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diff --git a/27003.txt b/27003.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a96b512 --- /dev/null +++ b/27003.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3389 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 203, September +17, 1853, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 203, September 17, 1853 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: October 24, 2008 [EBook #27003] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{261} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 203.] +SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 17. 1853. +[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + Our Shakspearian Correspondence 261 + + NOTES:-- + + Mr. Pepys and East London Topography, &c. 263 + Picts' Houses in Aberdeenshire 264 + + FOLK LORE:--Legends of the County Clare--Devonshire + Cures for the Thrush 264 + + HERALDIC NOTES:--Arms of Granville--Arms of + Richard, King of the Romans 265 + Shakspeare Correspondence, by J. O. Halliwell and + Thos. Keightley 265 + + MINOR NOTES:--Longfellow's Poetical Works--Sir + Walter Raleigh--Curious Advertisement--Gravestone + Inscription--Monumental Inscription 267 + + QUERIES:-- + + Sir Philip Warwick 268 + Seals of the Borough of Great Yarmouth, by E. S. + Taylor 269 + + MINOR QUERIES:--Hand in Bishop Canning's Church + --"I put a spoke in his wheel"--Sir W. Hewit-- + Passage in Virgil--Fauntleroy--Animal Prefixes + descriptive of Size and Quality--Punning Devices + --"Pinece with a stink"--Soiled Parchment Deeds + --Roger Wilbraham, Esq.'s, Cheshire Collection + --Cambridge and Ireland--Derivation of Celt-- + Ancient Superstition against the King of England + entering or even beholding the Town of Leicester + --Burton--The Camera Lucida--Francis Moore-- + Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle--Palace at Enfield-- + "Solamen miseris," &c.--Soke Mills--Second Wife + of Mallet 269 + + MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Books burned by + the Common Hangman--Captain George Cusack-- + Sir Ralph Winwood 272 + + REPLIES:-- + + Books chained to Desks in Churches, by J. Booker, &c. 273 + Epitaphs by Cuthbert Bede, B.A., &c. 273 + Parochial Libraries 274 + "Up, Guards, and at them!" by Frank Howard 275 + + PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Mr. Muller's Process + --Stereoscopic Angles--Ammonio-nitrate of + Silver 275 + + REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Sir Thomas Elyot-- + Judges styled "Reverend"--"Hurrah" and other + War-cries--Major Andre--Early Edition of the + New Testament--Ladies' Arms borne in a Lozenge + --Sir William Hankford--Maullies, Manillas--The + Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits--Derivation of the + Word "Island"--A Cob-wall--Oliver Cromwell's + Portrait--Manners of the Irish--Chronograms and + Anagrams--"Haul over the Coals,"--Sheer Hulk-- + The Magnet--Fierce--Connexion between the + Celtic and Latin Languages--Acharis, &c. 276 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, &c. 282 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 282 + Notices to Correspondents 282 + Advertisements 283 + + * * * * * + + +OUR SHAKSPEARIAN CORRESPONDENCE. + +We have received from a valued and kind correspondent (not one of those +emphatically good-natured friends so wittily described by Sheridan) the +following temperate remonstrance against the tone which has distinguished +several of our recent articles on Shakspeare:-- + +_Shakspeare Suggestions_ (Vol. viii., pp. 124. 169.).-- + + "Most busy, when least I do." + +I am grateful to A. E. B. for referring me to the article on "Shakspeare +Criticism" in the last number of _Blackwood's Magazine_. It is a very able +paper, and worthy of general attention. + +I ought to add some few explanatory observations upon the subject of my +former communication, but the tone of A. E. B.'s comments forbids me to +proceed with the discussion; the more especially as my suggestion has been +made a reason for introducing into your pages comments which seem to me to +be altogether unwarrantable upon other portions of the article in +Blackwood. Whoever may be the writer of that article--I do not know--he +needs no other defence than a reference to his paper. It is not on his +account that I venture to allude to this subject; it is rather on yours, +Mr. Editor, and with a view to the welfare of your paper. I cannot think +that you or it will be benefited by converting conversational gossip about +Shakspeare difficulties into "a duel in the form of a debate," seasoned +with sarcasm, insinuation, and satiric point. This is not the kind of +matter one expects to find in "N. & Q." neither do I think your pages +should be made a vehicle for "showing up" such of "the herd of menstrual +Aristarchi" as chance to differ in opinion from some of your smart and +peremptory, but not unfrequently inaccurate and illiberal correspondents. + +I know that you yourself are in this respect much in the power of your +contributors. Probably you were as ignorant of the existence of the article +in Blackwood as I was.[1] It is now brought {262} before your notice, and I +invite you to look at it, and judge for yourself whether A. E. B. has +treated you, your paper, or the writer of that very excellent article, with +common fairness in the remarks to which I allude. + +I make these observations on two grounds: first, as one who has many +reasons for being anxious for the prosperity of "N. & Q.;" and secondly, +because I know it to be the opinion of several of your earliest and warmest +friends, that there is a tendency in some of your Shakspeare contributors +to indulge in insinuation, imputation of motives, and many other things +which ought never to appear in your pages. We lately observed, with deep +regret, that you were misled (not by A. E. B.) into the insertion of +unjustifiable insinuations, levelled against a gentleman whom we all know +to be a man of the highest personal honour. + +The questions which are mooted in your pages ought to be discussed with the +mutual forbearance and enlarged liberality which are predominant in the +general society of our metropolis; not with the keen and angry partizanship +which distinguishes the petty squabbles of a country town. + +ICON. + + Our readers know that we ourselves recently noticed the tendency of too + many of our correspondents to depart from the courteous spirit by which + the earlier communications to this Journal were distinguished. The + intention we then announced of playing the tyrant in future, and + exercising with greater freedom our "editorial privilege of omission," + we now repeat yet more emphatically. ICON well remarks that we are much + in the power of our contributors. Indeed we are more so than even he + supposes. + + An article on the _Notes and Emendations_ which lately appeared in our + columns concluded, in its original form, with an argument against their + genuineness, based on the use of a word unknown to Shakspeare and his + cotemporaries. This appeared to us somewhat extraordinary, and a + reference to Richardson's excellent Dictionary proved that our + correspondent was altogether wrong _as to his facts_. We of course + omitted the passage; but we ought not to have received a statement + founded on a mistake which might have been avoided by a single + reference to so common a book. + + Again, at p. 194. of the present volume, another correspondent, after + pointing out some coincidences between the old Emendator and some + suggested corrections by Z. Jackson, and stating that MR. COLLIER never + once refers to Jackson, proceeds: "MR. SINGER, however, talks + familiarly about Jackson, in his _Shakspeare Vindicated_, as if he had + him at his fingers' ends; and yet, at p. 239., he favours the world + with an _original_ emendation (viz. 'He did _behood_ his anger,' + _Timon_, Act III. Sc. 1.), which, however, will be found at page 389. + of Jackson's book." Now, after this, who would have supposed that, as + we learn from MR. SINGER, "MR. INGLEBY has founded his charge on such + slender grounds as one cursory notice of Jackson at p. 288. of my book, + where I mentioned him merely on the authority of MR. COLLIER." And who + that knows MR. SINGER will doubt the truth of his assertion, that he + has not even seen Jackson's book for near a quarter of a century, and + that he had not the slightest reason to doubt that the conjecture of + _behood_ for _behave_ was his own property?[2] + + But there is another gentleman who, although he has never whispered a + remonstrance to us upon the subject, has even more grounds of complaint + than MR. SINGER, for the treatment which he has received in our + columns; we mean our valued friend and contributor MR. COLLIER, who we + feel has received some injustice in our pages. But the fact is that, + holding, as we do unchanged, the opinion which we originally expressed + of the great value of the _Notes and Emendations_--knowing MR. + COLLIER'S character to be above suspicion--and believing that the + result of all the discussions to which the _Notes and Emendations_ have + given rise, will eventually be to satisfy the world of their great + value,--_we_ have not looked so strictly as we ought to have done, and + as we shall do in future, to the tone in which they have been discussed + in "N. & Q." + + And here let us take the opportunity of offering a few suggestions + which we think worthy of being borne in mind in all discussions on the + text of Shakspeare, whether the object under consideration be what + Shakspeare actually wrote, or what Shakspeare really meant by what he + did write. + + First, as to this latter point. Some years ago a distinguished scholar, + when engaged in translating Goethe's _Faust_, came to a passage involved + in considerable obscurity, and which he found was interpreted very + differently by different admirers of the poem. Unable, under these + circumstances, to procure any satisfactory solution of the poet's + meaning, the translator applied to Goethe himself, and received from him + the candid reply which we think it far from improbable that Shakspeare + himself might give with reference to many passages in his own + writings,--"That {263} he was very sorry he could not assist him, but + he really did not know exactly what he meant when he wrote it." We + doubt not some of our contributors could supply us with many similar + avowals. + + This opinion will no doubt offend many of those blind worshippers of + Shakspeare, who will not believe that he could have written a passage + which is not perfect, and who, consequently, will not be satisfied with + any note, emendation, or restoration which does not make the passage + into which it is introduced "one entire and perfect chrysolite." But + this is unreasonable. We have direct evidence of the imperfect + character of much that Shakspeare wrote. When told that Shakspeare had + never blotted a line, Ben Jonson--no mean critic, and no unfriendly + one--wished he had "blotted a thousand." Would rare Ben have uttered + such a wish ignorantly and without cause? We believe the existence of + such defects in the writings of Shakspeare, as they were left by him. + It follows, therefore, that in our opinion Shakspeare is under great + obligations to the undeservedly-abused commentators.