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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/27057-h.zip b/27057-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e00a78d --- /dev/null +++ b/27057-h.zip diff --git a/27057-h/27057-h.htm b/27057-h/27057-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b2fe488 --- /dev/null +++ b/27057-h/27057-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1236 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ireland and Poland: A Comparison by T. W. Rolleston + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2 {text-align: center; + clear: both;} + + h1 {margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 3em;} + + h2 {margin-top: 3em;} + + .centerpadded {text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em;} + + .centersmall {text-align: center; + font-size: 80%;} + + .smaller {font-size: 80%;} + + .byline1 {font-size: 130%; + font-weight: bold;} + + .sig {font-variant: small-caps; + margin-left: 60%;} + + .rightsc {text-align: right; + font-variant: small-caps;} + + div.toc {width: 50%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto;} + + .ad {font-size: 80%;} + + hr {width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + color: #000000;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%;} + + .tocpage {position: absolute; + right: 30%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + right: 2%; + font-size: 80%; + text-align: right; + color: #5a5a5a;} + + .blockquote {margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%;} + + .blockquote2 {margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 5%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .ft {margin-left: 2em;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Ireland and Poland, by Thomas William Rolleston + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Ireland and Poland + A Comparison + +Author: Thomas William Rolleston + +Release Date: October 26, 2008 [EBook #27057] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRELAND AND POLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Jimmy O'Regan (This file was produced from +images generously made available by The Library of the +University of California, Los Angeles/The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1>IRELAND<br /> +AND POLAND</h1> + +<h2>A COMPARISON</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<b>BY</b><br /><br /> +<span class="byline1">T. W. ROLLESTON</span><br /><br /> +FIRST HON. SECRETARY OF THE IRISH LITERARY SOCIETY, LONDON; <br /> +LATE ASSISTANT EDITOR OF THE "NEW IRISH LIBRARY," AND <br /> +CO-EDITOR OF "A TREASURY OF IRISH POETRY"; AUTHOR <br /> +OF "MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE CELTIC RACE," ETC. +</p> + + +<p class="centerpadded"> +NEW YORK<br /> +GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY<br /> +Publishers in America for Hodder & Stoughton <br /> +MCMXVII<br /> +</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h1>IRELAND AND POLAND</h1> + +<p> +The United Kingdom is composed of four distinct +nationalities. Each of these has retained its own distinct +character, its own national history, its own patriotism +and self-respect. Their affairs, great and small, general +or local, are administered by one Parliament in +which each is fully represented. A large majority of +the Irish people have, however, asked that in addition to +some representation in the united Parliament they shall +be granted a local Parliament for the management of +their own internal affairs. The fact that this demand, +which has an important imperial as well as local bearing, +has not yet been complied with has constantly been +used by the enemies of the Entente Powers to represent +as false and hypocritical the claims of those Powers to +be regarded as the champions of the rights of small +nationalities; and the case of Ireland has been compared +with that of Prussian Poland, as though the +peoples of these two countries were suffering the same +kind of oppression, the same injustice, the same denial +of the right of every man to live and prosper in his +own land on equal terms with his fellow-citizens in +every other part of the realm. +</p> + +<p> +The best answer to this charge is to tell plainly, +without contention or exaggeration, what the united +Parliament has done for Ireland since the beginning +of the period of reform nearly fifty years ago. That +is what is here attempted, so far as it can be done in a +few pages. It must be fully understood that on the +Home Rule question the present statement has no bearing +whatever. That difficult problem lies in an altogether +different sphere of politics, and must he judged +by considerations which cannot be touched on here. +Without, however, trenching in any degree on controversial +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +ground, it may be pointed out that the crucial +difficulty of the Home Rule question lies, and has always +lain, in the fact that in Ireland a substantial and +important minority amounting to about 25 per cent. of +the population, and differing from the rest of the +country in religion, national traditions, and economic +development, has hitherto been resolutely opposed to +passing from the immediate government of the imperial +Parliament to that of any other body. This minority +being, for the most part, grouped together in the North-east +counties, the late Government attempted to solve +the difficulty by offering immediate Home Rule to that +section of Ireland which desires it, while leaving the remainder +as it is until Parliament should otherwise decree. +This proposal was rejected by the general opinion +of Nationalist Ireland, which was firmly opposed to the +partition of the country for any indefinite period. The +question, therefore, remains for the present in suspense, +until a solution can be found which will not only ensure +the integrity and security of the Empire but reconcile +the conflicting desires and interests of Irishmen themselves. +</p> + + +<h2>Ireland Fifty Years Ago</h2> + +<p> +So much to clear the ground in regard to the Home +Rule controversy. I shall now ask the reader to glance +for a moment at the condition of Ireland fifty years +ago. At that time almost the whole agricultural population +were in the position of tenants-at-will, with no +security either against increased rents or arbitrary eviction. +The housing of the rural population, and especially +of the agricultural labourers, was wretched in +the extreme. Local taxation and administration were +wholly in the hands of Grand Juries, bodies appointed +by the Crown from among the country gentlemen in +each district. Irish Roman Catholics were without any +system of University education comparable to that which +Protestants had enjoyed for three hundred years in the +University of Dublin. A Church which, whatever its +historic claims may have been, numbered only about +12 per cent. of the population was established by law +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +and supported by tithes levied on the whole country. +Technical education was inaccessible to the great bulk +of the nation; and in no department of public education, +of any grade or by whomsoever administered, was +any attention paid to Irish history, the Irish language, +Irish literature, or any subject which might lead young +Irishmen to a better knowledge and understanding of +the special problems of their country and its special +claims to the love and respect of its children. +</p> + +<p> +That was the Ireland of fifty years ago. It is an +Ireland which at the present day lives only on the lips +of anti-British orators and journalists. It is an Ireland +as dead as the France of Louis XIV. Of the abuses and +disabilities just recounted not one survives to-day. The +measures by which they have been removed place to the +credit of the United Kingdom a record of reform the +details of which, for the benefit of friends or foes, may +be here very briefly set down. +</p> + +<h2>Religious Equality</h2> + +<p> +In 1869 the Protestant