Land having been
+mostly such, and all surviving Accounts of them almost totally overcast
+with Fable, we are therefore, in treating of the antient _Scotia_, or
+modern _Ireland_, to refer principally to three distinguished æras,
+whereof the _first_ is, its being peopled by an _Iberian_ or _Spanish_
+Colony: The _second_, truly glorious, the Arrival of St. _Patrick_, in his
+most salutary Mission: The _third_ and last, its Cession to _Henry_ the
+Second, King of _England_, (the first of the Royal Race of _Plantagenet_)
+partly from a pretended Title of _Adrian_ the Fourth, Pope of _Rome_;
+partly from the restless and insatiable Desires of _Henry_; _more_ from
+the manifold Infirmities of the then reigning _Irish_ Chiefs—but above
+all, from the peculiarly adverse Fate of _Roderick_, the last of our
+Kings.
+
+The assiduous, exact, and candid Author of the _Dissertations_,(1) lately
+published, on the Origin, Government, Letters, Sciences, Religion, Manners
+and Customs of the antient Inhabitants of this Country, hath put all those
+Matters in so clear and happy, and, at the same Time, in so strong a
+Light, by the Powers of various foreign Testimonies, of undeniable
+Authenticity, coincident with our own, that scarce any Thing new can be
+offered on the same Subject.
+
+It may, however, in general be observed, that _Milesius_, a _Spanish_
+Prince, so far back as the Reign of _Solomon_ (instigated by Necessity, or
+induced by Ambition) with a considerable Number of Associates and
+Followers, landed from the Western Parts of _Spain_, on the Southern
+Coasts of this Island, where it is probable they met little, or but faint
+Opposition, from wild and undisciplined Inhabitants.
+
+Those People, from their early Knowledge of the _Phœnician_ Arts and
+Letters, imported such Rudiments of Government and Learning, as those
+primitive Times admitted; a Truth visible from the Similarity or rather
+Identity of the _Phœnician_ and _Scotic_ Alphabet.
+
+This antient Colony quietly settled here, remote from the Storms and
+Revolutions of the greater World, and secured by Situation from its
+hostile Incursions, there is no Doubt but the Cultivation of Religion,
+Philosophy, Politicks, Poetry, and Musick, became the chief Objects of
+popular Study and Application: The Spirit of Ambition in succeeding Ages,
+with its unhappy concomitant Train of Sedition, Faction, and Violence, the
+foreign Invasions, and often the intestine Oppressions and Calamities, to
+which our neighbouring Nations were subject, calling forth the protective
+or conciliating Aids of those ancient Heroes, made them great Masters also
+in the Art military.
+
+The Pentarchy originally formed by those _Iberian_ or _Celtic Spaniards_,
+with a popular Right of Election, was certainly a Kind of Government
+extremely consistent with the Essence and Genius of true Liberty, and a
+System derived from the Patriarchs themselves. For when the various
+Necessities of Society required a Subordination, together with some stated
+Maxims to go by, to avoid the confused and promiscuous Intercourse in a
+State of Nature; then did the People elect the most Virtuous and Wise, to
+lead and conduct them in Times of War and Trouble; to govern, inform, and
+protect them, in milder and more auspicious Seasons. Then was the Motto of
+the Crown, or of the chief Ensign of Pre-eminence, _Digniori detur_, and
+so continued till the Degeneracy of Time, and the baneful Growth of
+Avarice and Pride, with the feverish Lust of Power, perverted it
+to—_Rapiat Fortior_!
+
+Such, thro’ a long Succession of Ages, was the Condition, and such at
+length the Fate of this Kingdom, destroyed after a longer Continuance than
+any other can boast, by the Abuse of its own Powers; a sure Argument that
+all created Beings, all sublunary Institutions, however wisely composed,
+in the very Essence of their Creation, and in the very Rudiments of their
+Formation, comprehend, at the same Time, the Seeds of Dissolution: Yet it
+is not more remarkable than true, that in the most boisterous Periods of
+this Kingdom’s antient Establishment, the Arts and Sciences, with the
+fundamental Principles of Constitution, were preserved and cherished with
+inviolable Assiduity. The Priests, Philosophers, Advocates, Annalists,
+Poets and Musicians, were obliged to preserve Religion, political Wisdom,
+Law, History, _&c._ hereditarily in their respective Tribes, and to
+educate in these different Branches the Chiefs and Nobles of the Land, for
+which they were graciously maintained in secure and splendid Tranquillity:
+Those Sages attended the National Conventions, where all publick Acts were
+religiously recorded, and all Abuses of Power and Government retrenched or
+reformed; nor were they permitted, except in Case of extraordinary
+Necessity, or uncommon Merit, to deviate from their proper and primitive
+Spheres of Action: Since, where an harmonious Subordination of Rank and
+Order hath not been duly preserved, even in free Estates, Liberty itself
+(wisely attempered, the greatest of all social Blessings) hath often, from
+Abuse and Neglect, sickened into Licentiousness, the immediate lewd Mother
+of Anarchy! In the visible Creation, the direct Result of infinite Wisdom,
+the lesser Planets do not interfere with, much less shock or oppose the
+Motions and Revolutions of the greater; they constantly keep the Distances
+first prescribed them, and all move regularly to their respective Ends.
+The most verdant and fragrant Meadows may, from the too frequent Irruption
+of muddy Waters, degenerate into noxious Marshes, if some Care was not
+taken to divert those impure Gushings into their proper Channels. Hence it
+may be inferred, that laying open the most honorary, as well as important
+and useful Professions of Society, to the Intrusion, or rather pyratical
+Invasions, of the Scum and Dregs of the People, cannot, however varnished
+over with the fictitious Colourings of pretended Liberty, consist with
+true Political Wisdom.
+
+Those ancient _Sophi_ and _Literati_ enjoyed their Places with the greater
+Security, that they were uninvadable by the inferior Classes of Mankind;
+with the greater Content and Chearfulness, that much Esteem and Emolument
+were connected with them: The Priest and Advocate informed and directed
+the Conscience and Conduct; the Historian and Annalist recorded the
+Institutions; the Poet and Musician celebrated and sung the Exploits of
+their Kings and Leaders: No Wonder then this Kingdom should have been
+revered at Home, and admired Abroad; when Religion formed, Erudition
+nurtured, Philosophy strengthened, History preserved, Rhetorick adorned,
+Musick softened, and Poesy refined, the National Wisdom and
+Accomplishments; to all which was added, a thorough Knowledge of Tactics,
+and great Skill and Agility in all the athletick Arts, and bodily
+Exercises.
+
+In the Versions of some original Codes exported by our Countryman, the
+learned and pious St. _Fiechry_, still extant in the _Navarre_ Library at
+_Paris_, the Constitutional Wisdom of _Ireland_ appears in a clear and
+happy Light: Persons, Things, Actions, and Expressions, were cautiously
+attended to, by the Laws; _Persons_, in their Minority, Youth, and
+Manhood, according to their different Ranks in the State, so as by Care,
+Education, and Discipline, to render them, some subservient, others
+useful, some beneficial, and others ornamental thereunto. _Things_, so
+carefully, as to prevent, by prohibatory Laws, Wastes of whatsoever Kind,
+and to ascertain to each Individual, as well as Society, their proper and
+distinct Rights. _Actions_, by directing those in general, and particular,
+to the Honour of the Deity and Welfare of the Community: _Expression_, by
+the penal Interdiction of prophane Cursing and Swearing, Obscenity,
+Scurrility, Calumny, and Detraction, yet with a full Indulgence of proper
+Satire against such as merited popular Reprehension, or Contempt; the
+Satirist’s Pen in those Days being as much dreaded, or rather more so,
+than the Magistrate’s Rod, and consequently as diligently avoided by a
+Demeanour absolutely irreproachable.
+
+It appeareth that, under the antient Government of _Ireland_, the
+Education of the landed Gentry, when Luxury, with its wasteful Catalogue
+of Vices, had not rendered Property so mutable and wavering as in modern
+Ages, was provided for; whether by the immediate Care of Parents, or
+essential Attention of Guardians, by the Laws of the Land; in order that
+Gentlemen should, to the Antiquity of Birth and Possession, add the
+important Dignity of Learning, and social Refinement of Arts: Since a Man
+at the Head of an original Estate, who should want the necessary
+Cultivation of Letters, was considered only as a Peasant in Disguise, and
+not more respected than a Hewer of Wood, or Drawer of Water.
+
+In these Writings of St. _Fiechry_, the legislative Wisdom of
+_Olam-Fodla_; the philosophically-religious Capacity of _Cormac-O Quin_,
+who, from the pure Light of Nature, in a great Measure defeated the absurd
+_Polytheism_ of the _Druids_; the consummate Integrity and Impartiality of
+_Federach_ the Just, and _Moran_ his Chief Justice; the Magnanimity of
+_Con-Ked-Cathagh_; the Conquests of _Kineth Mac Alpin_; the long,
+glorious, and peaceful Reign of _Conary_ the Great, _coæval_ with the
+Birth of our Blessed Lord and Saviour _Jesus Christ_, (undoubtedly the
+happiest, brightest, and most blissful Period the World ever saw;) are all
+displayed in a copious masterly Style, yet with strict chronological
+Exactness.
+
+This learned St. _Fiechry_ was Founder of the University in _Paris_, in
+the Beginning of the 8th Century. The better to enable him to carry on
+that noble Work, he obtained of _Charles_ the Great a Tax on all
+Wheel-Carriages, within the Barriers of that City: Whence, a Hackney-Coach
+is at this Day technically term’d _Fiacre_.
+
+_Charles_ the Great, in order to repair the cruel and truly lamentable
+literary Dilapidations of the ferocious North-men, invited Numbers of the
+learned and pious _Irish_ to the Continent, where he established and
+entertained them with Dignity, Tenderness, and Respect. In a curious
+Manuscript of _Nicholaus Gurtlerus_, (now in the _French_ King’s
+_Parisian_ Library) Author of the _Origines Mundi_, where he alludes to
+these Times, you find the following favourable, but true Account of
+_Ireland_.—_Temporibus illis, barbaris Normannorum Cohortibus undequaque
+irrumpentibus, Religio, Fides, Philosophia, Virtus, Hospitalitas,
+Fortitudo, Castitas, necnon et Amœniores omnium generum Artes, Hibernia
+solummodò natali, veluti Solo, viguerunt_; little Wonder that _Ireland_
+should have been esteemed the _Ierne_, or sacred Isle of the _Greeks_, the
+_Insula Sanctorum_, or Island of Saints of the _Romans_.—Would to Heaven
+our Countrymen had, upon all considerable Occasions, recollected those
+deserved Encomiums, thereby to approve them worthy their applauded Origin,
+and native Soil!
+
+We now proceed to consider _Ireland_ in her happiest and brightest View,
+after the Admission and Propagation of Christianity. It is certain there
+were many Christians in _Ireland_, before the Arrival of _Palladius_ in
+431, or of St. _Patrick_ the Year following: St. _Kieran_, St. _Ailbe_,
+St. _Declan_, and St. _Ibar_, whom _Ussher_ calls the Precursors, or
+Forerunners of St. _Patrick_, are pregnant Proofs of this; they were of
+the Birth of _Ireland_, from whence they travelled to _Rome_, in Search of
+Education and Learning, where they lived some Years, were ordained, and
+returned Home about the Year 402.
+
+It seems that those early Preachers confined their Labours to particular
+Places, in which they had considerable Success, but fell very short of
+converting the Body of the Nation: However, they sowed the Seed which St.
+_Patrick_ came after to water: And it is certain that St. _Patrick_ was so
+well satisfied with the Progress they made, in their particular Districts
+in _Munster_, that this was the last Province in _Ireland_ he thought
+proper to visit. That there were many Christians in _Ireland_, at this
+Period, seems to be confirmed by _Prosper_, who, in giving an Account of
+the Mission of _Palladius_, says, that he was ordained by Pope _Celestin_,
+and sent the first Bishop to the _Scots_ believing in Christ. This Passage
+can mean nothing else, but that _Palladius_, born in Britain, was sent to
+the Scots [i.e. the _Irish_] who had already formed Churches under
+_Kieran_, _Ailbe_, _Declan_ and _Ibar_; and so the Bishop of St. _Asaph_
+expounds it. This then was the next Attempt that was made for the
+Conversion of the _Irish_: _Palladius_ engaged in a more ample and
+extensive Design than his Predecessors, yet he failed in the Execution of
+it, stay’d but a short Time in _Ireland_, and did little worth remembring;
+he converted, however, a few, and is said to have founded three Churches;
+but he had neither Courage to withstand the Fierceness of the heathen
+_Irish_, nor Abilities, for Want of the Language, proper for the Work.
+
+_Nathi_, the Son of _Garcon_, an _Irish_ Prince, opposed his preaching;
+upon which _Palladius_ left the Kingdom, and died in the Land of the
+_Picts_, on the 15th of _December_, 431. This glorious Work was reserved
+for St. _Patrick_, to whose holy Life, divine Mission, and extraordinary
+Success, I refer the Reader. This great Apostle of the _Irish_ founded and
+built the Cathedral Church of _Ardmagh_, about the Year 444, or 45, which,
+from that early Period to this, hath continued the Metropolitan Church of
+all _Ireland_. So that 1194 Years passed away from the Founding of the
+City of _Rome_, to that of _Ardmagh_.
+
+The various and most signal Blessings derived to this Nation, from the
+salutary Mission of this illustrious Saint, require, in Gratitude, our
+giving the Reader yet a further Account of the Author of such Happiness
+and Glory to _Ireland_.
+
+He was born in the extreme Bounds of _Britain_, (in that Part thereof
+which is now comprehended within the Limits of the modern _Scotland_) at a
+Village called _Banaven_, in the Territory of _Tabernia_, (as he himself
+saith in his Confession) in _Vico Banaven Taberniæ_, &c. He tells us that
+he was born of a good Family. _Ingennuus fui secundum Carnem._ His Father
+was _Calphurnius_, a Deacon, who was the Son of _Potitus_, a Priest; from
+whence may be clearly inferred that the Clergy were not restrained from
+Matrimony in that Age. He was just advanced into his sixteenth Year, when
+he was taken Captive, the Manner of which is thus related by St. _Evin_
+and others: His Father, Mother, Brother, and five Sisters, undertook a
+Voyage to _Aremorick Gaul_, (now called _Bass Bretagne_) to visit the
+Relations of his Mother _Couchessa_. It happened about this Time, that the
+seven Sons of _Factmude_, a _British_ Prince, were banished, and took to
+the Sea; that, making an Inroad into _Aremorick Gaul_, they took _Patrick_
+and his Sister, _Lupita_, (some say _Tigrida_ also) Prisoners. They
+brought their Captives to the North of _Ireland_, and sold _Patrick_ to
+_Milcho Mac Huanan_, a Prince of _Dalaradia_: Others tell the Story in a
+different Manner, and with a stronger Degree of Probability. That the
+_Romans_ having deserted _Britain_, to preserve their own Country from the
+barbarous Incursions of the _Northern Hive_, the _Irish_ made frequent
+Conquests, in _North Britain_ especially, whence returning victorious, in
+one of those Expeditions among others brought _Patrick_ Captive. But in
+this they all agree, and he himself confirms it, that he continued
+Prisoner in _Ireland_ six Years; he was sold to _Milcho_ and his three
+Brothers, which gave Occasion of his changing his Name into _Cathraigh_,
+or rather _Ceathir-Tigh_, because he served four Masters; _Ceathir_
+signifying four, and _Tigh_ a House or Family. _Milcho_ observing the Care
+and Diligence of his new Servant, bought out the Shares of his Brothers,
+and made him his own Property. He sent him to feed his Hogs on
+_Sliev-Mis_. And St. _Patrick_ himself tells us his Behaviour in this
+Office.
+
+“My constant Business was to feed the Hogs. I was frequent in Prayer; the
+Love and Fear of God more and more inflamed my Heart; my Faith was
+enlarged, and my Spirit augmented, so that I said an hundred Prayers by
+Day, and almost as many by Night. I arose before Day to my Prayers, in the
+Snow, in the Frost, and in the Rain, and yet I received no Damage; nor was
+I affected with Slothfulness; for then the Spirit of God was warm within
+me.” It was here he perfected himself in the _Irish_ Language, the
+wonderful Providence of God visibly appearing in this Instance of his
+Captivity, that he should have the Opportunity in his tender Years of
+becoming well acquainted with the Language, Manners, and Dispositions of
+that People, to whom he was intended as a future Apostle. He continued six
+whole Years in Servitude, and in the seventh was released. There seems to
+have been a Law in _Ireland_ for this Purpose, agreeable to the
+Institution of _Moses_, that a Servant should be released the seventh
+Year.
+
+Having parted from his Master, after a great Variety of Distresses, he at
+length arrived to his Parents, who received him with extraordinary Joy;
+with these he remained two Years, and probably would much longer, had he
+not by a Vision been quickened to a more active and glorious Life. In this
+he thought he saw a Man coming to him from _Ireland_, whose Name was
+_Victoricus_, with a great Number of Letters; that he gave him one of them
+to read, in the Beginning of which were contained these Words,
+_Vox-Hiberionacum_, the Voice of the _Irish_: While he was reading this
+Letter, he thought the same Moment, that he heard the Voice of the
+Inhabitants who lived near the Wood of _Foclut_, in the Barony of
+_Tyr-Awley_, and County of _Mayo_, hard by the Western Sea, crying to him
+with an audible and distinct Voice, “We intreat thee, holy Youth, to come
+and walk among us.” He was greatly amazed at this Vision, and awoke; it
+animated him, however, to his future Studies and heavenly Progress; so far
+even, that he tells us himself, he thanked God, that after many Years he
+had dealt with the _Irish_, according to their crying out.
+
+These early Scenes of this great Saint’s Life, should, among many others,
+serve as lessons of Charity, Consideration, and Humility, to the Rich, the
+Great, the Proud, and the Wanton; who may recollect that, altho’ he was
+well born, he was nevertheless, in the most vigorous Season of Life, a
+Slave and a Swine-Herd: Happy, though wretched Servitude! In which, his
+leisure Hours, mostly employed in Christian Confidence and Prayer, made
+him so signally the Favourite of Heaven, that from those cloudy Dawnings,
+he in Process of Time became a learned Doctor, a sanctified Missioner, a
+venerable Prelate, an eminent Primate, a national Apostle, and the bright
+Instructor of Kings! Such were the fruitful Rewards of uninterrupted
+unshaken Devotion, Piety, and Zeal! From this Time he formed the steady
+Resolution of converting the _Irish_; and, the better to accomplish the
+heavenly Task, he undertook a laborious Journey to foreign Countries, to
+enrich his Mind with Learning and Experience.
+
+He continued abroad thirty-five Years, pursuing his Studies under the
+Direction principally of his Mother’s Uncle, St. _Martin_, Bishop of
+_Tours_, who had ordained him Deacon; and after his Death, partly with St.
+_German_, Bishop of _Auxerre_, (who ordained him a Priest, and called his
+Name _Magonius_, which was the third Name he was known by,) partly among a
+Colony of _Hermits_ and _Monks_, in some Islands of the _Tuscan_ Sea; and
+he employed a good Part of the Time in the City of _Rome_, among the
+Canons Regular of the _Lateran_ Church: At length, having his Soul
+thoroughly tempered with religious Virtue, enlightened with the true
+Evangelical Faith, and his Understanding enlarged by the most profitable
+and edifying Studies, he arrived in _Ireland_ about the 60th Year of his
+Age; and in the Year of our Lord 432, landed in the County of _Wicklow_,
+where he began his Ministry, by the Conversion of _Sinel_, a great Man in
+that Country, the Grandson of _Finchad_, who ought to be remembered, as he
+was the first Fruits of St. _Patrick_’s Mission in _Ireland_; he was the
+8th in lineal Descent from _Cormac_, King of _Leinster_, and came
+afterwards to be enumerated among the Saints of _Ireland_.
+
+From this Country he sailed to an Island on the Coast of the County of
+_Dublin_, called after him _Inis Phadring_, and by the _English_, _Holm
+Patrick_ at this Day, where he and his faithful Companions rested after
+their Fatigues. From _Inis Phadring_, he sailed Northward to that Part of
+_Ulster_ called _Ulidia_, and put in at _Inbherslaying_ Bay. When he and
+his Fellow Labourers landed, _Dichu_, the Son of _Trichem_, Lord of the
+County, being informed that they were Pirates, came out with armed Men in
+order to kill them: But being struck with the venerable Appearance of St.
+_Patrick_, he gave him Audience, and listened attentively to the Word of
+Life preached by him; he changed his wicked Purpose, believed, and was
+baptized, and brought over all his Family to the Faith: It is further
+observed of him, that he was the first Person in _Ulster_, who embraced
+Christianity. He dedicated the Land whereon his Conversion was wrought to
+the Service of God, where a Church was erected, changed after to an
+eminent Monastery. He travelled hence by Land to _Clunebois_ in
+_Dalaradia_, to endeavour the Conversion of his old Master _Milcho_, whose
+Service he had left thirty-eight Years before; but this obstinate Prince,
+hearing of the great Success of St. _Patrick_’s preaching, and ashamed to
+be persuaded in his old Age, to forsake the Religion of his Ancestors, (by
+one especially who had been his Servant, in a most inferior Station,) made
+a funeral Pile of his House and Goods, and by the Instigation of the Enemy
+of Mankind, burned himself therein: Thus ended _Milcho McHuanan_.
+
+Hence St. _Patrick_ returned to _Inis_, the Habitation of _Dichu_, and in
+his Journey converted great Numbers to the true Faith of _Christ_. In some
+time, he took his Leave of _Dichu_, and bent his course Southward by Sea,
+keeping the Coast on his Right-hand, and arrived at Port _Colbdi_, where
+he landed, and committed the Care of his Vessel to his Nephew _Luman_,
+desiring him to wait for him there forty Days, while he and his Disciples
+were travelling in the inner Parts of the Country to preach the Gospel.
+His Intention in this Journey was, to celebrate the Festival of _Easter_
+in the Plains of _Bregia_, and to be in the Neighbourhood of the Great
+Triennial Convention at _Tarah_, which at this Season was held by King
+_Leogair_, and all his Tributary Princes, Nobles, _Druids_, _Annalists_,
+_and Fileas_. St. _Patrick_ wisely foreseeing that whatever Impressions he
+should make on this august Assembly must have an Influence on the whole
+Kingdom, and therefore, being supported with invincible Christian
+Fortitude, resolved not to be absent from a Place where his Presence was
+so conducive to the Ends of his Holy Ministry.
+
+Never did the Spirit of popular Freedom exert itself more powerfully or
+harmoniously, than in those truly parliamentary Triennial Conventions of
+_Ireland_, where the supreme Monarch, the Provincial Kings, the feudatory
+Lords, the Nobles, landed Men, _Druids_, &c. by the unbiased Suffrages of
+the People, convened for the Peace, good Government and Security of each
+particular Province, as well as those of the whole Kingdom. Many Centuries
+had this wise Constitution subsisted here, before our Neighbours, even of
+_South Britain_, knew any thing relative to Houses, or Raiment; it being
+notorious that so late as the Arrival of _Julius Cæsar_ among them, they
+painted their Bodies, to render them terrible, and lived in the open
+Fields. It is really somewhat surprzing that People so near in Situation,
+should differ so essentially in Disposition, as the Inhabitants of those
+Islands have in all Ages; Hospitality having been the distinguishing
+Attribute of the _Irish_, and it’s opposite Defect, that of the _Britons_;
+the Account given of them by _Horace_ 1700 and odd Years ago, _Visam
+Britannes Hospitibus feros_, being as literally applicable to them at this
+Day, where the Force of Education doth not operate to mitigate their
+natural Ferocity.
+
+But to return: St. _Patrick_ in his Way to _Tarah_, took up his Lodgings
+at the House of the hospitable _Sesgnen_ in _Meath_, who kindly received
+and welcomed him. St. _Patrick_ preach’d Christ and his Gospel to him; he
+believed, and was baptized with his whole Family.
+
+From the House of _Sesgnen_, he moved Westward, and arrived on _Easter
+Eve_ at _Fierta-fir-feic_, on the Northern Banks of the River _Boyne_,
+where he rested, resolving there to prepare for the next Day’s Solemnity.
+It was penal for any Person at the Time of the Celebration of this solemn
+Convention at _Tarah_, to kindle a Fire in the Province, before the King’s
+Bonfire first appeared. I am of Opinion this was a religious Ceremony, as
+the chief Deity of the ancient Inhabitants, in exterior Worship
+especially, was _Bel_, or _Belus_; whence _Apollo_ or _Ap-haul_, the Son
+of the Sun, whom they emblematically worshipped, by those fiery Offerings;
+whence the first Day of _May_, peculiarly dedicated to this _Bel_, is even
+now in _Irish_, called _Lha-Bel-Thinih_, and probably from the same Source
+may be derived the Custom of lighting up Bonfires, and Sops, on the Eve of
+the 24th Day of _June_. St. _Patrick_ however, either not knowing or not
+minding this Ceremony, lighted up a Fire before his Booth, which altho’
+eight Miles distant from _Tarah_, was very visible. It was seen with
+Astonishment from Court, and the _Druids_ informed the King, that if he
+did not immediately extinguish the Fire, he who kindled it, and his
+Successors, should for ever hold the Principality of _Ireland_; which hath
+hitherto turned out a true Prediction of those Heathen Priests, in a
+Primatial and Spiritual Principality.
+
+The King dispatched Messengers to bring _Patrick_ before him, and gave his
+positive Orders, that nobody should presume to rise out of his Seat, or
+pay him the least Honour: But _Ere_, the Son of _Dego_, ventured to
+disobey this Command; he arose, and offered the Holy Father his Seat. St.
+_Patrick_ preached to him and converted him. He became a Person of eminent
+Sanctity, and after some Time was consecrated by St. _Patrick_, Bishop of
+_Slain_.
+
+The Day following, when St. _Patrick_ and two of his Disciples appeared
+unexpectedly at Court, and preached to the King and his Nobles, _Dubtach_,
+the King’s Poet Laureat, payed Honour and Respect to the Saint, and was
+converted by his Preaching. _Fiech_, a young Poet, who was under the
+Tuition of _Dubtach_, was also converted, and afterwards made Bishop of
+_Sletty_, and is said to have been the Author of a celebrated Poem,
+composed in Praise of St. _Patrick_. _Anselm_, Arch-Bishop of
+_Canterbury_, relates the Conversion of _Tingar_, the Son of _Clito_, (one
+of the Nobles in this Assembly,) in the same Manner. The Queen also, and
+many others of the Court, became Christians; and altho’ the King held out
+for a long Time with great Obstinacy, yet at last he submitted to be
+baptized. St. _Patrick_ is said here to have wrought many Miracles: There
+could not truly, even according to the Purposes of human Wisdom, have
+happened a more solemn or weighty Occasion, for God Almighty’s supporting
+this Holy Preacher by Miracles, than when the collective Body of the whole
+Nation was assembled together; from whose Report and Conviction, the
+Influences of his blessed Works and Doctrine must of Course spread through
+the whole Kingdom.
+
+His Conduct and Proceedings here, with a particular Detail of the Miracles
+wrought by him, may be had at large in the History of his Life, published
+by _John Colgan_.
+
+From _Tarah_, the Saint proceeded next to _Talten_, not far from thence,
+at the Season of the Royal Diversions: Here he preached to _Cairbre_, and
+_Conall_, the two Brothers of King _Leogin_; the former received him with
+great Indignity, and perversely shut his Ears against his Doctrine; but
+_Conall_ believed, and was baptized, and gave St. _Patrick_ a Place to
+build a Church on.
+
+This _Conall_ was Great-Grand-Father to _Columb-Kill_. He spent the
+Remainder of this Year in _Meath_ and _Louth_, and the Districts
+adjoining, preaching, and converting great Numbers of People. The
+_Taltenian_ Sports above-mentioned, have been much celebrated by the
+_Irish_ Historians, and Antiquaries. They were a kind of warlike
+Exercises, somewhat resembling the _Olympick_ Games, consisting of Racing,
+Tilts, Tournaments, Wrestling, Leaping, Vaulting, and all other manly and
+martial Exercises, which gave Rise to the many hyperbolical Tales,
+formerly related of those _Taltenian_ Sports. They were exhibited every
+Year at _Talten_, a Mountain in _Meath_, for fifteen Days before, and
+fifteen Days after the First of _August_. Their first Institution is
+ascribed to _Lughaid-lam-fadha_, the twelfth King of _Ireland_, who began
+his Reign _A. M._ 2764 (a sufficient Proof of _Ireland_’s Antiquity as a
+Kingdom). They were ordained by _Lughaid_, in Gratitude to the Memory of
+_Tailte_, the Daughter of _Magh-More_, (a Prince of some Part of _Spain_)
+who having been married to _Eochaid_, King of _Ireland_, took the same
+_Lughaid_ under her Protection, and had the Care of his Education in his
+Minority. From this Princess both the Sports, and the Place where they
+were celebrated, took their Names: From _Lughaid_, the First of _August_
+was called _Lugnasa_, or the Memory of _Lughaid_, _Nasa_ signifying
+Memory, in the _Irish_ Language.
+
+In the Year of the World 2700, _Gideon_ then reigning fourth Judge of the
+_Hebrews_, appear’d many Heroes, as _Hercules_, _Orpheus_, _Castor_,
+_Pollux_, the _Argonauts_, _Jason_, _Laomedon_, _Thesæus_, _Dedalus_, &c.
+The _Amazones_, Heroines of _Scythic_ Extraction, having lost their
+Husbands in Battle, took up Arms themselves, with a manly Spirit of
+Resentment, and (inspired with Love of their deceased Husbands, and Grief
+for so great and irretrievable a Loss!) subdued _Asia_, and built
+_Ephesus_. _Hercules_ and _Thesæus_ waged War against those Heroines, and
+defeated them, more to the Glory of the Vanquished than their own, those
+Matrons having defended themselves with surprizing Resolution. They cut
+off the Guards set over them, and escaped the Severity and Pride of their
+Conquerors. _Hercules_, in Honour of such extraordinary heroick Females,
+instituted the _Olympick_ Games; as likewise did _Thesæus_, the
+_Isthmian_, in the Year of the World, about 2700, the _Taltenian_ Sports,
+the very same with the _Olympick_, brought sixty-four Years after from
+_Spain_ into _Ireland_, by _Tailte_, and her Followers. Now this _Tailte_,
+Queen of _Ireland_, was the Grand-daughter of an _Amazone_ Princess, those
+immortal Females having, with their Progeny, Friends and Followers, to
+avoid the ruinous Hostilities of _Hercules_ and _Thesæus_, sought Shelter
+in _Spain_, whither they imported the Learning of _Trismegistus_, the
+Grandson of _Mercury_, and Glory of _Ægypt_, together with all the
+literary Arts derived into _Greece_, from _Phœnicia_, by _Cadmus_, the
+Brother of _Europa_, about the Year of the World 2530, _Othoniel_ then
+reigning the first Judge of the _Hebrews_. The Posterity of this ancient
+and illustrious Colony, about the Year of the World 3000, (_Solomon_ then
+reigning with great Splendour, third King of the _Hebrews_) settled in
+this Kingdom, as before observed: So that, by an impartial Estimate of
+Dates, Periods, and Facts, our Origin is well ascertained, our early
+Possession of Letters, wise Policy, and the politer Arts, proved, and the
+Remark of an _Italian_ Monk in the 7th Century, from the University of
+_Mongret_, in an Epistle to his Correspondent at _Rome_, justified, _Nil
+mirum Populum hunc Celtico Scythicum è præclarâ Amazonidum stirpê
+oriundum, verâ Religionê et __ incorruptâ Fide illuminatum, sapientia
+Doctrina optimisque Morbidus ornatum, viros fortes et Fæminas castas
+plerumque procreare_. A Rescript of this Original Epistle still extant, in
+the _Vatican_ Library, some Years ago in the Hands of Father Don _Levy_,
+may therefore, I believe, be found in the College of _Lombard_ at _Paris_.
+
+In this shining Period were Cathedrals and Churches erected, Universities
+founded and established, Colleges, Seminaries and Schools propagated in
+many Parts of this Kingdom, which, at the same Time, became a peaceful and
+hospitable Retreat to religious and learned Men, disturbed on the
+Continent of _Europe_, by the frequent Invasions, and cruel Hostilities of
+the North-men, whose Piracies and Barbarity, even _Ireland_ could not
+always escape! For, from the Time of _Artigrius_, Archbishop of _Ardmagh_
+in 822, for near 200 Years the cruel _Danes_ miserably ravaged this
+Kingdom, destroying, by Fire and Sword, every Establishment, as well of
+Piety as Learning, (to both which, and to all religious Maxims of
+civilized Society, they had been avowed implacable Enemies) till they were
+themselves, in 1014, totally defeated at _Clontarf_, by the invincible
+Arms of the Great Monarch, _Bryan Borou_, from whom descended a Race
+conspicuous for exemplary Prelates, heroick Leaders, and steady Patriots.
+
+The learned Author of the _Dissertations_ before-mentioned, charges this
+Hero with a Violation of the Constitution of his Country: Yet the
+Violation seems of far earlier Date, when the supreme Monarchy was, by the
+_Hugonian_ Law, inalienably united to one Family, whose Sovereignty,
+however founded originally, whether by Birth, or Election, was essential
+to the public Welfare: For we must allow that the Preservation of the
+People is the principal Law to which all others are subordinate. _Salus
+Populi suprema Lex_; and equally, that not only the Necessities, but the
+Safety also of the People, at that Time of Danger and Distraction, eagerly
+called forth the Conduct and Valour, the protective and restorative
+Abilities of that great and virtuous Man, of whom a faithful Historian, in
+his Detail of the Battle of _Clontarf_, says; _Integrâ prius adept a
+Victoriâ rebus humanis eodem Diê excessit vir Bellô ac Pacê summus,
+Justitiæ, Religionis, Literarum, Cultor eximius, et cum Carolo Magno
+utique comparandus_.
+
+In the 239th Page of the _Dissertations_, the excellent Author expresseth
+himself as follows:
+
+“I now proceed to give some Account of the second Royal House of _Scots_,
+the oldest of the _Milesian_ Race, and the Posterity of _Eber_.” This Race
+then being avowed the oldest, in Respect of Primogeniture, must, of
+Course, have been prior in Point of Dignity and Sway, or at least, equally
+entitled to the Election of the People to such Ranks; were not those by
+violent Measures annexed to the _Heremonian_ Line: Yet, however this might
+have been, certain it is, that no Houses that we read of, ancient or
+modern, have produced a greater Number of truly heroick Princes, or of
+longer Continuance, than those of the North and South _Hy-Nial_; from whom
+also issued many noble Families of real Worth, and equal Renown. With
+_Bryan_, the happy Genius of _Ireland_, in a great Measure, expired: For
+the cruel _Danes_ had, for near 200 Years before, so wofully overturned
+the Universities of _Ardmagh_, _Dondaleith-Glass_, _Mongret_, and
+_Lismore_, with all other Seminaries of Piety and Learning, (the only
+genuine Sources of national Greatness, Concord, good Discipline, and
+Happiness) had obliged, in the 8th Century, so many learned Men to seek
+that Shelter and Security on the Continent, which the barbarous
+Hostilities, and impious Manners of those Northerns, denied them at Home;
+had made such frequent lamentable Breaches in the antient, wise
+Constitution of the Kingdom; had, by the fatal Example of their profligate
+dissolute Lives, so vitiated the national Morality; and finally, had left
+behind them so many noxious Seeds of Faction and Anarchy, as, in less than
+two Centuries, gave up a Kingdom, of above 2000 Years Establishment, the
+unaccountable Prey of a few adventurous _Normans_!
+
+_Patrick_ governed the See of _Dublin_ about ten Years, and, in a Voyage
+to _England_, perished by Shipwreck, in the _British_ Sea, on the 16th of
+_October_, 1084; having been sent to _Lanfranc_, Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_, by King _Tirdelvac_.
+
+_Donat_, or _Dongus O’Haingly_, having spent some Time in the Study of
+useful Learning in _Ireland_, went over into _England_, and became a
+Benedictine Monk at _Canterbury_. He was afterwards, (by the Consent of
+King _Tirdelvac_, and the Clergy of _Dublin_) consecrated, _A. D._ 1085,
+in the Cathedral of _Canterbury_, by the before-mentioned _Lanfranc_, to
+whom he made the following Profession of Obedience:
+
+“I, _Donat_, Bishop of the See of _Dublin_ in _Ireland_, do promise
+Canonical Obedience to you, _O’ Lanfranc_, Archbishop of the holy Church
+of _Canterbury_, and to your Successors.”
+
+It is evident that the Title of the Kings of _England_ to this Kingdom, by
+Papal Donation, or Appointment, was very insufficient, if not absolutely
+trifling: Nor could a Right of Conquest be urged in any Period of the
+Reign of _Henry_ the Second, or his Descendants. But the Great and Royal
+Families of _Ireland_, long the Prey of Faction, deliberately preferred a
+limitted and stipulated Submission to foreign Authority, to the various
+Evils arising from intestine Feuds and Animosities; and this, had the wise
+Conditions thereof been constantly attended to, with mutual Observance,
+had been a sound Title, well and judiciously founded.
+
+True it is, that after the Surrender of the Crown by King _John_ to the
+See of _Rome_, the Pope exerted some temporal Authority in this Kingdom,
+instanced in his having created _Mc. Con More Mc. Namaras_(2) Duke of
+_Klan Cullane_, a Man of great Valour and Piety, supported by ample
+Possessions in the Baronies of _Tulla_ and _Bunratty_, in the County of
+_Clare_; which extensive Districts entirely belonged to that ancient,
+hospitable, martial, and religious Race, of which _Mc. Con More_ was
+Chief: The _Mc. Namaras_, more or less, have in all Ages made, and still
+continue to make, a distinguished Figure, as well in the Field, as in the
+learned Professions; and were formerly so warlike a People, that of
+themselves they formed an heroic Cavalry, justly stiled the _Phalanx_ of
+that Part of _Ireland_ wherein they resided.
+
+How our Neighbours came to call us _waild Ayrish_, I am a Loss to
+conjecture; it being evident we have been a thousand Years, at least, in
+Possession of Letters, Laws, and Civility, before the Arrival of _Julius
+Cæsar_ in _Britain_.
+
+I am equally at a Loss to know why a Man should become a standing Jest for
+his Ignorance in an alien Tongue, almost the constant Fate of our
+Countrymen in _Britain_, where, whoever is not smartly expert in the
+_English_ Language, is immediately denominated a _Teague_, a _Paddy_, or I
+know not what, in the Stile of Derision: At the same Time that the most
+awkward-tongued _Irishman_ in _London_ speaks _English_ with far more
+Propriety, and a better Accent, than the smartest _British Petit Maitre_
+in _Paris_ doth _French_.
+
+Some dramatick Scriblers, (probably of our own degenerate Growth) the
+better to qualify them for eleemosinary Dinners, gave Rise to this
+impertinent Treatment of a Nation, which, from the concurrent Testimonies
+of all the Dispassionate and Learned, can, in Reality, be as little the
+Object of Scurrility, as any other.
+
+Why should even poor _Teague_ prove so constant a Butt, to Farce-wrights,
+and Hackney Laughers; when, upon Examination, he is, by a thousand
+Degrees, preferable to the _British_ Hobbinol, or _French_ Gregoire? For
+_Teague_ is a very Pattern of Hospitality; so much so, that if a Gentleman
+should happen to miss his Road, and be nessitated to seek the Shelter of
+_Teague_’s Cabbin, or Hut, was poor _Teague_ trusting to two Sheep for his
+worldly Subsistance, he would kill one, and sell the other, at the next
+Village or Inn, for the better Entertainment of his Guest, and think
+himself happy in such an Occasion of approving his Generosity and Respect:
+He would the next Morning abandon his Spade, and chearfully trot ten Miles
+to shew such bewilder’d Gentleman the right Road. He is naturally civil,
+generous, and hospitable, (for scarce a Night passeth that poor Travellers
+are not entertained in his Cottage,) extremely respectful to his
+Superiors, and to his Lord and Master faithful to Death. The military
+Annals of _Europe_ proclaim his Capacity and Taste for Fighting; then if
+you should take this identical _Teague_’s infant Son, and give him a
+regular liberal Education, it is one hundred to one, but he turns out a
+Gentleman of Merit, Learning, Worth, and Politeness; whereas it would
+certainly require more than _Herculean_ Labour to chissel a _French
+Paisan_, a primitive _Westmoreland_, or _Devonshire_ Boor, not only into
+the Form of an elegant, but even into that of a sociable Creature.
+
+The Insignificancy of those Jesters and Spatterers, will more clearly
+appear, if we look back to the wise, free, and truly parliamentary
+Constitution of this Kingdom; if we recollect the vast Length of its
+Duration, as a free and independant State; the military Prowess of its
+Inhabitants in all Ages; their victorious Conflicts with the _Romans_, and
+with the _French_ under _Henry_ the Vth, and the Black _Prince_; their
+having founded a Monarchy in _North Britain_, whence, by a Right of
+Descent, in Addition to every other, his present Majesty, (whom God long
+preserve,) by the special Providence and infinite Mercy of Heaven, ruleth
+over us: If we consider the Number of our Universities, Colleges, and
+Academies, religious Monasteries and pious Seminaries, resorted to from
+all civilized Parts of _Europe_, our Metropolitical and Diocesan
+Cathedrals; on such impartial Review, surely, the foregoing Tribe of
+Sneerers and Flouters must dwindle into deserved Contempt.
+
+I shall close this feeble Attempt on the antient State of _Ireland_, with
+the Description thereof by _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesulæ_, near _Florence_,
+in the 7th or 8th Century; referring, at the same Time, to the most
+authentick _British_ Antiquaries, _Campden_, _Giraldus Cambrensis_,
+_Buchanan_, _Ware_, &c. for Confirmation of what hath been previously
+observed on the same Subject.
+
+_Finibus Occiduis describitur optima Tellus,_
+_Nomine et Antiquis __SCOTIA__ scripta Libris——_
+_Insula dives Opum, Gemmarum, Vestis et Auri,_
+_Commoda Corporibus, Aere sole Solo;_
+_Melle fluit pulchris et lacteis __SCOTIA__ Campis_
+_Vestibus atque Armis, frugibus, arte viris._
+_Ursorum Rabies, nulla est ibi; sæva Leonum_
+_Semina, nec unquam __SCOTICA__ Terra tulit_
+_Nulla Venena nocent, nec Serpens serpit in Herbâ,_
+_Nec conquesta canit Garula Rana Lacu;_
+_In qua __SCOTORUM__ Gentes habitare merentur_
+_Inclita Gens Hominum Milite, Pace, Fide._
+
+Thus Englished by the Ingenius and Reverend Mr. _Dunkin_:
+
+“Far Westward, lies an Isle of antient Fame,
+By Nature bless’d, and SCOTIA is her Name;
+Enroll’d in Books: Exhaustless is her Store
+Of veiny Silver, and of Golden Ore:
+Her fruitful Soil for ever teams with Wealth,
+With Gems her Waters, and her Air with Health:
+Her verdant Fields with Milk and Honey flow;
+Her woolly Fleeces vie with Virgin Snow:
+Her waving Furrows float with bearded Corn,
+And Arms and Arts her envy’d Sons adorn.
+No savage Bear, with lawless Fury, roves;
+No rav’nous Lion, thro’ her peaceful Groves;
+No Poison there infects; no scaly Snake
+Creeps thro’ the Grass, nor Frog annoys the Lake:
+An Island worthy of its pious Race,
+In War triumphant, and unmatch’d in Peace.”
+
+This _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesula_, was an _Irishman_, of the antient and
+hospitable Family, afterwards _O Hogan_; a Family which held ample and
+fair Possessions in the Province of _Munster_, and which, in former Times,
+adorned the See of _Killaloe_, with four very learned and exemplary
+Prelates; namely, with _Matthew O Hogan_, who succeeded to this
+Bishoprick, in the Reign of _Henry_ the IIId, and in the Year of our Lord
+1267; and who, having much enlarged his Diocese, and done many signal Acts
+of popular Charity, died in the Year, 1281, and was buried in _Limerick_,
+in a Convent of _Dominican_ Friars. To this Bishop succeeded _Maurice O
+Hogan_, who governed this See with peculiar Zeal and Charity, upwards of
+sixteen Years, and died in 1298, or the Year following, and was buried in
+his own Church. _Thomas O Hogan_, Canon of _Killaloe_, was consecrated in
+1343, and died on the 30th of _October_, 1354; five Days after which, he
+was buried among his worthy Ancestors at _Nenagh_; as may be seen in the
+Annals of that Place.
+
+_Richard O Hogan_ succeeded to the See of _Killaloe_, in 1525, and was in
+1539 translated to _Clon Mac Nois_: He was a Prelate of great Learning and
+Capacity, in all spiritual and ecclesiastical Matters.
+
+This antient Family is, at this Time, represented by _Edmund O Hogan_,
+Esq; High Sheriff of the County of _Clare_, a Gentleman, who, by the whole
+Tenor of his Life, hath proved Generosity of Heart, Charity, and
+Hospitality, to be Qualities inherent.
+
+_Dermod Mac Murchad_, sovereign Prince of _Hy-Kinsellagh_, banished by
+_Roderick O Connor_, King of _Ireland_, for his various and high State
+Crimes, sought Sanctuary and Redress in the Court of _England_; where, in
+the Absence of _Henry_, then in _Normandy_, diverse adventurous _Normans_,
+_Flemings_, _Saxons_, and old _Britons_, (being themselves unsettled, and
+unestablished) acceded to the Fate and Fortunes of _Dermod_, under the
+Conduct of _Strongbow_, Earl of _Pembroke_; whose casual Success in
+_Ireland_, against _Roderick_ (owing _more_ to the general Defection, at
+that fatal Period, of the _Irish_ Chiefs against their lawful Sovereign,
+than to any _superior Valour_ or Address of those Adventurers) induced
+_Henry_ to a deliberate and grand Invasion of a Kingdom, to which he could
+lay no Claim on the Score of Nature, Reason, or Right, and whither his
+pretended Mission, on the Score of collecting St. _Peter_’s Dues, (which
+St. _Peter_ himself never once thought of, or imagined) was as
+_ridiculous_ as _groundless_. The _Summa Dies_, however, arrived: and the
+People of _Ireland_, wearied out with intestine Strife, acknowledged
+_Henry_ for their Sovereign Lord; and a grand Charter of Rights and
+Covenants, mutual Protection and Allegiance, was entered into, anteriorly
+to that of _England_. How well this Charter was _observed_ on the
+_protective_ Side, the absolute Anarchy of near four Centuries, from its
+original Date and Perfection, to the Reign of Queen _Elizabeth_,
+demonstrates: A whole Nation, that sought Protection, and that _agreed_
+for quiet, regular, and lawful Government, upon rationable Terms, deprived
+of the Power of ordaining Laws for its own Security and Well-being, and
+precluded (all to four or five great and favourite Families) from the
+Benefits and Advantages accruing from those of that Kingdom, to which it
+had voluntarily united itself; exposed, through such a Length of Time, to
+arbitary Depredations, and unpunished, unredressed, uncensured Rapine,
+_Quis talia sando temperet a Lachrymis_!
+
+King _Henry_ called back into _England_, to lay the Storms raised by his
+rebellious Sons, with whom and _Thomas Becket_, Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_, he was so constantly embroiled to the End of his Life, that
+he could little attend to the Settlement of the Affairs of this new
+acquired Sovereignty.
+
+_Richard_ the First, his immediate Successor, called away to the Holy Wars
+against the _Saracens_, had as little Leisure as his Predecessor to
+promote the Quiet, or Happiness of _Ireland_.
+
+From the usurped Authority of King _John_, a continued Series of Papal
+Animosity, Bloodshed, Calamities and Piracies, closed at last by Poison;
+little beside political Disasters of all Sorts, could be expected.
+
+_Henry_ the Third, through a Reign of Fifty-six Years, was continually
+involved in Troubles and Hostilities, with his inflexible _English_
+Barons.
+
+_Edward_ the First, a great and warlike Prince, was, throughout his whole
+Reign, engaged in the Reduction of the _Welch_ and _Scots_, and so intent
+thereon, that he could turn his Thoughts to no other Object.
+
+_Edward_ the Second, indeed, sent _Gaveston_ hither, more to screen him
+from the implacable Resentments of the stubborn _English_ Nobility, than
+to render any good Offices to the Inhabitants of this Country; who,
+indiscriminately, (_Strongbownians_ as well as _Irish_) felt the Severity
+of that insolent Favourite’s Measures.
+
+_Richard_ the Second visited this Kingdom in Person, with the good
+Intentions of establishing Peace, Order, and Harmony, in a valuable but
+long neglected Estate: Yet his own adverse Fate, conspiring with that of
+this Land, called him back, before he could carry his favourable
+Resolutions into Execution, to defend his _English_ Dominions from the
+hostile Attacks of _Henry_, Earl of _Hereford_, who, with the Duke of
+_Norfolk_, Son to _John_ of _Gaunt_, had some Years before been banished
+by _Richard_, to prevent a personal Combat: This King, worthy more
+propitious Stars, long agitated and afflicted by the Turbulence and
+irreconcilable Obstinacy of his _British_ Subjects, perished at last under
+the impious Hands of Sir _Pierce_ of _Exton_, who, at the Head of eight
+barbarous armed Assassins, rushed into his Chamber, and murdered him.
+
+The Reign of _Henry_ the Fourth was short, tumultuous, and bloody; Deluges
+of noble Blood having been shed by the bare Hands of the common
+Executioner, to confirm a Throne acquired by abominable Crimes, and
+Violence! And no sooner had these dreadful Storms begun to abate, than
+_Henry_ was forced to depart from a Scene he had more adorned, (for he
+was, without Question, a great and valiant Man) had not his Ambition
+blindly hurried him beyond the Bounds of Justice and Nature.
+
+_Henry_ the Fifth, his Son and Successor, and truly Inheritor of his
+Ambition and warlike Genius, imagining himself aggrieved by the _Salique
+Law_, which excluded his Great Great-Grandmother, _Isabel_, from the
+Monarchy of _France_, turned his elevated Thoughts intirely to the
+Conquest of that Kingdom: Wherein, by his own vast Merit in martial
+Affairs, and the Co-operation of the Queen of _France_, (Consort of
+_Charles_ the Sixth, then frantick,) and that of the Duke of _Burgundy_, a
+great and powerful Prince, he so far succeeded, as, after his Marriage
+with _Catharine de Valois_, Daughter of _Charles_ the Sixth, to be
+crowned, and acknowledged King of _France_.
+
+To this great and victorious Monarch succeeded _Henry_ the Sixth, who,
+through a long, various, and constantly clouded Reign, seemed the very
+Play of Fortune! This Day a King, the next a Prisoner! One Day acknowleged
+by his Parliament, the next attainted! One Day a Conqueror, and the next a
+Captive!
+
+Fierce, frequent, and bloody, were the Conflicts between the Houses of
+_York_ and _Lancaster_, the _White_ and _Red Roses_; the former
+endeavouring to recover its Loss, the latter to maintain its usurped
+Authority. In this dreadful Quarrel perished two hundred thousand of
+private Soldiers; ten thousand of the Nobility, Gentry, and Persons of
+Distinction; three Kings; and, at last, the entire Race of _Plantagenet_.
+
+_Edward_ the Fourth soon fell, by his natural Intemperance, or rather by
+the insatiable Cruelty of _Gloucester_; who had already sacrificed his
+Brother _Clarence_, to pave his Way to the Throne. Nor better fared it
+with _Edward_ the Fifth, who, by all the Arts of Seduction and Delusion,
+which his unnatural Uncle and Guardian, _Richard_, practised on the Fears
+and Weakness of the Queen Dowager; was, with his Brother the Duke of
+_York_, conveyed with great Pomp to the Tower; where the bloody Tyrant,
+aided by the Duke of _Buckingham_, soon sacrificed those young, innocent
+and hopeful Princes to his wicked and boundless Ambition. But he soon
+after lost his own flagitious Life, and a most cruelly-acquired Crown, on
+the Plains of _Bosworth_.
+
+To him succeeded _Henry_ the Seventh, and the first of the Race of
+_Tudor_, a great, wise and valiant Prince, but rather too much inclined to
+Rigour, and Avarice; Imperfections which extremely blemished his other
+great Qualities.
+
+In the tenth Year of this Reign, the Parliamentary Constitution of
+_Ireland_ received a deeper Stab than had ever before, or since, been
+inflicted thereon, by a Statute Law, commonly called _Poynin_’s Act; by
+which a new, and, till that wretched Period, an unheard of Order, was
+added to the three established Ranks of the State. By this Law, the
+_English_ Privy-Council may impose a _Negative_ on the _free_ and
+_unanimous_ Parliamentary Ordinances of the representative Body of the
+Kingdom of _Ireland_; a manifest Injury to the Authority and Dignity of
+Parliament; and an equal Diminution of the Royal Prerogative, that only
+should include, and should alone exert, a Power so important.
+
+In Times dark, tumultuated and dangerous, no Wonder extraordinary Laws
+should pass: _Desperate Diseases_ require _desperate Remedies_: But when
+the _Fever_ is removed, it certainly is a horrid Management to leave the
+blistering Plaister _still sticking_ to the _recovered_ Patient’s Back.
+
+The Distempers of this Nation were heavy, complicated and chronic; and
+finally curable, only by the salutary all-healing Hands of our present
+King, and present Parliament.
+
+To _Henry_ the Seventh succeeded _Henry_ the Eighth, as consummate a
+Tyrant, in every Sense, as ever swayed the _British_, or any other
+Sceptre; whose whole Life was so continued a Scene of wanton Dissipation,
+Lust, Cruelty, Rapine, Bloodshed and Sacrilege, that it must have been a
+peculiar Happiness, to any Part of his Dominions, to have been _neglected_
+or _forgotten_ by him: Nor could the two succeeding Reigns of _Edward_ the
+Sixth, and Queen _Mary_, short, various, cloudy, and vastly agitated on
+the Score of Religion, (which, in those two Reigns, took Faces almost
+diametrically opposite,) afford this Kingdom much reflected Sunshine.
+
+To those ensued that of Queen _Elizabeth_, a Princess of powerful
+Abilities, who, truly intent on the Peace and Welfare of her Subjects,
+caused her Laws to operate, and Justice to circulate in this Kingdom,
+abandoned, as hath been observed, to a State almost of Anarchy, thro’ a
+dismal Series of seventeen Reigns: But the Reformation in Religion, which
+she established in _England_, and introduced in _Ireland_, much obviated
+her Purposes for the latter Kingdom: For, the _Irish_, more tenacious of
+their Altars, than of their Fire-places, could not easily reconcile
+themselves to the Exchange of a Religion they deemed a _new one_, for
+_that_ they had been in Possession of from the fourth, to the fifteenth
+Century: Which produced a rebellious Defection, in a few of the principal
+Chieftains of this Land, and gave Occasion to the greedy Provincial
+Precedents, of trumping up _imaginary Rebellions_, to pave the Way to
+_real Forfeitures_; thereby to aggrandize their own Houses; what some of
+them effectually accomplished, to the Ruin and Extirpation of many honest
+Families.
+
+This great and illustrious Princess, (whose Reign had remained
+untarnished, had it not been for the Death of the ill-fated Queen of
+_Scotland_) was succeeded by _James_ the Sixth of _Scotland_, and the
+first of the _Stuart_ Race that governed _England_: From this Prince,
+descended of _Irish_ Kings, the People of _Ireland_ might have expected
+many Favours and Immunities; wherein, however, they were miserably
+disappointed: Which, with a Train of other Hardships and antiparental
+Severities, (particularly his alienating, at _one Stroke_, six of the best
+Counties in the Kingdom, on the _procured_ Testimony of an obscure
+wretched Individual, one _Teige Lenane_,) is too sufficient and too
+lasting a Proof of: _Heu! tot Conquesta Annorum, hauserit una Dies!_ The
+Possession of at least twenty Centuries, of the great and good, the heroic
+and hospitable _O Neils_, _O Donnels_, _Mac Guires_, _Mac Gennises_, _O
+Reillys_, _O Cahanes_, &c. ravished away to gratify hungry Favourites, and
+indigent Relatives! the six Counties, however, as the Law Term has it,
+_escheated_. Had the _Highlands_ of _Scotland_, at that unhappy Period,
+been more populated, probably six or eight Counties _more_ had been
+procured to _escheat_, and there had been _a braa Clutch of bonny
+Traitors_; the _O Connors_, _Mac Carthys_, _O Briens_, _O Donnels_, _O
+Hares_, _O Malones_, &c. had been _all_ in the _same Bottom_ with the
+Families above mentioned; especially, as they could not, according to
+_James_ the First’s own Phrase, _look to the Pope, and row with him_.
+
+To _James_ the 6th of _Scotland_, and first of _England_, succeeded
+_Charles_ the First; who, notwithstanding his eminent Possession of all
+the Virtues that adorn and illustrate human Nature, could neither divert
+the adverse Fate of Subjects, or prevent his own.
+
+The Disseisin of many honest Families in the County of _Kilkenny_, and
+elsewhere, by the Earl of _Strafford_, on stale Pretences of _Non
+Performance of Covenants_ on their Part; his Attempt of confiscating
+twenty-five Parts in thirty of the whole Province of _Connaught_, on a
+Claim of Descent, dormant 300 Years, and _originally ill founded_, with
+the arbitrary Steps by him taken to the Accomplishment of this wasteful
+Purpose; too clearly proved that Nobleman a second _Verres_. The cruel and
+intoxicated Administration of the Rump Parliament; the insolent,
+licentious, and riotous Controul of the military _Independents_; the
+abject Tyranny of _Oliver Cromwell_, who prostrated Constitution, Church
+and State, will always be recollected with the Contempt, Horror, and
+Detestation of every good Subject.
+
+The Calamities from 1641, to the happy Restoration of King _Charles_ the
+Second, in 1660, being common to all good Subjects, were the more
+tolerable, _ferre quam sortem patiuntur omnes, nemo recusat_: But now or
+never, surely, might his ever loyal, ever faithful _Irish_ Subjects have,
+with the most reasonable Assurance, hoped, if not for publick and lasting
+Rewards, the common Wages of uncommon Fidelity; at least, for a
+Restitution of what had been their own, through Ages immemorial.
+
+Will late Posterity _believe_, that, in Favour of mercenary Adventurers,
+who advanced Money to provide for a desperate regicide Army; in Favour of
+the Officers of this same Army, whom their Ringleader _Cromwell_, seared
+as his Conscience was, indulged with no more than _temporary_ Grants of
+the Estates belonging to the King’s most faithful Subjects: Will
+Posterity, I say, believe, that, in special Favour of such Men, those
+_identical Subjects_, the bravest Advocates, as well as the most
+affectionate undeviating Friends of the Monarchy and Constitution, were
+_for ever_ deprived of their Properties! To remunerate the _others_, the
+most _inveterate_ and _implacable_ Enemies of EITHER! _Doing Good for
+Evil_ is a Divine Precept, and certainly includes a most sublime Moral;
+but _rendering Evil for Good_, is such a Principle as must carry Horror
+with it, among savage Nations!
+
+The King of _France_’s immediate Letter, on this Subject, to King
+_Charles_ the Second, as it reflects Honour on the Memory of those
+illustrious Sufferers, I therefore take Leave to transcribe in this Place.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+_His Most Christian Majesty’s Letter to the King of __Great Britain__, in
+Favour of the __Roman Catholicks__ of __Ireland__._
+
+
+    “Most High, Most Excellent, and Most Potent Prince, our dear and
+    well-beloved Brother and Cousin! At the same Time that we have
+    been told of your Majesty’s great Goodness towards your Subjects,
+    and the Precedent you have given of an extraordinary Clemency, in
+    granting them your general Amnesty (some few only excepted, of
+    those whom the Blood of their King, and that of his People, cry
+    aloud to Heaven for Revenge against). We could not but let your
+    Majesty know, that we were extremely surprized to hear, that the
+    _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_ were _excluded_ from that Act of
+    Oblivion, and, by that Means, put into the Number of the _most
+    criminal_! This News has so much the more excited our Compassion
+    towards them, that we have been informed, that, in _all the
+    Changes_ which have hitherto happened in your Dominions, and in
+    the almost general _Defection of_ your Subjects, _none_ stood
+    _more constant_ to their lawful Sovereign, even in the greatest
+    Streights, than the _Catholicks_: So that, if they are now branded
+    for their Religion, it may be said, for their Honour, that, in
+    Times past, none could be found _readier_, or more _cheerfully
+    disposed_, than _they_, to serve and assist their Prince; and that
+    with so much _Ardour_, that their Zeal then for the Royal Family
+    was reckoned a certain Mark of their true Religion. It is for that
+    Reason that we now become their Intercessors to you: For,
+    otherwise, had they _failed_ in the Fidelity they owe you, instead
+    of interceding for them, we would join with you in using them with
+    all imaginable Rigour; and it would never come into our Thoughts
+    to concern ourselves, as we do, for the _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_;
+    though we _were obliged to it_, by the last Treaty of Peace made
+    with the Marquess of _Ormond_, and which was granted them by our
+    Mediation. And, as we are well assured, that, since the Conclusion
+    of that Peace, they have done Nothing which can be called a
+    _Failure of their Duty to you_, we find ourselves under so much
+    the greater Obligation to conjure you, to make good that Treaty to
+    them, in that they _religiously_ observed it on _their_ Side, in
+    all its Parts: And to beseech you not to suffer, that either the
+    Hatred, which an immoderate Zeal swells some bigotted Sectaries
+    with, nor the unlucky Spoils of these poor People, render criminal
+    or miserable the _most faithful_ of your Subjects; to whom their
+    lawful King, as you are, is not _the less dear_, nor _less
+    respected_, because of a _different Belief_ from _theirs_. We
+    propose Nothing to ourselves in this, nor ask any Thing, but what
+    we daily _practise_ (as you may know) towards those of our
+    Subjects who are of the _reformed Religion_. And, as we have
+    commanded the Sieur Marquis _de Rouvigny_ to explain our
+    Sentiments more amply on this Subject to you, be pleased to give
+    him a favourable Audience: And, above all Things, be perswaded,
+    that, in this Affair, we have no less your own _true Interest_ in
+    View, than what _natural Reason_ and _Equity_ requires; and that
+    our sincere Friendship for you is the principal Motive of this
+    Request. Dated at _Paris_, the 7th of _September_, 1660.”
+
+
+The _good_ King _Charles_, regardless of this important Solicitation,
+unattentive to the plain Suggestions of _common Right_, and unaccountably
+forgetful of all their _past signal Services_ and inviolate Zeal; observed
+indeed that those faithful _Irish_ Subjects had no Stock; consequently,
+that dispossessing the Adherents of _Oliver_, who, with the Land, had
+pirated the national Stock, would cause much Confusion. As for the
+_former_, he hoped some Settlement might in Time be found for them; (in
+Truth, I believe, for aught his Majesty in Reality concerned himself, this
+might have been in _Terra Australis Incognita_). Their Want of Stock is
+the less to be admired at, it being well known, that, with their Pay in
+foreign Service, chiefly expended to contribute all in their Power to the
+_Royal Support_, they even went so far as to sell their Plate, and
+valuable Moveables, to answer the same _generous Purpose_: But, when every
+known Acre in the Kingdom, that could be disposed of, was given away by
+Wholesale to the Duke of _York_, the Heir-apparent of the Crown, (partial
+Distribution!) to new-fangled Favourites, and the staunch old Enemies of
+Church and Crown; it was hoped some Lands might be _yet_ discovered, to
+satisfy and compensate those _Irish_ Worthies, who had Nothing left for
+their Support, beside an inalienable Sense of Honour and Loyalty, and a
+Character of invincible Fidelity (which all Nations admired and
+applauded). No such Discovery, however, was made, nor any relative to the
+_Irish_, under that Administration, but what tended to convince them, by
+the famous Act of Settlement, _&c._ of the extraordinary severe
+Peculiarity of their Fate! Yet, ordained to shew Posterity unprecedented
+Specimens of Loyalty and Zeal, they still adhered, with inflexible
+Constancy, to the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, not mindful of
+their Injuries by _James_ the First, their unexampled Sufferings by the
+excessive harsh Measures of King _Charles_ the First, his Ministers, and
+Deputies, or their unheard-of Treatment (I won’t say _Wrongs_, it being a
+Maxim the King of _England_ can do none) by King _Charles_ II. Little
+Wonder, a House, constantly sapping it’s own best Pillars, should at
+length fall.
+
+King _James_ the Second, constrained to abdicate the Throne of _England_,
+endeavoured the Preservation of this his Kingdom of _Ireland_, where his
+faithful Subjects, (a Remnant of the various and manifold Wastes of
+foregoing Reigns) considering the thousand Disadvantages they laboured
+under, made _such a Stand_ as later Ages will look up to with
+Astonishment! A Parcel of Men, congregated in the utmost Hurry and
+Confusion, undisciplin’d, unarm’d, uncloathed, unpaid! Yet did those very
+Men, animated by the Example of their heroick Leaders, (I mean their
+immediate Lords and Countrymen) on the Plains of _Aughrim_, convince the
+best veteran Army that Day in _Europe_, superior in Numbers, excellently
+provided for in every Respect, and conducted by a Prince of singular
+Valour and Address, that _Irishmen_ were deserving of more auspicious
+Stars.
+
+Never was a more gallant Defence than they, after this, made in
+_Limerick_; where, although abandoned by the Prince, (whose Cause they had
+so remarkably espoused) and his auxiliary _French_, they obtained an
+honourable CAPITULATION from those in Commission under King _William_ the
+Third, whose strict _Observance_ thereof, to the End of his glorious Life,
+reflects, among many other his great Atchievements, deserved Honour on his
+Memory.
+
+The distinguished Figure made by those Noblemen and Gentlemen, who,
+regardless of _Property_ or _Ease_, followed the Destiny of that
+hard-fated Prince, King _James_ the Second, (namely, the Lords
+_Mount-Cashel_, _Tyrconnel_, _Clare_ and _Lucan_, the _Dillons_,
+_Nugents_, _Rooths_, _Burkes_, _Lees_, _Fitz-Geralds_, _Cooks_, _Lacys_,
+_Browns_, _Wogans_, _Baggots_, _Sheridans_, _Creaghs_, _Plunkets_,
+_Barnewals_, _Neagles_, _Lallys_, _Mac Carthys_, _Mac Donnels_, _Mac
+Guires_, _Mac Namarras_, _Mac Mahons_, _Mac Gennis’s_, _O Neils_, _O
+Connors_, _O Donnels_, _O Briens_, _O Dwyers_, _O Shaghnussys_, _O
+Mahonys_, _O Sullivans_, _O Kellys_, _O Ferralls_, _O Reillys_, _O Haras_,
+_O Hogans_, _O Byrnes_, _O Daes_, &c. &c. &c. the military Annals of
+_Germany_, _France_, _Spain_, _Flanders_, _Italy_, _Naples_, and
+_Russia_), must bear ample and authentic Testimony of, to future Ages.
+
+Those were they, of whom Dr. _Mac en Crow_ gives the following concise,
+but just and happy Character.
+
+
+    _Genus acre Bello, Studiis Genus acre Minervæ, Devotumque mori pro
+    Rege, Fidêque tuendis._
+
+
+Among those who followed the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, were Sir
+_Richard Neagle_, his Attorney-General, and Dr. _Moore_, Provost of
+_Trinity-college_, near _Dublin_; two Gentlemen very justly distinguished
+in their respective Spheres; the former, a Gentleman of unshaken
+Integrity, and great Capacity in the Profession of the Laws; the latter,
+of exemplary Piety, universal Learning, and fine Accomplishments. _Louis_
+the Fourteenth, then King of _France_, protected those worthy deserving
+Men, with singular Tenderness and Attention; and was instructed and guided
+solely by Dr. _Moore_, in the restoring, establishing, and modelling the
+University of _Paris_, at that gloomy Period! quite buried in perplexed,
+unintelligible, peripatetic Philosophy, and disfigured with romantic
+Legends, and Gothic Jingle! But, at the Doctor’s Appearance, Entities,
+Quiddities, Sympathies, Antipathies, occult Qualities, substantial Forms,
+metaphysical Degrees, Categories, and all this unideal wordy Stuff,
+vanished; and were succeeded by a clear, concise Method of Reasoning, and
+sound, useful, and experimental Philosophy. _Greek_, _Hebrew_, _Syriac_,
+_Chaldaic_, and _Arabic_, were Languages _untaught_, _unknown_, in the
+University of _Paris_, before Dr. _Moore_; for whom particularly, _Louis_
+the Fourteenth founded, established, and endowed the Royal College, now
+called _College du Cambray_: And how well our Doctor succeeded therein,
+may be inferred from the Character and Writings of his Pupils and Hearers,
+_Boileau_, _Fontinelle_, _Poréc_, _Montesquieu_, _Fleuri_, _Lauguet_, with
+many others, and _Rollin_, his peculiar Favourite and immediate Successor,
+_all_ great Genius’s, applauded Writers, and celebrated Wits. So that, as
+_Ireland_ had the Honour of founding, it had also that of restoring and
+reviving the great University of _Paris_, in the Persons of two of its
+learned Natives.
+
+The Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_ (glorious to her Arms, under the
+Conduct of _John_, Duke of _Marlborough_, and her other Generals, and
+justly distinguished by the Number of great Genius’s and Wits, who
+enlightened that Period) was in this Kingdom chiefly employed in
+_additional_ Acts against the further Growth of Popery: And many there
+were, who deemed it an unparallel’d Severity in her Majesty, to give her
+Royal Assent to them particular Laws; by which the _Roman Catholicks_ of
+_Ireland_ (already ruined by their inimitable Allegiance to her Royal
+Father, Uncle, and Grandfather) were _precluded_ from availing themselves,
+by a tolerable easy Lease, of any Part or Parcel of these Estates,
+forfeited by their Ancestors, thro’ their unremitting Endeavours, to
+support and maintain that Stem, of which she was herself an immediate
+Branch.
+
+So late even as this Reign, the whole Kingdom of _Ireland_ was a desolate
+diffusive Scene of total Decay! covered with all the ghastly Symptoms of
+the Consumption of Centuries! But, at length, on the happy Accession of
+his late Majesty of glorious Memory, the blissful Morning of Peace and
+Concord began its auspicious Dawn! Yet, as Time, publick Spirit,
+Patriotism (in its highest Conception) and unwearied Diligence, were all
+collectively essential to the giving Life, Vigour, and Activity, to
+national Industry and Improvement, so very long in a melancholy State of
+Languor and Oppression: Not before the present truly glorious Reign, did
+_Hibernia_ tune her old Harp, now newly strung to universal Harmony and
+Elegance, and rear her awful Head from the stupid dismal Dozes of Ages;
+where comes the literal Application of my third Motto, RENASCIMUR.
+
+
+    _Hinc priscæ redeunt Artes, felicibus inde Ingeniis aperitur iter,
+    despectaque Musæ Colla levant.——_
+
+
+Having travelled through a tedious Night, thick-set with Horrors of
+various Hues! and thus come to the End of a painful Journey; give me
+Leave, kind Reader, to indulge awhile with admiring the beautiful Variety
+of Objects, which now surround me, to the serene Delight of the Mind, and
+refined Gratification of Sense; before I attempt that Display of them to
+which I have no Occasion of professing my Inequality.
+
+In this Reign, and not before, our Linen Manufacture, in many Respects one
+of the most profitable Branches of our national Commerce, received all the
+Encouragement from Royal Bounty, and Parliamentary Sanction, that could be
+reasonably hoped for.
+
+Persons of the highest Rank, Dignity, and Fortune, were appointed
+_Trustees_ for the Propagation, Encouragement, and Diffusion, of this
+beneficial Trade, throughout the respective Provinces.
+
+The _Linen-Hall_ was erected in _Dublin_, under as just and nice
+Regulations as any commercial House in _Europe_.
+
+The North of _Ireland_ began to wear an Aspect entirely new; and, from
+being (through Want of Industry, Business, and Tillage) the almost
+exhausted Nursery of our _American_ Plantations, soon became a populous
+Scene of Improvement, Traffic, Wealth, and Plenty; and is, at this Day, a
+well-planted District, considerable for Numbers of well-affected, useful,
+and industrious Subjects.
+
+Now arose, now shone forth, the ever Honourable DUBLIN SOCIETY; a Society
+equalled by none. It is true, we read of Patriarchs, Philosophers,
+Warriors, Orators, and Poets; of Senates, Parliaments, Councils, _&c._ but
+we no where, abstracted from our own Country, meet a Set of pious
+Patriots, from their _private Funds_, adorning their Country in general,
+in every Degree and Branch of Industry, and Improvement; and, inspired
+with Sentiments truly public and social, munificently rewarding their
+Countrymen, of whatsoever Denomination, without Favour or Distinction; for
+meliorating their proper Estates, or Farms; for excelling in any
+Production of Nature, or Art; for any Discovery, or Invention, useful to
+Mankind: A Set of _truly honourable_, and _generous_ Personages,
+instructing their Countrymen with clear, yet philosophical Precepts,
+encouraging them by their Example, and rewarding them from their
+inexhaustible Bounty! _Such_, and _such unrivalled_, is the ILLUSTRIOUS
+DUBLIN SOCIETY! What Pity, the ample Distributions, and instructive
+Writings of this learned and munificent Body, are not regularly published,
+in _Latin_, _English_, and _French_, for the peculiar Honour of this
+Nation, the Edification of Posterity, and as a bright Pattern of Imitation
+to all other civiliz’d Countries!
+
+Now likewise appeared the _Philharmonic Society_, that, (from a few
+Gentlemen, who used _occasionally_ to meet, in order to while away an Hour
+with a gentle Tune, and chearful Glass) grew into an harmonious Body, not
+alone for the Improvement of the charming Art of Music, but for the
+_effectual Relief_ also of successive Thousands, from Misery, Famine, and
+Confinement: _Concordiâ res parvæ crescunt_. ORPHEUS, we are told, built
+the Walls of _Thebes_, by the irresistible Powers of Harmony: Be this true
+or fabulous; how many Iron Gates have we not seen open, to the persuasive
+Charities of this tuneful Society! how many gloomy Cells vacated by their
+Charms! This elegant Society, by moderate Loans, Interest-free to the
+industrious Poor, prevents many such from getting into the Distress of
+Prisons, or following offensive Courses; and, by enabling them to obtain
+an honest Livelihood, rendereth them useful Members to the Community: So
+that, of this Society, it might have been justly said,
+
+_Omne tulit Punctum quæ miscuit utile dulci._
+
+In this happy Reign was incorporated, under the protective Sanction of
+Royal Bounty, a Society, truly Christian, for the pious Establishment of
+_Protestant_ CHARTER-SCHOOLS throughout the Kingdom: An Institution far
+more productive of national Morality, and Reformation, than
+excommunicative Discipline, or restrictive penal Statutes; since
+Persuasion and Rewards have ever been, and must ever continue to be, more
+consistent with the meek and benevolent Temper of true Christianity, more
+effectual, Apostolic, and Catholic, than _Punishments_, _Persecution_, or
+_Sequestrations_.
+
+In this Reign shines out a Christian Divine, who, in the inestimable
+individual Dr. _Madden_, collects _a whole Society of Patriots_; a
+venerable Man, not alone the Guide of his particular Congregation, but a
+pure, also clear and lasting Light of Perfection, and noble Imitation, to
+his Countrymen in general.
+
+On _Madden_, kindred Angels smile!
+Bright Mirrour to his native Isle!
+To whom old Age shall say, and Youth,
+With grateful and prophetic Truth,
+
+_Semper Honos, Nomenq; tuum, Laudesq; manebunt._
+
+St. _Patrick’s_ Hospital, for the Reception of Lunaticks and Ideots, a
+lasting Monument of the late Dean _Swift’s_ Charity, as are his various
+Writings, of his great Genius and Wit: _Mercer’s_ charitable Hospitable in
+_Stephen-street_: The noble Hospital for the Relief of poor
+Lying-inn-Women, of the Projection of our late excellent Countryman, Dr.
+_Bartholomew Mosse_; by which a great Number of Women and Children are
+preserved from miserable and untimely Ends: The _Charitable Infirmary_ on
+the _Inns-Quay_: The New Hospital for _Incurables_, on _Lazer’s-Hill_: St.
+_Nicholas’s_ Hospital, in _Francis-street_: The _Meath_ Hospital, in
+_Skinner’s Alley_: The _Lock_ Hospital, in _George’s-Lane_, for hapless
+Women and Children, tainted with the Venereal Infection: And the
+Charitable Hospital in _King-street, Oxmantown_, are all the humane and
+pious Growth of this transcendent Reign.
+
+Those Hospitals are duly and regularly attended, by the most eminent
+Physicians, and skilful Surgeons, without Fee or Reward: So that, from
+this obvious Consideration, the frequent and large Collections in our
+Churches, for the comfortable Support, and Christian Education, of
+indigent Boys; the stated Distributions of our Chief Magistrates, to the
+Helpless and Needy; and, in Truth, from the general Disposition of its
+worthy Inhabitants; we may, without any Risque of incurring the least
+Censure of Adulation, or Vanity, pronounce DUBLIN as charitable a
+Metropolis as any in the known World. In the beautiful new Garden, plann’d
+by Dr. _Mosse_, breathing in all the natural Fragrance of the Spring,
+adorned with all the Elegancies of Art, all the Splendor of Illumination,
+and inspired with the most soothing Charms of delightful Harmony; to
+behold Crowds of young Ladies, in the full Glow of Beauty, and Bloom of
+Youth, finely habited, and elegantly decorated in the Manufactures of our
+own Country, (and finished in the most exquisite Taste, by our own
+Artizans); to behold them, I say, converting their very Amusements and
+Recreations to the heavenly Purposes of relieving the Distressed, must, to
+every thinking _Irish_ Spectator, afford a Prospect of the utmost rational
+Joy!
+
+As all Men, who render their Country distinguished Honour, or singular
+Service, deserve, therefore, lasting Monuments of public grateful
+Acknowledgment to their Memories; it is hoped that, in this Respect, Dr.
+_Mosse_ will not be forgotten by those who are evidently fond of
+encouraging and rewarding public Zeal:
+
+Eternal Joys to _Mosse_ kind Heaven give,
+By whom, on Earth, so many Thousands live!
+
+The _Marine Society_, of recent Institution also, disposeth many poor
+young Men into a Condition of acquiring an honest, and praise-worthy
+Livelihood, and of becoming useful Members of the Community; by serving on
+Board of his Majesty’s Fleets in War-time, and serving our Merchants in
+Times of Peace; and, in this double Capacity, of contributing to the
+general Welfare of their Mother-Country, to which they may otherwise prove
+a Burden.