[3] It would be + strange indeed, when we consider how many men of genius and learning + have busied themselves to illustrate his writings, if none of them + should have caught any inspiration from his genius. We believe they + have done so. We believe Theobald's "babbled o' green fields" to be one + of many instances in which, with reference to some one particular + passage, the scholiast has proved himself worthy of and excelling his + author. Yes, Shakspeare, the greatest of all uninspired writers, was + but mortal; and his worshippers would sometimes do well bear in mind + that their golden image had but feet of clay. + +[Footnote 1: We had not seen this very able article until our attention was +called to it by this letter. We regret that the author of it was not aware +of what had been written in "N. & Q." on many of the points discussed by +him. Such knowledge might have modified some of his views.] + +[Footnote 2: On this point we would call especial attention to MR. +HALLIWELL'S communication on the _Difficulty of avoiding Coincident +Suggestions on the Text of Shakspeare_, which will be found in our present +Number.] + +[Footnote 3: One of the most specious arguments which have been advanced +against the genuineness of the _Notes and Emendations_ is, that they agree +in many instances with readings which had been suggested many years before +the discovery of the MS. Notes. Of course it is obvious that, wherever the +readings are right, they must do so; and these coincidences serve to +satisfy us of the correctness of both.] + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +MR. PEPYS AND EAST LONDON TOPOGRAPHY, ETC. + +In "N. & Q." (Vol. i., p. 141.) there appeared an article upon the Isle of +Dogs, &c., which spoke of the neglected topography of the east of London, +and requested information on one or two points. Having felt much interested +in this matter, I have endeavoured to obtain information by personal +investigation, and send you the following from among a mass of Notes:-- + +1. _Isle of Dogs._ In a map drawn up in 1588 by Robert Adams, engraved in +1738, this name is applied to an islet in the river Thames, still in part +existing, at the south-west corner of the peninsula. From this spot the +name appears to have extended to the entire marsh. + +2. _Dick Shore_, Limehouse. This is now called _Duke Shore_, Fore Street. +In Gascoyne's Map of Stepney, 1703, it is called _Dick Shoar_. Since that +time _Dick_ has become a _Duke_. Mr. Pepys would find boats there now if he +visited the spot. + +3. Mr. Pepys, in his _Diary_ of Mar. 23, 1660, speaks of "the great +breach," near Limehouse. The spot now forming the entrance to the City +Canal or South Dock of the West India Dock Company was called "the breach," +when the canal was formed. + +4. July 31, 1665. Mr. Pepys speaks of the _Ferry_ in the Isle of Dogs. This +ferry is named as a horse-ferry by Norden in the _Britanniae Speculum_, 1592 +(MS.). The ferry is still used, but only seldom as a horse-ferry. + +5. Oct. 9, 1661. Mr. P. mentions Captain Marshe's, at Limehouse, close by +the lime-house. There is still standing there a large old brick house, +which may be the same; and the lime-kiln yet exists, for, as Norden says, +"ther is a kiln contynually used." + +6. Sept. 22, 1665. Mr. P. speaks of a discovery made "in digging the late +docke." This discovery consisted of nut trees, nuts, yew, ivy, &c., twelve +feet below the surface. Johnson no doubt told him the truth. The same +discovery was made in 1789, in digging the Brunswick Dock, also at +Blackwall, and elsewhere in the neighbourhood. + +This very week (Aug. 25, 1853) I procured specimens of several kinds of +wood, with land and freshwater shells, from as great a depth in an +excavation at the West India Docks; the wood from a bed of peat, the shells +from a bed of clay resting upon it. There exists an ancient house at the +dock which Mr. P. visited, and which is probably the same. + +Other illustrations of the _Diary_ from this quarter might be adduced; let +these, however, suffice as a specimen. + +It may probably be new to most of your readers, as it is to me, that an +ancient house in Blackwall (opposite the Artichoke Tavern) is said to have +been the residence of Sebastian Cabot at one time, and at another that of +_Sir Walter Raleigh_. Whether the tradition be true or not, the house is +very curious, and worth a visit, if not worthy of being sketched and +engraved to preserve its memory. Perhaps the photograph in this case could +be applied. + +It is not impossible that Sir John de Pulteney or Poultney, to whom the +manor of Poplar was granted in the 24th of Edward III., resided on this +spot. My reasons for thinking it are--this fact, which connects him with +the neighbourhood; and the inference from two other facts, viz. that the +house in which Sir John resided in town was {264} called _Cold Harbour_, +and that _Cold Harbour_ is here also to be found. Sir John Pulteney is thus +connected with both the places known by this name. + +I would give my name in verification, but you have it, as you should have +the names and addresses of all your correspondents. + +B. H. C. + +Poplar. + + * * * * * + +PICTS' HOUSES IN ABERDEENSHIRE. + +A short time ago, one of those remarkable remains of a very remote +antiquity, and called by the country-people Picts' Houses, Yird, Eirde, or +Erde houses, was discovered by Mr. Douglass, farmer, Culsh, in the parish +of Tarland, Aberdeenshire, near his farm-steading, on the property of our +noble Premier. It is a subterranean vault, of a form approaching the +semicircular, but elongated at the farther end. Its extreme length is +thirty-eight feet; its breadth at the entrance a little more than two feet, +gradually widening towards the middle, where the width is about six feet, +and it continues at about that average. The height is from five and a half +to six feet. The sides are built with stones, some of them in the bottom +very large; the roof is formed of large stones, six or seven feet long, and +some of them weighing above a ton and a half. They must have been brought +from the neighbouring hill of Saddle-lick, about two miles distant, being +of a kind of granite not found nearer the spot. The floor is formed of the +native rock (hornblende), and is very uneven. When discovered it was full +of earth, and in the process of excavation there was found some wood ashes, +fragments of a glass bottle, and an earthenware jar (modern), some small +fragments of bones, and one or two teeth of a ruminant animal, and the +upper stone of a querne (hand-corn-mill, mica schist), together with a +small fragment, probably of the lower stone. But, alas! there were no +hieroglyphics or cuneiform inscriptions to assist the antiquary in his +researches. These underground excavations have been found in various +parishes in Aberdeenshire, as well as in several of the neighbouring +counties. In the parish of Old Deer, about fifty years ago, a whole village +of them was come upon; and about the same time, in a den at the back of +Stirlinghill, in the parish of Peterhead, one was discovered which +contained some fragments of bones and several flint arrow-heads, and +battle-axes in the various stages of manufacture. In no case, however, have +any of those previously discovered been of the same magnitude as the one +described above. They were generally of from twelve to fifteen feet in +length, and from three to four feet in height, and some only six feet in +length, so that this must have been in its day (when?) a rather +aristocratic affair. Have any similar excavations been found in England? +The earliest mention of the parish of Tarland, of which there is any +account, is in a charter granted by Moregun, Earl of Mar, to the Canons of +St. Andrews, of the Church of S. Machulnoche (S. Mochtens, Bishop and +Confessor) of Tharuclund, with its tithes and oblations, its land and mill, +and timber from the Earl's woods for the buildings of the canons, A.D. +1165-71; and a charter of King William the Lion, and one of Eadward, Bishop +of Aberdeen, both of same date, confirming the said grant. + +ABREDONENSIS. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_Legends of the County Clare._--How Fuen-Vic-Couil (Fingall) obtained the +knowledge of future events.--Once upon a time, when Fuen-Vic-Couil was +young, he fell into the hands of a giant, and was compelled to serve him +for seven years, during which time the giant was fishing for the salmon +which had this property--that whoever ate the first bit of it he would +obtain the gift of prophecy; and during the seven years the only +nourishment which the giant could take was after this manner: a sheaf of +oats was placed to windward of him, and he held a needle before his mouth, +and lived on the nourishment that was blown from the sheaf of corn through +the eye of the needle. At length, when the seven years were passed, the +giant's perseverance was rewarded, and he caught the famous salmon and gave +it to Fuen-Vic-Couil to roast, with threats of instant destruction if he +allowed any accident to happen to it. Fuen-Vic-Couil hung the fish before +the fire by a string, but, like Alfred in a similar situation, being too +much occupied with his own reflections, forgot to turn the fish, so that a +blister rose on the side of it. Terrified at the probable consequences of +his carelessness, he attempted to press down the blister with his thumb, +and feeling the smart caused by the burning fish, by a natural action put +the injured member into his mouth. A morsel of the fish adhered to his +thumb, and immediately he received the knowledge for which the giant had +toiled so long in vain. Knowing that his master would kill him if he +remained, he fled, and was soon pursued by the giant breathing vengeance: +the chace was long, but whenever he was in danger of being caught, his +thumb used to pain him, and on putting it to his mouth he always obtained +knowledge