Episcopal Church was disestablished +and disendowed, and is now—many Churchmen +believe to its great spiritual advantage—on the +same level as regards its means of support as every +other denomination in Ireland. It may be mentioned +that the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland was long +in the enjoyment of a State subsidy for the education of +its clergy, a subsidy commuted in 1869 for a capital +sum of £370,000. +</p> + +<h2>Land Reform</h2> + +<p> +As comparisons have been drawn between the systems +of government in Ireland and in Poland, let +us consider for a moment the condition of the Polish +rural population under German rule. It must be noted +that the recent promises of Polish autonomy made by +Germany—obviously for military and temporary reasons—refer +only to those portions of Polish territory +held by other States. No change is to be made in the +position of Prussian Poland. Here, for many years, it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +has been, and still is, the avowed object of the Prussian +Government either to extirpate or forcibly Teutonise +this Slavonic population, and to replant the country +with German colonists. The German Chancellor in +1900, Prince von Bülow, defended this anti-Polish policy +in the cynical saying that "rabbits breed faster than +hares," and the meaner animal, the Pole, must therefore +be drastically kept down in favour of the German. Between +1886 and 1906 the Prussian Government was +spending over a million sterling a year in buying out +Polish landowners, great and small, and planting Germans +in their stead. The measure proved futile; the +"rabbits" still multiplied, for the Poles bought land +from German owners faster than the Government did +from them. In 1904, in order to check the development +of Polish agriculture and land-settlement, the Government +took the extreme step of forbidding Poles to build +new farmhouses without a licence. A still more oppressive +measure came in 1908, when, in clear defiance of +the German Constitution, the Prussian Government +actually took powers and were voted funds—from taxation +paid by Poles and Germans alike—for the compulsory +expropriation of Polish owners against whom +nothing whatever could be alleged except their non-German +nationality. These powers have been put into +operation, and every Pole in Prussia now holds his +patrimony on his own soil on the sufferance of a Government +which regards his very existence as a nuisance, +because he occupies a place which a German might otherwise +fill. +</p> + +<p> +During precisely the same period the British Government +in Ireland has been bending the wealth and +credit of the United Kingdom to objects precisely the +reverse. Ireland, owing to the wars and confiscations +of the seventeenth century, had come to have a land-owning +aristocracy mainly of English descent with a +Celtic peasantry holding their farms as yearly tenants. +The object of British land-legislation has been to expropriate +the landlords, so far as their tenanted land +is concerned, and to establish the Irish peasant, as absolute +owner of the land he tills. The Irish tenant is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +now subject only to rents fixed by law; he can at any +time sell the interest in his farm, which he has, therefore, +a direct interest in improving; he is also assisted +by a great scheme of land-purchase to become owner of +his land on paying the price by terminable instalments, +which are usually some 20 per cent. less than the amount +he formerly paid as rent. Under this scheme about two-thirds +of the Irish tenantry have already become owners +of their farms, while the remainder enjoy a tenure +which is almost as easy and secure as ownership itself. +It is not surprising, then, that a German economist who +has made a special study of this subject should declare +that "the Irish tenants have had conditions assured to +them more favourable than any other tenantry in the +world enjoy"; adding the dry comment that in Ireland +the "magic of property" appears to consist in the fact +that it is cheaper to acquire it than not.<a name="FNanchor_5_1" id="FNanchor_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_1" class="fnanchor">[*]</a> That magic +has been worked for Ireland by the British Legislature +and by British credit. As in Prussia, compulsory powers +(limited by certain conditions and to certain districts) +stand behind the schemes of the Government; but the +compulsion is exercised not against the Irishman in +favour of the English settler, but against the (usually) +English landlord in favour of the Irish tenant. The +State is now pledged to about £130,000,000 for the +furtherance of this scheme, the instalments and sinking +fund to the amount of about £5,000,000 a year being +paid with exemplary regularity by the farmers who have +taken advantage of it. +</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="ft">FOOTNOTES:</p> +<div class="footnote"> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_5_1" id="Footnote_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_1"> +<span class="label">[*]</span></a> +Professor M. Bonn, of Munich University. "Modern Ireland +and her Agrarian Problem," pp. 151, 162, translated from "Die +irische Agrarfrage." <i>Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft</i>; Mohr, Tübingen. +</p> +</div></div> + + +<h2>The Congested Districts Board</h2> + +<p> +In the poorer and more backward regions of the +West it has been felt that the above measures are not +enough, and a special agency has been constituted with +very wide powers to help the Western farmer, and not +only the farmer, but the fisherman, the weaver, or anyone +pursuing a productive occupation there, to make +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +the most of his resources and to develop his industry in +the best possible way. This Board commands a statutory +endowment of £231,000 a year. A system of light railways +which now covers these remote districts has given +new and valuable facilities for the marketing of fish +and every kind of produce. +</p> + +<p> +The various Boards and other agencies by which +these measures are carried into execution are manned +almost exclusively by Irishmen. +</p> + +<h2>The Agricultural Labourer</h2> + +<p> +There is a world of difference between the present +lot of the Irish agricultural labourer and his condition +in 1883, when reform in this department was first +taken in hand. Cottages can now be provided by the +Rural District Councils and let at nominal rents. +Nearly nine millions sterling have been voted for this +purpose at low interest, with sinking fund, and up to +the present date 47,000 cottages have been built, each +with its plot of land, while several thousand more are +sanctioned. +</p> + +<p> +Of the results of the Labourers' Act a recent observer +writes: +</p> + +<blockquote> + "The Irish agricultural labourer can now obtain a + cottage with three rooms, a piggery, and garden allotment + of an acre or half an acre, and for this he is + charged a rent of one to two shillings a week ... + These cottages by the wayside give a hopeful aspect + to the country ... flowers are before the doors of + the new cottages and creepers upon the walls. The + labourer can keep pigs, poultry, and a goat, and grow + his potatoes and vegetables in his garden allotment."