+
+Our publick Entertainments of various Kinds are, for the most Part,
+conducted with strict Propriety, and real Politeness; those especially of
+the Theatre, which should, by no Means, pass for Matter of slight or
+casual Consideration; seeing the _Romans_, the greatest of all People,
+esteemed the Theatre worthy the Attention of particular Laws, _Roscia Lex
+Theatralis_, &c. Mr. _Sheridan_’s general Merit as a _Player_ stands
+confessed; but as a _Manager_, that Gentleman’s falling frequently under
+the heavy Displeasure of the Public, (whether from an haughty Distaste to
+his Profession, or indulged Arrogance of Temper) with his violent
+Introduction of anti-dramatick Rope and Wire-dancing, Tumbling, and
+Fire-eating, to the visible Degradation of a liberal Stage, whereon
+nothing mean, shocking, or monstrous, should ever appear; he hath not
+succeeded so well: Then, his Scheme of uniting an Academy, for the sober
+regular Education of Youth, with a publick Theatre, seemed rather the
+feverish Delusion of a distempered Brain, and heated Imagination, than the
+cool deliberate Result of rational Judgment; from which fermented Source,
+also seem’d directly to flow his avowed Concern for the _long lost Art of
+Oratory_ among us: Had Mr. _Sheridan_ attended to the Debates of our High
+Court of Parliament; been frequent in our different Churches, and at the
+Bars of our Courts of Judicature; and had, in this Case, formed a
+comparative Judgment, from the Writings of _Demosthenes_, _Plato_,
+_Isocrates_, _Cicero_, and _Pliny_ the Younger; from the Rules and
+Precepts of _Aristotle_, _Longinus_, _Horace_, _Quinctilian_, _Scaliger_,
+_Rapin_, _Porée_, and _Rollin_; he had been _then_ convinced how little
+Occasion there was for his _lamenting_ the _Loss_ of an Art in this
+Kingdom, which breathes there in full Maturity of all it’s persuasive
+Charms. This his dogmatical Assertion of the _long-lost Art of Oratory_,
+his wild _Academical_ Projects, with the foregoing theatrical
+Inconsistencies, too much subject that Gentleman to the Character given,
+by the _Roman_ Satirist, of an assuming sharp-set _Greekling_:
+
+
+    _Gramaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes, Augur,
+    Scœnobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit._
+
+
+Upon the Whole, I will readily grant Mr. _Sheridan_ a _Roscius_, if the
+Name can sooth him; a _Critic_; nay, an _Orator_; but I shall be bold to
+assert, that we have many, very many, in this Kingdom, of far greater
+Powers than that Gentleman, whereof some of his Orations, _so called_, are
+incontrovertible Testimonies.
+
+This Kingdom hath of late Years exhibited as justly celebrated Male and
+Female Players, as any other; evinced in the Characters of Messieurs
+_Quin_, _Ryan_, _Delane_, _Sheridan_, _Barry_, _Mossop_, _Dexter_,
+_Sparks_, Mrs. _Woffington_, the inimitable Mrs. _Fitz-Henry_, and several
+others, of either Sex.
+
+Mr. _Barry_’s Capacity, as a Manager, appeareth equal to his
+eminently-affecting Powers in Tragedy, (so generally known, and so
+unexceptionably confessed) from the magnificent Theatre, erected by that
+Gentleman, with amazing Expedition, in Grandeur, Convenience, and
+Elegance, preferable to any in _London_, or _Paris_: From the obliging
+Decency the respective Performances thereof are conducted with, and
+evidently from the surpassing theatrical Abilities of the Company, that,
+with the most engaging Variety, entertains the Publick in _Crow-street_
+Play-house. I have sometimes seen, and have been as often delighted, with
+Performances of the Gentlemen just mentioned, as with those of the admired
+Mr. _Garrick_, and the famous Messieurs _Dufrésne_, _Gossin_, and
+_Quinault_; and, if I may take Leave to declare my Opinion, am therein
+clear that Mr. _Barry_, in the exquisitely pathetick Strokes of deep
+Tragedy, touches the Soul with as much delicate Sensibility, and, in the
+irrefrainable Sallies of the more boisterous Passions, soars with as
+majestick Wings, as any one of them, I will not say higher. To behold Mr.
+_Barry_, sublimely struggling in a Storm of Adversity, with the sudden
+Shocks, and unexpected Blows of Fortune; _then_, (when all human Efforts
+must yield to inevitable Necessity) sinking in the irretrievable Plunge of
+Sorrow and Calamities, with that calm Resignation ever attendant on true
+Heroism; must convince any judicious Spectator of his being born a
+Tragedian. I must here declare, that what I have advanced on this Subject
+neither ariseth from Prepossession on one Side, or Prejudice on the other;
+having no Manner of Connection, nay, not even a personal Acquaintance,
+with Mr. _Barry_; nor any Objection to Mr. _Sheridan_, but such as must
+naturally issue from my just Resentment against any Individual, of
+whatsoever Rank, Character, or Denomination, who should prove so ignorant,
+and yet so hardy, as to declare _Elocution lost_ in our native Country; an
+illiberal Censure, which, if true, had necessarily wrapped our High Court
+of Parliament, the whole Body of our Clergy, our University, Bench and
+Bar, in Shades that, I am certain, had been never dispell’d by the
+Approach of Light, so dim and glimmering as that Gentleman’s.
+
+Let us now take a summary View of the Inhabitants of _Ireland_, in their
+respective Ranks: And to begin with the Peers: Are they not such
+Personages, as, by their Munificence, Affability of Manners, Easiness of
+Comportment, Propriety of Appearance, and Generosity in dealing, reflect
+true Honour on Nobility; and, Reality, derive their superior Rank, as much
+from the Pre-eminence of their Virtues, as from the constitutional Dignity
+of their Titles?
+
+The Encrease of our People, Wealth, Commerce, Industry, Arts, Inventions;
+the extraordinary additional Number, in this happy Reign, of our beautiful
+Seats, elegant Improvements, useful and ornamental Plantations, extensive
+Inclosures, excellent high Roads, (formerly almost impassable,) with the
+visible Reformation in national Harmony, and Allegiance, will best suggest
+an Idea of the Honourable the House of Commons of _Ireland_, composed of
+such candid Spirits, as, neither the Smiles or Frowns of superior
+Influence, popular Views, or private Connections, can bend from the
+various essential Duties due to their King, their Country, and themselves;
+constant in their Attendance; careful in their Protection; and zealous in
+their Promotion of publick Felicity; not more extensive in their noble
+Projects, for this great Purpose, than expeditious in carrying those into
+Execution.
+
+Our Constitution, partly of _Gothic_, partly of _Norman_ Institution, (the
+first High Court of Parliament on the present Establishment, having been
+ordained in the Reign of _Henry_ the First, Son of _William_ the
+Conquerer) avoiding the turbulent Licentiousness of a _Democracy_, the
+factious domineering Temper of _Aristocracy_, and the variable oppressive
+Sway of _Arbitrary Monarchy_; but including, by an harmonious Assemblage,
+the essential Virtues of those different Systems of Government; is
+unquestionably the _best digested_ and _wisest_ in the known World: Under
+which, the King and the Nobles, with the Commons, _unite_, to extend the
+Commerce, promote the Happiness, guard over the Safety, preserve the
+Lives, defend the Characters, support the Liberties, and protect the
+Property of the People. Bless’d Constitution! O! may it ever flourish!
+under whose mild and preservative Influence, a few only feel Restraint;
+except from the Commission of private Evil, or social Injury.
+
+I have said a _Few only_; because there are some among us, who, on the
+Score of Religion, are secluded from permanent Property: And even Those,
+it is hoped, will, in Consideration of the invariable Tenor of their
+humble and pacific Conduct, from the Capitulation of _Limerick_, to this
+Day; and from their unanimous and chearful Obedience to our Civil
+Government, e’re long obtain some Mitigation of their Affairs; such the
+benevolent Temper and Disposition of the present incomparable Reign! Some
+late excellent(3) Pamphlets, wherein these Gentlemen’s political
+Principles are fully and clearly explained, shew of what signal Advantage
+it had been to the Numbers, Industry, Health, Wealth, and Beauty of this
+Kingdom, to indulge them a Property, even in our uncultivated Mountains,
+dreary Wastes, and noxious Marshes: Which Measure, should it appear in a
+true Light to our worthy Representatives, we may in a few Years more, hope
+to see _Ireland_ one of the most beautiful, best-improved,
+best-conditioned Islands in the Universe. Our Bench is adorned with
+Honourable Personages, conspicuous for Learning, Integrity, Humanity, and
+Impartiality; of whom, it may be boldly affirmed, and with the strictest
+Truth, that they are not Favourers of Persons. The present Lord Chief
+Justice of the _King-Bench_, the late Master of the Rolls, and Chancellor
+of the Exchequer, Natives of _Ireland_, formed a Triumvirate, whose
+Learning, Worth, and distinguished Abilities, had rendered them eminently
+respectable in the brightest Æras, either of the _Roman_ Commonwealth, or
+Empire.
+
+Our Attorney and Solicitor General, our Serjeants at Law, and King’s
+Council, with many eminent Barristers, and a Set of learned eloquent young
+Gentlemen, all shining out together; such as _Tully_, _Hortensius_, and
+_Pliny_, had with fond Tenderness cherished and with pleasing Pride,
+avowed for their Pupils; form as distinguished a Body of Advocates and
+Orators, as adorn any Courts of Judicature in _Europe_.
+
+In the Diocese of _Dublin_ existeth a truly pious Society for the Relief
+and Support of the Widows and Children of the inferior Clergy thereof. It
+is, indeed, surprizing in a Kingdom, such (thank Heaven) as _Ireland_ is,
+that the Example of this charitable Society, hath not been _universally_
+followed. It hath often affected me to the Quick, to have seen a learned
+Divine, after a tedious and painful Free-School Institution, and expensive
+University Education, struggling, upon a poor Pension or Salary of _Forty_
+Pounds a Year, to maintain an honest Gentlewoman, Children, and Servants,
+(and really with some Decency of Hospitality) sedulously discharging, at
+the same Time, the different Duties of the pastoral Function; when a
+_foreign Fidler_ shall run away with tripple that Sum, or more, for one
+Night’s Performance. I would by no Means be understood to derogate from
+the Merits of fine Performers in the different Parts of Musick, or
+endeavour to diminish their reasonable Perquisites: But, surely, such Men
+and such Things are not to be thought of, in Competition with those, who,
+by Teaching and Preaching, refine our Morals, instruct our Understandings,
+inform our Lives, and enlighten our Souls with the celestial Spirit of the
+Christian Faith; and thereby happily lead us, through this transient and
+precarious State, to eternal Tranquilly and Bliss. I am not a Preacher;
+but thus far shall venture: As the Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of
+Wisdom, our generally following the heavenly Example of this venerable
+Society, must be a great Test as well of the one, as the other. If the
+Bishops, the temporal Lords, and great estated Men of each Diocese, would
+but graciously lead the Way, it is not unlikely they had been attended by
+Crowds of zealous Followers: And, in Fact, a _small_ Matter _annually set
+apart_, from even the superfluous Outgoings of the Wealthy and Opulent, of
+different Ranks, would very happily answer the generous noble End of
+preserving, from an anxious State of particular Dependance, Numbers of
+virtuous, well-educated Gentlewomen, and their Children, from the various
+Miseries, which the untimely Death of a Father, and narrow Circumstances,
+but too frequently expose them to; an End so every Way worthy the natural
+Disposition, the benevolent Temper, the inherent Hospitality, and the
+essentially-charitable Character of _Ireland_.
+
+Our _Protestant_ Brethren, the _Dissenters_, by a prudent and pious
+Regulation of secreting one Pound a Year, each parochial Minister, for
+this religiously humane Purpose, have constantly a Fund sufficient to
+allow the Relict of each Clergyman twenty Pounds a Year, (which preserves
+her from the Miseries of Want and Dependance) and have, at some Periods,
+where-with to set their Children up, in an honest and creditable Way of
+living. As we are emulously fond of adopting the Wisdom and Virtues of
+each Christian Sect and Society, it is fervently hoped we will also this
+tender and pious Scheme; a Scheme so comprehensive of true Charity, and so
+productive of social and happy Effects! How difficult is it for Minds,
+crowded with Cares, and beset with the pressing Calls of
+Family-preservation, to attend, with due Composure and Inclination, to the
+various indispensible Duties of the pastoral Office? But how chearfully
+would those Reverend Gentlemen proceed in their divine Mission, when, by
+some visible Provision for the proper Objects of their present Cares and
+future Concern, they should, in a great Measure, be released from
+domestick Anxiety, from gloomy Apprehensions, and alarming Prospects, into
+the temporal Futurity of those, for whom they must be necessarily affected
+with the most tender Feelings!
+
+The most convincing and decisive Method of adjudging Causes, being by a
+comprehensive View and critical Examination of their Effects; of Streams,
+by a nice Scrutiny and Investigation of their Sources; hence may we, from
+the shining Characters, and extensive Abilities of our Divines and
+Barristers, frame a just Idea of the University of _Dublin_, which, for
+Compass and Extent of the Sciences, Variety of elegant Arts, found
+Erudition, and polite Literature therein taught, in the most regular and
+perspicuous Methods, is equalled by few, excelled by none.
+
+The Students are carefully instructed in the more refined Parts of
+classical Learning; oriental, antient, and modern Languages; Criticism,
+sacred and profane History, Oratory, Logick, Ethicks, and Metaphysicks; in
+natural and experimental Philosophy; Anatomy, Botany and Chymistry; the
+mathematicks, in Theory and Practice; Civil and Canon Laws; Theology,
+Controversy, and Ecclesiastical History: So that, with a good Capacity,
+and regular Application, one may depart this University, as completely and
+happily instituted for the honorary Professions of Life, as may be
+reasonably expected from any Nursery of Learning extant. The obtaining a
+Fellowship in this University, is a demonstrative Test of comprehensive
+native Talents, thorough intellectual Cultivation, deep and various
+learned Acquirements.
+
+The _Newtonian_ Philosophy, the excellent _Boyle_’s experimental
+Philosophy, and Mr. _Locke_’s Metaphysicks, prevail much in the College of
+_Dublin_: Which, for Extent, Convenience, Magnificence, and a most
+sumptuous elegant Library, exceeds any one College in _Europe_. The
+beautiful Parks belonging to it, seem actually, on a serene Evening, the
+delightful Vale of _Tempe_, or enchanting Recesses of _Parnassus_,
+inhabited by all the Muses, all the Graces, with their charming Train.
+
+The Trade of _Ireland_, however in former Times miserably restrained and
+limited, hath in this happy Reign received considerable Enlargements; such
+as, the opening several Wooll-Ports; the Bounty on _Irish_ Linens, now our
+staple Commodity, imported into _Great-Britain_; and the Immunity lately
+granted of importing thither Beef, Butter, Tallow, Candles, Pork, Hides,
+live Cattle, _&c._ a Privilege that, in its Consequences, must prove of
+signal Advantage to both Nations; to _this_ especially, as we shall hereby
+be enabled, upon any occasional Exigency, to supply our protecting
+Friends, and proportionably stint the Hands of our Enemies, who, (by the
+Profusion of Wines and spirituous Liquors, annually exported from _France_
+to Ireland, in Exchange for our Beef, Butter, _&c._ to pass over the Gluts
+of Teas and Spirits, _&c._ smuggled thence by the _western_ Runners) have
+constantly the Balance on their Side. Our Exports, with those already
+mentioned, consist in a few Cheeses, Salmon and Kelp: But, as our Linens
+are, without Question, become the vital Spring of _Irish_ Commerce, it is
+Matter of great Concern and equal Surprize, that the other Provinces do
+not more _universally_ and _effectually_ follow the lucrative Example of
+the _North_! since, it is evident, nothing but _equal Industry_ can be
+wanting to render them _equally flourishing_, The Over-growth of Graziers
+and Stockmasters, is the strongest Indication that can be of national
+Waste and Decay, in respect of Inhabitants. What could a Foreigner,
+travelling among us, particularly in the _western_ Counties, some Summers
+past, judge of our national Wisdom and Oeconomy? Would he not start even
+at our Humanity, on seeing the best arable Grounds in the Kingdom, in
+immense Tracts, wantonly enjoyed by the Cattle of a few petulant
+Individuals; and at the same Juncture, our high Ways and Streets crowded
+with Shoals of mendicant fellow-creatures! reduced, through Want of proper
+Sustenance, to the utmost Distress? Would not a _Frenchman_ for Example,
+give a Shrug extraordinary, at finding, in every little Inn, _Bourdeaux_
+Claret and _Nantz_ Brandy, though, in all Likelihood, not a Morsel of
+_Irish_ Bread?
+
+It is much to be hoped, That, when the Spirit of Tillage should become
+more general and active, our Farmers more attentive to the Growth of the
+best Kinds of Grain, and our Brewers, more attentive to the Rules and
+Precepts for that Purpose laid down by the Honourable the DUBLIN SOCIETY;
+we shall have little or no Occasion for that Inundation of _London
+Porter_; (an heavy, cloudy, intoxicating, ill-flavoured Liquor) that
+annually overflows this City and other Parts of the Kingdom; as, in the
+above Case, we may have a sufficient Plenty and Variety of Malt Liquors,
+our own native Produce, far better than any imported; and, in Case of a
+Redundancy of Grain, (a Matter not very likely to happen) may, with
+moderate Care, have Spirituous Liquors of far a more wholesome Nature,
+exquisite Taste, and delicate Flavour, than those imported at an
+extraordinary Expence; and but too often adulterated, in the first
+Concoction.
+
+We have, in several Parts of this Kingdom, (in the Province of _Munster_
+especially) a recy, spirituous, fine-flavoured Cyder, very little, if at
+all, inferior to the best imported White Wines; and a moderate Plenty of
+grateful Honey-Liquors, which, with our prime Beef, Mutton, Pork, Veal,
+Lamb, Variety of Fowls, tame and wild; red and fallow Deer; Hares,
+Rabbits, Pidgeons, Pheasants, Grouse; and Partridge; wild Duck, Plover,
+Snipe, _&c._ Lake, River, Shell and Sea Fish, of all Kinds; the Produce of
+the Garden, (Horticulture having of late Years so vastly improved among
+us, that we now have many curious Plants, Fruits, and Flowers, not only
+not _known_, but never even _heard of_, in former Times) and _all_ in such
+Plenty and Perfection, as demonstrate _Ireland_ happier than most other
+Countries, in regard of the Necessaries and even of the Delicacies of
+Life; to which may be added, the great Number of our beautiful Lakes,
+noble Rivers, pure Fountains, limpid Streams, and Health-restoring mineral
+Wells.(4) In this Country are bred valuable Horses, for the Draught, Road,
+and Chace; and for the Course, as high-formed ones, as in any Part of
+_Europe_; and large horned Cattle, and Sheep in Abundance.
+
+It must afford real Satisfaction to consider the universal and visible
+Reformation in the Lives and Morals even of our common People, clearly
+evinced in this, that (thank Heaven) fewer legal Punishments succeed an
+entire Circuit, in our happy Days, than did a single Assize in former
+Reigns: And, without Question, this Reformation must still rise higher, in
+Proportion to the Lenity of our worthy Legislature, and wise Indulgence of
+our landed Men, who must certainly find it more conducive to the Welfare
+of the State, and to their own Strength, Honour, and Interest, to have
+their Estates farmed and inhabited by a great Number of honest, laborious
+improving Families, than wasted by a few Purse-proud Bullock-Brokers, who
+rarely allow the wretched Herd of an hundred, as much Ground for his own
+and poor Family’s Support, as is equal to that of two Bullocks.
+
+Suppose a Gentleman was to let two thousand Acres of arable Ground to
+farm; were it not demonstrably more conducive to all the foregoing
+Motives, to dispose of these to twenty honest, industrious Families, at an
+hundred Acres each, than to any one Beau-Grazier whatever? From the twenty
+Tenures, the Landlord may, in any national Shock, raise a considerable
+Number of effective Hands, and zealous Hearts, for the Service of the
+Crown, or Defence of his Country; and reap many signal Advantages to the
+public and private Concernments of Life, not possibly derivable from the
+anti-social Monopolizers and Forestallers of Farms; who ever fondly
+attribute their Growth to their own Sagacity and Cleverness, without any
+the least Gratitude or Obligation to the Land-owner. These Sentiments, it
+is hoped, will every Day gain more and more Consideration with our wise
+and beneficent Legislature, Nobility and Gentry.
+
+Many intelligent Persons, of all Ranks, complain much of the Want of some
+Establishment in the Way of a national Bank, to secure popular Credit, and
+the Kingdom from the various alarming Shocks it is so frequently incident
+to, on Account of the Failure of particular Banks.
+
+The Nobility and Gentry of _Ireland_, are Loyalists and Patriots by
+Principle and Education: They are brave, without Arrogance; gay, without
+Levity; polite, without Affectation; charitable, without Ostentation;
+religious, without Formality; affable, without Meanness; generous, without
+View; and hospitable, without Reserve: In their Converse, easy; in their
+Dealings just; placable in their Resentments, in their Friendship
+steady:—They have neither the volatile Airyness of the _Frenchman_, the
+stated Gravity of the _Spaniard_; the supicious Jealousy of the _Italian_;
+the forbidding Haughtiness of the _German_; the saturnine Gloominess of
+the _Flandrican_, nor the sordid Parsimony of the _Dutchman_: In short,
+they are neither whimsical, splenetic, sullen or capricious:—And, as for
+Cunning, Craft, or Dissimulation, these are such sorry Guests as never
+found Shelter in the generous Breast of an _Irish_ Noble or Gentleman; so
+that, if we consider this Country, with regard to its military Fame,
+constitutional Wisdom, Learning, Arts, Improvements, and natural
+Advantages; and above all, the benevolent Temper, charitable and
+hospitable Disposition of its Inhabitants; it is true, we may find many of
+more popular Bustle and Eclat, more extensive Commerce, greater Opulence
+and Pomp; but none of more general, solid, and intrinsick Worth, than
+_Ireland_.
+
+I shall conclude with the following Proposition to any one, who may
+arrogate to himself Praise or Wit, by ridiculing _Ireland_.
+
+_Si quid Novisti rectius istis—_
+_Candidus imperti; Si non, his utere mecum._
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FARMER’S CASE OF THE ROMAN-CATHOLICS OF _IRELAND_.
+
+
+In a LETTER from a MEMBER of the PROTESTANT CHURCH.
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+I think myself indebted to any Occasion that restores you to a Friend,
+whom I feared you had long forgotten. But I confess, at the same Time,
+that the Pleasure of hearing from you, after a Silence of Several Years,
+is, in some Measure, damped by the Censure that seems to constitute the
+chief Intent of your Letter.
+
+You tell me that you lately happened upon some Papers that were entitled
+The FARMER’s LETTERS, _&c._ which were imputed to me as the Author. And,
+after some Compliments on Spirit, and Genius, and so forth, in order to
+palliate, as I suppose, what you purpose to administer, you charge me, by
+Implication, with Crimes, whose smallest Tendency I should abhor in
+myself, as in any Man breathing.
+
+You say, favourably enough for your own Disposition, that you have long
+looked on the _Roman-Catholics_ of these Kingdoms as a discountenanced and
+pitiable People. That you would choose to allow to others the same
+Latitude of Conscience that you like for yourself. That it is not a Part
+of Humanity to break a Reed already bruised. That such a Treatment would
+be blameable respecting any Individual; how much more so, in Prejudice of
+a whole People. That those Papers are pointed with a Keenness of Enmity,
+for which the Talents, which you are pleased to ascribe, cannot
+sufficiently apologize. And, that you did not think me capable of
+exasperating Government and Power against a Set of Men who were already
+under the Displeasure and Depression of the Law.
+
+These, my dear Friend, are home and heavy Accusations, however tempered by
+Expressions of Kindness and Affection from the Man whom I sincerely love
+and respect.
+
+But, if I know any-thing of myself, the Quality, called Ill-nature, is not
+my Characteristic. I would not exchange one Grain of Good-heart for all
+the Wit of a _C----d_ or Comprehension of a _P--tt_, independent of their
+Virtue. And I may say, with great Truth, that an Excess of Humanity hath
+occasioned all the Misfortunes and Distresses of my Life.
+
+I most solemnly assure you, that when I wrote those Letters I was in
+perfect Love and Charity with every _Roman Catholic_ in the Kingdom of
+_Ireland_. I knew that they were a depressed People. I had long pitied
+them as such. I was sensible that the Laws, under which they suffered, had
+been enacted by our Ancestors, when the Impressions of Hostility were
+fresh and warm, and when Passion, if I may venture to say so, co-operated,
+in some Measure, with Utility and Reason. I will go a Step further. I
+thought those Laws not severe enough to suppress them as Enemies, nor yet
+sufficiently favourable to attach them to us as Friends. They were not so
+cruel as, wholly, to serve for quelling; and yet they had a Poignancy that
+might tend to provoke. And all this I imputed to the Resentment that was
+blended with the Humanity of our Ancestors. Their Humanity left to Papists
+a Power of hurting, while their Resentment abridged the Inducements that
+might engage them to serve us.
+
+Believe me, Sir, I never was of a cruel or persecuting Disposition. I was
+grieved to see the Discouragements under which the _Roman Catholics_ of
+this Kingdom laboured, but these very Discouragements made me fear them
+the more.
+
+Previous to the Letters, which you censure so warmly, a dangerous
+Rebellion had broken out in _Scotland_, in consequence of a _French_
+Invasion, that was headed by a Popish Pretender to the Throne. Be pleased
+to remember, (if it is not too mortifying a Recollection for a free-born
+_Briton_) the Pannic into which all _England_ was struck by a few _Scotch_
+Vassals, undisciplined, and unactuated by any Motive of Liberty or Virtue,
+save the Virtue of being attached to their _Laird_ or their _Leader_.
+Millions of _English_, at that Time, sunk in the Down of a long Peace, and
+enervated by ministerial Corruption and Venality, feared that a Handful of
+_Highlanders_ would win their Way to _London_, and, at one Stroke, put a
+Period to the boasted Strength and Grandeur of the _British_ Constitution.
+
+I was astonished at the Apprehensions that _England_ was under from so
+contemptible an Armament. But I deemed the Case of _Ireland_ to be highly
+alarming. The _Roman-Catholics_, at that Time, outnumbered us Five to One.
+They were disarmed, it is true, but I was not equally sure that they had
+Reason to be reconciled. As they were not admitted to realize their
+Fortune, it consisted of ready Money, and that gave ready Power. As they
+were not permitted to purchase, or accept a Tenure of any valuable Length,
+Loyalty, perhaps, might induce them to fight for their King; but where was
+the Stake to impel them to fight for a Country in which they had no
+_Inheritance_? Without an Interest in Lands, they had little to lose by
+any Change of Estate. Without a Loan lodged with Government, they had the
+less to lose by a Change of Constitution.
+
+I cannot conceive how _Religion_, or mere Difference of Opinion, should
+prove a real Cause of Quarrel among Men; though it often serves as a _Word
+of War_, or a _Term_ whereby to give Notice for Onset. On the contrary, I
+had observed that wherever People are united by _Interest_, though of a
+thousand opposite Sects, Persuasions and Professions, they never fail to
+join in the Maintenance and Defence of _common Rights_.
+
+I, therefore, did not fear the _Roman Catholics_, as having a different
+_Religion_, but as having an _Interest_ that was different from the
+Interest of _Protestants_. Were they a Compound of all the Follies,
+Absurdities, and Contradictions that ever were generated by
+Monster-bearing Superstition, had their Interest bound them to us, I
+should not have feared their _Fealty_.
+
+But this was not the Case. The _French_ Invasion of _Great Britain_ was
+headed by a Person who was, by Birth, Education, Principle, and Interest,
+an Enemy to the Freedom and Rights of a Constitution that was established
+on the Dispossession of his Ancestors; and he was, consequently, an Enemy
+to the general Change of Privilege and Property, that ensued on the said
+Establishment. The said Change, as we all know, was to the Disadvantage of
+_Roman Catholics_. Had the Invader prevailed, a Change would again have
+ensued, in their Favour. Men naturally with Success to an Event from
+whence they propose Benefit; and it is as natural for them to act
+conformable to those Wishes.
+
+Had _Roman Catholics_ been possessed of an unrestrained Property, along
+with the other Liberties, Blessings, and Enjoyments, which they derived,
+in common with us, from the Establishment at the Revolution, no spiritual
+or temporal Power on Earth could have tempted them to permit, much less to
+wish, a Change of a Constitution whose Equal they could not find upon
+Earth.
+
+But as this was very far from being the Fact, I feared that _Interest_
+might prove an Incentive to _Desire_; and Desire equally prove an
+Incentive to _Action_; and, I am not ashamed to confess, that my
+Expectations were greatly, though happily, disappointed, by the Steadiness
+of their peaceful and loyal Demeanour on that trying Occasion.
+
+Believe me, my Friend, at the Time that I wrote those Papers, which have
+given you so much Offence, I looked upon the _Papists_ of this Kingdom, by
+the Patronage of _France_ and _Spain_, by their Numbers, by their Wealth,
+and by their Union with each other, to be vastly superior to _Irish
+Protestants_, in Power; and my Spirit of Opposition rose, in Proportion to
+my Idea of their Ability. But neither then, before, nor since, did I ever
+mean to excite any Action, or Intention, against the Weak, or the
+Oppressed, the Fallen, or the Afflicted.
+
+When _Brutus_ unsheathed the reluctant Sword of Freedom against his
+Friend, Humanity must suppose that his Heart was wrung with Compunction,
+while his Country enjoined and impelled the Blow.
+
+But further, Sir, there is a very wide Difference between a _Popish
+Regency_ and a _Popish People_. The whole Intent and Virulence, as you
+call it, of my Papers, is pointed and levelled against the _One_, but not
+a Syllable uttered, from End to End, against the _Other_. A _Popish
+Regency_, in Temporals alike as in Spirituals, I held to be, by Principle,
+an arbitrary and oppressive Government; but I held a _Popish People_ to
+be, of all People, the most amenable and submissive to Rulers, whatever
+the Form or Nature of that State may be, under which they shall happen to
+be subjected. And, on this very Account, I dreaded them the more, should
+they become passive Instruments in the Hand of a Papal Dictator.
+
+To apply a sure Test to the Propriety, or Impropriety, of my
+Apprehensions, at the Period when I wrote the _Farmer’s Letters_, let us
+suppose that no one of the Penal Laws, which were instituted during the
+Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_, had yet passed into Form, but that
+Matters had remained in the same Situation, in which the _Monarch_, of
+_humane_, as well as _glorious Memory_, had left this unhappy People.
+Well, what would have been the Consequence? Would _Papists_, in that Case,
+have been less amenable to the Government, by which they had been
+favoured, supported, and cherished? Would they have been the forwarder to
+bring Damage and Destruction on a Country, because their own Interest was
+connected therewith, and the Fortunes of their Posterity deposited
+therein? Would they have been the readier to attempt the Overthrow of our
+beneficent Constitution, because they enjoyed the Privileges and
+Advantages thereof? No, Sir, no. The Absurdity of the Supposition is
+inclusive of the Answer. Had this been the Case, the _Farmer’s Letters_
+would not have existed to have caused the Renewal of our Acquaintance.
+
+I have read and noted many Instances, in free States and Commonwealths,
+where _Liberty_, when fermented into _Licentiousness_, hath occasioned
+many partial Struggles for Power, many Broils and Factions, and much
+Disturbance to the Community. But very few are the Instances of the
+Insurrection of any People, who have not been goaded thereto by Severity
+and Oppression. The inoffensive Stag grows formidable when _at __ Bay_.
+The Worm turneth not, till it receiveth a Crush.
+
+I forget the Book, though I remember the Passage, where a Prince demanded
+of his favourite Minister, what he should do with a Number of the Commons
+and Nobility, whom he had suppressed and taken Captive in the Act of
+Rebellion? The Minister answered, _Put them, and their Adherents,
+instantly to Death_. No, replied the Prince, that were an Act of such
+Bloodshed and Barbarity, as neither Fear nor Revenge shall persuade me to
+perpetrate. _Then, grant them all free Pardon_, rejoined the Minister.
+How! said the Prince, must Rebellion go altogether unpunished? There is no
+Medium that can assure your Safety, answered the Minister; you must either
+pull this Party wholly up by the Root, so as to leave no Fibre from whence
+future Enmity may grow; or else, you must change that Enmity into
+Friendship, by binding their Gratitude to your Person and Interest, with
+the kindliest of all Connections, that of your Goodness and Favour. _A
+partial Punishment will be too little for your Safety; a partial Pardon
+will not be enough._ You must either wholly annihilate their Power, by
+their _Death_; or derive Strength to yourself, from that Power, by their
+_Friendship_.
+
+By disarming our Enemies, the utmost we can hope, is, to render them
+impotent. The Diminution of _their_ Power adds nothing to our _own_.
+Repentance is never so permanent or sincere, as when preceded by Pardon;
+and Favour is, as the polar Attraction, to Inclination. Is there a Man
+whose Love and Gratitude you desire to engage? Common Sense will direct
+you to do him a Benefit. Would you bind him to your Service with Hoops of
+Steel? You must make it his Interest, as well as his Duty, to befriend
+you.
+
+It is, by no means, my Intention to arraign either the Wisdom or good
+Policy of our Forefathers. But all Men are, in some Degree, fallible, as
+well in the congregate, as in the individual; and the Shrewd may err as
+much, by over-reaching their Aim, as the Ignorant, by falling short, or
+deviating from it.
+
+But, had a hundred _Pitts_, and a hundred _Cecils_, composed the Senate of
+our Ancestors, at the Time that those _Penal Laws_ were enacted; had those
+Laws been ever so wise and so just, so wholesome and necessary, and well
+suited to the Season; is that a Reason that they should _continue so_ to
+the End of Time? In a World where nothing is permanent; where Modes,
+Manners, Principles, and Practice are at a Flux; where Life is uncertain,
+and all it contains changeable; Nature and Reason will conform to
+Situation and Circumstance; and where _Causes_ have ceased, in any Degree,
+the _Consequences_ ought to cease in the same Proportion.
+
+It is not now with _Rome_ as it was in the Days when Princes held her
+Steed, and Emperors her Stirrup. The Kings of the Earth have, pretty
+clearly, resumed her Usurpations and Acquisitions of temporal Dominion. It
+is not now, as it was when she cried Peace! and it became Peace; or when
+the Breath of her Mandate kindled the Nations to Battle. Even his
+_Holiness_ is, now, but a poor limited Prince, pent up within his little
+_Italian_ Demesne. If some few still acknowledge to hold of his Authority,
+it is a Homage of Words, and not of Facts; they will not acknowledge to
+hold of his Power. He is restored to the quiet and unenvied Possession of
+all the Lordship and Interest he can acquire in Heaven. But the Sceptre,
+even of his spiritual Dominion upon Earth, is, of late, as I take it, most
+wonderfully shortened.
+
+Matters are much altered with the ecclesiastical World, even since I wrote
+the Letters that have roused your Spleen. Whether it be through a Decline
+of the _Romish_ Religion, in particular; or, possibly, through a Decline
+of all Religion, in general; the pontifical and episcopal Dictatorship and
+Authority are wofully fallen, from the Chair of Infallibility, where they
+had been seated by Opinion. The Sons of the most bigotted Ancestors do now
+perceive, that Piety and Immorality are not rightly consistent. And even
+the vulgar and ignorant, among the _Roman_ Laity, would grumble at
+departing from an Inch of their Property, though the Priest should advise,
+and the Pope, himself, should enjoin it.
+
+But, Sir, if the Change of Times, and Principles, Situation, and
+Circumstances; if the Change of every Cause that produced those penal
+Laws, have not availed for a Change of _Consequences_; for some Mitigation
+or Abatement of their Rigour, toward these my unhappy Brethren, the _Roman
+Catholics of Ireland_: If no Argument, I say, that is taken from Changes,
+may avail for the Purpose, I will take one from Permanence and Duration
+itself, that shall strike Light and Conviction to the Eye of every
+Beholder; that Power may _gainsay_, but cannot _refute_; that Malevolence
+may _dispute_, but never can _answer_.
+
+About six Generations have now passed away, according to the Rates of
+Purchase and Estimate of the Life of Man, since these People have offended
+in Word or in Deed. No Riotings have been heard in their Houses, no
+Complainings in their Streets; they have been silent and harmless as Sheep
+before their Sheerers. Our Parties, Factions, and Insurrections, as they
+are merrily stiled in _England_, have been all among ourselves; this
+People were neither Actors nor Partakers therein. They have offered
+themselves to our Fleets, and to our Armies; to tend our Persons, to till
+our Grounds, to hew our Wood, and to draw our Water. Where we admit them
+to fight for us, they have ever proved valiant; where we admit them to
+serve us, they are found loving, observant, and faithful. Temptations have
+come to their Doors and called them forth; the Contagion of Rebellion hath
+broken out among their Neighbours; they have yet remained quiet, and
+continued untainted; still loyal to their Sovereign, amenable to
+Government, and submissive to Law, through a long and trying Succession of
+about seventy Years, they have scarce appeared to repine in the midst of
+their Calamities.
+
+When I look back on the querulous and restless Nature of Man: When I trace
+the human Propensities through the Records of Ages and Nations: In all the
+Histories of those States who had least Cause of Complaint: Throughout the
+Commonwealths of _Asia Minor_, the _Archipelago_, the _Grecian Continent_,
+_Italy_, the Islands of the _Mediterranean_, &c. where the RIGHTS OF
+NATURE, under Forms of various Institution, were ASSERTED BY LIBERTY AND
+GUARDED BY LAW: Where the ASSURANCE OF PROPERTY gave most REASON FOR
+CONTENT: I can find but few Instances of any People who, through such a
+Length of Time, have continued firm and unshaken, in an uninterrupted
+Loyalty and Submission to Government.
+
+What then, do we look for further? What Proofs do ye yet require, of
+Peacefulness and Attachment at the Hands of these our Brethren? Is no
+Period to be put to their State of Probation? Must they _for ever_ keep
+out upon _Quarantine_, without Harbour or Hopes of Rest or Reconciliation?
+That were hard, indeed.
+
+If it is Revenge that we seek, they have, already, suffered enough, not
+for their own Faults, but for the Hostility of their Forefathers. If we
+seek our Safety, alone; let us chace _them, at once, from Country and
+Community_; or put an _End to our domestic Fears_, by giving them Cause to
+defend us.
+
+Indeed, Sir, neither common Sense, nor Sense of any Kind, can possibly
+suppose, That Acts of Kindness which have been, from the Beginning of the
+World, the Cement of Friendship to all other People, should prove the
+reverse to these People alone.
+
+Had they been to us, as the Swallow, in Autumn, who forsakes all
+Connections on the Approach of Inclemency, I should never have pleaded for
+any Confidence in them. But a People, who, through a Winter of seventy
+Years Continuance, have never failed, or forsaken, or given us Cause of
+Offence, surely merit some Consideration, some grateful and chearing Ray
+to warm them to a Sense that _Protestants_ are not, by Choice, of a cruel,
+unforgiving, and malevolent Nature.
+
+Lastly, Sir, as I know you to be a Gentleman of a communicative
+Disposition, and that you were, formerly, fond of exhibiting the
+Sentiments of some of your Friends; should you impart this Letter to any
+of your popish Acquaintance, I doubt they might be apt to give me more
+Thanks than I am conscious I deserve. It is, therefore, but commonly
+honest, to advertise you, and them, that while I write in the Favour of
+_Papists_, the Interest of _Protestants_ is never out of my Eye.
+
+When I thought your Favourites most formidable, I shewed I did not fear
+them; and now, that I think them impotent, let them not think I flatter.
+
+What I have hitherto hinted is but a narrow opening to the Concerns and
+Interests of an unhappy Country, whereof I have the Misfortune to be a
+helpless, though loving, Member. To promote the Advantage of _Ireland_, in
+any respect, would be, to me, the cardinal Point of the whole Compass of
+my Ambition; and a subsequent Letter may shew how far my Observations
+relate to the Decline, or Prosperity, of my Country, whenever you confer
+the Pleasure of an Answer on,
+
+_Dear_ SIR,
+_Your truly affectionate_, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+_    1 Dublin_, 1753, _M. Reilly_, Editor.
+
+    2 This _Mac Con More Macnamara_, Duke of _Klan Cullane_, founded,
+      erected, and amply endowed the beautiful Abbey of _Quin_; as did
+      other Chieftains of his Name and Family, several Parochial Churches,
+      with a great Number of magnificent Castles.
+
+_    3 Seasonable Thoughts_, &c. published by _George Faulkner_; _the Case
+      of the Roman Catholics_, and _the Principles of the Roman
+      Catholics_, the two last published by _P. Lord_, in _Cook-street,
+      Dublin_.
+
+    4 To all the above Productions of _Ireland_, may be justly added, our
+      inestimable Fisheries, and plentiful Mines, which, under due
+      national Encouragement, would raise immense Treasures.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+
+
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+***FINIS***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of
+Ireland by Henry Brooke
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of Ireland
+
+Author: Henry Brooke
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [Ebook #27226]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             An Essay On The
+
+                         Ancient and Modern State
+
+                                Of Ireland
+
+                  With the Various Important Advantages
+
+                            Thereunto Derived,
+
+          under the auspicious Reign of His most sacred Majesty
+
+                         King GEORGE the Second.
+
+                      Including a particular Account
+
+                        of the great and glorious
+
+                               St. Patrick
+
+                                    By
+
+                               Henry Brooke
+
+                             Dublin: Printed
+
+                            London: Re-Printed
+
+                            for R. Griffiths.
+
+                                 MDCCLX.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Dedication.
+Essay.
+The Farmer's Case Of The Roman-Catholics Of _Ireland_.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+
+TO
+
+MATTHEW MC. NAMARA,
+
+Of _LIMERICK_, Esq;
+
+COUNSELLOR at LAW.
+
+Justly sensible, Sir, how sincerely You have the Character and Esteem of
+our Native Country at Heart, I take Leave to offer to Your Perusal, and
+commend to Your favourable Acceptance, the following Sheets.
+
+What gave them Rise, was my happening, some Time since, to have fallen
+into Company with two or three sprightly young Gentlemen, then just
+returned from their Continental Rambles,--who--altho' little burthened with
+the Religion, Laws, Learning, Policy, Customs, Habits, Manners, or
+Languages of any, or the several Countries they had scampered thro',
+affected, nevertheless, an high Contempt for this,--their Native.
+
+I listened with silent Indignation, and determined to contribute my Mite
+towards giving such unattentive, uninformed Youths, a more adequate Idea
+of this Kingdom, under its ancient and under its present happy
+Establishment.
+
+The common Accidents of Time must lead them by better Authority to clearer
+Knowledge: In the mean while, I profess my Obligations to them, as they
+have given me this Opportunity of declaring my Regard to my Country in
+general, and the particular Attachments that ever bind me, in the
+strictest Sense of Fidelity and Esteem, to a Friend so worthy as You have
+been to,
+
+Sir,
+Your very obliged, and
+Most obedient Servant.
+
+
+
+
+
+ESSAY.
+
+
+In a Nation, where almost every Gentleman is better acquainted, and more
+conversant, with the Nature and Circumstances of other Countries than
+those of his own, the Publication of such Hints as may somewhat contribute
+to remove so odd an Inattention, and induce those far better qualified to
+render a Subject so interesting some Justice, will not, I hope, be deemed
+an Impertinence; in one especially who, by this Essay, however feeble,
+hath nothing beside the Honour and Advantage of _Ireland_ in View, a
+Kingdom whereof he is, without Vanity, proud of being a Native.
+
+As the Story of Savages and Barbarians can contain nothing instructive, or
+entertaining, the _Antemilesian_ Inhabitants of this Land having been
+mostly such, and all surviving Accounts of them almost totally overcast
+with Fable, we are therefore, in treating of the antient _Scotia_, or
+modern _Ireland_, to refer principally to three distinguished �ras,
+whereof the _first_ is, its being peopled by an _Iberian_ or _Spanish_
+Colony: The _second_, truly glorious, the Arrival of St. _Patrick_, in his
+most salutary Mission: The _third_ and last, its Cession to _Henry_ the
+Second, King of _England_, (the first of the Royal Race of _Plantagenet_)
+partly from a pretended Title of _Adrian_ the Fourth, Pope of _Rome_;
+partly from the restless and insatiable Desires of _Henry_; _more_ from
+the manifold Infirmities of the then reigning _Irish_ Chiefs--but above
+all, from the peculiarly adverse Fate of _Roderick_, the last of our
+Kings.
+
+The assiduous, exact, and candid Author of the _Dissertations_,(1) lately
+published, on the Origin, Government, Letters, Sciences, Religion, Manners
+and Customs of the antient Inhabitants of this Country, hath put all those
+Matters in so clear and happy, and, at the same Time, in so strong a
+Light, by the Powers of various foreign Testimonies, of undeniable
+Authenticity, coincident with our own, that scarce any Thing new can be
+offered on the same Subject.
+
+It may, however, in general be observed, that _Milesius_, a _Spanish_
+Prince, so far back as the Reign of _Solomon_ (instigated by Necessity, or
+induced by Ambition) with a considerable Number of Associates and
+Followers, landed from the Western Parts of _Spain_, on the Southern
+Coasts of this Island, where it is probable they met little, or but faint
+Opposition, from wild and undisciplined Inhabitants.
+
+Those People, from their early Knowledge of the _Phoenician_ Arts and
+Letters, imported such Rudiments of Government and Learning, as those
+primitive Times admitted; a Truth visible from the Similarity or rather
+Identity of the _Phoenician_ and _Scotic_ Alphabet.
+
+This antient Colony quietly settled here, remote from the Storms and
+Revolutions of the greater World, and secured by Situation from its
+hostile Incursions, there is no Doubt but the Cultivation of Religion,
+Philosophy, Politicks, Poetry, and Musick, became the chief Objects of
+popular Study and Application: The Spirit of Ambition in succeeding Ages,
+with its unhappy concomitant Train of Sedition, Faction, and Violence, the
+foreign Invasions, and often the intestine Oppressions and Calamities, to
+which our neighbouring Nations were subject, calling forth the protective
+or conciliating Aids of those ancient Heroes, made them great Masters also
+in the Art military.
+
+The Pentarchy originally formed by those _Iberian_ or _Celtic Spaniards_,
+with a popular Right of Election, was certainly a Kind of Government
+extremely consistent with the Essence and Genius of true Liberty, and a
+System derived from the Patriarchs themselves. For when the various
+Necessities of Society required a Subordination, together with some stated
+Maxims to go by, to avoid the confused and promiscuous Intercourse in a
+State of Nature; then did the People elect the most Virtuous and Wise, to
+lead and conduct them in Times of War and Trouble; to govern, inform, and
+protect them, in milder and more auspicious Seasons. Then was the Motto of
+the Crown, or of the chief Ensign of Pre-eminence, _Digniori detur_, and
+so continued till the Degeneracy of Time, and the baneful Growth of
+Avarice and Pride, with the feverish Lust of Power, perverted it
+to--_Rapiat Fortior_!
+
+Such, thro' a long Succession of Ages, was the Condition, and such at
+length the Fate of this Kingdom, destroyed after a longer Continuance than
+any other can boast, by the Abuse of its own Powers; a sure Argument that
+all created Beings, all sublunary Institutions, however wisely composed,
+in the very Essence of their Creation, and in the very Rudiments of their
+Formation, comprehend, at the same Time, the Seeds of Dissolution: Yet it
+is not more remarkable than true, that in the most boisterous Periods of
+this Kingdom's antient Establishment, the Arts and Sciences, with the
+fundamental Principles of Constitution, were preserved and cherished with
+inviolable Assiduity. The Priests, Philosophers, Advocates, Annalists,
+Poets and Musicians, were obliged to preserve Religion, political Wisdom,
+Law, History, _&c._ hereditarily in their respective Tribes, and to
+educate in these different Branches the Chiefs and Nobles of the Land, for
+which they were graciously maintained in secure and splendid Tranquillity:
+Those Sages attended the National Conventions, where all publick Acts were
+religiously recorded, and all Abuses of Power and Government retrenched or
+reformed; nor were they permitted, except in Case of extraordinary
+Necessity, or uncommon Merit, to deviate from their proper and primitive
+Spheres of Action: Since, where an harmonious Subordination of Rank and
+Order hath not been duly preserved, even in free Estates, Liberty itself
+(wisely attempered, the greatest of all social Blessings) hath often, from
+Abuse and Neglect, sickened into Licentiousness, the immediate lewd Mother
+of Anarchy! In the visible Creation, the direct Result of infinite Wisdom,
+the lesser Planets do not interfere with, much less shock or oppose the
+Motions and Revolutions of the greater; they constantly keep the Distances
+first prescribed them, and all move regularly to their respective Ends.
+The most verdant and fragrant Meadows may, from the too frequent Irruption
+of muddy Waters, degenerate into noxious Marshes, if some Care was not
+taken to divert those impure Gushings into their proper Channels. Hence it
+may be inferred, that laying open the most honorary, as well as important
+and useful Professions of Society, to the Intrusion, or rather pyratical
+Invasions, of the Scum and Dregs of the People, cannot, however varnished
+over with the fictitious Colourings of pretended Liberty, consist with
+true Political Wisdom.
+
+Those ancient _Sophi_ and _Literati_ enjoyed their Places with the greater
+Security, that they were uninvadable by the inferior Classes of Mankind;
+with the greater Content and Chearfulness, that much Esteem and Emolument
+were connected with them: The Priest and Advocate informed and directed
+the Conscience and Conduct; the Historian and Annalist recorded the
+Institutions; the Poet and Musician celebrated and sung the Exploits of
+their Kings and Leaders: No Wonder then this Kingdom should have been
+revered at Home, and admired Abroad; when Religion formed, Erudition
+nurtured, Philosophy strengthened, History preserved, Rhetorick adorned,
+Musick softened, and Poesy refined, the National Wisdom and
+Accomplishments; to all which was added, a thorough Knowledge of Tactics,
+and great Skill and Agility in all the athletick Arts, and bodily
+Exercises.
+
+In the Versions of some original Codes exported by our Countryman, the
+learned and pious St. _Fiechry_, still extant in the _Navarre_ Library at
+_Paris_, the Constitutional Wisdom of _Ireland_ appears in a clear and
+happy Light: Persons, Things, Actions, and Expressions, were cautiously
+attended to, by the Laws; _Persons_, in their Minority, Youth, and
+Manhood, according to their different Ranks in the State, so as by Care,
+Education, and Discipline, to render them, some subservient, others
+useful, some beneficial, and others ornamental thereunto. _Things_, so
+carefully, as to prevent, by prohibatory Laws, Wastes of whatsoever Kind,
+and to ascertain to each Individual, as well as Society, their proper and
+distinct Rights. _Actions_, by directing those in general, and particular,
+to the Honour of the Deity and Welfare of the Community: _Expression_, by
+the penal Interdiction of prophane Cursing and Swearing, Obscenity,
+Scurrility, Calumny, and Detraction, yet with a full Indulgence of proper
+Satire against such as merited popular Reprehension, or Contempt; the
+Satirist's Pen in those Days being as much dreaded, or rather more so,
+than the Magistrate's Rod, and consequently as diligently avoided by a
+Demeanour absolutely irreproachable.
+
+It appeareth that, under the antient Government of _Ireland_, the
+Education of the landed Gentry, when Luxury, with its wasteful Catalogue
+of Vices, had not rendered Property so mutable and wavering as in modern
+Ages, was provided for; whether by the immediate Care of Parents, or
+essential Attention of Guardians, by the Laws of the Land; in order that
+Gentlemen should, to the Antiquity of Birth and Possession, add the
+important Dignity of Learning, and social Refinement of Arts: Since a Man
+at the Head of an original Estate, who should want the necessary
+Cultivation of Letters, was considered only as a Peasant in Disguise, and
+not more respected than a Hewer of Wood, or Drawer of Water.
+
+In these Writings of St. _Fiechry_, the legislative Wisdom of
+_Olam-Fodla_; the philosophically-religious Capacity of _Cormac-O Quin_,
+who, from the pure Light of Nature, in a great Measure defeated the absurd
+_Polytheism_ of the _Druids_; the consummate Integrity and Impartiality of
+_Federach_ the Just, and _Moran_ his Chief Justice; the Magnanimity of
+_Con-Ked-Cathagh_; the Conquests of _Kineth Mac Alpin_; the long,
+glorious, and peaceful Reign of _Conary_ the Great, _co�val_ with the
+Birth of our Blessed Lord and Saviour _Jesus Christ_, (undoubtedly the
+happiest, brightest, and most blissful Period the World ever saw;) are all
+displayed in a copious masterly Style, yet with strict chronological
+Exactness.
+
+This learned St. _Fiechry_ was Founder of the University in _Paris_, in
+the Beginning of the 8th Century. The better to enable him to carry on
+that noble Work, he obtained of _Charles_ the Great a Tax on all
+Wheel-Carriages, within the Barriers of that City: Whence, a Hackney-Coach
+is at this Day technically term'd _Fiacre_.
+
+_Charles_ the Great, in order to repair the cruel and truly lamentable
+literary Dilapidations of the ferocious North-men, invited Numbers of the
+learned and pious _Irish_ to the Continent, where he established and
+entertained them with Dignity, Tenderness, and Respect. In a curious
+Manuscript of _Nicholaus Gurtlerus_, (now in the _French_ King's
+_Parisian_ Library) Author of the _Origines Mundi_, where he alludes to
+these Times, you find the following favourable, but true Account of
+_Ireland_.--_Temporibus illis, barbaris Normannorum Cohortibus undequaque
+irrumpentibus, Religio, Fides, Philosophia, Virtus, Hospitalitas,
+Fortitudo, Castitas, necnon et Amoeniores omnium generum Artes, Hibernia
+solummod� natali, veluti Solo, viguerunt_; little Wonder that _Ireland_
+should have been esteemed the _Ierne_, or sacred Isle of the _Greeks_, the
+_Insula Sanctorum_, or Island of Saints of the _Romans_.--Would to Heaven
+our Countrymen had, upon all considerable Occasions, recollected those
+deserved Encomiums, thereby to approve them worthy their applauded Origin,
+and native Soil!
+
+We now proceed to consider _Ireland_ in her happiest and brightest View,
+after the Admission and Propagation of Christianity. It is certain there
+were many Christians in _Ireland_, before the Arrival of _Palladius_ in
+431, or of St. _Patrick_ the Year following: St. _Kieran_, St. _Ailbe_,
+St. _Declan_, and St. _Ibar_, whom _Ussher_ calls the Precursors, or
+Forerunners of St. _Patrick_, are pregnant Proofs of this; they were of
+the Birth of _Ireland_, from whence they travelled to _Rome_, in Search of
+Education and Learning, where they lived some Years, were ordained, and
+returned Home about the Year 402.
+
+It seems that those early Preachers confined their Labours to particular
+Places, in which they had considerable Success, but fell very short of
+converting the Body of the Nation: However, they sowed the Seed which St.
+_Patrick_ came after to water: And it is certain that St. _Patrick_ was so
+well satisfied with the Progress they made, in their particular Districts
+in _Munster_, that this was the last Province in _Ireland_ he thought
+proper to visit. That there were many Christians in _Ireland_, at this
+Period, seems to be confirmed by _Prosper_, who, in giving an Account of
+the Mission of _Palladius_, says, that he was ordained by Pope _Celestin_,
+and sent the first Bishop to the _Scots_ believing in Christ. This Passage
+can mean nothing else, but that _Palladius_, born in Britain, was sent to
+the Scots [i.e. the _Irish_] who had already formed Churches under
+_Kieran_, _Ailbe_, _Declan_ and _Ibar_; and so the Bishop of St. _Asaph_
+expounds it. This then was the next Attempt that was made for the
+Conversion of the _Irish_: _Palladius_ engaged in a more ample and
+extensive Design than his Predecessors, yet he failed in the Execution of
+it, stay'd but a short Time in _Ireland_, and did little worth remembring;
+he converted, however, a few, and is said to have founded three Churches;
+but he had neither Courage to withstand the Fierceness of the heathen
+_Irish_, nor Abilities, for Want of the Language, proper for the Work.
+
+_Nathi_, the Son of _Garcon_, an _Irish_ Prince, opposed his preaching;
+upon which _Palladius_ left the Kingdom, and died in the Land of the
+_Picts_, on the 15th of _December_, 431. This glorious Work was reserved
+for St. _Patrick_, to whose holy Life, divine Mission, and extraordinary
+Success, I refer the Reader. This great Apostle of the _Irish_ founded and
+built the Cathedral Church of _Ardmagh_, about the Year 444, or 45, which,
+from that early Period to this, hath continued the Metropolitan Church of
+all _Ireland_. So that 1194 Years passed away from the Founding of the
+City of _Rome_, to that of _Ardmagh_.
+
+The various and most signal Blessings derived to this Nation, from the
+salutary Mission of this illustrious Saint, require, in Gratitude, our
+giving the Reader yet a further Account of the Author of such Happiness
+and Glory to _Ireland_.
+
+He was born in the extreme Bounds of _Britain_, (in that Part thereof
+which is now comprehended within the Limits of the modern _Scotland_) at a
+Village called _Banaven_, in the Territory of _Tabernia_, (as he himself
+saith in his Confession) in _Vico Banaven Taberni�_, &c. He tells us that
+he was born of a good Family. _Ingennuus fui secundum Carnem._ His Father
+was _Calphurnius_, a Deacon, who was the Son of _Potitus_, a Priest; from
+whence may be clearly inferred that the Clergy were not restrained from
+Matrimony in that Age. He was just advanced into his sixteenth Year, when
+he was taken Captive, the Manner of which is thus related by St. _Evin_
+and others: His Father, Mother, Brother, and five Sisters, undertook a
+Voyage to _Aremorick Gaul_, (now called _Bass Bretagne_) to visit the
+Relations of his Mother _Couchessa_. It happened about this Time, that the
+seven Sons of _Factmude_, a _British_ Prince, were banished, and took to
+the Sea; that, making an Inroad into _Aremorick Gaul_, they took _Patrick_
+and his Sister, _Lupita_, (some say _Tigrida_ also) Prisoners. They
+brought their Captives to the North of _Ireland_, and sold _Patrick_ to
+_Milcho Mac Huanan_, a Prince of _Dalaradia_: Others tell the Story in a
+different Manner, and with a stronger Degree of Probability. That the
+_Romans_ having deserted _Britain_, to preserve their own Country from the
+barbarous Incursions of the _Northern Hive_, the _Irish_ made frequent
+Conquests, in _North Britain_ especially, whence returning victorious, in
+one of those Expeditions among others brought _Patrick_ Captive. But in
+this they all agree, and he himself confirms it, that he continued
+Prisoner in _Ireland_ six Years; he was sold to _Milcho_ and his three
+Brothers, which gave Occasion of his changing his Name into _Cathraigh_,
+or rather _Ceathir-Tigh_, because he served four Masters; _Ceathir_
+signifying four, and _Tigh_ a House or Family. _Milcho_ observing the Care
+and Diligence of his new Servant, bought out the Shares of his Brothers,
+and made him his own Property. He sent him to feed his Hogs on
+_Sliev-Mis_. And St. _Patrick_ himself tells us his Behaviour in this
+Office.
+
+"My constant Business was to feed the Hogs. I was frequent in Prayer; the
+Love and Fear of God more and more inflamed my Heart; my Faith was
+enlarged, and my Spirit augmented, so that I said an hundred Prayers by
+Day, and almost as many by Night. I arose before Day to my Prayers, in the
+Snow, in the Frost, and in the Rain, and yet I received no Damage; nor was
+I affected with Slothfulness; for then the Spirit of God was warm within
+me." It was here he perfected himself in the _Irish_ Language, the
+wonderful Providence of God visibly appearing in this Instance of his
+Captivity, that he should have the Opportunity in his tender Years of
+becoming well acquainted with the Language, Manners, and Dispositions of
+that People, to whom he was intended as a future Apostle. He continued six
+whole Years in Servitude, and in the seventh was released. There seems to
+have been a Law in _Ireland_ for this Purpose, agreeable to the
+Institution of _Moses_, that a Servant should be released the seventh
+Year.
+
+Having parted from his Master, after a great Variety of Distresses, he at
+length arrived to his Parents, who received him with extraordinary Joy;
+with these he remained two Years, and probably would much longer, had he
+not by a Vision been quickened to a more active and glorious Life. In this
+he thought he saw a Man coming to him from _Ireland_, whose Name was
+_Victoricus_, with a great Number of Letters; that he gave him one of them
+to read, in the Beginning of which were contained these Words,
+_Vox-Hiberionacum_, the Voice of the _Irish_: While he was reading this
+Letter, he thought the same Moment, that he heard the Voice of the
+Inhabitants who lived near the Wood of _Foclut_, in the Barony of
+_Tyr-Awley_, and County of _Mayo_, hard by the Western Sea, crying to him
+with an audible and distinct Voice, "We intreat thee, holy Youth, to come
+and walk among us." He was greatly amazed at this Vision, and awoke; it
+animated him, however, to his future Studies and heavenly Progress; so far
+even, that he tells us himself, he thanked God, that after many Years he
+had dealt with the _Irish_, according to their crying out.
+
+These early Scenes of this great Saint's Life, should, among many others,
+serve as lessons of Charity, Consideration, and Humility, to the Rich, the
+Great, the Proud, and the Wanton; who may recollect that, altho' he was
+well born, he was nevertheless, in the most vigorous Season of Life, a
+Slave and a Swine-Herd: Happy, though wretched Servitude! In which, his
+leisure Hours, mostly employed in Christian Confidence and Prayer, made
+him so signally the Favourite of Heaven, that from those cloudy Dawnings,
+he in Process of Time became a learned Doctor, a sanctified Missioner, a
+venerable Prelate, an eminent Primate, a national Apostle, and the bright
+Instructor of Kings! Such were the fruitful Rewards of uninterrupted
+unshaken Devotion, Piety, and Zeal! From this Time he formed the steady
+Resolution of converting the _Irish_; and, the better to accomplish the
+heavenly Task, he undertook a laborious Journey to foreign Countries, to
+enrich his Mind with Learning and Experience.
+
+He continued abroad thirty-five Years, pursuing his Studies under the
+Direction principally of his Mother's Uncle, St. _Martin_, Bishop of
+_Tours_, who had ordained him Deacon; and after his Death, partly with St.
+_German_, Bishop of _Auxerre_, (who ordained him a Priest, and called his
+Name _Magonius_, which was the third Name he was known by,) partly among a
+Colony of _Hermits_ and _Monks_, in some Islands of the _Tuscan_ Sea; and
+he employed a good Part of the Time in the City of _Rome_, among the
+Canons Regular of the _Lateran_ Church: At length, having his Soul
+thoroughly tempered with religious Virtue, enlightened with the true
+Evangelical Faith, and his Understanding enlarged by the most profitable
+and edifying Studies, he arrived in _Ireland_ about the 60th Year of his
+Age; and in the Year of our Lord 432, landed in the County of _Wicklow_,
+where he began his Ministry, by the Conversion of _Sinel_, a great Man in
+that Country, the Grandson of _Finchad_, who ought to be remembered, as he
+was the first Fruits of St. _Patrick_'s Mission in _Ireland_; he was the
+8th in lineal Descent from _Cormac_, King of _Leinster_, and came
+afterwards to be enumerated among the Saints of _Ireland_.
+
+From this Country he sailed to an Island on the Coast of the County of
+_Dublin_, called after him _Inis Phadring_, and by the _English_, _Holm
+Patrick_ at this Day, where he and his faithful Companions rested after
+their Fatigues. From _Inis Phadring_, he sailed Northward to that Part of
+_Ulster_ called _Ulidia_, and put in at _Inbherslaying_ Bay. When he and
+his Fellow Labourers landed, _Dichu_, the Son of _Trichem_, Lord of the
+County, being informed that they were Pirates, came out with armed Men in
+order to kill them: But being struck with the venerable Appearance of St.
+_Patrick_, he gave him Audience, and listened attentively to the Word of
+Life preached by him; he changed his wicked Purpose, believed, and was
+baptized, and brought over all his Family to the Faith: It is further
+observed of him, that he was the first Person in _Ulster_, who embraced
+Christianity. He dedicated the Land whereon his Conversion was wrought to
+the Service of God, where a Church was erected, changed after to an
+eminent Monastery. He travelled hence by Land to _Clunebois_ in
+_Dalaradia_, to endeavour the Conversion of his old Master _Milcho_, whose
+Service he had left thirty-eight Years before; but this obstinate Prince,
+hearing of the great Success of St. _Patrick_'s preaching, and ashamed to
+be persuaded in his old Age, to forsake the Religion of his Ancestors, (by
+one especially who had been his Servant, in a most inferior Station,) made
+a funeral Pile of his House and Goods, and by the Instigation of the Enemy
+of Mankind, burned himself therein: Thus ended _Milcho McHuanan_.
+
+Hence St. _Patrick_ returned to _Inis_, the Habitation of _Dichu_, and in
+his Journey converted great Numbers to the true Faith of _Christ_. In some
+time, he took his Leave of _Dichu_, and bent his course Southward by Sea,
+keeping the Coast on his Right-hand, and arrived at Port _Colbdi_, where
+he landed, and committed the Care of his Vessel to his Nephew _Luman_,
+desiring him to wait for him there forty Days, while he and his Disciples
+were travelling in the inner Parts of the Country to preach the Gospel.
+His Intention in this Journey was, to celebrate the Festival of _Easter_
+in the Plains of _Bregia_, and to be in the Neighbourhood of the Great
+Triennial Convention at _Tarah_, which at this Season was held by King
+_Leogair_, and all his Tributary Princes, Nobles, _Druids_, _Annalists_,
+_and Fileas_. St. _Patrick_ wisely foreseeing that whatever Impressions he
+should make on this august Assembly must have an Influence on the whole
+Kingdom, and therefore, being supported with invincible Christian
+Fortitude, resolved not to be absent from a Place where his Presence was
+so conducive to the Ends of his Holy Ministry.
+
+Never did the Spirit of popular Freedom exert itself more powerfully or
+harmoniously, than in those truly parliamentary Triennial Conventions of
+_Ireland_, where the supreme Monarch, the Provincial Kings, the feudatory
+Lords, the Nobles, landed Men, _Druids_, &c. by the unbiased Suffrages of
+the People, convened for the Peace, good Government and Security of each
+particular Province, as well as those of the whole Kingdom. Many Centuries
+had this wise Constitution subsisted here, before our Neighbours, even of
+_South Britain_, knew any thing relative to Houses, or Raiment; it being
+notorious that so late as the Arrival of _Julius C�sar_ among them, they
+painted their Bodies, to render them terrible, and lived in the open
+Fields. It is really somewhat surprzing that People so near in Situation,
+should differ so essentially in Disposition, as the Inhabitants of those
+Islands have in all Ages; Hospitality having been the distinguishing
+Attribute of the _Irish_, and it's opposite Defect, that of the _Britons_;
+the Account given of them by _Horace_ 1700 and odd Years ago, _Visam
+Britannes Hospitibus feros_, being as literally applicable to them at this
+Day, where the Force of Education doth not operate to mitigate their
+natural Ferocity.
+
+But to return: St. _Patrick_ in his Way to _Tarah_, took up his Lodgings
+at the House of the hospitable _Sesgnen_ in _Meath_, who kindly received
+and welcomed him. St. _Patrick_ preach'd Christ and his Gospel to him; he
+believed, and was baptized with his whole Family.
+
+From the House of _Sesgnen_, he moved Westward, and arrived on _Easter
+Eve_ at _Fierta-fir-feic_, on the Northern Banks of the River _Boyne_,
+where he rested, resolving there to prepare for the next Day's Solemnity.
+It was penal for any Person at the Time of the Celebration of this solemn
+Convention at _Tarah_, to kindle a Fire in the Province, before the King's
+Bonfire first appeared. I am of Opinion this was a religious Ceremony, as
+the chief Deity of the ancient Inhabitants, in exterior Worship
+especially, was _Bel_, or _Belus_; whence _Apollo_ or _Ap-haul_, the Son
+of the Sun, whom they emblematically worshipped, by those fiery Offerings;
+whence the first Day of _May_, peculiarly dedicated to this _Bel_, is even
+now in _Irish_, called _Lha-Bel-Thinih_, and probably from the same Source
+may be derived the Custom of lighting up Bonfires, and Sops, on the Eve of
+the 24th Day of _June_. St. _Patrick_ however, either not knowing or not
+minding this Ceremony, lighted up a Fire before his Booth, which altho'
+eight Miles distant from _Tarah_, was very visible. It was seen with
+Astonishment from Court, and the _Druids_ informed the King, that if he
+did not immediately extinguish the Fire, he who kindled it, and his
+Successors, should for ever hold the Principality of _Ireland_; which hath
+hitherto turned out a true Prediction of those Heathen Priests, in a
+Primatial and Spiritual Principality.
+
+The King dispatched Messengers to bring _Patrick_ before him, and gave his
+positive Orders, that nobody should presume to rise out of his Seat, or
+pay him the least Honour: But _Ere_, the Son of _Dego_, ventured to
+disobey this Command; he arose, and offered the Holy Father his Seat. St.
+_Patrick_ preached to him and converted him. He became a Person of eminent
+Sanctity, and after some Time was consecrated by St. _Patrick_, Bishop of
+_Slain_.
+
+The Day following, when St. _Patrick_ and two of his Disciples appeared
+unexpectedly at Court, and preached to the King and his Nobles, _Dubtach_,
+the King's Poet Laureat, payed Honour and Respect to the Saint, and was
+converted by his Preaching. _Fiech_, a young Poet, who was under the
+Tuition of _Dubtach_, was also converted, and afterwards made Bishop of
+_Sletty_, and is said to have been the Author of a celebrated Poem,
+composed in Praise of St. _Patrick_. _Anselm_, Arch-Bishop of
+_Canterbury_, relates the Conversion of _Tingar_, the Son of _Clito_, (one
+of the Nobles in this Assembly,) in the same Manner. The Queen also, and
+many others of the Court, became Christians; and altho' the King held out
+for a long Time with great Obstinacy, yet at last he submitted to be
+baptized. St. _Patrick_ is said here to have wrought many Miracles: There
+could not truly, even according to the Purposes of human Wisdom, have
+happened a more solemn or weighty Occasion, for God Almighty's supporting
+this Holy Preacher by Miracles, than when the collective Body of the whole
+Nation was assembled together; from whose Report and Conviction, the
+Influences of his blessed Works and Doctrine must of Course spread through
+the whole Kingdom.
+
+His Conduct and Proceedings here, with a particular Detail of the Miracles
+wrought by him, may be had at large in the History of his Life, published
+by _John Colgan_.
+
+From _Tarah_, the Saint proceeded next to _Talten_, not far from thence,
+at the Season of the Royal Diversions: Here he preached to _Cairbre_, and
+_Conall_, the two Brothers of King _Leogin_; the former received him with
+great Indignity, and perversely shut his Ears against his Doctrine; but
+_Conall_ believed, and was baptized, and gave St. _Patrick_ a Place to
+build a Church on.
+
+This _Conall_ was Great-Grand-Father to _Columb-Kill_. He spent the
+Remainder of this Year in _Meath_ and _Louth_, and the Districts
+adjoining, preaching, and converting great Numbers of People. The
+_Taltenian_ Sports above-mentioned, have been much celebrated by the
+_Irish_ Historians, and Antiquaries. They were a kind of warlike
+Exercises, somewhat resembling the _Olympick_ Games, consisting of Racing,
+Tilts, Tournaments, Wrestling, Leaping, Vaulting, and all other manly and
+martial Exercises, which gave Rise to the many hyperbolical Tales,
+formerly related of those _Taltenian_ Sports. They were exhibited every
+Year at _Talten_, a Mountain in _Meath_, for fifteen Days before, and
+fifteen Days after the First of _August_. Their first Institution is
+ascribed to _Lughaid-lam-fadha_, the twelfth King of _Ireland_, who began
+his Reign _A. M._ 2764 (a sufficient Proof of _Ireland_'s Antiquity as a
+Kingdom). They were ordained by _Lughaid_, in Gratitude to the Memory of
+_Tailte_, the Daughter of _Magh-More_, (a Prince of some Part of _Spain_)
+who having been married to _Eochaid_, King of _Ireland_, took the same
+_Lughaid_ under her Protection, and had the Care of his Education in his
+Minority. From this Princess both the Sports, and the Place where they
+were celebrated, took their Names: From _Lughaid_, the First of _August_
+was called _Lugnasa_, or the Memory of _Lughaid_, _Nasa_ signifying
+Memory, in the _Irish_ Language.
+
+In the Year of the World 2700, _Gideon_ then reigning fourth Judge of the
+_Hebrews_, appear'd many Heroes, as _Hercules_, _Orpheus_, _Castor_,
+_Pollux_, the _Argonauts_, _Jason_, _Laomedon_, _Thes�us_, _Dedalus_, &c.
+The _Amazones_, Heroines of _Scythic_ Extraction, having lost their
+Husbands in Battle, took up Arms themselves, with a manly Spirit of
+Resentment, and (inspired with Love of their deceased Husbands, and Grief
+for so great and irretrievable a Loss!) subdued _Asia_, and built
+_Ephesus_. _Hercules_ and _Thes�us_ waged War against those Heroines, and
+defeated them, more to the Glory of the Vanquished than their own, those
+Matrons having defended themselves with surprizing Resolution. They cut
+off the Guards set over them, and escaped the Severity and Pride of their
+Conquerors. _Hercules_, in Honour of such extraordinary heroick Females,
+instituted the _Olympick_ Games; as likewise did _Thes�us_, the
+_Isthmian_, in the Year of the World, about 2700, the _Taltenian_ Sports,
+the very same with the _Olympick_, brought sixty-four Years after from
+_Spain_ into _Ireland_, by _Tailte_, and her Followers. Now this _Tailte_,
+Queen of _Ireland_, was the Grand-daughter of an _Amazone_ Princess, those
+immortal Females having, with their Progeny, Friends and Followers, to
+avoid the ruinous Hostilities of _Hercules_ and _Thes�us_, sought Shelter
+in _Spain_, whither they imported the Learning of _Trismegistus_, the
+Grandson of _Mercury_, and Glory of _�gypt_, together with all the
+literary Arts derived into _Greece_, from _Phoenicia_, by _Cadmus_, the
+Brother of _Europa_, about the Year of the World 2530, _Othoniel_ then
+reigning the first Judge of the _Hebrews_. The Posterity of this ancient
+and illustrious Colony, about the Year of the World 3000, (_Solomon_ then
+reigning with great Splendour, third King of the _Hebrews_) settled in
+this Kingdom, as before observed: So that, by an impartial Estimate of
+Dates, Periods, and Facts, our Origin is well ascertained, our early
+Possession of Letters, wise Policy, and the politer Arts, proved, and the
+Remark of an _Italian_ Monk in the 7th Century, from the University of
+_Mongret_, in an Epistle to his Correspondent at _Rome_, justified, _Nil
+mirum Populum hunc Celtico Scythicum � pr�clar� Amazonidum stirp�
+oriundum, ver� Religion� et __ incorrupt� Fide illuminatum, sapientia
+Doctrina optimisque Morbidus ornatum, viros fortes et F�minas castas
+plerumque procreare_. A Rescript of this Original Epistle still extant, in
+the _Vatican_ Library, some Years ago in the Hands of Father Don _Levy_,
+may therefore, I believe, be found in the College of _Lombard_ at _Paris_.
+
+In this shining Period were Cathedrals and Churches erected, Universities
+founded and established, Colleges, Seminaries and Schools propagated in
+many Parts of this Kingdom, which, at the same Time, became a peaceful and
+hospitable Retreat to religious and learned Men, disturbed on the
+Continent of _Europe_, by the frequent Invasions, and cruel Hostilities of
+the North-men, whose Piracies and Barbarity, even _Ireland_ could not
+always escape! For, from the Time of _Artigrius_, Archbishop of _Ardmagh_
+in 822, for near 200 Years the cruel _Danes_ miserably ravaged this
+Kingdom, destroying, by Fire and Sword, every Establishment, as well of
+Piety as Learning, (to both which, and to all religious Maxims of
+civilized Society, they had been avowed implacable Enemies) till they were
+themselves, in 1014, totally defeated at _Clontarf_, by the invincible
+Arms of the Great Monarch, _Bryan Borou_, from whom descended a Race
+conspicuous for exemplary Prelates, heroick Leaders, and steady Patriots.
+
+The learned Author of the _Dissertations_ before-mentioned, charges this
+Hero with a Violation of the Constitution of his Country: Yet the
+Violation seems of far earlier Date, when the supreme Monarchy was, by the
+_Hugonian_ Law, inalienably united to one Family, whose Sovereignty,
+however founded originally, whether by Birth, or Election, was essential
+to the public Welfare: For we must allow that the Preservation of the
+People is the principal Law to which all others are subordinate. _Salus
+Populi suprema Lex_; and equally, that not only the Necessities, but the
+Safety also of the People, at that Time of Danger and Distraction, eagerly
+called forth the Conduct and Valour, the protective and restorative
+Abilities of that great and virtuous Man, of whom a faithful Historian, in
+his Detail of the Battle of _Clontarf_, says; _Integr� prius adept a
+Victori� rebus humanis eodem Di� excessit vir Bell� ac Pac� summus,
+Justiti�, Religionis, Literarum, Cultor eximius, et cum Carolo Magno
+utique comparandus_.
+
+In the 239th Page of the _Dissertations_, the excellent Author expresseth
+himself as follows:
+
+"I now proceed to give some Account of the second Royal House of _Scots_,
+the oldest of the _Milesian_ Race, and the Posterity of _Eber_." This Race
+then being avowed the oldest, in Respect of Primogeniture, must, of
+Course, have been prior in Point of Dignity and Sway, or at least, equally
+entitled to the Election of the People to such Ranks; were not those by
+violent Measures annexed to the _Heremonian_ Line: Yet, however this might
+have been, certain it is, that no Houses that we read of, ancient or
+modern, have produced a greater Number of truly heroick Princes, or of
+longer Continuance, than those of the North and South _Hy-Nial_; from whom
+also issued many noble Families of real Worth, and equal Renown. With
+_Bryan_, the happy Genius of _Ireland_, in a great Measure, expired: For
+the cruel _Danes_ had, for near 200 Years before, so wofully overturned
+the Universities of _Ardmagh_, _Dondaleith-Glass_, _Mongret_, and
+_Lismore_, with all other Seminaries of Piety and Learning, (the only
+genuine Sources of national Greatness, Concord, good Discipline, and
+Happiness) had obliged, in the 8th Century, so many learned Men to seek
+that Shelter and Security on the Continent, which the barbarous
+Hostilities, and impious Manners of those Northerns, denied them at Home;
+had made such frequent lamentable Breaches in the antient, wise
+Constitution of the Kingdom; had, by the fatal Example of their profligate
+dissolute Lives, so vitiated the national Morality; and finally, had left
+behind them so many noxious Seeds of Faction and Anarchy, as, in less than
+two Centuries, gave up a Kingdom, of above 2000 Years Establishment, the
+unaccountable Prey of a few adventurous _Normans_!
+
+_Patrick_ governed the See of _Dublin_ about ten Years, and, in a Voyage
+to _England_, perished by Shipwreck, in the _British_ Sea, on the 16th of
+_October_, 1084; having been sent to _Lanfranc_, Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_, by King _Tirdelvac_.
+
+_Donat_, or _Dongus O'Haingly_, having spent some Time in the Study of
+useful Learning in _Ireland_, went over into _England_, and became a
+Benedictine Monk at _Canterbury_. He was afterwards, (by the Consent of
+King _Tirdelvac_, and the Clergy of _Dublin_) consecrated, _A. D._ 1085,
+in the Cathedral of _Canterbury_, by the before-mentioned _Lanfranc_, to
+whom he made the following Profession of Obedience:
+
+"I, _Donat_, Bishop of the See of _Dublin_ in _Ireland_, do promise
+Canonical Obedience to you, _O' Lanfranc_, Archbishop of the holy Church
+of _Canterbury_, and to your Successors."
+
+It is evident that the Title of the Kings of _England_ to this Kingdom, by
+Papal Donation, or Appointment, was very insufficient, if not absolutely
+trifling: Nor could a Right of Conquest be urged in any Period of the
+Reign of _Henry_ the Second, or his Descendants. But the Great and Royal
+Families of _Ireland_, long the Prey of Faction, deliberately preferred a
+limitted and stipulated Submission to foreign Authority, to the various
+Evils arising from intestine Feuds and Animosities; and this, had the wise
+Conditions thereof been constantly attended to, with mutual Observance,
+had been a sound Title, well and judiciously founded.