how to escape, until at last he succeeded in putting out the +giant's eyes and killing him; and always afterwards, when in difficulty or +danger, his thumb used to pain him, and on putting it to his mouth he +obtained knowledge how to escape. + +Compare this legend with the legend of Ceridwen, Hanes Taliessin, +_Mabinogion_, vol. iii. pp. 322, 323., the coincidence of which is very +curious. Where also did Shakspeare get the {265} speech he makes one of the +witches utter in _Macbeth_: + + "By the _pricking of my thumbs_, + Something wicked this way comes." + +FRANCIS ROBERT DAVIES. + +_Devonshire Cures for the Thrush._--"Take three rushes from any running +stream, and pass them separately through the mouth of the infant: then +plunge the rushes again into the stream, and as the current bears them +away, so will the thrush depart from the child." + +Should this, as is not unlikely, prove ineffectual, "Capture the nearest +duck that can be met with, and place its mouth, wide open, within the mouth +of the sufferer. The cold breath of the duck will be inhaled by the child, +and the disease will gradually, and as I have been informed, not the less +surely, take its departure." + +T. HUGHES. + +Chester. + + * * * * * + +HERALDIC NOTES. + +_Arms of Granville._--The meaning of the peculiar bearing which, since the +thirteenth century, has appertained to this noble family, has always been a +matter of uncertainty to heraldic writers: it has been variously blazoned +as a clarion, clavicord, organ-rest, lance-rest, and sufflue. The majority +of heralds, ancient and modern, term it a clarion without quite defining +what a clarion is: that it is meant for a musical instrument (probably a +kind of hand-organ), I have very little doubt; for, in the woodcut Mrs. +Jameson gives in her _Legends of the Madonna_ (p. 19.) of Piero Laurati's +painting of the "Maria Coronata," the uppermost angel on the left is +represented as carrying an instrument exactly similar to this charge as it +is usually drawn. The date of this painting is 1340. This is probably about +the date of the painted glass window in the choir of Tewkesbury Abbey +Church, where Robert Earl of Gloucester bears three of these clarions on +his surcoat; and upon a careful examination of these, I was convinced that +they were intended to represent instruments similar to that carried by the +angel in Laurati's painting. + +_Arms of Richard, King of the Romans._--This celebrated man, the second son +of King John, Earl of Cornwall and Poictou, was elected King of the Romans +at Frankfort on St. Hilary's Day (Jan. 13th) 1256. His earldom of Cornwall +was represented by--Argent, a lion rampant gules crowned or; his earldom of +Poictou by a bordure sable, bezantee, or rather of peas (_poix_) in +reference to the name _Poictou_; and as king of the Romans he is said to +have borne these arms upon the breast of the German double-headed eagle +displayed sable, which represented that dignity. I do not recollect having +seen them under this last form, but I have "made a Note of" several other +variations I have met with:-- + +1. In Dorchester Church, Oxfordshire, in painted glass: Argent, a lion +rampant, gules crowned or, within a bordure sable bezantee. + +2. On the seal of a charter granted by the earl to the monks of Okeburry: a +lion rampant crowned. No bordure. + +3. On an encaustic tile in the old Singing-school at Worcester: A lion +rampant _not_ crowned, with a bordure bezantee. Another tile has the eagle, +single-headed, displayed. + +4. Encaustic tiles at Woodperry, Oxfordshire: A row of tiles with the lion +rampant, apparently within a bordure, but without the bezants; followed by +another row which has the eagle displayed, but not double-headed. + +5. On an encaustic tile at Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire, founded by him: +The double-headed eagle only, _countercharged_. + +6. On a tile in the Priory Church of Great Malvern: The double-headed eagle +displayed, within a circular bordure bezantee. + +7. On a tile which I have seen, but cannot just now recollect where: The +double-headed eagle, bezantee, without any bordure. + + * * * * * + +A curious instance of ex-officio arms added to the paternal coat, occurs on +the monument of Dr. Samuel Blythe, at the east end of St. Edward's Church, +Cambridge. He was Master of Clare Hall, and in this example his paternal +arms--Argent, a chevron gules, between three lions rampant sable--occupy +the lower part of the shield, being divided at the fess point by something +like an inverted chevron, from the arms of Clare Hall, which thus occupy +the upper half of the shield. The date is 1713. Is this way of dividing the +arms a blunder of the painter's, or can any of your readers point out a +similar instance? + +NORRIS DECK. + + * * * * * + +SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Difficulty of avoiding Coincident Suggestions on the Text of +Shakspeare._--A correspondent in Vol. viii., p. 193., is somewhat +unnecessarily severe on MR. COLLIER and MR. SINGER, for having overlooked +some suggestions in Jackson's work: the enormous number of useless +conjectures in that publication rendering it so tedious and unprofitable to +consider them attentively, the student is apt to think his time better +engaged in investigating other sources of information. I think, therefore, +little of MR. COLLIER overlooking the few coincident suggestions in +Jackson, which are smaller in number than I had anticipated; the real cause +for wonder consisting in the ignoring so many conjectures that have been +treated of years ago, often at great length, by some of the {266} most +distinguished critics this country has produced. Generally speaking, +however, there is in these matters such a tendency for reproduction, I +should for one hesitate to accuse any critic of intentional unfairness, +merely because he puts forth conjectures as new, when they have been +previously published; and I have found so many of my own attempts at +emendation, thought to be original, in other sources, that I now hesitate +at introducing any as novel. These attempts, like most others, have only +resulted occasionally in one that will bear the test of examination after +it has been placed aside, and carefully considered when the impression of +novelty has worn off. I think we may safely appeal to all critics who +occupy themselves much with conjectural criticism, and ask them if TIME +does not frequently impair the complacency with which they regard their +efforts on their first production. + +Vol. viii., p. 216., contains more instances of coincident suggestions, +R. H. C. indulging in two conjectures, both supported very ably, but in the +perfect unconsciousness that the first, _rude day's_, was long since +mentioned by Mr. Dyce, in his _Remarks_, 1844, p. 172., and that the +second, the change of punctuation in _All's Well that Ends Well_, is the +reading adopted by Theobald, and it is also introduced by Mr. Knight in the +text of his "National Edition," p 262., and has, I believe, been mentioned +elsewhere. It may be said that this kind of repetition might be obviated by +the publication of the various readings that have been suggested in the +text of Shakspeare, but who is there to be found Quixotic enough to +undertake so large and thankless a task, one which at best can only be most +imperfectly executed: the materials being so scattered, and often so +worthless, the compiler would, I imagine, abandon the design before he had +made great progress in it. No fair comparison can be entertained in this +respect between the text of Shakspeare and the texts of the classic +authors. What has happened to R. H. C., happens, as I am about to show, to +all who indulge in conjectural criticism. + +Any reader who will take a quantity of disputed passages in Shakspeare, and +happens to be ignorant of what has been suggested by others, will discover +that, in most of the cases, if he merely tries his skill on a few simple +permutations of the letters, he will in one way or another stumble on the +suggested words. Let us take, for example, what may be considered in its +way as one of the most incomprehensible lines in Shakspeare--"Will you go, +_An-heires_?" the last word being printed with a capital. Running down with +the vowels from _a_, we get at once an apparently plausible suggestion, +"Will you go _on here_?" but a little consideration will show how extremely +unlikely this is to be the genuine reading, and that Mr. Dyce is correct in +preferring _Mynheers_--a suggestion which belongs to Theobald, and not, as +he mentions, to Hanmer. But what I maintain is, that _on here_ would be the +correction that would occur to most readers, in all probability to be at +once dismissed. MR. COLLIER, however, says "it is singular that nobody +seems ever to have conjectured that _on here_ might be concealed under +_An-heires_;" and it would have been singular had this been the case, but +the suggestion of _on here_ is to be found in Theobald's common edition. +Oddly enough, about a year before MR. COLLIER'S volume appeared, it was +again suggested as if it were new. + +Let us select a still more palpable instance (_Measure for Measure_, Act +II. Sc. 1.): "If this law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the fairest +house in it after threepence a _bay_." If this reading be wrong, which I do +not admit, the second change in the first letter creates an obvious +alteration, _day_, making at least some sort of sense, if not the correct +one. Some years ago, I was rash enough to suggest _day_, not then observing +the alteration was to be found in Pope's edition, and MR. COLLIER has +fallen into the same oversight, when he gives it as one of the corrector's +new emendations. I regard these oversights as very pardonable, and +inseparable from any extensive attempt to correct the state of the text. +All Shakspearian conjectures either anticipate or are anticipated. + +Mr. Dyce being _par excellence_ the most judicious verbal critic of the +day, it will scarcely be thought egotistical to claim for myself the +priority for one of his emendations--"_Avoid thee_, friend," in the _Few +Notes_, p. 31., a reading I had mentioned in print before the appearance of +that work. This is merely one of the many evidences that all verbal +conjecturers must often stumble on the same suggestions. Even the MS. +corrector's alteration of the passage is not new, it being found in Pope's +and in several other editions of the last century; another circumstance +that exhibits the great difficulty and danger of asserting a conjecture to +be absolutely unknown. + +J. O. HALLIWELL + +P.S. The subject is, of course, capable of almost indefinite extension, but +the above hasty notes will probably occupy as much space as you would be +willing to spare for its consideration. + +_Alcides' Shoes._--There is merit, in my opinion, in elucidating, if it +were only a single word in our great dramatist. Even the attempt, though +mayhap a failure, is laudable. I therefore have made, and shall make, hit +or miss, some efforts that way. For example, I now grapple with that very +odd line-- + + "As great Alcides' shoes upon an ass."