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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sonnets from the Crimea, by Adam Mickiewicz
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sonnets from the Crimea
+
+Author: Adam Mickiewicz
+
+Translator: Edna Worthley Underwood
+
+Release Date: October 27, 2008 [EBook #27069]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SONNETS FROM THE CRIMEA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jimmy O'Regan (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by the University of
+California Libraries/The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Sonnets from the Crimea
+
+By Adam Mickiewicz
+
+Translated by
+Edna Worthley Underwood
+
+
+
+MCMXVII
+
+Paul Elder and Company, Publisher
+San Francisco
+
+Copyright, 1917, by
+Paul Elder and Company
+San Francisco
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+    Adam Mickiewicz
+        A biographical sketch by Edna Worthley Underwood
+    The Ackerman Steppe
+    Becalmed
+    Mountains from the Keslov Steppe
+    Baktschi Serai
+    Baktschi Serai by Night
+    The Grave of Countess Potocka
+    The Graves of the Harem
+    Baydary
+    Alushta by Day
+    Alushta by Night
+    Tschatir Dagh (Mirza)
+    Tschatir Dagh (The Pilgrim)
+    The Pass Across the Abyss in the Tschufut-Kale
+    (Mirza)
+    The Ruins of Balaclava
+    On Juda's Cliff
+
+
+
+
+ADAM MICKIEWICZ
+A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
+
+
+ADAM MICKIEWICZ
+
+(1798-1855)
+
+The last of the eighteenth century was an important period for Russia
+and Poland, not only politically, but in letters and art. It marked the
+birth of statesmen, patriots, poets and writers. It was into a Poland of
+great names and greater activities that Adam Mickiewicz was born in
+1798, as son of an impoverished family of the old nobility. Three years
+before, the third and last partition of his native land had taken place,
+and the signed documents had been hastened to Petersburg to make more
+triumphant the birthday of the Great Catherine.
+
+Just a few years before this (1792), Kosciusko had courageously led his
+forty-five thousand valiant Poles in their brave defiance of an
+overwhelming number of Cossacks and Russians. History had recorded the
+bloody Turkish wars, the Pugatshev rebellion, the uprising of the
+Zaporogian Cossacks and the Polish confederations. And with the
+nineteenth century came the Napoleonic wars with the dramatic entry of
+Napoleon into Russia, and a new and different mental life began to dawn
+over Europe.
+
+Mickiewicz was born in Novogrodek in Lithuania. This was the birthplace
+of Count Henry Rzewuski, who wrote the delightful memories of the Polish
+eighteenth century, under the title of "The Memories of Pan Severin
+Soplica,"[*] and who declared he considered it an honor to be born a
+"schlazig" (noble) of Lithuania, and of Novogrodek. He went to a
+government school in Minsk, and later attended the University of Vilna,
+which city in his day was a place of Jesuit faith, gloomy convents and
+echoing bells. All about him epoch-making events for Slav lands were
+taking place. It was a resounding, inspired age for his race, and he
+grew up to take a fitting place in that age and to be called "the
+immortal hero of Polish poetry." Poland just then was the battle-ground
+not only for the armies of Europe, but for the diplomats. It was a place
+for statesmen to win their spurs. If accredited to Petersburg or Warsaw,
+and successful, they were believed to be equal to any diplomatic
+emergency. Eloquence, inspiration, and patriotic fervor must have
+cradled his childhood.
+
+[Footnote *: The full title of the book is: Memories of Pan Severin
+Soplica, Cupbearer of Parnau, by Count Henry Rzewuski.]
+
+At the time of the birth of Mickiewicz, Russia was bringing to a close a
+prodigious period of development in almost every field of human
+activity. It was really the birth-throe of a nation that was to move
+powerfully, and to dominate--partially--the new age. And the splendid
+and never again to be equalled pageant of the life of Catherine the
+Great, with its wild dreams of world dominance and of the glorious
+revival of perished Greece, had just been unrolled for the amazement of
+Europe. What dramatic and enchanting memories the names of her followers
+call up: the Orlows, Potemkin, Panin, Poniatowski, Bestushew-Rjumin,
+Princess Daschkov, Razumowski.