<a name="FNanchor_6_1" id="FNanchor_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_1" class="fnanchor">[*]</a> +</blockquote> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="ft">FOOTNOTES:</p> +<div class="footnote"> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_6_1" id="Footnote_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_1"> +<span class="label">[*]</span></a> +Padraic Colum: "My Irish Year," pp. 18, 19. +</p> +</div></div> + + + +<h2>Local Government</h2> + +<p> +In 1898 a Local Government Bill was passed for Ireland +which placed the administration of the poor law +and other local affairs for rural districts on the same +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +footing as in England. The rule of the Grand Juries, +which had lasted for two and a half centuries, and +which had, on the whole, carried on local affairs with +credit and success, was now entirely swept away, and +elected bodies were placed in full control of local taxation, +administration, and patronage. In the case of the +larger towns free municipal institutions had already +existed for some sixty years. In these the franchise +was now reduced, and is wide enough both in town and +country to admit every class of the population. Since +1899 the new elective bodies have had important duties +to fulfil in regard to the development of agriculture +and technical instruction. +</p> + +<h2>The Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction</h2> + +<p> +This new Irish Department of State grew out of a +demand formulated after long inquiry and discussion +by a voluntary Irish committee representing both Unionist +and Nationalist opinion. It was established in 1899, +and now commands the large endowment of £197,000 a +year, with a capital sum of over £200,000. The annual +endowment is clear of all charges for offices and staff, +which are on the Civil Service Estimates. Its head +is a Minister responsible to Parliament, but associated +with him are Boards of Agriculture and Technical +Instruction, two-thirds of which are elected respectively by +County and Borough Councils. Without their concurrence +no expenditure can be undertaken, and local work +is largely carried on through committees appointed by +these Councils. The people at large are therefore intimately +and responsibly associated with the work of the +Department, the annual meetings of which form a kind +of industrial Parliament, where the whole economic organisation +of Ireland can be reviewed, debated, and developed. +The Department works by teaching, by inquiry, +by experiment, and has an immense field of +activity in dealing with cattle diseases, the improvement +of stock, the control of creameries, the marketing +of produce, etc. It has also brought facilities for technical +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +instruction into every important centre of population. +</p> + +<h2>University Education</h2> + +<p> +This important question was settled in 1908 by the +foundation of a new University, the "National University," +with its central authority in Dublin and colleges +in Dublin (the old Catholic University of which +Cardinal Newman was rector), in Cork, and in Galway. +The University is open to all creeds, and may not +impose religious tests upon its students, but its government +is mainly in the hands of the Roman Catholic +hierarchy, and it is accepted as a fair settlement of the +question of Catholic higher education in Ireland. In +the management of its internal affairs, the appointment +of professors, the selection of textbooks, etc., the +National University is wholly autonomous and free from +Government interference. One of its most remarkable +features is that the Irish language has been made an +obligatory subject for matriculation. The endowment +of the University, with its constituent colleges, amounts +to £74,000 a year, and it was voted a capital sum for +building and equipment of £170,000. It need hardly be +said that no parallel to this institution exists in Prussian +Poland. +</p> + + +<h2>Language and Native Culture</h2> + +<p> +In this as in other respects a comparison with the +theory and practice of German administration may help +to place the policy of the United Kingdom in its proper +light. When at the Congress of Vienna, 1815, Prussia +definitely acquired her present share of Polish territory, +King Friedrich Wilhelm III promised for himself and +his successors, "on my kingly word," that the Poles +should have religious freedom, the use of the Polish +language in administration, in the Law Courts and in +the schools, and be in all respects on an equality with +their German fellow-citizens. We have already seen +how these promises were kept in regard to the vital +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +question of the ownership of land. They have been no +less flagrantly broken in regard to the national language. +The use of Polish is strictly prohibited at all public +meetings. No Polish deputy to the Reichstag may address +his constituents in the only language they understand. +Since 1873 German alone may be taught in the +national schools. The language of instruction must +be German wherever half the pupils are capable of +understanding it, and after 1928 it is decreed that no other +language must be heard in the schoolroom. A decree +of 1899 forbids teachers to use Polish even in their +own family circles. Anyone who is caught teaching +Polish, even gratuitously, is punished by fine or +imprisonment. Polish literature found in the houses of +private persons is confiscated, and its possessors +imprisoned, if the police consider it to bear the least trace +of any propagandist character.<a name="FNanchor_9_1" id="FNanchor_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_1" class="fnanchor">[*]</a> +</p> + +<p> +All this, it will be seen, is merely the drastic execution +tion of the policy laid down by Treitschke, the prophet +of modern Germany, and more recently urged by the +most popular living representative of Prussian ideals, +H. S. Chamberlain. +</p> + +<blockquote> +"There is," writes Chamberlain, "no task before +us so important as that of forcing the German +language on the world <i>(die deutsche Sprache der +Welt aufzuzwingen.)</i>" The German has "a twofold +duty" laid on him: "never must a German abandon +his own speech, neither he nor his children's children; +and in every place, at every time, he must remember +to compel others to use it until it has triumphed +everywhere as the German Army has done in war. +... So far as the German Empire extends, the +clergy must preach in German alone, in German alone +the teacher must give his lessons ... Mankind must +be made to understand that anyone who cannot speak +German is a pariah." <a name="FNanchor_9_2" id="FNanchor_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_2" class="fnanchor">[†]</a> +</blockquote> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="ft">FOOTNOTES:</p> +<div class="footnote"> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_9_1" id="Footnote_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_1"> +<span class="label">[*]</span></a> +"The Evolution of Modern Germany," by W. H. Dawson, +brings together in its twenty-third chapter most of the facts relating +to this question. See especially a letter from a prominent +member of the Polish aristocracy quoted on p. 475. +</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_9_2" id="Footnote_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_2"> +<span class="label">[†]</span></a> +"Kriegsaufsätze," 1914. +</p> +</div></div> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +Such are the ideals and such the practice of the people +whom Roger Casement and one or two other enthusiasts +for Gaelic culture in Ireland have sought to +make the dominant power in that country, because it +will rid them of "English" rule. +</p> + +<p> +Let us now see what "English" rule (it is not really +English at all, but the rule of the United Kingdom) +is actually like in regard to this particular subject. Up +to the decade 1830-40 it may be said that the Irish +language was spoken by fully half the population of +Ireland. No restrictive measures were in force against +it. But during that decade a general system of elementary +education was introduced, and in the Board Schools +the language withered away with astonishing rapidity. +At the last census (1911) only 16,000 persons were recorded +as speaking Irish alone, while the number of +those who knew anything of the language was only +about 13 per cent. of the population. Whether this +change was a blessing or a bane to Ireland is a subject +which is outside the range of this discussion, but whatever +it was the Irish people themselves had a full share +of responsibility for the result. With scarcely an +exception, the abandonment of Irish was approved by the +clergy, the political leaders, and the masses of the people +"The killing of the language," writes Dr. Douglas +Hyde, "took place under the eye of O'Connell and the +Parliamentarians, and, of course, under the eye and +with the sanction of the Catholic priesthood and prelates +... From a complexity of causes which I am +afraid to explain, the men who for the last sixty years +have had the ear of the Irish race have persistently +shown the cold shoulder to everything that was Irish +and racial."