--_King John_, Act II. Sc. 1. + +out of which no one has as yet extracted, or I think ever will extract, any +good meaning: _Argal_, {267} it is corrupt. Now it appears to me that the +critic who proposed to read _shows_, came very near the truth, and would +have hit it completely if he had retained _Alcides'_, for it is the +genitive with _robe_ understood. To explain: + +Austria has on him the "skin-coat" of Coeur-de-Lion, and Blanch cries,-- + + "O! well did he become that lion's robe, + That did disrobe the lion of that robe." + +"It lies," observes the Bastard, + + "It lies as sightly on the back of him (_Austria_) + As great Alcides' (_robe_) shows upon an ass:-- + But, ass, I'll take that burden from your back," &c. + +Were it not that _doth_ is the usual word in this play, I might be tempted +to read _does_. In reading or acting, then, the _caesura_ should be made at +_Alcides'_, with a slight pause to give the hearer time to supply _robe_. I +need not say that the robe is the lion's skin, and that there is an +allusion to the fable of the ass. + +Now to justify this reading. Our ancestors knew nothing of our mode of +making genitives by turned commas. They formed the gen. sing., and nom. and +gen. pl., by simply adding _s_ to the nom. sing.; thus king made _kings_, +_kings_, _kings_ (not _king's_, _kings_, _kings'_), and the context gave +the case. If the noun ended in _se_, _ce_, _she_, or _che_, the addition of +_s_ added a syllable, as _horses_, _princes_, &c., but it was not always +added. Shakspeare, for example, uses _Lucrece_ and _cockatrice_ as +genitives. I find the first instances of such words as _James's_, &c., +about the middle of the seventeenth century, but I am not deeply read in +old books, so it may have been used earlier. + +In foreign words like _Alcides_, no change ever took place; it was the same +for all numbers and cases, and the explanation was left to the context. +Here are a couple of examples from Shakspeare himself: + + "My fortunes every way as fairly ranked-- + If not with vantage--as Demetrius."--_Midsummer Night's Dream_, Act I. + Sc. 1. + + "To Brutus, to Cassius. Burn all. Some to Decius house, and some to + Cascas; some to Ligarius. Away! go!"--_Julius Caesar_, Act III. Sc. 3. + +All here are genitives, as well as _Cascas_. If any doubt, Brutus and +Cassius, we have just been told, "Are rid like madmen through the gates of +Rome," so _they_ could not be burned. I say now, _judicet lector_! + +I must not neglect to add that there was another mode of forming the +genitive, namely, by the possessive pronoun, as _the king his palace_. "A +fly that flew into my _mistress_ her eye," is the title of one of Carew's +poems. + +THOS. KEIGHTLEY. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Longfellow's Poetical Works._--One of the best printed editions of +Longfellow's _Poetical Works_ which has appeared in England is ushered in +by "An Introductory Essay" by the Rev. G. Gilfillan, A.M. I had lived in +hopes, through each successive edition, that either the good taste of the +publishers would strike out the preface entirely, or the amended taste of +its author curtail some of its redundancies. As neither has been the case, +but the 4th edition of the book now lies before me, I beg to offer the +following examples: + +1. Of Ancient History: + + "His [Longfellow's] ornaments, unlike those of the _Sabine_ maid, have + not crushed him." + +2. Of Modern History--_Dickens a Poet_: + + "A prophet may wrap himself up in austere and mysterious solitude: a + poet must come 'eating and drinking.' Thus came Shakspeare, Dryden, + Burns, Scott, Goethe; and thus have come in our day, _Dickens_, Hood, + and Longfellow." + +Is the song of "The Ivy Green" in _Pickwick_ sufficient to justify this +appellation? I do not remember any other "Poem" by Charles Dickens. + +3. Of Metaphors. Out of sixteen pages it is difficult to make a selection, +but the following are striking: + + "If not a prophet, _torn by a secret burden, and uttering it_ in wild + tumultuous strains,... he has found inspiration ... in the legends of + other lands, whose _native vein_, in itself exquisite, has been _highly + cultivated_ and _delicately cherished_." + + "Excelsion," we are told, "is one of those happy thoughts which seem to + drop down, like fine days, from some serener region, or _like moultings + of the celestial dove_, which _meet instantly the ideal_ of all minds, + _and run on afterwards_, and for ever, _in the current of the human + heart_." + +Does not this almost come up to Lord Castlereagh's famous metaphor? It +certainly goes beyond Mr. Gilfillan's own praise of Longfellow, whose +sentiment is described as "never false, nor strained, nor mawkish. It is +_always mild_,... and _sometimes_ it _approaches the sublime_." Mr. G. goes +one step farther. + +W. W. + +Northamptonshire. + +_Sir Walter Raleigh._--I find the following remonstrance in defence of this +distinguished man, against the imputation of Hume, in a letter addressed by +Dr. Parr to Charles Butler: + + "Why do you follow Hume in representing Raleigh as an infidel? For + Heaven's sake, dear Sir, look to his preface to his _History of the + World_; look at his _Letters_, in a little 18mo., and here, but here + only, you will find a tract [entitled The Sceptic], which led Hume to + talk of Raleigh as an unbeliever. It is an epitome of the principles of + the old sceptics; and to me, who, like Dr. Clarke and Mr. Hume, am a + reader {268} of Sextus Empiricus, it is very intelligible. Indeed, Mr. + Butler, it is a most ingenious performance. But mark me well: it is a + mere _lusus ingenii_." + +Mr. Butler appends this note: + + "Mr. Fox assured the Reminiscent, that either he, or Mrs. Fox to him, + had read aloud the whole, with a small exception, of Sir Walter + Raleigh's History."--Butler's _Reminiscences_, vol. ii. p. 232. + +BALLIOLENSIS. + +_Curious Advertisement._--The following genuine advertisement is copied +from a recent number of the _Connecticut Courant_, published at Hartford in +America: + + "Julia, my wife, has grown quite rude, + She has left me in a lonesome mood; + She has left my board, + She has took my bed, + She has gave away my meat and bread, + She has left me in spite of friends and church, + She has carried with her all my shirts. + Now ye who read this paper, + Since she cut this reckless caper, + I will not pay one single fraction + For any debts of her contraction. + LEVI ROCKWELL. + East Windsor, Conn. Aug. 4, 1853." + +G. M. B. + +_Gravestone Inscription._--I send an inscription on a gravestone in +Northill churchyard, Bedfordshire, which is now nearly obliterated, given +me by the Rev. John Taddy: + + "Life is a city full of crooked streets, + Death is the market-place where all men meets. + If life were merchandise which men could buy, + The rich would only live, the poor would die." + +JULIA R. BOCKETT. + +Southcote Lodge. + +_Monumental Inscription._-- + + "Here lyeth the body of the most noble Elizabeth, daughter of John of + Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, own sister to King Henry the Fourth, wife of + John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon and Duke of Exeter, after married to + Sir John Cornwall, Knight of the Garter, and Lord Fanhope. She died the + 4th year of Henry the Sixth, Anno Domini 1426." + +The above is on a monument in Burford Church, in the county of Salop, and +will perhaps be interesting to your correspondent MR. HARDY. + +Burford Church, in which there are several other interesting monuments, is +situated in the luxuriant valley of the Teme, about eight miles south-east +of Ludlow. + +A SALOPIAN. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +SIR PHILIP WARWICK. + + "A Discourse of Government, as examined by Reason, Scripture, and the + Law of the Land. Written in 1678, small 8vo.: London, 1694." + + "Memoirs of the Reign of King Charles I., &c., 8vo.: London, 1702." + +To one or the other of these publications there was prefixed a preface +which, as giving offence to the government, was suppressed. I agree with +Mr. Bindley, who says (writing to Mr. Granger), + + "The account you have given in your books of the _suppressed preface_ + to Sir Philip Warwick's _Memoirs_, is an anecdote too curious not to + make one wish it _authenticated_."--_Letters to Mr. Granger_, p. 389. + +The statement of Granger is adopted also by the Edinburgh editor of the +_Memoirs_ in 1813 (query, Sir W. Scott?), who says in his preface, + + "These Memoirs were first published by the learned Dr. Thomas Smith, a + nonjuring divine, distinguished by oriental learning, and his writings + concerning the Greek Church. The learned editor added a preface so much + marked by his political principles, that he was compelled to _alter and + retrench it_, for fear of a prosecution at the instance of the + crown."--_Preface_, p. ix. + +So far as concerns the _Memoirs_. But in a note prefixed to a copy of the +_Discourse of Government_, now in the Bodleian among Malone's books, and in +his handwriting, it is stated,-- + + "This book was published by Dr. Thomas Smith, the learned writer + concerning the Greek Church. The preface, not being agreeable to the + Court at the time it was published (the 5th year of William III.), was + suppressed by authority, but is found in this and a few other copies. + Granger says (vol. iv. p. 60., vol. v. p. 267., new edit.) that this + preface by Dr. Smith was prefixed to Sir P. W.'s _Memoirs of Charles + I._; but this is a mistake. Whether Smith was the editor of the + _Memoirs_ I know not.