+
+In France, too, the same preceding period had been brilliant. It had
+been the France of Voltaire, the Encyclopedists, and a most resplendent
+and luxurious monarch. England had known her greatest orators and prime
+ministers. It had been the Prussia of Frederick the Great; the Dresden
+of August the Strong; the Austria of Joseph the Second.
+
+A little later--during Mickiewicz's own youth--Goethe was at the height
+of his power and the intellectual dictator of Europe. Under his
+direction and encouragement the treasures of oriental literature were
+being translated and made known to the West. This is merely a hasty
+glimpse of the "mise-en-scene" that preceded the debut in life of the
+most renowned of Polish poets. The old traditions of absolute and
+God-created monarchs and princely times were coming to an end, and that
+democratic modern world, where everything was to change, was close at
+hand, just over the crest, indeed, of this new century into which Fate
+was ushering him. He was to see the last of blind power and royal
+prerogative, and the first dawn of a modern spirit which in time would
+sweep away forever, the old. It was an uncertain, difficult transition
+period, without standards and without measurements.
+
+As we take a fleeting, bird's-eye view of the stirring times in which
+his days were spent, his travels, his army life, his periods of
+professorship, we can not help but wonder at the amount of writing
+Mickiewicz did. And his life was not a long one; it did not reach to
+sixty years. But during the working years allotted him, before a
+mystical melancholy--which was threatening to degenerate into
+madness--had impaired his faculties, his mind was unusually brilliant,
+creative and marvelously disciplined. It obeyed at will. At one time he
+was professor of Latin in Lausanne; at another time he held the chair of
+Slavic languages in Paris. He taught Polish and Latin in Kovno. He
+traveled extensively in Italy in the interest of the Polish revolution.
+His mind was many-sided and capable of various activities. He devoted
+considerable time to advanced mathematics and philosophy. He made
+scientific investigations in Vilna under Lalewel. At one time and
+another he lived in various large cities of Europe. In Germany he met
+and became friendly with Goethe. In Switzerland he met Krasinski. In
+1833 he married Celina Szymanovska. Her mother was the famous Slav
+beauty and musician who had so delighted Goethe in her youth.
+
+Among writers of Russia and Poland whose life period somewhat coincided
+with that of Mickiewicz's are: Korzenowski (born in 1797), the novelist
+(a brother of Adam Mickiewicz was fellow-teacher with Korzenowski at
+Charkov); Danilewski (1829), likewise a novelist--it was he who
+translated The Crimean Sonnets into Russian; Malzweski, Polish patriot
+and poet, whose "Maria"--perhaps the most popular poetic story in
+Poland--appeared at almost the same time as The Crimean Sonnets; Zaleski
+(1802), Slowacki (1809), Krasinski (1812), the three greatest poets of
+Poland excepting only Mickiewicz himself, the Polish critic, Brodzinski.
+
+In Russia, the golden age of literature almost covered the same period
+as Mickiewicz's own life--Puschkin, Lermontov, Schukowski, Gogol, to
+mention only some of the most important names.
+
+In the eighteen-thirties we find Mickiewicz in Paris, which happened to
+be filled just then with a crowd of brilliant Slavic exiles. Here he
+became the friend of Chopin, and one of Chopin's most talented pupils--a
+young Polish girl--made the first translation of the Sonnets into
+French. It was a wonderful and brilliant Paris which Mickiewicz entered.