+
+True it is, that after the Surrender of the Crown by King _John_ to the
+See of _Rome_, the Pope exerted some temporal Authority in this Kingdom,
+instanced in his having created _Mc. Con More Mc. Namaras_(2) Duke of
+_Klan Cullane_, a Man of great Valour and Piety, supported by ample
+Possessions in the Baronies of _Tulla_ and _Bunratty_, in the County of
+_Clare_; which extensive Districts entirely belonged to that ancient,
+hospitable, martial, and religious Race, of which _Mc. Con More_ was
+Chief: The _Mc. Namaras_, more or less, have in all Ages made, and still
+continue to make, a distinguished Figure, as well in the Field, as in the
+learned Professions; and were formerly so warlike a People, that of
+themselves they formed an heroic Cavalry, justly stiled the _Phalanx_ of
+that Part of _Ireland_ wherein they resided.
+
+How our Neighbours came to call us _waild Ayrish_, I am a Loss to
+conjecture; it being evident we have been a thousand Years, at least, in
+Possession of Letters, Laws, and Civility, before the Arrival of _Julius
+C�sar_ in _Britain_.
+
+I am equally at a Loss to know why a Man should become a standing Jest for
+his Ignorance in an alien Tongue, almost the constant Fate of our
+Countrymen in _Britain_, where, whoever is not smartly expert in the
+_English_ Language, is immediately denominated a _Teague_, a _Paddy_, or I
+know not what, in the Stile of Derision: At the same Time that the most
+awkward-tongued _Irishman_ in _London_ speaks _English_ with far more
+Propriety, and a better Accent, than the smartest _British Petit Maitre_
+in _Paris_ doth _French_.
+
+Some dramatick Scriblers, (probably of our own degenerate Growth) the
+better to qualify them for eleemosinary Dinners, gave Rise to this
+impertinent Treatment of a Nation, which, from the concurrent Testimonies
+of all the Dispassionate and Learned, can, in Reality, be as little the
+Object of Scurrility, as any other.
+
+Why should even poor _Teague_ prove so constant a Butt, to Farce-wrights,
+and Hackney Laughers; when, upon Examination, he is, by a thousand
+Degrees, preferable to the _British_ Hobbinol, or _French_ Gregoire? For
+_Teague_ is a very Pattern of Hospitality; so much so, that if a Gentleman
+should happen to miss his Road, and be nessitated to seek the Shelter of
+_Teague_'s Cabbin, or Hut, was poor _Teague_ trusting to two Sheep for his
+worldly Subsistance, he would kill one, and sell the other, at the next
+Village or Inn, for the better Entertainment of his Guest, and think
+himself happy in such an Occasion of approving his Generosity and Respect:
+He would the next Morning abandon his Spade, and chearfully trot ten Miles
+to shew such bewilder'd Gentleman the right Road. He is naturally civil,
+generous, and hospitable, (for scarce a Night passeth that poor Travellers
+are not entertained in his Cottage,) extremely respectful to his
+Superiors, and to his Lord and Master faithful to Death. The military
+Annals of _Europe_ proclaim his Capacity and Taste for Fighting; then if
+you should take this identical _Teague_'s infant Son, and give him a
+regular liberal Education, it is one hundred to one, but he turns out a
+Gentleman of Merit, Learning, Worth, and Politeness; whereas it would
+certainly require more than _Herculean_ Labour to chissel a _French
+Paisan_, a primitive _Westmoreland_, or _Devonshire_ Boor, not only into
+the Form of an elegant, but even into that of a sociable Creature.
+
+The Insignificancy of those Jesters and Spatterers, will more clearly
+appear, if we look back to the wise, free, and truly parliamentary
+Constitution of this Kingdom; if we recollect the vast Length of its
+Duration, as a free and independant State; the military Prowess of its
+Inhabitants in all Ages; their victorious Conflicts with the _Romans_, and
+with the _French_ under _Henry_ the Vth, and the Black _Prince_; their
+having founded a Monarchy in _North Britain_, whence, by a Right of
+Descent, in Addition to every other, his present Majesty, (whom God long
+preserve,) by the special Providence and infinite Mercy of Heaven, ruleth
+over us: If we consider the Number of our Universities, Colleges, and
+Academies, religious Monasteries and pious Seminaries, resorted to from
+all civilized Parts of _Europe_, our Metropolitical and Diocesan
+Cathedrals; on such impartial Review, surely, the foregoing Tribe of
+Sneerers and Flouters must dwindle into deserved Contempt.
+
+I shall close this feeble Attempt on the antient State of _Ireland_, with
+the Description thereof by _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesul�_, near _Florence_,
+in the 7th or 8th Century; referring, at the same Time, to the most
+authentick _British_ Antiquaries, _Campden_, _Giraldus Cambrensis_,
+_Buchanan_, _Ware_, &c. for Confirmation of what hath been previously
+observed on the same Subject.
+
+_Finibus Occiduis describitur optima Tellus,_
+_Nomine et Antiquis __SCOTIA__ scripta Libris----_
+_Insula dives Opum, Gemmarum, Vestis et Auri,_
+_Commoda Corporibus, Aere sole Solo;_
+_Melle fluit pulchris et lacteis __SCOTIA__ Campis_
+_Vestibus atque Armis, frugibus, arte viris._
+_Ursorum Rabies, nulla est ibi; s�va Leonum_
+_Semina, nec unquam __SCOTICA__ Terra tulit_
+_Nulla Venena nocent, nec Serpens serpit in Herb�,_
+_Nec conquesta canit Garula Rana Lacu;_
+_In qua __SCOTORUM__ Gentes habitare merentur_
+_Inclita Gens Hominum Milite, Pace, Fide._
+
+Thus Englished by the Ingenius and Reverend Mr. _Dunkin_:
+
+"Far Westward, lies an Isle of antient Fame,
+By Nature bless'd, and SCOTIA is her Name;
+Enroll'd in Books: Exhaustless is her Store
+Of veiny Silver, and of Golden Ore:
+Her fruitful Soil for ever teams with Wealth,
+With Gems her Waters, and her Air with Health:
+Her verdant Fields with Milk and Honey flow;
+Her woolly Fleeces vie with Virgin Snow:
+Her waving Furrows float with bearded Corn,
+And Arms and Arts her envy'd Sons adorn.
+No savage Bear, with lawless Fury, roves;
+No rav'nous Lion, thro' her peaceful Groves;
+No Poison there infects; no scaly Snake
+Creeps thro' the Grass, nor Frog annoys the Lake:
+An Island worthy of its pious Race,
+In War triumphant, and unmatch'd in Peace."
+
+This _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesula_, was an _Irishman_, of the antient and
+hospitable Family, afterwards _O Hogan_; a Family which held ample and
+fair Possessions in the Province of _Munster_, and which, in former Times,
+adorned the See of _Killaloe_, with four very learned and exemplary
+Prelates; namely, with _Matthew O Hogan_, who succeeded to this
+Bishoprick, in the Reign of _Henry_ the IIId, and in the Year of our Lord
+1267; and who, having much enlarged his Diocese, and done many signal Acts
+of popular Charity, died in the Year, 1281, and was buried in _Limerick_,
+in a Convent of _Dominican_ Friars. To this Bishop succeeded _Maurice O
+Hogan_, who governed this See with peculiar Zeal and Charity, upwards of
+sixteen Years, and died in 1298, or the Year following, and was buried in
+his own Church. _Thomas O Hogan_, Canon of _Killaloe_, was consecrated in
+1343, and died on the 30th of _October_, 1354; five Days after which, he
+was buried among his worthy Ancestors at _Nenagh_; as may be seen in the
+Annals of that Place.
+
+_Richard O Hogan_ succeeded to the See of _Killaloe_, in 1525, and was in
+1539 translated to _Clon Mac Nois_: He was a Prelate of great Learning and
+Capacity, in all spiritual and ecclesiastical Matters.
+
+This antient Family is, at this Time, represented by _Edmund O Hogan_,
+Esq; High Sheriff of the County of _Clare_, a Gentleman, who, by the whole
+Tenor of his Life, hath proved Generosity of Heart, Charity, and
+Hospitality, to be Qualities inherent.
+
+_Dermod Mac Murchad_, sovereign Prince of _Hy-Kinsellagh_, banished by
+_Roderick O Connor_, King of _Ireland_, for his various and high State
+Crimes, sought Sanctuary and Redress in the Court of _England_; where, in
+the Absence of _Henry_, then in _Normandy_, diverse adventurous _Normans_,
+_Flemings_, _Saxons_, and old _Britons_, (being themselves unsettled, and
+unestablished) acceded to the Fate and Fortunes of _Dermod_, under the
+Conduct of _Strongbow_, Earl of _Pembroke_; whose casual Success in
+_Ireland_, against _Roderick_ (owing _more_ to the general Defection, at
+that fatal Period, of the _Irish_ Chiefs against their lawful Sovereign,
+than to any _superior Valour_ or Address of those Adventurers) induced
+_Henry_ to a deliberate and grand Invasion of a Kingdom, to which he could
+lay no Claim on the Score of Nature, Reason, or Right, and whither his
+pretended Mission, on the Score of collecting St. _Peter_'s Dues, (which
+St. _Peter_ himself never once thought of, or imagined) was as
+_ridiculous_ as _groundless_. The _Summa Dies_, however, arrived: and the
+People of _Ireland_, wearied out with intestine Strife, acknowledged
+_Henry_ for their Sovereign Lord; and a grand Charter of Rights and
+Covenants, mutual Protection and Allegiance, was entered into, anteriorly
+to that of _England_. How well this Charter was _observed_ on the
+_protective_ Side, the absolute Anarchy of near four Centuries, from its
+original Date and Perfection, to the Reign of Queen _Elizabeth_,
+demonstrates: A whole Nation, that sought Protection, and that _agreed_
+for quiet, regular, and lawful Government, upon rationable Terms, deprived
+of the Power of ordaining Laws for its own Security and Well-being, and
+precluded (all to four or five great and favourite Families) from the
+Benefits and Advantages accruing from those of that Kingdom, to which it
+had voluntarily united itself; exposed, through such a Length of Time, to
+arbitary Depredations, and unpunished, unredressed, uncensured Rapine,
+_Quis talia sando temperet a Lachrymis_!
+
+King _Henry_ called back into _England_, to lay the Storms raised by his
+rebellious Sons, with whom and _Thomas Becket_, Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_, he was so constantly embroiled to the End of his Life, that
+he could little attend to the Settlement of the Affairs of this new
+acquired Sovereignty.
+
+_Richard_ the First, his immediate Successor, called away to the Holy Wars
+against the _Saracens_, had as little Leisure as his Predecessor to
+promote the Quiet, or Happiness of _Ireland_.
+
+From the usurped Authority of King _John_, a continued Series of Papal
+Animosity, Bloodshed, Calamities and Piracies, closed at last by Poison;
+little beside political Disasters of all Sorts, could be expected.
+
+_Henry_ the Third, through a Reign of Fifty-six Years, was continually
+involved in Troubles and Hostilities, with his inflexible _English_
+Barons.
+
+_Edward_ the First, a great and warlike Prince, was, throughout his whole
+Reign, engaged in the Reduction of the _Welch_ and _Scots_, and so intent
+thereon, that he could turn his Thoughts to no other Object.
+
+_Edward_ the Second, indeed, sent _Gaveston_ hither, more to screen him
+from the implacable Resentments of the stubborn _English_ Nobility, than
+to render any good Offices to the Inhabitants of this Country; who,
+indiscriminately, (_Strongbownians_ as well as _Irish_) felt the Severity
+of that insolent Favourite's Measures.
+
+_Richard_ the Second visited this Kingdom in Person, with the good
+Intentions of establishing Peace, Order, and Harmony, in a valuable but
+long neglected Estate: Yet his own adverse Fate, conspiring with that of
+this Land, called him back, before he could carry his favourable
+Resolutions into Execution, to defend his _English_ Dominions from the
+hostile Attacks of _Henry_, Earl of _Hereford_, who, with the Duke of
+_Norfolk_, Son to _John_ of _Gaunt_, had some Years before been banished
+by _Richard_, to prevent a personal Combat: This King, worthy more
+propitious Stars, long agitated and afflicted by the Turbulence and
+irreconcilable Obstinacy of his _British_ Subjects, perished at last under
+the impious Hands of Sir _Pierce_ of _Exton_, who, at the Head of eight
+barbarous armed Assassins, rushed into his Chamber, and murdered him.
+
+The Reign of _Henry_ the Fourth was short, tumultuous, and bloody; Deluges
+of noble Blood having been shed by the bare Hands of the common
+Executioner, to confirm a Throne acquired by abominable Crimes, and
+Violence! And no sooner had these dreadful Storms begun to abate, than
+_Henry_ was forced to depart from a Scene he had more adorned, (for he
+was, without Question, a great and valiant Man) had not his Ambition
+blindly hurried him beyond the Bounds of Justice and Nature.
+
+_Henry_ the Fifth, his Son and Successor, and truly Inheritor of his
+Ambition and warlike Genius, imagining himself aggrieved by the _Salique
+Law_, which excluded his Great Great-Grandmother, _Isabel_, from the
+Monarchy of _France_, turned his elevated Thoughts intirely to the
+Conquest of that Kingdom: Wherein, by his own vast Merit in martial
+Affairs, and the Co-operation of the Queen of _France_, (Consort of
+_Charles_ the Sixth, then frantick,) and that of the Duke of _Burgundy_, a
+great and powerful Prince, he so far succeeded, as, after his Marriage
+with _Catharine de Valois_, Daughter of _Charles_ the Sixth, to be
+crowned, and acknowledged King of _France_.
+
+To this great and victorious Monarch succeeded _Henry_ the Sixth, who,
+through a long, various, and constantly clouded Reign, seemed the very
+Play of Fortune! This Day a King, the next a Prisoner! One Day acknowleged
+by his Parliament, the next attainted! One Day a Conqueror, and the next a
+Captive!
+
+Fierce, frequent, and bloody, were the Conflicts between the Houses of
+_York_ and _Lancaster_, the _White_ and _Red Roses_; the former
+endeavouring to recover its Loss, the latter to maintain its usurped
+Authority. In this dreadful Quarrel perished two hundred thousand of
+private Soldiers; ten thousand of the Nobility, Gentry, and Persons of
+Distinction; three Kings; and, at last, the entire Race of _Plantagenet_.
+
+_Edward_ the Fourth soon fell, by his natural Intemperance, or rather by
+the insatiable Cruelty of _Gloucester_; who had already sacrificed his
+Brother _Clarence_, to pave his Way to the Throne. Nor better fared it
+with _Edward_ the Fifth, who, by all the Arts of Seduction and Delusion,
+which his unnatural Uncle and Guardian, _Richard_, practised on the Fears
+and Weakness of the Queen Dowager; was, with his Brother the Duke of
+_York_, conveyed with great Pomp to the Tower; where the bloody Tyrant,
+aided by the Duke of _Buckingham_, soon sacrificed those young, innocent
+and hopeful Princes to his wicked and boundless Ambition. But he soon
+after lost his own flagitious Life, and a most cruelly-acquired Crown, on
+the Plains of _Bosworth_.
+
+To him succeeded _Henry_ the Seventh, and the first of the Race of
+_Tudor_, a great, wise and valiant Prince, but rather too much inclined to
+Rigour, and Avarice; Imperfections which extremely blemished his other
+great Qualities.
+
+In the tenth Year of this Reign, the Parliamentary Constitution of
+_Ireland_ received a deeper Stab than had ever before, or since, been
+inflicted thereon, by a Statute Law, commonly called _Poynin_'s Act; by
+which a new, and, till that wretched Period, an unheard of Order, was
+added to the three established Ranks of the State. By this Law, the
+_English_ Privy-Council may impose a _Negative_ on the _free_ and
+_unanimous_ Parliamentary Ordinances of the representative Body of the
+Kingdom of _Ireland_; a manifest Injury to the Authority and Dignity of
+Parliament; and an equal Diminution of the Royal Prerogative, that only
+should include, and should alone exert, a Power so important.
+
+In Times dark, tumultuated and dangerous, no Wonder extraordinary Laws
+should pass: _Desperate Diseases_ require _desperate Remedies_: But when
+the _Fever_ is removed, it certainly is a horrid Management to leave the
+blistering Plaister _still sticking_ to the _recovered_ Patient's Back.
+
+The Distempers of this Nation were heavy, complicated and chronic; and
+finally curable, only by the salutary all-healing Hands of our present
+King, and present Parliament.
+
+To _Henry_ the Seventh succeeded _Henry_ the Eighth, as consummate a
+Tyrant, in every Sense, as ever swayed the _British_, or any other
+Sceptre; whose whole Life was so continued a Scene of wanton Dissipation,
+Lust, Cruelty, Rapine, Bloodshed and Sacrilege, that it must have been a
+peculiar Happiness, to any Part of his Dominions, to have been _neglected_
+or _forgotten_ by him: Nor could the two succeeding Reigns of _Edward_ the
+Sixth, and Queen _Mary_, short, various, cloudy, and vastly agitated on
+the Score of Religion, (which, in those two Reigns, took Faces almost
+diametrically opposite,) afford this Kingdom much reflected Sunshine.
+
+To those ensued that of Queen _Elizabeth_, a Princess of powerful
+Abilities, who, truly intent on the Peace and Welfare of her Subjects,
+caused her Laws to operate, and Justice to circulate in this Kingdom,
+abandoned, as hath been observed, to a State almost of Anarchy, thro' a
+dismal Series of seventeen Reigns: But the Reformation in Religion, which
+she established in _England_, and introduced in _Ireland_, much obviated
+her Purposes for the latter Kingdom: For, the _Irish_, more tenacious of
+their Altars, than of their Fire-places, could not easily reconcile
+themselves to the Exchange of a Religion they deemed a _new one_, for
+_that_ they had been in Possession of from the fourth, to the fifteenth
+Century: Which produced a rebellious Defection, in a few of the principal
+Chieftains of this Land, and gave Occasion to the greedy Provincial
+Precedents, of trumping up _imaginary Rebellions_, to pave the Way to
+_real Forfeitures_; thereby to aggrandize their own Houses; what some of
+them effectually accomplished, to the Ruin and Extirpation of many honest
+Families.
+
+This great and illustrious Princess, (whose Reign had remained
+untarnished, had it not been for the Death of the ill-fated Queen of
+_Scotland_) was succeeded by _James_ the Sixth of _Scotland_, and the
+first of the _Stuart_ Race that governed _England_: From this Prince,
+descended of _Irish_ Kings, the People of _Ireland_ might have expected
+many Favours and Immunities; wherein, however, they were miserably
+disappointed: Which, with a Train of other Hardships and antiparental
+Severities, (particularly his alienating, at _one Stroke_, six of the best
+Counties in the Kingdom, on the _procured_ Testimony of an obscure
+wretched Individual, one _Teige Lenane_,) is too sufficient and too
+lasting a Proof of: _Heu! tot Conquesta Annorum, hauserit una Dies!_ The
+Possession of at least twenty Centuries, of the great and good, the heroic
+and hospitable _O Neils_, _O Donnels_, _Mac Guires_, _Mac Gennises_, _O
+Reillys_, _O Cahanes_, &c. ravished away to gratify hungry Favourites, and
+indigent Relatives! the six Counties, however, as the Law Term has it,
+_escheated_. Had the _Highlands_ of _Scotland_, at that unhappy Period,
+been more populated, probably six or eight Counties _more_ had been
+procured to _escheat_, and there had been _a braa Clutch of bonny
+Traitors_; the _O Connors_, _Mac Carthys_, _O Briens_, _O Donnels_, _O
+Hares_, _O Malones_, &c. had been _all_ in the _same Bottom_ with the
+Families above mentioned; especially, as they could not, according to
+_James_ the First's own Phrase, _look to the Pope, and row with him_.
+
+To _James_ the 6th of _Scotland_, and first of _England_, succeeded
+_Charles_ the First; who, notwithstanding his eminent Possession of all
+the Virtues that adorn and illustrate human Nature, could neither divert
+the adverse Fate of Subjects, or prevent his own.
+
+The Disseisin of many honest Families in the County of _Kilkenny_, and
+elsewhere, by the Earl of _Strafford_, on stale Pretences of _Non
+Performance of Covenants_ on their Part; his Attempt of confiscating
+twenty-five Parts in thirty of the whole Province of _Connaught_, on a
+Claim of Descent, dormant 300 Years, and _originally ill founded_, with
+the arbitrary Steps by him taken to the Accomplishment of this wasteful
+Purpose; too clearly proved that Nobleman a second _Verres_. The cruel and
+intoxicated Administration of the Rump Parliament; the insolent,
+licentious, and riotous Controul of the military _Independents_; the
+abject Tyranny of _Oliver Cromwell_, who prostrated Constitution, Church
+and State, will always be recollected with the Contempt, Horror, and
+Detestation of every good Subject.
+
+The Calamities from 1641, to the happy Restoration of King _Charles_ the
+Second, in 1660, being common to all good Subjects, were the more
+tolerable, _ferre quam sortem patiuntur omnes, nemo recusat_: But now or
+never, surely, might his ever loyal, ever faithful _Irish_ Subjects have,
+with the most reasonable Assurance, hoped, if not for publick and lasting
+Rewards, the common Wages of uncommon Fidelity; at least, for a
+Restitution of what had been their own, through Ages immemorial.
+
+Will late Posterity _believe_, that, in Favour of mercenary Adventurers,
+who advanced Money to provide for a desperate regicide Army; in Favour of
+the Officers of this same Army, whom their Ringleader _Cromwell_, seared
+as his Conscience was, indulged with no more than _temporary_ Grants of
+the Estates belonging to the King's most faithful Subjects: Will
+Posterity, I say, believe, that, in special Favour of such Men, those
+_identical Subjects_, the bravest Advocates, as well as the most
+affectionate undeviating Friends of the Monarchy and Constitution, were
+_for ever_ deprived of their Properties! To remunerate the _others_, the
+most _inveterate_ and _implacable_ Enemies of EITHER! _Doing Good for
+Evil_ is a Divine Precept, and certainly includes a most sublime Moral;
+but _rendering Evil for Good_, is such a Principle as must carry Horror
+with it, among savage Nations!
+
+The King of _France_'s immediate Letter, on this Subject, to King
+_Charles_ the Second, as it reflects Honour on the Memory of those
+illustrious Sufferers, I therefore take Leave to transcribe in this Place.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+_His Most Christian Majesty's Letter to the King of __Great Britain__, in
+Favour of the __Roman Catholicks__ of __Ireland__._
+
+
+    "Most High, Most Excellent, and Most Potent Prince, our dear and
+    well-beloved Brother and Cousin! At the same Time that we have
+    been told of your Majesty's great Goodness towards your Subjects,
+    and the Precedent you have given of an extraordinary Clemency, in
+    granting them your general Amnesty (some few only excepted, of
+    those whom the Blood of their King, and that of his People, cry
+    aloud to Heaven for Revenge against). We could not but let your
+    Majesty know, that we were extremely surprized to hear, that the
+    _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_ were _excluded_ from that Act of
+    Oblivion, and, by that Means, put into the Number of the _most
+    criminal_! This News has so much the more excited our Compassion
+    towards them, that we have been informed, that, in _all the
+    Changes_ which have hitherto happened in your Dominions, and in
+    the almost general _Defection of_ your Subjects, _none_ stood
+    _more constant_ to their lawful Sovereign, even in the greatest
+    Streights, than the _Catholicks_: So that, if they are now branded
+    for their Religion, it may be said, for their Honour, that, in
+    Times past, none could be found _readier_, or more _cheerfully
+    disposed_, than _they_, to serve and assist their Prince; and that
+    with so much _Ardour_, that their Zeal then for the Royal Family
+    was reckoned a certain Mark of their true Religion. It is for that
+    Reason that we now become their Intercessors to you: For,
+    otherwise, had they _failed_ in the Fidelity they owe you, instead
+    of interceding for them, we would join with you in using them with
+    all imaginable Rigour; and it would never come into our Thoughts
+    to concern ourselves, as we do, for the _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_;
+    though we _were obliged to it_, by the last Treaty of Peace made
+    with the Marquess of _Ormond_, and which was granted them by our
+    Mediation. And, as we are well assured, that, since the Conclusion
+    of that Peace, they have done Nothing which can be called a
+    _Failure of their Duty to you_, we find ourselves under so much
+    the greater Obligation to conjure you, to make good that Treaty to
+    them, in that they _religiously_ observed it on _their_ Side, in
+    all its Parts: And to beseech you not to suffer, that either the
+    Hatred, which an immoderate Zeal swells some bigotted Sectaries
+    with, nor the unlucky Spoils of these poor People, render criminal
+    or miserable the _most faithful_ of your Subjects; to whom their
+    lawful King, as you are, is not _the less dear_, nor _less
+    respected_, because of a _different Belief_ from _theirs_. We
+    propose Nothing to ourselves in this, nor ask any Thing, but what
+    we daily _practise_ (as you may know) towards those of our
+    Subjects who are of the _reformed Religion_. And, as we have
+    commanded the Sieur Marquis _de Rouvigny_ to explain our
+    Sentiments more amply on this Subject to you, be pleased to give
+    him a favourable Audience: And, above all Things, be perswaded,
+    that, in this Affair, we have no less your own _true Interest_ in
+    View, than what _natural Reason_ and _Equity_ requires; and that
+    our sincere Friendship for you is the principal Motive of this
+    Request. Dated at _Paris_, the 7th of _September_, 1660."
+
+
+The _good_ King _Charles_, regardless of this important Solicitation,
+unattentive to the plain Suggestions of _common Right_, and unaccountably
+forgetful of all their _past signal Services_ and inviolate Zeal; observed
+indeed that those faithful _Irish_ Subjects had no Stock; consequently,
+that dispossessing the Adherents of _Oliver_, who, with the Land, had
+pirated the national Stock, would cause much Confusion. As for the
+_former_, he hoped some Settlement might in Time be found for them; (in
+Truth, I believe, for aught his Majesty in Reality concerned himself, this
+might have been in _Terra Australis Incognita_). Their Want of Stock is
+the less to be admired at, it being well known, that, with their Pay in
+foreign Service, chiefly expended to contribute all in their Power to the
+_Royal Support_, they even went so far as to sell their Plate, and
+valuable Moveables, to answer the same _generous Purpose_: But, when every
+known Acre in the Kingdom, that could be disposed of, was given away by
+Wholesale to the Duke of _York_, the Heir-apparent of the Crown, (partial
+Distribution!) to new-fangled Favourites, and the staunch old Enemies of
+Church and Crown; it was hoped some Lands might be _yet_ discovered, to
+satisfy and compensate those _Irish_ Worthies, who had Nothing left for
+their Support, beside an inalienable Sense of Honour and Loyalty, and a
+Character of invincible Fidelity (which all Nations admired and
+applauded). No such Discovery, however, was made, nor any relative to the
+_Irish_, under that Administration, but what tended to convince them, by
+the famous Act of Settlement, _&c._ of the extraordinary severe
+Peculiarity of their Fate! Yet, ordained to shew Posterity unprecedented
+Specimens of Loyalty and Zeal, they still adhered, with inflexible
+Constancy, to the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, not mindful of
+their Injuries by _James_ the First, their unexampled Sufferings by the
+excessive harsh Measures of King _Charles_ the First, his Ministers, and
+Deputies, or their unheard-of Treatment (I won't say _Wrongs_, it being a
+Maxim the King of _England_ can do none) by King _Charles_ II. Little
+Wonder, a House, constantly sapping it's own best Pillars, should at
+length fall.
+
+King _James_ the Second, constrained to abdicate the Throne of _England_,
+endeavoured the Preservation of this his Kingdom of _Ireland_, where his
+faithful Subjects, (a Remnant of the various and manifold Wastes of
+foregoing Reigns) considering the thousand Disadvantages they laboured
+under, made _such a Stand_ as later Ages will look up to with
+Astonishment! A Parcel of Men, congregated in the utmost Hurry and
+Confusion, undisciplin'd, unarm'd, uncloathed, unpaid! Yet did those very
+Men, animated by the Example of their heroick Leaders, (I mean their
+immediate Lords and Countrymen) on the Plains of _Aughrim_, convince the
+best veteran Army that Day in _Europe_, superior in Numbers, excellently
+provided for in every Respect, and conducted by a Prince of singular
+Valour and Address, that _Irishmen_ were deserving of more auspicious
+Stars.
+
+Never was a more gallant Defence than they, after this, made in
+_Limerick_; where, although abandoned by the Prince, (whose Cause they had
+so remarkably espoused) and his auxiliary _French_, they obtained an
+honourable CAPITULATION from those in Commission under King _William_ the
+Third, whose strict _Observance_ thereof, to the End of his glorious Life,
+reflects, among many other his great Atchievements, deserved Honour on his
+Memory.
+
+The distinguished Figure made by those Noblemen and Gentlemen, who,
+regardless of _Property_ or _Ease_, followed the Destiny of that
+hard-fated Prince, King _James_ the Second, (namely, the Lords
+_Mount-Cashel_, _Tyrconnel_, _Clare_ and _Lucan_, the _Dillons_,
+_Nugents_, _Rooths_, _Burkes_, _Lees_, _Fitz-Geralds_, _Cooks_, _Lacys_,
+_Browns_, _Wogans_, _Baggots_, _Sheridans_, _Creaghs_, _Plunkets_,
+_Barnewals_, _Neagles_, _Lallys_, _Mac Carthys_, _Mac Donnels_, _Mac
+Guires_, _Mac Namarras_, _Mac Mahons_, _Mac Gennis's_, _O Neils_, _O
+Connors_, _O Donnels_, _O Briens_, _O Dwyers_, _O Shaghnussys_, _O
+Mahonys_, _O Sullivans_, _O Kellys_, _O Ferralls_, _O Reillys_, _O Haras_,
+_O Hogans_, _O Byrnes_, _O Daes_, &c. &c. &c. the military Annals of
+_Germany_, _France_, _Spain_, _Flanders_, _Italy_, _Naples_, and
+_Russia_), must bear ample and authentic Testimony of, to future Ages.
+
+Those were they, of whom Dr. _Mac en Crow_ gives the following concise,
+but just and happy Character.
+
+
+    _Genus acre Bello, Studiis Genus acre Minerv�, Devotumque mori pro
+    Rege, Fid�que tuendis._
+
+
+Among those who followed the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, were Sir
+_Richard Neagle_, his Attorney-General, and Dr. _Moore_, Provost of
+_Trinity-college_, near _Dublin_; two Gentlemen very justly distinguished
+in their respective Spheres; the former, a Gentleman of unshaken
+Integrity, and great Capacity in the Profession of the Laws; the latter,
+of exemplary Piety, universal Learning, and fine Accomplishments. _Louis_
+the Fourteenth, then King of _France_, protected those worthy deserving
+Men, with singular Tenderness and Attention; and was instructed and guided
+solely by Dr. _Moore_, in the restoring, establishing, and modelling the
+University of _Paris_, at that gloomy Period! quite buried in perplexed,
+unintelligible, peripatetic Philosophy, and disfigured with romantic
+Legends, and Gothic Jingle! But, at the Doctor's Appearance, Entities,
+Quiddities, Sympathies, Antipathies, occult Qualities, substantial Forms,
+metaphysical Degrees, Categories, and all this unideal wordy Stuff,
+vanished; and were succeeded by a clear, concise Method of Reasoning, and
+sound, useful, and experimental Philosophy. _Greek_, _Hebrew_, _Syriac_,
+_Chaldaic_, and _Arabic_, were Languages _untaught_, _unknown_, in the
+University of _Paris_, before Dr. _Moore_; for whom particularly, _Louis_
+the Fourteenth founded, established, and endowed the Royal College, now
+called _College du Cambray_: And how well our Doctor succeeded therein,
+may be inferred from the Character and Writings of his Pupils and Hearers,
+_Boileau_, _Fontinelle_, _Por�c_, _Montesquieu_, _Fleuri_, _Lauguet_, with
+many others, and _Rollin_, his peculiar Favourite and immediate Successor,
+_all_ great Genius's, applauded Writers, and celebrated Wits. So that, as
+_Ireland_ had the Honour of founding, it had also that of restoring and
+reviving the great University of _Paris_, in the Persons of two of its
+learned Natives.
+
+The Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_ (glorious to her Arms, under the
+Conduct of _John_, Duke of _Marlborough_, and her other Generals, and
+justly distinguished by the Number of great Genius's and Wits, who
+enlightened that Period) was in this Kingdom chiefly employed in
+_additional_ Acts against the further Growth of Popery: And many there
+were, who deemed it an unparallel'd Severity in her Majesty, to give her
+Royal Assent to them particular Laws; by which the _Roman Catholicks_ of
+_Ireland_ (already ruined by their inimitable Allegiance to her Royal
+Father, Uncle, and Grandfather) were _precluded_ from availing themselves,
+by a tolerable easy Lease, of any Part or Parcel of these Estates,
+forfeited by their Ancestors, thro' their unremitting Endeavours, to
+support and maintain that Stem, of which she was herself an immediate
+Branch.
+
+So late even as this Reign, the whole Kingdom of _Ireland_ was a desolate
+diffusive Scene of total Decay! covered with all the ghastly Symptoms of
+the Consumption of Centuries! But, at length, on the happy Accession of
+his late Majesty of glorious Memory, the blissful Morning of Peace and
+Concord began its auspicious Dawn! Yet, as Time, publick Spirit,
+Patriotism (in its highest Conception) and unwearied Diligence, were all
+collectively essential to the giving Life, Vigour, and Activity, to
+national Industry and Improvement, so very long in a melancholy State of
+Languor and Oppression: Not before the present truly glorious Reign, did
+_Hibernia_ tune her old Harp, now newly strung to universal Harmony and
+Elegance, and rear her awful Head from the stupid dismal Dozes of Ages;
+where comes the literal Application of my third Motto, RENASCIMUR.
+
+
+    _Hinc prisc� redeunt Artes, felicibus inde Ingeniis aperitur iter,
+    despectaque Mus� Colla levant.----_
+
+
+Having travelled through a tedious Night, thick-set with Horrors of
+various Hues! and thus come to the End of a painful Journey; give me
+Leave, kind Reader, to indulge awhile with admiring the beautiful Variety
+of Objects, which now surround me, to the serene Delight of the Mind, and
+refined Gratification of Sense; before I attempt that Display of them to
+which I have no Occasion of professing my Inequality.
+
+In this Reign, and not before, our Linen Manufacture, in many Respects one
+of the most profitable Branches of our national Commerce, received all the
+Encouragement from Royal Bounty, and Parliamentary Sanction, that could be
+reasonably hoped for.
+
+Persons of the highest Rank, Dignity, and Fortune, were appointed
+_Trustees_ for the Propagation, Encouragement, and Diffusion, of this
+beneficial Trade, throughout the respective Provinces.
+
+The _Linen-Hall_ was erected in _Dublin_, under as just and nice
+Regulations as any commercial House in _Europe_.
+
+The North of _Ireland_ began to wear an Aspect entirely new; and, from
+being (through Want of Industry, Business, and Tillage) the almost
+exhausted Nursery of our _American_ Plantations, soon became a populous
+Scene of Improvement, Traffic, Wealth, and Plenty; and is, at this Day, a
+well-planted District, considerable for Numbers of well-affected, useful,
+and industrious Subjects.
+
+Now arose, now shone forth, the ever Honourable DUBLIN SOCIETY; a Society
+equalled by none. It is true, we read of Patriarchs, Philosophers,
+Warriors, Orators, and Poets; of Senates, Parliaments, Councils, _&c._ but
+we no where, abstracted from our own Country, meet a Set of pious
+Patriots, from their _private Funds_, adorning their Country in general,
+in every Degree and Branch of Industry, and Improvement; and, inspired
+with Sentiments truly public and social, munificently rewarding their
+Countrymen, of whatsoever Denomination, without Favour or Distinction; for
+meliorating their proper Estates, or Farms; for excelling in any
+Production of Nature, or Art; for any Discovery, or Invention, useful to
+Mankind: A Set of _truly honourable_, and _generous_ Personages,
+instructing their Countrymen with clear, yet philosophical Precepts,
+encouraging them by their Example, and rewarding them from their
+inexhaustible Bounty! _Such_, and _such unrivalled_, is the ILLUSTRIOUS
+DUBLIN SOCIETY! What Pity, the ample Distributions, and instructive
+Writings of this learned and munificent Body, are not regularly published,
+in _Latin_, _English_, and _French_, for the peculiar Honour of this
+Nation, the Edification of Posterity, and as a bright Pattern of Imitation
+to all other civiliz'd Countries!
+
+Now likewise appeared the _Philharmonic Society_, that, (from a few
+Gentlemen, who used _occasionally_ to meet, in order to while away an Hour
+with a gentle Tune, and chearful Glass) grew into an harmonious Body, not
+alone for the Improvement of the charming Art of Music, but for the
+_effectual Relief_ also of successive Thousands, from Misery, Famine, and
+Confinement: _Concordi� res parv� crescunt_. ORPHEUS, we are told, built
+the Walls of _Thebes_, by the irresistible Powers of Harmony: Be this true
+or fabulous; how many Iron Gates have we not seen open, to the persuasive
+Charities of this tuneful Society! how many gloomy Cells vacated by their
+Charms! This elegant Society, by moderate Loans, Interest-free to the
+industrious Poor, prevents many such from getting into the Distress of
+Prisons, or following offensive Courses; and, by enabling them to obtain
+an honest Livelihood, rendereth them useful Members to the Community: So
+that, of this Society, it might have been justly said,
+
+_Omne tulit Punctum qu� miscuit utile dulci._
+
+In this happy Reign was incorporated, under the protective Sanction of
+Royal Bounty, a Society, truly Christian, for the pious Establishment of
+_Protestant_ CHARTER-SCHOOLS throughout the Kingdom: An Institution far
+more productive of national Morality, and Reformation, than
+excommunicative Discipline, or restrictive penal Statutes; since
+Persuasion and Rewards have ever been, and must ever continue to be, more
+consistent with the meek and benevolent Temper of true Christianity, more
+effectual, Apostolic, and Catholic, than _Punishments_, _Persecution_, or
+_Sequestrations_.
+
+In this Reign shines out a Christian Divine, who, in the inestimable
+individual Dr. _Madden_, collects _a whole Society of Patriots_; a
+venerable Man, not alone the Guide of his particular Congregation, but a
+pure, also clear and lasting Light of Perfection, and noble Imitation, to
+his Countrymen in general.
+
+On _Madden_, kindred Angels smile!
+Bright Mirrour to his native Isle!
+To whom old Age shall say, and Youth,
+With grateful and prophetic Truth,
+
+_Semper Honos, Nomenq; tuum, Laudesq; manebunt._
+
+St. _Patrick's_ Hospital, for the Reception of Lunaticks and Ideots, a
+lasting Monument of the late Dean _Swift's_ Charity, as are his various
+Writings, of his great Genius and Wit: _Mercer's_ charitable Hospitable in
+_Stephen-street_: The noble Hospital for the Relief of poor
+Lying-inn-Women, of the Projection of our late excellent Countryman, Dr.
+_Bartholomew Mosse_; by which a great Number of Women and Children are
+preserved from miserable and untimely Ends: The _Charitable Infirmary_ on
+the _Inns-Quay_: The New Hospital for _Incurables_, on _Lazer's-Hill_: St.
+_Nicholas's_ Hospital, in _Francis-street_: The _Meath_ Hospital, in
+_Skinner's Alley_: The _Lock_ Hospital, in _George's-Lane_, for hapless
+Women and Children, tainted with the Venereal Infection: And the
+Charitable Hospital in _King-street, Oxmantown_, are all the humane and
+pious Growth of this transcendent Reign.
+
+Those Hospitals are duly and regularly attended, by the most eminent
+Physicians, and skilful Surgeons, without Fee or Reward: So that, from
+this obvious Consideration, the frequent and large Collections in our
+Churches, for the comfortable Support, and Christian Education, of
+indigent Boys; the stated Distributions of our Chief Magistrates, to the
+Helpless and Needy; and, in Truth, from the general Disposition of its
+worthy Inhabitants; we may, without any Risque of incurring the least
+Censure of Adulation, or Vanity, pronounce DUBLIN as charitable a
+Metropolis as any in the known World. In the beautiful new Garden, plann'd
+by Dr. _Mosse_, breathing in all the natural Fragrance of the Spring,
+adorned with all the Elegancies of Art, all the Splendor of Illumination,
+and inspired with the most soothing Charms of delightful Harmony; to
+behold Crowds of young Ladies, in the full Glow of Beauty, and Bloom of
+Youth, finely habited, and elegantly decorated in the Manufactures of our
+own Country, (and finished in the most exquisite Taste, by our own
+Artizans); to behold them, I say, converting their very Amusements and
+Recreations to the heavenly Purposes of relieving the Distressed, must, to
+every thinking _Irish_ Spectator, afford a Prospect of the utmost rational
+Joy!
+
+As all Men, who render their Country distinguished Honour, or singular
+Service, deserve, therefore, lasting Monuments of public grateful
+Acknowledgment to their Memories; it is hoped that, in this Respect, Dr.
+_Mosse_ will not be forgotten by those who are evidently fond of
+encouraging and rewarding public Zeal:
+
+Eternal Joys to _Mosse_ kind Heaven give,
+By whom, on Earth, so many Thousands live!
+
+The _Marine Society_, of recent Institution also, disposeth many poor
+young Men into a Condition of acquiring an honest, and praise-worthy
+Livelihood, and of becoming useful Members of the Community; by serving on
+Board of his Majesty's Fleets in War-time, and serving our Merchants in
+Times of Peace; and, in this double Capacity, of contributing to the
+general Welfare of their Mother-Country, to which they may otherwise prove
+a Burden.
+
+Our publick Entertainments of various Kinds are, for the most Part,
+conducted with strict Propriety, and real Politeness; those especially of
+the Theatre, which should, by no Means, pass for Matter of slight or
+casual Consideration; seeing the _Romans_, the greatest of all People,
+esteemed the Theatre worthy the Attention of particular Laws, _Roscia Lex
+Theatralis_, &c. Mr. _Sheridan_'s general Merit as a _Player_ stands
+confessed; but as a _Manager_, that Gentleman's falling frequently under
+the heavy Displeasure of the Public, (whether from an haughty Distaste to
+his Profession, or indulged Arrogance of Temper) with his violent
+Introduction of anti-dramatick Rope and Wire-dancing, Tumbling, and
+Fire-eating, to the visible Degradation of a liberal Stage, whereon
+nothing mean, shocking, or monstrous, should ever appear; he hath not
+succeeded so well: Then, his Scheme of uniting an Academy, for the sober
+regular Education of Youth, with a publick Theatre, seemed rather the
+feverish Delusion of a distempered Brain, and heated Imagination, than the
+cool deliberate Result of rational Judgment; from which fermented Source,
+also seem'd directly to flow his avowed Concern for the _long lost Art of
+Oratory_ among us: Had Mr. _Sheridan_ attended to the Debates of our High
+Court of Parliament; been frequent in our different Churches, and at the
+Bars of our Courts of Judicature; and had, in this Case, formed a
+comparative Judgment, from the Writings of _Demosthenes_, _Plato_,
+_Isocrates_, _Cicero_, and _Pliny_ the Younger; from the Rules and
+Precepts of _Aristotle_, _Longinus_, _Horace_, _Quinctilian_, _Scaliger_,
+_Rapin_, _Por�e_, and _Rollin_; he had been _then_ convinced how little
+Occasion there was for his _lamenting_ the _Loss_ of an Art in this
+Kingdom, which breathes there in full Maturity of all it's persuasive
+Charms. This his dogmatical Assertion of the _long-lost Art of Oratory_,
+his wild _Academical_ Projects, with the foregoing theatrical
+Inconsistencies, too much subject that Gentleman to the Character given,
+by the _Roman_ Satirist, of an assuming sharp-set _Greekling_:
+
+
+    _Gramaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes, Augur,
+    Scoenobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit._
+
+
+Upon the Whole, I will readily grant Mr. _Sheridan_ a _Roscius_, if the
+Name can sooth him; a _Critic_; nay, an _Orator_; but I shall be bold to
+assert, that we have many, very many, in this Kingdom, of far greater
+Powers than that Gentleman, whereof some of his Orations, _so called_, are
+incontrovertible Testimonies.
+
+This Kingdom hath of late Years exhibited as justly celebrated Male and
+Female Players, as any other; evinced in the Characters of Messieurs
+_Quin_, _Ryan_, _Delane_, _Sheridan_, _Barry_, _Mossop_, _Dexter_,
+_Sparks_, Mrs. _Woffington_, the inimitable Mrs. _Fitz-Henry_, and several
+others, of either Sex.
+
+Mr. _Barry_'s Capacity, as a Manager, appeareth equal to his
+eminently-affecting Powers in Tragedy, (so generally known, and so
+unexceptionably confessed) from the magnificent Theatre, erected by that
+Gentleman, with amazing Expedition, in Grandeur, Convenience, and
+Elegance, preferable to any in _London_, or _Paris_: From the obliging
+Decency the respective Performances thereof are conducted with, and
+evidently from the surpassing theatrical Abilities of the Company, that,
+with the most engaging Variety, entertains the Publick in _Crow-street_
+Play-house. I have sometimes seen, and have been as often delighted, with
+Performances of the Gentlemen just mentioned, as with those of the admired
+Mr. _Garrick_, and the famous Messieurs _Dufr�sne_, _Gossin_, and
+_Quinault_; and, if I may take Leave to declare my Opinion, am therein
+clear that Mr. _Barry_, in the exquisitely pathetick Strokes of deep
+Tragedy, touches the Soul with as much delicate Sensibility, and, in the
+irrefrainable Sallies of the more boisterous Passions, soars with as
+majestick Wings, as any one of them, I will not say higher. To behold Mr.
+_Barry_, sublimely struggling in a Storm of Adversity, with the sudden
+Shocks, and unexpected Blows of Fortune; _then_, (when all human Efforts
+must yield to inevitable Necessity) sinking in the irretrievable Plunge of
+Sorrow and Calamities, with that calm Resignation ever attendant on true
+Heroism; must convince any judicious Spectator of his being born a
+Tragedian. I must here declare, that what I have advanced on this Subject
+neither ariseth from Prepossession on one Side, or Prejudice on the other;
+having no Manner of Connection, nay, not even a personal Acquaintance,
+with Mr. _Barry_; nor any Objection to Mr. _Sheridan_, but such as must
+naturally issue from my just Resentment against any Individual, of
+whatsoever Rank, Character, or Denomination, who should prove so ignorant,
+and yet so hardy, as to declare _Elocution lost_ in our native Country; an
+illiberal Censure, which, if true, had necessarily wrapped our High Court
+of Parliament, the whole Body of our Clergy, our University, Bench and
+Bar, in Shades that, I am certain, had been never dispell'd by the
+Approach of Light, so dim and glimmering as that Gentleman's.
+
+Let us now take a summary View of the Inhabitants of _Ireland_, in their
+respective Ranks: And to begin with the Peers: Are they not such
+Personages, as, by their Munificence, Affability of Manners, Easiness of
+Comportment, Propriety of Appearance, and Generosity in dealing, reflect
+true Honour on Nobility; and, Reality, derive their superior Rank, as much
+from the Pre-eminence of their Virtues, as from the constitutional Dignity
+of their Titles?
+
+The Encrease of our People, Wealth, Commerce, Industry, Arts, Inventions;
+the extraordinary additional Number, in this happy Reign, of our beautiful
+Seats, elegant Improvements, useful and ornamental Plantations, extensive
+Inclosures, excellent high Roads, (formerly almost impassable,) with the
+visible Reformation in national Harmony, and Allegiance, will best suggest
+an Idea of the Honourable the House of Commons of _Ireland_, composed of
+such candid Spirits, as, neither the Smiles or Frowns of superior
+Influence, popular Views, or private Connections, can bend from the
+various essential Duties due to their King, their Country, and themselves;
+constant in their Attendance; careful in their Protection; and zealous in
+their Promotion of publick Felicity; not more extensive in their noble
+Projects, for this great Purpose, than expeditious in carrying those into
+Execution.
+
+Our Constitution, partly of _Gothic_, partly of _Norman_ Institution, (the
+first High Court of Parliament on the present Establishment, having been
+ordained in the Reign of _Henry_ the First, Son of _William_ the
+Conquerer) avoiding the turbulent Licentiousness of a _Democracy_, the
+factious domineering Temper of _Aristocracy_, and the variable oppressive
+Sway of _Arbitrary Monarchy_; but including, by an harmonious Assemblage,
+the essential Virtues of those different Systems of Government; is
+unquestionably the _best digested_ and _wisest_ in the known World: Under
+which, the King and the Nobles, with the Commons, _unite_, to extend the
+Commerce, promote the Happiness, guard over the Safety, preserve the
+Lives, defend the Characters, support the Liberties, and protect the
+Property of the People. Bless'd Constitution! O! may it ever flourish!
+under whose mild and preservative Influence, a few only feel Restraint;
+except from the Commission of private Evil, or social Injury.
+
+I have said a _Few only_; because there are some among us, who, on the
+Score of Religion, are secluded from permanent Property: And even Those,
+it is hoped, will, in Consideration of the invariable Tenor of their
+humble and pacific Conduct, from the Capitulation of _Limerick_, to this
+Day; and from their unanimous and chearful Obedience to our Civil
+Government, e're long obtain some Mitigation of their Affairs; such the
+benevolent Temper and Disposition of the present incomparable Reign! Some
+late excellent(3) Pamphlets, wherein these Gentlemen's political
+Principles are fully and clearly explained, shew of what signal Advantage
+it had been to the Numbers, Industry, Health, Wealth, and Beauty of this
+Kingdom, to indulge them a Property, even in our uncultivated Mountains,
+dreary Wastes, and noxious Marshes: Which Measure, should it appear in a
+true Light to our worthy Representatives, we may in a few Years more, hope
+to see _Ireland_ one of the most beautiful, best-improved,
+best-conditioned Islands in the Universe. Our Bench is adorned with
+Honourable Personages, conspicuous for Learning, Integrity, Humanity, and
+Impartiality; of whom, it may be boldly affirmed, and with the strictest
+Truth, that they are not Favourers of Persons. The present Lord Chief
+Justice of the _King-Bench_, the late Master of the Rolls, and Chancellor
+of the Exchequer, Natives of _Ireland_, formed a Triumvirate, whose
+Learning, Worth, and distinguished Abilities, had rendered them eminently
+respectable in the brightest �ras, either of the _Roman_ Commonwealth, or
+Empire.
+
+Our Attorney and Solicitor General, our Serjeants at Law, and King's
+Council, with many eminent Barristers, and a Set of learned eloquent young
+Gentlemen, all shining out together; such as _Tully_, _Hortensius_, and
+_Pliny_, had with fond Tenderness cherished and with pleasing Pride,
+avowed for their Pupils; form as distinguished a Body of Advocates and
+Orators, as adorn any Courts of Judicature in _Europe_.
+
+In the Diocese of _Dublin_ existeth a truly pious Society for the Relief
+and Support of the Widows and Children of the inferior Clergy thereof. It
+is, indeed, surprizing in a Kingdom, such (thank Heaven) as _Ireland_ is,
+that the Example of this charitable Society, hath not been _universally_
+followed. It hath often affected me to the Quick, to have seen a learned
+Divine, after a tedious and painful Free-School Institution, and expensive
+University Education, struggling, upon a poor Pension or Salary of _Forty_
+Pounds a Year, to maintain an honest Gentlewoman, Children, and Servants,
+(and really with some Decency of Hospitality) sedulously discharging, at
+the same Time, the different Duties of the pastoral Function; when a
+_foreign Fidler_ shall run away with tripple that Sum, or more, for one
+Night's Performance. I would by no Means be understood to derogate from
+the Merits of fine Performers in the different Parts of Musick, or
+endeavour to diminish their reasonable Perquisites: But, surely, such Men
+and such Things are not to be thought of, in Competition with those, who,
+by Teaching and Preaching, refine our Morals, instruct our Understandings,
+inform our Lives, and enlighten our Souls with the celestial Spirit of the
+Christian Faith; and thereby happily lead us, through this transient and
+precarious State, to eternal Tranquilly and Bliss. I am not a Preacher;
+but thus far shall venture: As the Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of
+Wisdom, our generally following the heavenly Example of this venerable
+Society, must be a great Test as well of the one, as the other. If the
+Bishops, the temporal Lords, and great estated Men of each Diocese, would
+but graciously lead the Way, it is not unlikely they had been attended by
+Crowds of zealous Followers: And, in Fact, a _small_ Matter _annually set
+apart_, from even the superfluous Outgoings of the Wealthy and Opulent, of
+different Ranks, would very happily answer the generous noble End of
+preserving, from an anxious State of particular Dependance, Numbers of
+virtuous, well-educated Gentlewomen, and their Children, from the various
+Miseries, which the untimely Death of a Father, and narrow Circumstances,
+but too frequently expose them to; an End so every Way worthy the natural
+Disposition, the benevolent Temper, the inherent Hospitality, and the
+essentially-charitable Character of _Ireland_.
+
+Our _Protestant_ Brethren, the _Dissenters_, by a prudent and pious
+Regulation of secreting one Pound a Year, each parochial Minister, for
+this religiously humane Purpose, have constantly a Fund sufficient to
+allow the Relict of each Clergyman twenty Pounds a Year, (which preserves
+her from the Miseries of Want and Dependance) and have, at some Periods,
+where-with to set their Children up, in an honest and creditable Way of
+living. As we are emulously fond of adopting the Wisdom and Virtues of
+each Christian Sect and Society, it is fervently hoped we will also this
+tender and pious Scheme; a Scheme so comprehensive of true Charity, and so
+productive of social and happy Effects! How difficult is it for Minds,
+crowded with Cares, and beset with the pressing Calls of
+Family-preservation, to attend, with due Composure and Inclination, to the
+various indispensible Duties of the pastoral Office? But how chearfully
+would those Reverend Gentlemen proceed in their divine Mission, when, by
+some visible Provision for the proper Objects of their present Cares and
+future Concern, they should, in a great Measure, be released from
+domestick Anxiety, from gloomy Apprehensions, and alarming Prospects, into
+the temporal Futurity of those, for whom they must be necessarily affected
+with the most tender Feelings!
+
+The most convincing and decisive Method of adjudging Causes, being by a
+comprehensive View and critical Examination of their Effects; of Streams,
+by a nice Scrutiny and Investigation of their Sources; hence may we, from
+the shining Characters, and extensive Abilities of our Divines and
+Barristers, frame a just Idea of the University of _Dublin_, which, for
+Compass and Extent of the Sciences, Variety of elegant Arts, found
+Erudition, and polite Literature therein taught, in the most regular and
+perspicuous Methods, is equalled by few, excelled by none.
+
+The Students are carefully instructed in the more refined Parts of
+classical Learning; oriental, antient, and modern Languages; Criticism,
+sacred and profane History, Oratory, Logick, Ethicks, and Metaphysicks; in
+natural and experimental Philosophy; Anatomy, Botany and Chymistry; the
+mathematicks, in Theory and Practice; Civil and Canon Laws; Theology,
+Controversy, and Ecclesiastical History: So that, with a good Capacity,
+and regular Application, one may depart this University, as completely and
+happily instituted for the honorary Professions of Life, as may be
+reasonably expected from any Nursery of Learning extant. The obtaining a
+Fellowship in this University, is a demonstrative Test of comprehensive
+native Talents, thorough intellectual Cultivation, deep and various
+learned Acquirements.
+
+The _Newtonian_ Philosophy, the excellent _Boyle_'s experimental
+Philosophy, and Mr. _Locke_'s Metaphysicks, prevail much in the College of
+_Dublin_: Which, for Extent, Convenience, Magnificence, and a most
+sumptuous elegant Library, exceeds any one College in _Europe_. The
+beautiful Parks belonging to it, seem actually, on a serene Evening, the
+delightful Vale of _Tempe_, or enchanting Recesses of _Parnassus_,
+inhabited by all the Muses, all the Graces, with their charming Train.
+
+The Trade of _Ireland_, however in former Times miserably restrained and
+limited, hath in this happy Reign received considerable Enlargements; such
+as, the opening several Wooll-Ports; the Bounty on _Irish_ Linens, now our
+staple Commodity, imported into _Great-Britain_; and the Immunity lately
+granted of importing thither Beef, Butter, Tallow, Candles, Pork, Hides,
+live Cattle, _&c._ a Privilege that, in its Consequences, must prove of
+signal Advantage to both Nations; to _this_ especially, as we shall hereby
+be enabled, upon any occasional Exigency, to supply our protecting
+Friends, and proportionably stint the Hands of our Enemies, who, (by the
+Profusion of Wines and spirituous Liquors, annually exported from _France_
+to Ireland, in Exchange for our Beef, Butter, _&c._ to pass over the Gluts
+of Teas and Spirits, _&c._ smuggled thence by the _western_ Runners) have
+constantly the Balance on their Side. Our Exports, with those already
+mentioned, consist in a few Cheeses, Salmon and Kelp: But, as our Linens
+are, without Question, become the vital Spring of _Irish_ Commerce, it is
+Matter of great Concern and equal Surprize, that the other Provinces do
+not more _universally_ and _effectually_ follow the lucrative Example of
+the _North_! since, it is evident, nothing but _equal Industry_ can be
+wanting to render them _equally flourishing_, The Over-growth of Graziers
+and Stockmasters, is the strongest Indication that can be of national
+Waste and Decay, in respect of Inhabitants. What could a Foreigner,
+travelling among us, particularly in the _western_ Counties, some Summers
+past, judge of our national Wisdom and Oeconomy? Would he not start even
+at our Humanity, on seeing the best arable Grounds in the Kingdom, in
+immense Tracts, wantonly enjoyed by the Cattle of a few petulant
+Individuals; and at the same Juncture, our high Ways and Streets crowded
+with Shoals of mendicant fellow-creatures! reduced, through Want of proper
+Sustenance, to the utmost Distress? Would not a _Frenchman_ for Example,
+give a Shrug extraordinary, at finding, in every little Inn, _Bourdeaux_
+Claret and _Nantz_ Brandy, though, in all Likelihood, not a Morsel of
+_Irish_ Bread?
+
+It is much to be hoped, That, when the Spirit of Tillage should become
+more general and active, our Farmers more attentive to the Growth of the
+best Kinds of Grain, and our Brewers, more attentive to the Rules and
+Precepts for that Purpose laid down by the Honourable the DUBLIN SOCIETY;
+we shall have little or no Occasion for that Inundation of _London
+Porter_; (an heavy, cloudy, intoxicating, ill-flavoured Liquor) that
+annually overflows this City and other Parts of the Kingdom; as, in the
+above Case, we may have a sufficient Plenty and Variety of Malt Liquors,
+our own native Produce, far better than any imported; and, in Case of a
+Redundancy of Grain, (a Matter not very likely to happen) may, with
+moderate Care, have Spirituous Liquors of far a more wholesome Nature,
+exquisite Taste, and delicate Flavour, than those imported at an
+extraordinary Expence; and but too often adulterated, in the first
+Concoction.
+
+We have, in several Parts of this Kingdom, (in the Province of _Munster_
+especially) a recy, spirituous, fine-flavoured Cyder, very little, if at
+all, inferior to the best imported White Wines; and a moderate Plenty of
+grateful Honey-Liquors, which, with our prime Beef, Mutton, Pork, Veal,
+Lamb, Variety of Fowls, tame and wild; red and fallow Deer; Hares,
+Rabbits, Pidgeons, Pheasants, Grouse; and Partridge; wild Duck, Plover,
+Snipe, _&c._ Lake, River, Shell and Sea Fish, of all Kinds; the Produce of
+the Garden, (Horticulture having of late Years so vastly improved among
+us, that we now have many curious Plants, Fruits, and Flowers, not only
+not _known_, but never even _heard of_, in former Times) and _all_ in such
+Plenty and Perfection, as demonstrate _Ireland_ happier than most other
+Countries, in regard of the Necessaries and even of the Delicacies of
+Life; to which may be added, the great Number of our beautiful Lakes,
+noble Rivers, pure Fountains, limpid Streams, and Health-restoring mineral
+Wells.(4) In this Country are bred valuable Horses, for the Draught, Road,
+and Chace; and for the Course, as high-formed ones, as in any Part of
+_Europe_; and large horned Cattle, and Sheep in Abundance.
+
+It must afford real Satisfaction to consider the universal and visible
+Reformation in the Lives and Morals even of our common People, clearly
+evinced in this, that (thank Heaven) fewer legal Punishments succeed an
+entire Circuit, in our happy Days, than did a single Assize in former
+Reigns: And, without Question, this Reformation must still rise higher, in
+Proportion to the Lenity of our worthy Legislature, and wise Indulgence of
+our landed Men, who must certainly find it more conducive to the Welfare
+of the State, and to their own Strength, Honour, and Interest, to have
+their Estates farmed and inhabited by a great Number of honest, laborious
+improving Families, than wasted by a few Purse-proud Bullock-Brokers, who
+rarely allow the wretched Herd of an hundred, as much Ground for his own
+and poor Family's Support, as is equal to that of two Bullocks.
+
+Suppose a Gentleman was to let two thousand Acres of arable Ground to
+farm; were it not demonstrably more conducive to all the foregoing
+Motives, to dispose of these to twenty honest, industrious Families, at an
+hundred Acres each, than to any one Beau-Grazier whatever? From the twenty
+Tenures, the Landlord may, in any national Shock, raise a considerable
+Number of effective Hands, and zealous Hearts, for the Service of the
+Crown, or Defence of his Country; and reap many signal Advantages to the
+public and private Concernments of Life, not possibly derivable from the
+anti-social Monopolizers and Forestallers of Farms; who ever fondly
+attribute their Growth to their own Sagacity and Cleverness, without any
+the least Gratitude or Obligation to the Land-owner. These Sentiments, it
+is hoped, will every Day gain more and more Consideration with our wise
+and beneficent Legislature, Nobility and Gentry.
+
+Many intelligent Persons, of all Ranks, complain much of the Want of some
+Establishment in the Way of a national Bank, to secure popular Credit, and
+the Kingdom from the various alarming Shocks it is so frequently incident
+to, on Account of the Failure of particular Banks.
+
+The Nobility and Gentry of _Ireland_, are Loyalists and Patriots by
+Principle and Education: They are brave, without Arrogance; gay, without
+Levity; polite, without Affectation; charitable, without Ostentation;
+religious, without Formality; affable, without Meanness; generous, without
+View; and hospitable, without Reserve: In their Converse, easy; in their
+Dealings just; placable in their Resentments, in their Friendship
+steady:--They have neither the volatile Airyness of the _Frenchman_, the
+stated Gravity of the _Spaniard_; the supicious Jealousy of the _Italian_;
+the forbidding Haughtiness of the _German_; the saturnine Gloominess of
+the _Flandrican_, nor the sordid Parsimony of the _Dutchman_: In short,
+they are neither whimsical, splenetic, sullen or capricious:--And, as for
+Cunning, Craft, or Dissimulation, these are such sorry Guests as never
+found Shelter in the generous Breast of an _Irish_ Noble or Gentleman; so
+that, if we consider this Country, with regard to its military Fame,
+constitutional Wisdom, Learning, Arts, Improvements, and natural
+Advantages; and above all, the benevolent Temper, charitable and
+hospitable Disposition of its Inhabitants; it is true, we may find many of
+more popular Bustle and Eclat, more extensive Commerce, greater Opulence
+and Pomp; but none of more general, solid, and intrinsick Worth, than
+_Ireland_.
+
+I shall conclude with the following Proposition to any one, who may
+arrogate to himself Praise or Wit, by ridiculing _Ireland_.
+
+_Si quid Novisti rectius istis--_
+_Candidus imperti; Si non, his utere mecum._
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FARMER'S CASE OF THE ROMAN-CATHOLICS OF _IRELAND_.
+
+
+In a LETTER from a MEMBER of the PROTESTANT CHURCH.
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+I think myself indebted to any Occasion that restores you to a Friend,
+whom I feared you had long forgotten. But I confess, at the same Time,
+that the Pleasure of hearing from you, after a Silence of Several Years,
+is, in some Measure, damped by the Censure that seems to constitute the
+chief Intent of your Letter.
+
+You tell me that you lately happened upon some Papers that were entitled
+The FARMER's LETTERS, _&c._ which were imputed to me as the Author. And,
+after some Compliments on Spirit, and Genius, and so forth, in order to
+palliate, as I suppose, what you purpose to administer, you charge me, by
+Implication, with Crimes, whose smallest Tendency I should abhor in
+myself, as in any Man breathing.
+
+You say, favourably enough for your own Disposition, that you have long
+looked on the _Roman-Catholics_ of these Kingdoms as a discountenanced and
+pitiable People. That you would choose to allow to others the same
+Latitude of Conscience that you like for yourself. That it is not a Part
+of Humanity to break a Reed already bruised. That such a Treatment would
+be blameable respecting any Individual; how much more so, in Prejudice of
+a whole People. That those Papers are pointed with a Keenness of Enmity,
+for which the Talents, which you are pleased to ascribe, cannot
+sufficiently apologize. And, that you did not think me capable of
+exasperating Government and Power against a Set of Men who were already
+under the Displeasure and Depression of the Law.
+
+These, my dear Friend, are home and heavy Accusations, however tempered by
+Expressions of Kindness and Affection from the Man whom I sincerely love
+and respect.
+
+But, if I know any-thing of myself, the Quality, called Ill-nature, is not
+my Characteristic. I would not exchange one Grain of Good-heart for all
+the Wit of a _C----d_ or Comprehension of a _P--tt_, independent of their
+Virtue. And I may say, with great Truth, that an Excess of Humanity hath
+occasioned all the Misfortunes and Distresses of my Life.
+
+I most solemnly assure you, that when I wrote those Letters I was in
+perfect Love and Charity with every _Roman Catholic_ in the Kingdom of
+_Ireland_. I knew that they were a depressed People. I had long pitied
+them as such. I was sensible that the Laws, under which they suffered, had
+been enacted by our Ancestors, when the Impressions of Hostility were
+fresh and warm, and when Passion, if I may venture to say so, co-operated,
+in some Measure, with Utility and Reason. I will go a Step further. I
+thought those Laws not severe enough to suppress them as Enemies, nor yet
+sufficiently favourable to attach them to us as Friends. They were not so
+cruel as, wholly, to serve for quelling; and yet they had a Poignancy that
+might tend to provoke. And all this I imputed to the Resentment that was
+blended with the Humanity of our Ancestors. Their Humanity left to Papists
+a Power of hurting, while their Resentment abridged the Inducements that
+might engage them to serve us.
+
+Believe me, Sir, I never was of a cruel or persecuting Disposition. I was
+grieved to see the Discouragements under which the _Roman Catholics_ of
+this Kingdom laboured, but these very Discouragements made me fear them
+the more.
+
+Previous to the Letters, which you censure so warmly, a dangerous
+Rebellion had broken out in _Scotland_, in consequence of a _French_
+Invasion, that was headed by a Popish Pretender to the Throne. Be pleased
+to remember, (if it is not too mortifying a Recollection for a free-born
+_Briton_) the Pannic into which all _England_ was struck by a few _Scotch_
+Vassals, undisciplined, and unactuated by any Motive of Liberty or Virtue,
+save the Virtue of being attached to their _Laird_ or their _Leader_.
+Millions of _English_, at that Time, sunk in the Down of a long Peace, and
+enervated by ministerial Corruption and Venality, feared that a Handful of
+_Highlanders_ would win their Way to _London_, and, at one Stroke, put a
+Period to the boasted Strength and Grandeur of the _British_ Constitution.
+
+I was astonished at the Apprehensions that _England_ was under from so
+contemptible an Armament. But I deemed the Case of _Ireland_ to be highly
+alarming. The _Roman-Catholics_, at that Time, outnumbered us Five to One.
+They were disarmed, it is true, but I was not equally sure that they had
+Reason to be reconciled. As they were not admitted to realize their
+Fortune, it consisted of ready Money, and that gave ready Power. As they
+were not permitted to purchase, or accept a Tenure of any valuable Length,
+Loyalty, perhaps, might induce them to fight for their King; but where was
+the Stake to impel them to fight for a Country in which they had no
+_Inheritance_? Without an Interest in Lands, they had little to lose by
+any Change of Estate. Without a Loan lodged with Government, they had the
+less to lose by a Change of Constitution.
+
+I cannot conceive how _Religion_, or mere Difference of Opinion, should
+prove a real Cause of Quarrel among Men; though it often serves as a _Word
+of War_, or a _Term_ whereby to give Notice for Onset. On the contrary, I
+had observed that wherever People are united by _Interest_, though of a
+thousand opposite Sects, Persuasions and Professions, they never fail to
+join in the Maintenance and Defence of _common Rights_.
+
+I, therefore, did not fear the _Roman Catholics_, as having a different
+_Religion_, but as having an _Interest_ that was different from the
+Interest of _Protestants_. Were they a Compound of all the Follies,
+Absurdities, and Contradictions that ever were generated by
+Monster-bearing Superstition, had their Interest bound them to us, I
+should not have feared their _Fealty_.
+
+But this was not the Case. The _French_ Invasion of _Great Britain_ was
+headed by a Person who was, by Birth, Education, Principle, and Interest,
+an Enemy to the Freedom and Rights of a Constitution that was established
+on the Dispossession of his Ancestors; and he was, consequently, an Enemy
+to the general Change of Privilege and Property, that ensued on the said
+Establishment. The said Change, as we all know, was to the Disadvantage of
+_Roman Catholics_. Had the Invader prevailed, a Change would again have
+ensued, in their Favour. Men naturally with Success to an Event from
+whence they propose Benefit; and it is as natural for them to act
+conformable to those Wishes.
+
+Had _Roman Catholics_ been possessed of an unrestrained Property, along
+with the other Liberties, Blessings, and Enjoyments, which they derived,
+in common with us, from the Establishment at the Revolution, no spiritual
+or temporal Power on Earth could have tempted them to permit, much less to
+wish, a Change of a Constitution whose Equal they could not find upon
+Earth.
+
+But as this was very far from being the Fact, I feared that _Interest_
+might prove an Incentive to _Desire_; and Desire equally prove an
+Incentive to _Action_; and, I am not ashamed to confess, that my
+Expectations were greatly, though happily, disappointed, by the Steadiness
+of their peaceful and loyal Demeanour on that trying Occasion.
+
+Believe me, my Friend, at the Time that I wrote those Papers, which have
+given you so much Offence, I looked upon the _Papists_ of this Kingdom, by
+the Patronage of _France_ and _Spain_, by their Numbers, by their Wealth,
+and by their Union with each other, to be vastly superior to _Irish
+Protestants_, in Power; and my Spirit of Opposition rose, in Proportion to
+my Idea of their Ability. But neither then, before, nor since, did I ever
+mean to excite any Action, or Intention, against the Weak, or the
+Oppressed, the Fallen, or the Afflicted.
+
+When _Brutus_ unsheathed the reluctant Sword of Freedom against his
+Friend, Humanity must suppose that his Heart was wrung with Compunction,
+while his Country enjoined and impelled the Blow.
+
+But further, Sir, there is a very wide Difference between a _Popish
+Regency_ and a _Popish People_. The whole Intent and Virulence, as you
+call it, of my Papers, is pointed and levelled against the _One_, but not
+a Syllable uttered, from End to End, against the _Other_. A _Popish
+Regency_, in Temporals alike as in Spirituals, I held to be, by Principle,
+an arbitrary and oppressive Government; but I held a _Popish People_ to
+be, of all People, the most amenable and submissive to Rulers, whatever
+the Form or Nature of that State may be, under which they shall happen to
+be subjected. And, on this very Account, I dreaded them the more, should
+they become passive Instruments in the Hand of a Papal Dictator.
+
+To apply a sure Test to the Propriety, or Impropriety, of my
+Apprehensions, at the Period when I wrote the _Farmer's Letters_, let us
+suppose that no one of the Penal Laws, which were instituted during the
+Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_, had yet passed into Form, but that
+Matters had remained in the same Situation, in which the _Monarch_, of
+_humane_, as well as _glorious Memory_, had left this unhappy People.
+Well, what would have been the Consequence? Would _Papists_, in that Case,
+have been less amenable to the Government, by which they had been
+favoured, supported, and cherished? Would they have been the forwarder to
+bring Damage and Destruction on a Country, because their own Interest was
+connected therewith, and the Fortunes of their Posterity deposited
+therein? Would they have been the readier to attempt the Overthrow of our
+beneficent Constitution, because they enjoyed the Privileges and
+Advantages thereof? No, Sir, no. The Absurdity of the Supposition is
+inclusive of the Answer. Had this been the Case, the _Farmer's Letters_
+would not have existed to have caused the Renewal of our Acquaintance.
+
+I have read and noted many Instances, in free States and Commonwealths,
+where _Liberty_, when fermented into _Licentiousness_, hath occasioned
+many partial Struggles for Power, many Broils and Factions, and much
+Disturbance to the Community. But very few are the Instances of the
+Insurrection of any People, who have not been goaded thereto by Severity
+and Oppression. The inoffensive Stag grows formidable when _at __ Bay_.
+The Worm turneth not, till it receiveth a Crush.
+
+I forget the Book, though I remember the Passage, where a Prince demanded
+of his favourite Minister, what he should do with a Number of the Commons
+and Nobility, whom he had suppressed and taken Captive in the Act of
+Rebellion? The Minister answered, _Put them, and their Adherents,
+instantly to Death_. No, replied the Prince, that were an Act of such
+Bloodshed and Barbarity, as neither Fear nor Revenge shall persuade me to
+perpetrate. _Then, grant them all free Pardon_, rejoined the Minister.
+How! said the Prince, must Rebellion go altogether unpunished? There is no
+Medium that can assure your Safety, answered the Minister; you must either
+pull this Party wholly up by the Root, so as to leave no Fibre from whence
+future Enmity may grow; or else, you must change that Enmity into
+Friendship, by binding their Gratitude to your Person and Interest, with
+the kindliest of all Connections, that of your Goodness and Favour. _A
+partial Punishment will be too little for your Safety; a partial Pardon
+will not be enough._ You must either wholly annihilate their Power, by
+their _Death_; or derive Strength to yourself, from that Power, by their
+_Friendship_.
+
+By disarming our Enemies, the utmost we can hope, is, to render them
+impotent. The Diminution of _their_ Power adds nothing to our _own_.
+Repentance is never so permanent or sincere, as when preceded by Pardon;
+and Favour is, as the polar Attraction, to Inclination. Is there a Man
+whose Love and Gratitude you desire to engage? Common Sense will direct
+you to do him a Benefit. Would you bind him to your Service with Hoops of
+Steel? You must make it his Interest, as well as his Duty, to befriend
+you.
+
+It is, by no means, my Intention to arraign either the Wisdom or good
+Policy of our Forefathers. But all Men are, in some Degree, fallible, as
+well in the congregate, as in the individual; and the Shrewd may err as
+much, by over-reaching their Aim, as the Ignorant, by falling short, or
+deviating from it.
+
+But, had a hundred _Pitts_, and a hundred _Cecils_, composed the Senate of
+our Ancestors, at the Time that those _Penal Laws_ were enacted; had those
+Laws been ever so wise and so just, so wholesome and necessary, and well
+suited to the Season; is that a Reason that they should _continue so_ to
+the End of Time? In a World where nothing is permanent; where Modes,
+Manners, Principles, and Practice are at a Flux; where Life is uncertain,
+and all it contains changeable; Nature and Reason will conform to
+Situation and Circumstance; and where _Causes_ have ceased, in any Degree,
+the _Consequences_ ought to cease in the same Proportion.
+
+It is not now with _Rome_ as it was in the Days when Princes held her
+Steed, and Emperors her Stirrup. The Kings of the Earth have, pretty
+clearly, resumed her Usurpations and Acquisitions of temporal Dominion. It
+is not now, as it was when she cried Peace! and it became Peace; or when
+the Breath of her Mandate kindled the Nations to Battle. Even his
+_Holiness_ is, now, but a poor limited Prince, pent up within his little
+_Italian_ Demesne. If some few still acknowledge to hold of his Authority,
+it is a Homage of Words, and not of Facts; they will not acknowledge to
+hold of his Power. He is restored to the quiet and unenvied Possession of
+all the Lordship and Interest he can acquire in Heaven. But the Sceptre,
+even of his spiritual Dominion upon Earth, is, of late, as I take it, most
+wonderfully shortened.
+
+Matters are much altered with the ecclesiastical World, even since I wrote
+the Letters that have roused your Spleen. Whether it be through a Decline
+of the _Romish_ Religion, in particular; or, possibly, through a Decline
+of all Religion, in general; the pontifical and episcopal Dictatorship and
+Authority are wofully fallen, from the Chair of Infallibility, where they
+had been seated by Opinion. The Sons of the most bigotted Ancestors do now
+perceive, that Piety and Immorality are not rightly consistent. And even
+the vulgar and ignorant, among the _Roman_ Laity, would grumble at
+departing from an Inch of their Property, though the Priest should advise,
+and the Pope, himself, should enjoin it.
+
+But, Sir, if the Change of Times, and Principles, Situation, and
+Circumstances; if the Change of every Cause that produced those penal
+Laws, have not availed for a Change of _Consequences_; for some Mitigation
+or Abatement of their Rigour, toward these my unhappy Brethren, the _Roman
+Catholics of Ireland_: If no Argument, I say, that is taken from Changes,
+may avail for the Purpose, I will take one from Permanence and Duration
+itself, that shall strike Light and Conviction to the Eye of every
+Beholder; that Power may _gainsay_, but cannot _refute_; that Malevolence
+may _dispute_, but never can _answer_.
+
+About six Generations have now passed away, according to the Rates of
+Purchase and Estimate of the Life of Man, since these People have offended
+in Word or in Deed. No Riotings have been heard in their Houses, no
+Complainings in their Streets; they have been silent and harmless as Sheep
+before their Sheerers. Our Parties, Factions, and Insurrections, as they
+are merrily stiled in _England_, have been all among ourselves; this
+People were neither Actors nor Partakers therein. They have offered
+themselves to our Fleets, and to our Armies; to tend our Persons, to till
+our Grounds, to hew our Wood, and to draw our Water. Where we admit them
+to fight for us, they have ever proved valiant; where we admit them to
+serve us, they are found loving, observant, and faithful. Temptations have
+come to their Doors and called them forth; the Contagion of Rebellion hath
+broken out among their Neighbours; they have yet remained quiet, and
+continued untainted; still loyal to their Sovereign, amenable to
+Government, and submissive to Law, through a long and trying Succession of
+about seventy Years, they have scarce appeared to repine in the midst of
+their Calamities.
+
+When I look back on the querulous and restless Nature of Man: When I trace
+the human Propensities through the Records of Ages and Nations: In all the
+Histories of those States who had least Cause of Complaint: Throughout the
+Commonwealths of _Asia Minor_, the _Archipelago_, the _Grecian Continent_,
+_Italy_, the Islands of the _Mediterranean_, &c. where the RIGHTS OF
+NATURE, under Forms of various Institution, were ASSERTED BY LIBERTY AND
+GUARDED BY LAW: Where the ASSURANCE OF PROPERTY gave most REASON FOR
+CONTENT: I can find but few Instances of any People who, through such a
+Length of Time, have continued firm and unshaken, in an uninterrupted
+Loyalty and Submission to Government.
+
+What then, do we look for further? What Proofs do ye yet require, of
+Peacefulness and Attachment at the Hands of these our Brethren? Is no
+Period to be put to their State of Probation? Must they _for ever_ keep
+out upon _Quarantine_, without Harbour or Hopes of Rest or Reconciliation?
+That were hard, indeed.
+
+If it is Revenge that we seek, they have, already, suffered enough, not
+for their own Faults, but for the Hostility of their Forefathers. If we
+seek our Safety, alone; let us chace _them, at once, from Country and
+Community_; or put an _End to our domestic Fears_, by giving them Cause to
+defend us.