<a name="FNanchor_10_1" id="FNanchor_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_1" class="fnanchor">[*]</a> Their attitude is easily understood. +Irish had long ceased to be used for literary purposes. +No Irish newspapers, no Irish books were printed; +English was regarded as the only available key to the +world of modern culture, and Ireland became an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +English-speaking country without a struggle and almost +without a regret. +</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="ft">FOOTNOTES:</p> +<div class="footnote"> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_10_1" id="Footnote_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_1"> +<span class="label">[*]</span></a> +"Beside the Fire," pp. xliii, xliv (1890). Dr. Hyde was the +first president of the Gaelic League, and is now Professor of Modern +Irish in the National University. +</p> +</div></div> + +<p> +In the early 'nineties, however, a popular movement +took shape for the rescue of what still remained of the +language and for its restoration, so far as was practically +possible. Classes for the study of Irish were +formed all over the country, folk-tales were collected, +MSS. of half-forgotten poets were disinterred and +edited, the first scholarly and adequate dictionary of +modern Irish was compiled,<a name="FNanchor_11_1" id="FNanchor_11_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_1" class="fnanchor">[*]</a> and plays, poems, and +stories began to be written in the re-discovered language. +These activities were mostly organised and directed by +the Gaelic League, a body founded in 1893. One can +easily imagine how a Prussian Government would have +dealt with such a movement, especially as a certain +disaffected element in the country immediately began to +make use of it for its own ends. The British Government +looked on not only calmly but approvingly. +When a general demand arose for the effective teaching +of Irish in the elementary schools—though at this +time only about 21,000 old people were recorded in the +census as ignorant of English—it was at once agreed +to. Irish had been permitted and paid for, though not +markedly encouraged, since 1879. It was now placed on +a list of subjects which might be taught in school hours, +and extra fees were allotted for teaching it at the rate +of ten shillings per pupil—twice the amount allowed for +French, Latin, or music. Grants are also made to certain +colleges where teachers of the language can be +trained. All this began in 1901, and since that time +over £12,000 a year has been paid for Irish teaching +directly from Imperial funds—about twice the amount +collected in the same period by voluntary contributions +from Ireland and the rest of the world. Nor is this the +limit of the grant; it is limited only by the willingness +of school managers and parents to make use of it. Indirectly, +the State is paying much more, for the various +professorships and lectureships in Irish subjects—language +history, archaeology, and economies—established +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +under the National University account for well over +£3,500 a year. Taking the direct expenditure on elementary +education alone, the State has paid for Irish +teaching since 1879 a sum of no less than £209,000. It +may therefore be claimed that in cultivating her ancient +language and native traditions, Ireland enjoys the fairest +and most liberal treatment ever accorded to a small +nationality incorporated in a great Empire. +</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="ft">FOOTNOTES:</p> +<div class="footnote"> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_11_1" id="Footnote_11_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_1"> +<span class="label">[*]</span></a> +By the Rev. P. S. Dineen; published by the Irish Tests Society. +</p> +</div></div> + + +<h2>Reforms and Their Results</h2> + +<p> +On the reforms which have been thus briefly sketched, +one or two general remarks may be in place. +</p> + +<p> +It has sometimes been contended that except by violence, +or the menace of violence, Ireland has never obtained +anything from the English Legislature. It would +be truer to say that she has never obtained anything at +all. England is not a sovereign Power, and does not +administer Irish affairs, nor even her own. What has +been gained has been gained from the Legislature of +the United Kingdom, in which Irishmen, like every other +race inhabiting that kingdom, have had their full share +of representation and of influence. And if in Ireland, +as in other countries, the necessity of reform has sometimes +been made evident by disorder, it is wholly untrue +to say that this has been always or even usually the case. +Land-reform in its earliest stages, like trade unionism +in England, was accompanied by disorder. But the +greatest measure of Irish land-reform—the Wyndham +Act of 1903—was worked out on Irish soil by peaceable +discussion among the parties concerned, and Parliament +acted at once upon their joint demand. It was in precisely +the same way that the Department of Agriculture +came into being; nor did the great measures of Local +Government, of University education for Catholics, of +the Labourers' Acts, or the recognition extended to the +Gaelic movement, owe their origin to any other cause +than the wholesome influences of reason and goodwill. +</p> + +<p> +The internal condition of Ireland already shows a +marked response to the altered state of things. It is +visible, as many travellers have noticed, in the face of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +the country; it is proved by official records and statistics. +Emigration has declined to its lowest point; education +has spread amongst the people. Irish emigrants, +when they do leave their own shores, take higher positions +than ever before. A population of some four millions, +largely composed of small farmers, has lent forty-seven +millions sterling to the Government; and, what is +still more significant, the deposits in Post Office Savings +Banks have risen from six millions in 1896 to over thirteen +millions the year before the war. The new War +Loan is reported to have had an extraordinary success +in Ireland. On the last day of subscription a single +Dublin bank took in one million sterling.