+This was the time when the city was first called "the stepmother of
+Genius." Heine was here in exile, and Boerne. It knew the personal
+fascination and the denunciative writings of Ferdinand la Salle. It was
+the day, too, of Eugene Sue, Berlioz, George Sand, de Musset, Dumas,
+Gautier, the Goncourt Brothers, Gavarni, Sainte Beuve, Liszt, Felix
+Mendelssohn, Ary Scheffer, Delacroiz, Horace Vernet--to mention only a
+few great names at random. Julius Slowacki, Count Krasinski and Adam
+Mickiewicz were all here editing their poetry in the midst of this
+brilliant life in the inspiring city by the Seine. This period in Paris
+signs perhaps the high-water mark of the creative genius of Mickiewicz.
+He had already written the Ballads and Romances, the third part of
+Dziady, Pan Tadeuz.
+
+The Crimean Sequence belongs to the period of Mickiewicz's youth, the
+Vilna period. He joined a society at this time which was looked upon
+with disfavor by the Government. At length, because of his continued
+participation in it, he was exiled to southern Russia. On that trip,
+while he was going toward Odessa, he began the Crimean Sonnets. Their
+success was quick and astonishing. They were translated into every
+language of Europe. Although the form is the traditional and classic
+sonnet form, he makes use of it in a slightly different manner, not
+altogether as an exposition of the sentiments of the soul, and the
+convictions and emotions of the mind, but as an instrument with which to
+sketch what he saw upon this eventful journey. He used the sonnet form
+at that period just as Verhaeren used it in "Les Flamandes," to show us
+Flanders, and as Albert Samain in "Le Chariot d'Or," to picture the
+gardens of Versailles. This is worthy of note. And this we must remember
+was before 1826. In the poetical works of Mickiewicz there was always
+traceable an inclination to break tradition and to search for new and
+untried possibilities.
+
+On this exile in Russia he learned to know Puschkin, then a young man
+like himself. Puschkin has written a verse letter to him which we
+transcribe in free prose. "He lived among us for a while--a people
+strange to him. And yet his mind cherished no hatred and no longing for
+revenge. Generous, kind of heart, noble-minded, he joined our evening
+circles, and we loved him. We exchanged our dreams, our plans--our
+poems. God gave him genius and inspiration. He stood always on the
+heights and looked down on life. We talked of history and of nations. He
+declared a time would come when races would forget all evil things--like
+war, rebellion--and dwell together peaceably in one great family. We
+listened to him eagerly for he had the gift of speech. After a while he
+went away and we gave our blessing to him. Then we learned our
+guest--spurred on by his revengeful race--had become our enemy. To
+please that bitter race of his he filled his songs with hatred. Of our
+beloved friend there came to us only revenge and angry thoughts. God
+grant that peace may come again to his embittered heart!"
+
+Puschkin himself wrote eloquently of these same Crimean scenes that
+Mickiewicz shows us. He, too, was inspired by the old capital city of
+the Tartar rulers. We recall his "Fountain of Baktschi Serai." And he,
+too, brings before our eyes again that gigantic mountain world of
+southern Russia in "The Prisoner of the Caucasus."
+
+The fame of The Crimean Sonnets was so great that Mickiewicz was offered
+a government position which attached him to the person of the powerful
+Prince Galitzin, in Moscow. It was in Rome, and singularly enough it was
+when he wrote the "Ode to Youth" that he began to devote himself to
+mystical studies which had such an injurious effect upon his mind. For
+some time after he had lost his fluent power as a poet, he retained his
+conversational gifts which were remarkable and brought him almost as
+much fame as his poetry. His life ended in a period as dramatic as that
+in which it began. He entered the Turkish wars in 1855 and died in
+Stamboul in that same year. It is somewhat peculiar and at the same time
+no little to his credit that he should have chosen the sonnet as the
+instrument of his quick sketching of Crimea on the trip of exile,
+because the sonnet has never been a frequently chosen means of
+expression of the Slav races, despite the numerous sonnets written later
+by Vrchlicky, Preseren and others. The sonnet has belonged more to the
+Latin races, and to the English race. The Crimean Sonnets, however, rank
+among the famous sequences.
+
+    Edna Worthley Underwood.