+
+Indeed, Sir, neither common Sense, nor Sense of any Kind, can possibly
+suppose, That Acts of Kindness which have been, from the Beginning of the
+World, the Cement of Friendship to all other People, should prove the
+reverse to these People alone.
+
+Had they been to us, as the Swallow, in Autumn, who forsakes all
+Connections on the Approach of Inclemency, I should never have pleaded for
+any Confidence in them. But a People, who, through a Winter of seventy
+Years Continuance, have never failed, or forsaken, or given us Cause of
+Offence, surely merit some Consideration, some grateful and chearing Ray
+to warm them to a Sense that _Protestants_ are not, by Choice, of a cruel,
+unforgiving, and malevolent Nature.
+
+Lastly, Sir, as I know you to be a Gentleman of a communicative
+Disposition, and that you were, formerly, fond of exhibiting the
+Sentiments of some of your Friends; should you impart this Letter to any
+of your popish Acquaintance, I doubt they might be apt to give me more
+Thanks than I am conscious I deserve. It is, therefore, but commonly
+honest, to advertise you, and them, that while I write in the Favour of
+_Papists_, the Interest of _Protestants_ is never out of my Eye.
+
+When I thought your Favourites most formidable, I shewed I did not fear
+them; and now, that I think them impotent, let them not think I flatter.
+
+What I have hitherto hinted is but a narrow opening to the Concerns and
+Interests of an unhappy Country, whereof I have the Misfortune to be a
+helpless, though loving, Member. To promote the Advantage of _Ireland_, in
+any respect, would be, to me, the cardinal Point of the whole Compass of
+my Ambition; and a subsequent Letter may shew how far my Observations
+relate to the Decline, or Prosperity, of my Country, whenever you confer
+the Pleasure of an Answer on,
+
+_Dear_ SIR,
+_Your truly affectionate_, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+_    1 Dublin_, 1753, _M. Reilly_, Editor.
+
+    2 This _Mac Con More Macnamara_, Duke of _Klan Cullane_, founded,
+      erected, and amply endowed the beautiful Abbey of _Quin_; as did
+      other Chieftains of his Name and Family, several Parochial Churches,
+      with a great Number of magnificent Castles.
+
+_    3 Seasonable Thoughts_, &c. published by _George Faulkner_; _the Case
+      of the Roman Catholics_, and _the Principles of the Roman
+      Catholics_, the two last published by _P. Lord_, in _Cook-street,
+      Dublin_.
+
+    4 To all the above Productions of _Ireland_, may be justly added, our
+      inestimable Fisheries, and plentiful Mines, which, under due
+      national Encouragement, would raise immense Treasures.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+
+
+
+CREDITS
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+
+
+
+  
+
+  
+
+
+<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en">
+  <div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of Ireland by Henry Brooke</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+          and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+          give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+          Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+          eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of Ireland
+
+Author: Henry Brooke
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [Ebook #27226]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+</pre></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      
+    </div>
+
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">An Essay On The</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Ancient and Modern State</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Of Ireland</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">With the Various Important Advantages</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Thereunto Derived,</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">under the auspicious Reign of His most sacred Majesty</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">King GEORGE the Second.</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Including a particular Account</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">of the great and glorious</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">St. Patrick</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">By</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Henry Brooke</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dublin: Printed</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">London: Re-Printed</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">for R. Griffiths.</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">MDCCLX.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+      <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Dedication.</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Essay.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">The Farmer's Case Of The Roman-Catholics Of <span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span>.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">Footnotes</a></li></ul>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a>
+<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Dedication.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+TO
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matthew M</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; vertical-align: super">c</span></span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">. Namara</span></span>,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">LIMERICK</span></span>, Esq;
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Counsellor</span></span> at LAW.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Justly sensible, Sir, how
+sincerely You have the Character
+and Esteem of our Native
+Country at Heart, I take Leave
+to offer to Your Perusal, and
+commend to Your favourable Acceptance,
+the following Sheets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What gave them Rise, was my happening,
+some Time since, to have fallen into
+Company with two or three sprightly young
+Gentlemen, then just returned from their
+Continental Rambles,—who—altho' little
+burthened with the Religion, Laws, Learning,
+Policy, Customs, Habits, Manners, or
+Languages of any, or the several Countries
+they had scampered thro', affected, nevertheless,
+an high Contempt for this,—their
+Native.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I listened with silent Indignation, and
+determined to contribute my Mite towards
+giving such unattentive, uninformed
+Youths, a more adequate Idea of this Kingdom,
+under its ancient and under its present
+happy Establishment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The common Accidents of Time must
+lead them by better Authority to clearer
+Knowledge: In the mean while, I profess
+my Obligations to them, as they have given
+me this Opportunity of declaring my Regard
+to my Country in general, and the
+particular Attachments that ever bind me,
+in the strictest Sense of Fidelity and Esteem,
+to a Friend so worthy as You have
+been to,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sir,<br />
+Your very obliged, and<br />
+Most obedient Servant.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a>
+<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Essay.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a Nation, where almost every
+Gentleman is better acquainted, and
+more conversant, with the Nature
+and Circumstances of other Countries
+than those of his own, the
+Publication of such Hints as may somewhat
+contribute to remove so odd an Inattention, and
+induce those far better qualified to render a Subject
+so interesting some Justice, will not, I
+hope, be deemed an Impertinence; in one especially
+who, by this Essay, however feeble, hath
+nothing beside the Honour and Advantage of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> in View, a Kingdom whereof he is, without
+Vanity, proud of being a Native.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the Story of Savages and Barbarians can
+contain nothing instructive, or entertaining, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antemilesian</span></span> Inhabitants of this Land having
+been mostly such, and all surviving Accounts
+of them almost totally overcast with Fable, we
+are therefore, in treating of the antient <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotia</span></span>, or
+modern <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, to refer principally to three
+distinguished æras, whereof the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">first</span></em> is, its
+being peopled by an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iberian</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spanish</span></span>
+Colony: The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">second</span></em>, truly glorious, the Arrival of St.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>, in his most salutary Mission: The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">third</span></em>
+and last, its Cession to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Second, King
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>, (the first of the Royal Race of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plantagenet</span></span>) partly from a pretended Title of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adrian</span></span> the Fourth, Pope of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome</span></span>; partly
+from the restless and insatiable Desires of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span>;
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">more</span></em> from the manifold Infirmities of the then reigning
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Chiefs—but above all, from the peculiarly
+adverse Fate of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roderick</span></span>, the last of our
+Kings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The assiduous, exact, and candid Author of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissertations</span></span>,<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> lately published, on the Origin,
+Government, Letters, Sciences, Religion,
+Manners and Customs of the antient Inhabitants
+of this Country, hath put all those Matters in
+so clear and happy, and, at the same Time, in so
+strong a Light, by the Powers of various foreign
+Testimonies, of undeniable Authenticity,
+coincident with our own, that scarce any Thing
+new can be offered on the same Subject.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It may, however, in general be observed,
+that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Milesius</span></span>, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spanish</span></span> Prince, so far
+back as the Reign of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Solomon</span></span> (instigated by Necessity,
+or induced by Ambition) with a considerable
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Number of Associates and Followers,
+landed from the Western Parts of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spain</span></span>, on the
+Southern Coasts of this Island, where it is probable
+they met little, or but faint Opposition,
+from wild and undisciplined Inhabitants.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those People, from their early Knowledge
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phœnician</span></span> Arts and Letters, imported
+such Rudiments of Government and Learning,
+as those primitive Times admitted; a Truth
+visible from the Similarity or rather Identity of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phœnician</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotic</span></span> Alphabet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This antient Colony quietly settled here, remote
+from the Storms and Revolutions of the
+greater World, and secured by Situation from
+its hostile Incursions, there is no Doubt but the
+Cultivation of Religion, Philosophy, Politicks,
+Poetry, and Musick, became the chief Objects
+of popular Study and Application: The Spirit
+of Ambition in succeeding Ages, with its unhappy
+concomitant Train of Sedition, Faction,
+and Violence, the foreign Invasions, and often
+the intestine Oppressions and Calamities, to
+which our neighbouring Nations were subject,
+calling forth the protective or conciliating Aids
+of those ancient Heroes, made them great Masters
+also in the Art military.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Pentarchy originally formed by those
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iberian</span></span> or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic Spaniards</span></span>, with a
+popular Right of Election, was certainly a Kind of Government
+extremely consistent with the Essence and
+Genius of true Liberty, and a System derived
+from the Patriarchs themselves. For when the
+various Necessities of Society required a Subordination,
+together with some stated Maxims to
+go by, to avoid the confused and promiscuous
+Intercourse in a State of Nature; then did the
+People elect the most Virtuous and Wise, to lead
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and conduct them in Times of War and Trouble;
+to govern, inform, and protect them, in
+milder and more auspicious Seasons. Then was
+the Motto of the Crown, or of the chief Ensign
+of Pre-eminence, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Digniori detur</span></span>, and so continued
+till the Degeneracy of Time, and the
+baneful Growth of Avarice and Pride, with the
+feverish Lust of Power, perverted it to—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rapiat
+Fortior</span></span>!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such, thro' a long Succession of Ages, was
+the Condition, and such at length the Fate of
+this Kingdom, destroyed after a longer Continuance
+than any other can boast, by the Abuse
+of its own Powers; a sure Argument that all
+created Beings, all sublunary Institutions, however
+wisely composed, in the very Essence of
+their Creation, and in the very Rudiments of
+their Formation, comprehend, at the same Time,
+the Seeds of Dissolution: Yet it is not more remarkable
+than true, that in the most boisterous
+Periods of this Kingdom's antient Establishment,
+the Arts and Sciences, with the fundamental
+Principles of Constitution, were preserved
+and cherished with inviolable Assiduity.
+The Priests, Philosophers, Advocates, Annalists,
+Poets and Musicians, were obliged to preserve
+Religion, political Wisdom, Law, History, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span>
+hereditarily in their respective Tribes, and to
+educate in these different Branches the Chiefs
+and Nobles of the Land, for which they were
+graciously maintained in secure and splendid
+Tranquillity: Those Sages attended the National
+Conventions, where all publick Acts were religiously
+recorded, and all Abuses of Power and
+Government retrenched or reformed; nor were
+they permitted, except in Case of extraordinary
+Necessity, or uncommon Merit, to deviate from
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their proper and primitive Spheres of Action:
+Since, where an harmonious Subordination of
+Rank and Order hath not been duly preserved,
+even in free Estates, Liberty itself (wisely attempered,
+the greatest of all social Blessings)
+hath often, from Abuse and Neglect, sickened
+into Licentiousness, the immediate lewd Mother
+of Anarchy! In the visible Creation, the direct
+Result of infinite Wisdom, the lesser Planets do
+not interfere with, much less shock or oppose
+the Motions and Revolutions of the greater;
+they constantly keep the Distances first prescribed
+them, and all move regularly to their
+respective Ends. The most verdant and fragrant
+Meadows may, from the too frequent Irruption
+of muddy Waters, degenerate into
+noxious Marshes, if some Care was not taken
+to divert those impure Gushings into their proper
+Channels. Hence it may be inferred, that
+laying open the most honorary, as well as important
+and useful Professions of Society, to the
+Intrusion, or rather pyratical Invasions, of the
+Scum and Dregs of the People, cannot, however
+varnished over with the fictitious Colourings
+of pretended Liberty, consist with true Political
+Wisdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those ancient <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sophi</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Literati</span></span> enjoyed
+their Places with the greater Security, that they
+were uninvadable by the inferior Classes of Mankind;
+with the greater Content and Chearfulness,
+that much Esteem and Emolument were
+connected with them: The Priest and Advocate
+informed and directed the Conscience and Conduct;
+the Historian and Annalist recorded the
+Institutions; the Poet and Musician celebrated
+and sung the Exploits of their Kings and Leaders:
+No Wonder then this Kingdom should
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+have been revered at Home, and admired Abroad;
+when Religion formed, Erudition nurtured,
+Philosophy strengthened, History preserved,
+Rhetorick adorned, Musick softened,
+and Poesy refined, the National Wisdom and
+Accomplishments; to all which was added, a
+thorough Knowledge of Tactics, and great
+Skill and Agility in all the athletick Arts, and
+bodily Exercises.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Versions of some original Codes exported
+by our Countryman, the learned and
+pious St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fiechry</span></span>, still extant in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Navarre</span></span> Library at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>, the
+Constitutional Wisdom of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> appears in a clear and happy
+Light: Persons, Things, Actions, and Expressions,
+were cautiously attended to, by the Laws; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Persons</span></em>,
+in their Minority, Youth, and Manhood,
+according to their different Ranks in the State,
+so as by Care, Education, and Discipline, to
+render them, some subservient, others useful,
+some beneficial, and others ornamental thereunto.
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Things</span></em>, so carefully, as to prevent, by
+prohibatory Laws, Wastes of whatsoever Kind,
+and to ascertain to each Individual, as well as
+Society, their proper and distinct Rights. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Actions</span></em>,
+by directing those in general, and particular,
+to the Honour of the Deity and Welfare
+of the Community: <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Expression</span></em>, by the penal
+Interdiction of prophane Cursing and Swearing,
+Obscenity, Scurrility, Calumny, and Detraction,
+yet with a full Indulgence of proper Satire
+against such as merited popular Reprehension,
+or Contempt; the Satirist's Pen in those
+Days being as much dreaded, or rather more
+so, than the Magistrate's Rod, and consequently
+as diligently avoided by a Demeanour absolutely
+irreproachable.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It appeareth that, under the antient Government
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, the Education of the landed
+Gentry, when Luxury, with its wasteful Catalogue
+of Vices, had not rendered Property so
+mutable and wavering as in modern Ages,
+was provided for; whether by the immediate
+Care of Parents, or essential Attention of Guardians,
+by the Laws of the Land; in order that
+Gentlemen should, to the Antiquity of Birth
+and Possession, add the important Dignity of
+Learning, and social Refinement of Arts: Since
+a Man at the Head of an original Estate, who
+should want the necessary Cultivation of Letters,
+was considered only as a Peasant in Disguise,
+and not more respected than a Hewer of
+Wood, or Drawer of Water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In these Writings of St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fiechry</span></span>, the legislative
+Wisdom of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olam-Fodla</span></span>; the philosophically-religious
+Capacity of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cormac-O Quin</span></span>, who,
+from the pure Light of Nature, in a great Measure
+defeated the absurd <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Polytheism</span></span> of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Druids</span></span>; the consummate Integrity and Impartiality of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Federach</span></span> the Just, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moran</span></span> his Chief
+Justice; the Magnanimity of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Con-Ked-Cathagh</span></span>; the Conquests
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kineth Mac Alpin</span></span>; the long, glorious,
+and peaceful Reign of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conary</span></span> the Great,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">coæval</span></span> with the Birth of our Blessed Lord and
+Saviour <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jesus Christ</span></span>, (undoubtedly the happiest,
+brightest, and most blissful Period the World
+ever saw;) are all displayed in a copious masterly
+Style, yet with strict chronological Exactness.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This learned St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fiechry</span></span> was Founder of the
+University in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>, in the Beginning of the
+8th Century. The better to enable him to carry
+on that noble Work, he obtained of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the
+Great a Tax on all Wheel-Carriages, within
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Barriers of that City: Whence, a Hackney-Coach
+is at this Day technically term'd <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fiacre</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the Great, in order to repair the cruel
+and truly lamentable literary Dilapidations of
+the ferocious North-men, invited Numbers of
+the learned and pious <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> to the Continent,
+where he established and entertained them with
+Dignity, Tenderness, and Respect. In a curious
+Manuscript of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nicholaus Gurtlerus</span></span>, (now
+in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span> King's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parisian</span></span> Library)
+Author of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Origines Mundi</span></span>, where he alludes to these
+Times, you find the following favourable, but true Account of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>.—<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Temporibus illis, barbaris
+Normannorum Cohortibus undequaque irrumpentibus,
+Religio, Fides, Philosophia, Virtus, Hospitalitas,
+Fortitudo, Castitas, necnon et Amœniores
+omnium generum Artes, Hibernia solummodò natali,
+veluti Solo, viguerunt</span></span>; little Wonder that
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> should have been esteemed the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ierne</span></span>, or sacred Isle of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greeks</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Insula Sanctorum</span></span>, or Island of Saints of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romans</span></span>.—Would to
+Heaven our Countrymen had, upon all considerable
+Occasions, recollected those deserved Encomiums,
+thereby to approve them worthy their
+applauded Origin, and native Soil!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We now proceed to consider <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> in her
+happiest and brightest View, after the Admission
+and Propagation of Christianity. It is certain
+there were many Christians in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, before
+the Arrival of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palladius</span></span> in 431, or of St.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> the Year following: St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kieran</span></span>,
+St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ailbe</span></span>, St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Declan</span></span>, and St.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibar</span></span>, whom <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ussher</span></span> calls the
+Precursors, or Forerunners of St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>, are
+pregnant Proofs of this; they were of the Birth of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>,
+from whence they travelled to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome</span></span>,
+in Search of Education and Learning, where
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+they lived some Years, were ordained, and returned
+Home about the Year 402.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It seems that those early Preachers confined
+their Labours to particular Places, in which they
+had considerable Success, but fell very short of
+converting the Body of the Nation: However,
+they sowed the Seed which St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> came
+after to water: And it is certain that St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>
+was so well satisfied with the Progress they
+made, in their particular Districts in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Munster</span></span>,
+that this was the last Province in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> he
+thought proper to visit. That there were many
+Christians in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, at this Period, seems to
+be confirmed by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prosper</span></span>, who, in giving an
+Account of the Mission of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palladius</span></span>, says, that
+he was ordained by Pope <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celestin</span></span>, and sent the
+first Bishop to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scots</span></span> believing in Christ.
+This Passage can mean nothing else, but that
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palladius</span></span>, born in Britain, was sent to the Scots
+[i.e. the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>] who had already formed Churches
+under <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kieran</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ailbe</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Declan</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibar</span></span>; and so
+the Bishop of St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Asaph</span></span> expounds it. This then
+was the next Attempt that was made for the Conversion of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palladius</span></span> engaged in a
+more ample and extensive Design than his Predecessors,
+yet he failed in the Execution of it,
+stay'd but a short Time in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, and did little
+worth remembring; he converted, however, a
+few, and is said to have founded three Churches;
+but he had neither Courage to withstand the
+Fierceness of the heathen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>, nor Abilities,
+for Want of the Language, proper for the
+Work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nathi</span></span>, the Son of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Garcon</span></span>, an
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Prince, opposed his preaching; upon which
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palladius</span></span> left the Kingdom, and died in the Land of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Picts</span></span>, on the 15th of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">December</span></span>, 431.
+This
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+glorious Work was reserved for St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>, to
+whose holy Life, divine Mission, and extraordinary
+Success, I refer the Reader. This great
+Apostle of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> founded and built the Cathedral
+Church of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ardmagh</span></span>, about the Year
+444, or 45, which, from that early Period to
+this, hath continued the Metropolitan Church
+of all <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>. So that 1194 Years passed away
+from the Founding of the City of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome</span></span>, to that
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ardmagh</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The various and most signal Blessings derived
+to this Nation, from the salutary Mission of this
+illustrious Saint, require, in Gratitude, our
+giving the Reader yet a further Account of the
+Author of such Happiness and Glory to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He was born in the extreme Bounds of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Britain</span></span>,
+(in that Part thereof which is now comprehended
+within the Limits of the modern
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland</span></span>) at a Village called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Banaven</span></span>,
+in the Territory of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tabernia</span></span>, (as he himself saith in
+his Confession) in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vico Banaven Taberniæ</span></span>, &amp;c.
+He tells us that he was born of a good Family.
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Ingennuus fui secundum Carnem.</span></span>
+His Father was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calphurnius</span></span>, a Deacon, who was the Son
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Potitus</span></span>, a Priest; from whence may be
+clearly inferred that the Clergy were not restrained
+from Matrimony in that Age. He was
+just advanced into his sixteenth Year, when he
+was taken Captive, the Manner of which is thus
+related by St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Evin</span></span> and others: His Father,
+Mother, Brother, and five Sisters, undertook a
+Voyage to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aremorick Gaul</span></span>, (now called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bass
+Bretagne</span></span>) to visit the Relations of his Mother <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Couchessa</span></span>.
+It happened about this Time, that the
+seven Sons of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Factmude</span></span>, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British</span></span>
+Prince, were banished, and took to the Sea; that, making
+an Inroad into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aremorick Gaul</span></span>, they took
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and his Sister, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lupita</span></span>, (some say <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tigrida</span></span>
+also) Prisoners. They brought their Captives to the North of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, and sold <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> to
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Milcho Mac Huanan</span></span>, a Prince of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dalaradia</span></span>:
+Others tell the Story in a different Manner, and
+with a stronger Degree of Probability. That the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romans</span></span>
+having deserted <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Britain</span></span>, to preserve
+their own Country from the barbarous Incursions
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern Hive</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> made
+frequent Conquests, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Britain</span></span> especially, whence
+returning victorious, in one of those Expeditions
+among others brought <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> Captive. But in
+this they all agree, and he himself confirms it,
+that he continued Prisoner in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> six Years;
+he was sold to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Milcho</span></span> and his three Brothers,
+which gave Occasion of his changing his Name into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cathraigh</span></span>,
+or rather <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ceathir-Tigh</span></span>, because
+he served four Masters; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ceathir</span></span> signifying four,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tigh</span></span> a House or Family. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Milcho</span></span>
+observing the Care and Diligence of his new Servant,
+bought out the Shares of his Brothers, and made
+him his own Property. He sent him to feed his Hogs on
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sliev-Mis</span></span>. And St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> himself
+tells us his Behaviour in this Office.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My constant Business was to feed the Hogs.
+I was frequent in Prayer; the Love and Fear
+of God more and more inflamed my Heart;
+my Faith was enlarged, and my Spirit augmented,
+so that I said an hundred Prayers by
+Day, and almost as many by Night. I arose
+before Day to my Prayers, in the Snow, in the
+Frost, and in the Rain, and yet I received no
+Damage; nor was I affected with Slothfulness;
+for then the Spirit of God was warm within
+me.”</span> It was here he perfected himself in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Language, the wonderful Providence of
+God visibly appearing in this Instance of his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Captivity, that he should have the Opportunity
+in his tender Years of becoming well acquainted
+with the Language, Manners, and Dispositions
+of that People, to whom he was intended as a
+future Apostle. He continued six whole Years
+in Servitude, and in the seventh was released.
+There seems to have been a Law in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> for
+this Purpose, agreeable to the Institution of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moses</span></span>, that a Servant should be released the
+seventh Year.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having parted from his Master, after a great
+Variety of Distresses, he at length arrived to his
+Parents, who received him with extraordinary
+Joy; with these he remained two Years, and
+probably would much longer, had he not by a
+Vision been quickened to a more active and glorious
+Life. In this he thought he saw a Man
+coming to him from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, whose Name was
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Victoricus</span></span>, with a great Number of Letters; that
+he gave him one of them to read, in the Beginning
+of which were contained these Words, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vox-Hiberionacum</span></span>,
+the Voice of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>: While
+he was reading this Letter, he thought the same
+Moment, that he heard the Voice of the Inhabitants
+who lived near the Wood of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Foclut</span></span>, in
+the Barony of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tyr-Awley</span></span>, and County of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayo</span></span>, hard by the Western Sea, crying to him with an
+audible and distinct Voice, <span class="tei tei-q">“We intreat thee,
+holy Youth, to come and walk among us.”</span> He
+was greatly amazed at this Vision, and awoke;
+it animated him, however, to his future Studies
+and heavenly Progress; so far even, that he
+tells us himself, he thanked God, that after many
+Years he had dealt with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>, according to
+their crying out.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These early Scenes of this great Saint's Life,
+should, among many others, serve as lessons of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Charity, Consideration, and Humility, to the
+Rich, the Great, the Proud, and the Wanton;
+who may recollect that, altho' he was well born,
+he was nevertheless, in the most vigorous Season
+of Life, a Slave and a Swine-Herd: Happy,
+though wretched Servitude! In which, his leisure
+Hours, mostly employed in Christian Confidence
+and Prayer, made him so signally the
+Favourite of Heaven, that from those cloudy
+Dawnings, he in Process of Time became a
+learned Doctor, a sanctified Missioner, a venerable
+Prelate, an eminent Primate, a national Apostle,
+and the bright Instructor of Kings! Such were
+the fruitful Rewards of uninterrupted unshaken
+Devotion, Piety, and Zeal! From this Time
+he formed the steady Resolution of converting
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>; and, the better to accomplish the heavenly
+Task, he undertook a laborious Journey
+to foreign Countries, to enrich his Mind with
+Learning and Experience.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He continued abroad thirty-five Years, pursuing
+his Studies under the Direction principally
+of his Mother's Uncle, St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Martin</span></span>, Bishop of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tours</span></span>, who had ordained him Deacon; and after
+his Death, partly with St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">German</span></span>, Bishop of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Auxerre</span></span>, (who ordained him a Priest, and called
+his Name <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magonius</span></span>, which was the third Name
+he was known by,) partly among a Colony of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hermits</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monks</span></span>, in some Islands of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuscan</span></span>
+Sea; and he employed a good Part of the
+Time in the City of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome</span></span>, among the Canons
+Regular of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lateran</span></span> Church: At length,
+having his Soul thoroughly tempered with
+religious Virtue, enlightened with the true
+Evangelical Faith, and his Understanding enlarged
+by the most profitable and edifying
+Studies, he arrived in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> about the 60th
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Year of his Age; and in the Year of our Lord
+432, landed in the County of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wicklow</span></span>, where
+he began his Ministry, by the Conversion of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sinel</span></span>, a great Man in that Country, the Grandson
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Finchad</span></span>, who ought to be remembered,
+as he was the first Fruits of St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>'s Mission
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>; he was the 8th in lineal Descent from
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cormac</span></span>, King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leinster</span></span>, and came
+afterwards to be enumerated among the Saints of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From this Country he sailed to an Island on
+the Coast of the County of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span>, called after
+him <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inis Phadring</span></span>, and by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Holm Patrick</span></span> at this Day, where he and his faithful
+Companions rested after their Fatigues. From
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inis Phadring</span></span>, he sailed Northward to that Part
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ulster</span></span> called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ulidia</span></span>, and put in at
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inbherslaying</span></span> Bay. When he and his Fellow Labourers
+landed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dichu</span></span>, the Son of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trichem</span></span>, Lord
+of the County, being informed that they were Pirates,
+came out with armed Men in order to
+kill them: But being struck with the venerable
+Appearance of St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>, he gave him Audience,
+and listened attentively to the Word of
+Life preached by him; he changed his wicked
+Purpose, believed, and was baptized, and brought
+over all his Family to the Faith: It is further
+observed of him, that he was the first Person in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ulster</span></span>, who embraced Christianity. He dedicated
+the Land whereon his Conversion was
+wrought to the Service of God, where a Church
+was erected, changed after to an eminent Monastery.
+He travelled hence by Land to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clunebois</span></span>
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dalaradia</span></span>, to endeavour the Conversion
+of his old Master <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Milcho</span></span>, whose Service he had
+left thirty-eight Years before; but this obstinate
+Prince, hearing of the great Success of St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>'s
+preaching, and ashamed to be persuaded
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in his old Age, to forsake the Religion of his
+Ancestors, (by one especially who had been his
+Servant, in a most inferior Station,) made a
+funeral Pile of his House and Goods, and by
+the Instigation of the Enemy of Mankind,
+burned himself therein: Thus ended <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Milcho McHuanan</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hence St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> returned to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inis</span></span>, the
+Habitation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dichu</span></span>, and in his Journey converted
+great Numbers to the true Faith of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christ</span></span>.
+In some time, he took his Leave of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dichu</span></span>, and
+bent his course Southward by Sea, keeping the
+Coast on his Right-hand, and arrived at Port
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Colbdi</span></span>, where he landed, and committed the
+Care of his Vessel to his Nephew <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Luman</span></span>,
+desiring him to wait for him there forty Days,
+while he and his Disciples were travelling in the
+inner Parts of the Country to preach the Gospel.
+His Intention in this Journey was, to celebrate the Festival of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Easter</span></span> in the Plains of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bregia</span></span>, and
+to be in the Neighbourhood of the Great Triennial
+Convention at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarah</span></span>, which at this Season
+was held by King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leogair</span></span>, and all his Tributary Princes,
+Nobles, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Druids</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annalists</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">and Fileas</span></span>.
+St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> wisely foreseeing that whatever Impressions
+he should make on this august Assembly
+must have an Influence on the whole Kingdom,
+and therefore, being supported with invincible
+Christian Fortitude, resolved not to be
+absent from a Place where his Presence was so
+conducive to the Ends of his Holy Ministry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Never did the Spirit of popular Freedom
+exert itself more powerfully or harmoniously,
+than in those truly parliamentary Triennial Conventions
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, where the supreme Monarch,
+the Provincial Kings, the feudatory Lords,
+the Nobles, landed Men, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Druids</span></span>, &amp;c. by the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unbiased Suffrages of the People, convened for
+the Peace, good Government and Security of
+each particular Province, as well as those of the
+whole Kingdom. Many Centuries had this
+wise Constitution subsisted here, before our
+Neighbours, even of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">South Britain</span></span>, knew any
+thing relative to Houses, or Raiment; it being
+notorious that so late as the Arrival of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julius
+Cæsar</span></span> among them, they painted their Bodies,
+to render them terrible, and lived in the open
+Fields. It is really somewhat surprzing that
+People so near in Situation, should differ so
+essentially in Disposition, as the Inhabitants of
+those Islands have in all Ages; Hospitality having
+been the distinguishing Attribute of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>, and it's
+opposite Defect, that of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Britons</span></span>;
+the Account given of them by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horace</span></span> 1700 and odd Years ago,
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Visam Britannes Hospitibus feros</span></span>,
+being as literally applicable to them at this Day,
+where the Force of Education doth not operate
+to mitigate their natural Ferocity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But to return: St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> in his Way to
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarah</span></span>, took up his Lodgings at the House of the
+hospitable <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sesgnen</span></span> in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meath</span></span>, who kindly
+received and welcomed him. St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> preach'd Christ
+and his Gospel to him; he believed, and was
+baptized with his whole Family.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the House of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sesgnen</span></span>, he moved Westward,
+and arrived on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Easter Eve</span></span> at
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fierta-fir-feic</span></span>, on the Northern Banks of the River
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyne</span></span>, where he rested, resolving there to prepare for the next
+Day's Solemnity. It was penal for any Person
+at the Time of the Celebration of this solemn
+Convention at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarah</span></span>, to kindle a Fire in the
+Province, before the King's Bonfire first appeared.
+I am of Opinion this was a religious Ceremony,
+as the chief Deity of the ancient Inhabitants,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in exterior Worship especially, was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bel</span></span>,
+or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Belus</span></span>; whence <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apollo</span></span> or
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ap-haul</span></span>, the Son of the Sun, whom they emblematically worshipped,
+by those fiery Offerings; whence the first Day of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May</span></span>, peculiarly dedicated to this <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bel</span></span>,
+is even now in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>, called
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lha-Bel-Thinih</span></span>, and probably from the same Source may be
+derived the Custom of lighting up Bonfires, and Sops, on the
+Eve of the 24th Day of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June</span></span>. St.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> however, either not knowing or not minding this
+Ceremony, lighted up a Fire before his Booth,
+which altho' eight Miles distant from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarah</span></span>,
+was very visible. It was seen with Astonishment
+from Court, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Druids</span></span> informed the King,
+that if he did not immediately extinguish the
+Fire, he who kindled it, and his Successors,
+should for ever hold the Principality of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>;
+which hath hitherto turned out a true Prediction
+of those Heathen Priests, in a Primatial and
+Spiritual Principality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The King dispatched Messengers to bring
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> before him, and gave his positive Orders,
+that nobody should presume to rise out of his
+Seat, or pay him the least Honour: But <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ere</span></span>,
+the Son of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dego</span></span>, ventured to disobey this Command;
+he arose, and offered the Holy Father his
+Seat. St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> preached to him and converted
+him. He became a Person of eminent Sanctity,
+and after some Time was consecrated by St.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>, Bishop of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Slain</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Day following, when St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> and two
+of his Disciples appeared unexpectedly at Court,
+and preached to the King and his Nobles, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dubtach</span></span>,
+the King's Poet Laureat, payed Honour
+and Respect to the Saint, and was converted
+by his Preaching. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fiech</span></span>, a young Poet, who
+was under the Tuition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dubtach</span></span>, was also converted,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and afterwards made Bishop of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sletty</span></span>,
+and is said to have been the Author of a celebrated
+Poem, composed in Praise of St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anselm</span></span>, Arch-Bishop of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canterbury</span></span>,
+relates the Conversion of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tingar</span></span>, the Son of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clito</span></span>, (one of the Nobles in this Assembly,) in the same Manner.
+The Queen also, and many others of the
+Court, became Christians; and altho' the King
+held out for a long Time with great Obstinacy,
+yet at last he submitted to be baptized. St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span>
+is said here to have wrought many Miracles:
+There could not truly, even according to
+the Purposes of human Wisdom, have happened
+a more solemn or weighty Occasion, for God
+Almighty's supporting this Holy Preacher by
+Miracles, than when the collective Body of the
+whole Nation was assembled together; from
+whose Report and Conviction, the Influences of
+his blessed Works and Doctrine must of Course
+spread through the whole Kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His Conduct and Proceedings here, with a
+particular Detail of the Miracles wrought by
+him, may be had at large in the History of his
+Life, published by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John Colgan</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarah</span></span>, the Saint proceeded next to
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Talten</span></span>, not far from thence, at the Season of the
+Royal Diversions: Here he preached to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cairbre</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conall</span></span>, the two Brothers of King
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leogin</span></span>; the former received him with great Indignity,
+and perversely shut his Ears against his Doctrine;
+but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conall</span></span> believed, and was baptized, and gave
+St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> a Place to build a Church on.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conall</span></span> was Great-Grand-Father to
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Columb-Kill</span></span>. He spent the Remainder of this Year
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meath</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Louth</span></span>, and the Districts
+adjoining, preaching, and converting great Numbers
+of People. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taltenian</span></span> Sports above-mentioned,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+have been much celebrated by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>
+Historians, and Antiquaries. They were a kind
+of warlike Exercises, somewhat resembling the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympick</span></span> Games, consisting of Racing, Tilts,
+Tournaments, Wrestling, Leaping, Vaulting,
+and all other manly and martial Exercises,
+which gave Rise to the many hyperbolical
+Tales, formerly related of those <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taltenian</span></span> Sports.
+They were exhibited every Year at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Talten</span></span>, a
+Mountain in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meath</span></span>, for fifteen Days before,
+and fifteen Days after the First of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August</span></span>. Their
+first Institution is ascribed to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lughaid-lam-fadha</span></span>,
+the twelfth King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, who began his
+Reign <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A. M.</span></span> 2764 (a sufficient Proof of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>'s Antiquity as a Kingdom). They were
+ordained by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lughaid</span></span>, in Gratitude to the Memory
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tailte</span></span>, the Daughter of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magh-More</span></span>,
+(a Prince of some Part of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spain</span></span>) who having been married
+to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eochaid</span></span>, King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, took the
+same <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lughaid</span></span> under her Protection, and had the Care
+of his Education in his Minority. From this
+Princess both the Sports, and the Place where
+they were celebrated, took their Names: From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lughaid</span></span>, the
+First of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August</span></span> was called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lugnasa</span></span>,
+or the Memory of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lughaid</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nasa</span></span> signifying
+Memory, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Language.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Year of the World 2700, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gideon</span></span> then
+reigning fourth Judge of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebrews</span></span>, appear'd
+many Heroes, as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hercules</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orpheus</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Castor</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pollux</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Argonauts</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jason</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laomedon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thesæus</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dedalus</span></span>, &amp;c. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazones</span></span>,
+Heroines of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scythic</span></span>
+Extraction, having lost their Husbands in
+Battle, took up Arms themselves, with a manly
+Spirit of Resentment, and (inspired with Love
+of their deceased Husbands, and Grief for so
+great and irretrievable a Loss!) subdued <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Asia</span></span>,
+and built <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ephesus</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hercules</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thesæus</span></span> waged
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+War against those Heroines, and defeated them,
+more to the Glory of the Vanquished than their
+own, those Matrons having defended themselves
+with surprizing Resolution. They cut off the
+Guards set over them, and escaped the Severity
+and Pride of their Conquerors. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hercules</span></span>, in
+Honour of such extraordinary heroick Females,
+instituted the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympick</span></span> Games; as likewise did
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thesæus</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isthmian</span></span>, in the Year of
+the World, about 2700, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taltenian</span></span> Sports, the very same
+with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympick</span></span>, brought sixty-four Years after
+from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spain</span></span> into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tailte</span></span>, and her Followers.
+Now this <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tailte</span></span>, Queen of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, was
+the Grand-daughter of an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazone</span></span> Princess,
+those immortal Females having, with their Progeny,
+Friends and Followers, to avoid the ruinous
+Hostilities of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hercules</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thesæus</span></span>,
+sought Shelter in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spain</span></span>, whither they imported the
+Learning of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trismegistus</span></span>, the Grandson of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mercury</span></span>, and Glory of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ægypt</span></span>, together
+with all the literary Arts derived into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greece</span></span>, from
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phœnicia</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cadmus</span></span>, the Brother
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europa</span></span>, about the Year of the World 2530,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Othoniel</span></span> then reigning the first Judge of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebrews</span></span>. The Posterity of this ancient and illustrious Colony,
+about the Year of the World 3000, (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Solomon</span></span> then
+reigning with great Splendour, third King of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebrews</span></span>) settled in this Kingdom, as before
+observed: So that, by an impartial Estimate of
+Dates, Periods, and Facts, our Origin is well
+ascertained, our early Possession of Letters, wise
+Policy, and the politer Arts, proved, and the
+Remark of an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italian</span></span> Monk in the 7th Century,
+from the University of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mongret</span></span>, in an Epistle
+to his Correspondent at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome</span></span>, justified,
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Nil mirum
+Populum hunc Celtico Scythicum è præclarâ
+Amazonidum stirpê oriundum, verâ Religionê et
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">
+incorruptâ Fide illuminatum, sapientia Doctrina
+optimisque Morbidus ornatum, viros fortes et Fæminas
+castas plerumque procreare</span></span>. A Rescript of
+this Original Epistle still extant, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vatican</span></span>
+Library, some Years ago in the Hands of Father
+Don <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Levy</span></span>, may therefore, I believe, be
+found in the College of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lombard</span></span> at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this shining Period were Cathedrals and
+Churches erected, Universities founded and
+established, Colleges, Seminaries and Schools
+propagated in many Parts of this Kingdom,
+which, at the same Time, became a peaceful
+and hospitable Retreat to religious and learned
+Men, disturbed on the Continent of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span>, by
+the frequent Invasions, and cruel Hostilities of
+the North-men, whose Piracies and Barbarity,
+even <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> could not always escape! For,
+from the Time of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Artigrius</span></span>, Archbishop of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ardmagh</span></span> in 822, for near 200 Years the cruel
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Danes</span></span> miserably ravaged this Kingdom, destroying,
+by Fire and Sword, every Establishment,
+as well of Piety as Learning, (to both which,
+and to all religious Maxims of civilized Society,
+they had been avowed implacable Enemies) till
+they were themselves, in 1014, totally defeated
+at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clontarf</span></span>, by the invincible Arms of the Great
+Monarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bryan Borou</span></span>, from whom descended
+a Race conspicuous for exemplary Prelates, heroick
+Leaders, and steady Patriots.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The learned Author of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissertations</span></span> before-mentioned,
+charges this Hero with a Violation
+of the Constitution of his Country: Yet the
+Violation seems of far earlier Date, when the
+supreme Monarchy was, by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hugonian</span></span> Law,
+inalienably united to one Family, whose Sovereignty,
+however founded originally, whether
+by Birth, or Election, was essential to the public
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Welfare: For we must allow that the Preservation
+of the People is the principal Law to which all others are subordinate.
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Salus Populi
+suprema Lex</span></span>; and equally, that not only the
+Necessities, but the Safety also of the People, at
+that Time of Danger and Distraction, eagerly
+called forth the Conduct and Valour, the protective
+and restorative Abilities of that great and
+virtuous Man, of whom a faithful Historian,
+in his Detail of the Battle of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clontarf</span></span>, says;
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Integrâ prius adept a Victoriâ rebus
+humanis eodem Diê excessit vir Bellô ac Pacê summus, Justitiæ,
+Religionis, Literarum, Cultor eximius, et cum Carolo
+Magno utique comparandus</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the 239th Page of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissertations</span></span>, the excellent
+Author expresseth himself as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I now proceed to give some Account of the
+second Royal House of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scots</span></span>, the oldest of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Milesian</span></span> Race, and the Posterity of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eber</span></span>.”</span> This
+Race then being avowed the oldest, in Respect
+of Primogeniture, must, of Course, have been
+prior in Point of Dignity and Sway, or at least,
+equally entitled to the Election of the People
+to such Ranks; were not those by violent Measures
+annexed to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heremonian</span></span> Line: Yet, however
+this might have been, certain it is, that no
+Houses that we read of, ancient or modern,
+have produced a greater Number of truly heroick
+Princes, or of longer Continuance, than
+those of the North and South <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hy-Nial</span></span>; from
+whom also issued many noble Families of real
+Worth, and equal Renown. With <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bryan</span></span>, the
+happy Genius of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, in a great Measure,
+expired: For the cruel <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Danes</span></span> had, for near 200
+Years before, so wofully overturned the Universities
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ardmagh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dondaleith-Glass</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mongret</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lismore</span></span>, with all
+other Seminaries of Piety
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and Learning, (the only genuine Sources of national
+Greatness, Concord, good Discipline, and
+Happiness) had obliged, in the 8th Century,
+so many learned Men to seek that Shelter and
+Security on the Continent, which the barbarous
+Hostilities, and impious Manners of those Northerns,
+denied them at Home; had made such
+frequent lamentable Breaches in the antient, wise
+Constitution of the Kingdom; had, by the fatal
+Example of their profligate dissolute Lives, so
+vitiated the national Morality; and finally, had
+left behind them so many noxious Seeds of Faction
+and Anarchy, as, in less than two Centuries,
+gave up a Kingdom, of above 2000 Years
+Establishment, the unaccountable Prey of a
+few adventurous <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Normans</span></span>!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick</span></span> governed the See of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span> about
+ten Years, and, in a Voyage to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>, perished
+by Shipwreck, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British</span></span> Sea, on the
+16th of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October</span></span>, 1084; having been sent to
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lanfranc</span></span>, Archbishop of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canterbury</span></span>,
+by King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tirdelvac</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Donat</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dongus O'Haingly</span></span>, having spent
+some Time in the Study of useful Learning in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, went over into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>,
+and became a Benedictine Monk at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canterbury</span></span>. He was afterwards,
+(by the Consent of King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tirdelvac</span></span>, and
+the Clergy of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span>) consecrated,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A. D.</span></span> 1085, in the Cathedral of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canterbury</span></span>, by the before-mentioned
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lanfranc</span></span>, to whom he made the following
+Profession of Obedience:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Donat</span></span>, Bishop of the See of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span> in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, do promise
+Canonical Obedience to you, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O' Lanfranc</span></span>, Archbishop of the
+holy Church of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canterbury</span></span>, and to your Successors.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is evident that the Title of the Kings of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span> to this Kingdom, by Papal Donation,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+or Appointment, was very insufficient, if not
+absolutely trifling: Nor could a Right of Conquest
+be urged in any Period of the Reign of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Second, or his Descendants. But
+the Great and Royal Families of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, long
+the Prey of Faction, deliberately preferred a
+limitted and stipulated Submission to foreign
+Authority, to the various Evils arising from
+intestine Feuds and Animosities; and this, had
+the wise Conditions thereof been constantly attended
+to, with mutual Observance, had been
+a sound Title, well and judiciously founded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+True it is, that after the Surrender of the
+Crown by King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John</span></span> to the See of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome</span></span>,
+the Pope exerted some temporal Authority in this
+Kingdom, instanced in his having created <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mc.
+Con More Mc. Namaras</span></span><a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> Duke of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Klan Cullane</span></span>,
+a Man of great Valour and Piety, supported by
+ample Possessions in the Baronies of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tulla</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bunratty</span></span>, in the County of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clare</span></span>;
+which extensive Districts entirely belonged to that ancient,
+hospitable, martial, and religious Race,
+of which <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mc. Con More</span></span> was Chief: The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mc.
+Namaras</span></span>, more or less, have in all Ages made,
+and still continue to make, a distinguished Figure,
+as well in the Field, as in the learned Professions;
+and were formerly so warlike a People,
+that of themselves they formed an heroic Cavalry,
+justly stiled the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phalanx</span></span> of that Part of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> wherein they resided.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+How our Neighbours came to call us <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">waild
+Ayrish</span></span>, I am a Loss to conjecture; it being evident
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+we have been a thousand Years, at least,
+in Possession of Letters, Laws, and Civility,
+before the Arrival of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julius Cæsar</span></span>
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Britain</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I am equally at a Loss to know why a Man
+should become a standing Jest for his Ignorance
+in an alien Tongue, almost the constant Fate of
+our Countrymen in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Britain</span></span>, where, whoever is
+not smartly expert in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span> Language, is
+immediately denominated a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teague</span></span>, a
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paddy</span></span>, or I know not what, in the Stile of Derision: At
+the same Time that the most awkward-tongued
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irishman</span></span> in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span> speaks
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span> with far more
+Propriety, and a better Accent, than the smartest
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British Petit Maitre</span></span> in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span> doth
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some dramatick Scriblers, (probably of our
+own degenerate Growth) the better to qualify
+them for eleemosinary Dinners, gave Rise to this
+impertinent Treatment of a Nation, which, from
+the concurrent Testimonies of all the Dispassionate
+and Learned, can, in Reality, be as little the
+Object of Scurrility, as any other.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Why should even poor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teague</span></span> prove so constant
+a Butt, to Farce-wrights, and Hackney
+Laughers; when, upon Examination, he is, by
+a thousand Degrees, preferable to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British</span></span>
+Hobbinol, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span> Gregoire? For
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teague</span></span> is
+a very Pattern of Hospitality; so much so, that
+if a Gentleman should happen to miss his Road,
+and be nessitated to seek the Shelter of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teague</span></span>'s
+Cabbin, or Hut, was poor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teague</span></span> trusting to
+two Sheep for his worldly Subsistance, he would
+kill one, and sell the other, at the next Village
+or Inn, for the better Entertainment of his
+Guest, and think himself happy in such an
+Occasion of approving his Generosity and Respect:
+He would the next Morning abandon his
+Spade, and chearfully trot ten Miles to shew
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+such bewilder'd Gentleman the right Road. He
+is naturally civil, generous, and hospitable, (for
+scarce a Night passeth that poor Travellers are
+not entertained in his Cottage,) extremely respectful
+to his Superiors, and to his Lord and
+Master faithful to Death. The military Annals
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span> proclaim his Capacity and Taste for
+Fighting; then if you should take this identical
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teague</span></span>'s infant Son, and give him a regular
+liberal Education, it is one hundred to one,
+but he turns out a Gentleman of Merit, Learning,
+Worth, and Politeness; whereas it would
+certainly require more than <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herculean</span></span>
+Labour to chissel a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French Paisan</span></span>, a primitive
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Westmoreland</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Devonshire</span></span> Boor,
+not only into the Form of an elegant, but even into that
+of a sociable Creature.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Insignificancy of those Jesters and Spatterers,
+will more clearly appear, if we look
+back to the wise, free, and truly parliamentary
+Constitution of this Kingdom; if we recollect
+the vast Length of its Duration, as a free and
+independant State; the military Prowess of its
+Inhabitants in all Ages; their victorious Conflicts
+with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romans</span></span>, and with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span>
+under <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Vth, and the Black
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prince</span></span>; their having founded a Monarchy in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Britain</span></span>, whence, by a Right of Descent, in Addition to
+every other, his present Majesty, (whom God
+long preserve,) by the special Providence and
+infinite Mercy of Heaven, ruleth over us: If
+we consider the Number of our Universities,
+Colleges, and Academies, religious Monasteries
+and pious Seminaries, resorted to from all
+civilized Parts of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span>, our Metropolitical
+and Diocesan Cathedrals; on such impartial Review,
+surely, the foregoing Tribe of Sneerers
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and Flouters must dwindle into deserved Contempt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I shall close this feeble Attempt on the antient
+State of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, with the Description thereof
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Donat</span></span>, Bishop of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fesulæ</span></span>, near
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Florence</span></span>, in the 7th or 8th Century; referring, at the same
+Time, to the most authentick <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British</span></span> Antiquaries,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Campden</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giraldus Cambrensis</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buchanan</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ware</span></span>, &amp;c. for
+Confirmation of what hath been previously observed on the same Subject.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Finibus Occiduis describitur
+optima Tellus,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Nomine et Antiquis
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Scotia</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> scripta Libris——</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Insula dives Opum, Gemmarum,
+Vestis et Auri,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Commoda Corporibus, Aere sole
+Solo;</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Melle fluit pulchris et
+lacteis </span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Scotia</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> Campis</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Vestibus atque Armis,
+frugibus, arte viris.</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Ursorum Rabies, nulla est ibi;
+sæva Leonum</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Semina, nec unquam
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Scotica</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> Terra tulit</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Nulla Venena nocent, nec
+Serpens serpit in Herbâ,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Nec conquesta canit
+Garula Rana Lacu;</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">In qua
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">Scotorum</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> Gentes habitare merentur</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Inclita Gens Hominum
+Milite, Pace, Fide.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus Englished by the Ingenius and Reverend
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dunkin</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Far Westward, lies an Isle of antient Fame,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">By Nature bless'd, and <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Scotia</span></span> is her Name;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Enroll'd in Books: Exhaustless is her Store</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Of veiny Silver, and of Golden Ore:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Her fruitful Soil for ever teams with Wealth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">With Gems her Waters, and her Air with Health:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Her verdant Fields with Milk and Honey flow;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Her woolly Fleeces vie with Virgin Snow:</div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Her waving Furrows float with bearded Corn,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">And Arms and Arts her envy'd Sons adorn.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">No savage Bear, with lawless Fury, roves;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">No rav'nous Lion, thro' her peaceful Groves;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">No Poison there infects; no scaly Snake</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Creeps thro' the Grass, nor Frog annoys the Lake:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">An Island worthy of its pious Race,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">In War triumphant, and unmatch'd in Peace.”</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Donat</span></span>, Bishop of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fesula</span></span>, was an
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irishman</span></span>, of the antient and hospitable Family, afterwards
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Hogan</span></span>; a Family which held ample and
+fair Possessions in the Province of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Munster</span></span>, and
+which, in former Times, adorned the See of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Killaloe</span></span>, with four very learned and exemplary
+Prelates; namely, with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Matthew O Hogan</span></span>, who
+succeeded to this Bishoprick, in the Reign of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the IIId, and in the Year of our Lord
+1267; and who, having much enlarged his Diocese,
+and done many signal Acts of popular Charity,
+died in the Year, 1281, and was buried
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Limerick</span></span>, in a Convent of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dominican</span></span>
+Friars. To this Bishop succeeded <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maurice O Hogan</span></span>,
+who governed this See with peculiar Zeal and
+Charity, upwards of sixteen Years, and died in
+1298, or the Year following, and was buried
+in his own Church. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thomas O Hogan</span></span>, Canon
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Killaloe</span></span>, was consecrated in 1343, and died
+on the 30th of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October</span></span>, 1354; five Days after
+which, he was buried among his worthy Ancestors
+at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nenagh</span></span>; as may be seen in the Annals
+of that Place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Richard O Hogan</span></span> succeeded to the See of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Killaloe</span></span>, in 1525, and was in 1539 translated to
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clon Mac Nois</span></span>: He was a Prelate of great
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Learning and Capacity, in all spiritual and ecclesiastical
+Matters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This antient Family is, at this Time, represented
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Edmund O Hogan</span></span>, Esq; High Sheriff
+of the County of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clare</span></span>, a Gentleman, who,
+by the whole Tenor of his Life, hath proved
+Generosity of Heart, Charity, and Hospitality,
+to be Qualities inherent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dermod Mac Murchad</span></span>, sovereign Prince of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hy-Kinsellagh</span></span>, banished by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roderick O
+Connor</span></span>, King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, for his various and high State
+Crimes, sought Sanctuary and Redress in the
+Court of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>; where, in the Absence of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span>, then in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Normandy</span></span>, diverse
+adventurous <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Normans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Flemings</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saxons</span></span>, and old <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Britons</span></span>, (being
+themselves unsettled, and unestablished) acceded
+to the Fate and Fortunes of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dermod</span></span>, under
+the Conduct of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Strongbow</span></span>, Earl of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pembroke</span></span>; whose casual Success in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, against <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roderick</span></span>
+(owing <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">more</span></em> to the general Defection, at that
+fatal Period, of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Chiefs against their
+lawful Sovereign, than to any <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">superior Valour</span></em> or
+Address of those Adventurers) induced <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> to
+a deliberate and grand Invasion of a Kingdom,
+to which he could lay no Claim on the Score of
+Nature, Reason, or Right, and whither his
+pretended Mission, on the Score of collecting
+St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peter</span></span>'s Dues, (which St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peter</span></span>
+himself never once thought of, or imagined) was as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ridiculous</span></em>
+as <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">groundless</span></em>. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Summa Dies</span></span>, however, arrived:
+and the People of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, wearied out
+with intestine Strife, acknowledged <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> for
+their Sovereign Lord; and a grand Charter of
+Rights and Covenants, mutual Protection and
+Allegiance, was entered into, anteriorly to that
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>. How well this Charter was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">observed</span></em>
+on the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">protective</span></em> Side, the absolute Anarchy of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+near four Centuries, from its original Date and
+Perfection, to the Reign of Queen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elizabeth</span></span>,
+demonstrates: A whole Nation, that sought
+Protection, and that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">agreed</span></em> for quiet, regular,
+and lawful Government, upon rationable Terms,
+deprived of the Power of ordaining Laws for
+its own Security and Well-being, and precluded
+(all to four or five great and favourite Families)
+from the Benefits and Advantages accruing from
+those of that Kingdom, to which it had voluntarily
+united itself; exposed, through such a
+Length of Time, to arbitary Depredations, and
+unpunished, unredressed, uncensured Rapine,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quis talia sando temperet a Lachrymis</span></span>!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> called back into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>,
+to lay the Storms raised by his rebellious Sons, with
+whom and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thomas Becket</span></span>, Archbishop of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canterbury</span></span>,
+he was so constantly embroiled to the
+End of his Life, that he could little attend to
+the Settlement of the Affairs of this new acquired
+Sovereignty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Richard</span></span> the First, his immediate Successor,
+called away to the Holy Wars against the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saracens</span></span>,
+had as little Leisure as his Predecessor to
+promote the Quiet, or Happiness of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the usurped Authority of King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John</span></span>, a
+continued Series of Papal Animosity, Bloodshed,
+Calamities and Piracies, closed at last by
+Poison; little beside political Disasters of all
+Sorts, could be expected.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Third, through a Reign of Fifty-six
+Years, was continually involved in Troubles
+and Hostilities, with his inflexible <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span> Barons.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Edward</span></span> the First, a great and warlike Prince,
+was, throughout his whole Reign, engaged in
+the Reduction of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Welch</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scots</span></span>,
+and so
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+intent thereon, that he could turn his Thoughts
+to no other Object.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Edward</span></span> the Second, indeed, sent
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gaveston</span></span> hither,
+more to screen him from the implacable
+Resentments of the stubborn <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span> Nobility,
+than to render any good Offices to the Inhabitants
+of this Country; who, indiscriminately,
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Strongbownians</span></span> as well as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>)
+felt the Severity of that insolent Favourite's Measures.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Richard</span></span> the Second visited this Kingdom in
+Person, with the good Intentions of establishing
+Peace, Order, and Harmony, in a valuable but
+long neglected Estate: Yet his own adverse
+Fate, conspiring with that of this Land, called
+him back, before he could carry his favourable
+Resolutions into Execution, to defend his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span>
+Dominions from the hostile Attacks of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span>,
+Earl of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hereford</span></span>, who, with the Duke of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Norfolk</span></span>, Son to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John</span></span> of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gaunt</span></span>, had some Years before
+been banished by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Richard</span></span>, to prevent a
+personal Combat: This King, worthy more
+propitious Stars, long agitated and afflicted by
+the Turbulence and irreconcilable Obstinacy of
+his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British</span></span> Subjects, perished at last under the
+impious Hands of Sir <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pierce</span></span> of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exton</span></span>,
+who, at the Head of eight barbarous armed Assassins,
+rushed into his Chamber, and murdered him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Reign of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Fourth was short,
+tumultuous, and bloody; Deluges of noble Blood
+having been shed by the bare Hands of the
+common Executioner, to confirm a Throne acquired
+by abominable Crimes, and Violence!
+And no sooner had these dreadful Storms begun
+to abate, than <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> was forced to depart from
+a Scene he had more adorned, (for he was,
+without Question, a great and valiant Man)
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+had not his Ambition blindly hurried him beyond
+the Bounds of Justice and Nature.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Fifth, his Son and Successor, and
+truly Inheritor of his Ambition and warlike
+Genius, imagining himself aggrieved by the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Salique Law</span></span>, which excluded his Great Great-Grandmother,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isabel</span></span>, from the Monarchy of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span>, turned his elevated Thoughts intirely
+to the Conquest of that Kingdom: Wherein,
+by his own vast Merit in martial Affairs, and
+the Co-operation of the Queen of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span>, (Consort
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the Sixth, then frantick,) and that
+of the Duke of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Burgundy</span></span>, a great and powerful
+Prince, he so far succeeded, as, after his Marriage
+with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Catharine de Valois</span></span>, Daughter of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the Sixth, to be crowned, and acknowledged
+King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To this great and victorious Monarch succeeded
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Sixth, who, through a long,
+various, and constantly clouded Reign, seemed
+the very Play of Fortune! This Day a King,
+the next a Prisoner! One Day acknowleged by
+his Parliament, the next attainted! One Day a
+Conqueror, and the next a Captive!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fierce, frequent, and bloody, were the Conflicts
+between the Houses of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">York</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lancaster</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">White</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Red Roses</span></span>; the former
+endeavouring to recover its Loss, the latter to maintain
+its usurped Authority. In this dreadful Quarrel
+perished two hundred thousand of private Soldiers;
+ten thousand of the Nobility, Gentry,
+and Persons of Distinction; three Kings; and,
+at last, the entire Race of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plantagenet</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Edward</span></span> the Fourth soon fell, by his natural
+Intemperance, or rather by the insatiable Cruelty
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>; who had already sacrificed his
+Brother <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clarence</span></span>, to pave his Way to the Throne.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Nor better fared it with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Edward</span></span> the Fifth, who,
+by all the Arts of Seduction and Delusion,
+which his unnatural Uncle and Guardian,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Richard</span></span>, practised on the Fears and Weakness
+of the Queen Dowager; was, with his Brother
+the Duke of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">York</span></span>, conveyed with great Pomp
+to the Tower; where the bloody Tyrant, aided
+by the Duke of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buckingham</span></span>, soon sacrificed
+those young, innocent and hopeful Princes to
+his wicked and boundless Ambition. But he
+soon after lost his own flagitious Life, and a
+most cruelly-acquired Crown, on the Plains of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bosworth</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To him succeeded <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Seventh, and the
+first of the Race of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tudor</span></span>, a great, wise and
+valiant Prince, but rather too much inclined to
+Rigour, and Avarice; Imperfections which extremely
+blemished his other great Qualities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the tenth Year of this Reign, the Parliamentary
+Constitution of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> received a
+deeper Stab than had ever before, or since, been
+inflicted thereon, by a Statute Law, commonly
+called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poynin</span></span>'s Act; by which a new, and, till
+that wretched Period, an unheard of Order, was
+added to the three established Ranks of the
+State. By this Law, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span> Privy-Council
+may impose a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Negative</span></span> on the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">free</span></em> and
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unanimous</span></em> Parliamentary Ordinances of the representative
+Body of the Kingdom of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>; a manifest
+Injury to the Authority and Dignity of Parliament;
+and an equal Diminution of the Royal
+Prerogative, that only should include, and
+should alone exert, a Power so important.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Times dark, tumultuated and dangerous,
+no Wonder extraordinary Laws should pass:
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Desperate Diseases</span></span> require <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">desperate
+Remedies</span></span>: But when the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fever</span></span> is removed, it certainly is a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+horrid Management to leave the blistering
+Plaister <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">still sticking</span></em> to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">recovered</span></em> Patient's
+Back.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Distempers of this Nation were heavy,
+complicated and chronic; and finally curable,
+only by the salutary all-healing Hands of our
+present King, and present Parliament.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the Seventh succeeded <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the
+Eighth, as consummate a Tyrant, in every
+Sense, as ever swayed the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British</span></span>, or any other
+Sceptre; whose whole Life was so continued a
+Scene of wanton Dissipation, Lust, Cruelty,
+Rapine, Bloodshed and Sacrilege, that it must
+have been a peculiar Happiness, to any Part of
+his Dominions, to have been <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">neglected</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">forgotten</span></em>
+by him: Nor could the two succeeding
+Reigns of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Edward</span></span> the Sixth, and Queen
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mary</span></span>,
+short, various, cloudy, and vastly agitated on
+the Score of Religion, (which, in those two
+Reigns, took Faces almost diametrically opposite,)
+afford this Kingdom much reflected
+Sunshine.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To those ensued that of Queen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elizabeth</span></span>, a
+Princess of powerful Abilities, who, truly intent
+on the Peace and Welfare of her Subjects,
+caused her Laws to operate, and Justice to circulate
+in this Kingdom, abandoned, as hath
+been observed, to a State almost of Anarchy,
+thro' a dismal Series of seventeen Reigns: But
+the Reformation in Religion, which she established
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>, and introduced in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>,
+much obviated her Purposes for the latter Kingdom:
+For, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>, more tenacious of their
+Altars, than of their Fire-places, could not
+easily reconcile themselves to the Exchange of a
+Religion they deemed a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">new one</span></em>, for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">that</span></em> they
+had been in Possession of from the fourth, to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the fifteenth Century: Which produced a rebellious
+Defection, in a few of the principal
+Chieftains of this Land, and gave Occasion to
+the greedy Provincial Precedents, of trumping
+up <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">imaginary Rebellions</span></em>, to pave the Way to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">real
+Forfeitures</span></em>; thereby to aggrandize their own
+Houses; what some of them effectually accomplished,
+to the Ruin and Extirpation of
+many honest Families.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This great and illustrious Princess, (whose
+Reign had remained untarnished, had it not
+been for the Death of the ill-fated Queen of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland</span></span>) was succeeded by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span> the
+Sixth of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland</span></span>, and the first of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Stuart</span></span> Race that governed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>: From
+this Prince, descended of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Kings, the People of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> might have expected many Favours and Immunities;
+wherein, however, they were miserably disappointed:
+Which, with a Train of other Hardships
+and antiparental Severities, (particularly
+his alienating, at <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one Stroke</span></em>, six of the best
+Counties in the Kingdom, on the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">procured</span></em> Testimony
+of an obscure wretched Individual, one
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teige Lenane</span></span>,) is too sufficient and too lasting a
+Proof of: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heu! tot Conquesta Annorum, hauserit
+una Dies!</span></span> The Possession of at least twenty
+Centuries, of the great and good, the heroic
+and hospitable <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Neils</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Donnels</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Guires</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Gennises</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Reillys</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Cahanes</span></span>, &amp;c. ravished
+away to gratify hungry Favourites, and indigent
+Relatives! the six Counties, however, as the
+Law Term has it, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">escheated</span></span>. Had the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Highlands</span></span> of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland</span></span>, at that unhappy
+Period, been more populated, probably six or eight Counties <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">more</span></em>
+had been procured to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">escheat</span></span>, and there had been
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a braa Clutch of bonny Traitors</span></span>; the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Connors</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Carthys</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Briens</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Donnels</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Hares</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Malones</span></span>, &amp;c. had been <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> in the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">same Bottom</span></em> with the Families above mentioned; especially,
+as they could not, according to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span> the First's
+own Phrase, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">look to the Pope, and row with
+him</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span> the 6th of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland</span></span>, and first
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>, succeeded <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the First;
+who, notwithstanding his eminent Possession of all the
+Virtues that adorn and illustrate human Nature,
+could neither divert the adverse Fate of Subjects,
+or prevent his own.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Disseisin of many honest Families in the
+County of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kilkenny</span></span>, and elsewhere, by the Earl
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Strafford</span></span>, on stale Pretences of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Non
+Performance of Covenants</span></span> on their Part; his Attempt of
+confiscating twenty-five Parts in thirty of the
+whole Province of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Connaught</span></span>, on a Claim of
+Descent, dormant 300 Years, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">originally ill
+founded</span></em>, with the arbitrary Steps by him taken to
+the Accomplishment of this wasteful Purpose;
+too clearly proved that Nobleman a second
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verres</span></span>. The cruel and intoxicated Administration
+of the Rump Parliament; the insolent, licentious,
+and riotous Controul of the military
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Independents</span></span>; the abject Tyranny of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oliver
+Cromwell</span></span>, who prostrated Constitution, Church
+and State, will always be recollected with the
+Contempt, Horror, and Detestation of every
+good Subject.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Calamities from 1641, to the happy Restoration
+of King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the Second, in 1660,
+being common to all good Subjects, were the
+more tolerable, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ferre quam sortem
+patiuntur omnes, nemo recusat</span></span>: But now or never, surely, might
+his ever loyal, ever faithful <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Subjects have,
+with the most reasonable Assurance, hoped, if
+not for publick and lasting Rewards, the common
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Wages of uncommon Fidelity; at least,
+for a Restitution of what had been their own,
+through Ages immemorial.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Will late Posterity <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">believe</span></em>, that, in Favour of
+mercenary Adventurers, who advanced Money
+to provide for a desperate regicide Army; in
+Favour of the Officers of this same Army, whom
+their Ringleader <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cromwell</span></span>, seared as his Conscience
+was, indulged with no more than <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">temporary</span></em>
+Grants of the Estates belonging to the
+King's most faithful Subjects: Will Posterity,
+I say, believe, that, in special Favour of such
+Men, those <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">identical Subjects</span></em>, the bravest Advocates,
+as well as the most affectionate undeviating
+Friends of the Monarchy and Constitution,
+were <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">for ever</span></em> deprived of their Properties! To
+remunerate the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">others</span></em>, the most <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">inveterate</span></em> and
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">implacable</span></em> Enemies of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">EITHER</span></span>! <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Doing
+Good for Evil</span></em> is a Divine Precept, and certainly includes
+a most sublime Moral; but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">rendering Evil for
+Good</span></em>, is such a Principle as must carry Horror
+with it, among savage Nations!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span>'s immediate Letter, on
+this Subject, to King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the Second, as it
+reflects Honour on the Memory of those illustrious
+Sufferers, I therefore take Leave to transcribe
+in this Place.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb">* * * * * </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">His Most Christian Majesty's Letter to the King of
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Great Britain</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">, in Favour of the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman
+Catholicks</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> of </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span><span style="font-style: italic">.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Most High, Most Excellent, and Most
+Potent Prince, our dear and well-beloved Brother
+and Cousin! At the same Time that we
+have been told of your Majesty's great Goodness
+towards your Subjects, and the Precedent
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+you have given of an extraordinary Clemency,
+in granting them your general Amnesty
+(some few only excepted, of those
+whom the Blood of their King, and that of
+his People, cry aloud to Heaven for Revenge
+against). We could not but let your Majesty
+know, that we were extremely surprized to
+hear, that the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Catholicks</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> of </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+were </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">excluded</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> from that Act of Oblivion, and, by
+that Means, put into the Number of the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">most
+criminal</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">! This News has so much the more
+excited our Compassion towards them, that
+we have been informed, that, in </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">all the
+Changes</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> which have hitherto happened in your
+Dominions, and in the almost general </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Defection
+of</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> your Subjects, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">none</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> stood </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">more constant</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">
+to their lawful Sovereign, even in the greatest
+Streights, than the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Catholicks</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">: So that, if
+they are now branded for their Religion, it
+may be said, for their Honour, that, in
+Times past, none could be found </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">readier</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, or
+more </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">cheerfully disposed</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, than </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">they</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, to serve
+and assist their Prince; and that with so
+much </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ardour</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, that their Zeal then for the
+Royal Family was reckoned a certain Mark
+of their true Religion. It is for that Reason
+that we now become their Intercessors to you:
+For, otherwise, had they </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">failed</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> in the Fidelity
+they owe you, instead of interceding for
+them, we would join with you in using them
+with all imaginable Rigour; and it would
+never come into our Thoughts to concern
+ourselves, as we do, for the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Catholicks</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> of
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">; though we </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">were obliged to it</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, by the last
+Treaty of Peace made with the Marquess of
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ormond</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, and which was granted them by our
+Mediation. And, as we are well assured,
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+that, since the Conclusion of that Peace, they
+have done Nothing which can be called a
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Failure of their Duty to you</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, we find ourselves
+under so much the greater Obligation to conjure
+you, to make good that Treaty to them,
+in that they </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">religiously</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> observed it on </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">their</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Side, in all its Parts: And to beseech you
+not to suffer, that either the Hatred, which
+an immoderate Zeal swells some bigotted Sectaries
+with, nor the unlucky Spoils of these
+poor People, render criminal or miserable the
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">most faithful</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> of your Subjects; to whom their
+lawful King, as you are, is not </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">the less dear</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+nor </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">less respected</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, because of a </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">different Belief</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">
+from </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">theirs</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. We propose Nothing to ourselves
+in this, nor ask any Thing, but what
+we daily </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">practise</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (as you may know) towards
+those of our Subjects who are of the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">reformed
+Religion</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. And, as we have commanded the
+Sieur Marquis </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">de Rouvigny</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> to explain our
+Sentiments more amply on this Subject to
+you, be pleased to give him a favourable Audience:
+And, above all Things, be perswaded,
+that, in this Affair, we have no less your
+own </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">true Interest</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> in View, than what </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">natural
+Reason</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> and </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Equity</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> requires; and that our sincere
+Friendship for you is the principal Motive
+of this Request. Dated at </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Paris</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, the 7th
+of </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">September</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, 1660.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">good</span></em> King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span>, regardless of this important
+Solicitation, unattentive to the plain Suggestions
+of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">common Right</span></em>, and unaccountably
+forgetful of all their <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">past signal Services</span></em> and inviolate
+Zeal; observed indeed that those faithful
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Subjects had no Stock; consequently, that
+dispossessing the Adherents of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oliver</span></span>, who, with
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Land, had pirated the national Stock, would
+cause much Confusion. As for the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">former</span></em>, he
+hoped some Settlement might in Time be found
+for them; (in Truth, I believe, for aught his
+Majesty in Reality concerned himself, this might
+have been in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Terra Australis Incognita</span></span>). Their
+Want of Stock is the less to be admired at, it
+being well known, that, with their Pay in foreign
+Service, chiefly expended to contribute all
+in their Power to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Royal Support</span></span>, they even
+went so far as to sell their Plate, and valuable
+Moveables, to answer the same <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">generous Purpose</span></em>:
+But, when every known Acre in the Kingdom,
+that could be disposed of, was given away
+by Wholesale to the Duke of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">York</span></span>, the Heir-apparent
+of the Crown, (partial Distribution!)
+to new-fangled Favourites, and the staunch old
+Enemies of Church and Crown; it was hoped
+some Lands might be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">yet</span></em> discovered, to satisfy
+and compensate those <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Worthies, who had
+Nothing left for their Support, beside an inalienable
+Sense of Honour and Loyalty, and a Character
+of invincible Fidelity (which all Nations
+admired and applauded). No such Discovery,
+however, was made, nor any relative to the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>, under that Administration, but what
+tended to convince them, by the famous Act
+of Settlement, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span> of the extraordinary severe
+Peculiarity of their Fate! Yet, ordained to
+shew Posterity unprecedented Specimens of Loyalty
+and Zeal, they still adhered, with inflexible
+Constancy, to the Fortunes of King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span> the
+Second, not mindful of their Injuries by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span>
+the First, their unexampled Sufferings by the
+excessive harsh Measures of King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> the
+First, his Ministers, and Deputies, or their unheard-of
+Treatment (I won't say <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Wrongs</span></em>, it
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+being a Maxim the King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span> can do none)
+by King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charles</span></span> II. Little Wonder, a House,
+constantly sapping it's own best Pillars, should
+at length fall.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span> the Second, constrained to abdicate
+the Throne of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>, endeavoured the
+Preservation of this his Kingdom of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>,
+where his faithful Subjects, (a Remnant of the
+various and manifold Wastes of foregoing
+Reigns) considering the thousand Disadvantages
+they laboured under, made <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such a Stand</span></em> as later
+Ages will look up to with Astonishment! A
+Parcel of Men, congregated in the utmost Hurry
+and Confusion, undisciplin'd, unarm'd, uncloathed,
+unpaid! Yet did those very Men,
+animated by the Example of their heroick Leaders,
+(I mean their immediate Lords and Countrymen)
+on the Plains of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aughrim</span></span>, convince
+the best veteran Army that Day in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span>, superior
+in Numbers, excellently provided for in
+every Respect, and conducted by a Prince of
+singular Valour and Address, that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irishmen</span></span> were
+deserving of more auspicious Stars.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Never was a more gallant Defence than they,
+after this, made in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Limerick</span></span>; where, although
+abandoned by the Prince, (whose Cause they
+had so remarkably espoused) and his auxiliary
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span>, they obtained an honourable
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Capitulation</span></span> from those in Commission under King
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">William</span></span> the Third, whose strict <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Observance</span></em>
+thereof, to the End of his glorious Life, reflects,
+among many other his great Atchievements,
+deserved Honour on his Memory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The distinguished Figure made by those
+Noblemen and Gentlemen, who, regardless of
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Property</span></em> or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Ease</span></em>, followed the Destiny of that
+hard-fated Prince, King <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span> the Second,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+(namely, the Lords <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mount-Cashel</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tyrconnel</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clare</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lucan</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dillons</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nugents</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rooths</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Burkes</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lees</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fitz-Geralds</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cooks</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lacys</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Browns</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wogans</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baggots</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheridans</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Creaghs</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plunkets</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barnewals</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Neagles</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lallys</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Carthys</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac
+Donnels</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Guires</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Namarras</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Mahons</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Gennis's</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Neils</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Connors</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Donnels</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Briens</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Dwyers</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Shaghnussys</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Mahonys</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Sullivans</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Kellys</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Ferralls</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Reillys</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Haras</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Hogans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Byrnes</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">O Daes</span></span>, &amp;c.