--EDMOND MALONE." + +The obnoxious preface is assigned to the _Discourse of Government_ also, by +a writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1790, p. 509., where is a +portrait of Warwick, and a notice of his life. + +The Edinburgh editor of the _Memoirs_ gives the _original preface_ of that +work, which presents nothing at which exception could be taken. But as my +copy of the _Discourse_ is one of the few which (according to Malone) +retains the address of "the publisher to the reader," I transcribe the +following passages, which perhaps will sufficiently explain the suppression +in 1694: + + "As to the disciples and followers of Buchanan, Hobbs and Milton, who + have exceeded their masters in downright impudence, scurrility, and + lying, and the new modellers of commonwealths, who, under a zealous + pretence of securing the rights of a _fancied original contract_ + against the encroachments of monarchs, are sowing the seeds of eternal + disagreements, confusions, {269} and bloody wars throughout the world + (for the influence of evil principles hath no bounds, but, like + infectious air, spreads everywhere), the peaceable, sober, truly + Christian, and Church-of-England doctrine contained in this book, so + directly contrary to their furious, mad, unchristian, and fanatical + maxims, it cannot otherwise be expected but that they will soon be + alarmed, and betake themselves to their usual arts of slander and + reviling, and grow very fierce and clamorous upon it. Whatever shall + happen," &c. + +Subsequently the author is spoken of as + + "A gentlemen of sincere piety, of strict morals, of a great and vast + understanding, and of a very solid judgement; a true son of the Church + of England, and _consequently a zealous asserter and defender of the + truly Christian and apostolical doctrine of non-resistance_; always + loyal and faithful to the king his master in the worst of times," &c. + +After these specimens, there will be little difficulty, I think, in +determining that Granger was mistaken in describing the preface to the +_Memoirs_ as that which was suppressed, and that it was the publisher's +"address to the reader" of the _Discourse_ which incurred that sentence. +Dr. Thomas Smith appears to have edited both works; and in the same address +informs us of other works of Warwick in + + "Divinity, philosophy, history, especially that of England, practical + devotion, and the like. This I now publish [the _Discourse_] was + written in the year 1678 (and designed as an appendix to his _Memoirs + of the Reign of King Charles the First_, of most blessed memory, which + hereafter may see the light, when more auspicious times shall encourage + and favour the publication), which he, being very exact and curious in + his compositions, did often refine upon," &c. + +It may be well to inquire whether any of these theological or philosophical +lucubrations are yet extant. Was Sir Philip connected at all with Dr. +Smith, or was he descended from Arthur Warwick, author of _Spare Minutes_? + +BALLIOLENSIS. + + * * * * * + +SEALS OF THE BOROUGH OF GREAT YARMOUTH. + +I shall be exceedingly obliged by any explanatory remarks on the following +list of seals:-- + +1. Oval (size 2.1 in. by 1.3). The angel Gabriel kneeling before a standing +figure of the Virgin, and holding a scroll, on which is inscribed AVE +MARIA. Legend: + + * [cross] S. HOS * PITALIS * IER * NE * NACH. + +Yarmouth was anciently called Gernemutha, or Iernemutha; and Ives +attributes this seal to Yarmouth, though both the legend and the +workmanship have a decidedly foreign appearance. + +Can any more satisfactory locality be assigned it? + +2. Circular (1 in. in diameter). Three fishes naiant (the arms of +Yarmouth), within a bordure of six cusps. Legend: + + SAAL D' ASAI D' GRANT GARNAMVT. + +Workmanship of about the fourteenth century; use unknown; but it has been +employed for sealing burgess letters for many years past, until 1847. + +Can it have reference to the staple? (Vid. Statutes at Large, Anne; 27 Ed. +III. stat. 2.; 43 Ed. III. cap. 1.; 14 Ric. II. cap. 1.) + +3. Circular (size 1.1 in. diameter). On an escutcheon a herring hauriant; +the only instance of this bearing in connection with Yarmouth. Legend: + + S. OFFIC : CORROTULAT : I : NOVE : IERNMUTH. + +Of this seal nothing whatever is known. Its workmanship is of the fifteenth +century. The suggested extension of the legend is "Sigillum officii +contrarotulatoris"--in nova Jernemutha, or in _nave_ Jernemuthe. But was +Yarmouth ever called _nova Gernemutha_? or what was the office alluded to? + +The above are required for a literary purpose; and as speedy an answer as +possible would much oblige me. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Hand in Bishop Canning's Church._--In Bishop Canning's Church, Wilts, is a +curious painting of a hand outstretched, and having on the fingers and +thumb several inscriptions in abbreviated Latin. Can any correspondent tell +me when and why this was placed in the church; and also the inscriptions +which appear thereon? + +RUSSELL GOLE. + +_"I put a spoke in his wheel."_--What is the meaning of the phrase, "I put +a spoke in his wheel?" + +In April last, a petition was heard in the Rolls Court on the part of the +trustees of Manchester New College, praying that they might be allowed to +remove that institution to London; and a single trustee was heard against +such removal. One of the friends of the college was on this occasion heard +to remark, "the removal to London was going on very smoothly, and it would +have been done by this time, if this one trustee had not _put his spoke in +the wheel_:" meaning, that the conscientious scruple of this trustee was +the sole _impediment to the movement_. Is this the _customary_ and proper +mode of using the phrase; and, if so, how can putting a spoke to a wheel +impede its motion? + +On the other hand, having heard some persons say that they had always +understood the phrase to denote affording _help_ to an undertaking, and +confidently allege that this must be the _older_ and {270} more correct +usage, for "what," say they, "is a wheel without spokes?" I inquired of an +intelligent lady, of long American descent, in what way she had been +accustomed to hear the phrase employed, and the answer was "Certainly as a +help: we used to say to one who had anything in hand of difficult +accomplishment, 'Do not be faint-hearted, I'll give you a spoke.'" + +Dr. Johnson, in the folio edition of his _Dictionary_, 1755, after defining +a spoke to be the "bar of a wheel that passes from the nave to the felly," +cites: + + " . . . . All you gods, + In general synod, take away her power, + Break all the _spokes_ and fellies to her wheel, + And bowl the round nave down the hill of Heaven."--_Shakspeare_. + +G. K. + +_Sir W. Hewit._--At p. 159. of Mr. Thoms's recent edition of Pulleyn's +_Etymological Compendium_, Sir W. Hewit, the father-in-law of Edward +Osborne, who was destined to found the ducal family of Leeds, is said to +have been "a pin-maker." Some other accounts state that he was a +clothworker; others again, that he was a goldsmith. Which is correct; and +what is the authority? And where may any pedigree of the Osborne family, +_previous to Edward_, be seen? + +H. T. GRIFFITH. + +_Passage in Virgil._--Dr. Johnson, in his celebrated Letter to Lord +Chesterfield, says, in reference to the hollowness of patronage: "The +shepherd, in Virgil, grew at last acquainted with Love; and found him a +native of the rocks." To what passage in Virgil does Johnson here refer, +and what is the point intended to be conveyed? + +R. FITZSIMONS. + +Dublin. + +_Fauntleroy._--In Binns' _Anatomy of Sleep_ it is stated that a few years +ago an affidavit was taken in an English court of justice, to the effect +that Fauntleroy was still living in a town of the United States. + +Can any of your correspondents refer me to the circumstance in question? + +C. CLIFTON BARRY. + +_Animal Prefixes, descriptive of Size and Quality._--Will somebody oblige +me by pointing out in the modern languages any analogous instances to the +Greek [Greek: bon], English _horse_-radish, _dog_-rose, _bull_-finch, &c.? + +C. CLIFTON BARRY. + +_Punning Devices._--Sir John Cullum, in his _Hist. of Hawsted_, 1st edit. +p. 114., says that the seal of Sir William Clopton, knight, t. Hen. VII., +was "a ton, out of which issues some plant, perhaps a _caltrop_, which +might be contracted to the first syllable of his name." This appears to be +too violent a contraction. Can any of your readers suggest any other or +closer analogy between the name and device? + +BURIENSIS. + +"_Pinece with a stink._"--In Archbishop Bramhall's _Schism Guarded_ +(written against Serjeant) there is a passage in which the above curious +expression occurs, and of which I can find no satisfactory, nor indeed any +explanation whatever. The passage is this (_Works_, vol. ii. p. 545., edit. +Ox.): + + "But when he is baffled in the cause, he hath a reserve,--that + Venerable Bede, and Gildas, and Foxe in his Acts and Monuments, do + brand the Britons for wicked men, making them 'as good as Atheists; of + which gang if this Dinoth were one,' he 'will neither wish the Pope + such friends, nor envy them to the Protestants.' + + "What needeth this, when he hath got the worst of the cause, to defend + himself like a _pinece with a stink_? We read no other character of + Dinoth, but as of a pious, learned, and prudent man." + +Can any of your readers furnish an explanation? + +R. BLAKISTON. + +_Soiled Parchment Deeds._--Having in my possession some old and very dirty +parchment deeds, and other records, now almost illegible from the +accumulation of grease, &c., on the surface of the skins, I am desirous to +know if there be any "royal road" to the cleansing and restoration of these +otherwise enduring MSS.? + +T. HUGHES. + +Chester. + +_Roger Wilbraham, Esq.'s Cheshire Collection._--Can any of your +correspondents say where the original collection made by the above-named +gentleman, or a copy of them, referred to in Dr. Foote Gower's _Sketch of +the Materials for a Cheshire History_, may now be met with? + +CESTRIENSIS. + +_Cambridge and Ireland._--In the first volume of the _Pictorial History of +England_, p. 270., it is stated that-- + + "Martin skins are mentioned in _Domesday Book_ among the commodities + brought by sea to Chester; and this appears from other authorities to + have been one of the exports in ancient times from Ireland. Notices are + also found of merchants from Ireland _landing at Cambridge_ with + cloths, and exposing their merchandise to sale." + +The authority quoted for this statement is Turner, vol. iii. p. 113. + +On referring to Turner's _Anglo-Saxons_, I find it stated: + + "We read of merchants from Ireland _landing at Cambridge_ with cloths, + and exposing their merchandise to sale." + +Mr. Turner refers to Gale, vol. ii. p. 482. + +I do not know to what work Mr. Turner refers, unless to Gale's _Rerum +Anglicarum Scriptores {271} Veteres_; on examining this I can find no +passage at the page and volume indicated, on the subject. + +Can any of your readers state where it is to be found? It appears +remarkable that the merchants