+
+
+
+
+SONNETS FROM THE CRIMEA
+
+
+THE ACKERMAN STEPPE
+
+Across sea-meadows measureless I go,
+    My wagon sinking under grass so tall
+The flowery petals in foam on me fall,
+    And blossom-isles float by I do not know.
+No pathway can the deepening twilight show;
+    I seek the beckoning stars which sailors call,
+And watch the clouds. What lies there brightening all?
+    The Dneister's, the steppe-ocean's evening glow!
+
+The silence! I can hear far flight of cranes--
+    So far the eyes of eagle could not reach--
+And bees and blossoms speaking each to each;
+    The serpent slipping adown grassy lanes;
+From my far home if word could come to me!--
+    Yet none will come. On, o'er the meadow-sea!
+
+
+BECALMED
+
+The flag is listless, limp. It dances not.
+    As deep the sea breathes from a gentle breast
+As any bride who dreams at love's behest,
+    And wakes and sighs, then casts with dreams her lot.
+Sails hang upon the masts--useless-forgot--
+    Like folded standards which the warriors wrest
+And bring home broken from the battle's crest.
+    The sailors rest them in some sheltered spot.
+
+O Sea! within your unknown deeps concealed,
+    When storms are wild, your monsters dream and sleep,
+And all their cruelty for the sunlight keep.
+    Thus, Soul of Mine, in your sad deeps concealed
+The monsters sleep--when wild are storms. They start
+    From out some blue sky's peace to seize my heart.
+
+
+MOUNTAINS FROM THE KESLOV STEPPE
+
+(Pilgrim)
+
+What would Great Allah with the frozen sea?
+    Would he of icy clouds a throne carve bright,
+Or would the demons of the deepest night
+    A bar build where the shining stars sweep free?
+It gleams like pagan cities fired, kings flee.
+    When Day was anciently destroyed by Night
+Did Allah amid chaos fix this light
+    To guide the star-worlds of eternity?
+
+(Mirza)
+
+Up there I've journeyed where the winter reigns,
+    And seen the rivers bitten black like lines
+On Tschatir Dagh, where the white cloud reclines,
+    Which not the wildest eagle's shadow stains,
+Where cradled under me the thunders sleep
+    And Allah and the stars their watches keep.
+
+
+BAKTSCHI SERAI
+
+In ruin are the spacious, splendid halls
+    With frozen forest of white columns where
+The Tartar Khan his palace builded fair,
+    Where loneliest the shrilling cricket calls.
+The ivy blackens over shining walls
+    Enscribing in gigantic letters there
+Some curse Belshazzar-like: Beware! Beware!--
+    Then black as crepe from crested columns falls.
+
+Within the burnished banquet room there sings
+    The fountain of the harem pure and clear,
+Just as of old it sang in twilights drear.
+    But whither love and fame speed--on what wings?
+When all things else must perish these endure!
+    Yet both are gone! The fountain ripples pure.
+
+
+BAKTSCHI SERAI BY NIGHT
+
+From out the mosques the pious wend their way;
+    Muezzin voices tremble through the night;
+Within the sky the pallid King of Light
+    Wraps silvered ermine round him while he may,
+And Heaven's harem greets its star array.
+    One lone white cloud rests in the azure height--
+A veiled court lady in some sorrow's plight--
+    Whom cruel love and day have cast away.
+
+The mosques stand there; and here tall cypress trees;
+    There--mountains, towering, black as demons frown,
+Which Lucifer in rage from God cast down.
+    Like sword blades lightning flickers over these,
+And on an Arab steed the wild Khan rides
+    Who goes to Baktschi Serai which night hides.
+
+THE GRAVE OF COUNTESS POTOCKA
+
+In Spring of love and life, My Polish Rose,
+    You faded and forgot the joy of youth;
+Bright butterfly, it brushed you, then left ruth
+    Of bitter memory that stings and glows.
+O Stars! that seek a path my northland knows,
+    How dare you now on Poland shine forsooth,
+When she who loved you and lent you her youth
+    Sleeps where beneath the wind the long grass blows?