+&amp;c. &amp;c. the military Annals of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Germany</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spain</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Flanders</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italy</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Naples</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Russia</span></span>), must bear ample and authentic Testimony
+of, to future Ages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those were they, of whom Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac en Crow</span></span>
+gives the following concise, but just and happy
+Character.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Genus acre Bello, Studiis Genus acre
+Minervæ, Devotumque mori pro Rege, Fidêque tuendis.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among those who followed the Fortunes of King
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James</span></span> the Second, were Sir <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Richard Neagle</span></span>,
+his Attorney-General, and Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moore</span></span>, Provost
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trinity-college</span></span>, near <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span>; two
+Gentlemen very justly distinguished in their respective
+Spheres; the former, a Gentleman of unshaken
+Integrity, and great Capacity in the Profession
+of the Laws; the latter, of exemplary Piety,
+universal Learning, and fine Accomplishments.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Louis</span></span> the Fourteenth, then King of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span>,
+protected those worthy deserving Men, with singular
+Tenderness and Attention; and was instructed
+and guided solely by Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moore</span></span>, in the restoring,
+establishing, and modelling the University
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>, at that gloomy Period! quite
+buried in perplexed, unintelligible, peripatetic
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Philosophy, and disfigured with romantic Legends,
+and Gothic Jingle! But, at the Doctor's
+Appearance, Entities, Quiddities, Sympathies,
+Antipathies, occult Qualities, substantial
+Forms, metaphysical Degrees, Categories, and
+all this unideal wordy Stuff, vanished; and
+were succeeded by a clear, concise Method of
+Reasoning, and sound, useful, and experimental
+Philosophy. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greek</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebrew</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Syriac</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chaldaic</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arabic</span></span>, were Languages <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">untaught</span></em>,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unknown</span></em>, in the University of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>, before Dr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moore</span></span>; for whom particularly, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Louis</span></span> the
+Fourteenth founded, established, and endowed the Royal
+College, now called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">College du Cambray</span></span>: And
+how well our Doctor succeeded therein, may be
+inferred from the Character and Writings of
+his Pupils and Hearers, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boileau</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fontinelle</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poréc</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Montesquieu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fleuri</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lauguet</span></span>, with many
+others, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rollin</span></span>, his peculiar Favourite and
+immediate Successor, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></span> great Genius's, applauded
+Writers, and celebrated Wits. So
+that, as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> had the Honour of founding, it
+had also that of restoring and reviving the great
+University of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>, in the Persons of two of
+its learned Natives.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Reign of her Majesty Queen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anne</span></span> (glorious
+to her Arms, under the Conduct of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John</span></span>,
+Duke of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marlborough</span></span>, and her other Generals,
+and justly distinguished by the Number of great
+Genius's and Wits, who enlightened that Period)
+was in this Kingdom chiefly employed in
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">additional</span></em> Acts against the further Growth of
+Popery: And many there were, who deemed it
+an unparallel'd Severity in her Majesty, to give
+her Royal Assent to them particular Laws; by
+which the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Catholicks</span></span> of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>
+(already ruined by their inimitable Allegiance to her
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Royal Father, Uncle, and Grandfather) were
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">precluded</span></em> from availing themselves, by a tolerable
+easy Lease, of any Part or Parcel of these Estates,
+forfeited by their Ancestors, thro' their
+unremitting Endeavours, to support and maintain
+that Stem, of which she was herself an immediate
+Branch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So late even as this Reign, the whole Kingdom
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> was a desolate diffusive Scene of
+total Decay! covered with all the ghastly Symptoms
+of the Consumption of Centuries! But,
+at length, on the happy Accession of his late
+Majesty of glorious Memory, the blissful Morning
+of Peace and Concord began its auspicious
+Dawn! Yet, as Time, publick Spirit, Patriotism
+(in its highest Conception) and unwearied
+Diligence, were all collectively essential to the
+giving Life, Vigour, and Activity, to national
+Industry and Improvement, so very long in a
+melancholy State of Languor and Oppression:
+Not before the present truly glorious Reign, did
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hibernia</span></span> tune her old Harp, now newly strung
+to universal Harmony and Elegance, and rear
+her awful Head from the stupid dismal Dozes
+of Ages; where comes the literal Application
+of my third Motto, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Renascimur</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hinc priscæ redeunt Artes, felicibus inde
+Ingeniis aperitur iter, despectaque Musæ
+Colla levant.——</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having travelled through a tedious Night,
+thick-set with Horrors of various Hues! and
+thus come to the End of a painful Journey;
+give me Leave, kind Reader, to indulge awhile
+with admiring the beautiful Variety of Objects,
+which now surround me, to the serene Delight
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the Mind, and refined Gratification of Sense;
+before I attempt that Display of them to which
+I have no Occasion of professing my Inequality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this Reign, and not before, our Linen
+Manufacture, in many Respects one of the most
+profitable Branches of our national Commerce,
+received all the Encouragement from Royal
+Bounty, and Parliamentary Sanction, that could
+be reasonably hoped for.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Persons of the highest Rank, Dignity, and
+Fortune, were appointed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trustees</span></span> for the Propagation,
+Encouragement, and Diffusion, of this
+beneficial Trade, throughout the respective Provinces.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Linen-Hall</span></span> was erected in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span>, under
+as just and nice Regulations as any commercial
+House in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The North of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> began to wear an Aspect
+entirely new; and, from being (through
+Want of Industry, Business, and Tillage) the
+almost exhausted Nursery of our <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American</span></span> Plantations,
+soon became a populous Scene of Improvement,
+Traffic, Wealth, and Plenty; and
+is, at this Day, a well-planted District, considerable
+for Numbers of well-affected, useful,
+and industrious Subjects.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now arose, now shone forth, the ever Honourable
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dublin Society</span></span>; a Society equalled
+by none. It is true, we read of Patriarchs, Philosophers,
+Warriors, Orators, and Poets; of
+Senates, Parliaments, Councils, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span> but we no
+where, abstracted from our own Country, meet
+a Set of pious Patriots, from their <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">private
+Funds</span></em>, adorning their Country in general, in
+every Degree and Branch of Industry, and Improvement;
+and, inspired with Sentiments truly
+public and social, munificently rewarding their
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Countrymen, of whatsoever Denomination, without
+Favour or Distinction; for meliorating their
+proper Estates, or Farms; for excelling in any
+Production of Nature, or Art; for any Discovery,
+or Invention, useful to Mankind: A Set
+of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">truly honourable</span></em>, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">generous</span></em> Personages, instructing
+their Countrymen with clear, yet philosophical
+Precepts, encouraging them by their
+Example, and rewarding them from their inexhaustible
+Bounty! <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Such</span></em>, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">such unrivalled</span></em>,
+is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Illustrious Dublin Society</span></span>! What
+Pity, the ample Distributions, and instructive
+Writings of this learned and munificent Body, are not regularly published,
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Latin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span>, for the peculiar Honour of this
+Nation, the Edification of Posterity, and as a
+bright Pattern of Imitation to all other civiliz'd
+Countries!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now likewise appeared the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Philharmonic Society</span></span>,
+that, (from a few Gentlemen, who used
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">occasionally</span></em> to meet, in order to while away an
+Hour with a gentle Tune, and chearful Glass)
+grew into an harmonious Body, not alone for
+the Improvement of the charming Art of Music,
+but for the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">effectual Relief</span></em> also of successive
+Thousands, from Misery, Famine, and Confinement:
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Concordiâ res parvæ crescunt</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Orpheus</span></span>,
+we are told, built the Walls of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thebes</span></span>,
+by the irresistible Powers of Harmony: Be this
+true or fabulous; how many Iron Gates have
+we not seen open, to the persuasive Charities of
+this tuneful Society! how many gloomy Cells
+vacated by their Charms! This elegant Society,
+by moderate Loans, Interest-free to the industrious
+Poor, prevents many such from getting
+into the Distress of Prisons, or following offensive
+Courses; and, by enabling them to obtain
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+an honest Livelihood, rendereth them useful
+Members to the Community: So that, of this
+Society, it might have been justly said,
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Omne tulit Punctum quæ miscuit
+utile dulci.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this happy Reign was incorporated, under
+the protective Sanction of Royal Bounty, a
+Society, truly Christian, for the pious Establishment
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestant</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charter-Schools</span></span>
+throughout the Kingdom: An Institution far
+more productive of national Morality, and Reformation,
+than excommunicative Discipline, or
+restrictive penal Statutes; since Persuasion and
+Rewards have ever been, and must ever continue
+to be, more consistent with the meek and benevolent
+Temper of true Christianity, more effectual,
+Apostolic, and Catholic, than <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Punishments</span></em>,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Persecution</span></em>, or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Sequestrations</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this Reign shines out a Christian Divine,
+who, in the inestimable individual Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madden</span></span>,
+collects <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a whole Society of Patriots</span></em>; a venerable
+Man, not alone the Guide of his particular
+Congregation, but a pure, also clear and lasting
+Light of Perfection, and noble Imitation, to
+his Countrymen in general.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">On <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Madden</span></span>, kindred Angels smile!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bright Mirrour to his native Isle!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">To whom old Age shall say, and Youth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">With grateful and prophetic Truth,</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Semper Honos, Nomenq; tuum, Laudesq;
+manebunt.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick's</span></span> Hospital, for the Reception of
+Lunaticks and Ideots, a lasting Monument of
+the late Dean <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Swift's</span></span> Charity, as are his various
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Writings, of his great Genius and Wit: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mercer's</span></span>
+charitable Hospitable in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Stephen-street</span></span>: The
+noble Hospital for the Relief of poor Lying-inn-Women,
+of the Projection of our late excellent
+Countryman, Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bartholomew Mosse</span></span>;
+by which a great Number of Women and Children
+are preserved from miserable and untimely
+Ends: The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charitable Infirmary</span></span> on the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inns-Quay</span></span>: The New Hospital for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Incurables</span></span>,
+on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lazer's-Hill</span></span>:
+St. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nicholas's</span></span> Hospital, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Francis-street</span></span>:
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meath</span></span> Hospital, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Skinner's Alley</span></span>:
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lock</span></span> Hospital, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">George's-Lane</span></span>,
+for hapless Women and Children, tainted with the Venereal
+Infection: And the Charitable Hospital in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">King-street,
+Oxmantown</span></span>, are all the humane and pious
+Growth of this transcendent Reign.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Those Hospitals are duly and regularly attended,
+by the most eminent Physicians, and
+skilful Surgeons, without Fee or Reward: So
+that, from this obvious Consideration, the frequent
+and large Collections in our Churches, for
+the comfortable Support, and Christian Education,
+of indigent Boys; the stated Distributions
+of our Chief Magistrates, to the Helpless and
+Needy; and, in Truth, from the general Disposition
+of its worthy Inhabitants; we may,
+without any Risque of incurring the least Censure
+of Adulation, or Vanity, pronounce <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dublin</span></span>
+as charitable a Metropolis as any in the known
+World. In the beautiful new Garden, plann'd
+by Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mosse</span></span>, breathing in all the natural Fragrance
+of the Spring, adorned with all the Elegancies
+of Art, all the Splendor of Illumination,
+and inspired with the most soothing
+Charms of delightful Harmony; to behold
+Crowds of young Ladies, in the full Glow of
+Beauty, and Bloom of Youth, finely habited,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and elegantly decorated in the Manufactures of
+our own Country, (and finished in the most exquisite
+Taste, by our own Artizans); to behold
+them, I say, converting their very Amusements
+and Recreations to the heavenly Purposes of relieving
+the Distressed, must, to every thinking
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Spectator, afford a Prospect of the utmost
+rational Joy!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As all Men, who render their Country distinguished
+Honour, or singular Service, deserve,
+therefore, lasting Monuments of public grateful
+Acknowledgment to their Memories; it is
+hoped that, in this Respect, Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mosse</span></span> will not
+be forgotten by those who are evidently fond of
+encouraging and rewarding public Zeal:
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Eternal Joys to <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mosse</span></span> kind Heaven give,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">By whom, on Earth, so many Thousands live!</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marine Society</span></span>, of recent Institution also,
+disposeth many poor young Men into a Condition
+of acquiring an honest, and praise-worthy
+Livelihood, and of becoming useful Members
+of the Community; by serving on Board of his
+Majesty's Fleets in War-time, and serving our
+Merchants in Times of Peace; and, in this
+double Capacity, of contributing to the general
+Welfare of their Mother-Country, to which
+they may otherwise prove a Burden.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Our publick Entertainments of various Kinds
+are, for the most Part, conducted with strict
+Propriety, and real Politeness; those especially
+of the Theatre, which should, by no Means,
+pass for Matter of slight or casual Consideration;
+seeing the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romans</span></span>, the greatest of all People,
+esteemed the Theatre worthy the Attention of
+particular Laws, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roscia Lex Theatralis</span></span>, &amp;c. Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheridan</span></span>'s general Merit as a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Player</span></span>
+stands confessed; but as a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manager</span></span>, that Gentleman's falling
+frequently under the heavy Displeasure of
+the Public, (whether from an haughty Distaste
+to his Profession, or indulged Arrogance of
+Temper) with his violent Introduction of anti-dramatick
+Rope and Wire-dancing, Tumbling,
+and Fire-eating, to the visible Degradation of a
+liberal Stage, whereon nothing mean, shocking,
+or monstrous, should ever appear; he hath not
+succeeded so well: Then, his Scheme of uniting
+an Academy, for the sober regular Education
+of Youth, with a publick Theatre, seemed
+rather the feverish Delusion of a distempered
+Brain, and heated Imagination, than the cool
+deliberate Result of rational Judgment; from
+which fermented Source, also seem'd directly to
+flow his avowed Concern for the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">long lost Art of
+Oratory</span></em> among us: Had Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheridan</span></span> attended
+to the Debates of our High Court of Parliament;
+been frequent in our different Churches,
+and at the Bars of our Courts of Judicature;
+and had, in this Case, formed a comparative
+Judgment, from the Writings of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Demosthenes</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plato</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isocrates</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cicero</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pliny</span></span> the Younger;
+from the Rules and Precepts of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aristotle</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Longinus</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horace</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinctilian</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scaliger</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rapin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Porée</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rollin</span></span>; he had been <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">then</span></em> convinced how
+little Occasion there was for his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lamenting</span></em> the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Loss</span></em> of an Art in this Kingdom, which breathes
+there in full Maturity of all it's persuasive
+Charms. This his dogmatical Assertion of the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">long-lost Art of Oratory</span></em>, his wild <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Academical</span></em> Projects,
+with the foregoing theatrical Inconsistencies,
+too much subject that Gentleman to the
+Character given, by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman</span></span> Satirist, of an
+assuming sharp-set <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greekling</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gramaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes,
+Augur, Scœnobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Upon the Whole, I will readily grant Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheridan</span></span> a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roscius</span></span>, if the Name can sooth
+him; a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Critic</span></em>; nay, an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Orator</span></em>; but I shall be bold
+to assert, that we have many, very many, in
+this Kingdom, of far greater Powers than that
+Gentleman, whereof some of his Orations, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">so
+called</span></em>, are incontrovertible Testimonies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This Kingdom hath of late Years exhibited
+as justly celebrated Male and Female Players,
+as any other; evinced in the Characters of
+Messieurs <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quin</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ryan</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Delane</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheridan</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barry</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mossop</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dexter</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sparks</span></span>, Mrs.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Woffington</span></span>, the
+inimitable Mrs. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fitz-Henry</span></span>, and several others,
+of either Sex.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barry</span></span>'s Capacity, as a Manager, appeareth
+equal to his eminently-affecting Powers
+in Tragedy, (so generally known, and so unexceptionably
+confessed) from the magnificent
+Theatre, erected by that Gentleman, with amazing
+Expedition, in Grandeur, Convenience,
+and Elegance, preferable to any in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span>, or
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>: From the obliging Decency the respective
+Performances thereof are conducted with, and
+evidently from the surpassing theatrical Abilities
+of the Company, that, with the most engaging
+Variety, entertains the Publick in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Crow-street</span></span>
+Play-house. I have sometimes seen, and have
+been as often delighted, with Performances of
+the Gentlemen just mentioned, as with those of
+the admired Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Garrick</span></span>, and the famous Messieurs
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dufrésne</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gossin</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quinault</span></span>; and, if I
+may take Leave to declare my Opinion, am
+therein clear that Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barry</span></span>, in the exquisitely
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+pathetick Strokes of deep Tragedy, touches the
+Soul with as much delicate Sensibility, and, in
+the irrefrainable Sallies of the more boisterous
+Passions, soars with as majestick Wings, as any
+one of them, I will not say higher. To behold
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barry</span></span>, sublimely struggling in a Storm of
+Adversity, with the sudden Shocks, and unexpected
+Blows of Fortune; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">then</span></em>, (when all human
+Efforts must yield to inevitable Necessity)
+sinking in the irretrievable Plunge of Sorrow
+and Calamities, with that calm Resignation ever
+attendant on true Heroism; must convince any
+judicious Spectator of his being born a Tragedian.
+I must here declare, that what I have
+advanced on this Subject neither ariseth from
+Prepossession on one Side, or Prejudice on the
+other; having no Manner of Connection, nay,
+not even a personal Acquaintance, with Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barry</span></span>; nor any Objection to Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sheridan</span></span>,
+but such as must naturally issue from my just Resentment
+against any Individual, of whatsoever
+Rank, Character, or Denomination, who should
+prove so ignorant, and yet so hardy, as to declare
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elocution lost</span></span> in our native Country; an illiberal
+Censure, which, if true, had necessarily wrapped
+our High Court of Parliament, the whole Body
+of our Clergy, our University, Bench and Bar,
+in Shades that, I am certain, had been never
+dispell'd by the Approach of Light, so dim and
+glimmering as that Gentleman's.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Let us now take a summary View of the Inhabitants
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, in their respective Ranks:
+And to begin with the Peers: Are they not such
+Personages, as, by their Munificence, Affability
+of Manners, Easiness of Comportment,
+Propriety of Appearance, and Generosity in
+dealing, reflect true Honour on Nobility; and,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Reality, derive their superior Rank, as much
+from the Pre-eminence of their Virtues, as from
+the constitutional Dignity of their Titles?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Encrease of our People, Wealth, Commerce,
+Industry, Arts, Inventions; the extraordinary
+additional Number, in this happy
+Reign, of our beautiful Seats, elegant Improvements,
+useful and ornamental Plantations, extensive
+Inclosures, excellent high Roads, (formerly
+almost impassable,) with the visible Reformation
+in national Harmony, and Allegiance,
+will best suggest an Idea of the Honourable the
+House of Commons of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, composed of
+such candid Spirits, as, neither the Smiles or
+Frowns of superior Influence, popular Views,
+or private Connections, can bend from the various
+essential Duties due to their King, their
+Country, and themselves; constant in their
+Attendance; careful in their Protection; and
+zealous in their Promotion of publick Felicity;
+not more extensive in their noble Projects, for
+this great Purpose, than expeditious in carrying
+those into Execution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Our Constitution, partly of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gothic</span></span>, partly of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Norman</span></span> Institution, (the first High Court of
+Parliament on the present Establishment, having
+been ordained in the Reign of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span> the First,
+Son of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">William</span></span> the Conquerer) avoiding the
+turbulent Licentiousness of a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Democracy</span></span>, the
+factious domineering Temper of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aristocracy</span></span>, and
+the variable oppressive Sway of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arbitrary Monarchy</span></span>;
+but including, by an harmonious Assemblage,
+the essential Virtues of those different
+Systems of Government; is unquestionably the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">best digested</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wisest</span></em> in the known World:
+Under which, the King and the Nobles, with
+the Commons, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unite</span></em>, to extend the Commerce,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+promote the Happiness, guard over the Safety,
+preserve the Lives, defend the Characters, support
+the Liberties, and protect the Property of
+the People. Bless'd Constitution! O! may it
+ever flourish! under whose mild and preservative
+Influence, a few only feel Restraint; except
+from the Commission of private Evil, or
+social Injury.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have said a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Few only</span></em>; because there are some
+among us, who, on the Score of Religion, are
+secluded from permanent Property: And even
+Those, it is hoped, will, in Consideration of the
+invariable Tenor of their humble and pacific
+Conduct, from the Capitulation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Limerick</span></span>, to
+this Day; and from their unanimous and chearful
+Obedience to our Civil Government, e're
+long obtain some Mitigation of their Affairs;
+such the benevolent Temper and Disposition of
+the present incomparable Reign! Some late
+excellent<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a>
+Pamphlets, wherein these Gentlemen's
+political Principles are fully and clearly explained,
+shew of what signal Advantage it had been
+to the Numbers, Industry, Health, Wealth,
+and Beauty of this Kingdom, to indulge them
+a Property, even in our uncultivated Mountains,
+dreary Wastes, and noxious Marshes:
+Which Measure, should it appear in a true Light
+to our worthy Representatives, we may in a
+few Years more, hope to see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> one of the
+most beautiful, best-improved, best-conditioned
+Islands in the Universe. Our Bench is adorned
+with Honourable Personages, conspicuous for
+Learning, Integrity, Humanity, and Impartiality;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of whom, it may be boldly affirmed,
+and with the strictest Truth, that they are not
+Favourers of Persons. The present Lord Chief
+Justice of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">King-Bench</span></span>, the late Master of
+the Rolls, and Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+Natives of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, formed a Triumvirate, whose
+Learning, Worth, and distinguished Abilities,
+had rendered them eminently respectable in the
+brightest Æras, either of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman</span></span> Commonwealth,
+or Empire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Our Attorney and Solicitor General, our Serjeants
+at Law, and King's Council, with many
+eminent Barristers, and a Set of learned eloquent
+young Gentlemen, all shining out together;
+such as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tully</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hortensius</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pliny</span></span>, had with
+fond Tenderness cherished and with pleasing
+Pride, avowed for their Pupils; form as distinguished
+a Body of Advocates and Orators, as
+adorn any Courts of Judicature in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Diocese of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span> existeth a truly
+pious Society for the Relief and Support of the
+Widows and Children of the inferior Clergy
+thereof. It is, indeed, surprizing in a Kingdom,
+such (thank Heaven) as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> is, that
+the Example of this charitable Society, hath
+not been <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">universally</span></em> followed. It hath often
+affected me to the Quick, to have seen a learned
+Divine, after a tedious and painful Free-School
+Institution, and expensive University Education,
+struggling, upon a poor Pension or Salary of
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Forty</span></em> Pounds a Year, to maintain an honest
+Gentlewoman, Children, and Servants, (and
+really with some Decency of Hospitality) sedulously
+discharging, at the same Time, the different
+Duties of the pastoral Function; when a
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">foreign Fidler</span></em> shall run away with tripple that
+Sum, or more, for one Night's Performance.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+I would by no Means be understood to derogate
+from the Merits of fine Performers in the different
+Parts of Musick, or endeavour to diminish
+their reasonable Perquisites: But, surely,
+such Men and such Things are not to be thought
+of, in Competition with those, who, by Teaching
+and Preaching, refine our Morals, instruct
+our Understandings, inform our Lives, and enlighten
+our Souls with the celestial Spirit of the
+Christian Faith; and thereby happily lead us,
+through this transient and precarious State, to
+eternal Tranquilly and Bliss. I am not a
+Preacher; but thus far shall venture: As the
+Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of Wisdom,
+our generally following the heavenly Example
+of this venerable Society, must be a great Test
+as well of the one, as the other. If the Bishops,
+the temporal Lords, and great estated Men of
+each Diocese, would but graciously lead the
+Way, it is not unlikely they had been attended
+by Crowds of zealous Followers: And, in Fact,
+a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">small</span></em> Matter <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">annually set apart</span></em>, from even the
+superfluous Outgoings of the Wealthy and
+Opulent, of different Ranks, would very happily
+answer the generous noble End of preserving,
+from an anxious State of particular Dependance,
+Numbers of virtuous, well-educated
+Gentlewomen, and their Children, from the various
+Miseries, which the untimely Death of a
+Father, and narrow Circumstances, but too frequently
+expose them to; an End so every Way
+worthy the natural Disposition, the benevolent
+Temper, the inherent Hospitality, and the essentially-charitable
+Character of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Our <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestant</span></span> Brethren, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissenters</span></span>,
+by a prudent and pious Regulation of secreting one
+Pound a Year, each parochial Minister, for this
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+religiously humane Purpose, have constantly a
+Fund sufficient to allow the Relict of each
+Clergyman twenty Pounds a Year, (which preserves
+her from the Miseries of Want and Dependance)
+and have, at some Periods, where-with
+to set their Children up, in an honest and
+creditable Way of living. As we are emulously
+fond of adopting the Wisdom and Virtues of
+each Christian Sect and Society, it is fervently
+hoped we will also this tender and pious Scheme;
+a Scheme so comprehensive of true Charity, and
+so productive of social and happy Effects! How
+difficult is it for Minds, crowded with Cares,
+and beset with the pressing Calls of Family-preservation,
+to attend, with due Composure and
+Inclination, to the various indispensible Duties
+of the pastoral Office? But how chearfully would
+those Reverend Gentlemen proceed in their
+divine Mission, when, by some visible Provision
+for the proper Objects of their present Cares and
+future Concern, they should, in a great Measure,
+be released from domestick Anxiety, from
+gloomy Apprehensions, and alarming Prospects,
+into the temporal Futurity of those, for whom
+they must be necessarily affected with the most
+tender Feelings!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The most convincing and decisive Method of
+adjudging Causes, being by a comprehensive
+View and critical Examination of their Effects;
+of Streams, by a nice Scrutiny and Investigation
+of their Sources; hence may we, from the
+shining Characters, and extensive Abilities of
+our Divines and Barristers, frame a just Idea of
+the University of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span>, which, for Compass
+and Extent of the Sciences, Variety of elegant
+Arts, found Erudition, and polite Literature
+therein taught, in the most regular and perspicuous
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Methods, is equalled by few, excelled by
+none.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Students are carefully instructed in the
+more refined Parts of classical Learning; oriental,
+antient, and modern Languages; Criticism,
+sacred and profane History, Oratory, Logick,
+Ethicks, and Metaphysicks; in natural and experimental
+Philosophy; Anatomy, Botany and
+Chymistry; the mathematicks, in Theory and
+Practice; Civil and Canon Laws; Theology,
+Controversy, and Ecclesiastical History: So
+that, with a good Capacity, and regular Application,
+one may depart this University, as
+completely and happily instituted for the honorary
+Professions of Life, as may be reasonably
+expected from any Nursery of Learning extant.
+The obtaining a Fellowship in this University,
+is a demonstrative Test of comprehensive native
+Talents, thorough intellectual Cultivation,
+deep and various learned Acquirements.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Newtonian</span></span> Philosophy, the excellent
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boyle</span></span>'s experimental Philosophy, and Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Locke</span></span>'s Metaphysicks,
+prevail much in the College of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span>:
+Which, for Extent, Convenience, Magnificence,
+and a most sumptuous elegant Library,
+exceeds any one College in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span>. The beautiful
+Parks belonging to it, seem actually, on a
+serene Evening, the delightful Vale of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tempe</span></span>,
+or enchanting Recesses of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parnassus</span></span>, inhabited
+by all the Muses, all the Graces, with their
+charming Train.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Trade of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, however in former
+Times miserably restrained and limited, hath in
+this happy Reign received considerable Enlargements;
+such as, the opening several Wooll-Ports;
+the Bounty on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Linens, now our
+staple Commodity, imported into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Great-Britain</span></span>;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the Immunity lately granted of importing
+thither Beef, Butter, Tallow, Candles, Pork,
+Hides, live Cattle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span> a Privilege that, in its
+Consequences, must prove of signal Advantage
+to both Nations; to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></em> especially, as we shall
+hereby be enabled, upon any occasional Exigency,
+to supply our protecting Friends, and proportionably
+stint the Hands of our Enemies,
+who, (by the Profusion of Wines and spirituous
+Liquors, annually exported from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span> to
+Ireland, in Exchange for our Beef, Butter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span>
+to pass over the Gluts of Teas and Spirits, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span>
+smuggled thence by the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">western</span></em> Runners) have
+constantly the Balance on their Side. Our Exports,
+with those already mentioned, consist in
+a few Cheeses, Salmon and Kelp: But, as our
+Linens are, without Question, become the vital
+Spring of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Commerce, it is Matter of great
+Concern and equal Surprize, that the other Provinces
+do not more <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">universally</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">effectually</span></em> follow
+the lucrative Example of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North</span></span>! since,
+it is evident, nothing but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">equal Industry</span></em> can be
+wanting to render them <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">equally flourishing</span></em>, The
+Over-growth of Graziers and Stockmasters, is
+the strongest Indication that can be of national
+Waste and Decay, in respect of Inhabitants.
+What could a Foreigner, travelling among us,
+particularly in the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">western</span></em> Counties, some Summers
+past, judge of our national Wisdom and
+Oeconomy? Would he not start even at our
+Humanity, on seeing the best arable Grounds
+in the Kingdom, in immense Tracts, wantonly
+enjoyed by the Cattle of a few petulant Individuals;
+and at the same Juncture, our high
+Ways and Streets crowded with Shoals of mendicant
+fellow-creatures! reduced, through Want
+of proper Sustenance, to the utmost Distress?
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Would not a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frenchman</span></span> for Example, give a
+Shrug extraordinary, at finding, in every little
+Inn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bourdeaux</span></span> Claret and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nantz</span></span> Brandy,
+though, in all Likelihood, not a Morsel of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span>
+Bread?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is much to be hoped, That, when the Spirit
+of Tillage should become more general and
+active, our Farmers more attentive to the
+Growth of the best Kinds of Grain, and our
+Brewers, more attentive to the Rules and Precepts
+for that Purpose laid down by the Honourable
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dublin Society</span></span>; we shall have
+little or no Occasion for that Inundation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">London
+Porter</span></span>; (an heavy, cloudy, intoxicating,
+ill-flavoured Liquor) that annually overflows
+this City and other Parts of the Kingdom; as,
+in the above Case, we may have a sufficient
+Plenty and Variety of Malt Liquors, our own
+native Produce, far better than any imported;
+and, in Case of a Redundancy of Grain, (a
+Matter not very likely to happen) may, with
+moderate Care, have Spirituous Liquors of far
+a more wholesome Nature, exquisite Taste, and
+delicate Flavour, than those imported at an extraordinary
+Expence; and but too often adulterated,
+in the first Concoction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have, in several Parts of this Kingdom,
+(in the Province of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Munster</span></span> especially) a recy,
+spirituous, fine-flavoured Cyder, very little, if
+at all, inferior to the best imported White
+Wines; and a moderate Plenty of grateful
+Honey-Liquors, which, with our prime Beef,
+Mutton, Pork, Veal, Lamb, Variety of Fowls,
+tame and wild; red and fallow Deer; Hares,
+Rabbits, Pidgeons, Pheasants, Grouse; and
+Partridge; wild Duck, Plover, Snipe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span>
+Lake, River, Shell and Sea Fish, of all Kinds;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Produce of the Garden, (Horticulture having
+of late Years so vastly improved among us,
+that we now have many curious Plants, Fruits,
+and Flowers, not only not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">known</span></em>, but never
+even <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">heard of</span></em>, in former Times) and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></em> in such
+Plenty and Perfection, as demonstrate <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>
+happier than most other Countries, in regard
+of the Necessaries and even of the Delicacies of
+Life; to which may be added, the great Number
+of our beautiful Lakes, noble Rivers, pure
+Fountains, limpid Streams, and Health-restoring
+mineral Wells.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> In this Country are bred
+valuable Horses, for the Draught, Road, and
+Chace; and for the Course, as high-formed
+ones, as in any Part of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Europe</span></span>; and large horned
+Cattle, and Sheep in Abundance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It must afford real Satisfaction to consider the
+universal and visible Reformation in the Lives
+and Morals even of our common People, clearly
+evinced in this, that (thank Heaven) fewer
+legal Punishments succeed an entire Circuit, in our
+happy Days, than did a single Assize in former
+Reigns: And, without Question, this Reformation
+must still rise higher, in Proportion to the
+Lenity of our worthy Legislature, and wise Indulgence
+of our landed Men, who must certainly
+find it more conducive to the Welfare of the
+State, and to their own Strength, Honour, and
+Interest, to have their Estates farmed and inhabited
+by a great Number of honest, laborious
+improving Families, than wasted by a few Purse-proud
+Bullock-Brokers, who rarely allow the
+wretched Herd of an hundred, as much Ground
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+for his own and poor Family's Support, as is
+equal to that of two Bullocks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Suppose a Gentleman was to let two thousand
+Acres of arable Ground to farm; were it not
+demonstrably more conducive to all the foregoing
+Motives, to dispose of these to twenty honest,
+industrious Families, at an hundred Acres each,
+than to any one Beau-Grazier whatever? From
+the twenty Tenures, the Landlord may, in any
+national Shock, raise a considerable Number of
+effective Hands, and zealous Hearts, for the
+Service of the Crown, or Defence of his Country;
+and reap many signal Advantages to the
+public and private Concernments of Life, not
+possibly derivable from the anti-social Monopolizers
+and Forestallers of Farms; who ever fondly
+attribute their Growth to their own Sagacity
+and Cleverness, without any the least Gratitude
+or Obligation to the Land-owner. These Sentiments,
+it is hoped, will every Day gain more
+and more Consideration with our wise and beneficent
+Legislature, Nobility and Gentry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Many intelligent Persons, of all Ranks, complain
+much of the Want of some Establishment
+in the Way of a national Bank, to secure popular
+Credit, and the Kingdom from the various
+alarming Shocks it is so frequently incident to,
+on Account of the Failure of particular Banks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Nobility and Gentry of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, are
+Loyalists and Patriots by Principle and Education:
+They are brave, without Arrogance; gay,
+without Levity; polite, without Affectation;
+charitable, without Ostentation; religious, without
+Formality; affable, without Meanness;
+generous, without View; and hospitable, without
+Reserve: In their Converse, easy; in their
+Dealings just; placable in their Resentments, in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+their Friendship steady:—They have neither
+the volatile Airyness of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frenchman</span></span>, the stated
+Gravity of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spaniard</span></span>; the supicious Jealousy
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italian</span></span>; the forbidding Haughtiness of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">German</span></span>; the saturnine Gloominess of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Flandrican</span></span>, nor the sordid Parsimony of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dutchman</span></span>: In short, they are neither whimsical,
+splenetic, sullen or capricious:—And, as for
+Cunning, Craft, or Dissimulation, these are such
+sorry Guests as never found Shelter in the generous
+Breast of an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish</span></span> Noble or Gentleman; so
+that, if we consider this Country, with regard
+to its military Fame, constitutional Wisdom,
+Learning, Arts, Improvements, and natural
+Advantages; and above all, the benevolent
+Temper, charitable and hospitable Disposition
+of its Inhabitants; it is true, we may find many
+of more popular Bustle and Eclat, more extensive
+Commerce, greater Opulence and Pomp;
+but none of more general, solid, and intrinsick
+Worth, than <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I shall conclude with the following Proposition
+to any one, who may arrogate to himself
+Praise or Wit, by ridiculing <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Si quid Novisti rectius
+istis—</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Candidus imperti; Si non, his utere
+mecum.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a>
+<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Farmer's Case Of The Roman-Catholics Of </span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 173%; font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span><span style="font-size: 173%">.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Letter</span></span> from a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Member</span></span> of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Protestant Church</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dear Sir</span></span>,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I think myself indebted to any Occasion
+that restores you to a Friend,
+whom I feared you had long forgotten.
+But I confess, at the same
+Time, that the Pleasure of hearing
+from you, after a Silence of Several Years, is,
+in some Measure, damped by the Censure that
+seems to constitute the chief Intent of your
+Letter.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+You tell me that you lately happened upon
+some Papers that were entitled The FARMER's
+LETTERS, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">&amp;c.</span></span> which were imputed to me
+as the Author. And, after some Compliments
+on Spirit, and Genius, and so forth, in order to
+palliate, as I suppose, what you purpose to administer,
+you charge me, by Implication, with
+Crimes, whose smallest Tendency I should abhor
+in myself, as in any Man breathing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+You say, favourably enough for your own
+Disposition, that you have long looked on the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman-Catholics</span></span> of these Kingdoms as a discountenanced
+and pitiable People. That you
+would choose to allow to others the same Latitude
+of Conscience that you like for yourself.
+That it is not a Part of Humanity to break a
+Reed already bruised. That such a Treatment
+would be blameable respecting any Individual;
+how much more so, in Prejudice of a whole
+People. That those Papers are pointed with a
+Keenness of Enmity, for which the Talents,
+which you are pleased to ascribe, cannot sufficiently
+apologize. And, that you did not think
+me capable of exasperating Government and
+Power against a Set of Men who were already
+under the Displeasure and Depression of the
+Law.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These, my dear Friend, are home and heavy
+Accusations, however tempered by Expressions
+of Kindness and Affection from the Man whom
+I sincerely love and respect.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But, if I know any-thing of myself, the Quality,
+called Ill-nature, is not my Characteristic.
+I would not exchange one Grain of Good-heart
+for all the Wit of a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">C----d</span></span> or Comprehension
+of a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P--tt</span></span>, independent of their Virtue.
+And I may say, with great Truth, that an Excess
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Humanity hath occasioned all the Misfortunes
+and Distresses of my Life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I most solemnly assure you, that when I wrote
+those Letters I was in perfect Love and Charity
+with every <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Catholic</span></span> in the Kingdom of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>. I knew that they were a depressed People.
+I had long pitied them as such. I was
+sensible that the Laws, under which they suffered,
+had been enacted by our Ancestors, when
+the Impressions of Hostility were fresh and
+warm, and when Passion, if I may venture to
+say so, co-operated, in some Measure, with
+Utility and Reason. I will go a Step further.
+I thought those Laws not severe enough to suppress
+them as Enemies, nor yet sufficiently favourable
+to attach them to us as Friends. They
+were not so cruel as, wholly, to serve for quelling;
+and yet they had a Poignancy that might
+tend to provoke. And all this I imputed to the
+Resentment that was blended with the Humanity
+of our Ancestors. Their Humanity left to Papists
+a Power of hurting, while their Resentment
+abridged the Inducements that might engage
+them to serve us.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Believe me, Sir, I never was of a cruel or
+persecuting Disposition. I was grieved to see
+the Discouragements under which the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman
+Catholics</span></span> of this Kingdom laboured, but these
+very Discouragements made me fear them the
+more.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Previous to the Letters, which you censure so
+warmly, a dangerous Rebellion had broken out
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotland</span></span>, in consequence of a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span>
+Invasion, that was headed by a Popish Pretender to the
+Throne. Be pleased to remember, (if it is not
+too mortifying a Recollection for a free-born
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Briton</span></span>) the Pannic into which all <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>
+was
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+struck by a few <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scotch</span></span> Vassals, undisciplined, and
+unactuated by any Motive of Liberty or Virtue,
+save the Virtue of being attached to their
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laird</span></span> or their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leader</span></span>. Millions of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English</span></span>, at
+that Time, sunk in the Down of a long Peace,
+and enervated by ministerial Corruption and Venality,
+feared that a Handful of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Highlanders</span></span>
+would win their Way to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span>, and, at one
+Stroke, put a Period to the boasted Strength and
+Grandeur of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British</span></span> Constitution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I was astonished at the Apprehensions that
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span> was under from so contemptible an Armament.
+But I deemed the Case of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span> to
+be highly alarming. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman-Catholics</span></span>, at
+that Time, outnumbered us Five to One. They
+were disarmed, it is true, but I was not equally
+sure that they had Reason to be reconciled. As
+they were not admitted to realize their Fortune,
+it consisted of ready Money, and that gave
+ready Power. As they were not permitted to
+purchase, or accept a Tenure of any valuable
+Length, Loyalty, perhaps, might induce them
+to fight for their King; but where was the Stake
+to impel them to fight for a Country in which
+they had no <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inheritance</span></span>? Without an Interest
+in Lands, they had little to lose by any Change
+of Estate. Without a Loan lodged with Government,
+they had the less to lose by a Change of
+Constitution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I cannot conceive how <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion</span></span>, or mere Difference
+of Opinion, should prove a real Cause
+of Quarrel among Men; though it often serves
+as a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Word of War</span></span>, or a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Term</span></span> whereby to give
+Notice for Onset. On the contrary, I had observed
+that wherever People are united by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Interest</span></span>,
+though of a thousand opposite Sects, Persuasions
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and Professions, they never fail to join
+in the Maintenance and Defence of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">common
+Rights</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I, therefore, did not fear the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Catholics</span></span>,
+as having a different <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion</span></span>, but as having
+an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Interest</span></span> that was different from the Interest
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestants</span></span>. Were they a Compound of all
+the Follies, Absurdities, and Contradictions that
+ever were generated by Monster-bearing Superstition,
+had their Interest bound them to us, I
+should not have feared their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fealty</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But this was not the Case. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">French</span></span> Invasion
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Great Britain</span></span> was headed by a Person
+who was, by Birth, Education, Principle, and
+Interest, an Enemy to the Freedom and Rights
+of a Constitution that was established on the Dispossession
+of his Ancestors; and he was, consequently,
+an Enemy to the general Change of
+Privilege and Property, that ensued on the said
+Establishment. The said Change, as we all
+know, was to the Disadvantage of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Catholics</span></span>.
+Had the Invader prevailed, a Change
+would again have ensued, in their Favour.
+Men naturally with Success to an Event from
+whence they propose Benefit; and it is as natural
+for them to act conformable to those Wishes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Had <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Catholics</span></span> been possessed of an unrestrained
+Property, along with the other Liberties,
+Blessings, and Enjoyments, which they
+derived, in common with us, from the Establishment
+at the Revolution, no spiritual or
+temporal Power on Earth could have tempted
+them to permit, much less to wish, a Change
+of a Constitution whose Equal they could not
+find upon Earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But as this was very far from being the Fact,
+I feared that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Interest</span></span> might prove an Incentive
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Desire</span></em>; and Desire equally prove an Incentive
+to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Action</span></em>; and, I am not ashamed to confess,
+that my Expectations were greatly, though happily,
+disappointed, by the Steadiness of their
+peaceful and loyal Demeanour on that trying
+Occasion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Believe me, my Friend, at the Time that I
+wrote those Papers, which have given you so
+much Offence, I looked upon the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Papists</span></span> of this
+Kingdom, by the Patronage of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">France</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spain</span></span>, by their Numbers, by their Wealth, and by
+their Union with each other, to be vastly superior
+to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Irish Protestants</span></span>, in Power; and my Spirit
+of Opposition rose, in Proportion to my Idea
+of their Ability. But neither then, before, nor
+since, did I ever mean to excite any Action, or
+Intention, against the Weak, or the Oppressed,
+the Fallen, or the Afflicted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Brutus</span></span> unsheathed the reluctant Sword
+of Freedom against his Friend, Humanity must
+suppose that his Heart was wrung with Compunction,
+while his Country enjoined and impelled
+the Blow.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But further, Sir, there is a very wide Difference
+between a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popish Regency</span></span> and a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popish
+People</span></span>. The whole Intent and Virulence, as
+you call it, of my Papers, is pointed and levelled
+against the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">One</span></em>, but not a Syllable uttered,
+from End to End, against the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Other</span></em>. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popish
+Regency</span></span>, in Temporals alike as in Spirituals, I
+held to be, by Principle, an arbitrary and oppressive
+Government; but I held a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popish People</span></span>
+to be, of all People, the most amenable and
+submissive to Rulers, whatever the Form or
+Nature of that State may be, under which they
+shall happen to be subjected. And, on this
+very Account, I dreaded them the more, should
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+they become passive Instruments in the Hand of
+a Papal Dictator.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To apply a sure Test to the Propriety, or Impropriety,
+of my Apprehensions, at the Period
+when I wrote the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Farmer's Letters</span></span>, let us suppose
+that no one of the Penal Laws, which
+were instituted during the Reign of her Majesty
+Queen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anne</span></span>, had yet passed into Form,
+but that Matters had remained in the same Situation,
+in which the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monarch</span></span>, of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">humane</span></span>, as well
+as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">glorious Memory</span></span>, had left this unhappy People.
+Well, what would have been the Consequence?
+Would <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Papists</span></span>, in that Case, have
+been less amenable to the Government, by
+which they had been favoured, supported, and
+cherished? Would they have been the forwarder
+to bring Damage and Destruction on a Country,
+because their own Interest was connected
+therewith, and the Fortunes of their Posterity
+deposited therein? Would they have been the
+readier to attempt the Overthrow of our beneficent
+Constitution, because they enjoyed the Privileges
+and Advantages thereof? No, Sir, no.
+The Absurdity of the Supposition is inclusive of
+the Answer. Had this been the Case, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Farmer's
+Letters</span></span> would not have existed to have
+caused the Renewal of our Acquaintance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have read and noted many Instances, in free
+States and Commonwealths, where <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Liberty</span></span>, when
+fermented into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Licentiousness</span></span>, hath occasioned
+many partial Struggles for Power, many Broils
+and Factions, and much Disturbance to the
+Community. But very few are the Instances of
+the Insurrection of any People, who have not
+been goaded thereto by Severity and Oppression.
+The inoffensive Stag grows formidable when <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">at
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">
+Bay</span></span>. The Worm turneth not, till it receiveth
+a Crush.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I forget the Book, though I remember the
+Passage, where a Prince demanded of his favourite
+Minister, what he should do with a
+Number of the Commons and Nobility, whom
+he had suppressed and taken Captive in the Act
+of Rebellion? The Minister answered, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Put
+them, and their Adherents, instantly to Death</span></span>. No,
+replied the Prince, that were an Act of such
+Bloodshed and Barbarity, as neither Fear nor
+Revenge shall persuade me to perpetrate. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Then,
+grant them all free Pardon</span></span>, rejoined the Minister.
+How! said the Prince, must Rebellion
+go altogether unpunished? There is no Medium
+that can assure your Safety, answered the
+Minister; you must either pull this Party wholly
+up by the Root, so as to leave no Fibre from
+whence future Enmity may grow; or else, you
+must change that Enmity into Friendship, by
+binding their Gratitude to your Person and Interest,
+with the kindliest of all Connections,
+that of your Goodness and Favour. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A partial
+Punishment will be too little for your Safety; a partial
+Pardon will not be enough.</span></span> You must either
+wholly annihilate their Power, by their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Death</span></span>;
+or derive Strength to yourself, from that Power,
+by their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Friendship</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By disarming our Enemies, the utmost we
+can hope, is, to render them impotent. The
+Diminution of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their</span></em> Power adds nothing to our
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">own</span></em>. Repentance is never so permanent or sincere,
+as when preceded by Pardon; and Favour
+is, as the polar Attraction, to Inclination. Is
+there a Man whose Love and Gratitude you
+desire to engage? Common Sense will direct
+you to do him a Benefit. Would you bind him
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to your Service with Hoops of Steel? You
+must make it his Interest, as well as his Duty,
+to befriend you.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is, by no means, my Intention to arraign
+either the Wisdom or good Policy of our Forefathers.
+But all Men are, in some Degree,
+fallible, as well in the congregate, as in the individual;
+and the Shrewd may err as much,
+by over-reaching their Aim, as the Ignorant,
+by falling short, or deviating from it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But, had a hundred <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pitts</span></span>, and a hundred
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cecils</span></span>, composed the Senate of our Ancestors, at
+the Time that those <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Penal Laws</span></span> were enacted;
+had those Laws been ever so wise and so just,
+so wholesome and necessary, and well suited to
+the Season; is that a Reason that they should
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">continue so</span></em> to the End of Time? In a World
+where nothing is permanent; where Modes,
+Manners, Principles, and Practice are at a Flux;
+where Life is uncertain, and all it contains
+changeable; Nature and Reason will conform to
+Situation and Circumstance; and where <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Causes</span></span>
+have ceased, in any Degree, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consequences</span></span>
+ought to cease in the same Proportion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is not now with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome</span></span> as it was in the Days
+when Princes held her Steed, and Emperors
+her Stirrup. The Kings of the Earth have,
+pretty clearly, resumed her Usurpations and
+Acquisitions of temporal Dominion. It is not
+now, as it was when she cried Peace! and it became
+Peace; or when the Breath of her Mandate
+kindled the Nations to Battle. Even his
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Holiness</span></span> is, now, but a poor limited Prince, pent
+up within his little <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italian</span></span> Demesne. If some few
+still acknowledge to hold of his Authority, it
+is a Homage of Words, and not of Facts;
+they will not acknowledge to hold of his Power.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+He is restored to the quiet and unenvied Possession
+of all the Lordship and Interest he can acquire
+in Heaven. But the Sceptre, even of his
+spiritual Dominion upon Earth, is, of late, as
+I take it, most wonderfully shortened.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Matters are much altered with the ecclesiastical
+World, even since I wrote the Letters that
+have roused your Spleen. Whether it be through
+a Decline of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romish</span></span> Religion, in particular;
+or, possibly, through a Decline of all Religion,
+in general; the pontifical and episcopal Dictatorship
+and Authority are wofully fallen, from the
+Chair of Infallibility, where they had been seated
+by Opinion. The Sons of the most bigotted
+Ancestors do now perceive, that Piety and Immorality
+are not rightly consistent. And even
+the vulgar and ignorant, among the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman</span></span> Laity,
+would grumble at departing from an Inch
+of their Property, though the Priest should
+advise, and the Pope, himself, should enjoin
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But, Sir, if the Change of Times, and Principles,
+Situation, and Circumstances; if the
+Change of every Cause that produced those
+penal Laws, have not availed for a Change of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consequences</span></span>; for some Mitigation or Abatement
+of their Rigour, toward these my unhappy Brethren,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Catholics of Ireland</span></span>: If no
+Argument, I say, that is taken from Changes,
+may avail for the Purpose, I will take one from
+Permanence and Duration itself, that shall strike
+Light and Conviction to the Eye of every Beholder;
+that Power may <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gainsay</span></em>, but cannot
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">refute</span></em>; that Malevolence may <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dispute</span></em>, but never
+can <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">answer</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About six Generations have now passed away,
+according to the Rates of Purchase and Estimate
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the Life of Man, since these People have offended
+in Word or in Deed. No Riotings have
+been heard in their Houses, no Complainings
+in their Streets; they have been silent and harmless
+as Sheep before their Sheerers. Our Parties,
+Factions, and Insurrections, as they are merrily
+stiled in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>, have been all among ourselves;
+this People were neither Actors nor
+Partakers therein. They have offered themselves
+to our Fleets, and to our Armies; to tend our
+Persons, to till our Grounds, to hew our Wood,
+and to draw our Water. Where we admit them
+to fight for us, they have ever proved valiant;
+where we admit them to serve us, they are found
+loving, observant, and faithful. Temptations
+have come to their Doors and called them forth;
+the Contagion of Rebellion hath broken out
+among their Neighbours; they have yet remained
+quiet, and continued untainted; still
+loyal to their Sovereign, amenable to Government,
+and submissive to Law, through a long
+and trying Succession of about seventy Years,
+they have scarce appeared to repine in the midst
+of their Calamities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When I look back on the querulous and restless
+Nature of Man: When I trace the human
+Propensities through the Records of Ages and
+Nations: In all the Histories of those States
+who had least Cause of Complaint: Throughout
+the Commonwealths of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Asia Minor</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archipelago</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grecian Continent</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italy</span></span>, the Islands
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mediterranean</span></span>, &amp;c. where the RIGHTS
+OF NATURE, under Forms of various Institution,
+were ASSERTED BY LIBERTY AND
+GUARDED BY LAW: Where the ASSURANCE
+OF PROPERTY gave most REASON
+FOR CONTENT: I can find but few
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Instances of any People who, through such a
+Length of Time, have continued firm and unshaken,
+in an uninterrupted Loyalty and Submission
+to Government.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What then, do we look for further? What
+Proofs do ye yet require, of Peacefulness and
+Attachment at the Hands of these our Brethren?
+Is no Period to be put to their State
+of Probation? Must they <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">for ever</span></em> keep out
+upon <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Quarantine</span></em>, without Harbour or Hopes
+of Rest or Reconciliation? That were hard,
+indeed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If it is Revenge that we seek, they have,
+already, suffered enough, not for their own
+Faults, but for the Hostility of their Forefathers.
+If we seek our Safety, alone; let us chace <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">them,
+at once, from Country and Community</span></em>; or put
+an <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">End to our domestic Fears</span></em>, by giving them
+Cause to defend us.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Indeed, Sir, neither common Sense, nor Sense
+of any Kind, can possibly suppose, That Acts
+of Kindness which have been, from the Beginning
+of the World, the Cement of Friendship
+to all other People, should prove the reverse to
+these People alone.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Had they been to us, as the Swallow, in Autumn,
+who forsakes all Connections on the Approach
+of Inclemency, I should never have
+pleaded for any Confidence in them. But a People,
+who, through a Winter of seventy Years
+Continuance, have never failed, or forsaken, or
+given us Cause of Offence, surely merit some
+Consideration, some grateful and chearing Ray
+to warm them to a Sense that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestants</span></span> are not,
+by Choice, of a cruel, unforgiving, and malevolent
+Nature.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lastly, Sir, as I know you to be a Gentleman
+of a communicative Disposition, and that you
+were, formerly, fond of exhibiting the Sentiments
+of some of your Friends; should you
+impart this Letter to any of your popish Acquaintance,
+I doubt they might be apt to give
+me more Thanks than I am conscious I deserve.
+It is, therefore, but commonly honest, to advertise
+you, and them, that while I write in the
+Favour of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Papists</span></span>, the Interest of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestants</span></span> is
+never out of my Eye.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When I thought your Favourites most formidable,
+I shewed I did not fear them; and
+now, that I think them impotent, let them not
+think I flatter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What I have hitherto hinted is but a narrow
+opening to the Concerns and Interests of an
+unhappy Country, whereof I have the Misfortune
+to be a helpless, though loving, Member.
+To promote the Advantage of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, in any
+respect, would be, to me, the cardinal Point
+of the whole Compass of my Ambition; and
+a subsequent Letter may shew how far my Observations
+relate to the Decline, or Prosperity, of
+my Country, whenever you confer the Pleasure
+of an Answer on,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dear</span></span> SIR,<br />
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Your truly affectionate</span></span>, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+  <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a>
+    <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+    <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin</span></span>,
+1753, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">M. Reilly</span></span>, Editor.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mac Con More
+Macnamara</span></span>, Duke of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Klan Cullane</span></span>,
+founded, erected, and amply endowed the beautiful Abbey
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quin</span></span>; as did other Chieftains of his Name and Family,
+several Parochial Churches, with a great Number of magnificent
+Castles.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seasonable Thoughts</span></span>, &amp;c.
+published by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">George Faulkner</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Case of
+the Roman Catholics</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Principles of the
+Roman Catholics</span></span>, the two last published by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">P. Lord</span></span>, in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cook-street, Dublin</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">To all the above Productions of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ireland</span></span>, may be justly
+added, our inestimable Fisheries, and plentiful Mines, which,
+under due national Encouragement, would raise immense
+Treasures.</dd></dl>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader9" id="rightpageheader9"></a><a name="pgtoc10" id="pgtoc10"></a><a name="pdf11" id="pdf11"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">November 10, 2008  </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt">
+        <span class="tei tei-name">
+            Produced by Robert Cicconetti, David King, and the Online
+            Distributed Proofreading Team at &lt;http://www.pgdp.net/&gt;.
+        </span>
+      </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader12" id="rightpageheader12"></a><a name="pgtoc13" id="pgtoc13"></a><a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named 
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+      <title>An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of Ireland</title>
+      <author><name reg="Brooke, Henry">Henry Brooke</name></author>
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+      <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition>
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+      <date>November 10, 2008</date>
+      <idno type="etext-no">27226</idno>
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+
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">An Essay On The</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Ancient and Modern State</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Of Ireland</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">With the Various Important Advantages</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">Thereunto Derived,</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">under the auspicious Reign of His most sacred Majesty</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">King GEORGE the Second.</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">Including a particular Account</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">of the great and glorious</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">St. Patrick</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">By</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">Henry Brooke</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">Dublin: Printed</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">London: Re-Printed</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">for R. Griffiths.</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">MDCCLX.</p>
+    </div>
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <head>Contents</head>
+      <divGen type="toc" />
+    </div>
+  </front>
+<body>
+
+<pb n='003'/><anchor id='Pg003'/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Dedication.</head>
+
+<p>
+TO
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Matthew M<hi rend="vertical-align: super">c</hi>. Namara</hi>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of <hi rend='italic'>LIMERICK</hi>, Esq;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Counsellor</hi> at LAW.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Justly sensible, Sir, how
+sincerely You have the Character
+and Esteem of our Native
+Country at Heart, I take Leave
+to offer to Your Perusal, and
+commend to Your favourable Acceptance,
+the following Sheets.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What gave them Rise, was my happening,
+some Time since, to have fallen into
+Company with two or three sprightly young
+Gentlemen, then just returned from their
+Continental Rambles,&mdash;who&mdash;altho' little
+burthened with the Religion, Laws, Learning,
+Policy, Customs, Habits, Manners, or
+Languages of any, or the several Countries
+they had scampered thro', affected, nevertheless,
+an high Contempt for this,&mdash;their
+Native.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='004'/><anchor id='Pg004'/>
+
+<p>
+I listened with silent Indignation, and
+determined to contribute my Mite towards
+giving such unattentive, uninformed
+Youths, a more adequate Idea of this Kingdom,
+under its ancient and under its present
+happy Establishment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The common Accidents of Time must
+lead them by better Authority to clearer
+Knowledge: In the mean while, I profess
+my Obligations to them, as they have given
+me this Opportunity of declaring my Regard
+to my Country in general, and the
+particular Attachments that ever bind me,
+in the strictest Sense of Fidelity and Esteem,
+to a Friend so worthy as You have
+been to,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sir,<lb/>
+Your very obliged, and<lb/>
+Most obedient Servant.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='005'/><anchor id='Pg005'/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Essay.</head>
+
+<p>
+In a Nation, where almost every
+Gentleman is better acquainted, and
+more conversant, with the Nature
+and Circumstances of other Countries
+than those of his own, the
+Publication of such Hints as may somewhat
+contribute to remove so odd an Inattention, and
+induce those far better qualified to render a Subject
+so interesting some Justice, will not, I
+hope, be deemed an Impertinence; in one especially
+who, by this Essay, however feeble, hath
+nothing beside the Honour and Advantage of
+<pb n='006'/><anchor id='Pg006'/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> in View, a Kingdom whereof he is, without
+Vanity, proud of being a Native.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the Story of Savages and Barbarians can
+contain nothing instructive, or entertaining, the
+<hi rend='italic'>Antemilesian</hi> Inhabitants of this Land having
+been mostly such, and all surviving Accounts
+of them almost totally overcast with Fable, we
+are therefore, in treating of the antient <hi rend='italic'>Scotia</hi>, or
+modern <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, to refer principally to three
+distinguished æras, whereof the <emph>first</emph> is, its
+being peopled by an <hi rend='italic'>Iberian</hi> or <hi rend='italic'>Spanish</hi>
+Colony: The <emph>second</emph>, truly glorious, the Arrival of St.
+<hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>, in his most salutary Mission: The <emph>third</emph>
+and last, its Cession to <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Second, King
+of <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>, (the first of the Royal Race of
+<hi rend='italic'>Plantagenet</hi>) partly from a pretended Title of
+<hi rend='italic'>Adrian</hi> the Fourth, Pope of <hi rend='italic'>Rome</hi>; partly
+from the restless and insatiable Desires of <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi>;
+<emph>more</emph> from the manifold Infirmities of the then reigning
+<hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Chiefs&mdash;but above all, from the peculiarly
+adverse Fate of <hi rend='italic'>Roderick</hi>, the last of our
+Kings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The assiduous, exact, and candid Author of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Dissertations</hi>,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi>,
+1753, <hi rend='italic'>M. Reilly</hi>, Editor.</note> lately published, on the Origin,
+Government, Letters, Sciences, Religion,
+Manners and Customs of the antient Inhabitants
+of this Country, hath put all those Matters in
+so clear and happy, and, at the same Time, in so
+strong a Light, by the Powers of various foreign
+Testimonies, of undeniable Authenticity,
+coincident with our own, that scarce any Thing
+new can be offered on the same Subject.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It may, however, in general be observed,
+that <hi rend='italic'>Milesius</hi>, a <hi rend='italic'>Spanish</hi> Prince, so far
+back as the Reign of <hi rend='italic'>Solomon</hi> (instigated by Necessity,
+or induced by Ambition) with a considerable
+<pb n='007'/><anchor id='Pg007'/>
+Number of Associates and Followers,
+landed from the Western Parts of <hi rend='italic'>Spain</hi>, on the
+Southern Coasts of this Island, where it is probable
+they met little, or but faint Opposition,
+from wild and undisciplined Inhabitants.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those People, from their early Knowledge
+of the <hi rend='italic'>Phœnician</hi> Arts and Letters, imported
+such Rudiments of Government and Learning,
+as those primitive Times admitted; a Truth
+visible from the Similarity or rather Identity of
+the <hi rend='italic'>Phœnician</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Scotic</hi> Alphabet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This antient Colony quietly settled here, remote
+from the Storms and Revolutions of the
+greater World, and secured by Situation from
+its hostile Incursions, there is no Doubt but the
+Cultivation of Religion, Philosophy, Politicks,
+Poetry, and Musick, became the chief Objects
+of popular Study and Application: The Spirit
+of Ambition in succeeding Ages, with its unhappy
+concomitant Train of Sedition, Faction,
+and Violence, the foreign Invasions, and often
+the intestine Oppressions and Calamities, to
+which our neighbouring Nations were subject,
+calling forth the protective or conciliating Aids
+of those ancient Heroes, made them great Masters
+also in the Art military.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Pentarchy originally formed by those
+<hi rend='italic'>Iberian</hi> or <hi rend='italic'>Celtic Spaniards</hi>, with a
+popular Right of Election, was certainly a Kind of Government
+extremely consistent with the Essence and
+Genius of true Liberty, and a System derived
+from the Patriarchs themselves. For when the
+various Necessities of Society required a Subordination,
+together with some stated Maxims to
+go by, to avoid the confused and promiscuous
+Intercourse in a State of Nature; then did the
+People elect the most Virtuous and Wise, to lead
+<pb n='008'/><anchor id='Pg008'/>
+and conduct them in Times of War and Trouble;
+to govern, inform, and protect them, in
+milder and more auspicious Seasons. Then was
+the Motto of the Crown, or of the chief Ensign
+of Pre-eminence, <hi rend='italic'>Digniori detur</hi>, and so continued
+till the Degeneracy of Time, and the
+baneful Growth of Avarice and Pride, with the
+feverish Lust of Power, perverted it to&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>Rapiat
+Fortior</hi>!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such, thro' a long Succession of Ages, was
+the Condition, and such at length the Fate of
+this Kingdom, destroyed after a longer Continuance
+than any other can boast, by the Abuse
+of its own Powers; a sure Argument that all
+created Beings, all sublunary Institutions, however
+wisely composed, in the very Essence of
+their Creation, and in the very Rudiments of
+their Formation, comprehend, at the same Time,
+the Seeds of Dissolution: Yet it is not more remarkable
+than true, that in the most boisterous
+Periods of this Kingdom's antient Establishment,
+the Arts and Sciences, with the fundamental
+Principles of Constitution, were preserved
+and cherished with inviolable Assiduity.
+The Priests, Philosophers, Advocates, Annalists,
+Poets and Musicians, were obliged to preserve
+Religion, political Wisdom, Law, History, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi>
+hereditarily in their respective Tribes, and to
+educate in these different Branches the Chiefs
+and Nobles of the Land, for which they were
+graciously maintained in secure and splendid
+Tranquillity: Those Sages attended the National
+Conventions, where all publick Acts were religiously
+recorded, and all Abuses of Power and
+Government retrenched or reformed; nor were
+they permitted, except in Case of extraordinary
+Necessity, or uncommon Merit, to deviate from
+<pb n='009'/><anchor id='Pg009'/>
+their proper and primitive Spheres of Action:
+Since, where an harmonious Subordination of
+Rank and Order hath not been duly preserved,
+even in free Estates, Liberty itself (wisely attempered,
+the greatest of all social Blessings)
+hath often, from Abuse and Neglect, sickened
+into Licentiousness, the immediate lewd Mother
+of Anarchy! In the visible Creation, the direct
+Result of infinite Wisdom, the lesser Planets do
+not interfere with, much less shock or oppose
+the Motions and Revolutions of the greater;
+they constantly keep the Distances first prescribed
+them, and all move regularly to their
+respective Ends. The most verdant and fragrant
+Meadows may, from the too frequent Irruption
+of muddy Waters, degenerate into
+noxious Marshes, if some Care was not taken
+to divert those impure Gushings into their proper
+Channels. Hence it may be inferred, that
+laying open the most honorary, as well as important
+and useful Professions of Society, to the
+Intrusion, or rather pyratical Invasions, of the
+Scum and Dregs of the People, cannot, however
+varnished over with the fictitious Colourings
+of pretended Liberty, consist with true Political
+Wisdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those ancient <hi rend='italic'>Sophi</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Literati</hi> enjoyed
+their Places with the greater Security, that they
+were uninvadable by the inferior Classes of Mankind;
+with the greater Content and Chearfulness,
+that much Esteem and Emolument were
+connected with them: The Priest and Advocate
+informed and directed the Conscience and Conduct;
+the Historian and Annalist recorded the
+Institutions; the Poet and Musician celebrated
+and sung the Exploits of their Kings and Leaders:
+No Wonder then this Kingdom should
+<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/>
+have been revered at Home, and admired Abroad;
+when Religion formed, Erudition nurtured,
+Philosophy strengthened, History preserved,
+Rhetorick adorned, Musick softened,
+and Poesy refined, the National Wisdom and
+Accomplishments; to all which was added, a
+thorough Knowledge of Tactics, and great
+Skill and Agility in all the athletick Arts, and
+bodily Exercises.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Versions of some original Codes exported
+by our Countryman, the learned and
+pious St. <hi rend='italic'>Fiechry</hi>, still extant in the
+<hi rend='italic'>Navarre</hi> Library at <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>, the
+Constitutional Wisdom of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> appears in a clear and happy
+Light: Persons, Things, Actions, and Expressions,
+were cautiously attended to, by the Laws; <emph>Persons</emph>,
+in their Minority, Youth, and Manhood,
+according to their different Ranks in the State,
+so as by Care, Education, and Discipline, to
+render them, some subservient, others useful,
+some beneficial, and others ornamental thereunto.
+<emph>Things</emph>, so carefully, as to prevent, by
+prohibatory Laws, Wastes of whatsoever Kind,
+and to ascertain to each Individual, as well as
+Society, their proper and distinct Rights. <emph>Actions</emph>,
+by directing those in general, and particular,
+to the Honour of the Deity and Welfare
+of the Community: <emph>Expression</emph>, by the penal
+Interdiction of prophane Cursing and Swearing,
+Obscenity, Scurrility, Calumny, and Detraction,
+yet with a full Indulgence of proper Satire
+against such as merited popular Reprehension,
+or Contempt; the Satirist's Pen in those
+Days being as much dreaded, or rather more
+so, than the Magistrate's Rod, and consequently
+as diligently avoided by a Demeanour absolutely
+irreproachable.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='011'/><anchor id='Pg011'/>
+
+<p>
+It appeareth that, under the antient Government
+of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, the Education of the landed
+Gentry, when Luxury, with its wasteful Catalogue
+of Vices, had not rendered Property so
+mutable and wavering as in modern Ages,
+was provided for; whether by the immediate
+Care of Parents, or essential Attention of Guardians,
+by the Laws of the Land; in order that
+Gentlemen should, to the Antiquity of Birth
+and Possession, add the important Dignity of
+Learning, and social Refinement of Arts: Since
+a Man at the Head of an original Estate, who
+should want the necessary Cultivation of Letters,
+was considered only as a Peasant in Disguise,
+and not more respected than a Hewer of
+Wood, or Drawer of Water.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In these Writings of St. <hi rend='italic'>Fiechry</hi>, the legislative
+Wisdom of <hi rend='italic'>Olam-Fodla</hi>; the philosophically-religious
+Capacity of <hi rend='italic'>Cormac-O Quin</hi>, who,
+from the pure Light of Nature, in a great Measure
+defeated the absurd <hi rend='italic'>Polytheism</hi> of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Druids</hi>; the consummate Integrity and Impartiality of
+<hi rend='italic'>Federach</hi> the Just, and <hi rend='italic'>Moran</hi> his Chief
+Justice; the Magnanimity of <hi rend='italic'>Con-Ked-Cathagh</hi>; the Conquests
+of <hi rend='italic'>Kineth Mac Alpin</hi>; the long, glorious,
+and peaceful Reign of <hi rend='italic'>Conary</hi> the Great,
+<hi rend='italic'>coæval</hi> with the Birth of our Blessed Lord and
+Saviour <hi rend='italic'>Jesus Christ</hi>, (undoubtedly the happiest,
+brightest, and most blissful Period the World
+ever saw;) are all displayed in a copious masterly
+Style, yet with strict chronological Exactness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This learned St. <hi rend='italic'>Fiechry</hi> was Founder of the
+University in <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>, in the Beginning of the
+8th Century. The better to enable him to carry
+on that noble Work, he obtained of <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the
+Great a Tax on all Wheel-Carriages, within
+<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/>
+the Barriers of that City: Whence, a Hackney-Coach
+is at this Day technically term'd <hi rend='italic'>Fiacre</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the Great, in order to repair the cruel
+and truly lamentable literary Dilapidations of
+the ferocious North-men, invited Numbers of
+the learned and pious <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> to the Continent,
+where he established and entertained them with
+Dignity, Tenderness, and Respect. In a curious
+Manuscript of <hi rend='italic'>Nicholaus Gurtlerus</hi>, (now
+in the <hi rend='italic'>French</hi> King's <hi rend='italic'>Parisian</hi> Library)
+Author of the <hi rend='italic'>Origines Mundi</hi>, where he alludes to these
+Times, you find the following favourable, but true Account of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.&mdash;<foreign lang="la"
+rend="font-style: italic">Temporibus illis, barbaris
+Normannorum Cohortibus undequaque irrumpentibus,
+Religio, Fides, Philosophia, Virtus, Hospitalitas,
+Fortitudo, Castitas, necnon et Amœniores
+omnium generum Artes, Hibernia solummodò natali,
+veluti Solo, viguerunt</foreign>; little Wonder that
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> should have been esteemed the
+<hi rend='italic'>Ierne</hi>, or sacred Isle of the <hi rend='italic'>Greeks</hi>, the
+<hi rend='italic'>Insula Sanctorum</hi>, or Island of Saints of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Romans</hi>.&mdash;Would to
+Heaven our Countrymen had, upon all considerable
+Occasions, recollected those deserved Encomiums,
+thereby to approve them worthy their
+applauded Origin, and native Soil!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We now proceed to consider <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> in her
+happiest and brightest View, after the Admission
+and Propagation of Christianity. It is certain
+there were many Christians in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, before
+the Arrival of <hi rend='italic'>Palladius</hi> in 431, or of St.
+<hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> the Year following: St. <hi rend='italic'>Kieran</hi>,
+St. <hi rend='italic'>Ailbe</hi>, St. <hi rend='italic'>Declan</hi>, and St.
+<hi rend='italic'>Ibar</hi>, whom <hi rend='italic'>Ussher</hi> calls the
+Precursors, or Forerunners of St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>, are
+pregnant Proofs of this; they were of the Birth of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>,
+from whence they travelled to <hi rend='italic'>Rome</hi>,
+in Search of Education and Learning, where
+<pb n='013'/><anchor id='Pg013'/>
+they lived some Years, were ordained, and returned
+Home about the Year 402.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It seems that those early Preachers confined
+their Labours to particular Places, in which they
+had considerable Success, but fell very short of
+converting the Body of the Nation: However,
+they sowed the Seed which St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> came
+after to water: And it is certain that St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>
+was so well satisfied with the Progress they
+made, in their particular Districts in <hi rend='italic'>Munster</hi>,
+that this was the last Province in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> he
+thought proper to visit. That there were many
+Christians in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, at this Period, seems to
+be confirmed by <hi rend='italic'>Prosper</hi>, who, in giving an
+Account of the Mission of <hi rend='italic'>Palladius</hi>, says, that
+he was ordained by Pope <hi rend='italic'>Celestin</hi>, and sent the
+first Bishop to the <hi rend='italic'>Scots</hi> believing in Christ.
+This Passage can mean nothing else, but that
+<hi rend='italic'>Palladius</hi>, born in Britain, was sent to the Scots
+[i.e. the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>] who had already formed Churches
+under <hi rend='italic'>Kieran</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Ailbe</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Declan</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Ibar</hi>; and so
+the Bishop of St. <hi rend='italic'>Asaph</hi> expounds it. This then
+was the next Attempt that was made for the Conversion of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>: <hi rend='italic'>Palladius</hi> engaged in a
+more ample and extensive Design than his Predecessors,
+yet he failed in the Execution of it,
+stay'd but a short Time in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, and did little
+worth remembring; he converted, however, a
+few, and is said to have founded three Churches;
+but he had neither Courage to withstand the
+Fierceness of the heathen <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>, nor Abilities,
+for Want of the Language, proper for the
+Work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Nathi</hi>, the Son of <hi rend='italic'>Garcon</hi>, an
+<hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Prince, opposed his preaching; upon which
+<hi rend='italic'>Palladius</hi> left the Kingdom, and died in the Land of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Picts</hi>, on the 15th of <hi rend='italic'>December</hi>, 431.
+This
+<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/>
+glorious Work was reserved for St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>, to
+whose holy Life, divine Mission, and extraordinary
+Success, I refer the Reader. This great
+Apostle of the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> founded and built the Cathedral
+Church of <hi rend='italic'>Ardmagh</hi>, about the Year
+444, or 45, which, from that early Period to
+this, hath continued the Metropolitan Church
+of all <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>. So that 1194 Years passed away
+from the Founding of the City of <hi rend='italic'>Rome</hi>, to that
+of <hi rend='italic'>Ardmagh</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The various and most signal Blessings derived
+to this Nation, from the salutary Mission of this
+illustrious Saint, require, in Gratitude, our
+giving the Reader yet a further Account of the
+Author of such Happiness and Glory to <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was born in the extreme Bounds of <hi rend='italic'>Britain</hi>,
+(in that Part thereof which is now comprehended
+within the Limits of the modern
+<hi rend='italic'>Scotland</hi>) at a Village called <hi rend='italic'>Banaven</hi>,
+in the Territory of <hi rend='italic'>Tabernia</hi>, (as he himself saith in
+his Confession) in <hi rend='italic'>Vico Banaven Taberniæ</hi>, &amp;c.
+He tells us that he was born of a good Family.
+<foreign lang="la" rend="font-style:italic">Ingennuus fui secundum Carnem.</foreign>
+His Father was <hi rend='italic'>Calphurnius</hi>, a Deacon, who was the Son
+of <hi rend='italic'>Potitus</hi>, a Priest; from whence may be
+clearly inferred that the Clergy were not restrained
+from Matrimony in that Age. He was
+just advanced into his sixteenth Year, when he
+was taken Captive, the Manner of which is thus
+related by St. <hi rend='italic'>Evin</hi> and others: His Father,
+Mother, Brother, and five Sisters, undertook a
+Voyage to <hi rend='italic'>Aremorick Gaul</hi>, (now called <hi rend='italic'>Bass
+Bretagne</hi>) to visit the Relations of his Mother <hi rend='italic'>Couchessa</hi>.
+It happened about this Time, that the
+seven Sons of <hi rend='italic'>Factmude</hi>, a <hi rend='italic'>British</hi>
+Prince, were banished, and took to the Sea; that, making
+an Inroad into <hi rend='italic'>Aremorick Gaul</hi>, they took
+<hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>
+<pb n='015'/><anchor id='Pg015'/>
+and his Sister, <hi rend='italic'>Lupita</hi>, (some say <hi rend='italic'>Tigrida</hi>
+also) Prisoners. They brought their Captives to the North of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, and sold <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> to
+<hi rend='italic'>Milcho Mac Huanan</hi>, a Prince of <hi rend='italic'>Dalaradia</hi>:
+Others tell the Story in a different Manner, and
+with a stronger Degree of Probability. That the <hi rend='italic'>Romans</hi>
+having deserted <hi rend='italic'>Britain</hi>, to preserve
+their own Country from the barbarous Incursions
+of the <hi rend='italic'>Northern Hive</hi>, the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> made
+frequent Conquests, in <hi rend='italic'>North Britain</hi> especially, whence
+returning victorious, in one of those Expeditions
+among others brought <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> Captive. But in
+this they all agree, and he himself confirms it,
+that he continued Prisoner in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> six Years;
+he was sold to <hi rend='italic'>Milcho</hi> and his three Brothers,
+which gave Occasion of his changing his Name into <hi rend='italic'>Cathraigh</hi>,
+or rather <hi rend='italic'>Ceathir-Tigh</hi>, because
+he served four Masters; <hi rend='italic'>Ceathir</hi> signifying four,
+and <hi rend='italic'>Tigh</hi> a House or Family. <hi rend='italic'>Milcho</hi>
+observing the Care and Diligence of his new Servant,
+bought out the Shares of his Brothers, and made
+him his own Property. He sent him to feed his Hogs on
+<hi rend='italic'>Sliev-Mis</hi>. And St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> himself
+tells us his Behaviour in this Office.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>My constant Business was to feed the Hogs.
+I was frequent in Prayer; the Love and Fear
+of God more and more inflamed my Heart;
+my Faith was enlarged, and my Spirit augmented,
+so that I said an hundred Prayers by
+Day, and almost as many by Night. I arose
+before Day to my Prayers, in the Snow, in the
+Frost, and in the Rain, and yet I received no
+Damage; nor was I affected with Slothfulness;
+for then the Spirit of God was warm within
+me.</q> It was here he perfected himself in the
+<hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Language, the wonderful Providence of
+God visibly appearing in this Instance of his
+<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/>
+Captivity, that he should have the Opportunity
+in his tender Years of becoming well acquainted
+with the Language, Manners, and Dispositions
+of that People, to whom he was intended as a
+future Apostle. He continued six whole Years
+in Servitude, and in the seventh was released.
+There seems to have been a Law in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> for
+this Purpose, agreeable to the Institution of
+<hi rend='italic'>Moses</hi>, that a Servant should be released the
+seventh Year.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having parted from his Master, after a great
+Variety of Distresses, he at length arrived to his
+Parents, who received him with extraordinary
+Joy; with these he remained two Years, and
+probably would much longer, had he not by a
+Vision been quickened to a more active and glorious
+Life. In this he thought he saw a Man
+coming to him from <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, whose Name was
+<hi rend='italic'>Victoricus</hi>, with a great Number of Letters; that
+he gave him one of them to read, in the Beginning
+of which were contained these Words, <hi rend='italic'>Vox-Hiberionacum</hi>,
+the Voice of the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>: While
+he was reading this Letter, he thought the same
+Moment, that he heard the Voice of the Inhabitants
+who lived near the Wood of <hi rend='italic'>Foclut</hi>, in
+the Barony of <hi rend='italic'>Tyr-Awley</hi>, and County of
+<hi rend='italic'>Mayo</hi>, hard by the Western Sea, crying to him with an
+audible and distinct Voice, <q>We intreat thee,
+holy Youth, to come and walk among us.</q> He
+was greatly amazed at this Vision, and awoke;
+it animated him, however, to his future Studies
+and heavenly Progress; so far even, that he
+tells us himself, he thanked God, that after many
+Years he had dealt with the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>, according to
+their crying out.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These early Scenes of this great Saint's Life,
+should, among many others, serve as lessons of
+<pb n='017'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>
+Charity, Consideration, and Humility, to the
+Rich, the Great, the Proud, and the Wanton;
+who may recollect that, altho' he was well born,
+he was nevertheless, in the most vigorous Season
+of Life, a Slave and a Swine-Herd: Happy,
+though wretched Servitude! In which, his leisure
+Hours, mostly employed in Christian Confidence
+and Prayer, made him so signally the
+Favourite of Heaven, that from those cloudy
+Dawnings, he in Process of Time became a
+learned Doctor, a sanctified Missioner, a venerable
+Prelate, an eminent Primate, a national Apostle,
+and the bright Instructor of Kings! Such were
+the fruitful Rewards of uninterrupted unshaken
+Devotion, Piety, and Zeal! From this Time
+he formed the steady Resolution of converting
+the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>; and, the better to accomplish the heavenly
+Task, he undertook a laborious Journey
+to foreign Countries, to enrich his Mind with
+Learning and Experience.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He continued abroad thirty-five Years, pursuing
+his Studies under the Direction principally
+of his Mother's Uncle, St. <hi rend='italic'>Martin</hi>, Bishop of
+<hi rend='italic'>Tours</hi>, who had ordained him Deacon; and after
+his Death, partly with St. <hi rend='italic'>German</hi>, Bishop of
+<hi rend='italic'>Auxerre</hi>, (who ordained him a Priest, and called
+his Name <hi rend='italic'>Magonius</hi>, which was the third Name
+he was known by,) partly among a Colony of <hi rend='italic'>Hermits</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Monks</hi>, in some Islands of the <hi rend='italic'>Tuscan</hi>
+Sea; and he employed a good Part of the
+Time in the City of <hi rend='italic'>Rome</hi>, among the Canons
+Regular of the <hi rend='italic'>Lateran</hi> Church: At length,
+having his Soul thoroughly tempered with
+religious Virtue, enlightened with the true
+Evangelical Faith, and his Understanding enlarged
+by the most profitable and edifying
+Studies, he arrived in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> about the 60th
+<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/>
+Year of his Age; and in the Year of our Lord
+432, landed in the County of <hi rend='italic'>Wicklow</hi>, where
+he began his Ministry, by the Conversion of
+<hi rend='italic'>Sinel</hi>, a great Man in that Country, the Grandson
+of <hi rend='italic'>Finchad</hi>, who ought to be remembered,
+as he was the first Fruits of St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>'s Mission
+in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>; he was the 8th in lineal Descent from
+<hi rend='italic'>Cormac</hi>, King of <hi rend='italic'>Leinster</hi>, and came
+afterwards to be enumerated among the Saints of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From this Country he sailed to an Island on
+the Coast of the County of <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi>, called after
+him <hi rend='italic'>Inis Phadring</hi>, and by the <hi rend='italic'>English</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Holm Patrick</hi> at this Day, where he and his faithful
+Companions rested after their Fatigues. From
+<hi rend='italic'>Inis Phadring</hi>, he sailed Northward to that Part
+of <hi rend='italic'>Ulster</hi> called <hi rend='italic'>Ulidia</hi>, and put in at
+<hi rend='italic'>Inbherslaying</hi> Bay. When he and his Fellow Labourers
+landed, <hi rend='italic'>Dichu</hi>, the Son of <hi rend='italic'>Trichem</hi>, Lord
+of the County, being informed that they were Pirates,
+came out with armed Men in order to
+kill them: But being struck with the venerable
+Appearance of St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>, he gave him Audience,
+and listened attentively to the Word of
+Life preached by him; he changed his wicked
+Purpose, believed, and was baptized, and brought
+over all his Family to the Faith: It is further
+observed of him, that he was the first Person in
+<hi rend='italic'>Ulster</hi>, who embraced Christianity. He dedicated
+the Land whereon his Conversion was
+wrought to the Service of God, where a Church
+was erected, changed after to an eminent Monastery.
+He travelled hence by Land to <hi rend='italic'>Clunebois</hi>
+in <hi rend='italic'>Dalaradia</hi>, to endeavour the Conversion
+of his old Master <hi rend='italic'>Milcho</hi>, whose Service he had
+left thirty-eight Years before; but this obstinate
+Prince, hearing of the great Success of St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>'s
+preaching, and ashamed to be persuaded
+<pb n='019'/><anchor id='Pg019'/>
+in his old Age, to forsake the Religion of his
+Ancestors, (by one especially who had been his
+Servant, in a most inferior Station,) made a
+funeral Pile of his House and Goods, and by
+the Instigation of the Enemy of Mankind,
+burned himself therein: Thus ended <hi rend='italic'>Milcho McHuanan</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hence St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> returned to <hi rend='italic'>Inis</hi>, the
+Habitation of <hi rend='italic'>Dichu</hi>, and in his Journey converted
+great Numbers to the true Faith of <hi rend='italic'>Christ</hi>.
+In some time, he took his Leave of <hi rend='italic'>Dichu</hi>, and
+bent his course Southward by Sea, keeping the
+Coast on his Right-hand, and arrived at Port
+<hi rend='italic'>Colbdi</hi>, where he landed, and committed the
+Care of his Vessel to his Nephew <hi rend='italic'>Luman</hi>,
+desiring him to wait for him there forty Days,
+while he and his Disciples were travelling in the
+inner Parts of the Country to preach the Gospel.