from Ireland should land at the inland town +of Cambridge, and it seems a probable conjecture that Cambridge is a +mistake for Cambria. + +William of Malmesbury speaks of a commerce between Ireland and the +neighbourhood of Chester, and it seems much more probable that the +merchants of Ireland landed in Wales than in Cambridge. + +JOHN THRUPP. + +_Derivation of Celt._--What is the proper derivation of the word _celt_, as +applied to certain weapons of antiquity? A good authority, in Dr. Smith's +_Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities_, p. 351., obtains the term +from-- + + "Celtes, an old Latin word for a chisel, probably derived from caelo, to + engrave." + +Mr. Wright (_The Celt, Roman, and Saxon_, p. 73.) says that Hearne first +applied the word to such implements in _bronze_, believing them to be +"Roman _celtes_ or chisels;" and that-- + + "Subsequent writers, ascribing these instruments to the Britons, have + retained the name, forgetting its origin, and have applied it + indiscriminately, not only to other implements of bronze, but even to + the analogous instruments of _stone_." + +And he objects to the term "as too generally implying that things to which +it is applied are Celtic." On the other hand, Dr. Wilson (_Prehistoric +Annals_, p. 129.) prefers to retain the word, inasmuch as the Welsh +etymologists, Owen and Spurrell, furnish an ancient Cambro-British word +_celt_, a flint stone. M. Worsaae (_Primeval Antiq._, p. 26.) confines the +term to those instruments of bronze which have a hollow socket to receive a +wooden handle; the other forms being called paalstabs on the Continent. It +seems clear that there is no connexion between this word and the name of +the nation (_Celtae_); but its true origin may perhaps be elicited by a +little discussion in the pages of "N. & Q." + +C. R. M. + +_Ancient Superstition against the King of England entering or even +beholding the Town of Leicester._--The existence of a superstition to this +effect is recorded in Rishanger's _Chronicle_, and also, as I am informed, +in that of Thomas Wikes; but this I have not at present an opportunity of +consulting. + +Rishanger's words are: + + "Rex [Henricus III.] autem, capta Norhamptun., Leycestr. tendens, in ea + hospitatus est, quam nullus regni praeter eum etiam videre, + prohibentibus quibusdam superstitiose, praesumpsit."--P. 26. + +It is also mentioned by Matthew of Westminster. (Vide Bohn's edition, vol. +ii. p. 412.) The statement, that no king before Henry III. had entered the +town, is however incorrect, as William the Conqueror and King John are +instances to the contrary. + +Can any of your correspondents explain the origin of this superstition, or +favour me with any farther notices respecting it? + +It is not unworthy of observation that very many of the royal personages +who have visited Leicester, have been either unfortunate in their lives, or +have met with tragical deaths. + +We may, however, hope, for the credit of the town, that their misfortunes +may be attributed to other causes, rather than to their presence within its +time-hallowed walls. + +WM. KELLY. + +Leicester. + +_Burton._--Is there any family of this name who can make out a descent +from, or connexion with, a Mr. John Burton, alderman of Doncaster, who died +1718? + +C. J. + +_The Camera Lucida._--I should feel much obliged to any reader of "N. & Q." +who would be kind enough to answer the following questions, and refer me to +any work treating of the handling and management of the Camera Lucida. I +have one made by King of Bristol, and purchased about thirty years ago: it +draws out, like a telescope, in three pieces, each six inches long; and at +full length will give a picture of the dimensions of twenty inches by +twelve. The upper piece is marked from above downwards, thus: at two inches +below the lens, "2;" at an inch below that point, "3;" at half an inch +lower, "4;" at half an inch lower still, "5;" half an inch below the point +"5," a "7" is marked; and half an inch below the "7," there is a "10;" at +seven-eighths below this last, "D" is marked. What reference have these +nicely graduated points to the distance of an object from the instrument? +Do the figures merely determine the size of the picture to be taken? How is +one to be guided in their use and application to practice? + +CARET. + +_Francis Moore._--Francis Moore was born at Bakewell about the year 1592, +and was Proctor of Lichfield Cathedral at the time of the Great Rebellion. +I am anxious to know who were his parents, and what their place of abode. + +EDWARD PEACOCK. + +Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey. + +_Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle._--What were the family arms of Dr. John Waugh, +Bishop of Carlisle, who died October 29, 1734? Was he of a Scotch family, +and are any of his descendants now living? + +RUFUS. + +_Palace at Enfield._--We read that there was formerly a royal palace at +Enfield in Middlesex, ten miles north from London; and one room still {272} +remains in its original state. Can you, or any of your subscribers, inform +me whereabouts in the town it is situated? Also, the date of erection of +the church? + +HAZELWOOD. + +_"Solamen miseris," &c._--Please to state in what author is the following +line? No one knows. + + "Solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris." + +A CONSTANT READER. + +_Soke Mills._--Correspondents are requested to communicate the names of +"Soke" or Manorial Mills, to which the suit is still enforced. + +S. M. + +_Second Wife of Mallet._--The second wife of Mallet was Lucy Elstob, a +Yorkshire lady, daughter of a steward of the Earl of Carlisle. Can any of +your readers inform me at what place in Yorkshire her father resided, and +where the marriage with Mallet in 1742 took place? She survived her +husband, and lived to the age of eighty years. Where did she die, and what +family did Mallet leave by his two wives? + +F. + +Leamington. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries with Answers. + +_Books burned by the Common Hangman._-- + + "Historia Anglo-Scotica: or an Impartial History of all that happen'd + between the kings and kingdoms of England and Scotland from the + beginning of the Reign of _William the Conqueror_ to the Reign of Queen + Elizabeth, &c., by James Drake, M.D., 8vo., London, 1703." + +Of this work it is said, in a note in the _Catalogue_ of Geo. Chalmers' +library (fourth day's sale, Sept. 30, 1841), that-- + + "On June 30, 1703, the Scotch parliament ordered this book to be burned + by the hands of the common hangman, and that the magistrates of + Edinburgh should see it carried into effect at eleven o'clock on the + following day." + +Will any correspondent of yours furnish me with some notice of Dr. Drake, +the author, and also explain the ground of offence upon which his book was +condemned? I confess to be unable to discover anything to offend; neither, +as it seems, could Mr. Surtees, for he says: + + "I quote Drake's _Historia Anglo-Scotica_, 1703, a book which, for what + reason I never could discover, was ordered to be burned by the common + hangman."--_History of Durham_, vol. iv. p. 55. note _l_. + +Any notices of books which have been signalised by being subjected to +similar condemnation, would much interest me, and perhaps others of your +readers. + +BALLIOLENSIS. + + [The ground of offence for burning the _Historia Anglo-Scotica_ is + stated in _The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland_, vol. xi. p. 66., + viz.: "Ordered, that a book published by the title of _Historia + Anglo-Scotica_, by James Drake, M.D., and dedicated to Sir Edward + Symour containing many false and injurious reflections upon the + sovereignty and independence of this crown and nation, be burnt by the + hand of the common hangman at the mercat Cross of Edinburgh, at eleven + o'clock to-morrow (July 1, 1703), and the magistrates of Edinburgh + appointed to see the order punctually executed." It would appear from + the dedication prefixed to this work, that Drake merely pretended to + edit it, for he says, that "upon a diligent revisal, in order, if + possible, to discover the name of the author, and the age of his + writing, he found that it was written in, or at least not finished + till, the time of Charles I." But he says nothing more of the MS., nor + how it came into his hands. A notice of Dr. Drake is given in + Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_, and in the preface to _The + Memorial of the Church of England_, edit. 1711, which was also burnt by + the common hangman in 1705. See "N. & Q.," Vol. iii., p. 519.] + +_Captain George Cusack._--It appears by an affidavit made by a Mr. Thomas +Nugent in the year 1674, and now of record in the Exchequer Record Office, +Dublin, that-- + + "He, being on or about the 20th of September preceding in London, was + by one Mr. Patrick Dowdall desired to goe along with him to see one + George Cusack, then in prison there for severall hainous offences + alleadged to have beene by him committed, which he could not do by + reason of other occasions; but having within two or three days + afterwards mett with Mr. Dowdall, was told by him that he had since + their last meeting seene the said Cusack in prison (being the + Marshalsea in Southwark) with bolts on, and that none of Cusack's men + who were alsoe in prison were bolted:" + +that on the 11th of November Cusack was still in restraint, and not as yet +come to his trial: + + "That there were _bookes written of the said Cusack's offences_, which + he heard cryed about in the streets of London to be sold, and that y^e + generall opinion and talke was that the said Cusack should suffer death + for his crimes." + +By a fragment of an affidavit made by a Mr. Morgan O'Bryen, of the Middle +Temple, London, it appears that this man was a Captain George Cusack, who, +I presume, was a pirate. May I take leave to ask, are the above-mentioned +books in existence, and where are they to be found? + +JAMES F. FERGUSON. + +Dublin. + + [In the British Museum is the following pamphlet:--"The Grand Pyrate: + or the Life and Death of Captain George Cusack, the Great Sea-Robber, + with an Accompt of all his notorious Robberies both at Sea and Land; + together with his Tryal, Condemnation, and Execution. Taken by an + Impartial Hand." London, 1676, pp. 24. 