+
+Alone, My Polish Rose, I die, like you.
+    Beside your grave a while pray let me rest
+With other wanderers at some grief's behest.
+    The tongue of Poland by your grave rings true.
+High-hearted, now a young boy past it goes,
+    Of you it is he sings, My Polish Rose.
+
+
+THE GRAVES OF THE HAREM
+
+They sleep well here whom Allah loved and kept
+    And treasured in his vineyard fair and fine,
+Most lustrous of the Orient pearls that shine,
+    Which youth found where the waves of passion swept.
+Here, where in peace perpetual they have slept,
+    A turban beckons where the roses twine,
+A banner flutters out in silken line,
+    And sometimes here a Giaour's name is kept.
+
+Oh! roses of this paradise of old,
+    The eyes that loved not Allah saw you not,
+Nor arms that prayed not eastward could enfold!
+    But now a Christian treads this hallowed spot;
+Wise Allah, curse not him who bows his head
+    Amid the marble shrines of Allah's dead!
+
+
+BAYDARY
+
+Give wings unto the storm, and spurs to steed,
+    I'd move unchained as wind across the world,
+Sweep onward like a torrent mountain-hurled,
+    Nor sea, nor height, nor valley pause to heed.
+The twilight spreads a dimness o'er our speed,
+    And shows the diamond-stars from hoofs up-whirled,
+Since daylight now her curtained blue has juried,
+    And mystery and magic shadows breed.
+
+The earth sleeps, but not I--not I--not I--
+    Who hasten to the shore where waves are loud
+And toward me in the darkness whitely crowd.
+    Beneath them I would still my soul's deep cry--
+Like ships the whirlpools seize to drag to death--
+    I'd plunge within the silence, sans thought, breath.
+
+
+ALUSHTA BY DAY
+
+The mighty mountain flings its mist-veil down;
+    With little flowers the gracious fields are bright,
+And from the forest colors flash to sight
+    Like gems that drop from off a Calif's crown.
+Upon the meadows settles shimmering down
+    A band of butterflies in rainbow flight;
+Cicadas call and call in day's delight,
+    And bees are dreaming in a blossom's crown.
+
+The waves beneath the cliff are thunder-pale,
+    Now upward, upward in their rage they rise
+And tawny are their crests as tigers' eyes.
+    The sun is focused on one white, far sail
+And on blue, shining deeps as smooth as glass
+    Wherein slim cranes are shadowed as they pass.
+
+
+ALUSHTA BY NIGHT
+
+The drooping, weary day night pushed aside;
+    On Tschatir Dagh the sullen sun and low
+Paints phantom purple upon ancient snow;
+    While forest ways within, the wanderers hide.
+Night veils the mountains and the valleys wide;
+    The thunderous brooks are dream-held, dulled, and slow;
+Beneath the blackness fragrant flowers blow
+    And rich leaf-music clothes each valley side.
+
+Almost my waking eyes are dream-held too;
+    With gold a meteor marks the deep-domed sky
+And fountain-like the fiery sparks float by.
+    Oh! Beauty of the Eastern Night, you woo
+My spirit like the odalisque, who held
+    Men captive till her kiss the dream dispelled!
+
+
+TSCHATIR DAGH
+
+(Mirza)
+
+The reverent Mussulman bends low to greet
+    You, Tschatir Dagh, Crimea's bright-masted ship!
+World-altar,--minaret--the place where dip
+    Down stairs from golden Heaven for the feet!
+You guard the door of God in splendor meet,
+    Like Gabriel with holy sword on hip;
+In bright mist mantled from the toe to lip,
+    Tour turban set with alien stars and sweet.
+
+If winter rule the world, or summer's sun,
+    If Giaour rage about, or winds are wild,
+Above them, Tschatir Dagh, you, changeless one,
+    Are like to Allah, pure and undefiled;
+Aloft you tower from out the lowly sod
+    To give to men again the will of God.