+His Intention in this Journey was, to celebrate the Festival of
+<hi rend='italic'>Easter</hi> in the Plains of <hi rend='italic'>Bregia</hi>, and
+to be in the Neighbourhood of the Great Triennial
+Convention at <hi rend='italic'>Tarah</hi>, which at this Season
+was held by King <hi rend='italic'>Leogair</hi>, and all his Tributary Princes,
+Nobles, <hi rend='italic'>Druids</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Annalists</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>and Fileas</hi>.
+St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> wisely foreseeing that whatever Impressions
+he should make on this august Assembly
+must have an Influence on the whole Kingdom,
+and therefore, being supported with invincible
+Christian Fortitude, resolved not to be
+absent from a Place where his Presence was so
+conducive to the Ends of his Holy Ministry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Never did the Spirit of popular Freedom
+exert itself more powerfully or harmoniously,
+than in those truly parliamentary Triennial Conventions
+of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, where the supreme Monarch,
+the Provincial Kings, the feudatory Lords,
+the Nobles, landed Men, <hi rend='italic'>Druids</hi>, &amp;c. by the
+<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/>
+unbiased Suffrages of the People, convened for
+the Peace, good Government and Security of
+each particular Province, as well as those of the
+whole Kingdom. Many Centuries had this
+wise Constitution subsisted here, before our
+Neighbours, even of <hi rend='italic'>South Britain</hi>, knew any
+thing relative to Houses, or Raiment; it being
+notorious that so late as the Arrival of <hi rend='italic'>Julius
+Cæsar</hi> among them, they painted their Bodies,
+to render them terrible, and lived in the open
+Fields. It is really somewhat surprzing that
+People so near in Situation, should differ so
+essentially in Disposition, as the Inhabitants of
+those Islands have in all Ages; Hospitality having
+been the distinguishing Attribute of the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>, and it's
+opposite Defect, that of the <hi rend='italic'>Britons</hi>;
+the Account given of them by <hi rend='italic'>Horace</hi> 1700 and odd Years ago,
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Visam Britannes Hospitibus feros</foreign>,
+being as literally applicable to them at this Day,
+where the Force of Education doth not operate
+to mitigate their natural Ferocity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But to return: St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> in his Way to
+<hi rend='italic'>Tarah</hi>, took up his Lodgings at the House of the
+hospitable <hi rend='italic'>Sesgnen</hi> in <hi rend='italic'>Meath</hi>, who kindly
+received and welcomed him. St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> preach'd Christ
+and his Gospel to him; he believed, and was
+baptized with his whole Family.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the House of <hi rend='italic'>Sesgnen</hi>, he moved Westward,
+and arrived on <hi rend='italic'>Easter Eve</hi> at
+<hi rend='italic'>Fierta-fir-feic</hi>, on the Northern Banks of the River
+<hi rend='italic'>Boyne</hi>, where he rested, resolving there to prepare for the next
+Day's Solemnity. It was penal for any Person
+at the Time of the Celebration of this solemn
+Convention at <hi rend='italic'>Tarah</hi>, to kindle a Fire in the
+Province, before the King's Bonfire first appeared.
+I am of Opinion this was a religious Ceremony,
+as the chief Deity of the ancient Inhabitants,
+<pb n='021'/><anchor id='Pg021'/>
+in exterior Worship especially, was <hi rend='italic'>Bel</hi>,
+or <hi rend='italic'>Belus</hi>; whence <hi rend='italic'>Apollo</hi> or
+<hi rend='italic'>Ap-haul</hi>, the Son of the Sun, whom they emblematically worshipped,
+by those fiery Offerings; whence the first Day of
+<hi rend='italic'>May</hi>, peculiarly dedicated to this <hi rend='italic'>Bel</hi>,
+is even now in <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>, called
+<hi rend='italic'>Lha-Bel-Thinih</hi>, and probably from the same Source may be
+derived the Custom of lighting up Bonfires, and Sops, on the
+Eve of the 24th Day of <hi rend='italic'>June</hi>. St.
+<hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> however, either not knowing or not minding this
+Ceremony, lighted up a Fire before his Booth,
+which altho' eight Miles distant from <hi rend='italic'>Tarah</hi>,
+was very visible. It was seen with Astonishment
+from Court, and the <hi rend='italic'>Druids</hi> informed the King,
+that if he did not immediately extinguish the
+Fire, he who kindled it, and his Successors,
+should for ever hold the Principality of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>;
+which hath hitherto turned out a true Prediction
+of those Heathen Priests, in a Primatial and
+Spiritual Principality.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King dispatched Messengers to bring
+<hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> before him, and gave his positive Orders,
+that nobody should presume to rise out of his
+Seat, or pay him the least Honour: But <hi rend='italic'>Ere</hi>,
+the Son of <hi rend='italic'>Dego</hi>, ventured to disobey this Command;
+he arose, and offered the Holy Father his
+Seat. St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> preached to him and converted
+him. He became a Person of eminent Sanctity,
+and after some Time was consecrated by St.
+<hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>, Bishop of <hi rend='italic'>Slain</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Day following, when St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> and two
+of his Disciples appeared unexpectedly at Court,
+and preached to the King and his Nobles, <hi rend='italic'>Dubtach</hi>,
+the King's Poet Laureat, payed Honour
+and Respect to the Saint, and was converted
+by his Preaching. <hi rend='italic'>Fiech</hi>, a young Poet, who
+was under the Tuition of <hi rend='italic'>Dubtach</hi>, was also converted,
+<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/>
+and afterwards made Bishop of <hi rend='italic'>Sletty</hi>,
+and is said to have been the Author of a celebrated
+Poem, composed in Praise of St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>.
+<hi rend='italic'>Anselm</hi>, Arch-Bishop of <hi rend='italic'>Canterbury</hi>,
+relates the Conversion of <hi rend='italic'>Tingar</hi>, the Son of
+<hi rend='italic'>Clito</hi>, (one of the Nobles in this Assembly,) in the same Manner.
+The Queen also, and many others of the
+Court, became Christians; and altho' the King
+held out for a long Time with great Obstinacy,
+yet at last he submitted to be baptized. St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi>
+is said here to have wrought many Miracles:
+There could not truly, even according to
+the Purposes of human Wisdom, have happened
+a more solemn or weighty Occasion, for God
+Almighty's supporting this Holy Preacher by
+Miracles, than when the collective Body of the
+whole Nation was assembled together; from
+whose Report and Conviction, the Influences of
+his blessed Works and Doctrine must of Course
+spread through the whole Kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His Conduct and Proceedings here, with a
+particular Detail of the Miracles wrought by
+him, may be had at large in the History of his
+Life, published by <hi rend='italic'>John Colgan</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From <hi rend='italic'>Tarah</hi>, the Saint proceeded next to
+<hi rend='italic'>Talten</hi>, not far from thence, at the Season of the
+Royal Diversions: Here he preached to <hi rend='italic'>Cairbre</hi>,
+and <hi rend='italic'>Conall</hi>, the two Brothers of King
+<hi rend='italic'>Leogin</hi>; the former received him with great Indignity,
+and perversely shut his Ears against his Doctrine;
+but <hi rend='italic'>Conall</hi> believed, and was baptized, and gave
+St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> a Place to build a Church on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This <hi rend='italic'>Conall</hi> was Great-Grand-Father to
+<hi rend='italic'>Columb-Kill</hi>. He spent the Remainder of this Year
+in <hi rend='italic'>Meath</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Louth</hi>, and the Districts
+adjoining, preaching, and converting great Numbers
+of People. The <hi rend='italic'>Taltenian</hi> Sports above-mentioned,
+<pb n='023'/><anchor id='Pg023'/>
+have been much celebrated by the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>
+Historians, and Antiquaries. They were a kind
+of warlike Exercises, somewhat resembling the
+<hi rend='italic'>Olympick</hi> Games, consisting of Racing, Tilts,
+Tournaments, Wrestling, Leaping, Vaulting,
+and all other manly and martial Exercises,
+which gave Rise to the many hyperbolical
+Tales, formerly related of those <hi rend='italic'>Taltenian</hi> Sports.
+They were exhibited every Year at <hi rend='italic'>Talten</hi>, a
+Mountain in <hi rend='italic'>Meath</hi>, for fifteen Days before,
+and fifteen Days after the First of <hi rend='italic'>August</hi>. Their
+first Institution is ascribed to <hi rend='italic'>Lughaid-lam-fadha</hi>,
+the twelfth King of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, who began his
+Reign <hi rend='italic'>A. M.</hi> 2764 (a sufficient Proof of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>'s Antiquity as a Kingdom). They were
+ordained by <hi rend='italic'>Lughaid</hi>, in Gratitude to the Memory
+of <hi rend='italic'>Tailte</hi>, the Daughter of <hi rend='italic'>Magh-More</hi>,
+(a Prince of some Part of <hi rend='italic'>Spain</hi>) who having been married
+to <hi rend='italic'>Eochaid</hi>, King of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, took the
+same <hi rend='italic'>Lughaid</hi> under her Protection, and had the Care
+of his Education in his Minority. From this
+Princess both the Sports, and the Place where
+they were celebrated, took their Names: From <hi rend='italic'>Lughaid</hi>, the
+First of <hi rend='italic'>August</hi> was called <hi rend='italic'>Lugnasa</hi>,
+or the Memory of <hi rend='italic'>Lughaid</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nasa</hi> signifying
+Memory, in the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Language.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Year of the World 2700, <hi rend='italic'>Gideon</hi> then
+reigning fourth Judge of the <hi rend='italic'>Hebrews</hi>, appear'd
+many Heroes, as <hi rend='italic'>Hercules</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Orpheus</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Castor</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Pollux</hi>,
+the <hi rend='italic'>Argonauts</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Jason</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Laomedon</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Thesæus</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Dedalus</hi>, &amp;c. The <hi rend='italic'>Amazones</hi>,
+Heroines of <hi rend='italic'>Scythic</hi>
+Extraction, having lost their Husbands in
+Battle, took up Arms themselves, with a manly
+Spirit of Resentment, and (inspired with Love
+of their deceased Husbands, and Grief for so
+great and irretrievable a Loss!) subdued <hi rend='italic'>Asia</hi>,
+and built <hi rend='italic'>Ephesus</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Hercules</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Thesæus</hi> waged
+<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/>
+War against those Heroines, and defeated them,
+more to the Glory of the Vanquished than their
+own, those Matrons having defended themselves
+with surprizing Resolution. They cut off the
+Guards set over them, and escaped the Severity
+and Pride of their Conquerors. <hi rend='italic'>Hercules</hi>, in
+Honour of such extraordinary heroick Females,
+instituted the <hi rend='italic'>Olympick</hi> Games; as likewise did
+<hi rend='italic'>Thesæus</hi>, the <hi rend='italic'>Isthmian</hi>, in the Year of
+the World, about 2700, the <hi rend='italic'>Taltenian</hi> Sports, the very same
+with the <hi rend='italic'>Olympick</hi>, brought sixty-four Years after
+from <hi rend='italic'>Spain</hi> into <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, by
+<hi rend='italic'>Tailte</hi>, and her Followers.
+Now this <hi rend='italic'>Tailte</hi>, Queen of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, was
+the Grand-daughter of an <hi rend='italic'>Amazone</hi> Princess,
+those immortal Females having, with their Progeny,
+Friends and Followers, to avoid the ruinous
+Hostilities of <hi rend='italic'>Hercules</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Thesæus</hi>,
+sought Shelter in <hi rend='italic'>Spain</hi>, whither they imported the
+Learning of <hi rend='italic'>Trismegistus</hi>, the Grandson of
+<hi rend='italic'>Mercury</hi>, and Glory of <hi rend='italic'>Ægypt</hi>, together
+with all the literary Arts derived into <hi rend='italic'>Greece</hi>, from
+<hi rend='italic'>Phœnicia</hi>, by <hi rend='italic'>Cadmus</hi>, the Brother
+of <hi rend='italic'>Europa</hi>, about the Year of the World 2530,
+<hi rend='italic'>Othoniel</hi> then reigning the first Judge of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Hebrews</hi>. The Posterity of this ancient and illustrious Colony,
+about the Year of the World 3000, (<hi rend='italic'>Solomon</hi> then
+reigning with great Splendour, third King of
+the <hi rend='italic'>Hebrews</hi>) settled in this Kingdom, as before
+observed: So that, by an impartial Estimate of
+Dates, Periods, and Facts, our Origin is well
+ascertained, our early Possession of Letters, wise
+Policy, and the politer Arts, proved, and the
+Remark of an <hi rend='italic'>Italian</hi> Monk in the 7th Century,
+from the University of <hi rend='italic'>Mongret</hi>, in an Epistle
+to his Correspondent at <hi rend='italic'>Rome</hi>, justified,
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Nil mirum
+Populum hunc Celtico Scythicum è præclarâ
+Amazonidum stirpê oriundum, verâ Religionê et
+<pb n='025'/><anchor id='Pg025'/>
+incorruptâ Fide illuminatum, sapientia Doctrina
+optimisque Morbidus ornatum, viros fortes et Fæminas
+castas plerumque procreare</foreign>. A Rescript of
+this Original Epistle still extant, in the <hi rend='italic'>Vatican</hi>
+Library, some Years ago in the Hands of Father
+Don <hi rend='italic'>Levy</hi>, may therefore, I believe, be
+found in the College of <hi rend='italic'>Lombard</hi> at <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this shining Period were Cathedrals and
+Churches erected, Universities founded and
+established, Colleges, Seminaries and Schools
+propagated in many Parts of this Kingdom,
+which, at the same Time, became a peaceful
+and hospitable Retreat to religious and learned
+Men, disturbed on the Continent of <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi>, by
+the frequent Invasions, and cruel Hostilities of
+the North-men, whose Piracies and Barbarity,
+even <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> could not always escape! For,
+from the Time of <hi rend='italic'>Artigrius</hi>, Archbishop of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ardmagh</hi> in 822, for near 200 Years the cruel
+<hi rend='italic'>Danes</hi> miserably ravaged this Kingdom, destroying,
+by Fire and Sword, every Establishment,
+as well of Piety as Learning, (to both which,
+and to all religious Maxims of civilized Society,
+they had been avowed implacable Enemies) till
+they were themselves, in 1014, totally defeated
+at <hi rend='italic'>Clontarf</hi>, by the invincible Arms of the Great
+Monarch, <hi rend='italic'>Bryan Borou</hi>, from whom descended
+a Race conspicuous for exemplary Prelates, heroick
+Leaders, and steady Patriots.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The learned Author of the <hi rend='italic'>Dissertations</hi> before-mentioned,
+charges this Hero with a Violation
+of the Constitution of his Country: Yet the
+Violation seems of far earlier Date, when the
+supreme Monarchy was, by the <hi rend='italic'>Hugonian</hi> Law,
+inalienably united to one Family, whose Sovereignty,
+however founded originally, whether
+by Birth, or Election, was essential to the public
+<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/>
+Welfare: For we must allow that the Preservation
+of the People is the principal Law to which all others are subordinate.
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Salus Populi
+suprema Lex</foreign>; and equally, that not only the
+Necessities, but the Safety also of the People, at
+that Time of Danger and Distraction, eagerly
+called forth the Conduct and Valour, the protective
+and restorative Abilities of that great and
+virtuous Man, of whom a faithful Historian,
+in his Detail of the Battle of <hi rend='italic'>Clontarf</hi>, says;
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Integrâ prius adept a Victoriâ rebus
+humanis eodem Diê excessit vir Bellô ac Pacê summus, Justitiæ,
+Religionis, Literarum, Cultor eximius, et cum Carolo
+Magno utique comparandus</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the 239th Page of the <hi rend='italic'>Dissertations</hi>, the excellent
+Author expresseth himself as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I now proceed to give some Account of the
+second Royal House of <hi rend='italic'>Scots</hi>, the oldest of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Milesian</hi> Race, and the Posterity of
+<hi rend='italic'>Eber</hi>.</q> This
+Race then being avowed the oldest, in Respect
+of Primogeniture, must, of Course, have been
+prior in Point of Dignity and Sway, or at least,
+equally entitled to the Election of the People
+to such Ranks; were not those by violent Measures
+annexed to the <hi rend='italic'>Heremonian</hi> Line: Yet, however
+this might have been, certain it is, that no
+Houses that we read of, ancient or modern,
+have produced a greater Number of truly heroick
+Princes, or of longer Continuance, than
+those of the North and South <hi rend='italic'>Hy-Nial</hi>; from
+whom also issued many noble Families of real
+Worth, and equal Renown. With <hi rend='italic'>Bryan</hi>, the
+happy Genius of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, in a great Measure,
+expired: For the cruel <hi rend='italic'>Danes</hi> had, for near 200
+Years before, so wofully overturned the Universities
+of <hi rend='italic'>Ardmagh</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Dondaleith-Glass</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mongret</hi>, and <hi rend='italic'>Lismore</hi>, with all
+other Seminaries of Piety
+<pb n='027'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>
+and Learning, (the only genuine Sources of national
+Greatness, Concord, good Discipline, and
+Happiness) had obliged, in the 8th Century,
+so many learned Men to seek that Shelter and
+Security on the Continent, which the barbarous
+Hostilities, and impious Manners of those Northerns,
+denied them at Home; had made such
+frequent lamentable Breaches in the antient, wise
+Constitution of the Kingdom; had, by the fatal
+Example of their profligate dissolute Lives, so
+vitiated the national Morality; and finally, had
+left behind them so many noxious Seeds of Faction
+and Anarchy, as, in less than two Centuries,
+gave up a Kingdom, of above 2000 Years
+Establishment, the unaccountable Prey of a
+few adventurous <hi rend='italic'>Normans</hi>!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Patrick</hi> governed the See of <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi> about
+ten Years, and, in a Voyage to <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>, perished
+by Shipwreck, in the <hi rend='italic'>British</hi> Sea, on the
+16th of <hi rend='italic'>October</hi>, 1084; having been sent to
+<hi rend='italic'>Lanfranc</hi>, Archbishop of <hi rend='italic'>Canterbury</hi>,
+by King <hi rend='italic'>Tirdelvac</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Donat</hi>, or <hi rend='italic'>Dongus O'Haingly</hi>, having spent
+some Time in the Study of useful Learning in
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, went over into <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>,
+and became a Benedictine Monk at <hi rend='italic'>Canterbury</hi>. He was afterwards,
+(by the Consent of King <hi rend='italic'>Tirdelvac</hi>, and
+the Clergy of <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi>) consecrated,
+<hi rend='italic'>A. D.</hi> 1085, in the Cathedral of
+<hi rend='italic'>Canterbury</hi>, by the before-mentioned
+<hi rend='italic'>Lanfranc</hi>, to whom he made the following
+Profession of Obedience:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I, <hi rend='italic'>Donat</hi>, Bishop of the See of
+<hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi> in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, do promise
+Canonical Obedience to you, <hi rend='italic'>O' Lanfranc</hi>, Archbishop of the
+holy Church of <hi rend='italic'>Canterbury</hi>, and to your Successors.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is evident that the Title of the Kings of
+<hi rend='italic'>England</hi> to this Kingdom, by Papal Donation,
+<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/>
+or Appointment, was very insufficient, if not
+absolutely trifling: Nor could a Right of Conquest
+be urged in any Period of the Reign of
+<hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Second, or his Descendants. But
+the Great and Royal Families of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, long
+the Prey of Faction, deliberately preferred a
+limitted and stipulated Submission to foreign
+Authority, to the various Evils arising from
+intestine Feuds and Animosities; and this, had
+the wise Conditions thereof been constantly attended
+to, with mutual Observance, had been
+a sound Title, well and judiciously founded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+True it is, that after the Surrender of the
+Crown by King <hi rend='italic'>John</hi> to the See of <hi rend='italic'>Rome</hi>,
+the Pope exerted some temporal Authority in this
+Kingdom, instanced in his having created <hi rend='italic'>Mc.
+Con More Mc. Namaras</hi><note place='foot'>This <hi rend='italic'>Mac Con More
+Macnamara</hi>, Duke of <hi rend='italic'>Klan Cullane</hi>,
+founded, erected, and amply endowed the beautiful Abbey
+of <hi rend='italic'>Quin</hi>; as did other Chieftains of his Name and Family,
+several Parochial Churches, with a great Number of magnificent
+Castles.</note> Duke of <hi rend='italic'>Klan Cullane</hi>,
+a Man of great Valour and Piety, supported by
+ample Possessions in the Baronies of <hi rend='italic'>Tulla</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Bunratty</hi>, in the County of <hi rend='italic'>Clare</hi>;
+which extensive Districts entirely belonged to that ancient,
+hospitable, martial, and religious Race,
+of which <hi rend='italic'>Mc. Con More</hi> was Chief: The <hi rend='italic'>Mc.
+Namaras</hi>, more or less, have in all Ages made,
+and still continue to make, a distinguished Figure,
+as well in the Field, as in the learned Professions;
+and were formerly so warlike a People,
+that of themselves they formed an heroic Cavalry,
+justly stiled the <hi rend='italic'>Phalanx</hi> of that Part of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> wherein they resided.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+How our Neighbours came to call us <hi rend='italic'>waild
+Ayrish</hi>, I am a Loss to conjecture; it being evident
+<pb n='029'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>
+we have been a thousand Years, at least,
+in Possession of Letters, Laws, and Civility,
+before the Arrival of <hi rend='italic'>Julius Cæsar</hi>
+in <hi rend='italic'>Britain</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I am equally at a Loss to know why a Man
+should become a standing Jest for his Ignorance
+in an alien Tongue, almost the constant Fate of
+our Countrymen in <hi rend='italic'>Britain</hi>, where, whoever is
+not smartly expert in the <hi rend='italic'>English</hi> Language, is
+immediately denominated a <hi rend='italic'>Teague</hi>, a
+<hi rend='italic'>Paddy</hi>, or I know not what, in the Stile of Derision: At
+the same Time that the most awkward-tongued
+<hi rend='italic'>Irishman</hi> in <hi rend='italic'>London</hi> speaks
+<hi rend='italic'>English</hi> with far more
+Propriety, and a better Accent, than the smartest
+<hi rend='italic'>British Petit Maitre</hi> in <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi> doth
+<hi rend='italic'>French</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some dramatick Scriblers, (probably of our
+own degenerate Growth) the better to qualify
+them for eleemosinary Dinners, gave Rise to this
+impertinent Treatment of a Nation, which, from
+the concurrent Testimonies of all the Dispassionate
+and Learned, can, in Reality, be as little the
+Object of Scurrility, as any other.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Why should even poor <hi rend='italic'>Teague</hi> prove so constant
+a Butt, to Farce-wrights, and Hackney
+Laughers; when, upon Examination, he is, by
+a thousand Degrees, preferable to the <hi rend='italic'>British</hi>
+Hobbinol, or <hi rend='italic'>French</hi> Gregoire? For
+<hi rend='italic'>Teague</hi> is
+a very Pattern of Hospitality; so much so, that
+if a Gentleman should happen to miss his Road,
+and be nessitated to seek the Shelter of <hi rend='italic'>Teague</hi>'s
+Cabbin, or Hut, was poor <hi rend='italic'>Teague</hi> trusting to
+two Sheep for his worldly Subsistance, he would
+kill one, and sell the other, at the next Village
+or Inn, for the better Entertainment of his
+Guest, and think himself happy in such an
+Occasion of approving his Generosity and Respect:
+He would the next Morning abandon his
+Spade, and chearfully trot ten Miles to shew
+<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/>
+such bewilder'd Gentleman the right Road. He
+is naturally civil, generous, and hospitable, (for
+scarce a Night passeth that poor Travellers are
+not entertained in his Cottage,) extremely respectful
+to his Superiors, and to his Lord and
+Master faithful to Death. The military Annals
+of <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi> proclaim his Capacity and Taste for
+Fighting; then if you should take this identical
+<hi rend='italic'>Teague</hi>'s infant Son, and give him a regular
+liberal Education, it is one hundred to one,
+but he turns out a Gentleman of Merit, Learning,
+Worth, and Politeness; whereas it would
+certainly require more than <hi rend='italic'>Herculean</hi>
+Labour to chissel a <hi rend='italic'>French Paisan</hi>, a primitive
+<hi rend='italic'>Westmoreland</hi>, or <hi rend='italic'>Devonshire</hi> Boor,
+not only into the Form of an elegant, but even into that
+of a sociable Creature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Insignificancy of those Jesters and Spatterers,
+will more clearly appear, if we look
+back to the wise, free, and truly parliamentary
+Constitution of this Kingdom; if we recollect
+the vast Length of its Duration, as a free and
+independant State; the military Prowess of its
+Inhabitants in all Ages; their victorious Conflicts
+with the <hi rend='italic'>Romans</hi>, and with the <hi rend='italic'>French</hi>
+under <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Vth, and the Black
+<hi rend='italic'>Prince</hi>; their having founded a Monarchy in
+<hi rend='italic'>North Britain</hi>, whence, by a Right of Descent, in Addition to
+every other, his present Majesty, (whom God
+long preserve,) by the special Providence and
+infinite Mercy of Heaven, ruleth over us: If
+we consider the Number of our Universities,
+Colleges, and Academies, religious Monasteries
+and pious Seminaries, resorted to from all
+civilized Parts of <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi>, our Metropolitical
+and Diocesan Cathedrals; on such impartial Review,
+surely, the foregoing Tribe of Sneerers
+<pb n='031'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>
+and Flouters must dwindle into deserved Contempt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I shall close this feeble Attempt on the antient
+State of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, with the Description thereof
+by <hi rend='italic'>Donat</hi>, Bishop of <hi rend='italic'>Fesulæ</hi>, near
+<hi rend='italic'>Florence</hi>, in the 7th or 8th Century; referring, at the same
+Time, to the most authentick <hi rend='italic'>British</hi> Antiquaries,
+<hi rend='italic'>Campden</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Giraldus Cambrensis</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Buchanan</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Ware</hi>, &amp;c. for
+Confirmation of what hath been previously observed on the same Subject.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Finibus Occiduis describitur
+optima Tellus,</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Nomine et Antiquis
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Scotia</hi> scripta Libris&mdash;&mdash;</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Insula dives Opum, Gemmarum,
+Vestis et Auri,</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Commoda Corporibus, Aere sole
+Solo;</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Melle fluit pulchris et
+lacteis <hi rend='smallcaps'>Scotia</hi> Campis</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Vestibus atque Armis,
+frugibus, arte viris.</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Ursorum Rabies, nulla est ibi;
+sæva Leonum</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Semina, nec unquam
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Scotica</hi> Terra tulit</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Nulla Venena nocent, nec
+Serpens serpit in Herbâ,</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Nec conquesta canit
+Garula Rana Lacu;</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">In qua
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Scotorum</hi> Gentes habitare merentur</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend="font-style: italic">Inclita Gens Hominum
+Milite, Pace, Fide.</foreign></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+Thus Englished by the Ingenius and Reverend
+Mr. <hi rend='italic'>Dunkin</hi>:
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">Far Westward, lies an Isle of antient Fame,</q></l>
+<l>By Nature bless'd, and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Scotia</hi> is her Name;</l>
+<l>Enroll'd in Books: Exhaustless is her Store</l>
+<l>Of veiny Silver, and of Golden Ore:</l>
+<l>Her fruitful Soil for ever teams with Wealth,</l>
+<l>With Gems her Waters, and her Air with Health:</l>
+<l>Her verdant Fields with Milk and Honey flow;</l>
+<l>Her woolly Fleeces vie with Virgin Snow:</l>
+<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/>
+<l>Her waving Furrows float with bearded Corn,</l>
+<l>And Arms and Arts her envy'd Sons adorn.</l>
+<l>No savage Bear, with lawless Fury, roves;</l>
+<l>No rav'nous Lion, thro' her peaceful Groves;</l>
+<l>No Poison there infects; no scaly Snake</l>
+<l>Creeps thro' the Grass, nor Frog annoys the Lake:</l>
+<l>An Island worthy of its pious Race,</l>
+<l><q rend="post">In War triumphant, and unmatch'd in Peace.</q></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+This <hi rend='italic'>Donat</hi>, Bishop of <hi rend='italic'>Fesula</hi>, was an
+<hi rend='italic'>Irishman</hi>, of the antient and hospitable Family, afterwards
+<hi rend='italic'>O Hogan</hi>; a Family which held ample and
+fair Possessions in the Province of <hi rend='italic'>Munster</hi>, and
+which, in former Times, adorned the See of
+<hi rend='italic'>Killaloe</hi>, with four very learned and exemplary
+Prelates; namely, with <hi rend='italic'>Matthew O Hogan</hi>, who
+succeeded to this Bishoprick, in the Reign of
+<hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the IIId, and in the Year of our Lord
+1267; and who, having much enlarged his Diocese,
+and done many signal Acts of popular Charity,
+died in the Year, 1281, and was buried
+in <hi rend='italic'>Limerick</hi>, in a Convent of <hi rend='italic'>Dominican</hi>
+Friars. To this Bishop succeeded <hi rend='italic'>Maurice O Hogan</hi>,
+who governed this See with peculiar Zeal and
+Charity, upwards of sixteen Years, and died in
+1298, or the Year following, and was buried
+in his own Church. <hi rend='italic'>Thomas O Hogan</hi>, Canon
+of <hi rend='italic'>Killaloe</hi>, was consecrated in 1343, and died
+on the 30th of <hi rend='italic'>October</hi>, 1354; five Days after
+which, he was buried among his worthy Ancestors
+at <hi rend='italic'>Nenagh</hi>; as may be seen in the Annals
+of that Place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Richard O Hogan</hi> succeeded to the See of
+<hi rend='italic'>Killaloe</hi>, in 1525, and was in 1539 translated to
+<hi rend='italic'>Clon Mac Nois</hi>: He was a Prelate of great
+<pb n='033'/><anchor id='Pg033'/>
+Learning and Capacity, in all spiritual and ecclesiastical
+Matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This antient Family is, at this Time, represented
+by <hi rend='italic'>Edmund O Hogan</hi>, Esq; High Sheriff
+of the County of <hi rend='italic'>Clare</hi>, a Gentleman, who,
+by the whole Tenor of his Life, hath proved
+Generosity of Heart, Charity, and Hospitality,
+to be Qualities inherent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Dermod Mac Murchad</hi>, sovereign Prince of
+<hi rend='italic'>Hy-Kinsellagh</hi>, banished by <hi rend='italic'>Roderick O
+Connor</hi>, King of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, for his various and high State
+Crimes, sought Sanctuary and Redress in the
+Court of <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>; where, in the Absence of
+<hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi>, then in <hi rend='italic'>Normandy</hi>, diverse
+adventurous <hi rend='italic'>Normans</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Flemings</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Saxons</hi>, and old <hi rend='italic'>Britons</hi>, (being
+themselves unsettled, and unestablished) acceded
+to the Fate and Fortunes of <hi rend='italic'>Dermod</hi>, under
+the Conduct of <hi rend='italic'>Strongbow</hi>, Earl of
+<hi rend='italic'>Pembroke</hi>; whose casual Success in
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, against <hi rend='italic'>Roderick</hi>
+(owing <emph>more</emph> to the general Defection, at that
+fatal Period, of the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Chiefs against their
+lawful Sovereign, than to any <emph>superior Valour</emph> or
+Address of those Adventurers) induced <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> to
+a deliberate and grand Invasion of a Kingdom,
+to which he could lay no Claim on the Score of
+Nature, Reason, or Right, and whither his
+pretended Mission, on the Score of collecting
+St. <hi rend='italic'>Peter</hi>'s Dues, (which St. <hi rend='italic'>Peter</hi>
+himself never once thought of, or imagined) was as <emph>ridiculous</emph>
+as <emph>groundless</emph>. The <hi rend='italic'>Summa Dies</hi>, however, arrived:
+and the People of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, wearied out
+with intestine Strife, acknowledged <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> for
+their Sovereign Lord; and a grand Charter of
+Rights and Covenants, mutual Protection and
+Allegiance, was entered into, anteriorly to that
+of <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>. How well this Charter was <emph>observed</emph>
+on the <emph>protective</emph> Side, the absolute Anarchy of
+<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/>
+near four Centuries, from its original Date and
+Perfection, to the Reign of Queen <hi rend='italic'>Elizabeth</hi>,
+demonstrates: A whole Nation, that sought
+Protection, and that <emph>agreed</emph> for quiet, regular,
+and lawful Government, upon rationable Terms,
+deprived of the Power of ordaining Laws for
+its own Security and Well-being, and precluded
+(all to four or five great and favourite Families)
+from the Benefits and Advantages accruing from
+those of that Kingdom, to which it had voluntarily
+united itself; exposed, through such a
+Length of Time, to arbitary Depredations, and
+unpunished, unredressed, uncensured Rapine,
+<hi rend='italic'>Quis talia sando temperet a Lachrymis</hi>!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+King <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> called back into <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>,
+to lay the Storms raised by his rebellious Sons, with
+whom and <hi rend='italic'>Thomas Becket</hi>, Archbishop of
+<hi rend='italic'>Canterbury</hi>,
+he was so constantly embroiled to the
+End of his Life, that he could little attend to
+the Settlement of the Affairs of this new acquired
+Sovereignty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Richard</hi> the First, his immediate Successor,
+called away to the Holy Wars against the <hi rend='italic'>Saracens</hi>,
+had as little Leisure as his Predecessor to
+promote the Quiet, or Happiness of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the usurped Authority of King <hi rend='italic'>John</hi>, a
+continued Series of Papal Animosity, Bloodshed,
+Calamities and Piracies, closed at last by
+Poison; little beside political Disasters of all
+Sorts, could be expected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Third, through a Reign of Fifty-six
+Years, was continually involved in Troubles
+and Hostilities, with his inflexible <hi rend='italic'>English</hi> Barons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Edward</hi> the First, a great and warlike Prince,
+was, throughout his whole Reign, engaged in
+the Reduction of the <hi rend='italic'>Welch</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Scots</hi>,
+and so
+<pb n='035'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>
+intent thereon, that he could turn his Thoughts
+to no other Object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Edward</hi> the Second, indeed, sent
+<hi rend='italic'>Gaveston</hi> hither,
+more to screen him from the implacable
+Resentments of the stubborn <hi rend='italic'>English</hi> Nobility,
+than to render any good Offices to the Inhabitants
+of this Country; who, indiscriminately,
+(<hi rend='italic'>Strongbownians</hi> as well as <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>)
+felt the Severity of that insolent Favourite's Measures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Richard</hi> the Second visited this Kingdom in
+Person, with the good Intentions of establishing
+Peace, Order, and Harmony, in a valuable but
+long neglected Estate: Yet his own adverse
+Fate, conspiring with that of this Land, called
+him back, before he could carry his favourable
+Resolutions into Execution, to defend his <hi rend='italic'>English</hi>
+Dominions from the hostile Attacks of <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi>,
+Earl of <hi rend='italic'>Hereford</hi>, who, with the Duke of
+<hi rend='italic'>Norfolk</hi>, Son to <hi rend='italic'>John</hi> of
+<hi rend='italic'>Gaunt</hi>, had some Years before
+been banished by <hi rend='italic'>Richard</hi>, to prevent a
+personal Combat: This King, worthy more
+propitious Stars, long agitated and afflicted by
+the Turbulence and irreconcilable Obstinacy of
+his <hi rend='italic'>British</hi> Subjects, perished at last under the
+impious Hands of Sir <hi rend='italic'>Pierce</hi> of <hi rend='italic'>Exton</hi>,
+who, at the Head of eight barbarous armed Assassins,
+rushed into his Chamber, and murdered him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Reign of <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Fourth was short,
+tumultuous, and bloody; Deluges of noble Blood
+having been shed by the bare Hands of the
+common Executioner, to confirm a Throne acquired
+by abominable Crimes, and Violence!
+And no sooner had these dreadful Storms begun
+to abate, than <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> was forced to depart from
+a Scene he had more adorned, (for he was,
+without Question, a great and valiant Man)
+<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/>
+had not his Ambition blindly hurried him beyond
+the Bounds of Justice and Nature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Fifth, his Son and Successor, and
+truly Inheritor of his Ambition and warlike
+Genius, imagining himself aggrieved by the
+<hi rend='italic'>Salique Law</hi>, which excluded his Great Great-Grandmother,
+<hi rend='italic'>Isabel</hi>, from the Monarchy of
+<hi rend='italic'>France</hi>, turned his elevated Thoughts intirely
+to the Conquest of that Kingdom: Wherein,
+by his own vast Merit in martial Affairs, and
+the Co-operation of the Queen of <hi rend='italic'>France</hi>, (Consort
+of <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the Sixth, then frantick,) and that
+of the Duke of <hi rend='italic'>Burgundy</hi>, a great and powerful
+Prince, he so far succeeded, as, after his Marriage
+with <hi rend='italic'>Catharine de Valois</hi>, Daughter of
+<hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the Sixth, to be crowned, and acknowledged
+King of <hi rend='italic'>France</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To this great and victorious Monarch succeeded
+<hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Sixth, who, through a long,
+various, and constantly clouded Reign, seemed
+the very Play of Fortune! This Day a King,
+the next a Prisoner! One Day acknowleged by
+his Parliament, the next attainted! One Day a
+Conqueror, and the next a Captive!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fierce, frequent, and bloody, were the Conflicts
+between the Houses of <hi rend='italic'>York</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Lancaster</hi>,
+the <hi rend='italic'>White</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Red Roses</hi>; the former
+endeavouring to recover its Loss, the latter to maintain
+its usurped Authority. In this dreadful Quarrel
+perished two hundred thousand of private Soldiers;
+ten thousand of the Nobility, Gentry,
+and Persons of Distinction; three Kings; and,
+at last, the entire Race of <hi rend='italic'>Plantagenet</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Edward</hi> the Fourth soon fell, by his natural
+Intemperance, or rather by the insatiable Cruelty
+of <hi rend='italic'>Gloucester</hi>; who had already sacrificed his
+Brother <hi rend='italic'>Clarence</hi>, to pave his Way to the Throne.
+<pb n='037'/><anchor id='Pg037'/>
+Nor better fared it with <hi rend='italic'>Edward</hi> the Fifth, who,
+by all the Arts of Seduction and Delusion,
+which his unnatural Uncle and Guardian,
+<hi rend='italic'>Richard</hi>, practised on the Fears and Weakness
+of the Queen Dowager; was, with his Brother
+the Duke of <hi rend='italic'>York</hi>, conveyed with great Pomp
+to the Tower; where the bloody Tyrant, aided
+by the Duke of <hi rend='italic'>Buckingham</hi>, soon sacrificed
+those young, innocent and hopeful Princes to
+his wicked and boundless Ambition. But he
+soon after lost his own flagitious Life, and a
+most cruelly-acquired Crown, on the Plains of
+<hi rend='italic'>Bosworth</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To him succeeded <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Seventh, and the
+first of the Race of <hi rend='italic'>Tudor</hi>, a great, wise and
+valiant Prince, but rather too much inclined to
+Rigour, and Avarice; Imperfections which extremely
+blemished his other great Qualities.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the tenth Year of this Reign, the Parliamentary
+Constitution of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> received a
+deeper Stab than had ever before, or since, been
+inflicted thereon, by a Statute Law, commonly
+called <hi rend='italic'>Poynin</hi>'s Act; by which a new, and, till
+that wretched Period, an unheard of Order, was
+added to the three established Ranks of the
+State. By this Law, the <hi rend='italic'>English</hi> Privy-Council
+may impose a <hi rend='italic'>Negative</hi> on the <emph>free</emph> and
+<emph>unanimous</emph> Parliamentary Ordinances of the representative
+Body of the Kingdom of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>; a manifest
+Injury to the Authority and Dignity of Parliament;
+and an equal Diminution of the Royal
+Prerogative, that only should include, and
+should alone exert, a Power so important.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Times dark, tumultuated and dangerous,
+no Wonder extraordinary Laws should pass:
+<hi rend='italic'>Desperate Diseases</hi> require <hi rend='italic'>desperate
+Remedies</hi>: But when the <hi rend='italic'>Fever</hi> is removed, it certainly is a
+<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/>
+horrid Management to leave the blistering
+Plaister <emph>still sticking</emph> to the <emph>recovered</emph> Patient's
+Back.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Distempers of this Nation were heavy,
+complicated and chronic; and finally curable,
+only by the salutary all-healing Hands of our
+present King, and present Parliament.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the Seventh succeeded <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the
+Eighth, as consummate a Tyrant, in every
+Sense, as ever swayed the <hi rend='italic'>British</hi>, or any other
+Sceptre; whose whole Life was so continued a
+Scene of wanton Dissipation, Lust, Cruelty,
+Rapine, Bloodshed and Sacrilege, that it must
+have been a peculiar Happiness, to any Part of
+his Dominions, to have been <emph>neglected</emph> or <emph>forgotten</emph>
+by him: Nor could the two succeeding
+Reigns of <hi rend='italic'>Edward</hi> the Sixth, and Queen
+<hi rend='italic'>Mary</hi>,
+short, various, cloudy, and vastly agitated on
+the Score of Religion, (which, in those two
+Reigns, took Faces almost diametrically opposite,)
+afford this Kingdom much reflected
+Sunshine.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To those ensued that of Queen <hi rend='italic'>Elizabeth</hi>, a
+Princess of powerful Abilities, who, truly intent
+on the Peace and Welfare of her Subjects,
+caused her Laws to operate, and Justice to circulate
+in this Kingdom, abandoned, as hath
+been observed, to a State almost of Anarchy,
+thro' a dismal Series of seventeen Reigns: But
+the Reformation in Religion, which she established
+in <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>, and introduced in <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>,
+much obviated her Purposes for the latter Kingdom:
+For, the <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>, more tenacious of their
+Altars, than of their Fire-places, could not
+easily reconcile themselves to the Exchange of a
+Religion they deemed a <emph>new one</emph>, for <emph>that</emph> they
+had been in Possession of from the fourth, to
+<pb n='039'/><anchor id='Pg039'/>
+the fifteenth Century: Which produced a rebellious
+Defection, in a few of the principal
+Chieftains of this Land, and gave Occasion to
+the greedy Provincial Precedents, of trumping
+up <emph>imaginary Rebellions</emph>, to pave the Way to <emph>real
+Forfeitures</emph>; thereby to aggrandize their own
+Houses; what some of them effectually accomplished,
+to the Ruin and Extirpation of
+many honest Families.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This great and illustrious Princess, (whose
+Reign had remained untarnished, had it not
+been for the Death of the ill-fated Queen of
+<hi rend='italic'>Scotland</hi>) was succeeded by <hi rend='italic'>James</hi> the
+Sixth of <hi rend='italic'>Scotland</hi>, and the first of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Stuart</hi> Race that governed <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>: From
+this Prince, descended of <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Kings, the People of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> might have expected many Favours and Immunities;
+wherein, however, they were miserably disappointed:
+Which, with a Train of other Hardships
+and antiparental Severities, (particularly
+his alienating, at <emph>one Stroke</emph>, six of the best
+Counties in the Kingdom, on the <emph>procured</emph> Testimony
+of an obscure wretched Individual, one
+<hi rend='italic'>Teige Lenane</hi>,) is too sufficient and too lasting a
+Proof of: <hi rend='italic'>Heu! tot Conquesta Annorum, hauserit
+una Dies!</hi> The Possession of at least twenty
+Centuries, of the great and good, the heroic
+and hospitable <hi rend='italic'>O Neils</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Donnels</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mac Guires</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mac Gennises</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Reillys</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Cahanes</hi>, &amp;c. ravished
+away to gratify hungry Favourites, and indigent
+Relatives! the six Counties, however, as the
+Law Term has it, <hi rend='italic'>escheated</hi>. Had the
+<hi rend='italic'>Highlands</hi> of <hi rend='italic'>Scotland</hi>, at that unhappy
+Period, been more populated, probably six or eight Counties <emph>more</emph>
+had been procured to <hi rend='italic'>escheat</hi>, and there had been
+<hi rend='italic'>a braa Clutch of bonny Traitors</hi>; the
+<hi rend='italic'>O Connors</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mac Carthys</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Briens</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Donnels</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Hares</hi>,
+<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/>
+<hi rend='italic'>O Malones</hi>, &amp;c. had been <emph>all</emph> in the
+<emph>same Bottom</emph> with the Families above mentioned; especially,
+as they could not, according to <hi rend='italic'>James</hi> the First's
+own Phrase, <hi rend='italic'>look to the Pope, and row with
+him</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To <hi rend='italic'>James</hi> the 6th of <hi rend='italic'>Scotland</hi>, and first
+of <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>, succeeded <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the First;
+who, notwithstanding his eminent Possession of all the
+Virtues that adorn and illustrate human Nature,
+could neither divert the adverse Fate of Subjects,
+or prevent his own.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Disseisin of many honest Families in the
+County of <hi rend='italic'>Kilkenny</hi>, and elsewhere, by the Earl
+of <hi rend='italic'>Strafford</hi>, on stale Pretences of <hi rend='italic'>Non
+Performance of Covenants</hi> on their Part; his Attempt of
+confiscating twenty-five Parts in thirty of the
+whole Province of <hi rend='italic'>Connaught</hi>, on a Claim of
+Descent, dormant 300 Years, and <emph>originally ill
+founded</emph>, with the arbitrary Steps by him taken to
+the Accomplishment of this wasteful Purpose;
+too clearly proved that Nobleman a second
+<hi rend='italic'>Verres</hi>. The cruel and intoxicated Administration
+of the Rump Parliament; the insolent, licentious,
+and riotous Controul of the military
+<hi rend='italic'>Independents</hi>; the abject Tyranny of <hi rend='italic'>Oliver
+Cromwell</hi>, who prostrated Constitution, Church
+and State, will always be recollected with the
+Contempt, Horror, and Detestation of every
+good Subject.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Calamities from 1641, to the happy Restoration
+of King <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the Second, in 1660,
+being common to all good Subjects, were the
+more tolerable, <foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>ferre quam sortem
+patiuntur omnes, nemo recusat</foreign>: But now or never, surely, might
+his ever loyal, ever faithful <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Subjects have,
+with the most reasonable Assurance, hoped, if
+not for publick and lasting Rewards, the common
+<pb n='041'/><anchor id='Pg041'/>
+Wages of uncommon Fidelity; at least,
+for a Restitution of what had been their own,
+through Ages immemorial.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Will late Posterity <emph>believe</emph>, that, in Favour of
+mercenary Adventurers, who advanced Money
+to provide for a desperate regicide Army; in
+Favour of the Officers of this same Army, whom
+their Ringleader <hi rend='italic'>Cromwell</hi>, seared as his Conscience
+was, indulged with no more than <emph>temporary</emph>
+Grants of the Estates belonging to the
+King's most faithful Subjects: Will Posterity,
+I say, believe, that, in special Favour of such
+Men, those <emph>identical Subjects</emph>, the bravest Advocates,
+as well as the most affectionate undeviating
+Friends of the Monarchy and Constitution,
+were <emph>for ever</emph> deprived of their Properties! To
+remunerate the <emph>others</emph>, the most <emph>inveterate</emph> and
+<emph>implacable</emph> Enemies of <hi rend='smallcaps'>EITHER</hi>! <emph>Doing
+Good for Evil</emph> is a Divine Precept, and certainly includes
+a most sublime Moral; but <emph>rendering Evil for
+Good</emph>, is such a Principle as must carry Horror
+with it, among savage Nations!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King of <hi rend='italic'>France</hi>'s immediate Letter, on
+this Subject, to King <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the Second, as it
+reflects Honour on the Memory of those illustrious
+Sufferers, I therefore take Leave to transcribe
+in this Place.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb" rend="stars: 5"/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>His Most Christian Majesty's Letter to the King of
+<hi rend='italic'>Great Britain</hi>, in Favour of the <hi rend='italic'>Roman
+Catholicks</hi> of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Most High, Most Excellent, and Most
+Potent Prince, our dear and well-beloved Brother
+and Cousin! At the same Time that we
+have been told of your Majesty's great Goodness
+towards your Subjects, and the Precedent
+<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/>
+you have given of an extraordinary Clemency,
+in granting them your general Amnesty
+(some few only excepted, of those
+whom the Blood of their King, and that of
+his People, cry aloud to Heaven for Revenge
+against). We could not but let your Majesty
+know, that we were extremely surprized to
+hear, that the <hi rend='italic'>Catholicks</hi> of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>
+were <emph>excluded</emph> from that Act of Oblivion, and, by
+that Means, put into the Number of the <emph>most
+criminal</emph>! This News has so much the more
+excited our Compassion towards them, that
+we have been informed, that, in <emph>all the
+Changes</emph> which have hitherto happened in your
+Dominions, and in the almost general <emph>Defection
+of</emph> your Subjects, <emph>none</emph> stood <emph>more constant</emph>
+to their lawful Sovereign, even in the greatest
+Streights, than the <hi rend='italic'>Catholicks</hi>: So that, if
+they are now branded for their Religion, it
+may be said, for their Honour, that, in
+Times past, none could be found <emph>readier</emph>, or
+more <emph>cheerfully disposed</emph>, than <emph>they</emph>, to serve
+and assist their Prince; and that with so
+much <emph>Ardour</emph>, that their Zeal then for the
+Royal Family was reckoned a certain Mark
+of their true Religion. It is for that Reason
+that we now become their Intercessors to you:
+For, otherwise, had they <emph>failed</emph> in the Fidelity
+they owe you, instead of interceding for
+them, we would join with you in using them
+with all imaginable Rigour; and it would
+never come into our Thoughts to concern
+ourselves, as we do, for the <hi rend='italic'>Catholicks</hi> of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>; though we <emph>were obliged to it</emph>, by the last
+Treaty of Peace made with the Marquess of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ormond</hi>, and which was granted them by our
+Mediation. And, as we are well assured,
+<pb n='043'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>
+that, since the Conclusion of that Peace, they
+have done Nothing which can be called a
+<emph>Failure of their Duty to you</emph>, we find ourselves
+under so much the greater Obligation to conjure
+you, to make good that Treaty to them,
+in that they <emph>religiously</emph> observed it on <emph>their</emph>
+Side, in all its Parts: And to beseech you
+not to suffer, that either the Hatred, which
+an immoderate Zeal swells some bigotted Sectaries
+with, nor the unlucky Spoils of these
+poor People, render criminal or miserable the
+<emph>most faithful</emph> of your Subjects; to whom their
+lawful King, as you are, is not <emph>the less dear</emph>,
+nor <emph>less respected</emph>, because of a <emph>different Belief</emph>
+from <emph>theirs</emph>. We propose Nothing to ourselves
+in this, nor ask any Thing, but what
+we daily <emph>practise</emph> (as you may know) towards
+those of our Subjects who are of the <emph>reformed
+Religion</emph>. And, as we have commanded the
+Sieur Marquis <hi rend='italic'>de Rouvigny</hi> to explain our
+Sentiments more amply on this Subject to
+you, be pleased to give him a favourable Audience:
+And, above all Things, be perswaded,
+that, in this Affair, we have no less your
+own <emph>true Interest</emph> in View, than what <emph>natural
+Reason</emph> and <emph>Equity</emph> requires; and that our sincere
+Friendship for you is the principal Motive
+of this Request. Dated at <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>, the 7th
+of <hi rend='italic'>September</hi>, 1660.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The <emph>good</emph> King <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi>, regardless of this important
+Solicitation, unattentive to the plain Suggestions
+of <emph>common Right</emph>, and unaccountably
+forgetful of all their <emph>past signal Services</emph> and inviolate
+Zeal; observed indeed that those faithful
+<hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Subjects had no Stock; consequently, that
+dispossessing the Adherents of <hi rend='italic'>Oliver</hi>, who, with
+<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/>
+the Land, had pirated the national Stock, would
+cause much Confusion. As for the <emph>former</emph>, he
+hoped some Settlement might in Time be found
+for them; (in Truth, I believe, for aught his
+Majesty in Reality concerned himself, this might
+have been in <hi rend='italic'>Terra Australis Incognita</hi>). Their
+Want of Stock is the less to be admired at, it
+being well known, that, with their Pay in foreign
+Service, chiefly expended to contribute all
+in their Power to the <hi rend='italic'>Royal Support</hi>, they even
+went so far as to sell their Plate, and valuable
+Moveables, to answer the same <emph>generous Purpose</emph>:
+But, when every known Acre in the Kingdom,
+that could be disposed of, was given away
+by Wholesale to the Duke of <hi rend='italic'>York</hi>, the Heir-apparent
+of the Crown, (partial Distribution!)
+to new-fangled Favourites, and the staunch old
+Enemies of Church and Crown; it was hoped
+some Lands might be <emph>yet</emph> discovered, to satisfy
+and compensate those <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Worthies, who had
+Nothing left for their Support, beside an inalienable
+Sense of Honour and Loyalty, and a Character
+of invincible Fidelity (which all Nations
+admired and applauded). No such Discovery,
+however, was made, nor any relative to the
+<hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>, under that Administration, but what
+tended to convince them, by the famous Act
+of Settlement, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi> of the extraordinary severe
+Peculiarity of their Fate! Yet, ordained to
+shew Posterity unprecedented Specimens of Loyalty
+and Zeal, they still adhered, with inflexible
+Constancy, to the Fortunes of King <hi rend='italic'>James</hi> the
+Second, not mindful of their Injuries by <hi rend='italic'>James</hi>
+the First, their unexampled Sufferings by the
+excessive harsh Measures of King <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> the
+First, his Ministers, and Deputies, or their unheard-of
+Treatment (I won't say <emph>Wrongs</emph>, it
+<pb n='045'/><anchor id='Pg045'/>
+being a Maxim the King of <hi rend='italic'>England</hi> can do none)
+by King <hi rend='italic'>Charles</hi> II. Little Wonder, a House,
+constantly sapping it's own best Pillars, should
+at length fall.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+King <hi rend='italic'>James</hi> the Second, constrained to abdicate
+the Throne of <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>, endeavoured the
+Preservation of this his Kingdom of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>,
+where his faithful Subjects, (a Remnant of the
+various and manifold Wastes of foregoing
+Reigns) considering the thousand Disadvantages
+they laboured under, made <emph>such a Stand</emph> as later
+Ages will look up to with Astonishment! A
+Parcel of Men, congregated in the utmost Hurry
+and Confusion, undisciplin'd, unarm'd, uncloathed,
+unpaid! Yet did those very Men,
+animated by the Example of their heroick Leaders,
+(I mean their immediate Lords and Countrymen)
+on the Plains of <hi rend='italic'>Aughrim</hi>, convince
+the best veteran Army that Day in <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi>, superior
+in Numbers, excellently provided for in
+every Respect, and conducted by a Prince of
+singular Valour and Address, that <hi rend='italic'>Irishmen</hi> were
+deserving of more auspicious Stars.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Never was a more gallant Defence than they,
+after this, made in <hi rend='italic'>Limerick</hi>; where, although
+abandoned by the Prince, (whose Cause they
+had so remarkably espoused) and his auxiliary
+<hi rend='italic'>French</hi>, they obtained an honourable
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Capitulation</hi> from those in Commission under King
+<hi rend='italic'>William</hi> the Third, whose strict <emph>Observance</emph>
+thereof, to the End of his glorious Life, reflects,
+among many other his great Atchievements,
+deserved Honour on his Memory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The distinguished Figure made by those
+Noblemen and Gentlemen, who, regardless of
+<emph>Property</emph> or <emph>Ease</emph>, followed the Destiny of that
+hard-fated Prince, King <hi rend='italic'>James</hi> the Second,
+<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/>
+(namely, the Lords <hi rend='italic'>Mount-Cashel</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Tyrconnel</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Clare</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Lucan</hi>, the
+<hi rend='italic'>Dillons</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nugents</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Rooths</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Burkes</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Lees</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Fitz-Geralds</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cooks</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Lacys</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Browns</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Wogans</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Baggots</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Sheridans</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Creaghs</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Plunkets</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Barnewals</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Neagles</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Lallys</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mac Carthys</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mac
+Donnels</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mac Guires</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mac Namarras</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Mac Mahons</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mac Gennis's</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Neils</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Connors</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Donnels</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Briens</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Dwyers</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Shaghnussys</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Mahonys</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Sullivans</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Kellys</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Ferralls</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Reillys</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Haras</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Hogans</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>O Byrnes</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>O Daes</hi>, &amp;c.
+&amp;c. &amp;c. the military Annals of <hi rend='italic'>Germany</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>France</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Spain</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Flanders</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Italy</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Naples</hi>, and
+<hi rend='italic'>Russia</hi>), must bear ample and authentic Testimony
+of, to future Ages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those were they, of whom Dr. <hi rend='italic'>Mac en Crow</hi>
+gives the following concise, but just and happy
+Character.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Genus acre Bello, Studiis Genus acre
+Minervæ, Devotumque mori pro Rege, Fidêque tuendis.</foreign>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Among those who followed the Fortunes of King
+<hi rend='italic'>James</hi> the Second, were Sir <hi rend='italic'>Richard Neagle</hi>,
+his Attorney-General, and Dr. <hi rend='italic'>Moore</hi>, Provost
+of <hi rend='italic'>Trinity-college</hi>, near <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi>; two
+Gentlemen very justly distinguished in their respective
+Spheres; the former, a Gentleman of unshaken
+Integrity, and great Capacity in the Profession
+of the Laws; the latter, of exemplary Piety,
+universal Learning, and fine Accomplishments.
+<hi rend='italic'>Louis</hi> the Fourteenth, then King of <hi rend='italic'>France</hi>,
+protected those worthy deserving Men, with singular
+Tenderness and Attention; and was instructed
+and guided solely by Dr. <hi rend='italic'>Moore</hi>, in the restoring,
+establishing, and modelling the University
+of <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>, at that gloomy Period! quite
+buried in perplexed, unintelligible, peripatetic
+<pb n='047'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>
+Philosophy, and disfigured with romantic Legends,
+and Gothic Jingle! But, at the Doctor's
+Appearance, Entities, Quiddities, Sympathies,
+Antipathies, occult Qualities, substantial
+Forms, metaphysical Degrees, Categories, and
+all this unideal wordy Stuff, vanished; and
+were succeeded by a clear, concise Method of
+Reasoning, and sound, useful, and experimental
+Philosophy. <hi rend='italic'>Greek</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hebrew</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Syriac</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Chaldaic</hi>,
+and <hi rend='italic'>Arabic</hi>, were Languages <emph>untaught</emph>,
+<emph>unknown</emph>, in the University of <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>, before Dr.
+<hi rend='italic'>Moore</hi>; for whom particularly, <hi rend='italic'>Louis</hi> the
+Fourteenth founded, established, and endowed the Royal
+College, now called <hi rend='italic'>College du Cambray</hi>: And
+how well our Doctor succeeded therein, may be
+inferred from the Character and Writings of
+his Pupils and Hearers, <hi rend='italic'>Boileau</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Fontinelle</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Poréc</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Montesquieu</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Fleuri</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Lauguet</hi>, with many
+others, and <hi rend='italic'>Rollin</hi>, his peculiar Favourite and
+immediate Successor, <hi rend='italic'>all</hi> great Genius's, applauded
+Writers, and celebrated Wits. So
+that, as <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> had the Honour of founding, it
+had also that of restoring and reviving the great
+University of <hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>, in the Persons of two of
+its learned Natives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Reign of her Majesty Queen <hi rend='italic'>Anne</hi> (glorious
+to her Arms, under the Conduct of <hi rend='italic'>John</hi>,
+Duke of <hi rend='italic'>Marlborough</hi>, and her other Generals,
+and justly distinguished by the Number of great
+Genius's and Wits, who enlightened that Period)
+was in this Kingdom chiefly employed in
+<emph>additional</emph> Acts against the further Growth of
+Popery: And many there were, who deemed it
+an unparallel'd Severity in her Majesty, to give
+her Royal Assent to them particular Laws; by
+which the <hi rend='italic'>Roman Catholicks</hi> of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>
+(already ruined by their inimitable Allegiance to her
+<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/>
+Royal Father, Uncle, and Grandfather) were
+<emph>precluded</emph> from availing themselves, by a tolerable
+easy Lease, of any Part or Parcel of these Estates,
+forfeited by their Ancestors, thro' their
+unremitting Endeavours, to support and maintain
+that Stem, of which she was herself an immediate
+Branch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So late even as this Reign, the whole Kingdom
+of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> was a desolate diffusive Scene of
+total Decay! covered with all the ghastly Symptoms
+of the Consumption of Centuries! But,
+at length, on the happy Accession of his late
+Majesty of glorious Memory, the blissful Morning
+of Peace and Concord began its auspicious
+Dawn! Yet, as Time, publick Spirit, Patriotism
+(in its highest Conception) and unwearied
+Diligence, were all collectively essential to the
+giving Life, Vigour, and Activity, to national
+Industry and Improvement, so very long in a
+melancholy State of Languor and Oppression:
+Not before the present truly glorious Reign, did
+<hi rend='italic'>Hibernia</hi> tune her old Harp, now newly strung
+to universal Harmony and Elegance, and rear
+her awful Head from the stupid dismal Dozes
+of Ages; where comes the literal Application
+of my third Motto, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Renascimur</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Hinc priscæ redeunt Artes, felicibus inde
+Ingeniis aperitur iter, despectaque Musæ
+Colla levant.&mdash;&mdash;</foreign>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Having travelled through a tedious Night,
+thick-set with Horrors of various Hues! and
+thus come to the End of a painful Journey;
+give me Leave, kind Reader, to indulge awhile
+with admiring the beautiful Variety of Objects,
+which now surround me, to the serene Delight
+<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>
+of the Mind, and refined Gratification of Sense;
+before I attempt that Display of them to which
+I have no Occasion of professing my Inequality.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this Reign, and not before, our Linen
+Manufacture, in many Respects one of the most
+profitable Branches of our national Commerce,
+received all the Encouragement from Royal
+Bounty, and Parliamentary Sanction, that could
+be reasonably hoped for.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Persons of the highest Rank, Dignity, and
+Fortune, were appointed <hi rend='italic'>Trustees</hi> for the Propagation,
+Encouragement, and Diffusion, of this
+beneficial Trade, throughout the respective Provinces.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Linen-Hall</hi> was erected in <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi>, under
+as just and nice Regulations as any commercial
+House in <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The North of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> began to wear an Aspect
+entirely new; and, from being (through
+Want of Industry, Business, and Tillage) the
+almost exhausted Nursery of our <hi rend='italic'>American</hi> Plantations,
+soon became a populous Scene of Improvement,
+Traffic, Wealth, and Plenty; and
+is, at this Day, a well-planted District, considerable
+for Numbers of well-affected, useful,
+and industrious Subjects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now arose, now shone forth, the ever Honourable
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dublin Society</hi>; a Society equalled
+by none. It is true, we read of Patriarchs, Philosophers,
+Warriors, Orators, and Poets; of
+Senates, Parliaments, Councils, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi> but we no
+where, abstracted from our own Country, meet
+a Set of pious Patriots, from their <emph>private
+Funds</emph>, adorning their Country in general, in
+every Degree and Branch of Industry, and Improvement;
+and, inspired with Sentiments truly
+public and social, munificently rewarding their
+<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/>
+Countrymen, of whatsoever Denomination, without
+Favour or Distinction; for meliorating their
+proper Estates, or Farms; for excelling in any
+Production of Nature, or Art; for any Discovery,
+or Invention, useful to Mankind: A Set
+of <emph>truly honourable</emph>, and <emph>generous</emph> Personages, instructing
+their Countrymen with clear, yet philosophical
+Precepts, encouraging them by their
+Example, and rewarding them from their inexhaustible
+Bounty! <emph>Such</emph>, and <emph>such unrivalled</emph>,
+is the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Illustrious Dublin Society</hi>! What
+Pity, the ample Distributions, and instructive
+Writings of this learned and munificent Body, are not regularly published,
+in <hi rend='italic'>Latin</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>English</hi>,
+and <hi rend='italic'>French</hi>, for the peculiar Honour of this
+Nation, the Edification of Posterity, and as a
+bright Pattern of Imitation to all other civiliz'd
+Countries!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now likewise appeared the <hi rend='italic'>Philharmonic Society</hi>,
+that, (from a few Gentlemen, who used
+<emph>occasionally</emph> to meet, in order to while away an
+Hour with a gentle Tune, and chearful Glass)
+grew into an harmonious Body, not alone for
+the Improvement of the charming Art of Music,
+but for the <emph>effectual Relief</emph> also of successive
+Thousands, from Misery, Famine, and Confinement:
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Concordiâ res parvæ crescunt</foreign>.
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Orpheus</hi>,
+we are told, built the Walls of <hi rend='italic'>Thebes</hi>,
+by the irresistible Powers of Harmony: Be this
+true or fabulous; how many Iron Gates have
+we not seen open, to the persuasive Charities of
+this tuneful Society! how many gloomy Cells
+vacated by their Charms! This elegant Society,
+by moderate Loans, Interest-free to the industrious
+Poor, prevents many such from getting
+into the Distress of Prisons, or following offensive
+Courses; and, by enabling them to obtain
+<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>
+an honest Livelihood, rendereth them useful
+Members to the Community: So that, of this
+Society, it might have been justly said,
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Omne tulit Punctum quæ miscuit
+utile dulci.</foreign></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+In this happy Reign was incorporated, under
+the protective Sanction of Royal Bounty, a
+Society, truly Christian, for the pious Establishment
+of <hi rend='italic'>Protestant</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Charter-Schools</hi>
+throughout the Kingdom: An Institution far
+more productive of national Morality, and Reformation,
+than excommunicative Discipline, or
+restrictive penal Statutes; since Persuasion and
+Rewards have ever been, and must ever continue
+to be, more consistent with the meek and benevolent
+Temper of true Christianity, more effectual,
+Apostolic, and Catholic, than <emph>Punishments</emph>,
+<emph>Persecution</emph>, or <emph>Sequestrations</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this Reign shines out a Christian Divine,
+who, in the inestimable individual Dr. <hi rend='italic'>Madden</hi>,
+collects <emph>a whole Society of Patriots</emph>; a venerable
+Man, not alone the Guide of his particular
+Congregation, but a pure, also clear and lasting
+Light of Perfection, and noble Imitation, to
+his Countrymen in general.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>On <hi rend='italic'>Madden</hi>, kindred Angels smile!</l>
+<l>Bright Mirrour to his native Isle!</l>
+<l>To whom old Age shall say, and Youth,</l>
+<l>With grateful and prophetic Truth,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+<foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Semper Honos, Nomenq; tuum, Laudesq;
+manebunt.</foreign>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+St. <hi rend='italic'>Patrick's</hi> Hospital, for the Reception of
+Lunaticks and Ideots, a lasting Monument of
+the late Dean <hi rend='italic'>Swift's</hi> Charity, as are his various
+<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/>
+Writings, of his great Genius and Wit: <hi rend='italic'>Mercer's</hi>
+charitable Hospitable in <hi rend='italic'>Stephen-street</hi>: The
+noble Hospital for the Relief of poor Lying-inn-Women,
+of the Projection of our late excellent
+Countryman, Dr. <hi rend='italic'>Bartholomew Mosse</hi>;
+by which a great Number of Women and Children
+are preserved from miserable and untimely
+Ends: The <hi rend='italic'>Charitable Infirmary</hi> on the
+<hi rend='italic'>Inns-Quay</hi>: The New Hospital for <hi rend='italic'>Incurables</hi>,
+on <hi rend='italic'>Lazer's-Hill</hi>:
+St. <hi rend='italic'>Nicholas's</hi> Hospital, in <hi rend='italic'>Francis-street</hi>:
+The <hi rend='italic'>Meath</hi> Hospital, in <hi rend='italic'>Skinner's Alley</hi>:
+The <hi rend='italic'>Lock</hi> Hospital, in <hi rend='italic'>George's-Lane</hi>,
+for hapless Women and Children, tainted with the Venereal
+Infection: And the Charitable Hospital in <hi rend='italic'>King-street,
+Oxmantown</hi>, are all the humane and pious
+Growth of this transcendent Reign.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those Hospitals are duly and regularly attended,
+by the most eminent Physicians, and
+skilful Surgeons, without Fee or Reward: So
+that, from this obvious Consideration, the frequent
+and large Collections in our Churches, for
+the comfortable Support, and Christian Education,
+of indigent Boys; the stated Distributions
+of our Chief Magistrates, to the Helpless and
+Needy; and, in Truth, from the general Disposition
+of its worthy Inhabitants; we may,
+without any Risque of incurring the least Censure
+of Adulation, or Vanity, pronounce <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dublin</hi>
+as charitable a Metropolis as any in the known
+World. In the beautiful new Garden, plann'd
+by Dr. <hi rend='italic'>Mosse</hi>, breathing in all the natural Fragrance
+of the Spring, adorned with all the Elegancies
+of Art, all the Splendor of Illumination,
+and inspired with the most soothing
+Charms of delightful Harmony; to behold
+Crowds of young Ladies, in the full Glow of
+Beauty, and Bloom of Youth, finely habited,
+<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>
+and elegantly decorated in the Manufactures of
+our own Country, (and finished in the most exquisite
+Taste, by our own Artizans); to behold
+them, I say, converting their very Amusements
+and Recreations to the heavenly Purposes of relieving
+the Distressed, must, to every thinking
+<hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Spectator, afford a Prospect of the utmost
+rational Joy!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As all Men, who render their Country distinguished
+Honour, or singular Service, deserve,
+therefore, lasting Monuments of public grateful
+Acknowledgment to their Memories; it is
+hoped that, in this Respect, Dr. <hi rend='italic'>Mosse</hi> will not
+be forgotten by those who are evidently fond of
+encouraging and rewarding public Zeal:
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Eternal Joys to <hi rend='italic'>Mosse</hi> kind Heaven give,</l>
+<l>By whom, on Earth, so many Thousands live!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Marine Society</hi>, of recent Institution also,
+disposeth many poor young Men into a Condition
+of acquiring an honest, and praise-worthy
+Livelihood, and of becoming useful Members
+of the Community; by serving on Board of his
+Majesty's Fleets in War-time, and serving our
+Merchants in Times of Peace; and, in this
+double Capacity, of contributing to the general
+Welfare of their Mother-Country, to which
+they may otherwise prove a Burden.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our publick Entertainments of various Kinds
+are, for the most Part, conducted with strict
+Propriety, and real Politeness; those especially
+of the Theatre, which should, by no Means,
+pass for Matter of slight or casual Consideration;
+seeing the <hi rend='italic'>Romans</hi>, the greatest of all People,
+esteemed the Theatre worthy the Attention of
+particular Laws, <hi rend='italic'>Roscia Lex Theatralis</hi>, &amp;c. Mr.
+<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Sheridan</hi>'s general Merit as a <hi rend='italic'>Player</hi>
+stands confessed; but as a <hi rend='italic'>Manager</hi>, that Gentleman's falling
+frequently under the heavy Displeasure of
+the Public, (whether from an haughty Distaste
+to his Profession, or indulged Arrogance of
+Temper) with his violent Introduction of anti-dramatick
+Rope and Wire-dancing, Tumbling,
+and Fire-eating, to the visible Degradation of a
+liberal Stage, whereon nothing mean, shocking,
+or monstrous, should ever appear; he hath not
+succeeded so well: Then, his Scheme of uniting
+an Academy, for the sober regular Education
+of Youth, with a publick Theatre, seemed
+rather the feverish Delusion of a distempered
+Brain, and heated Imagination, than the cool
+deliberate Result of rational Judgment; from
+which fermented Source, also seem'd directly to
+flow his avowed Concern for the <emph>long lost Art of
+Oratory</emph> among us: Had Mr. <hi rend='italic'>Sheridan</hi> attended
+to the Debates of our High Court of Parliament;
+been frequent in our different Churches,
+and at the Bars of our Courts of Judicature;
+and had, in this Case, formed a comparative
+Judgment, from the Writings of <hi rend='italic'>Demosthenes</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Plato</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Isocrates</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cicero</hi>, and <hi rend='italic'>Pliny</hi> the Younger;
+from the Rules and Precepts of <hi rend='italic'>Aristotle</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Longinus</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Horace</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Quinctilian</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Scaliger</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Rapin</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Porée</hi>,
+and <hi rend='italic'>Rollin</hi>; he had been <emph>then</emph> convinced how
+little Occasion there was for his <emph>lamenting</emph> the
+<emph>Loss</emph> of an Art in this Kingdom, which breathes
+there in full Maturity of all it's persuasive
+Charms. This his dogmatical Assertion of the
+<emph>long-lost Art of Oratory</emph>, his wild <emph>Academical</emph> Projects,
+with the foregoing theatrical Inconsistencies,
+too much subject that Gentleman to the
+Character given, by the <hi rend='italic'>Roman</hi> Satirist, of an
+assuming sharp-set <hi rend='italic'>Greekling</hi>:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Gramaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes,
+Augur, Scœnobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit.</hi>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Upon the Whole, I will readily grant Mr.
+<hi rend='italic'>Sheridan</hi> a <hi rend='italic'>Roscius</hi>, if the Name can sooth
+him; a <emph>Critic</emph>; nay, an <emph>Orator</emph>; but I shall be bold
+to assert, that we have many, very many, in
+this Kingdom, of far greater Powers than that
+Gentleman, whereof some of his Orations, <emph>so
+called</emph>, are incontrovertible Testimonies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This Kingdom hath of late Years exhibited
+as justly celebrated Male and Female Players,
+as any other; evinced in the Characters of
+Messieurs <hi rend='italic'>Quin</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Ryan</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Delane</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Sheridan</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Barry</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mossop</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Dexter</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Sparks</hi>, Mrs.
+<hi rend='italic'>Woffington</hi>, the
+inimitable Mrs. <hi rend='italic'>Fitz-Henry</hi>, and several others,
+of either Sex.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. <hi rend='italic'>Barry</hi>'s Capacity, as a Manager, appeareth
+equal to his eminently-affecting Powers
+in Tragedy, (so generally known, and so unexceptionably
+confessed) from the magnificent
+Theatre, erected by that Gentleman, with amazing
+Expedition, in Grandeur, Convenience,
+and Elegance, preferable to any in <hi rend='italic'>London</hi>, or
+<hi rend='italic'>Paris</hi>: From the obliging Decency the respective
+Performances thereof are conducted with, and
+evidently from the surpassing theatrical Abilities
+of the Company, that, with the most engaging
+Variety, entertains the Publick in <hi rend='italic'>Crow-street</hi>
+Play-house. I have sometimes seen, and have
+been as often delighted, with Performances of
+the Gentlemen just mentioned, as with those of
+the admired Mr. <hi rend='italic'>Garrick</hi>, and the famous Messieurs
+<hi rend='italic'>Dufrésne</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Gossin</hi>, and
+<hi rend='italic'>Quinault</hi>; and, if I
+may take Leave to declare my Opinion, am
+therein clear that Mr. <hi rend='italic'>Barry</hi>, in the exquisitely
+<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/>
+pathetick Strokes of deep Tragedy, touches the
+Soul with as much delicate Sensibility, and, in
+the irrefrainable Sallies of the more boisterous
+Passions, soars with as majestick Wings, as any
+one of them, I will not say higher. To behold
+Mr. <hi rend='italic'>Barry</hi>, sublimely struggling in a Storm of
+Adversity, with the sudden Shocks, and unexpected
+Blows of Fortune; <emph>then</emph>, (when all human
+Efforts must yield to inevitable Necessity)
+sinking in the irretrievable Plunge of Sorrow
+and Calamities, with that calm Resignation ever
+attendant on true Heroism; must convince any
+judicious Spectator of his being born a Tragedian.
+I must here declare, that what I have
+advanced on this Subject neither ariseth from
+Prepossession on one Side, or Prejudice on the
+other; having no Manner of Connection, nay,
+not even a personal Acquaintance, with Mr.
+<hi rend='italic'>Barry</hi>; nor any Objection to Mr. <hi rend='italic'>Sheridan</hi>,
+but such as must naturally issue from my just Resentment
+against any Individual, of whatsoever
+Rank, Character, or Denomination, who should
+prove so ignorant, and yet so hardy, as to declare
+<hi rend='italic'>Elocution lost</hi> in our native Country; an illiberal
+Censure, which, if true, had necessarily wrapped
+our High Court of Parliament, the whole Body
+of our Clergy, our University, Bench and Bar,
+in Shades that, I am certain, had been never
+dispell'd by the Approach of Light, so dim and
+glimmering as that Gentleman's.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Let us now take a summary View of the Inhabitants
+of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, in their respective Ranks:
+And to begin with the Peers: Are they not such
+Personages, as, by their Munificence, Affability
+of Manners, Easiness of Comportment,
+Propriety of Appearance, and Generosity in
+dealing, reflect true Honour on Nobility; and,
+<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/>
+Reality, derive their superior Rank, as much
+from the Pre-eminence of their Virtues, as from
+the constitutional Dignity of their Titles?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Encrease of our People, Wealth, Commerce,
+Industry, Arts, Inventions; the extraordinary
+additional Number, in this happy
+Reign, of our beautiful Seats, elegant Improvements,
+useful and ornamental Plantations, extensive
+Inclosures, excellent high Roads, (formerly
+almost impassable,) with the visible Reformation
+in national Harmony, and Allegiance,
+will best suggest an Idea of the Honourable the
+House of Commons of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, composed of
+such candid Spirits, as, neither the Smiles or
+Frowns of superior Influence, popular Views,
+or private Connections, can bend from the various
+essential Duties due to their King, their
+Country, and themselves; constant in their
+Attendance; careful in their Protection; and
+zealous in their Promotion of publick Felicity;
+not more extensive in their noble Projects, for
+this great Purpose, than expeditious in carrying
+those into Execution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our Constitution, partly of <hi rend='italic'>Gothic</hi>, partly of
+<hi rend='italic'>Norman</hi> Institution, (the first High Court of
+Parliament on the present Establishment, having
+been ordained in the Reign of <hi rend='italic'>Henry</hi> the First,
+Son of <hi rend='italic'>William</hi> the Conquerer) avoiding the
+turbulent Licentiousness of a <hi rend='italic'>Democracy</hi>, the
+factious domineering Temper of <hi rend='italic'>Aristocracy</hi>, and
+the variable oppressive Sway of <hi rend='italic'>Arbitrary Monarchy</hi>;
+but including, by an harmonious Assemblage,
+the essential Virtues of those different
+Systems of Government; is unquestionably the
+<emph>best digested</emph> and <emph>wisest</emph> in the known World:
+Under which, the King and the Nobles, with
+the Commons, <emph>unite</emph>, to extend the Commerce,
+<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/>
+promote the Happiness, guard over the Safety,
+preserve the Lives, defend the Characters, support
+the Liberties, and protect the Property of
+the People. Bless'd Constitution! O! may it
+ever flourish! under whose mild and preservative
+Influence, a few only feel Restraint; except
+from the Commission of private Evil, or
+social Injury.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have said a <emph>Few only</emph>; because there are some
+among us, who, on the Score of Religion, are
+secluded from permanent Property: And even
+Those, it is hoped, will, in Consideration of the
+invariable Tenor of their humble and pacific
+Conduct, from the Capitulation of <hi rend='italic'>Limerick</hi>, to
+this Day; and from their unanimous and chearful
+Obedience to our Civil Government, e're
+long obtain some Mitigation of their Affairs;
+such the benevolent Temper and Disposition of
+the present incomparable Reign! Some late
+excellent<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Seasonable Thoughts</hi>, &amp;c.