4to.] + +_Sir Ralph Winwood._--I am particularly desirous of obtaining some +information respecting {273} Sir Ralph Winwood, private secretary to James +I., and should feel much obliged if any of your numerous correspondents +would favour me with anything they may know concerning him, or with the +titles of any works in which his name is mentioned. + +H. P. W. R. + + [Biographical notices of Sir Ralph Winwood will be found in _Biographia + Britannica_, Supplement; Lloyd's _State Worthies_; Wood's _Athenae_; + Granger and Chalmers' Biographical Dictionaries. Sir F. Drake's Voyage, + by T. Maynarde, is dedicated to him. Letters to him from Sir Thomas + Roe, in 1615, 1616, are in the British Museum, Add. MS. 6115. fol. 71. + 75. 146. And a letter to him from Sir Dudley Carlton will be found in + the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. lvii. p. 143. The Diaries of the time + of James I. may also be consulted; a list of them is given in "N. & + Q.," Vol. vi., p. 363.] + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +BOOKS CHAINED TO DESKS IN CHURCHES. + +(Vol. viii., p. 93.) + +The authority for this ancient custom appears to be derived from an act of +the Convocation which assembled in 1562. Strype informs us (_Annals_, vol. +i. c. 27.) that at this Convocation the following injunctions were given: + + "First, That a Catechism be set forth in Latin, which is already done + by Mr. Dean of Paul's [Dean Nowell], and wanteth only viewing. + Secondly, That certain Articles [the Thirty-nine Articles], containing + the principal grounds of Christian religion, be set forth much like to + such Articles as were set forth a little before the death of King + Edward, of which Articles the most part may be used with additions and + corrections as shall be thought convenient. Thirdly, That to these + Articles also be adjoined the _Apology_, writ by Bishop Jewell, lately + set forth after it, hath been once again revised and so augmented and + corrected as occasion serveth. That these be joined in _one_ book; and + by common consent authorised as containing true doctrine, and be + enjoined to be taught the youth in the Universities and grammar schools + throughout the realm, and also in cathedral churches, and collegiate, + and in private houses: and that whosoever shall preach, declare, write, + or speak anything in derogation, depraving or despising of the said + book, or any doctrine therein contained, and be thereof lawfully + convicted before any ordinary, &c., he shall be ordered as in case of + heresy, or else shall be punished as is appointed for those that offend + and speak against the Book of Common Prayer, set forth in the first + year of the Queen's Majesty's reign that now is: that is to say, he + shall for the first offence forfeit 100 marks; for the second offence, + 400 marks; and for the third offence, all his goods and chattels, and + shall suffer imprisonment during life." + +It is probable that this book found a place in churches as affording a +standard of orthodoxy easy of reference to congregations in times not +sufficiently remote from the Reformation, to render the preaching of Romish +doctrines unlikely. This, if the surmise be correct, would be emphatically +to bring the officiating minister to book. In Prestwich Church, the desk +yet remains, together with the "Book of Articles," bound up as prescribed +with Jewel's _Apology_ (black-letter, 1611), but the chain has disappeared. +The neighbouring church of Bingley has also its desk, to which the chain is +still attached; but the "Book of Articles" has given place to some more +modern volume. + +JOHN BOOKER. + +Prestwich. + +MR. SIMPSON will find some account of the _Paraphrase of Erasmus_ so +chained (of which he says he cannot recal an instance) at Vol i., p. 172., +and Vol. v., p. 332. + +The following list (remains of which more or less perfect, with chains +appended, are still extant) will probably be interesting to many of your +readers: + + "_Books chayned in the Church, 25th April, 1606._ + + Dionisius Carthusian vpon the New Testament, in two volumes. + Origen vpon St. Paules Epistle to the Romanes. + Origen against Celsus. + Lira vpon Pentathucke of Moses. + Lira vpon the Kings, &c. + Theophilact vpon the New Testam^t. + Beda vpon Luke and other P^{ts} of the Testam^t. + Opuscula Augustini, thome x. + Augustini Questiones in Nou[=u] Testament[=u]. + The Paraphrase of Erasmus. + The Defence of the Apologye. + Prierius Postill vpon the Dominicall Gospells." + From Ecclesfield Church accounts. + +J. EASTWOOD. + +In Malvern Abbey Church is a copy of Dean Comber's _Companion to the +Temple_, chained to a desk, and bearing a written inscription to the effect +that it should never be removed out of the church; but should remain +chained to its desk for ever, for the use of any parishioner who might +choose to come in and read it there. + +N. B. I have mislaid my copy of this inscription: and should feel greatly +obliged to any of your correspondents who may be residing in or near Great +Malvern, for a transcript of it. As it may be thought somewhat long for +your pages, perhaps some correspondent would kindly copy it out for me, and +inclose it to Rev. H. T. GRIFFITH, Hull. + +University Club. + + * * * * * + +EPITAPHS. + +(Vol. vii. _passim._) + +A goodly collection of singular epitaphs has appeared in "N. & Q."; but I +believe it yet lacks {274} a specimen of the following tomfoolery--an +initial epitaph. Green, in his _History of Worcester_, gives the following +inscription from a monument under the north-west window of St. Andrew's +Church in that city: + + "Short of Weight. + H L T B O + R W + I H O A J R + A D 1780 A 63." + +Green adds the following explanation of this riddle: + + "In _full measure_ it would have stood thus: 'Here Lieth The Body Of + Richard Weston, In Hopes Of A Joyful Resurrection. Anno Domini 1780. + Aged 63.'" + +Richard Weston was a baker, and the "Short of weight" gives the clue to the +nature of his dealings, and also to the right reading of the epitaph. + +The following is from Ombersley Churchyard, Worcestershire: + + "Sharp was her wit, + Mild was her nature; + A tender wife, + A good humoured creature." + +From the churchyard of St. John, Worcester: + + "Honest John's + Dead and gone." + +From the churchyard of Cofton Hackett, Worcestershire, are the two +following: + + "Here lieth the body of John Galey, sen., in expectation of the Last + Day. What sort of man he was that day will discover. He was clerk of + this parish fifty-five years. He died in 1756, aged 75." + +The next is also to a Galey. Your correspondent PICTOR (Vol. viii., p. 98.) +gives the same epitaph, slightly altered, as being at Wingfield, Suffolk: + + "Pope boldly asserts (some think the maxim odd), + An honest man's the noblest work of GOD. + If this assertion is from error clear, + One of the noblest works of GOD lies here." + +From Alvechurch, Worcestershire; to a man and wife: + + "He, an honest, good-natured, worthy man; she, as eminent for conjugal + and maternal virtues during her marriage and widowhood, as she had been + before for amiable delicacy of person and manners." + +The following, which is probably not to be surpassed, appeared in one of +the earliest numbers of _Household Words_. It is from the churchyard of +Pewsey, Wiltshire: + + "Here lies the body of Lady O'Looney, great-niece of Burke, commonly + called the Sublime. She was bland, passionate, and deeply religious: + also, she painted in water-colours, and sent several pictures to the + Exhibition. She was first cousin to Lady Jones: and of such is the + kingdom of heaven." + +CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. + +If epitaphs of recent date are admitted in "N. & Q.," perhaps the +following, upon an editor, which lately appeared in the _Halifax Colonist_, +may not be out of place in your publication: + + "Here _lies_ an editor! + _Snooks_ if you will; + In mercy, kind Providence, + Let him _lie still_. + He _lied_ for his living: so + He lived, while he _lied_, + When he could not _lie longer_, + He _lied_ down, and died." + +W. W. + +Malta. + + "Here lies a Wife, a Friend, a Mother, + I believe there never was such another; + She had a head to earn and a heart to give, + And many poor she did relieve. + She lived in virtue and in virtue died, + And now in Heaven she doth reside. + Yes! it is true as tongue can tell, + If she had a fault, it was loving me too well. + And when I am lying by her side, + Who was in life her daily pride, + Tho' she's confined in coffins three, + She'd leave them all and come to me!" + +The above lines, written on a tablet in a church at Exeter, were composed +by Mr. Tuckett, tallow-chandler, to the memory of his wife. An old +subscriber of "N. & Q." thinks this epitaph more strange and curious than +any which has yet appeared in the columns of that valuable publication. + +ANON. + + * * * * * + +PAROCHIAL LIBRARIES. + +(Vol. vii., p. 507.) + +I copy the following from the fly-leaf of _A Treatise of Ecclesiastical +Benefices and Revenues_, by the learned Father Paul, translated by Tobias +Jenkins, 8vo., Westminster, 1736: + + "Bibliotheca de Bassingbourn in Com. Cant. Dono dedit Edvardus + Nightingale de Kneeseworth Armiger Filius et Hares Fundatoris. Feb. + 1^{mo}, 1735^{to}." + +How the volume got out of the library I know not: it was purchased some +years since at a sale in Oxford. + +Y. B. N. J. + +To the list of parochial libraries allow me to add that of Denchworth, near +Wantage, Berks. In a small apartment over the porch, the _parvise_, I +recollect, some years since, to have seen a very fair collection of old +divinity, the books being, all of them, confined by chains, according to +the ancient usage, an instance of which I never saw elsewhere. {275} + +At St. Peter's Church, Tiverton, there is also a collection of books, +mostly the gift of the Newtes, Richard (rejected in 1646 and restored in +1660), and John his son, rectors of the portions of Tidcombe and Clare in +that church. The books are preserved in a room over the vestry. + +BALLIOLENSIS. + +Another _venerable_ archdeacon now living permitted the churchwardens of +Swaffham to give him a fine copy of Cranmer's Bible belonging to the church +library. + +S. Z. Z. S. + +Add to the list Finedon, in Northamptonshire, where there is a collection +of upwards of 1000 volumes in the parvise over the porch. + +E. H. A. + + * * * * * + +"UP, GUARDS, AND AT THEM!" + +(Vol. v., p. 426.; Vol. viii., pp. 111. 