+
+
+TSCHATIR DAGH
+
+(The Pilgrim)
+
+Below me half a world I see outspread;
+    Above, blue heaven; around, peaks of snow;
+And yet the happy pulse of life is slow,
+    I dream of distant places, pleasures dead.
+The woods of Lithuania I would tread
+    Where happy-throated birds sing songs I know;
+Above the trembling marshland I would go
+    Where chill-winged curlews dip and call o'er head.
+
+A tragic, lonely terror grips my heart,
+    A longing for some peaceful, gentle place,
+And memories of youthful love I trace.
+    Unto my childhood home I long to start,
+And yet if all the leaves my name could cry
+    She would not pause nor heed as she passed by.
+
+
+THE PASS ACROSS THE ABYSS IN THE TSCHUFUT-KALE
+
+(Mirza)
+
+Pray! Pray! Let loose the bridle. Look not down!
+    The humble horse alone has wisdom here.
+He knows where blackest the abysses leer
+    And where the path in safety leads us down.
+Pray, and look upward to the mountain's crown!
+    The deep below is endless where you peer;
+Stretch not the hand out as you pass, for fear
+    The added weight of that might plunge you down.
+
+And check your thoughts' free flight, too, while you go;
+    Let all of Fancy's fluttering sails be furled
+Here where Death watches o'er the riven world.
+
+(Pilgrim)
+
+    I lived to cross the bridge of ancient snow!
+        But what I saw my tongue no more can tell,
+    The angels only could rehearse that well.
+
+
+(MIRZA)
+
+Behold blue Heaven in that deep abyss!
+    The sea is that! Behold the long waves shine!
+Watch how they rock that giant bird divine,
+    Whose swinging white wings wide horizons kiss.
+Is that an iceberg in the blue abyss?
+    No, no--a cloud! Watch how 'tis veiling fine
+The sea, the land, out-blotting every line
+   To drown it all in darkness soon I wis.
+
+The lightning comes now! Frightful is its sweep.
+    But softly--softly! Watch my spur--my whip!
+I'll leap across unto that chasm's lip.
+    What still and chilling sternness great cliffs keep!
+Down there light calls to me. Soon there I'll be.
+    Uncanny is such loneliness to me.
+
+
+THE RUINS OF BALACLAVA
+
+Oh, thankless Crimean land! in ruin laid
+    Are now the castles that were once your pride!
+Here serpents and the owls from daylight hide,
+    And robbers arm them for the nightly raid.
+Upon the lettered marble boasts are made,
+    Brave words on battered arms in gold descried,
+And broken splendor years have scattered wide,
+    Beside the dead who made them are arrayed.
+
+The Greek set shining, columned marble here.
+    The Latin put the Mongol horde to flight,
+And Mussulmans prayed eastward morn and night.
+    The owl and vulture of dark wing and drear
+Are fluttering like black banners overhead
+    In cities where the pest piles high the dead.
+
+
+ON JUDA'S CLIFF
+
+On Juda's Cliff I love to lean and look
+    On waves that battling beat and break with might,
+While farther seaward in a bland delight,
+    I see them shining where a rainbow shook.
+On Juda's Cliff I love to lean and look
+    On waves that like sea-armies swing to sight,
+To send upon the shore their billows white,
+    And, ebbing, to leave pearls in every nook.
+
+Thus, Poet, in your youth when storms are wild
+    And passions break upon the heart and brain,
+To leave their ruin there--shipwreck and waste--
+    Pick up your lute! Upon it undefiled
+You'll find song-pearls that your heart-deeps retain,
+    The crown the years have brought you, white and chaste.
+
+
+Here, then, end the Crimean Sonnets of the immortal hero of Polish
+poetry, Adam Mickiezvicz as translated by Edna Worthley Underwood and
+published by Paul Elder and Company at their Tomoye Press, in the city
+of San Francisco, under the direction of Ricardo J. Orozco, their
+printer during the month of August, nineteen seventeen
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Sonnets from the Crimea, by Adam Mickiewicz
+
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