+published by <hi rend='italic'>George Faulkner</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>the Case of
+the Roman Catholics</hi>, and <hi rend='italic'>the Principles of the
+Roman Catholics</hi>, the two last published by <hi rend='italic'>P. Lord</hi>, in
+<hi rend='italic'>Cook-street, Dublin</hi>.</note>
+Pamphlets, wherein these Gentlemen's
+political Principles are fully and clearly explained,
+shew of what signal Advantage it had been
+to the Numbers, Industry, Health, Wealth,
+and Beauty of this Kingdom, to indulge them
+a Property, even in our uncultivated Mountains,
+dreary Wastes, and noxious Marshes:
+Which Measure, should it appear in a true Light
+to our worthy Representatives, we may in a
+few Years more, hope to see <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> one of the
+most beautiful, best-improved, best-conditioned
+Islands in the Universe. Our Bench is adorned
+with Honourable Personages, conspicuous for
+Learning, Integrity, Humanity, and Impartiality;
+<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>
+of whom, it may be boldly affirmed,
+and with the strictest Truth, that they are not
+Favourers of Persons. The present Lord Chief
+Justice of the <hi rend='italic'>King-Bench</hi>, the late Master of
+the Rolls, and Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+Natives of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, formed a Triumvirate, whose
+Learning, Worth, and distinguished Abilities,
+had rendered them eminently respectable in the
+brightest Æras, either of the <hi rend='italic'>Roman</hi> Commonwealth,
+or Empire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our Attorney and Solicitor General, our Serjeants
+at Law, and King's Council, with many
+eminent Barristers, and a Set of learned eloquent
+young Gentlemen, all shining out together;
+such as <hi rend='italic'>Tully</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hortensius</hi>, and
+<hi rend='italic'>Pliny</hi>, had with
+fond Tenderness cherished and with pleasing
+Pride, avowed for their Pupils; form as distinguished
+a Body of Advocates and Orators, as
+adorn any Courts of Judicature in <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Diocese of <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi> existeth a truly
+pious Society for the Relief and Support of the
+Widows and Children of the inferior Clergy
+thereof. It is, indeed, surprizing in a Kingdom,
+such (thank Heaven) as <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> is, that
+the Example of this charitable Society, hath
+not been <emph>universally</emph> followed. It hath often
+affected me to the Quick, to have seen a learned
+Divine, after a tedious and painful Free-School
+Institution, and expensive University Education,
+struggling, upon a poor Pension or Salary of
+<emph>Forty</emph> Pounds a Year, to maintain an honest
+Gentlewoman, Children, and Servants, (and
+really with some Decency of Hospitality) sedulously
+discharging, at the same Time, the different
+Duties of the pastoral Function; when a
+<emph>foreign Fidler</emph> shall run away with tripple that
+Sum, or more, for one Night's Performance.
+<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/>
+I would by no Means be understood to derogate
+from the Merits of fine Performers in the different
+Parts of Musick, or endeavour to diminish
+their reasonable Perquisites: But, surely,
+such Men and such Things are not to be thought
+of, in Competition with those, who, by Teaching
+and Preaching, refine our Morals, instruct
+our Understandings, inform our Lives, and enlighten
+our Souls with the celestial Spirit of the
+Christian Faith; and thereby happily lead us,
+through this transient and precarious State, to
+eternal Tranquilly and Bliss. I am not a
+Preacher; but thus far shall venture: As the
+Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of Wisdom,
+our generally following the heavenly Example
+of this venerable Society, must be a great Test
+as well of the one, as the other. If the Bishops,
+the temporal Lords, and great estated Men of
+each Diocese, would but graciously lead the
+Way, it is not unlikely they had been attended
+by Crowds of zealous Followers: And, in Fact,
+a <emph>small</emph> Matter <emph>annually set apart</emph>, from even the
+superfluous Outgoings of the Wealthy and
+Opulent, of different Ranks, would very happily
+answer the generous noble End of preserving,
+from an anxious State of particular Dependance,
+Numbers of virtuous, well-educated
+Gentlewomen, and their Children, from the various
+Miseries, which the untimely Death of a
+Father, and narrow Circumstances, but too frequently
+expose them to; an End so every Way
+worthy the natural Disposition, the benevolent
+Temper, the inherent Hospitality, and the essentially-charitable
+Character of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our <hi rend='italic'>Protestant</hi> Brethren, the <hi rend='italic'>Dissenters</hi>,
+by a prudent and pious Regulation of secreting one
+Pound a Year, each parochial Minister, for this
+<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>
+religiously humane Purpose, have constantly a
+Fund sufficient to allow the Relict of each
+Clergyman twenty Pounds a Year, (which preserves
+her from the Miseries of Want and Dependance)
+and have, at some Periods, where-with
+to set their Children up, in an honest and
+creditable Way of living. As we are emulously
+fond of adopting the Wisdom and Virtues of
+each Christian Sect and Society, it is fervently
+hoped we will also this tender and pious Scheme;
+a Scheme so comprehensive of true Charity, and
+so productive of social and happy Effects! How
+difficult is it for Minds, crowded with Cares,
+and beset with the pressing Calls of Family-preservation,
+to attend, with due Composure and
+Inclination, to the various indispensible Duties
+of the pastoral Office? But how chearfully would
+those Reverend Gentlemen proceed in their
+divine Mission, when, by some visible Provision
+for the proper Objects of their present Cares and
+future Concern, they should, in a great Measure,
+be released from domestick Anxiety, from
+gloomy Apprehensions, and alarming Prospects,
+into the temporal Futurity of those, for whom
+they must be necessarily affected with the most
+tender Feelings!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The most convincing and decisive Method of
+adjudging Causes, being by a comprehensive
+View and critical Examination of their Effects;
+of Streams, by a nice Scrutiny and Investigation
+of their Sources; hence may we, from the
+shining Characters, and extensive Abilities of
+our Divines and Barristers, frame a just Idea of
+the University of <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi>, which, for Compass
+and Extent of the Sciences, Variety of elegant
+Arts, found Erudition, and polite Literature
+therein taught, in the most regular and perspicuous
+<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/>
+Methods, is equalled by few, excelled by
+none.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Students are carefully instructed in the
+more refined Parts of classical Learning; oriental,
+antient, and modern Languages; Criticism,
+sacred and profane History, Oratory, Logick,
+Ethicks, and Metaphysicks; in natural and experimental
+Philosophy; Anatomy, Botany and
+Chymistry; the mathematicks, in Theory and
+Practice; Civil and Canon Laws; Theology,
+Controversy, and Ecclesiastical History: So
+that, with a good Capacity, and regular Application,
+one may depart this University, as
+completely and happily instituted for the honorary
+Professions of Life, as may be reasonably
+expected from any Nursery of Learning extant.
+The obtaining a Fellowship in this University,
+is a demonstrative Test of comprehensive native
+Talents, thorough intellectual Cultivation,
+deep and various learned Acquirements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Newtonian</hi> Philosophy, the excellent
+<hi rend='italic'>Boyle</hi>'s experimental Philosophy, and Mr.
+<hi rend='italic'>Locke</hi>'s Metaphysicks,
+prevail much in the College of <hi rend='italic'>Dublin</hi>:
+Which, for Extent, Convenience, Magnificence,
+and a most sumptuous elegant Library,
+exceeds any one College in <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi>. The beautiful
+Parks belonging to it, seem actually, on a
+serene Evening, the delightful Vale of <hi rend='italic'>Tempe</hi>,
+or enchanting Recesses of <hi rend='italic'>Parnassus</hi>, inhabited
+by all the Muses, all the Graces, with their
+charming Train.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Trade of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, however in former
+Times miserably restrained and limited, hath in
+this happy Reign received considerable Enlargements;
+such as, the opening several Wooll-Ports;
+the Bounty on <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Linens, now our
+staple Commodity, imported into <hi rend='italic'>Great-Britain</hi>;
+<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/>
+and the Immunity lately granted of importing
+thither Beef, Butter, Tallow, Candles, Pork,
+Hides, live Cattle, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi> a Privilege that, in its
+Consequences, must prove of signal Advantage
+to both Nations; to <emph>this</emph> especially, as we shall
+hereby be enabled, upon any occasional Exigency,
+to supply our protecting Friends, and proportionably
+stint the Hands of our Enemies,
+who, (by the Profusion of Wines and spirituous
+Liquors, annually exported from <hi rend='italic'>France</hi> to
+Ireland, in Exchange for our Beef, Butter, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi>
+to pass over the Gluts of Teas and Spirits, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi>
+smuggled thence by the <emph>western</emph> Runners) have
+constantly the Balance on their Side. Our Exports,
+with those already mentioned, consist in
+a few Cheeses, Salmon and Kelp: But, as our
+Linens are, without Question, become the vital
+Spring of <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Commerce, it is Matter of great
+Concern and equal Surprize, that the other Provinces
+do not more <emph>universally</emph> and <emph>effectually</emph> follow
+the lucrative Example of the <hi rend='italic'>North</hi>! since,
+it is evident, nothing but <emph>equal Industry</emph> can be
+wanting to render them <emph>equally flourishing</emph>, The
+Over-growth of Graziers and Stockmasters, is
+the strongest Indication that can be of national
+Waste and Decay, in respect of Inhabitants.
+What could a Foreigner, travelling among us,
+particularly in the <emph>western</emph> Counties, some Summers
+past, judge of our national Wisdom and
+Oeconomy? Would he not start even at our
+Humanity, on seeing the best arable Grounds
+in the Kingdom, in immense Tracts, wantonly
+enjoyed by the Cattle of a few petulant Individuals;
+and at the same Juncture, our high
+Ways and Streets crowded with Shoals of mendicant
+fellow-creatures! reduced, through Want
+of proper Sustenance, to the utmost Distress?
+<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/>
+Would not a <hi rend='italic'>Frenchman</hi> for Example, give a
+Shrug extraordinary, at finding, in every little
+Inn, <hi rend='italic'>Bourdeaux</hi> Claret and <hi rend='italic'>Nantz</hi> Brandy,
+though, in all Likelihood, not a Morsel of <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi>
+Bread?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is much to be hoped, That, when the Spirit
+of Tillage should become more general and
+active, our Farmers more attentive to the
+Growth of the best Kinds of Grain, and our
+Brewers, more attentive to the Rules and Precepts
+for that Purpose laid down by the Honourable
+the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dublin Society</hi>; we shall have
+little or no Occasion for that Inundation of <hi rend='italic'>London
+Porter</hi>; (an heavy, cloudy, intoxicating,
+ill-flavoured Liquor) that annually overflows
+this City and other Parts of the Kingdom; as,
+in the above Case, we may have a sufficient
+Plenty and Variety of Malt Liquors, our own
+native Produce, far better than any imported;
+and, in Case of a Redundancy of Grain, (a
+Matter not very likely to happen) may, with
+moderate Care, have Spirituous Liquors of far
+a more wholesome Nature, exquisite Taste, and
+delicate Flavour, than those imported at an extraordinary
+Expence; and but too often adulterated,
+in the first Concoction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We have, in several Parts of this Kingdom,
+(in the Province of <hi rend='italic'>Munster</hi> especially) a recy,
+spirituous, fine-flavoured Cyder, very little, if
+at all, inferior to the best imported White
+Wines; and a moderate Plenty of grateful
+Honey-Liquors, which, with our prime Beef,
+Mutton, Pork, Veal, Lamb, Variety of Fowls,
+tame and wild; red and fallow Deer; Hares,
+Rabbits, Pidgeons, Pheasants, Grouse; and
+Partridge; wild Duck, Plover, Snipe, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi>
+Lake, River, Shell and Sea Fish, of all Kinds;
+<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/>
+the Produce of the Garden, (Horticulture having
+of late Years so vastly improved among us,
+that we now have many curious Plants, Fruits,
+and Flowers, not only not <emph>known</emph>, but never
+even <emph>heard of</emph>, in former Times) and <emph>all</emph> in such
+Plenty and Perfection, as demonstrate <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>
+happier than most other Countries, in regard
+of the Necessaries and even of the Delicacies of
+Life; to which may be added, the great Number
+of our beautiful Lakes, noble Rivers, pure
+Fountains, limpid Streams, and Health-restoring
+mineral Wells.<note place='foot'>To all the above Productions of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, may be justly
+added, our inestimable Fisheries, and plentiful Mines, which,
+under due national Encouragement, would raise immense
+Treasures.</note> In this Country are bred
+valuable Horses, for the Draught, Road, and
+Chace; and for the Course, as high-formed
+ones, as in any Part of <hi rend='italic'>Europe</hi>; and large horned
+Cattle, and Sheep in Abundance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It must afford real Satisfaction to consider the
+universal and visible Reformation in the Lives
+and Morals even of our common People, clearly
+evinced in this, that (thank Heaven) fewer
+legal Punishments succeed an entire Circuit, in our
+happy Days, than did a single Assize in former
+Reigns: And, without Question, this Reformation
+must still rise higher, in Proportion to the
+Lenity of our worthy Legislature, and wise Indulgence
+of our landed Men, who must certainly
+find it more conducive to the Welfare of the
+State, and to their own Strength, Honour, and
+Interest, to have their Estates farmed and inhabited
+by a great Number of honest, laborious
+improving Families, than wasted by a few Purse-proud
+Bullock-Brokers, who rarely allow the
+wretched Herd of an hundred, as much Ground
+<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/>
+for his own and poor Family's Support, as is
+equal to that of two Bullocks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Suppose a Gentleman was to let two thousand
+Acres of arable Ground to farm; were it not
+demonstrably more conducive to all the foregoing
+Motives, to dispose of these to twenty honest,
+industrious Families, at an hundred Acres each,
+than to any one Beau-Grazier whatever? From
+the twenty Tenures, the Landlord may, in any
+national Shock, raise a considerable Number of
+effective Hands, and zealous Hearts, for the
+Service of the Crown, or Defence of his Country;
+and reap many signal Advantages to the
+public and private Concernments of Life, not
+possibly derivable from the anti-social Monopolizers
+and Forestallers of Farms; who ever fondly
+attribute their Growth to their own Sagacity
+and Cleverness, without any the least Gratitude
+or Obligation to the Land-owner. These Sentiments,
+it is hoped, will every Day gain more
+and more Consideration with our wise and beneficent
+Legislature, Nobility and Gentry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many intelligent Persons, of all Ranks, complain
+much of the Want of some Establishment
+in the Way of a national Bank, to secure popular
+Credit, and the Kingdom from the various
+alarming Shocks it is so frequently incident to,
+on Account of the Failure of particular Banks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Nobility and Gentry of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, are
+Loyalists and Patriots by Principle and Education:
+They are brave, without Arrogance; gay,
+without Levity; polite, without Affectation;
+charitable, without Ostentation; religious, without
+Formality; affable, without Meanness;
+generous, without View; and hospitable, without
+Reserve: In their Converse, easy; in their
+Dealings just; placable in their Resentments, in
+<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>
+their Friendship steady:&mdash;They have neither
+the volatile Airyness of the <hi rend='italic'>Frenchman</hi>, the stated
+Gravity of the <hi rend='italic'>Spaniard</hi>; the supicious Jealousy
+of the <hi rend='italic'>Italian</hi>; the forbidding Haughtiness of
+the <hi rend='italic'>German</hi>; the saturnine Gloominess of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Flandrican</hi>, nor the sordid Parsimony of the
+<hi rend='italic'>Dutchman</hi>: In short, they are neither whimsical,
+splenetic, sullen or capricious:&mdash;And, as for
+Cunning, Craft, or Dissimulation, these are such
+sorry Guests as never found Shelter in the generous
+Breast of an <hi rend='italic'>Irish</hi> Noble or Gentleman; so
+that, if we consider this Country, with regard
+to its military Fame, constitutional Wisdom,
+Learning, Arts, Improvements, and natural
+Advantages; and above all, the benevolent
+Temper, charitable and hospitable Disposition
+of its Inhabitants; it is true, we may find many
+of more popular Bustle and Eclat, more extensive
+Commerce, greater Opulence and Pomp;
+but none of more general, solid, and intrinsick
+Worth, than <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I shall conclude with the following Proposition
+to any one, who may arrogate to himself
+Praise or Wit, by ridiculing <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Si quid Novisti rectius
+istis&mdash;</foreign></l>
+<l><foreign lang="la" rend='font-style: italic'>Candidus imperti; Si non, his utere
+mecum.</foreign></l>
+</lg>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>The Farmer's Case Of The Roman-Catholics Of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>.</head>
+
+<p>
+In a <hi rend='smallcaps'>Letter</hi> from a <hi rend='smallcaps'>Member</hi> of the
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Protestant Church</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dear Sir</hi>,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I think myself indebted to any Occasion
+that restores you to a Friend,
+whom I feared you had long forgotten.
+But I confess, at the same
+Time, that the Pleasure of hearing
+from you, after a Silence of Several Years, is,
+in some Measure, damped by the Censure that
+seems to constitute the chief Intent of your
+Letter.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>
+
+<p>
+You tell me that you lately happened upon
+some Papers that were entitled The FARMER's
+LETTERS, <hi rend='italic'>&amp;c.</hi> which were imputed to me
+as the Author. And, after some Compliments
+on Spirit, and Genius, and so forth, in order to
+palliate, as I suppose, what you purpose to administer,
+you charge me, by Implication, with
+Crimes, whose smallest Tendency I should abhor
+in myself, as in any Man breathing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You say, favourably enough for your own
+Disposition, that you have long looked on the
+<hi rend='italic'>Roman-Catholics</hi> of these Kingdoms as a discountenanced
+and pitiable People. That you
+would choose to allow to others the same Latitude
+of Conscience that you like for yourself.
+That it is not a Part of Humanity to break a
+Reed already bruised. That such a Treatment
+would be blameable respecting any Individual;
+how much more so, in Prejudice of a whole
+People. That those Papers are pointed with a
+Keenness of Enmity, for which the Talents,
+which you are pleased to ascribe, cannot sufficiently
+apologize. And, that you did not think
+me capable of exasperating Government and
+Power against a Set of Men who were already
+under the Displeasure and Depression of the
+Law.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These, my dear Friend, are home and heavy
+Accusations, however tempered by Expressions
+of Kindness and Affection from the Man whom
+I sincerely love and respect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, if I know any-thing of myself, the Quality,
+called Ill-nature, is not my Characteristic.
+I would not exchange one Grain of Good-heart
+for all the Wit of a <hi rend='italic'>C----d</hi> or Comprehension
+of a <hi rend='italic'>P--tt</hi>, independent of their Virtue.
+And I may say, with great Truth, that an Excess
+<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/>
+of Humanity hath occasioned all the Misfortunes
+and Distresses of my Life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I most solemnly assure you, that when I wrote
+those Letters I was in perfect Love and Charity
+with every <hi rend='italic'>Roman Catholic</hi> in the Kingdom of
+<hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>. I knew that they were a depressed People.
+I had long pitied them as such. I was
+sensible that the Laws, under which they suffered,
+had been enacted by our Ancestors, when
+the Impressions of Hostility were fresh and
+warm, and when Passion, if I may venture to
+say so, co-operated, in some Measure, with
+Utility and Reason. I will go a Step further.
+I thought those Laws not severe enough to suppress
+them as Enemies, nor yet sufficiently favourable
+to attach them to us as Friends. They
+were not so cruel as, wholly, to serve for quelling;
+and yet they had a Poignancy that might
+tend to provoke. And all this I imputed to the
+Resentment that was blended with the Humanity
+of our Ancestors. Their Humanity left to Papists
+a Power of hurting, while their Resentment
+abridged the Inducements that might engage
+them to serve us.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Believe me, Sir, I never was of a cruel or
+persecuting Disposition. I was grieved to see
+the Discouragements under which the <hi rend='italic'>Roman
+Catholics</hi> of this Kingdom laboured, but these
+very Discouragements made me fear them the
+more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Previous to the Letters, which you censure so
+warmly, a dangerous Rebellion had broken out
+in <hi rend='italic'>Scotland</hi>, in consequence of a <hi rend='italic'>French</hi>
+Invasion, that was headed by a Popish Pretender to the
+Throne. Be pleased to remember, (if it is not
+too mortifying a Recollection for a free-born
+<hi rend='italic'>Briton</hi>) the Pannic into which all <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>
+was
+<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>
+struck by a few <hi rend='italic'>Scotch</hi> Vassals, undisciplined, and
+unactuated by any Motive of Liberty or Virtue,
+save the Virtue of being attached to their
+<hi rend='italic'>Laird</hi> or their <hi rend='italic'>Leader</hi>. Millions of
+<hi rend='italic'>English</hi>, at
+that Time, sunk in the Down of a long Peace,
+and enervated by ministerial Corruption and Venality,
+feared that a Handful of <hi rend='italic'>Highlanders</hi>
+would win their Way to <hi rend='italic'>London</hi>, and, at one
+Stroke, put a Period to the boasted Strength and
+Grandeur of the <hi rend='italic'>British</hi> Constitution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I was astonished at the Apprehensions that
+<hi rend='italic'>England</hi> was under from so contemptible an Armament.
+But I deemed the Case of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi> to
+be highly alarming. The <hi rend='italic'>Roman-Catholics</hi>, at
+that Time, outnumbered us Five to One. They
+were disarmed, it is true, but I was not equally
+sure that they had Reason to be reconciled. As
+they were not admitted to realize their Fortune,
+it consisted of ready Money, and that gave
+ready Power. As they were not permitted to
+purchase, or accept a Tenure of any valuable
+Length, Loyalty, perhaps, might induce them
+to fight for their King; but where was the Stake
+to impel them to fight for a Country in which
+they had no <hi rend='italic'>Inheritance</hi>? Without an Interest
+in Lands, they had little to lose by any Change
+of Estate. Without a Loan lodged with Government,
+they had the less to lose by a Change of
+Constitution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I cannot conceive how <hi rend='italic'>Religion</hi>, or mere Difference
+of Opinion, should prove a real Cause
+of Quarrel among Men; though it often serves
+as a <hi rend='italic'>Word of War</hi>, or a <hi rend='italic'>Term</hi> whereby to give
+Notice for Onset. On the contrary, I had observed
+that wherever People are united by <hi rend='italic'>Interest</hi>,
+though of a thousand opposite Sects, Persuasions
+<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/>
+and Professions, they never fail to join
+in the Maintenance and Defence of <emph>common
+Rights</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I, therefore, did not fear the <hi rend='italic'>Roman Catholics</hi>,
+as having a different <hi rend='italic'>Religion</hi>, but as having
+an <hi rend='italic'>Interest</hi> that was different from the Interest
+of <hi rend='italic'>Protestants</hi>. Were they a Compound of all
+the Follies, Absurdities, and Contradictions that
+ever were generated by Monster-bearing Superstition,
+had their Interest bound them to us, I
+should not have feared their <hi rend='italic'>Fealty</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But this was not the Case. The <hi rend='italic'>French</hi> Invasion
+of <hi rend='italic'>Great Britain</hi> was headed by a Person
+who was, by Birth, Education, Principle, and
+Interest, an Enemy to the Freedom and Rights
+of a Constitution that was established on the Dispossession
+of his Ancestors; and he was, consequently,
+an Enemy to the general Change of
+Privilege and Property, that ensued on the said
+Establishment. The said Change, as we all
+know, was to the Disadvantage of <hi rend='italic'>Roman Catholics</hi>.
+Had the Invader prevailed, a Change
+would again have ensued, in their Favour.
+Men naturally with Success to an Event from
+whence they propose Benefit; and it is as natural
+for them to act conformable to those Wishes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Had <hi rend='italic'>Roman Catholics</hi> been possessed of an unrestrained
+Property, along with the other Liberties,
+Blessings, and Enjoyments, which they
+derived, in common with us, from the Establishment
+at the Revolution, no spiritual or
+temporal Power on Earth could have tempted
+them to permit, much less to wish, a Change
+of a Constitution whose Equal they could not
+find upon Earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But as this was very far from being the Fact,
+I feared that <hi rend='italic'>Interest</hi> might prove an Incentive
+<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/>
+to <emph>Desire</emph>; and Desire equally prove an Incentive
+to <emph>Action</emph>; and, I am not ashamed to confess,
+that my Expectations were greatly, though happily,
+disappointed, by the Steadiness of their
+peaceful and loyal Demeanour on that trying
+Occasion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Believe me, my Friend, at the Time that I
+wrote those Papers, which have given you so
+much Offence, I looked upon the <hi rend='italic'>Papists</hi> of this
+Kingdom, by the Patronage of <hi rend='italic'>France</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Spain</hi>, by their Numbers, by their Wealth, and by
+their Union with each other, to be vastly superior
+to <hi rend='italic'>Irish Protestants</hi>, in Power; and my Spirit
+of Opposition rose, in Proportion to my Idea
+of their Ability. But neither then, before, nor
+since, did I ever mean to excite any Action, or
+Intention, against the Weak, or the Oppressed,
+the Fallen, or the Afflicted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When <hi rend='italic'>Brutus</hi> unsheathed the reluctant Sword
+of Freedom against his Friend, Humanity must
+suppose that his Heart was wrung with Compunction,
+while his Country enjoined and impelled
+the Blow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But further, Sir, there is a very wide Difference
+between a <hi rend='italic'>Popish Regency</hi> and a <hi rend='italic'>Popish
+People</hi>. The whole Intent and Virulence, as
+you call it, of my Papers, is pointed and levelled
+against the <emph>One</emph>, but not a Syllable uttered,
+from End to End, against the <emph>Other</emph>. A <hi rend='italic'>Popish
+Regency</hi>, in Temporals alike as in Spirituals, I
+held to be, by Principle, an arbitrary and oppressive
+Government; but I held a <hi rend='italic'>Popish People</hi>
+to be, of all People, the most amenable and
+submissive to Rulers, whatever the Form or
+Nature of that State may be, under which they
+shall happen to be subjected. And, on this
+very Account, I dreaded them the more, should
+<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/>
+they become passive Instruments in the Hand of
+a Papal Dictator.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To apply a sure Test to the Propriety, or Impropriety,
+of my Apprehensions, at the Period
+when I wrote the <hi rend='italic'>Farmer's Letters</hi>, let us suppose
+that no one of the Penal Laws, which
+were instituted during the Reign of her Majesty
+Queen <hi rend='italic'>Anne</hi>, had yet passed into Form,
+but that Matters had remained in the same Situation,
+in which the <hi rend='italic'>Monarch</hi>, of <hi rend='italic'>humane</hi>, as well
+as <hi rend='italic'>glorious Memory</hi>, had left this unhappy People.
+Well, what would have been the Consequence?
+Would <hi rend='italic'>Papists</hi>, in that Case, have
+been less amenable to the Government, by
+which they had been favoured, supported, and
+cherished? Would they have been the forwarder
+to bring Damage and Destruction on a Country,
+because their own Interest was connected
+therewith, and the Fortunes of their Posterity
+deposited therein? Would they have been the
+readier to attempt the Overthrow of our beneficent
+Constitution, because they enjoyed the Privileges
+and Advantages thereof? No, Sir, no.
+The Absurdity of the Supposition is inclusive of
+the Answer. Had this been the Case, the <hi rend='italic'>Farmer's
+Letters</hi> would not have existed to have
+caused the Renewal of our Acquaintance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I have read and noted many Instances, in free
+States and Commonwealths, where <hi rend='italic'>Liberty</hi>, when
+fermented into <hi rend='italic'>Licentiousness</hi>, hath occasioned
+many partial Struggles for Power, many Broils
+and Factions, and much Disturbance to the
+Community. But very few are the Instances of
+the Insurrection of any People, who have not
+been goaded thereto by Severity and Oppression.
+The inoffensive Stag grows formidable when <hi rend='italic'>at
+<pb n='075'/><anchor id='Pg075'/>
+Bay</hi>. The Worm turneth not, till it receiveth
+a Crush.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I forget the Book, though I remember the
+Passage, where a Prince demanded of his favourite
+Minister, what he should do with a
+Number of the Commons and Nobility, whom
+he had suppressed and taken Captive in the Act
+of Rebellion? The Minister answered, <hi rend='italic'>Put
+them, and their Adherents, instantly to Death</hi>. No,
+replied the Prince, that were an Act of such
+Bloodshed and Barbarity, as neither Fear nor
+Revenge shall persuade me to perpetrate. <hi rend='italic'>Then,
+grant them all free Pardon</hi>, rejoined the Minister.
+How! said the Prince, must Rebellion
+go altogether unpunished? There is no Medium
+that can assure your Safety, answered the
+Minister; you must either pull this Party wholly
+up by the Root, so as to leave no Fibre from
+whence future Enmity may grow; or else, you
+must change that Enmity into Friendship, by
+binding their Gratitude to your Person and Interest,
+with the kindliest of all Connections,
+that of your Goodness and Favour. <hi rend='italic'>A partial
+Punishment will be too little for your Safety; a partial
+Pardon will not be enough.</hi> You must either
+wholly annihilate their Power, by their <hi rend='italic'>Death</hi>;
+or derive Strength to yourself, from that Power,
+by their <hi rend='italic'>Friendship</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By disarming our Enemies, the utmost we
+can hope, is, to render them impotent. The
+Diminution of <emph>their</emph> Power adds nothing to our
+<emph>own</emph>. Repentance is never so permanent or sincere,
+as when preceded by Pardon; and Favour
+is, as the polar Attraction, to Inclination. Is
+there a Man whose Love and Gratitude you
+desire to engage? Common Sense will direct
+you to do him a Benefit. Would you bind him
+<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/>
+to your Service with Hoops of Steel? You
+must make it his Interest, as well as his Duty,
+to befriend you.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is, by no means, my Intention to arraign
+either the Wisdom or good Policy of our Forefathers.
+But all Men are, in some Degree,
+fallible, as well in the congregate, as in the individual;
+and the Shrewd may err as much,
+by over-reaching their Aim, as the Ignorant,
+by falling short, or deviating from it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, had a hundred <hi rend='italic'>Pitts</hi>, and a hundred
+<hi rend='italic'>Cecils</hi>, composed the Senate of our Ancestors, at
+the Time that those <hi rend='italic'>Penal Laws</hi> were enacted;
+had those Laws been ever so wise and so just,
+so wholesome and necessary, and well suited to
+the Season; is that a Reason that they should
+<emph>continue so</emph> to the End of Time? In a World
+where nothing is permanent; where Modes,
+Manners, Principles, and Practice are at a Flux;
+where Life is uncertain, and all it contains
+changeable; Nature and Reason will conform to
+Situation and Circumstance; and where <hi rend='italic'>Causes</hi>
+have ceased, in any Degree, the <hi rend='italic'>Consequences</hi>
+ought to cease in the same Proportion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not now with <hi rend='italic'>Rome</hi> as it was in the Days
+when Princes held her Steed, and Emperors
+her Stirrup. The Kings of the Earth have,
+pretty clearly, resumed her Usurpations and
+Acquisitions of temporal Dominion. It is not
+now, as it was when she cried Peace! and it became
+Peace; or when the Breath of her Mandate
+kindled the Nations to Battle. Even his
+<hi rend='italic'>Holiness</hi> is, now, but a poor limited Prince, pent
+up within his little <hi rend='italic'>Italian</hi> Demesne. If some few
+still acknowledge to hold of his Authority, it
+is a Homage of Words, and not of Facts;
+they will not acknowledge to hold of his Power.
+<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/>
+He is restored to the quiet and unenvied Possession
+of all the Lordship and Interest he can acquire
+in Heaven. But the Sceptre, even of his
+spiritual Dominion upon Earth, is, of late, as
+I take it, most wonderfully shortened.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Matters are much altered with the ecclesiastical
+World, even since I wrote the Letters that
+have roused your Spleen. Whether it be through
+a Decline of the <hi rend='italic'>Romish</hi> Religion, in particular;
+or, possibly, through a Decline of all Religion,
+in general; the pontifical and episcopal Dictatorship
+and Authority are wofully fallen, from the
+Chair of Infallibility, where they had been seated
+by Opinion. The Sons of the most bigotted
+Ancestors do now perceive, that Piety and Immorality
+are not rightly consistent. And even
+the vulgar and ignorant, among the <hi rend='italic'>Roman</hi> Laity,
+would grumble at departing from an Inch
+of their Property, though the Priest should
+advise, and the Pope, himself, should enjoin
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, Sir, if the Change of Times, and Principles,
+Situation, and Circumstances; if the
+Change of every Cause that produced those
+penal Laws, have not availed for a Change of
+<hi rend='italic'>Consequences</hi>; for some Mitigation or Abatement
+of their Rigour, toward these my unhappy Brethren,
+the <hi rend='italic'>Roman Catholics of Ireland</hi>: If no
+Argument, I say, that is taken from Changes,
+may avail for the Purpose, I will take one from
+Permanence and Duration itself, that shall strike
+Light and Conviction to the Eye of every Beholder;
+that Power may <emph>gainsay</emph>, but cannot
+<emph>refute</emph>; that Malevolence may <emph>dispute</emph>, but never
+can <emph>answer</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+About six Generations have now passed away,
+according to the Rates of Purchase and Estimate
+<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/>
+of the Life of Man, since these People have offended
+in Word or in Deed. No Riotings have
+been heard in their Houses, no Complainings
+in their Streets; they have been silent and harmless
+as Sheep before their Sheerers. Our Parties,
+Factions, and Insurrections, as they are merrily
+stiled in <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>, have been all among ourselves;
+this People were neither Actors nor
+Partakers therein. They have offered themselves
+to our Fleets, and to our Armies; to tend our
+Persons, to till our Grounds, to hew our Wood,
+and to draw our Water. Where we admit them
+to fight for us, they have ever proved valiant;
+where we admit them to serve us, they are found
+loving, observant, and faithful. Temptations
+have come to their Doors and called them forth;
+the Contagion of Rebellion hath broken out
+among their Neighbours; they have yet remained
+quiet, and continued untainted; still
+loyal to their Sovereign, amenable to Government,
+and submissive to Law, through a long
+and trying Succession of about seventy Years,
+they have scarce appeared to repine in the midst
+of their Calamities.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When I look back on the querulous and restless
+Nature of Man: When I trace the human
+Propensities through the Records of Ages and
+Nations: In all the Histories of those States
+who had least Cause of Complaint: Throughout
+the Commonwealths of <hi rend='italic'>Asia Minor</hi>, the
+<hi rend='italic'>Archipelago</hi>, the <hi rend='italic'>Grecian Continent</hi>,
+<hi rend='italic'>Italy</hi>, the Islands
+of the <hi rend='italic'>Mediterranean</hi>, &amp;c. where the RIGHTS
+OF NATURE, under Forms of various Institution,
+were ASSERTED BY LIBERTY AND
+GUARDED BY LAW: Where the ASSURANCE
+OF PROPERTY gave most REASON
+FOR CONTENT: I can find but few
+<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>
+Instances of any People who, through such a
+Length of Time, have continued firm and unshaken,
+in an uninterrupted Loyalty and Submission
+to Government.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What then, do we look for further? What
+Proofs do ye yet require, of Peacefulness and
+Attachment at the Hands of these our Brethren?
+Is no Period to be put to their State
+of Probation? Must they <emph>for ever</emph> keep out
+upon <emph>Quarantine</emph>, without Harbour or Hopes
+of Rest or Reconciliation? That were hard,
+indeed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If it is Revenge that we seek, they have,
+already, suffered enough, not for their own
+Faults, but for the Hostility of their Forefathers.
+If we seek our Safety, alone; let us chace <emph>them,
+at once, from Country and Community</emph>; or put
+an <emph>End to our domestic Fears</emph>, by giving them
+Cause to defend us.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Indeed, Sir, neither common Sense, nor Sense
+of any Kind, can possibly suppose, That Acts
+of Kindness which have been, from the Beginning
+of the World, the Cement of Friendship
+to all other People, should prove the reverse to
+these People alone.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Had they been to us, as the Swallow, in Autumn,
+who forsakes all Connections on the Approach
+of Inclemency, I should never have
+pleaded for any Confidence in them. But a People,
+who, through a Winter of seventy Years
+Continuance, have never failed, or forsaken, or
+given us Cause of Offence, surely merit some
+Consideration, some grateful and chearing Ray
+to warm them to a Sense that <hi rend='italic'>Protestants</hi> are not,
+by Choice, of a cruel, unforgiving, and malevolent
+Nature.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/>
+
+<p>
+Lastly, Sir, as I know you to be a Gentleman
+of a communicative Disposition, and that you
+were, formerly, fond of exhibiting the Sentiments
+of some of your Friends; should you
+impart this Letter to any of your popish Acquaintance,
+I doubt they might be apt to give
+me more Thanks than I am conscious I deserve.
+It is, therefore, but commonly honest, to advertise
+you, and them, that while I write in the
+Favour of <hi rend='italic'>Papists</hi>, the Interest of
+<hi rend='italic'>Protestants</hi> is
+never out of my Eye.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When I thought your Favourites most formidable,
+I shewed I did not fear them; and
+now, that I think them impotent, let them not
+think I flatter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What I have hitherto hinted is but a narrow
+opening to the Concerns and Interests of an
+unhappy Country, whereof I have the Misfortune
+to be a helpless, though loving, Member.
+To promote the Advantage of <hi rend='italic'>Ireland</hi>, in any
+respect, would be, to me, the cardinal Point
+of the whole Compass of my Ambition; and
+a subsequent Letter may shew how far my Observations
+relate to the Decline, or Prosperity, of
+my Country, whenever you confer the Pleasure
+of an Answer on,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Dear</hi> SIR,<lb/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Your truly affectionate</hi>, &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</body>
+<back rend="page-break-before: right">
+  <div id="footnotes">
+    <index index="toc" />
+    <index index="pdf" />
+    <head>Footnotes</head>
+    <divGen type="footnotes"/>
+  </div>
+  <div rend="page-break-before: right">
+    <divGen type="pgfooter" />
+  </div>
+</back>
+</text>
+</TEI.2>
diff --git a/27226.txt b/27226.txt
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+++ b/27226.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of
+Ireland by Henry Brooke
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: An Essay on the Antient and Modern State of Ireland
+
+Author: Henry Brooke
+
+Release Date: November 10, 2008 [Ebook #27226]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             An Essay On The
+
+                         Ancient and Modern State
+
+                                Of Ireland
+
+                  With the Various Important Advantages
+
+                            Thereunto Derived,
+
+          under the auspicious Reign of His most sacred Majesty
+
+                         King GEORGE the Second.
+
+                      Including a particular Account
+
+                        of the great and glorious
+
+                               St. Patrick
+
+                                    By
+
+                               Henry Brooke
+
+                             Dublin: Printed
+
+                            London: Re-Printed
+
+                            for R. Griffiths.
+
+                                 MDCCLX.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Dedication.
+Essay.
+The Farmer's Case Of The Roman-Catholics Of _Ireland_.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+
+TO
+
+MATTHEW MC. NAMARA,
+
+Of _LIMERICK_, Esq;
+
+COUNSELLOR at LAW.
+
+Justly sensible, Sir, how sincerely You have the Character and Esteem of
+our Native Country at Heart, I take Leave to offer to Your Perusal, and
+commend to Your favourable Acceptance, the following Sheets.
+
+What gave them Rise, was my happening, some Time since, to have fallen
+into Company with two or three sprightly young Gentlemen, then just
+returned from their Continental Rambles,--who--altho' little burthened with
+the Religion, Laws, Learning, Policy, Customs, Habits, Manners, or
+Languages of any, or the several Countries they had scampered thro',
+affected, nevertheless, an high Contempt for this,--their Native.
+
+I listened with silent Indignation, and determined to contribute my Mite
+towards giving such unattentive, uninformed Youths, a more adequate Idea
+of this Kingdom, under its ancient and under its present happy
+Establishment.
+
+The common Accidents of Time must lead them by better Authority to clearer
+Knowledge: In the mean while, I profess my Obligations to them, as they
+have given me this Opportunity of declaring my Regard to my Country in
+general, and the particular Attachments that ever bind me, in the
+strictest Sense of Fidelity and Esteem, to a Friend so worthy as You have
+been to,
+
+Sir,
+Your very obliged, and
+Most obedient Servant.
+
+
+
+
+
+ESSAY.
+
+
+In a Nation, where almost every Gentleman is better acquainted, and more
+conversant, with the Nature and Circumstances of other Countries than
+those of his own, the Publication of such Hints as may somewhat contribute
+to remove so odd an Inattention, and induce those far better qualified to
+render a Subject so interesting some Justice, will not, I hope, be deemed
+an Impertinence; in one especially who, by this Essay, however feeble,
+hath nothing beside the Honour and Advantage of _Ireland_ in View, a
+Kingdom whereof he is, without Vanity, proud of being a Native.
+
+As the Story of Savages and Barbarians can contain nothing instructive, or
+entertaining, the _Antemilesian_ Inhabitants of this Land having been
+mostly such, and all surviving Accounts of them almost totally overcast
+with Fable, we are therefore, in treating of the antient _Scotia_, or
+modern _Ireland_, to refer principally to three distinguished aeras,
+whereof the _first_ is, its being peopled by an _Iberian_ or _Spanish_
+Colony: The _second_, truly glorious, the Arrival of St. _Patrick_, in his
+most salutary Mission: The _third_ and last, its Cession to _Henry_ the
+Second, King of _England_, (the first of the Royal Race of _Plantagenet_)
+partly from a pretended Title of _Adrian_ the Fourth, Pope of _Rome_;
+partly from the restless and insatiable Desires of _Henry_; _more_ from
+the manifold Infirmities of the then reigning _Irish_ Chiefs--but above
+all, from the peculiarly adverse Fate of _Roderick_, the last of our
+Kings.
+
+The assiduous, exact, and candid Author of the _Dissertations_,(1) lately
+published, on the Origin, Government, Letters, Sciences, Religion, Manners
+and Customs of the antient Inhabitants of this Country, hath put all those
+Matters in so clear and happy, and, at the same Time, in so strong a
+Light, by the Powers of various foreign Testimonies, of undeniable
+Authenticity, coincident with our own, that scarce any Thing new can be
+offered on the same Subject.
+
+It may, however, in general be observed, that _Milesius_, a _Spanish_
+Prince, so far back as the Reign of _Solomon_ (instigated by Necessity, or
+induced by Ambition) with a considerable Number of Associates and
+Followers, landed from the Western Parts of _Spain_, on the Southern
+Coasts of this Island, where it is probable they met little, or but faint
+Opposition, from wild and undisciplined Inhabitants.
+
+Those People, from their early Knowledge of the _Phoenician_ Arts and
+Letters, imported such Rudiments of Government and Learning, as those
+primitive Times admitted; a Truth visible from the Similarity or rather
+Identity of the _Phoenician_ and _Scotic_ Alphabet.
+
+This antient Colony quietly settled here, remote from the Storms and
+Revolutions of the greater World, and secured by Situation from its
+hostile Incursions, there is no Doubt but the Cultivation of Religion,
+Philosophy, Politicks, Poetry, and Musick, became the chief Objects of
+popular Study and Application: The Spirit of Ambition in succeeding Ages,
+with its unhappy concomitant Train of Sedition, Faction, and Violence, the
+foreign Invasions, and often the intestine Oppressions and Calamities, to
+which our neighbouring Nations were subject, calling forth the protective
+or conciliating Aids of those ancient Heroes, made them great Masters also
+in the Art military.
+
+The Pentarchy originally formed by those _Iberian_ or _Celtic Spaniards_,
+with a popular Right of Election, was certainly a Kind of Government
+extremely consistent with the Essence and Genius of true Liberty, and a
+System derived from the Patriarchs themselves. For when the various
+Necessities of Society required a Subordination, together with some stated
+Maxims to go by, to avoid the confused and promiscuous Intercourse in a
+State of Nature; then did the People elect the most Virtuous and Wise, to
+lead and conduct them in Times of War and Trouble; to govern, inform, and
+protect them, in milder and more auspicious Seasons. Then was the Motto of
+the Crown, or of the chief Ensign of Pre-eminence, _Digniori detur_, and
+so continued till the Degeneracy of Time, and the baneful Growth of
+Avarice and Pride, with the feverish Lust of Power, perverted it
+to--_Rapiat Fortior_!
+
+Such, thro' a long Succession of Ages, was the Condition, and such at
+length the Fate of this Kingdom, destroyed after a longer Continuance than
+any other can boast, by the Abuse of its own Powers; a sure Argument that
+all created Beings, all sublunary Institutions, however wisely composed,
+in the very Essence of their Creation, and in the very Rudiments of their
+Formation, comprehend, at the same Time, the Seeds of Dissolution: Yet it
+is not more remarkable than true, that in the most boisterous Periods of
+this Kingdom's antient Establishment, the Arts and Sciences, with the
+fundamental Principles of Constitution, were preserved and cherished with
+inviolable Assiduity. The Priests, Philosophers, Advocates, Annalists,
+Poets and Musicians, were obliged to preserve Religion, political Wisdom,
+Law, History, _&c._ hereditarily in their respective Tribes, and to
+educate in these different Branches the Chiefs and Nobles of the Land, for
+which they were graciously maintained in secure and splendid Tranquillity:
+Those Sages attended the National Conventions, where all publick Acts were
+religiously recorded, and all Abuses of Power and Government retrenched or
+reformed; nor were they permitted, except in Case of extraordinary
+Necessity, or uncommon Merit, to deviate from their proper and primitive
+Spheres of Action: Since, where an harmonious Subordination of Rank and
+Order hath not been duly preserved, even in free Estates, Liberty itself
+(wisely attempered, the greatest of all social Blessings) hath often, from
+Abuse and Neglect, sickened into Licentiousness, the immediate lewd Mother
+of Anarchy! In the visible Creation, the direct Result of infinite Wisdom,
+the lesser Planets do not interfere with, much less shock or oppose the
+Motions and Revolutions of the greater; they constantly keep the Distances
+first prescribed them, and all move regularly to their respective Ends.
+The most verdant and fragrant Meadows may, from the too frequent Irruption
+of muddy Waters, degenerate into noxious Marshes, if some Care was not
+taken to divert those impure Gushings into their proper Channels. Hence it
+may be inferred, that laying open the most honorary, as well as important
+and useful Professions of Society, to the Intrusion, or rather pyratical
+Invasions, of the Scum and Dregs of the People, cannot, however varnished
+over with the fictitious Colourings of pretended Liberty, consist with
+true Political Wisdom.
+
+Those ancient _Sophi_ and _Literati_ enjoyed their Places with the greater
+Security, that they were uninvadable by the inferior Classes of Mankind;
+with the greater Content and Chearfulness, that much Esteem and Emolument
+were connected with them: The Priest and Advocate informed and directed
+the Conscience and Conduct; the Historian and Annalist recorded the
+Institutions; the Poet and Musician celebrated and sung the Exploits of
+their Kings and Leaders: No Wonder then this Kingdom should have been
+revered at Home, and admired Abroad; when Religion formed, Erudition
+nurtured, Philosophy strengthened, History preserved, Rhetorick adorned,
+Musick softened, and Poesy refined, the National Wisdom and
+Accomplishments; to all which was added, a thorough Knowledge of Tactics,
+and great Skill and Agility in all the athletick Arts, and bodily
+Exercises.
+
+In the Versions of some original Codes exported by our Countryman, the
+learned and pious St. _Fiechry_, still extant in the _Navarre_ Library at
+_Paris_, the Constitutional Wisdom of _Ireland_ appears in a clear and
+happy Light: Persons, Things, Actions, and Expressions, were cautiously
+attended to, by the Laws; _Persons_, in their Minority, Youth, and
+Manhood, according to their different Ranks in the State, so as by Care,
+Education, and Discipline, to render them, some subservient, others
+useful, some beneficial, and others ornamental thereunto. _Things_, so
+carefully, as to prevent, by prohibatory Laws, Wastes of whatsoever Kind,
+and to ascertain to each Individual, as well as Society, their proper and
+distinct Rights. _Actions_, by directing those in general, and particular,
+to the Honour of the Deity and Welfare of the Community: _Expression_, by
+the penal Interdiction of prophane Cursing and Swearing, Obscenity,
+Scurrility, Calumny, and Detraction, yet with a full Indulgence of proper
+Satire against such as merited popular Reprehension, or Contempt; the
+Satirist's Pen in those Days being as much dreaded, or rather more so,
+than the Magistrate's Rod, and consequently as diligently avoided by a
+Demeanour absolutely irreproachable.
+
+It appeareth that, under the antient Government of _Ireland_, the
+Education of the landed Gentry, when Luxury, with its wasteful Catalogue
+of Vices, had not rendered Property so mutable and wavering as in modern
+Ages, was provided for; whether by the immediate Care of Parents, or
+essential Attention of Guardians, by the Laws of the Land; in order that
+Gentlemen should, to the Antiquity of Birth and Possession, add the
+important Dignity of Learning, and social Refinement of Arts: Since a Man
+at the Head of an original Estate, who should want the necessary
+Cultivation of Letters, was considered only as a Peasant in Disguise, and
+not more respected than a Hewer of Wood, or Drawer of Water.
+
+In these Writings of St. _Fiechry_, the legislative Wisdom of
+_Olam-Fodla_; the philosophically-religious Capacity of _Cormac-O Quin_,
+who, from the pure Light of Nature, in a great Measure defeated the absurd
+_Polytheism_ of the _Druids_; the consummate Integrity and Impartiality of
+_Federach_ the Just, and _Moran_ his Chief Justice; the Magnanimity of
+_Con-Ked-Cathagh_; the Conquests of _Kineth Mac Alpin_; the long,
+glorious, and peaceful Reign of _Conary_ the Great, _coaeval_ with the
+Birth of our Blessed Lord and Saviour _Jesus Christ_, (undoubtedly the
+happiest, brightest, and most blissful Period the World ever saw;) are all
+displayed in a copious masterly Style, yet with strict chronological
+Exactness.
+
+This learned St. _Fiechry_ was Founder of the University in _Paris_, in
+the Beginning of the 8th Century. The better to enable him to carry on
+that noble Work, he obtained of _Charles_ the Great a Tax on all
+Wheel-Carriages, within the Barriers of that City: Whence, a Hackney-Coach
+is at this Day technically term'd _Fiacre_.
+
+_Charles_ the Great, in order to repair the cruel and truly lamentable
+literary Dilapidations of the ferocious North-men, invited Numbers of the
+learned and pious _Irish_ to the Continent, where he established and
+entertained them with Dignity, Tenderness, and Respect. In a curious
+Manuscript of _Nicholaus Gurtlerus_, (now in the _French_ King's
+_Parisian_ Library) Author of the _Origines Mundi_, where he alludes to
+these Times, you find the following favourable, but true Account of
+_Ireland_.--_Temporibus illis, barbaris Normannorum Cohortibus undequaque
+irrumpentibus, Religio, Fides, Philosophia, Virtus, Hospitalitas,
+Fortitudo, Castitas, necnon et Amoeniores omnium generum Artes, Hibernia
+solummodo natali, veluti Solo, viguerunt_; little Wonder that _Ireland_
+should have been esteemed the _Ierne_, or sacred Isle of the _Greeks_, the
+_Insula Sanctorum_, or Island of Saints of the _Romans_.--Would to Heaven
+our Countrymen had, upon all considerable Occasions, recollected those
+deserved Encomiums, thereby to approve them worthy their applauded Origin,
+and native Soil!
+
+We now proceed to consider _Ireland_ in her happiest and brightest View,
+after the Admission and Propagation of Christianity. It is certain there
+were many Christians in _Ireland_, before the Arrival of _Palladius_ in
+431, or of St. _Patrick_ the Year following: St. _Kieran_, St. _Ailbe_,
+St. _Declan_, and St. _Ibar_, whom _Ussher_ calls the Precursors, or
+Forerunners of St. _Patrick_, are pregnant Proofs of this; they were of
+the Birth of _Ireland_, from whence they travelled to _Rome_, in Search of
+Education and Learning, where they lived some Years, were ordained, and
+returned Home about the Year 402.
+
+It seems that those early Preachers confined their Labours to particular
+Places, in which they had considerable Success, but fell very short of
+converting the Body of the Nation: However, they sowed the Seed which St.
+_Patrick_ came after to water: And it is certain that St. _Patrick_ was so
+well satisfied with the Progress they made, in their particular Districts
+in _Munster_, that this was the last Province in _Ireland_ he thought
+proper to visit. That there were many Christians in _Ireland_, at this
+Period, seems to be confirmed by _Prosper_, who, in giving an Account of
+the Mission of _Palladius_, says, that he was ordained by Pope _Celestin_,
+and sent the first Bishop to the _Scots_ believing in Christ. This Passage
+can mean nothing else, but that _Palladius_, born in Britain, was sent to
+the Scots [i.e. the _Irish_] who had already formed Churches under
+_Kieran_, _Ailbe_, _Declan_ and _Ibar_; and so the Bishop of St. _Asaph_
+expounds it. This then was the next Attempt that was made for the
+Conversion of the _Irish_: _Palladius_ engaged in a more ample and
+extensive Design than his Predecessors, yet he failed in the Execution of
+it, stay'd but a short Time in _Ireland_, and did little worth remembring;
+he converted, however, a few, and is said to have founded three Churches;
+but he had neither Courage to withstand the Fierceness of the heathen
+_Irish_, nor Abilities, for Want of the Language, proper for the Work.
+
+_Nathi_, the Son of _Garcon_, an _Irish_ Prince, opposed his preaching;
+upon which _Palladius_ left the Kingdom, and died in the Land of the
+_Picts_, on the 15th of _December_, 431. This glorious Work was reserved
+for St. _Patrick_, to whose holy Life, divine Mission, and extraordinary
+Success, I refer the Reader. This great Apostle of the _Irish_ founded and
+built the Cathedral Church of _Ardmagh_, about the Year 444, or 45, which,
+from that early Period to this, hath continued the Metropolitan Church of
+all _Ireland_. So that 1194 Years passed away from the Founding of the
+City of _Rome_, to that of _Ardmagh_.
+
+The various and most signal Blessings derived to this Nation, from the
+salutary Mission of this illustrious Saint, require, in Gratitude, our
+giving the Reader yet a further Account of the Author of such Happiness
+and Glory to _Ireland_.
+
+He was born in the extreme Bounds of _Britain_, (in that Part thereof
+which is now comprehended within the Limits of the modern _Scotland_) at a
+Village called _Banaven_, in the Territory of _Tabernia_, (as he himself
+saith in his Confession) in _Vico Banaven Taberniae_, &c. He tells us that
+he was born of a good Family. _Ingennuus fui secundum Carnem._ His Father
+was _Calphurnius_, a Deacon, who was the Son of _Potitus_, a Priest; from
+whence may be clearly inferred that the Clergy were not restrained from
+Matrimony in that Age. He was just advanced into his sixteenth Year, when
+he was taken Captive, the Manner of which is thus related by St. _Evin_
+and others: His Father, Mother, Brother, and five Sisters, undertook a
+Voyage to _Aremorick Gaul_, (now called _Bass Bretagne_) to visit the
+Relations of his Mother _Couchessa_. It happened about this Time, that the
+seven Sons of _Factmude_, a _British_ Prince, were banished, and took to
+the Sea; that, making an Inroad into _Aremorick Gaul_, they took _Patrick_
+and his Sister, _Lupita_, (some say _Tigrida_ also) Prisoners. They
+brought their Captives to the North of _Ireland_, and sold _Patrick_ to
+_Milcho Mac Huanan_, a Prince of _Dalaradia_: Others tell the Story in a
+different Manner, and with a stronger Degree of Probability. That the
+_Romans_ having deserted _Britain_, to preserve their own Country from the
+barbarous Incursions of the _Northern Hive_, the _Irish_ made frequent
+Conquests, in _North Britain_ especially, whence returning victorious, in
+one of those Expeditions among others brought _Patrick_ Captive. But in
+this they all agree, and he himself confirms it, that he continued
+Prisoner in _Ireland_ six Years; he was sold to _Milcho_ and his three
+Brothers, which gave Occasion of his changing his Name into _Cathraigh_,
+or rather _Ceathir-Tigh_, because he served four Masters; _Ceathir_
+signifying four, and _Tigh_ a House or Family. _Milcho_ observing the Care
+and Diligence of his new Servant, bought out the Shares of his Brothers,
+and made him his own Property. He sent him to feed his Hogs on
+_Sliev-Mis_. And St. _Patrick_ himself tells us his Behaviour in this
+Office.
+
+"My constant Business was to feed the Hogs. I was frequent in Prayer; the
+Love and Fear of God more and more inflamed my Heart; my Faith was
+enlarged, and my Spirit augmented, so that I said an hundred Prayers by
+Day, and almost as many by Night. I arose before Day to my Prayers, in the
+Snow, in the Frost, and in the Rain, and yet I received no Damage; nor was
+I affected with Slothfulness; for then the Spirit of God was warm within
+me." It was here he perfected himself in the _Irish_ Language, the
+wonderful Providence of God visibly appearing in this Instance of his
+Captivity, that he should have the Opportunity in his tender Years of
+becoming well acquainted with the Language, Manners, and Dispositions of
+that People, to whom he was intended as a future Apostle. He continued six
+whole Years in Servitude, and in the seventh was released. There seems to
+have been a Law in _Ireland_ for this Purpose, agreeable to the
+Institution of _Moses_, that a Servant should be released the seventh
+Year.
+
+Having parted from his Master, after a great Variety of Distresses, he at
+length arrived to his Parents, who received him with extraordinary Joy;
+with these he remained two Years, and probably would much longer, had he
+not by a Vision been quickened to a more active and glorious Life. In this
+he thought he saw a Man coming to him from _Ireland_, whose Name was
+_Victoricus_, with a great Number of Letters; that he gave him one of them
+to read, in the Beginning of which were contained these Words,
+_Vox-Hiberionacum_, the Voice of the _Irish_: While he was reading this
+Letter, he thought the same Moment, that he heard the Voice of the
+Inhabitants who lived near the Wood of _Foclut_, in the Barony of
+_Tyr-Awley_, and County of _Mayo_, hard by the Western Sea, crying to him
+with an audible and distinct Voice, "We intreat thee, holy Youth, to come
+and walk among us." He was greatly amazed at this Vision, and awoke; it
+animated him, however, to his future Studies and heavenly Progress; so far
+even, that he tells us himself, he thanked God, that after many Years he
+had dealt with the _Irish_, according to their crying out.
+
+These early Scenes of this great Saint's Life, should, among many others,
+serve as lessons of Charity, Consideration, and Humility, to the Rich, the
+Great, the Proud, and the Wanton; who may recollect that, altho' he was
+well born, he was nevertheless, in the most vigorous Season of Life, a
+Slave and a Swine-Herd: Happy, though wretched Servitude! In which, his
+leisure Hours, mostly employed in Christian Confidence and Prayer, made
+him so signally the Favourite of Heaven, that from those cloudy Dawnings,
+he in Process of Time became a learned Doctor, a sanctified Missioner, a
+venerable Prelate, an eminent Primate, a national Apostle, and the bright
+Instructor of Kings! Such were the fruitful Rewards of uninterrupted
+unshaken Devotion, Piety, and Zeal! From this Time he formed the steady
+Resolution of converting the _Irish_; and, the better to accomplish the
+heavenly Task, he undertook a laborious Journey to foreign Countries, to
+enrich his Mind with Learning and Experience.
+
+He continued abroad thirty-five Years, pursuing his Studies under the
+Direction principally of his Mother's Uncle, St. _Martin_, Bishop of
+_Tours_, who had ordained him Deacon; and after his Death, partly with St.
+_German_, Bishop of _Auxerre_, (who ordained him a Priest, and called his
+Name _Magonius_, which was the third Name he was known by,) partly among a
+Colony of _Hermits_ and _Monks_, in some Islands of the _Tuscan_ Sea; and
+he employed a good Part of the Time in the City of _Rome_, among the
+Canons Regular of the _Lateran_ Church: At length, having his Soul
+thoroughly tempered with religious Virtue, enlightened with the true
+Evangelical Faith, and his Understanding enlarged by the most profitable
+and edifying Studies, he arrived in _Ireland_ about the 60th Year of his
+Age; and in the Year of our Lord 432, landed in the County of _Wicklow_,
+where he began his Ministry, by the Conversion of _Sinel_, a great Man in
+that Country, the Grandson of _Finchad_, who ought to be remembered, as he
+was the first Fruits of St. _Patrick_'s Mission in _Ireland_; he was the
+8th in lineal Descent from _Cormac_, King of _Leinster_, and came
+afterwards to be enumerated among the Saints of _Ireland_.
+
+From this Country he sailed to an Island on the Coast of the County of
+_Dublin_, called after him _Inis Phadring_, and by the _English_, _Holm
+Patrick_ at this Day, where he and his faithful Companions rested after
+their Fatigues. From _Inis Phadring_, he sailed Northward to that Part of
+_Ulster_ called _Ulidia_, and put in at _Inbherslaying_ Bay. When he and
+his Fellow Labourers landed, _Dichu_, the Son of _Trichem_, Lord of the
+County, being informed that they were Pirates, came out with armed Men in
+order to kill them: But being struck with the venerable Appearance of St.
+_Patrick_, he gave him Audience, and listened attentively to the Word of
+Life preached by him; he changed his wicked Purpose, believed, and was
+baptized, and brought over all his Family to the Faith: It is further
+observed of him, that he was the first Person in _Ulster_, who embraced
+Christianity. He dedicated the Land whereon his Conversion was wrought to
+the Service of God, where a Church was erected, changed after to an
+eminent Monastery. He travelled hence by Land to _Clunebois_ in
+_Dalaradia_, to endeavour the Conversion of his old Master _Milcho_, whose
+Service he had left thirty-eight Years before; but this obstinate Prince,
+hearing of the great Success of St. _Patrick_'s preaching, and ashamed to
+be persuaded in his old Age, to forsake the Religion of his Ancestors, (by
+one especially who had been his Servant, in a most inferior Station,) made
+a funeral Pile of his House and Goods, and by the Instigation of the Enemy
+of Mankind, burned himself therein: Thus ended _Milcho McHuanan_.
+
+Hence St. _Patrick_ returned to _Inis_, the Habitation of _Dichu_, and in
+his Journey converted great Numbers to the true Faith of _Christ_. In some
+time, he took his Leave of _Dichu_, and bent his course Southward by Sea,
+keeping the Coast on his Right-hand, and arrived at Port _Colbdi_, where
+he landed, and committed the Care of his Vessel to his Nephew _Luman_,
+desiring him to wait for him there forty Days, while he and his Disciples
+were travelling in the inner Parts of the Country to preach the Gospel.
+His Intention in this Journey was, to celebrate the Festival of _Easter_
+in the Plains of _Bregia_, and to be in the Neighbourhood of the Great
+Triennial Convention at _Tarah_, which at this Season was held by King
+_Leogair_, and all his Tributary Princes, Nobles, _Druids_, _Annalists_,
+_and Fileas_. St. _Patrick_ wisely foreseeing that whatever Impressions he
+should make on this august Assembly must have an Influence on the whole
+Kingdom, and therefore, being supported with invincible Christian
+Fortitude, resolved not to be absent from a Place where his Presence was
+so conducive to the Ends of his Holy Ministry.
+
+Never did the Spirit of popular Freedom exert itself more powerfully or
+harmoniously, than in those truly parliamentary Triennial Conventions of
+_Ireland_, where the supreme Monarch, the Provincial Kings, the feudatory
+Lords, the Nobles, landed Men, _Druids_, &c. by the unbiased Suffrages of
+the People, convened for the Peace, good Government and Security of each
+particular Province, as well as those of the whole Kingdom. Many Centuries
+had this wise Constitution subsisted here, before our Neighbours, even of
+_South Britain_, knew any thing relative to Houses, or Raiment; it being
+notorious that so late as the Arrival of _Julius Caesar_ among them, they
+painted their Bodies, to render them terrible, and lived in the open
+Fields. It is really somewhat surprzing that People so near in Situation,
+should differ so essentially in Disposition, as the Inhabitants of those
+Islands have in all Ages; Hospitality having been the distinguishing
+Attribute of the _Irish_, and it's opposite Defect, that of the _Britons_;
+the Account given of them by _Horace_ 1700 and odd Years ago, _Visam
+Britannes Hospitibus feros_, being as literally applicable to them at this
+Day, where the Force of Education doth not operate to mitigate their
+natural Ferocity.
+
+But to return: St. _Patrick_ in his Way to _Tarah_, took up his Lodgings
+at the House of the hospitable _Sesgnen_ in _Meath_, who kindly received
+and welcomed him. St. _Patrick_ preach'd Christ and his Gospel to him; he
+believed, and was baptized with his whole Family.
+
+From the House of _Sesgnen_, he moved Westward, and arrived on _Easter
+Eve_ at _Fierta-fir-feic_, on the Northern Banks of the River _Boyne_,
+where he rested, resolving there to prepare for the next Day's Solemnity.
+It was penal for any Person at the Time of the Celebration of this solemn
+Convention at _Tarah_, to kindle a Fire in the Province, before the King's
+Bonfire first appeared. I am of Opinion this was a religious Ceremony, as
+the chief Deity of the ancient Inhabitants, in exterior Worship
+especially, was _Bel_, or _Belus_; whence _Apollo_ or _Ap-haul_, the Son
+of the Sun, whom they emblematically worshipped, by those fiery Offerings;
+whence the first Day of _May_, peculiarly dedicated to this _Bel_, is even
+now in _Irish_, called _Lha-Bel-Thinih_, and probably from the same Source
+may be derived the Custom of lighting up Bonfires, and Sops, on the Eve of
+the 24th Day of _June_. St. _Patrick_ however, either not knowing or not
+minding this Ceremony, lighted up a Fire before his Booth, which altho'
+eight Miles distant from _Tarah_, was very visible. It was seen with
+Astonishment from Court, and the _Druids_ informed the King, that if he
+did not immediately extinguish the Fire, he who kindled it, and his
+Successors, should for ever hold the Principality of _Ireland_; which hath
+hitherto turned out a true Prediction of those Heathen Priests, in a
+Primatial and Spiritual Principality.
+
+The King dispatched Messengers to bring _Patrick_ before him, and gave his
+positive Orders, that nobody should presume to rise out of his Seat, or
+pay him the least Honour: But _Ere_, the Son of _Dego_, ventured to
+disobey this Command; he arose, and offered the Holy Father his Seat. St.
+_Patrick_ preached to him and converted him. He became a Person of eminent
+Sanctity, and after some Time was consecrated by St. _Patrick_, Bishop of
+_Slain_.
+
+The Day following, when St. _Patrick_ and two of his Disciples appeared
+unexpectedly at Court, and preached to the King and his Nobles, _Dubtach_,
+the King's Poet Laureat, payed Honour and Respect to the Saint, and was
+converted by his Preaching. _Fiech_, a young Poet, who was under the
+Tuition of _Dubtach_, was also converted, and afterwards made Bishop of
+_Sletty_, and is said to have been the Author of a celebrated Poem,
+composed in Praise of St. _Patrick_. _Anselm_, Arch-Bishop of
+_Canterbury_, relates the Conversion of _Tingar_, the Son of _Clito_, (one
+of the Nobles in this Assembly,) in the same Manner. The Queen also, and
+many others of the Court, became Christians; and altho' the King held out
+for a long Time with great Obstinacy, yet at last he submitted to be
+baptized. St. _Patrick_ is said here to have wrought many Miracles: There
+could not truly, even according to the Purposes of human Wisdom, have
+happened a more solemn or weighty Occasion, for God Almighty's supporting
+this Holy Preacher by Miracles, than when the collective Body of the whole
+Nation was assembled together; from whose Report and Conviction, the
+Influences of his blessed Works and Doctrine must of Course spread through
+the whole Kingdom.
+
+His Conduct and Proceedings here, with a particular Detail of the Miracles
+wrought by him, may be had at large in the History of his Life, published
+by _John Colgan_.
+
+From _Tarah_, the Saint proceeded next to _Talten_, not far from thence,
+at the Season of the Royal Diversions: Here he preached to _Cairbre_, and
+_Conall_, the two Brothers of King _Leogin_; the former received him with
+great Indignity, and perversely shut his Ears against his Doctrine; but
+_Conall_ believed, and was baptized, and gave St. _Patrick_ a Place to
+build a Church on.
+
+This _Conall_ was Great-Grand-Father to _Columb-Kill_. He spent the
+Remainder of this Year in _Meath_ and _Louth_, and the Districts
+adjoining, preaching, and converting great Numbers of People. The
+_Taltenian_ Sports above-mentioned, have been much celebrated by the
+_Irish_ Historians, and Antiquaries. They were a kind of warlike
+Exercises, somewhat resembling the _Olympick_ Games, consisting of Racing,
+Tilts, Tournaments, Wrestling, Leaping, Vaulting, and all other manly and
+martial Exercises, which gave Rise to the many hyperbolical Tales,
+formerly related of those _Taltenian_ Sports. They were exhibited every
+Year at _Talten_, a Mountain in _Meath_, for fifteen Days before, and
+fifteen Days after the First of _August_. Their first Institution is
+ascribed to _Lughaid-lam-fadha_, the twelfth King of _Ireland_, who began
+his Reign _A. M._ 2764 (a sufficient Proof of _Ireland_'s Antiquity as a
+Kingdom). They were ordained by _Lughaid_, in Gratitude to the Memory of
+_Tailte_, the Daughter of _Magh-More_, (a Prince of some Part of _Spain_)
+who having been married to _Eochaid_, King of _Ireland_, took the same
+_Lughaid_ under her Protection, and had the Care of his Education in his
+Minority. From this Princess both the Sports, and the Place where they
+were celebrated, took their Names: From _Lughaid_, the First of _August_
+was called _Lugnasa_, or the Memory of _Lughaid_, _Nasa_ signifying
+Memory, in the _Irish_ Language.
+
+In the Year of the World 2700, _Gideon_ then reigning fourth Judge of the
+_Hebrews_, appear'd many Heroes, as _Hercules_, _Orpheus_, _Castor_,
+_Pollux_, the _Argonauts_, _Jason_, _Laomedon_, _Thesaeus_, _Dedalus_, &c.
+The _Amazones_, Heroines of _Scythic_ Extraction, having lost their
+Husbands in Battle, took up Arms themselves, with a manly Spirit of
+Resentment, and (inspired with Love of their deceased Husbands, and Grief
+for so great and irretrievable a Loss!) subdued _Asia_, and built
+_Ephesus_. _Hercules_ and _Thesaeus_ waged War against those Heroines, and
+defeated them, more to the Glory of the Vanquished than their own, those
+Matrons having defended themselves with surprizing Resolution. They cut
+off the Guards set over them, and escaped the Severity and Pride of their
+Conquerors. _Hercules_, in Honour of such extraordinary heroick Females,
+instituted the _Olympick_ Games; as likewise did _Thesaeus_, the
+_Isthmian_, in the Year of the World, about 2700, the _Taltenian_ Sports,
+the very same with the _Olympick_, brought sixty-four Years after from
+_Spain_ into _Ireland_, by _Tailte_, and her Followers. Now this _Tailte_,
+Queen of _Ireland_, was the Grand-daughter of an _Amazone_ Princess, those
+immortal Females having, with their Progeny, Friends and Followers, to
+avoid the ruinous Hostilities of _Hercules_ and _Thesaeus_, sought Shelter
+in _Spain_, whither they imported the Learning of _Trismegistus_, the
+Grandson of _Mercury_, and Glory of _AEgypt_, together with all the
+literary Arts derived into _Greece_, from _Phoenicia_, by _Cadmus_, the
+Brother of _Europa_, about the Year of the World 2530, _Othoniel_ then
+reigning the first Judge of the _Hebrews_. The Posterity of this ancient
+and illustrious Colony, about the Year of the World 3000, (_Solomon_ then
+reigning with great Splendour, third King of the _Hebrews_) settled in
+this Kingdom, as before observed: So that, by an impartial Estimate of
+Dates, Periods, and Facts, our Origin is well ascertained, our early
+Possession of Letters, wise Policy, and the politer Arts, proved, and the
+Remark of an _Italian_ Monk in the 7th Century, from the University of
+_Mongret_, in an Epistle to his Correspondent at _Rome_, justified, _Nil
+mirum Populum hunc Celtico Scythicum e praeclara Amazonidum stirpe
+oriundum, vera Religione et __ incorrupta Fide illuminatum, sapientia
+Doctrina optimisque Morbidus ornatum, viros fortes et Faeminas castas
+plerumque procreare_. A Rescript of this Original Epistle still extant, in
+the _Vatican_ Library, some Years ago in the Hands of Father Don _Levy_,
+may therefore, I believe, be found in the College of _Lombard_ at _Paris_.
+
+In this shining Period were Cathedrals and Churches erected, Universities
+founded and established, Colleges, Seminaries and Schools propagated in
+many Parts of this Kingdom, which, at the same Time, became a peaceful and
+hospitable Retreat to religious and learned Men, disturbed on the
+Continent of _Europe_, by the frequent Invasions, and cruel Hostilities of
+the North-men, whose Piracies and Barbarity, even _Ireland_ could not
+always escape! For, from the Time of _Artigrius_, Archbishop of _Ardmagh_
+in 822, for near 200 Years the cruel _Danes_ miserably ravaged this
+Kingdom, destroying, by Fire and Sword, every Establishment, as well of
+Piety as Learning, (to both which, and to all religious Maxims of
+civilized Society, they had been avowed implacable Enemies) till they were
+themselves, in 1014, totally defeated at _Clontarf_, by the invincible
+Arms of the Great Monarch, _Bryan Borou_, from whom descended a Race
+conspicuous for exemplary Prelates, heroick Leaders, and steady Patriots.
+
+The learned Author of the _Dissertations_ before-mentioned, charges this
+Hero with a Violation of the Constitution of his Country: Yet the
+Violation seems of far earlier Date, when the supreme Monarchy was, by the
+_Hugonian_ Law, inalienably united to one Family, whose Sovereignty,
+however founded originally, whether by Birth, or Election, was essential
+to the public Welfare: For we must allow that the Preservation of the
+People is the principal Law to which all others are subordinate. _Salus
+Populi suprema Lex_; and equally, that not only the Necessities, but the
+Safety also of the People, at that Time of Danger and Distraction, eagerly
+called forth the Conduct and Valour, the protective and restorative
+Abilities of that great and virtuous Man, of whom a faithful Historian, in
+his Detail of the Battle of _Clontarf_, says; _Integra prius adept a
+Victoria rebus humanis eodem Die excessit vir Bello ac Pace summus,
+Justitiae, Religionis, Literarum, Cultor eximius, et cum Carolo Magno
+utique comparandus_.
+
+In the 239th Page of the _Dissertations_, the excellent Author expresseth
+himself as follows:
+
+"I now proceed to give some Account of the second Royal House of _Scots_,
+the oldest of the _Milesian_ Race, and the Posterity of _Eber_." This Race
+then being avowed the oldest, in Respect of Primogeniture, must, of
+Course, have been prior in Point of Dignity and Sway, or at least, equally
+entitled to the Election of the People to such Ranks; were not those by
+violent Measures annexed to the _Heremonian_ Line: Yet, however this might
+have been, certain it is, that no Houses that we read of, ancient or
+modern, have produced a greater Number of truly heroick Princes, or of
+longer Continuance, than those of the North and South _Hy-Nial_; from whom
+also issued many noble Families of real Worth, and equal Renown. With
+_Bryan_, the happy Genius of _Ireland_, in a great Measure, expired: For
+the cruel _Danes_ had, for near 200 Years before, so wofully overturned
+the Universities of _Ardmagh_, _Dondaleith-Glass_, _Mongret_, and
+_Lismore_, with all other Seminaries of Piety and Learning, (the only
+genuine Sources of national Greatness, Concord, good Discipline, and
+Happiness) had obliged, in the 8th Century, so many learned Men to seek
+that Shelter and Security on the Continent, which the barbarous
+Hostilities, and impious Manners of those Northerns, denied them at Home;
+had made such frequent lamentable Breaches in the antient, wise
+Constitution of the Kingdom; had, by the fatal Example of their profligate
+dissolute Lives, so vitiated the national Morality; and finally, had left
+behind them so many noxious Seeds of Faction and Anarchy, as, in less than
+two Centuries, gave up a Kingdom, of above 2000 Years Establishment, the
+unaccountable Prey of a few adventurous _Normans_!
+
+_Patrick_ governed the See of _Dublin_ about ten Years, and, in a Voyage
+to _England_, perished by Shipwreck, in the _British_ Sea, on the 16th of
+_October_, 1084; having been sent to _Lanfranc_, Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_, by King _Tirdelvac_.
+
+_Donat_, or _Dongus O'Haingly_, having spent some Time in the Study of
+useful Learning in _Ireland_, went over into _England_, and became a
+Benedictine Monk at _Canterbury_. He was afterwards, (by the Consent of
+King _Tirdelvac_, and the Clergy of _Dublin_) consecrated, _A. D._ 1085,
+in the Cathedral of _Canterbury_, by the before-mentioned _Lanfranc_, to
+whom he made the following Profession of Obedience:
+
+"I, _Donat_, Bishop of the See of _Dublin_ in _Ireland_, do promise
+Canonical Obedience to you, _O' Lanfranc_, Archbishop of the holy Church
+of _Canterbury_, and to your Successors."
+
+It is evident that the Title of the Kings of _England_ to this Kingdom, by
+Papal Donation, or Appointment, was very insufficient, if not absolutely
+trifling: Nor could a Right of Conquest be urged in any Period of the
+Reign of _Henry_ the Second, or his Descendants. But the Great and Royal
+Families of _Ireland_, long the Prey of Faction, deliberately preferred a
+limitted and stipulated Submission to foreign Authority, to the various
+Evils arising from intestine Feuds and Animosities; and this, had the wise
+Conditions thereof been constantly attended to, with mutual Observance,
+had been a sound Title, well and judiciously founded.
+
+True it is, that after the Surrender of the Crown by King _John_ to the
+See of _Rome_, the Pope exerted some temporal Authority in this Kingdom,
+instanced in his having created _Mc. Con More Mc. Namaras_(2) Duke of
+_Klan Cullane_, a Man of great Valour and Piety, supported by ample
+Possessions in the Baronies of _Tulla_ and _Bunratty_, in the County of
+_Clare_; which extensive Districts entirely belonged to that ancient,
+hospitable, martial, and religious Race, of which _Mc. Con More_ was
+Chief: The _Mc. Namaras_, more or less, have in all Ages made, and still
+continue to make, a distinguished Figure, as well in the Field, as in the
+learned Professions; and were formerly so warlike a People, that of
+themselves they formed an heroic Cavalry, justly stiled the _Phalanx_ of
+that Part of _Ireland_ wherein they resided.
+
+How our Neighbours came to call us _waild Ayrish_, I am a Loss to
+conjecture; it being evident we have been a thousand Years, at least, in
+Possession of Letters, Laws, and Civility, before the Arrival of _Julius
+Caesar_ in _Britain_.
+
+I am equally at a Loss to know why a Man should become a standing Jest for
+his Ignorance in an alien Tongue, almost the constant Fate of our
+Countrymen in _Britain_, where, whoever is not smartly expert in the
+_English_ Language, is immediately denominated a _Teague_, a _Paddy_, or I
+know not what, in the Stile of Derision: At the same Time that the most
+awkward-tongued _Irishman_ in _London_ speaks _English_ with far more
+Propriety, and a better Accent, than the smartest _British Petit Maitre_
+in _Paris_ doth _French_.
+
+Some dramatick Scriblers, (probably of our own degenerate Growth) the
+better to qualify them for eleemosinary Dinners, gave Rise to this
+impertinent Treatment of a Nation, which, from the concurrent Testimonies
+of all the Dispassionate and Learned, can, in Reality, be as little the
+Object of Scurrility, as any other.
+
+Why should even poor _Teague_ prove so constant a Butt, to Farce-wrights,
+and Hackney Laughers; when, upon Examination, he is, by a thousand
+Degrees, preferable to the _British_ Hobbinol, or _French_ Gregoire? For
+_Teague_ is a very Pattern of Hospitality; so much so, that if a Gentleman
+should happen to miss his Road, and be nessitated to seek the Shelter of
+_Teague_'s Cabbin, or Hut, was poor _Teague_ trusting to two Sheep for his
+worldly Subsistance, he would kill one, and sell the other, at the next
+Village or Inn, for the better Entertainment of his Guest, and think
+himself happy in such an Occasion of approving his Generosity and Respect:
+He would the next Morning abandon his Spade, and chearfully trot ten Miles
+to shew such bewilder'd Gentleman the right Road. He is naturally civil,
+generous, and hospitable, (for scarce a Night passeth that poor Travellers
+are not entertained in his Cottage,) extremely respectful to his
+Superiors, and to his Lord and Master faithful to Death. The military
+Annals of _Europe_ proclaim his Capacity and Taste for Fighting; then if
+you should take this identical _Teague_'s infant Son, and give him a
+regular liberal Education, it is one hundred to one, but he turns out a
+Gentleman of Merit, Learning, Worth, and Politeness; whereas it would
+certainly require more than _Herculean_ Labour to chissel a _French
+Paisan_, a primitive _Westmoreland_, or _Devonshire_ Boor, not only into
+the Form of an elegant, but even into that of a sociable Creature.