<a name="FNanchor_13_1" id="FNanchor_13_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_1" class="fnanchor">[*]</a> With some +self-appointed champions of Ireland abuse of the British +Empire is a very popular amusement, but the Irish +farmer and the Irish trader put their money in it, and +with it they stand to win or lose. +</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="ft">FOOTNOTES:</p> +<div class="footnote"> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_13_1" id="Footnote_13_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_1"> +<span class="label">[*]</span></a> +The Times, Feb. 17, 1917. +</p> +</div></div> + +<p> +Irish agriculture, partly owing to climatic conditions +and partly to the fact that Ireland has a monopoly of +the export of live cattle to England, has developed +hitherto rather in the direction of cattle-raising than +of tillage; and cattle have increased since 1851 from +three million to over five million head, and sheep from +two millions to three million six hundred thousand. +Poultry have nearly quadrupled in the same period. +The gross railway receipts—another significant symptom +—were £2,750,000 in 1886. In 1915 they had risen +to £4,831,000. The co-operative agricultural associations, +in which Ireland has shown the way to the English-speaking +world, now number about 1,000, and do a +trade of well over five millions a year. The thousands +of labourers' cottages which have sprung up, each with +its plot of land, have been to the Irish labourers what +the Land Acts have been to the farmer—they have completely +transformed his economic status in the country. +</p> + +<p> +Accompanying these symptoms of material progress, +we have witnessed in recent years a striking outburst of +intellectual activity. Irish literature, in poetry and +drama, has attracted the attention of the whole world of +culture, and exact and scholarly research in history +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +and archæology have flourished and found audiences +as they were never known to do in Ireland till now. +This has not been the work of any one section of the +people, either in creed or in politics; but the whole +movement has been inspired by an Irish patriotism +which no sane person regards as conflicting in any degree +with allegiance to the Empire under the shelter of +which it has grown and prospered. +</p> + +<p> +The circumstances above set forth do not pretend to +be the whole story about modern Ireland, nor do they +show that the millennium has arrived in that country. +Apart from Home Rule, which is outside our present +field, much still remains to be done—there is elementary +education to be advanced, commercial facilities to be +developed, land-purchase to be completed. But it is +contended that the real facts about Ireland are wholly +and absurdly inconsistent with the picture of that country +which the friends of Germany circulate so industriously +at the present time. Ireland is not an oppressed +and plundered nation, ground under the heel of +a foreign Power, and with her individual life deliberately +stifled like that of Poland in the German Empire. +Only through ignorance or malice could such an illusion +gain currency, and it needs only the touch of reality—reality +which every one can easily see or verify for +himself—to dispel it for ever from the mind of every candid +inquirer. +</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Ireland and Poland, by Thomas William Rolleston + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRELAND AND POLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 27057-h.htm or 27057-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/0/5/27057/ + +Produced by Jimmy O'Regan (This file was produced from +images generously made available by The Library of the +University of California, Los Angeles/The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Ireland and Poland + A Comparison + +Author: Thomas William Rolleston + +Release Date: October 26, 2008 [EBook #27057] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRELAND AND POLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Jimmy O'Regan (This file was produced from +images generously made available by The Library of the +University of California, Los Angeles/The Internet Archive) + + + + + +IRELAND AND POLAND + +A COMPARISON + +BY + +T. W. ROLLESTON + +FIRST HON. SECRETARY OF THE IRISH LITERARY SOCIETY, LONDON; LATE +ASSISTANT EDITOR OF THE "NEW IRISH LIBRARY," AND CO-EDITOR OF "A +TREASURY OF IRISH POETRY"; AUTHOR OF "MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE CELTIC +RACE," ETC. + + +NEW YORK +GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY +Publishers in America for Hodder & Stoughton +MCMXVII + + +IRELAND AND POLAND + +The United Kingdom is composed of four distinct nationalities. Each of +these has retained its own distinct character, its own national history, +its own patriotism and self-respect. Their affairs, great and small, +general or local, are administered by one Parliament in which each is +fully represented. A large majority of the Irish people have, however, +asked that in addition to some representation in the united Parliament +they shall be granted a local Parliament for the management of their own +internal affairs. The fact that this demand, which has an important +imperial as well as local bearing, has not yet been complied with has +constantly been used by the enemies of the Entente Powers to represent +as false and hypocritical the claims of those Powers to be regarded as +the champions of the rights of small nationalities; and the case of +Ireland has been compared with that of Prussian Poland, as though the +peoples of these two countries were suffering the same kind of +oppression, the same injustice, the same denial of the right of every +man to live and prosper in his own land on equal terms with his +fellow-citizens in every other part of the realm. + +The best answer to this charge is to tell plainly, without contention or +exaggeration, what the united Parliament has done for Ireland since the +beginning of the period of reform nearly fifty years ago. That is what +is here attempted, so far as it can be done in a few pages. It must be +fully understood that on the Home Rule question the present statement +has no bearing whatever. That difficult problem lies in an altogether +different sphere of politics, and must he judged by considerations which +cannot be touched on here. Without, however, trenching in any degree on +controversial ground, it may be pointed out that the crucial difficulty +of the Home Rule question lies, and has always lain, in the fact that in +Ireland a substantial and important minority amounting to about 25 per +cent. of the population, and differing from the rest of the country in +religion, national traditions, and economic development, has hitherto +been resolutely opposed to passing from the immediate government of the +imperial Parliament to that of any other body. This minority being, for +the most part, grouped together in the North-east counties, the late +Government attempted to solve the difficulty by offering immediate Home +Rule to that section of Ireland which desires it, while leaving the +remainder as it is until Parliament should otherwise decree. This +proposal was rejected by the general opinion of Nationalist Ireland, +which was firmly opposed to the partition of the country for any +indefinite period. The question, therefore, remains for the present in +suspense, until a solution can be found which will not only ensure the +integrity and security of the Empire but reconcile the conflicting +desires and interests of Irishmen themselves. + + +Ireland Fifty Years Ago + +So much to clear the ground in regard to the Home Rule controversy. I +shall now ask the reader to glance for a moment at the condition of +Ireland fifty years ago. At that time almost the whole agricultural +population were in the position of tenants-at-will, with no security +either against increased rents or arbitrary eviction. The housing of the +rural population, and especially of the agricultural labourers, was +wretched in the extreme. Local taxation and administration were wholly +in the hands of Grand Juries, bodies appointed by the Crown from among +the country gentlemen in each district. Irish Roman Catholics were +without any system of University education comparable to that which +Protestants had enjoyed for three hundred years in the University of +Dublin. A Church which, whatever its historic claims may have been, +numbered only about 12 per cent. of the population was established by +law and supported by tithes levied on the whole country. Technical +education was inaccessible to the great bulk of the nation; and in no +department of public education, of any grade or by whomsoever +administered, was any attention paid to Irish history, the Irish +language, Irish literature, or any subject which might lead young +Irishmen to a better knowledge and understanding of the special problems +of their country and its special claims to the