+
+The Insignificancy of those Jesters and Spatterers, will more clearly
+appear, if we look back to the wise, free, and truly parliamentary
+Constitution of this Kingdom; if we recollect the vast Length of its
+Duration, as a free and independant State; the military Prowess of its
+Inhabitants in all Ages; their victorious Conflicts with the _Romans_, and
+with the _French_ under _Henry_ the Vth, and the Black _Prince_; their
+having founded a Monarchy in _North Britain_, whence, by a Right of
+Descent, in Addition to every other, his present Majesty, (whom God long
+preserve,) by the special Providence and infinite Mercy of Heaven, ruleth
+over us: If we consider the Number of our Universities, Colleges, and
+Academies, religious Monasteries and pious Seminaries, resorted to from
+all civilized Parts of _Europe_, our Metropolitical and Diocesan
+Cathedrals; on such impartial Review, surely, the foregoing Tribe of
+Sneerers and Flouters must dwindle into deserved Contempt.
+
+I shall close this feeble Attempt on the antient State of _Ireland_, with
+the Description thereof by _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesulae_, near _Florence_,
+in the 7th or 8th Century; referring, at the same Time, to the most
+authentick _British_ Antiquaries, _Campden_, _Giraldus Cambrensis_,
+_Buchanan_, _Ware_, &c. for Confirmation of what hath been previously
+observed on the same Subject.
+
+_Finibus Occiduis describitur optima Tellus,_
+_Nomine et Antiquis __SCOTIA__ scripta Libris----_
+_Insula dives Opum, Gemmarum, Vestis et Auri,_
+_Commoda Corporibus, Aere sole Solo;_
+_Melle fluit pulchris et lacteis __SCOTIA__ Campis_
+_Vestibus atque Armis, frugibus, arte viris._
+_Ursorum Rabies, nulla est ibi; saeva Leonum_
+_Semina, nec unquam __SCOTICA__ Terra tulit_
+_Nulla Venena nocent, nec Serpens serpit in Herba,_
+_Nec conquesta canit Garula Rana Lacu;_
+_In qua __SCOTORUM__ Gentes habitare merentur_
+_Inclita Gens Hominum Milite, Pace, Fide._
+
+Thus Englished by the Ingenius and Reverend Mr. _Dunkin_:
+
+"Far Westward, lies an Isle of antient Fame,
+By Nature bless'd, and SCOTIA is her Name;
+Enroll'd in Books: Exhaustless is her Store
+Of veiny Silver, and of Golden Ore:
+Her fruitful Soil for ever teams with Wealth,
+With Gems her Waters, and her Air with Health:
+Her verdant Fields with Milk and Honey flow;
+Her woolly Fleeces vie with Virgin Snow:
+Her waving Furrows float with bearded Corn,
+And Arms and Arts her envy'd Sons adorn.
+No savage Bear, with lawless Fury, roves;
+No rav'nous Lion, thro' her peaceful Groves;
+No Poison there infects; no scaly Snake
+Creeps thro' the Grass, nor Frog annoys the Lake:
+An Island worthy of its pious Race,
+In War triumphant, and unmatch'd in Peace."
+
+This _Donat_, Bishop of _Fesula_, was an _Irishman_, of the antient and
+hospitable Family, afterwards _O Hogan_; a Family which held ample and
+fair Possessions in the Province of _Munster_, and which, in former Times,
+adorned the See of _Killaloe_, with four very learned and exemplary
+Prelates; namely, with _Matthew O Hogan_, who succeeded to this
+Bishoprick, in the Reign of _Henry_ the IIId, and in the Year of our Lord
+1267; and who, having much enlarged his Diocese, and done many signal Acts
+of popular Charity, died in the Year, 1281, and was buried in _Limerick_,
+in a Convent of _Dominican_ Friars. To this Bishop succeeded _Maurice O
+Hogan_, who governed this See with peculiar Zeal and Charity, upwards of
+sixteen Years, and died in 1298, or the Year following, and was buried in
+his own Church. _Thomas O Hogan_, Canon of _Killaloe_, was consecrated in
+1343, and died on the 30th of _October_, 1354; five Days after which, he
+was buried among his worthy Ancestors at _Nenagh_; as may be seen in the
+Annals of that Place.
+
+_Richard O Hogan_ succeeded to the See of _Killaloe_, in 1525, and was in
+1539 translated to _Clon Mac Nois_: He was a Prelate of great Learning and
+Capacity, in all spiritual and ecclesiastical Matters.
+
+This antient Family is, at this Time, represented by _Edmund O Hogan_,
+Esq; High Sheriff of the County of _Clare_, a Gentleman, who, by the whole
+Tenor of his Life, hath proved Generosity of Heart, Charity, and
+Hospitality, to be Qualities inherent.
+
+_Dermod Mac Murchad_, sovereign Prince of _Hy-Kinsellagh_, banished by
+_Roderick O Connor_, King of _Ireland_, for his various and high State
+Crimes, sought Sanctuary and Redress in the Court of _England_; where, in
+the Absence of _Henry_, then in _Normandy_, diverse adventurous _Normans_,
+_Flemings_, _Saxons_, and old _Britons_, (being themselves unsettled, and
+unestablished) acceded to the Fate and Fortunes of _Dermod_, under the
+Conduct of _Strongbow_, Earl of _Pembroke_; whose casual Success in
+_Ireland_, against _Roderick_ (owing _more_ to the general Defection, at
+that fatal Period, of the _Irish_ Chiefs against their lawful Sovereign,
+than to any _superior Valour_ or Address of those Adventurers) induced
+_Henry_ to a deliberate and grand Invasion of a Kingdom, to which he could
+lay no Claim on the Score of Nature, Reason, or Right, and whither his
+pretended Mission, on the Score of collecting St. _Peter_'s Dues, (which
+St. _Peter_ himself never once thought of, or imagined) was as
+_ridiculous_ as _groundless_. The _Summa Dies_, however, arrived: and the
+People of _Ireland_, wearied out with intestine Strife, acknowledged
+_Henry_ for their Sovereign Lord; and a grand Charter of Rights and
+Covenants, mutual Protection and Allegiance, was entered into, anteriorly
+to that of _England_. How well this Charter was _observed_ on the
+_protective_ Side, the absolute Anarchy of near four Centuries, from its
+original Date and Perfection, to the Reign of Queen _Elizabeth_,
+demonstrates: A whole Nation, that sought Protection, and that _agreed_
+for quiet, regular, and lawful Government, upon rationable Terms, deprived
+of the Power of ordaining Laws for its own Security and Well-being, and
+precluded (all to four or five great and favourite Families) from the
+Benefits and Advantages accruing from those of that Kingdom, to which it
+had voluntarily united itself; exposed, through such a Length of Time, to
+arbitary Depredations, and unpunished, unredressed, uncensured Rapine,
+_Quis talia sando temperet a Lachrymis_!
+
+King _Henry_ called back into _England_, to lay the Storms raised by his
+rebellious Sons, with whom and _Thomas Becket_, Archbishop of
+_Canterbury_, he was so constantly embroiled to the End of his Life, that
+he could little attend to the Settlement of the Affairs of this new
+acquired Sovereignty.
+
+_Richard_ the First, his immediate Successor, called away to the Holy Wars
+against the _Saracens_, had as little Leisure as his Predecessor to
+promote the Quiet, or Happiness of _Ireland_.
+
+From the usurped Authority of King _John_, a continued Series of Papal
+Animosity, Bloodshed, Calamities and Piracies, closed at last by Poison;
+little beside political Disasters of all Sorts, could be expected.
+
+_Henry_ the Third, through a Reign of Fifty-six Years, was continually
+involved in Troubles and Hostilities, with his inflexible _English_
+Barons.
+
+_Edward_ the First, a great and warlike Prince, was, throughout his whole
+Reign, engaged in the Reduction of the _Welch_ and _Scots_, and so intent
+thereon, that he could turn his Thoughts to no other Object.
+
+_Edward_ the Second, indeed, sent _Gaveston_ hither, more to screen him
+from the implacable Resentments of the stubborn _English_ Nobility, than
+to render any good Offices to the Inhabitants of this Country; who,
+indiscriminately, (_Strongbownians_ as well as _Irish_) felt the Severity
+of that insolent Favourite's Measures.
+
+_Richard_ the Second visited this Kingdom in Person, with the good
+Intentions of establishing Peace, Order, and Harmony, in a valuable but
+long neglected Estate: Yet his own adverse Fate, conspiring with that of
+this Land, called him back, before he could carry his favourable
+Resolutions into Execution, to defend his _English_ Dominions from the
+hostile Attacks of _Henry_, Earl of _Hereford_, who, with the Duke of
+_Norfolk_, Son to _John_ of _Gaunt_, had some Years before been banished
+by _Richard_, to prevent a personal Combat: This King, worthy more
+propitious Stars, long agitated and afflicted by the Turbulence and
+irreconcilable Obstinacy of his _British_ Subjects, perished at last under
+the impious Hands of Sir _Pierce_ of _Exton_, who, at the Head of eight
+barbarous armed Assassins, rushed into his Chamber, and murdered him.
+
+The Reign of _Henry_ the Fourth was short, tumultuous, and bloody; Deluges
+of noble Blood having been shed by the bare Hands of the common
+Executioner, to confirm a Throne acquired by abominable Crimes, and
+Violence! And no sooner had these dreadful Storms begun to abate, than
+_Henry_ was forced to depart from a Scene he had more adorned, (for he
+was, without Question, a great and valiant Man) had not his Ambition
+blindly hurried him beyond the Bounds of Justice and Nature.
+
+_Henry_ the Fifth, his Son and Successor, and truly Inheritor of his
+Ambition and warlike Genius, imagining himself aggrieved by the _Salique
+Law_, which excluded his Great Great-Grandmother, _Isabel_, from the
+Monarchy of _France_, turned his elevated Thoughts intirely to the
+Conquest of that Kingdom: Wherein, by his own vast Merit in martial
+Affairs, and the Co-operation of the Queen of _France_, (Consort of
+_Charles_ the Sixth, then frantick,) and that of the Duke of _Burgundy_, a
+great and powerful Prince, he so far succeeded, as, after his Marriage
+with _Catharine de Valois_, Daughter of _Charles_ the Sixth, to be
+crowned, and acknowledged King of _France_.
+
+To this great and victorious Monarch succeeded _Henry_ the Sixth, who,
+through a long, various, and constantly clouded Reign, seemed the very
+Play of Fortune! This Day a King, the next a Prisoner! One Day acknowleged
+by his Parliament, the next attainted! One Day a Conqueror, and the next a
+Captive!
+
+Fierce, frequent, and bloody, were the Conflicts between the Houses of
+_York_ and _Lancaster_, the _White_ and _Red Roses_; the former
+endeavouring to recover its Loss, the latter to maintain its usurped
+Authority. In this dreadful Quarrel perished two hundred thousand of
+private Soldiers; ten thousand of the Nobility, Gentry, and Persons of
+Distinction; three Kings; and, at last, the entire Race of _Plantagenet_.
+
+_Edward_ the Fourth soon fell, by his natural Intemperance, or rather by
+the insatiable Cruelty of _Gloucester_; who had already sacrificed his
+Brother _Clarence_, to pave his Way to the Throne. Nor better fared it
+with _Edward_ the Fifth, who, by all the Arts of Seduction and Delusion,
+which his unnatural Uncle and Guardian, _Richard_, practised on the Fears
+and Weakness of the Queen Dowager; was, with his Brother the Duke of
+_York_, conveyed with great Pomp to the Tower; where the bloody Tyrant,
+aided by the Duke of _Buckingham_, soon sacrificed those young, innocent
+and hopeful Princes to his wicked and boundless Ambition. But he soon
+after lost his own flagitious Life, and a most cruelly-acquired Crown, on
+the Plains of _Bosworth_.
+
+To him succeeded _Henry_ the Seventh, and the first of the Race of
+_Tudor_, a great, wise and valiant Prince, but rather too much inclined to
+Rigour, and Avarice; Imperfections which extremely blemished his other
+great Qualities.
+
+In the tenth Year of this Reign, the Parliamentary Constitution of
+_Ireland_ received a deeper Stab than had ever before, or since, been
+inflicted thereon, by a Statute Law, commonly called _Poynin_'s Act; by
+which a new, and, till that wretched Period, an unheard of Order, was
+added to the three established Ranks of the State. By this Law, the
+_English_ Privy-Council may impose a _Negative_ on the _free_ and
+_unanimous_ Parliamentary Ordinances of the representative Body of the
+Kingdom of _Ireland_; a manifest Injury to the Authority and Dignity of
+Parliament; and an equal Diminution of the Royal Prerogative, that only
+should include, and should alone exert, a Power so important.
+
+In Times dark, tumultuated and dangerous, no Wonder extraordinary Laws
+should pass: _Desperate Diseases_ require _desperate Remedies_: But when
+the _Fever_ is removed, it certainly is a horrid Management to leave the
+blistering Plaister _still sticking_ to the _recovered_ Patient's Back.
+
+The Distempers of this Nation were heavy, complicated and chronic; and
+finally curable, only by the salutary all-healing Hands of our present
+King, and present Parliament.
+
+To _Henry_ the Seventh succeeded _Henry_ the Eighth, as consummate a
+Tyrant, in every Sense, as ever swayed the _British_, or any other
+Sceptre; whose whole Life was so continued a Scene of wanton Dissipation,
+Lust, Cruelty, Rapine, Bloodshed and Sacrilege, that it must have been a
+peculiar Happiness, to any Part of his Dominions, to have been _neglected_
+or _forgotten_ by him: Nor could the two succeeding Reigns of _Edward_ the
+Sixth, and Queen _Mary_, short, various, cloudy, and vastly agitated on
+the Score of Religion, (which, in those two Reigns, took Faces almost
+diametrically opposite,) afford this Kingdom much reflected Sunshine.
+
+To those ensued that of Queen _Elizabeth_, a Princess of powerful
+Abilities, who, truly intent on the Peace and Welfare of her Subjects,
+caused her Laws to operate, and Justice to circulate in this Kingdom,
+abandoned, as hath been observed, to a State almost of Anarchy, thro' a
+dismal Series of seventeen Reigns: But the Reformation in Religion, which
+she established in _England_, and introduced in _Ireland_, much obviated
+her Purposes for the latter Kingdom: For, the _Irish_, more tenacious of
+their Altars, than of their Fire-places, could not easily reconcile
+themselves to the Exchange of a Religion they deemed a _new one_, for
+_that_ they had been in Possession of from the fourth, to the fifteenth
+Century: Which produced a rebellious Defection, in a few of the principal
+Chieftains of this Land, and gave Occasion to the greedy Provincial
+Precedents, of trumping up _imaginary Rebellions_, to pave the Way to
+_real Forfeitures_; thereby to aggrandize their own Houses; what some of
+them effectually accomplished, to the Ruin and Extirpation of many honest
+Families.
+
+This great and illustrious Princess, (whose Reign had remained
+untarnished, had it not been for the Death of the ill-fated Queen of
+_Scotland_) was succeeded by _James_ the Sixth of _Scotland_, and the
+first of the _Stuart_ Race that governed _England_: From this Prince,
+descended of _Irish_ Kings, the People of _Ireland_ might have expected
+many Favours and Immunities; wherein, however, they were miserably
+disappointed: Which, with a Train of other Hardships and antiparental
+Severities, (particularly his alienating, at _one Stroke_, six of the best
+Counties in the Kingdom, on the _procured_ Testimony of an obscure
+wretched Individual, one _Teige Lenane_,) is too sufficient and too
+lasting a Proof of: _Heu! tot Conquesta Annorum, hauserit una Dies!_ The
+Possession of at least twenty Centuries, of the great and good, the heroic
+and hospitable _O Neils_, _O Donnels_, _Mac Guires_, _Mac Gennises_, _O
+Reillys_, _O Cahanes_, &c. ravished away to gratify hungry Favourites, and
+indigent Relatives! the six Counties, however, as the Law Term has it,
+_escheated_. Had the _Highlands_ of _Scotland_, at that unhappy Period,
+been more populated, probably six or eight Counties _more_ had been
+procured to _escheat_, and there had been _a braa Clutch of bonny
+Traitors_; the _O Connors_, _Mac Carthys_, _O Briens_, _O Donnels_, _O
+Hares_, _O Malones_, &c. had been _all_ in the _same Bottom_ with the
+Families above mentioned; especially, as they could not, according to
+_James_ the First's own Phrase, _look to the Pope, and row with him_.
+
+To _James_ the 6th of _Scotland_, and first of _England_, succeeded
+_Charles_ the First; who, notwithstanding his eminent Possession of all
+the Virtues that adorn and illustrate human Nature, could neither divert
+the adverse Fate of Subjects, or prevent his own.
+
+The Disseisin of many honest Families in the County of _Kilkenny_, and
+elsewhere, by the Earl of _Strafford_, on stale Pretences of _Non
+Performance of Covenants_ on their Part; his Attempt of confiscating
+twenty-five Parts in thirty of the whole Province of _Connaught_, on a
+Claim of Descent, dormant 300 Years, and _originally ill founded_, with
+the arbitrary Steps by him taken to the Accomplishment of this wasteful
+Purpose; too clearly proved that Nobleman a second _Verres_. The cruel and
+intoxicated Administration of the Rump Parliament; the insolent,
+licentious, and riotous Controul of the military _Independents_; the
+abject Tyranny of _Oliver Cromwell_, who prostrated Constitution, Church
+and State, will always be recollected with the Contempt, Horror, and
+Detestation of every good Subject.
+
+The Calamities from 1641, to the happy Restoration of King _Charles_ the
+Second, in 1660, being common to all good Subjects, were the more
+tolerable, _ferre quam sortem patiuntur omnes, nemo recusat_: But now or
+never, surely, might his ever loyal, ever faithful _Irish_ Subjects have,
+with the most reasonable Assurance, hoped, if not for publick and lasting
+Rewards, the common Wages of uncommon Fidelity; at least, for a
+Restitution of what had been their own, through Ages immemorial.
+
+Will late Posterity _believe_, that, in Favour of mercenary Adventurers,
+who advanced Money to provide for a desperate regicide Army; in Favour of
+the Officers of this same Army, whom their Ringleader _Cromwell_, seared
+as his Conscience was, indulged with no more than _temporary_ Grants of
+the Estates belonging to the King's most faithful Subjects: Will
+Posterity, I say, believe, that, in special Favour of such Men, those
+_identical Subjects_, the bravest Advocates, as well as the most
+affectionate undeviating Friends of the Monarchy and Constitution, were
+_for ever_ deprived of their Properties! To remunerate the _others_, the
+most _inveterate_ and _implacable_ Enemies of EITHER! _Doing Good for
+Evil_ is a Divine Precept, and certainly includes a most sublime Moral;
+but _rendering Evil for Good_, is such a Principle as must carry Horror
+with it, among savage Nations!
+
+The King of _France_'s immediate Letter, on this Subject, to King
+_Charles_ the Second, as it reflects Honour on the Memory of those
+illustrious Sufferers, I therefore take Leave to transcribe in this Place.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+_His Most Christian Majesty's Letter to the King of __Great Britain__, in
+Favour of the __Roman Catholicks__ of __Ireland__._
+
+
+    "Most High, Most Excellent, and Most Potent Prince, our dear and
+    well-beloved Brother and Cousin! At the same Time that we have
+    been told of your Majesty's great Goodness towards your Subjects,
+    and the Precedent you have given of an extraordinary Clemency, in
+    granting them your general Amnesty (some few only excepted, of
+    those whom the Blood of their King, and that of his People, cry
+    aloud to Heaven for Revenge against). We could not but let your
+    Majesty know, that we were extremely surprized to hear, that the
+    _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_ were _excluded_ from that Act of
+    Oblivion, and, by that Means, put into the Number of the _most
+    criminal_! This News has so much the more excited our Compassion
+    towards them, that we have been informed, that, in _all the
+    Changes_ which have hitherto happened in your Dominions, and in
+    the almost general _Defection of_ your Subjects, _none_ stood
+    _more constant_ to their lawful Sovereign, even in the greatest
+    Streights, than the _Catholicks_: So that, if they are now branded
+    for their Religion, it may be said, for their Honour, that, in
+    Times past, none could be found _readier_, or more _cheerfully
+    disposed_, than _they_, to serve and assist their Prince; and that
+    with so much _Ardour_, that their Zeal then for the Royal Family
+    was reckoned a certain Mark of their true Religion. It is for that
+    Reason that we now become their Intercessors to you: For,
+    otherwise, had they _failed_ in the Fidelity they owe you, instead
+    of interceding for them, we would join with you in using them with
+    all imaginable Rigour; and it would never come into our Thoughts
+    to concern ourselves, as we do, for the _Catholicks_ of _Ireland_;
+    though we _were obliged to it_, by the last Treaty of Peace made
+    with the Marquess of _Ormond_, and which was granted them by our
+    Mediation. And, as we are well assured, that, since the Conclusion
+    of that Peace, they have done Nothing which can be called a
+    _Failure of their Duty to you_, we find ourselves under so much
+    the greater Obligation to conjure you, to make good that Treaty to
+    them, in that they _religiously_ observed it on _their_ Side, in
+    all its Parts: And to beseech you not to suffer, that either the
+    Hatred, which an immoderate Zeal swells some bigotted Sectaries
+    with, nor the unlucky Spoils of these poor People, render criminal
+    or miserable the _most faithful_ of your Subjects; to whom their
+    lawful King, as you are, is not _the less dear_, nor _less
+    respected_, because of a _different Belief_ from _theirs_. We
+    propose Nothing to ourselves in this, nor ask any Thing, but what
+    we daily _practise_ (as you may know) towards those of our
+    Subjects who are of the _reformed Religion_. And, as we have
+    commanded the Sieur Marquis _de Rouvigny_ to explain our
+    Sentiments more amply on this Subject to you, be pleased to give
+    him a favourable Audience: And, above all Things, be perswaded,
+    that, in this Affair, we have no less your own _true Interest_ in
+    View, than what _natural Reason_ and _Equity_ requires; and that
+    our sincere Friendship for you is the principal Motive of this
+    Request. Dated at _Paris_, the 7th of _September_, 1660."
+
+
+The _good_ King _Charles_, regardless of this important Solicitation,
+unattentive to the plain Suggestions of _common Right_, and unaccountably
+forgetful of all their _past signal Services_ and inviolate Zeal; observed
+indeed that those faithful _Irish_ Subjects had no Stock; consequently,
+that dispossessing the Adherents of _Oliver_, who, with the Land, had
+pirated the national Stock, would cause much Confusion. As for the
+_former_, he hoped some Settlement might in Time be found for them; (in
+Truth, I believe, for aught his Majesty in Reality concerned himself, this
+might have been in _Terra Australis Incognita_). Their Want of Stock is
+the less to be admired at, it being well known, that, with their Pay in
+foreign Service, chiefly expended to contribute all in their Power to the
+_Royal Support_, they even went so far as to sell their Plate, and
+valuable Moveables, to answer the same _generous Purpose_: But, when every
+known Acre in the Kingdom, that could be disposed of, was given away by
+Wholesale to the Duke of _York_, the Heir-apparent of the Crown, (partial
+Distribution!) to new-fangled Favourites, and the staunch old Enemies of
+Church and Crown; it was hoped some Lands might be _yet_ discovered, to
+satisfy and compensate those _Irish_ Worthies, who had Nothing left for
+their Support, beside an inalienable Sense of Honour and Loyalty, and a
+Character of invincible Fidelity (which all Nations admired and
+applauded). No such Discovery, however, was made, nor any relative to the
+_Irish_, under that Administration, but what tended to convince them, by
+the famous Act of Settlement, _&c._ of the extraordinary severe
+Peculiarity of their Fate! Yet, ordained to shew Posterity unprecedented
+Specimens of Loyalty and Zeal, they still adhered, with inflexible
+Constancy, to the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, not mindful of
+their Injuries by _James_ the First, their unexampled Sufferings by the
+excessive harsh Measures of King _Charles_ the First, his Ministers, and
+Deputies, or their unheard-of Treatment (I won't say _Wrongs_, it being a
+Maxim the King of _England_ can do none) by King _Charles_ II. Little
+Wonder, a House, constantly sapping it's own best Pillars, should at
+length fall.
+
+King _James_ the Second, constrained to abdicate the Throne of _England_,
+endeavoured the Preservation of this his Kingdom of _Ireland_, where his
+faithful Subjects, (a Remnant of the various and manifold Wastes of
+foregoing Reigns) considering the thousand Disadvantages they laboured
+under, made _such a Stand_ as later Ages will look up to with
+Astonishment! A Parcel of Men, congregated in the utmost Hurry and
+Confusion, undisciplin'd, unarm'd, uncloathed, unpaid! Yet did those very
+Men, animated by the Example of their heroick Leaders, (I mean their
+immediate Lords and Countrymen) on the Plains of _Aughrim_, convince the
+best veteran Army that Day in _Europe_, superior in Numbers, excellently
+provided for in every Respect, and conducted by a Prince of singular
+Valour and Address, that _Irishmen_ were deserving of more auspicious
+Stars.
+
+Never was a more gallant Defence than they, after this, made in
+_Limerick_; where, although abandoned by the Prince, (whose Cause they had
+so remarkably espoused) and his auxiliary _French_, they obtained an
+honourable CAPITULATION from those in Commission under King _William_ the
+Third, whose strict _Observance_ thereof, to the End of his glorious Life,
+reflects, among many other his great Atchievements, deserved Honour on his
+Memory.
+
+The distinguished Figure made by those Noblemen and Gentlemen, who,
+regardless of _Property_ or _Ease_, followed the Destiny of that
+hard-fated Prince, King _James_ the Second, (namely, the Lords
+_Mount-Cashel_, _Tyrconnel_, _Clare_ and _Lucan_, the _Dillons_,
+_Nugents_, _Rooths_, _Burkes_, _Lees_, _Fitz-Geralds_, _Cooks_, _Lacys_,
+_Browns_, _Wogans_, _Baggots_, _Sheridans_, _Creaghs_, _Plunkets_,
+_Barnewals_, _Neagles_, _Lallys_, _Mac Carthys_, _Mac Donnels_, _Mac
+Guires_, _Mac Namarras_, _Mac Mahons_, _Mac Gennis's_, _O Neils_, _O
+Connors_, _O Donnels_, _O Briens_, _O Dwyers_, _O Shaghnussys_, _O
+Mahonys_, _O Sullivans_, _O Kellys_, _O Ferralls_, _O Reillys_, _O Haras_,
+_O Hogans_, _O Byrnes_, _O Daes_, &c. &c. &c. the military Annals of
+_Germany_, _France_, _Spain_, _Flanders_, _Italy_, _Naples_, and
+_Russia_), must bear ample and authentic Testimony of, to future Ages.
+
+Those were they, of whom Dr. _Mac en Crow_ gives the following concise,
+but just and happy Character.
+
+
+    _Genus acre Bello, Studiis Genus acre Minervae, Devotumque mori pro
+    Rege, Fideque tuendis._
+
+
+Among those who followed the Fortunes of King _James_ the Second, were Sir
+_Richard Neagle_, his Attorney-General, and Dr. _Moore_, Provost of
+_Trinity-college_, near _Dublin_; two Gentlemen very justly distinguished
+in their respective Spheres; the former, a Gentleman of unshaken
+Integrity, and great Capacity in the Profession of the Laws; the latter,
+of exemplary Piety, universal Learning, and fine Accomplishments. _Louis_
+the Fourteenth, then King of _France_, protected those worthy deserving
+Men, with singular Tenderness and Attention; and was instructed and guided
+solely by Dr. _Moore_, in the restoring, establishing, and modelling the
+University of _Paris_, at that gloomy Period! quite buried in perplexed,
+unintelligible, peripatetic Philosophy, and disfigured with romantic
+Legends, and Gothic Jingle! But, at the Doctor's Appearance, Entities,
+Quiddities, Sympathies, Antipathies, occult Qualities, substantial Forms,
+metaphysical Degrees, Categories, and all this unideal wordy Stuff,
+vanished; and were succeeded by a clear, concise Method of Reasoning, and
+sound, useful, and experimental Philosophy. _Greek_, _Hebrew_, _Syriac_,
+_Chaldaic_, and _Arabic_, were Languages _untaught_, _unknown_, in the
+University of _Paris_, before Dr. _Moore_; for whom particularly, _Louis_
+the Fourteenth founded, established, and endowed the Royal College, now
+called _College du Cambray_: And how well our Doctor succeeded therein,
+may be inferred from the Character and Writings of his Pupils and Hearers,
+_Boileau_, _Fontinelle_, _Porec_, _Montesquieu_, _Fleuri_, _Lauguet_, with
+many others, and _Rollin_, his peculiar Favourite and immediate Successor,
+_all_ great Genius's, applauded Writers, and celebrated Wits. So that, as
+_Ireland_ had the Honour of founding, it had also that of restoring and
+reviving the great University of _Paris_, in the Persons of two of its
+learned Natives.
+
+The Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_ (glorious to her Arms, under the
+Conduct of _John_, Duke of _Marlborough_, and her other Generals, and
+justly distinguished by the Number of great Genius's and Wits, who
+enlightened that Period) was in this Kingdom chiefly employed in
+_additional_ Acts against the further Growth of Popery: And many there
+were, who deemed it an unparallel'd Severity in her Majesty, to give her
+Royal Assent to them particular Laws; by which the _Roman Catholicks_ of
+_Ireland_ (already ruined by their inimitable Allegiance to her Royal
+Father, Uncle, and Grandfather) were _precluded_ from availing themselves,
+by a tolerable easy Lease, of any Part or Parcel of these Estates,
+forfeited by their Ancestors, thro' their unremitting Endeavours, to
+support and maintain that Stem, of which she was herself an immediate
+Branch.
+
+So late even as this Reign, the whole Kingdom of _Ireland_ was a desolate
+diffusive Scene of total Decay! covered with all the ghastly Symptoms of
+the Consumption of Centuries! But, at length, on the happy Accession of
+his late Majesty of glorious Memory, the blissful Morning of Peace and
+Concord began its auspicious Dawn! Yet, as Time, publick Spirit,
+Patriotism (in its highest Conception) and unwearied Diligence, were all
+collectively essential to the giving Life, Vigour, and Activity, to
+national Industry and Improvement, so very long in a melancholy State of
+Languor and Oppression: Not before the present truly glorious Reign, did
+_Hibernia_ tune her old Harp, now newly strung to universal Harmony and
+Elegance, and rear her awful Head from the stupid dismal Dozes of Ages;
+where comes the literal Application of my third Motto, RENASCIMUR.
+
+
+    _Hinc priscae redeunt Artes, felicibus inde Ingeniis aperitur iter,
+    despectaque Musae Colla levant.----_
+
+
+Having travelled through a tedious Night, thick-set with Horrors of
+various Hues! and thus come to the End of a painful Journey; give me
+Leave, kind Reader, to indulge awhile with admiring the beautiful Variety
+of Objects, which now surround me, to the serene Delight of the Mind, and
+refined Gratification of Sense; before I attempt that Display of them to
+which I have no Occasion of professing my Inequality.
+
+In this Reign, and not before, our Linen Manufacture, in many Respects one
+of the most profitable Branches of our national Commerce, received all the
+Encouragement from Royal Bounty, and Parliamentary Sanction, that could be
+reasonably hoped for.
+
+Persons of the highest Rank, Dignity, and Fortune, were appointed
+_Trustees_ for the Propagation, Encouragement, and Diffusion, of this
+beneficial Trade, throughout the respective Provinces.
+
+The _Linen-Hall_ was erected in _Dublin_, under as just and nice
+Regulations as any commercial House in _Europe_.
+
+The North of _Ireland_ began to wear an Aspect entirely new; and, from
+being (through Want of Industry, Business, and Tillage) the almost
+exhausted Nursery of our _American_ Plantations, soon became a populous
+Scene of Improvement, Traffic, Wealth, and Plenty; and is, at this Day, a
+well-planted District, considerable for Numbers of well-affected, useful,
+and industrious Subjects.
+
+Now arose, now shone forth, the ever Honourable DUBLIN SOCIETY; a Society
+equalled by none. It is true, we read of Patriarchs, Philosophers,
+Warriors, Orators, and Poets; of Senates, Parliaments, Councils, _&c._ but
+we no where, abstracted from our own Country, meet a Set of pious
+Patriots, from their _private Funds_, adorning their Country in general,
+in every Degree and Branch of Industry, and Improvement; and, inspired
+with Sentiments truly public and social, munificently rewarding their
+Countrymen, of whatsoever Denomination, without Favour or Distinction; for
+meliorating their proper Estates, or Farms; for excelling in any
+Production of Nature, or Art; for any Discovery, or Invention, useful to
+Mankind: A Set of _truly honourable_, and _generous_ Personages,
+instructing their Countrymen with clear, yet philosophical Precepts,
+encouraging them by their Example, and rewarding them from their
+inexhaustible Bounty! _Such_, and _such unrivalled_, is the ILLUSTRIOUS
+DUBLIN SOCIETY! What Pity, the ample Distributions, and instructive
+Writings of this learned and munificent Body, are not regularly published,
+in _Latin_, _English_, and _French_, for the peculiar Honour of this
+Nation, the Edification of Posterity, and as a bright Pattern of Imitation
+to all other civiliz'd Countries!
+
+Now likewise appeared the _Philharmonic Society_, that, (from a few
+Gentlemen, who used _occasionally_ to meet, in order to while away an Hour
+with a gentle Tune, and chearful Glass) grew into an harmonious Body, not
+alone for the Improvement of the charming Art of Music, but for the
+_effectual Relief_ also of successive Thousands, from Misery, Famine, and
+Confinement: _Concordia res parvae crescunt_. ORPHEUS, we are told, built
+the Walls of _Thebes_, by the irresistible Powers of Harmony: Be this true
+or fabulous; how many Iron Gates have we not seen open, to the persuasive
+Charities of this tuneful Society! how many gloomy Cells vacated by their
+Charms! This elegant Society, by moderate Loans, Interest-free to the
+industrious Poor, prevents many such from getting into the Distress of
+Prisons, or following offensive Courses; and, by enabling them to obtain
+an honest Livelihood, rendereth them useful Members to the Community: So
+that, of this Society, it might have been justly said,
+
+_Omne tulit Punctum quae miscuit utile dulci._
+
+In this happy Reign was incorporated, under the protective Sanction of
+Royal Bounty, a Society, truly Christian, for the pious Establishment of
+_Protestant_ CHARTER-SCHOOLS throughout the Kingdom: An Institution far
+more productive of national Morality, and Reformation, than
+excommunicative Discipline, or restrictive penal Statutes; since
+Persuasion and Rewards have ever been, and must ever continue to be, more
+consistent with the meek and benevolent Temper of true Christianity, more
+effectual, Apostolic, and Catholic, than _Punishments_, _Persecution_, or
+_Sequestrations_.
+
+In this Reign shines out a Christian Divine, who, in the inestimable
+individual Dr. _Madden_, collects _a whole Society of Patriots_; a
+venerable Man, not alone the Guide of his particular Congregation, but a
+pure, also clear and lasting Light of Perfection, and noble Imitation, to
+his Countrymen in general.
+
+On _Madden_, kindred Angels smile!
+Bright Mirrour to his native Isle!
+To whom old Age shall say, and Youth,
+With grateful and prophetic Truth,
+
+_Semper Honos, Nomenq; tuum, Laudesq; manebunt._
+
+St. _Patrick's_ Hospital, for the Reception of Lunaticks and Ideots, a
+lasting Monument of the late Dean _Swift's_ Charity, as are his various
+Writings, of his great Genius and Wit: _Mercer's_ charitable Hospitable in
+_Stephen-street_: The noble Hospital for the Relief of poor
+Lying-inn-Women, of the Projection of our late excellent Countryman, Dr.
+_Bartholomew Mosse_; by which a great Number of Women and Children are
+preserved from miserable and untimely Ends: The _Charitable Infirmary_ on
+the _Inns-Quay_: The New Hospital for _Incurables_, on _Lazer's-Hill_: St.
+_Nicholas's_ Hospital, in _Francis-street_: The _Meath_ Hospital, in
+_Skinner's Alley_: The _Lock_ Hospital, in _George's-Lane_, for hapless
+Women and Children, tainted with the Venereal Infection: And the
+Charitable Hospital in _King-street, Oxmantown_, are all the humane and
+pious Growth of this transcendent Reign.
+
+Those Hospitals are duly and regularly attended, by the most eminent
+Physicians, and skilful Surgeons, without Fee or Reward: So that, from
+this obvious Consideration, the frequent and large Collections in our
+Churches, for the comfortable Support, and Christian Education, of
+indigent Boys; the stated Distributions of our Chief Magistrates, to the
+Helpless and Needy; and, in Truth, from the general Disposition of its
+worthy Inhabitants; we may, without any Risque of incurring the least
+Censure of Adulation, or Vanity, pronounce DUBLIN as charitable a
+Metropolis as any in the known World. In the beautiful new Garden, plann'd
+by Dr. _Mosse_, breathing in all the natural Fragrance of the Spring,
+adorned with all the Elegancies of Art, all the Splendor of Illumination,
+and inspired with the most soothing Charms of delightful Harmony; to
+behold Crowds of young Ladies, in the full Glow of Beauty, and Bloom of
+Youth, finely habited, and elegantly decorated in the Manufactures of our
+own Country, (and finished in the most exquisite Taste, by our own
+Artizans); to behold them, I say, converting their very Amusements and
+Recreations to the heavenly Purposes of relieving the Distressed, must, to
+every thinking _Irish_ Spectator, afford a Prospect of the utmost rational
+Joy!
+
+As all Men, who render their Country distinguished Honour, or singular
+Service, deserve, therefore, lasting Monuments of public grateful
+Acknowledgment to their Memories; it is hoped that, in this Respect, Dr.
+_Mosse_ will not be forgotten by those who are evidently fond of
+encouraging and rewarding public Zeal:
+
+Eternal Joys to _Mosse_ kind Heaven give,
+By whom, on Earth, so many Thousands live!
+
+The _Marine Society_, of recent Institution also, disposeth many poor
+young Men into a Condition of acquiring an honest, and praise-worthy
+Livelihood, and of becoming useful Members of the Community; by serving on
+Board of his Majesty's Fleets in War-time, and serving our Merchants in
+Times of Peace; and, in this double Capacity, of contributing to the
+general Welfare of their Mother-Country, to which they may otherwise prove
+a Burden.
+
+Our publick Entertainments of various Kinds are, for the most Part,
+conducted with strict Propriety, and real Politeness; those especially of
+the Theatre, which should, by no Means, pass for Matter of slight or
+casual Consideration; seeing the _Romans_, the greatest of all People,
+esteemed the Theatre worthy the Attention of particular Laws, _Roscia Lex
+Theatralis_, &c. Mr. _Sheridan_'s general Merit as a _Player_ stands
+confessed; but as a _Manager_, that Gentleman's falling frequently under
+the heavy Displeasure of the Public, (whether from an haughty Distaste to
+his Profession, or indulged Arrogance of Temper) with his violent
+Introduction of anti-dramatick Rope and Wire-dancing, Tumbling, and
+Fire-eating, to the visible Degradation of a liberal Stage, whereon
+nothing mean, shocking, or monstrous, should ever appear; he hath not
+succeeded so well: Then, his Scheme of uniting an Academy, for the sober
+regular Education of Youth, with a publick Theatre, seemed rather the
+feverish Delusion of a distempered Brain, and heated Imagination, than the
+cool deliberate Result of rational Judgment; from which fermented Source,
+also seem'd directly to flow his avowed Concern for the _long lost Art of
+Oratory_ among us: Had Mr. _Sheridan_ attended to the Debates of our High
+Court of Parliament; been frequent in our different Churches, and at the
+Bars of our Courts of Judicature; and had, in this Case, formed a
+comparative Judgment, from the Writings of _Demosthenes_, _Plato_,
+_Isocrates_, _Cicero_, and _Pliny_ the Younger; from the Rules and
+Precepts of _Aristotle_, _Longinus_, _Horace_, _Quinctilian_, _Scaliger_,
+_Rapin_, _Poree_, and _Rollin_; he had been _then_ convinced how little
+Occasion there was for his _lamenting_ the _Loss_ of an Art in this
+Kingdom, which breathes there in full Maturity of all it's persuasive
+Charms. This his dogmatical Assertion of the _long-lost Art of Oratory_,
+his wild _Academical_ Projects, with the foregoing theatrical
+Inconsistencies, too much subject that Gentleman to the Character given,
+by the _Roman_ Satirist, of an assuming sharp-set _Greekling_:
+
+
+    _Gramaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes, Augur,
+    Scoenobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit._
+
+
+Upon the Whole, I will readily grant Mr. _Sheridan_ a _Roscius_, if the
+Name can sooth him; a _Critic_; nay, an _Orator_; but I shall be bold to
+assert, that we have many, very many, in this Kingdom, of far greater
+Powers than that Gentleman, whereof some of his Orations, _so called_, are
+incontrovertible Testimonies.
+
+This Kingdom hath of late Years exhibited as justly celebrated Male and
+Female Players, as any other; evinced in the Characters of Messieurs
+_Quin_, _Ryan_, _Delane_, _Sheridan_, _Barry_, _Mossop_, _Dexter_,
+_Sparks_, Mrs. _Woffington_, the inimitable Mrs. _Fitz-Henry_, and several
+others, of either Sex.
+
+Mr. _Barry_'s Capacity, as a Manager, appeareth equal to his
+eminently-affecting Powers in Tragedy, (so generally known, and so
+unexceptionably confessed) from the magnificent Theatre, erected by that
+Gentleman, with amazing Expedition, in Grandeur, Convenience, and
+Elegance, preferable to any in _London_, or _Paris_: From the obliging
+Decency the respective Performances thereof are conducted with, and
+evidently from the surpassing theatrical Abilities of the Company, that,
+with the most engaging Variety, entertains the Publick in _Crow-street_
+Play-house. I have sometimes seen, and have been as often delighted, with
+Performances of the Gentlemen just mentioned, as with those of the admired
+Mr. _Garrick_, and the famous Messieurs _Dufresne_, _Gossin_, and
+_Quinault_; and, if I may take Leave to declare my Opinion, am therein
+clear that Mr. _Barry_, in the exquisitely pathetick Strokes of deep
+Tragedy, touches the Soul with as much delicate Sensibility, and, in the
+irrefrainable Sallies of the more boisterous Passions, soars with as
+majestick Wings, as any one of them, I will not say higher. To behold Mr.
+_Barry_, sublimely struggling in a Storm of Adversity, with the sudden
+Shocks, and unexpected Blows of Fortune; _then_, (when all human Efforts
+must yield to inevitable Necessity) sinking in the irretrievable Plunge of
+Sorrow and Calamities, with that calm Resignation ever attendant on true
+Heroism; must convince any judicious Spectator of his being born a
+Tragedian. I must here declare, that what I have advanced on this Subject
+neither ariseth from Prepossession on one Side, or Prejudice on the other;
+having no Manner of Connection, nay, not even a personal Acquaintance,
+with Mr. _Barry_; nor any Objection to Mr. _Sheridan_, but such as must
+naturally issue from my just Resentment against any Individual, of
+whatsoever Rank, Character, or Denomination, who should prove so ignorant,
+and yet so hardy, as to declare _Elocution lost_ in our native Country; an
+illiberal Censure, which, if true, had necessarily wrapped our High Court
+of Parliament, the whole Body of our Clergy, our University, Bench and
+Bar, in Shades that, I am certain, had been never dispell'd by the
+Approach of Light, so dim and glimmering as that Gentleman's.
+
+Let us now take a summary View of the Inhabitants of _Ireland_, in their
+respective Ranks: And to begin with the Peers: Are they not such
+Personages, as, by their Munificence, Affability of Manners, Easiness of
+Comportment, Propriety of Appearance, and Generosity in dealing, reflect
+true Honour on Nobility; and, Reality, derive their superior Rank, as much
+from the Pre-eminence of their Virtues, as from the constitutional Dignity
+of their Titles?
+
+The Encrease of our People, Wealth, Commerce, Industry, Arts, Inventions;
+the extraordinary additional Number, in this happy Reign, of our beautiful
+Seats, elegant Improvements, useful and ornamental Plantations, extensive
+Inclosures, excellent high Roads, (formerly almost impassable,) with the
+visible Reformation in national Harmony, and Allegiance, will best suggest
+an Idea of the Honourable the House of Commons of _Ireland_, composed of
+such candid Spirits, as, neither the Smiles or Frowns of superior
+Influence, popular Views, or private Connections, can bend from the
+various essential Duties due to their King, their Country, and themselves;
+constant in their Attendance; careful in their Protection; and zealous in
+their Promotion of publick Felicity; not more extensive in their noble
+Projects, for this great Purpose, than expeditious in carrying those into
+Execution.
+
+Our Constitution, partly of _Gothic_, partly of _Norman_ Institution, (the
+first High Court of Parliament on the present Establishment, having been
+ordained in the Reign of _Henry_ the First, Son of _William_ the
+Conquerer) avoiding the turbulent Licentiousness of a _Democracy_, the
+factious domineering Temper of _Aristocracy_, and the variable oppressive
+Sway of _Arbitrary Monarchy_; but including, by an harmonious Assemblage,
+the essential Virtues of those different Systems of Government; is
+unquestionably the _best digested_ and _wisest_ in the known World: Under
+which, the King and the Nobles, with the Commons, _unite_, to extend the
+Commerce, promote the Happiness, guard over the Safety, preserve the
+Lives, defend the Characters, support the Liberties, and protect the
+Property of the People. Bless'd Constitution! O! may it ever flourish!
+under whose mild and preservative Influence, a few only feel Restraint;
+except from the Commission of private Evil, or social Injury.
+
+I have said a _Few only_; because there are some among us, who, on the
+Score of Religion, are secluded from permanent Property: And even Those,
+it is hoped, will, in Consideration of the invariable Tenor of their
+humble and pacific Conduct, from the Capitulation of _Limerick_, to this
+Day; and from their unanimous and chearful Obedience to our Civil
+Government, e're long obtain some Mitigation of their Affairs; such the
+benevolent Temper and Disposition of the present incomparable Reign! Some
+late excellent(3) Pamphlets, wherein these Gentlemen's political
+Principles are fully and clearly explained, shew of what signal Advantage
+it had been to the Numbers, Industry, Health, Wealth, and Beauty of this
+Kingdom, to indulge them a Property, even in our uncultivated Mountains,
+dreary Wastes, and noxious Marshes: Which Measure, should it appear in a
+true Light to our worthy Representatives, we may in a few Years more, hope
+to see _Ireland_ one of the most beautiful, best-improved,
+best-conditioned Islands in the Universe. Our Bench is adorned with
+Honourable Personages, conspicuous for Learning, Integrity, Humanity, and
+Impartiality; of whom, it may be boldly affirmed, and with the strictest
+Truth, that they are not Favourers of Persons. The present Lord Chief
+Justice of the _King-Bench_, the late Master of the Rolls, and Chancellor
+of the Exchequer, Natives of _Ireland_, formed a Triumvirate, whose
+Learning, Worth, and distinguished Abilities, had rendered them eminently
+respectable in the brightest AEras, either of the _Roman_ Commonwealth, or
+Empire.
+
+Our Attorney and Solicitor General, our Serjeants at Law, and King's
+Council, with many eminent Barristers, and a Set of learned eloquent young
+Gentlemen, all shining out together; such as _Tully_, _Hortensius_, and
+_Pliny_, had with fond Tenderness cherished and with pleasing Pride,
+avowed for their Pupils; form as distinguished a Body of Advocates and
+Orators, as adorn any Courts of Judicature in _Europe_.
+
+In the Diocese of _Dublin_ existeth a truly pious Society for the Relief
+and Support of the Widows and Children of the inferior Clergy thereof. It
+is, indeed, surprizing in a Kingdom, such (thank Heaven) as _Ireland_ is,
+that the Example of this charitable Society, hath not been _universally_
+followed. It hath often affected me to the Quick, to have seen a learned
+Divine, after a tedious and painful Free-School Institution, and expensive
+University Education, struggling, upon a poor Pension or Salary of _Forty_
+Pounds a Year, to maintain an honest Gentlewoman, Children, and Servants,
+(and really with some Decency of Hospitality) sedulously discharging, at
+the same Time, the different Duties of the pastoral Function; when a
+_foreign Fidler_ shall run away with tripple that Sum, or more, for one
+Night's Performance. I would by no Means be understood to derogate from
+the Merits of fine Performers in the different Parts of Musick, or
+endeavour to diminish their reasonable Perquisites: But, surely, such Men
+and such Things are not to be thought of, in Competition with those, who,
+by Teaching and Preaching, refine our Morals, instruct our Understandings,
+inform our Lives, and enlighten our Souls with the celestial Spirit of the
+Christian Faith; and thereby happily lead us, through this transient and
+precarious State, to eternal Tranquilly and Bliss. I am not a Preacher;
+but thus far shall venture: As the Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of
+Wisdom, our generally following the heavenly Example of this venerable
+Society, must be a great Test as well of the one, as the other. If the
+Bishops, the temporal Lords, and great estated Men of each Diocese, would
+but graciously lead the Way, it is not unlikely they had been attended by
+Crowds of zealous Followers: And, in Fact, a _small_ Matter _annually set
+apart_, from even the superfluous Outgoings of the Wealthy and Opulent, of
+different Ranks, would very happily answer the generous noble End of
+preserving, from an anxious State of particular Dependance, Numbers of
+virtuous, well-educated Gentlewomen, and their Children, from the various
+Miseries, which the untimely Death of a Father, and narrow Circumstances,
+but too frequently expose them to; an End so every Way worthy the natural
+Disposition, the benevolent Temper, the inherent Hospitality, and the
+essentially-charitable Character of _Ireland_.
+
+Our _Protestant_ Brethren, the _Dissenters_, by a prudent and pious
+Regulation of secreting one Pound a Year, each parochial Minister, for
+this religiously humane Purpose, have constantly a Fund sufficient to
+allow the Relict of each Clergyman twenty Pounds a Year, (which preserves
+her from the Miseries of Want and Dependance) and have, at some Periods,
+where-with to set their Children up, in an honest and creditable Way of
+living. As we are emulously fond of adopting the Wisdom and Virtues of
+each Christian Sect and Society, it is fervently hoped we will also this
+tender and pious Scheme; a Scheme so comprehensive of true Charity, and so
+productive of social and happy Effects! How difficult is it for Minds,
+crowded with Cares, and beset with the pressing Calls of
+Family-preservation, to attend, with due Composure and Inclination, to the
+various indispensible Duties of the pastoral Office? But how chearfully
+would those Reverend Gentlemen proceed in their divine Mission, when, by
+some visible Provision for the proper Objects of their present Cares and
+future Concern, they should, in a great Measure, be released from
+domestick Anxiety, from gloomy Apprehensions, and alarming Prospects, into
+the temporal Futurity of those, for whom they must be necessarily affected
+with the most tender Feelings!
+
+The most convincing and decisive Method of adjudging Causes, being by a
+comprehensive View and critical Examination of their Effects; of Streams,
+by a nice Scrutiny and Investigation of their Sources; hence may we, from
+the shining Characters, and extensive Abilities of our Divines and
+Barristers, frame a just Idea of the University of _Dublin_, which, for
+Compass and Extent of the Sciences, Variety of elegant Arts, found
+Erudition, and polite Literature therein taught, in the most regular and
+perspicuous Methods, is equalled by few, excelled by none.
+
+The Students are carefully instructed in the more refined Parts of
+classical Learning; oriental, antient, and modern Languages; Criticism,
+sacred and profane History, Oratory, Logick, Ethicks, and Metaphysicks; in
+natural and experimental Philosophy; Anatomy, Botany and Chymistry; the
+mathematicks, in Theory and Practice; Civil and Canon Laws; Theology,
+Controversy, and Ecclesiastical History: So that, with a good Capacity,
+and regular Application, one may depart this University, as completely and
+happily instituted for the honorary Professions of Life, as may be
+reasonably expected from any Nursery of Learning extant. The obtaining a
+Fellowship in this University, is a demonstrative Test of comprehensive
+native Talents, thorough intellectual Cultivation, deep and various
+learned Acquirements.
+
+The _Newtonian_ Philosophy, the excellent _Boyle_'s experimental
+Philosophy, and Mr. _Locke_'s Metaphysicks, prevail much in the College of
+_Dublin_: Which, for Extent, Convenience, Magnificence, and a most
+sumptuous elegant Library, exceeds any one College in _Europe_. The
+beautiful Parks belonging to it, seem actually, on a serene Evening, the
+delightful Vale of _Tempe_, or enchanting Recesses of _Parnassus_,
+inhabited by all the Muses, all the Graces, with their charming Train.
+
+The Trade of _Ireland_, however in former Times miserably restrained and
+limited, hath in this happy Reign received considerable Enlargements; such
+as, the opening several Wooll-Ports; the Bounty on _Irish_ Linens, now our
+staple Commodity, imported into _Great-Britain_; and the Immunity lately
+granted of importing thither Beef, Butter, Tallow, Candles, Pork, Hides,
+live Cattle, _&c._ a Privilege that, in its Consequences, must prove of
+signal Advantage to both Nations; to _this_ especially, as we shall hereby
+be enabled, upon any occasional Exigency, to supply our protecting
+Friends, and proportionably stint the Hands of our Enemies, who, (by the
+Profusion of Wines and spirituous Liquors, annually exported from _France_
+to Ireland, in Exchange for our Beef, Butter, _&c._ to pass over the Gluts
+of Teas and Spirits, _&c._ smuggled thence by the _western_ Runners) have
+constantly the Balance on their Side. Our Exports, with those already
+mentioned, consist in a few Cheeses, Salmon and Kelp: But, as our Linens
+are, without Question, become the vital Spring of _Irish_ Commerce, it is
+Matter of great Concern and equal Surprize, that the other Provinces do
+not more _universally_ and _effectually_ follow the lucrative Example of
+the _North_! since, it is evident, nothing but _equal Industry_ can be
+wanting to render them _equally flourishing_, The Over-growth of Graziers
+and Stockmasters, is the strongest Indication that can be of national
+Waste and Decay, in respect of Inhabitants. What could a Foreigner,
+travelling among us, particularly in the _western_ Counties, some Summers
+past, judge of our national Wisdom and Oeconomy? Would he not start even
+at our Humanity, on seeing the best arable Grounds in the Kingdom, in
+immense Tracts, wantonly enjoyed by the Cattle of a few petulant
+Individuals; and at the same Juncture, our high Ways and Streets crowded
+with Shoals of mendicant fellow-creatures! reduced, through Want of proper
+Sustenance, to the utmost Distress? Would not a _Frenchman_ for Example,
+give a Shrug extraordinary, at finding, in every little Inn, _Bourdeaux_
+Claret and _Nantz_ Brandy, though, in all Likelihood, not a Morsel of
+_Irish_ Bread?
+
+It is much to be hoped, That, when the Spirit of Tillage should become
+more general and active, our Farmers more attentive to the Growth of the
+best Kinds of Grain, and our Brewers, more attentive to the Rules and
+Precepts for that Purpose laid down by the Honourable the DUBLIN SOCIETY;
+we shall have little or no Occasion for that Inundation of _London
+Porter_; (an heavy, cloudy, intoxicating, ill-flavoured Liquor) that
+annually overflows this City and other Parts of the Kingdom; as, in the
+above Case, we may have a sufficient Plenty and Variety of Malt Liquors,
+our own native Produce, far better than any imported; and, in Case of a
+Redundancy of Grain, (a Matter not very likely to happen) may, with
+moderate Care, have Spirituous Liquors of far a more wholesome Nature,
+exquisite Taste, and delicate Flavour, than those imported at an
+extraordinary Expence; and but too often adulterated, in the first
+Concoction.
+
+We have, in several Parts of this Kingdom, (in the Province of _Munster_
+especially) a recy, spirituous, fine-flavoured Cyder, very little, if at
+all, inferior to the best imported White Wines; and a moderate Plenty of
+grateful Honey-Liquors, which, with our prime Beef, Mutton, Pork, Veal,
+Lamb, Variety of Fowls, tame and wild; red and fallow Deer; Hares,
+Rabbits, Pidgeons, Pheasants, Grouse; and Partridge; wild Duck, Plover,
+Snipe, _&c._ Lake, River, Shell and Sea Fish, of all Kinds; the Produce of
+the Garden, (Horticulture having of late Years so vastly improved among
+us, that we now have many curious Plants, Fruits, and Flowers, not only
+not _known_, but never even _heard of_, in former Times) and _all_ in such
+Plenty and Perfection, as demonstrate _Ireland_ happier than most other
+Countries, in regard of the Necessaries and even of the Delicacies of
+Life; to which may be added, the great Number of our beautiful Lakes,
+noble Rivers, pure Fountains, limpid Streams, and Health-restoring mineral
+Wells.(4) In this Country are bred valuable Horses, for the Draught, Road,
+and Chace; and for the Course, as high-formed ones, as in any Part of
+_Europe_; and large horned Cattle, and Sheep in Abundance.
+
+It must afford real Satisfaction to consider the universal and visible
+Reformation in the Lives and Morals even of our common People, clearly
+evinced in this, that (thank Heaven) fewer legal Punishments succeed an
+entire Circuit, in our happy Days, than did a single Assize in former
+Reigns: And, without Question, this Reformation must still rise higher, in
+Proportion to the Lenity of our worthy Legislature, and wise Indulgence of
+our landed Men, who must certainly find it more conducive to the Welfare
+of the State, and to their own Strength, Honour, and Interest, to have
+their Estates farmed and inhabited by a great Number of honest, laborious
+improving Families, than wasted by a few Purse-proud Bullock-Brokers, who
+rarely allow the wretched Herd of an hundred, as much Ground for his own
+and poor Family's Support, as is equal to that of two Bullocks.
+
+Suppose a Gentleman was to let two thousand Acres of arable Ground to
+farm; were it not demonstrably more conducive to all the foregoing
+Motives, to dispose of these to twenty honest, industrious Families, at an
+hundred Acres each, than to any one Beau-Grazier whatever? From the twenty
+Tenures, the Landlord may, in any national Shock, raise a considerable
+Number of effective Hands, and zealous Hearts, for the Service of the
+Crown, or Defence of his Country; and reap many signal Advantages to the
+public and private Concernments of Life, not possibly derivable from the
+anti-social Monopolizers and Forestallers of Farms; who ever fondly
+attribute their Growth to their own Sagacity and Cleverness, without any
+the least Gratitude or Obligation to the Land-owner. These Sentiments, it
+is hoped, will every Day gain more and more Consideration with our wise
+and beneficent Legislature, Nobility and Gentry.
+
+Many intelligent Persons, of all Ranks, complain much of the Want of some
+Establishment in the Way of a national Bank, to secure popular Credit, and
+the Kingdom from the various alarming Shocks it is so frequently incident
+to, on Account of the Failure of particular Banks.
+
+The Nobility and Gentry of _Ireland_, are Loyalists and Patriots by
+Principle and Education: They are brave, without Arrogance; gay, without
+Levity; polite, without Affectation; charitable, without Ostentation;
+religious, without Formality; affable, without Meanness; generous, without
+View; and hospitable, without Reserve: In their Converse, easy; in their
+Dealings just; placable in their Resentments, in their Friendship
+steady:--They have neither the volatile Airyness of the _Frenchman_, the
+stated Gravity of the _Spaniard_; the supicious Jealousy of the _Italian_;
+the forbidding Haughtiness of the _German_; the saturnine Gloominess of
+the _Flandrican_, nor the sordid Parsimony of the _Dutchman_: In short,
+they are neither whimsical, splenetic, sullen or capricious:--And, as for
+Cunning, Craft, or Dissimulation, these are such sorry Guests as never
+found Shelter in the generous Breast of an _Irish_ Noble or Gentleman; so
+that, if we consider this Country, with regard to its military Fame,
+constitutional Wisdom, Learning, Arts, Improvements, and natural
+Advantages; and above all, the benevolent Temper, charitable and
+hospitable Disposition of its Inhabitants; it is true, we may find many of
+more popular Bustle and Eclat, more extensive Commerce, greater Opulence
+and Pomp; but none of more general, solid, and intrinsick Worth, than
+_Ireland_.
+
+I shall conclude with the following Proposition to any one, who may
+arrogate to himself Praise or Wit, by ridiculing _Ireland_.
+
+_Si quid Novisti rectius istis--_
+_Candidus imperti; Si non, his utere mecum._
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FARMER'S CASE OF THE ROMAN-CATHOLICS OF _IRELAND_.
+
+
+In a LETTER from a MEMBER of the PROTESTANT CHURCH.
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+I think myself indebted to any Occasion that restores you to a Friend,
+whom I feared you had long forgotten. But I confess, at the same Time,
+that the Pleasure of hearing from you, after a Silence of Several Years,
+is, in some Measure, damped by the Censure that seems to constitute the
+chief Intent of your Letter.
+
+You tell me that you lately happened upon some Papers that were entitled
+The FARMER's LETTERS, _&c._ which were imputed to me as the Author. And,
+after some Compliments on Spirit, and Genius, and so forth, in order to
+palliate, as I suppose, what you purpose to administer, you charge me, by
+Implication, with Crimes, whose smallest Tendency I should abhor in
+myself, as in any Man breathing.
+
+You say, favourably enough for your own Disposition, that you have long
+looked on the _Roman-Catholics_ of these Kingdoms as a discountenanced and
+pitiable People. That you would choose to allow to others the same
+Latitude of Conscience that you like for yourself. That it is not a Part
+of Humanity to break a Reed already bruised. That such a Treatment would
+be blameable respecting any Individual; how much more so, in Prejudice of
+a whole People. That those Papers are pointed with a Keenness of Enmity,
+for which the Talents, which you are pleased to ascribe, cannot
+sufficiently apologize. And, that you did not think me capable of
+exasperating Government and Power against a Set of Men who were already
+under the Displeasure and Depression of the Law.
+
+These, my dear Friend, are home and heavy Accusations, however tempered by
+Expressions of Kindness and Affection from the Man whom I sincerely love
+and respect.
+
+But, if I know any-thing of myself, the Quality, called Ill-nature, is not
+my Characteristic. I would not exchange one Grain of Good-heart for all
+the Wit of a _C----d_ or Comprehension of a _P--tt_, independent of their
+Virtue. And I may say, with great Truth, that an Excess of Humanity hath
+occasioned all the Misfortunes and Distresses of my Life.
+
+I most solemnly assure you, that when I wrote those Letters I was in
+perfect Love and Charity with every _Roman Catholic_ in the Kingdom of
+_Ireland_. I knew that they were a depressed People. I had long pitied
+them as such. I was sensible that the Laws, under which they suffered, had
+been enacted by our Ancestors, when the Impressions of Hostility were
+fresh and warm, and when Passion, if I may venture to say so, co-operated,
+in some Measure, with Utility and Reason. I will go a Step further. I
+thought those Laws not severe enough to suppress them as Enemies, nor yet
+sufficiently favourable to attach them to us as Friends. They were not so
+cruel as, wholly, to serve for quelling; and yet they had a Poignancy that
+might tend to provoke. And all this I imputed to the Resentment that was
+blended with the Humanity of our Ancestors. Their Humanity left to Papists
+a Power of hurting, while their Resentment abridged the Inducements that
+might engage them to serve us.
+
+Believe me, Sir, I never was of a cruel or persecuting Disposition. I was
+grieved to see the Discouragements under which the _Roman Catholics_ of
+this Kingdom laboured, but these very Discouragements made me fear them
+the more.
+
+Previous to the Letters, which you censure so warmly, a dangerous
+Rebellion had broken out in _Scotland_, in consequence of a _French_
+Invasion, that was headed by a Popish Pretender to the Throne. Be pleased
+to remember, (if it is not too mortifying a Recollection for a free-born
+_Briton_) the Pannic into which all _England_ was struck by a few _Scotch_
+Vassals, undisciplined, and unactuated by any Motive of Liberty or Virtue,
+save the Virtue of being attached to their _Laird_ or their _Leader_.
+Millions of _English_, at that Time, sunk in the Down of a long Peace, and
+enervated by ministerial Corruption and Venality, feared that a Handful of
+_Highlanders_ would win their Way to _London_, and, at one Stroke, put a
+Period to the boasted Strength and Grandeur of the _British_ Constitution.
+
+I was astonished at the Apprehensions that _England_ was under from so
+contemptible an Armament. But I deemed the Case of _Ireland_ to be highly
+alarming. The _Roman-Catholics_, at that Time, outnumbered us Five to One.
+They were disarmed, it is true, but I was not equally sure that they had
+Reason to be reconciled. As they were not admitted to realize their
+Fortune, it consisted of ready Money, and that gave ready Power. As they
+were not permitted to purchase, or accept a Tenure of any valuable Length,
+Loyalty, perhaps, might induce them to fight for their King; but where was
+the Stake to impel them to fight for a Country in which they had no
+_Inheritance_? Without an Interest in Lands, they had little to lose by
+any Change of Estate. Without a Loan lodged with Government, they had the
+less to lose by a Change of Constitution.
+
+I cannot conceive how _Religion_, or mere Difference of Opinion, should
+prove a real Cause of Quarrel among Men; though it often serves as a _Word
+of War_, or a _Term_ whereby to give Notice for Onset. On the contrary, I
+had observed that wherever People are united by _Interest_, though of a
+thousand opposite Sects, Persuasions and Professions, they never fail to
+join in the Maintenance and Defence of _common Rights_.
+
+I, therefore, did not fear the _Roman Catholics_, as having a different
+_Religion_, but as having an _Interest_ that was different from the
+Interest of _Protestants_. Were they a Compound of all the Follies,
+Absurdities, and Contradictions that ever were generated by
+Monster-bearing Superstition, had their Interest bound them to us, I
+should not have feared their _Fealty_.
+
+But this was not the Case. The _French_ Invasion of _Great Britain_ was
+headed by a Person who was, by Birth, Education, Principle, and Interest,
+an Enemy to the Freedom and Rights of a Constitution that was established
+on the Dispossession of his Ancestors; and he was, consequently, an Enemy
+to the general Change of Privilege and Property, that ensued on the said
+Establishment. The said Change, as we all know, was to the Disadvantage of
+_Roman Catholics_. Had the Invader prevailed, a Change would again have
+ensued, in their Favour. Men naturally with Success to an Event from
+whence they propose Benefit; and it is as natural for them to act
+conformable to those Wishes.
+
+Had _Roman Catholics_ been possessed of an unrestrained Property, along
+with the other Liberties, Blessings, and Enjoyments, which they derived,
+in common with us, from the Establishment at the Revolution, no spiritual
+or temporal Power on Earth could have tempted them to permit, much less to
+wish, a Change of a Constitution whose Equal they could not find upon
+Earth.
+
+But as this was very far from being the Fact, I feared that _Interest_
+might prove an Incentive to _Desire_; and Desire equally prove an
+Incentive to _Action_; and, I am not ashamed to confess, that my
+Expectations were greatly, though happily, disappointed, by the Steadiness
+of their peaceful and loyal Demeanour on that trying Occasion.
+
+Believe me, my Friend, at the Time that I wrote those Papers, which have
+given you so much Offence, I looked upon the _Papists_ of this Kingdom, by
+the Patronage of _France_ and _Spain_, by their Numbers, by their Wealth,
+and by their Union with each other, to be vastly superior to _Irish
+Protestants_, in Power; and my Spirit of Opposition rose, in Proportion to
+my Idea of their Ability. But neither then, before, nor since, did I ever
+mean to excite any Action, or Intention, against the Weak, or the
+Oppressed, the Fallen, or the Afflicted.
+
+When _Brutus_ unsheathed the reluctant Sword of Freedom against his
+Friend, Humanity must suppose that his Heart was wrung with Compunction,
+while his Country enjoined and impelled the Blow.
+
+But further, Sir, there is a very wide Difference between a _Popish
+Regency_ and a _Popish People_. The whole Intent and Virulence, as you
+call it, of my Papers, is pointed and levelled against the _One_, but not
+a Syllable uttered, from End to End, against the _Other_. A _Popish
+Regency_, in Temporals alike as in Spirituals, I held to be, by Principle,
+an arbitrary and oppressive Government; but I held a _Popish People_ to
+be, of all People, the most amenable and submissive to Rulers, whatever
+the Form or Nature of that State may be, under which they shall happen to
+be subjected. And, on this very Account, I dreaded them the more, should
+they become passive Instruments in the Hand of a Papal Dictator.
+
+To apply a sure Test to the Propriety, or Impropriety, of my
+Apprehensions, at the Period when I wrote the _Farmer's Letters_, let us
+suppose that no one of the Penal Laws, which were instituted during the
+Reign of her Majesty Queen _Anne_, had yet passed into Form, but that
+Matters had remained in the same Situation, in which the _Monarch_, of
+_humane_, as well as _glorious Memory_, had left this unhappy People.
+Well, what would have been the Consequence? Would _Papists_, in that Case,
+have been less amenable to the Government, by which they had been
+favoured, supported, and cherished? Would they have been the forwarder to
+bring Damage and Destruction on a Country, because their own Interest was
+connected therewith, and the Fortunes of their Posterity deposited
+therein? Would they have been the readier to attempt the Overthrow of our
+beneficent Constitution, because they enjoyed the Privileges and
+Advantages thereof? No, Sir, no. The Absurdity of the Supposition is
+inclusive of the Answer. Had this been the Case, the _Farmer's Letters_
+would not have existed to have caused the Renewal of our Acquaintance.
+
+I have read and noted many Instances, in free States and Commonwealths,
+where _Liberty_, when fermented into _Licentiousness_, hath occasioned
+many partial Struggles for Power, many Broils and Factions, and much
+Disturbance to the Community. But very few are the Instances of the
+Insurrection of any People, who have not been goaded thereto by Severity
+and Oppression. The inoffensive Stag grows formidable when _at __ Bay_.
+The Worm turneth not, till it receiveth a Crush.
+
+I forget the Book, though I remember the Passage, where a Prince demanded
+of his favourite Minister, what he should do with a Number of the Commons
+and Nobility, whom he had suppressed and taken Captive in the Act of
+Rebellion? The Minister answered, _Put them, and their Adherents,
+instantly to Death_. No, replied the Prince, that were an Act of such
+Bloodshed and Barbarity, as neither Fear nor Revenge shall persuade me to
+perpetrate. _Then, grant them all free Pardon_, rejoined the Minister.
+How! said the Prince, must Rebellion go altogether unpunished? There is no
+Medium that can assure your Safety, answered the Minister; you must either
+pull this Party wholly up by the Root, so as to leave no Fibre from whence
+future Enmity may grow; or else, you must change that Enmity into
+Friendship, by binding their Gratitude to your Person and Interest, with
+the kindliest of all Connections, that of your Goodness and Favour. _A
+partial Punishment will be too little for your Safety; a partial Pardon
+will not be enough._ You must either wholly annihilate their Power, by
+their _Death_; or derive Strength to yourself, from that Power, by their
+_Friendship_.
+
+By disarming our Enemies, the utmost we can hope, is, to render them
+impotent. The Diminution of _their_ Power adds nothing to our _own_.
+Repentance is never so permanent or sincere, as when preceded by Pardon;
+and Favour is, as the polar Attraction, to Inclination. Is there a Man
+whose Love and Gratitude you desire to engage? Common Sense will direct
+you to do him a Benefit. Would you bind him to your Service with Hoops of
+Steel? You must make it his Interest, as well as his Duty, to befriend
+you.
+
+It is, by no means, my Intention to arraign either the Wisdom or good
+Policy of our Forefathers. But all Men are, in some Degree, fallible, as
+well in the congregate, as in the individual; and the Shrewd may err as
+much, by over-reaching their Aim, as the Ignorant, by falling short, or
+deviating from it.
+
+But, had a hundred _Pitts_, and a hundred _Cecils_, composed the Senate of
+our Ancestors, at the Time that those _Penal Laws_ were enacted; had those
+Laws been ever so wise and so just, so wholesome and necessary, and well
+suited to the Season; is that a Reason that they should _continue so_ to
+the End of Time? In a World where nothing is permanent; where Modes,
+Manners, Principles, and Practice are at a Flux; where Life is uncertain,
+and all it contains changeable; Nature and Reason will conform to
+Situation and Circumstance; and where _Causes_ have ceased, in any Degree,
+the _Consequences_ ought to cease in the same Proportion.
+
+It is not now with _Rome_ as it was in the Days when Princes held her
+Steed, and Emperors her Stirrup. The Kings of the Earth have, pretty
+clearly, resumed her Usurpations and Acquisitions of temporal Dominion. It
+is not now, as it was when she cried Peace! and it became Peace; or when
+the Breath of her Mandate kindled the Nations to Battle. Even his
+_Holiness_ is, now, but a poor limited Prince, pent up within his little
+_Italian_ Demesne. If some few still acknowledge to hold of his Authority,
+it is a Homage of Words, and not of Facts; they will not acknowledge to
+hold of his Power. He is restored to the quiet and unenvied Possession of
+all the Lordship and Interest he can acquire in Heaven. But the Sceptre,
+even of his spiritual Dominion upon Earth, is, of late, as I take it, most
+wonderfully shortened.
+
+Matters are much altered with the ecclesiastical World, even since I wrote
+the Letters that have roused your Spleen. Whether it be through a Decline
+of the _Romish_ Religion, in particular; or, possibly, through a Decline
+of all Religion, in general; the pontifical and episcopal Dictatorship and
+Authority are wofully fallen, from the Chair of Infallibility, where they
+had been seated by Opinion. The Sons of the most bigotted Ancestors do now
+perceive, that Piety and Immorality are not rightly consistent. And even
+the vulgar and ignorant, among the _Roman_ Laity, would grumble at
+departing from an Inch of their Property, though the Priest should advise,
+and the Pope, himself, should enjoin it.
+
+But, Sir, if the Change of Times, and Principles, Situation, and
+Circumstances; if the Change of every Cause that produced those penal
+Laws, have not availed for a Change of _Consequences_; for some Mitigation
+or Abatement of their Rigour, toward these my unhappy Brethren, the _Roman
+Catholics of Ireland_: If no Argument, I say, that is taken from Changes,
+may avail for the Purpose, I will take one from Permanence and Duration
+itself, that shall strike Light and Conviction to the Eye of every
+Beholder; that Power may _gainsay_, but cannot _refute_; that Malevolence
+may _dispute_, but never can _answer_.
+
+About six Generations have now passed away, according to the Rates of
+Purchase and Estimate of the Life of Man, since these People have offended
+in Word or in Deed. No Riotings have been heard in their Houses, no
+Complainings in their Streets; they have been silent and harmless as Sheep
+before their Sheerers. Our Parties, Factions, and Insurrections, as they
+are merrily stiled in _England_, have been all among ourselves; this
+People were neither Actors nor Partakers therein. They have offered
+themselves to our Fleets, and to our Armies; to tend our Persons, to till
+our Grounds, to hew our Wood, and to draw our Water. Where we admit them
+to fight for us, they have ever proved valiant; where we admit them to
+serve us, they are found loving, observant, and faithful. Temptations have
+come to their Doors and called them forth; the Contagion of Rebellion hath
+broken out among their Neighbours; they have yet remained quiet, and
+continued untainted; still loyal to their Sovereign, amenable to
+Government, and submissive to Law, through a long and trying Succession of
+about seventy Years, they have scarce appeared to repine in the midst of
+their Calamities.
+
+When I look back on the querulous and restless Nature of Man: When I trace
+the human Propensities through the Records of Ages and Nations: In all the
+Histories of those States who had least Cause of Complaint: Throughout the
+Commonwealths of _Asia Minor_, the _Archipelago_, the _Grecian Continent_,
+_Italy_, the Islands of the _Mediterranean_, &c. where the RIGHTS OF
+NATURE, under Forms of various Institution, were ASSERTED BY LIBERTY AND
+GUARDED BY LAW: Where the ASSURANCE OF PROPERTY gave most REASON FOR
+CONTENT: I can find but few Instances of any People who, through such a
+Length of Time, have continued firm and unshaken, in an uninterrupted
+Loyalty and Submission to Government.
+
+What then, do we look for further? What Proofs do ye yet require, of
+Peacefulness and Attachment at the Hands of these our Brethren? Is no
+Period to be put to their State of Probation? Must they _for ever_ keep
+out upon _Quarantine_, without Harbour or Hopes of Rest or Reconciliation?
+That were hard, indeed.
+
+If it is Revenge that we seek, they have, already, suffered enough, not
+for their own Faults, but for the Hostility of their Forefathers. If we
+seek our Safety, alone; let us chace _them, at once, from Country and
+Community_; or put an _End to our domestic Fears_, by giving them Cause to
+defend us.
+
+Indeed, Sir, neither common Sense, nor Sense of any Kind, can possibly
+suppose, That Acts of Kindness which have been, from the Beginning of the
+World, the Cement of Friendship to all other People, should prove the
+reverse to these People alone.
+
+Had they been to us, as the Swallow, in Autumn, who forsakes all
+Connections on the Approach of Inclemency, I should never have pleaded for
+any Confidence in them. But a People, who, through a Winter of seventy
+Years Continuance, have never failed, or forsaken, or given us Cause of
+Offence, surely merit some Consideration, some grateful and chearing Ray
+to warm them to a Sense that _Protestants_ are not, by Choice, of a cruel,
+unforgiving, and malevolent Nature.
+
+Lastly, Sir, as I know you to be a Gentleman of a communicative
+Disposition, and that you were, formerly, fond of exhibiting the
+Sentiments of some of your Friends; should you impart this Letter to any
+of your popish Acquaintance, I doubt they might be apt to give me more
+Thanks than I am conscious I deserve. It is, therefore, but commonly
+honest, to advertise you, and them, that while I write in the Favour of
+_Papists_, the Interest of _Protestants_ is never out of my Eye.
+
+When I thought your Favourites most formidable, I shewed I did not fear
+them; and now, that I think them impotent, let them not think I flatter.
+
+What I have hitherto hinted is but a narrow opening to the Concerns and
+Interests of an unhappy Country, whereof I have the Misfortune to be a
+helpless, though loving, Member. To promote the Advantage of _Ireland_, in
+any respect, would be, to me, the cardinal Point of the whole Compass of
+my Ambition; and a subsequent Letter may shew how far my Observations
+relate to the Decline, or Prosperity, of my Country, whenever you confer
+the Pleasure of an Answer on,
+
+_Dear_ SIR,
+_Your truly affectionate_, &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+_    1 Dublin_, 1753, _M. Reilly_, Editor.
+
+    2 This _Mac Con More Macnamara_, Duke of _Klan Cullane_, founded,
+      erected, and amply endowed the beautiful Abbey of _Quin_; as did
+      other Chieftains of his Name and Family, several Parochial Churches,
+      with a great Number of magnificent Castles.
+
+_    3 Seasonable Thoughts_, &c. published by _George Faulkner_; _the Case
+      of the Roman Catholics_, and _the Principles of the Roman
+      Catholics_, the two last published by _P. Lord_, in _Cook-street,
+      Dublin_.
+
+    4 To all the above Productions of _Ireland_, may be justly added, our
+      inestimable Fisheries, and plentiful Mines, which, under due
+      national Encouragement, would raise immense Treasures.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ESSAY ON THE ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE OF IRELAND***
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #27226 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27226)