love and respect of its +children. + +That was the Ireland of fifty years ago. It is an Ireland which at the +present day lives only on the lips of anti-British orators and +journalists. It is an Ireland as dead as the France of Louis XIV. Of the +abuses and disabilities just recounted not one survives to-day. The +measures by which they have been removed place to the credit of the +United Kingdom a record of reform the details of which, for the benefit +of friends or foes, may be here very briefly set down. + + +Religious Equality + +In 1869 the Protestant Episcopal Church was disestablished and +disendowed, and is now--many Churchmen believe to its great spiritual +advantage--on the same level as regards its means of support as every +other denomination in Ireland. It may be mentioned that the Roman +Catholic Church in Ireland was long in the enjoyment of a State subsidy +for the education of its clergy, a subsidy commuted in 1869 for a +capital sum of 370,000 pounds. + + +Land Reform + +As comparisons have been drawn between the systems of government in +Ireland and in Poland, let us consider for a moment the condition of the +Polish rural population under German rule. It must be noted that the +recent promises of Polish autonomy made by Germany--obviously for +military and temporary reasons--refer only to those portions of Polish +territory held by other States. No change is to be made in the position +of Prussian Poland. Here, for many years, it has been, and still is, the +avowed object of the Prussian Government either to extirpate or forcibly +Teutonise this Slavonic population, and to replant the country with +German colonists. The German Chancellor in 1900, Prince von Buelow, +defended this anti-Polish policy in the cynical saying that "rabbits +breed faster than hares," and the meaner animal, the Pole, must +therefore be drastically kept down in favour of the German. Between 1886 +and 1906 the Prussian Government was spending over a million sterling a +year in buying out Polish landowners, great and small, and planting +Germans in their stead. The measure proved futile; the "rabbits" still +multiplied, for the Poles bought land from German owners faster than the +Government did from them. In 1904, in order to check the development of +Polish agriculture and land-settlement, the Government took the extreme +step of forbidding Poles to build new farmhouses without a licence. A +still more oppressive measure came in 1908, when, in clear defiance of +the German Constitution, the Prussian Government actually took powers +and were voted funds--from taxation paid by Poles and Germans alike--for +the compulsory expropriation of Polish owners against whom nothing +whatever could be alleged except their non-German nationality. These +powers have been put into operation, and every Pole in Prussia now holds +his patrimony on his own soil on the sufferance of a Government which +regards his very existence as a nuisance, because he occupies a place +which a German might otherwise fill. + +During precisely the same period the British Government in Ireland has +been bending the wealth and credit of the United Kingdom to objects +precisely the reverse. Ireland, owing to the wars and confiscations of +the seventeenth century, had come to have a land-owning aristocracy +mainly of English descent with a Celtic peasantry holding their farms as +yearly tenants. The object of British land-legislation has been to +expropriate the landlords, so far as their tenanted land is concerned, +and to establish the Irish peasant, as absolute owner of the land he +tills. The Irish tenant is now subject only to rents fixed by law; he +can at any time sell the interest in his farm, which he has, therefore, +a direct interest in improving; he is also assisted by a great scheme of +land-purchase to become owner of his land on paying the price by +terminable instalments, which are usually some 20 per cent. less than +the amount he formerly paid as rent. Under this scheme about two-thirds +of the Irish tenantry have already become owners of their farms, while +the remainder enjoy a tenure which is almost as easy and secure as +ownership itself. It is not surprising, then, that a German economist +who has made a special study of this subject should declare that "the +Irish tenants have had conditions assured to them more favourable than +any other tenantry in the world enjoy"; adding the dry comment that in +Ireland the "magic of property" appears to consist in the fact that it +is cheaper to acquire it than not.[*] That magic has been worked for +Ireland by the British Legislature and by British credit. As in Prussia, +compulsory powers (limited by certain conditions and to certain +districts) stand behind the schemes of the Government; but the +compulsion is exercised not against the Irishman in favour of the +English settler, but against the (usually) English landlord in favour of +the Irish tenant. The State is now pledged to about 130,000,000 pounds +for the furtherance of this scheme, the instalments and sinking fund to +the amount of about 5,000,000 pounds a year being paid with exemplary +regularity by the farmers who have taken advantage of it. + +[Footnote *: Professor M. Bonn, of Munich University. "Modern Ireland +and her Agrarian Problem," pp. 151, 162, translated from "Die irische +Agrarfrage." _Archiv fuer Sozialwissenschaft_; Mohr, Tuebingen.] + + +The Congested Districts Board + +In the poorer and more backward regions of the West it has been felt +that the above measures are not enough, and a special agency has been +constituted with very wide powers to help the Western farmer, and not +only the farmer, but the fisherman, the weaver, or anyone pursuing a +productive occupation there, to make the most of his resources and to +develop his industry in the best possible way. This Board commands a +statutory endowment of 231,000 pounds a year. A system of light railways +which now covers these remote districts has given new and valuable +facilities for the marketing of fish and every kind of produce. + +The various Boards and other agencies by which these measures are +carried into execution are manned almost exclusively by Irishmen. + + +The Agricultural Labourer + +There is a world of difference between the present lot of the Irish +agricultural labourer and his condition in 1883, when reform in this +department was first taken in hand. Cottages can now be provided by the +Rural District Councils and let at nominal rents. Nearly nine millions +sterling have been voted for this purpose at low interest, with sinking +fund, and up to the present date 47,000 cottages have been built, each +with its plot of land, while several thousand more are sanctioned. + +Of the results of the Labourers' Act a recent observer writes: + + "The Irish agricultural labourer can now obtain a cottage with three + rooms, a piggery, and garden allotment of an acre or half an acre, + and for this he is charged a rent of one to two shillings a week ... + These cottages by the wayside give a hopeful aspect to the country + ... flowers are before the doors of the new cottages and creepers + upon the walls. The labourer can keep pigs, poultry, and a goat, and + grow his potatoes and vegetables in his garden allotment."[*] + +[Footnote *: Padraic Colum: "My Irish Year," pp. 18, 19.] + + +Local Government + +In 1898 a Local Government Bill was passed for Ireland which placed the +administration of the poor law and other local affairs for rural +districts on the same footing as in England. The rule of the Grand +Juries, which had lasted for two and a half centuries, and which had, on +the whole, carried on local affairs with credit and success, was now +entirely swept away, and elected bodies were placed in full control of +local taxation, administration, and patronage. In the case of the larger +towns free municipal institutions had already existed for some sixty +years. In these the franchise was now reduced, and is wide enough both +in town and country to admit every class of the population. Since 1899 +the new elective bodies have had important duties to fulfil in regard to +the development of agriculture and technical instruction. + + +The Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction + +This new Irish Department of State grew out of a demand formulated after +long inquiry and discussion by a voluntary Irish committee representing +both Unionist and Nationalist opinion. It was established in 1899, and +now commands the large endowment of 197,000 pounds a year, with a +capital sum of over 200,000 pounds. The annual endowment is clear of all +charges for offices and staff, which are on the Civil Service Estimates. +Its head is a Minister responsible to Parliament, but associated with +him are Boards of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, two-thirds of +which are elected respectively by County and Borough Councils. Without +their concurrence no expenditure can be undertaken, and local work is +largely carried on through committees appointed by these Councils. The +people at large are therefore intimately and responsibly associated with +the work of the Department, the annual meetings of which form a kind of +industrial Parliament, where the whole economic organisation of Ireland +can be reviewed, debated, and developed. The Department works by +teaching, by inquiry, by experiment, and has an immense field of +activity in dealing with cattle diseases, the improvement of stock, the +control of creameries, the marketing of produce, etc. It has also +brought facilities for technical instruction into every important centre +of population. + + +University Education + +This important question was settled in 1908 by the foundation of a new +University, the "National University," with its central authority in +Dublin and colleges in Dublin (the old Catholic University of which +Cardinal Newman was rector), in Cork, and in Galway. The University is +open to all creeds, and may not impose religious tests upon its +students, but its government is mainly in the hands of the Roman +Catholic hierarchy, and it is accepted as a fair settlement of the +question of Catholic higher education in Ireland. In the management of +its internal affairs, the appointment of professors, the selection of +textbooks, etc., the National University is wholly autonomous and free +from Government interference. One of its most remarkable features is +that the Irish language has been made an obligatory subject for +matriculation. The endowment of the University, with its constituent +colleges, amounts to 74,000 pounds a year, and it was voted a capital +sum for building and equipment of 170,000 pounds. It need hardly be said +that no parallel to this institution exists in Prussian Poland. + + +Language and Native Culture + +In this as in other respects a comparison with the theory and practice +of German administration may help to place the policy of the United +Kingdom in its proper light. When at the Congress of Vienna, 1815, +Prussia definitely acquired her present share of Polish territory, King +Friedrich Wilhelm III promised for himself and his successors, "on my +kingly word," that the Poles should have religious freedom, the use of +the Polish language in administration, in the Law Courts and in the +schools, and be in all respects on an equality with their German +fellow-citizens. We have already seen how these promises were kept in +regard to the vital question of the ownership of land. They have been no +less flagrantly broken in regard to the national language. The use of +Polish is strictly prohibited at all public meetings. No Polish deputy +to the Reichstag may address his constituents in the only language they +understand. Since 1873 German alone may be taught in the national +schools. The language of instruction must be German wherever half the +pupils are capable of understanding it, and after 1928 it is decreed +that no other language must be heard in the schoolroom. A decree of 1899 +forbids teachers to use Polish even in their own family circles. Anyone +who is caught teaching Polish, even gratuitously, is punished by fine or +imprisonment. Polish literature found in the houses of private persons +is confiscated, and its possessors imprisoned, if the police consider it +to bear the least trace of any propagandist character.[*] + +[Footnote *: "The Evolution of Modern Germany," by W. H. Dawson, brings +together in its twenty-third chapter most of the facts relating to this +question. See especially a letter from a prominent member of the Polish +aristocracy quoted on p. 475.] + +All this, it will be seen, is merely the drastic execution tion of the +policy laid down by Treitschke, the prophet of modern Germany, and more +recently urged by the most popular living representative of Prussian +ideals, H. S. Chamberlain. + + "There is," writes Chamberlain, "no task before us so important as + that of forcing the German language on the world (_die deutsche + Sprache der Welt aufzuzwingen_.)" The German has "a twofold duty" + laid on him: "never must a German abandon his own speech, neither he + nor his children's children; and in every place, at every time, he + must remember to compel others to use it until it has triumphed + everywhere as the German Army has done in war. ... So far as the + German Empire extends, the clergy must preach in German alone, in + German alone the teacher must give his lessons ... Mankind must be + made to understand that anyone who cannot speak German is a + pariah."[*] + +[Footnote *: "Kriegsaufsaetze," 1914.] + +Such are the ideals and such the practice of the people whom Roger +Casement and one or two other enthusiasts for Gaelic culture in Ireland +have sought to make the dominant power in that country, because it will +rid them of "English" rule. + +Let us now see what "English" rule (it is not really English at all, but +the rule of the United Kingdom) is actually like in regard to this +particular subject. Up to the decade 1830-40 it may be said that the +Irish language was spoken by fully half the population of Ireland. No +restrictive measures were in force against it. But during that decade a +general system of elementary education was introduced, and in the Board +Schools the language withered away with astonishing rapidity. At the +last census (1911) only 16,000 persons were recorded as speaking Irish +alone, while the number of those who knew anything of the language was +only about 13 per cent. of the population. Whether this change was a +blessing or a bane to Ireland is a subject which is outside the range of +this discussion, but whatever it was the Irish people themselves had a +full share of responsibility for the result. With scarcely an exception, +the abandonment of Irish was approved by the clergy, the political +leaders, and the masses of the people "The killing of the language," +writes Dr. Douglas Hyde, "took place under the eye of O'Connell and the +Parliamentarians, and, of course, under the eye and with the sanction of +the Catholic priesthood and prelates ... From a complexity of causes +which I am afraid to explain, the men who for the last sixty years have +had the ear of the Irish race have persistently shown the cold shoulder +to everything that was Irish and racial."[*] Their attitude is easily +understood. Irish had long ceased to be used for literary purposes. No +Irish newspapers, no Irish books were printed; English was regarded as +the only available key to the world of modern culture, and Ireland +became an English-speaking country without a struggle and almost without +a regret. + +[Footnote *: "Beside the Fire," pp. xliii, xliv (1890). Dr. Hyde was the +first president of the Gaelic League, and is now Professor of Modern +Irish in the National University.] + +In the early 'nineties, however, a popular movement took shape for the +rescue of what still remained of the language and for its restoration, +so far as was practically possible. Classes for the study of Irish were +formed all over the country, folk-tales were collected, MSS. of +half-forgotten poets were disinterred and edited, the first scholarly +and adequate dictionary of modern Irish was compiled,[*] and plays, +poems, and stories began to be written in the re-discovered language. +These activities were mostly organised and directed by the Gaelic +League, a body founded in 1893. One can easily imagine how a Prussian +Government would have dealt with such a movement, especially as a +certain disaffected element in the country immediately began to make use +of it for its own ends. The British Government looked on not only calmly +but approvingly. When a general demand arose for the effective teaching +of Irish in the elementary schools--though at this time only about +21,000 old people were recorded in the census as ignorant of English--it +was at once agreed to. Irish had been permitted and paid for, though not +markedly encouraged, since 1879. It was now placed on a list of subjects +which might be taught in school hours, and extra fees were allotted for +teaching it at the rate of ten shillings per pupil--twice the amount +allowed for French, Latin, or music. Grants are also made to certain +colleges where teachers of the language can be trained. All this began +in 1901, and since that time over 12,000 pounds a year has been paid for +Irish teaching directly from Imperial funds--about twice the amount +collected in the same period by voluntary contributions from Ireland and +the rest of the world. Nor is this the limit of the grant; it is limited +only by the willingness of school managers and parents to make use of +it. Indirectly, the State is paying much more, for the various +professorships and lectureships in Irish subjects--language history, +archaeology, and economies--established under the National University +account for well over 3,500 pounds a year. Taking the direct expenditure +on elementary education alone, the State has paid for Irish teaching +since 1879 a sum of no less than 209,000 pounds. It may therefore be +claimed that in cultivating her ancient language and native traditions, +Ireland enjoys the fairest and most liberal treatment ever accorded to a +small nationality incorporated in a great Empire. + +[Footnote *: By the Rev. P. S. Dineen; published by the Irish Tests +Society.] + + +Reforms and Their Results + +On the reforms which have been thus briefly sketched, one or two general +remarks may be in place. + +It has sometimes been contended that except by violence, or the menace +of violence, Ireland has never obtained anything from the English +Legislature. It would be truer to say that she has never obtained +anything at all. England is not a sovereign Power, and does not +administer Irish affairs, nor even her own. What has been gained has +been gained from the Legislature of the United Kingdom, in which +Irishmen, like every other race inhabiting that kingdom, have had their +full share of representation and of influence. And if in Ireland, as in +other countries, the necessity of reform has sometimes been made evident +by disorder, it is wholly untrue to say that this has been always or +even usually the case. Land-reform in its earliest stages, like trade +unionism in England, was accompanied by disorder. But the greatest +measure of Irish land-reform--the Wyndham Act of 1903--was worked out on +Irish soil by peaceable discussion among the parties concerned, and +Parliament acted at once upon their joint demand. It was in precisely +the same way that the Department of Agriculture came into being; nor did +the great measures of Local Government, of University education for +Catholics, of the Labourers' Acts, or the recognition extended to the +Gaelic movement, owe their origin to any other cause than the wholesome +influences of reason and goodwill. + +The internal condition of Ireland already shows a marked response to the +altered state of things. It is visible, as many travellers have noticed, +in the face of the country; it is proved by official records and +statistics. Emigration has declined to its lowest point; education has +spread amongst the people. Irish emigrants, when they do leave their own +shores, take higher positions than ever before. A population of some +four millions, largely composed of small farmers, has lent forty-seven +millions sterling to the Government; and, what is still more +significant, the deposits in Post Office Savings Banks have risen from +six millions in 1896 to over thirteen millions the year before the war. +The new War Loan is reported to have had an extraordinary success in +Ireland. On the last day of subscription a single Dublin bank took in +one million sterling.[*] With some self-appointed champions of Ireland +abuse of the British Empire is a very popular amusement, but the Irish +farmer and the Irish trader put their money in it, and with it they +stand to win or lose. + +[Footnote *: The Times, Feb. 17, 1917.] + +Irish agriculture, partly owing to climatic conditions and partly to the +fact that Ireland has a monopoly of the export of live cattle to +England, has developed hitherto rather in the direction of +cattle-raising than of tillage; and cattle have increased since 1851 +from three million to over five million head, and sheep from two +millions to three million six hundred thousand. Poultry have nearly +quadrupled in the same period. The gross railway receipts--another +significant symptom--were 2,750,000 pounds in 1886. In 1915 they had +risen to 4,831,000 pounds. The co-operative agricultural associations, +in which Ireland has shown the way to the English-speaking world, now +number about 1,000, and do a trade of well over five millions a year. +The thousands of labourers' cottages which have sprung up, each with its +plot of land, have been to the Irish labourers what the Land Acts have +been to the farmer--they have completely transformed his economic status +in the country. + +Accompanying these symptoms of material progress, we have witnessed in +recent years a striking outburst of intellectual activity. Irish +literature, in poetry and drama, has attracted the attention of the +whole world of culture, and exact and scholarly research in history and +archaeology have flourished and found audiences as they were never known +to do in Ireland till now. This has not been the work of any one section +of the people, either in creed or in politics; but the whole movement +has been inspired by an Irish patriotism which no sane person regards as +conflicting in any degree with allegiance to the Empire under the +shelter of which it has grown and prospered. + +The circumstances above set forth do not pretend to be the whole story +about modern Ireland, nor do they show that the millennium has arrived +in that country. Apart from Home Rule, which is outside our present +field, much still remains to be done--there is elementary education to +be advanced, commercial facilities to be developed, land-purchase to be +completed. But it is contended that the real facts about Ireland are +wholly and absurdly inconsistent with the picture of that country which +the friends of Germany circulate so industriously at the present time. +Ireland is not an oppressed and plundered nation, ground under the heel +of a foreign Power, and with her individual life deliberately stifled +like that of Poland in the German Empire. Only through ignorance or +malice could such an illusion gain currency, and it needs only the touch +of reality--reality which every one can easily see or verify for +himself--to dispel it for ever from the mind of every candid inquirer. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Ireland and Poland, by Thomas William Rolleston + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRELAND AND POLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 27057.txt or 27057.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/0/5/27057/ + +Produced by Jimmy O'Regan (This file was produced from +images generously made available by The Library of the +University of California, Los Angeles/The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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