184.) + +The authority for the Duke of Wellington having used these words at the +battle of Waterloo is Capt. Batty, of the Grenadier Guards, in a letter +written a few days after the battle, published in Booth's _Battle of +Waterloo_, and illustrated by George Jones, Esq., R.A., who is believed to +have superintended the whole publication. I append the extract:-- + + "Upon the cavalry being repulsed, the Duke himself ordered our second + battalion to form line with the third battalion, and, after advancing + to the brow of the hill, to lie down and shelter ourselves from the + fire. Here we remained, I imagine, near an hour. It was now about seven + o'clock. The French infantry had in vain been brought against our line + and, as a last resource, Buonaparte resolved upon attacking our part of + the position with his veteran Imperial Guard, promising them the + plunder of Brussels. Their artillery and they advanced in solid column + to where we lay. The Duke, who was riding behind us, watched their + approach; and at length, when within a hundred yards of us, exclaimed + 'Up, guards, and at them again!' Never was there a prouder moment than + this for our country or ourselves," &c.--Second Letter of Capt. Batty, + Grenadier Guards, dated June 22, 1815, from the village of Gommignies; + his First Letter being dated Bavay, June 21, 1815. + +This circumstantial account, written so few days after the battle, +detailing affirmatively the command to the guards as heard by one of +themselves, will probably countervail the negative testimony of C. as +derived from the Duke's want of recollection: as well as the "Goodly +Botherby's" of MR. CUTHBERT BEDE. As an instance of the Duke's impressions +of the battle, I may add, that he stated that there was _no smoke_, though +Mr. Jones told me, that when he was on the ground two days afterwards the +smoke was still hanging over it. + +FRANK HOWARD. + + * * * * * + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. + +_Mr. Muller's Process._--MR. SISSON inquires for any one's experience in +the use of the above formula, and I beg to say I remember when it was +published I tried it, but gave it up. It is an excellent plan, but requires +improvement. The following were my objections: + +If the objects are not well illuminated by the sun, the image is not sharp. +The skies taken are singularly the reverse of the iodide-of-potash method, +as they are almost transparent. + +The solutions of iron are a constant trouble by precipitating. + +It has the same disadvantages as other modes on paper from inequality in +the strength of the image. The photographic _pons asinorum_ appears however +to be got over by the process, viz. taking the picture at once in the +camera, and it is very possible that it can be made perfect. A small +quantity of chromate of potash, about one grain to three ounces of solution +of iodide of iron, gives a little more force to the picture. + +I find the nitrate of lead a very useful salt in iodizing paper. Six grains +of the salt to the ounce of water, and tincture of iodine added till a pale +yellow, will give additional sensitiveness to iodized paper, if the sheets +are floated upon the solution. This will shorten the time in the camera +nearly five minutes; but it requires care, as it is apt to solarize. + +A weak solution of iodide of iron has also the same effect, and, if blotted +off at once, it will not blacken by the use of gallic acid. + +WELD TAYLOR. + +Bayswater. + +_Stereoscopic Angles._--When I last addressed you, I fancied I should set +the stereoscopic-angle question at rest. It appears, however, that MR. G. +SHADBOLT is unconvinced, and as I alone (to the best of my knowledge) have +defined and solved the problem in relation to this subject, you will +perhaps allow me to offer a few words in rejoinder to MR. S.'S arguments +which, had that gentleman thought more closely, would not have been +advanced. This is also requisite, because, from their speciousness, they +are likely to mislead such as take what they read for granted. MR. S. says +that when the stereographs are placed at the same distance from the eyes as +the focal length of the lens, that 2-1/4 inches is the best space for the +cameras to be apart; and that were this space increased, the result would +be as though the pictures were taken from models. To this I reply, that the +only correct space for the cameras to be apart is 2-1/2 inches (_i. e._ the +space usually found to be from pupil to pupil of our eyes), and this under +every circumstance; and that any departure from this must produce error. As +to the model-like appearance, I cannot see the reason of {276} it. Next MR. +SHADBOLT says, and rightly, that when the pictures are seen from a less +distance than the focal length of the lens, they appear to be increased in +bulk. But the "obvious remedy" I pronounce to be wrong, as it must produce +error. The remedy is nevertheless obvious, and consists in placing the +stereographs at the same distance from the eyes as the focal length of the +lens. But, if this cannot be done, it were surely better to submit to some +trifling exaggeration than to absolute deformity and error. MR. S. says +also, that as we mainly judge of distance, &c. by the convergence of the +optic axis of our eyes (Query, How do persons with only one eye judge?), +so, in short or medium distances, it were better to let the camera radiate +from its centre to the principal object to be delineated. The result of +this must be error, as the following illustration will show. Let the sitter +(for it is especially recommended in portraits) hold before him, +horizontally, and in parallelism with the picture, a ruler two feet long; +and let planes parallel to the ruler pass through the sitter's ears, eyes, +nose, &c. The consequence would be that the ruler, and all the other planes +parallel to it, would have two vanishing points, and all the features be +erroneously rendered. This, to any one conversant with perspective, should +suffice. But, as all are not acquainted with perspective, perhaps the +following illustration may prove more convincing. Suppose an ass to stand +facing the observer; a boy astride him, with a big drum placed before him. +Now, under the treatment recommended by MR. G. SHADBOLT, both sides of the +ass would be visible; both the boy's legs; and the drum would have two +heads. This would be untrue, absurd, ridiculous, and quite as wonderful as +Mr. Fenton's twelve-feet span view from across the Thames. + +Once more, and I shall have done with the present arguments of MR. G. +SHADBOLT. He says that the two pictures should have exactly the same range +of vision. This I deny: for, were it so, there would be no stereoscopic +effect. Let the object be a column: it is evident that a tangent to the +left side of the column from the right eye, could not extend so far to the +left as a tangent to the left side of the column from the left eye, and +_vice versa_. And it is only by this difference in the two pictures (or, in +other words, the range of vision) that our conceptions of solidity are +created. This is not exactly the test to suit the views of MR. SHADBOLT, as +I am quite aware; but I chose it for its simplicity, and because it will +bear demonstration; and my desire has been to elicit truth, and not to +perpetuate error. + +In conclusion, I beg to refer MR. G. SHADBOLT to my definition and solution +of the stereoscopic problem--which I then said I _believed_--but which I +now unhesitatingly _assert_ to be correct. + +T. L. MARRIOTT. + +_Ammonio-nitrate of Silver._--The inability of your correspondent +PHILO-PHO. to form the ammonio-nitrate of silver from a solution of nitrate +of silver, which has been used to excite albumenized paper, is in all +probability owing to the presence of a small quantity of nitrate of +ammonia, which has been imparted to the solution by the paper. + +Salts of ammonia form, with those of silver, double salts, from which the +oxide of silver is not precipitated by the alkalies. + +I cannot however explain how it was that the solution had lost none of its +silver, for the paper could not in such case have been rendered sensitive. + +J. LEACHMAN. + +20. Compton Terrace, Islington. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Sir Thomas Elyot_ (Vol. viii., p. 220.).--Particulars respecting this once +celebrated diplomatist and scholar may be collected from Bernet's _Hist. +Reformation_, ed. 1841, i. 95.; Strype's _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, i. +221. 263., Append. No. LXII.; Ellis's _Letters_, ii. 113.; _Archaeologia_, +xxxiii.; Wright's _Suppression of Monasteries_, 140.; _Lelandi Encomia_, +83.; Leland's _Collectanea_, iv. 136-148.; _Retrospective Review_, ii. +381.; _Privy Purse Expenses of Princess Mary_, 82. 230.; Chamberlain's +_Holbein Heads_; Smith's _Autographs_; Fuller's _Worthies_ +(Cambridgeshire); Wood's _Athenae Oxonienses_, i. 58.; Lysons' +_Cambridgeshire_, 159. + +The grant of Carlton cum Willingham in Cambridgeshire to Sir Thomas Elliot +and his wife is enrolled in the Exchequer (_Originalia_, 32 Hen. VIII., +pars 3. rot. 22. vel 221.); and amongst the Inquisitions filed in that +Court is one taken after his death (_Cant. and Hunt._, 37 vel 38 Hen. +VIII.). + +I believe it will be found on investigation, that Sir Richard Elyot (the +father of Sir Thomas) was of Wiltshire rather than of Suffolk. See Leland's +_Collectanea_, iv. 141. n., and an Inquisition in the Exchequer of the date +of 6 or 7 Hen. VIII. thus described in the Calendar: "de manerio de +Wanborough com. Wiltes proficua cujus manerii Ricardus Eliot percepit." + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge. + +_Judges styled "Reverend"_ (Vol. viii., p. 158.).--As it is more than +probable that your pages may in future be referred to as authority for any +statement they contain, especially when the fact they announce is vouched +by so valued a name as that of my friend YORK HERALD, I am sure that he +will excuse me for correcting an error into which he has fallen, the more +especially as Lord Campbell is equally mistaken (_Lord Chancellors_, i. +539.). + +YORK HERALD states, that "Anthony Fitz-Herbert was appointed Chief Justice +of the Common {277} Pleas in 1523, and died in 30 Henry VIII." Fitz-Herbert +was never _Chief Justice_. He was made a judge of the Common Pleas in 1522; +and so continued till his death at the time mentioned, 1538. During that +period, the office of Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was successively +held by Sir Thomas Brudenell till 1531, by Sir Robert Norwich till 1535, +and then by Sir John Baldwin, who was Chief Justice at the time of +Fitz-Herbert's death. + +William Rastall (afterwards Judge), in the early part of his career, joined +his father in the printing business, and there are several books with his +imprimatur. It was during that time probably that he formed the table to +the _Natura Brevium_ of Anthony Fitz-Herbert, mentioned in the title-page +to YORK HERALD'S volume. + +EDWARD FOSS. + +_"Hurrah" and other War-cries_ (Vol. vii., pp. 595. 633.; Vol. viii., pp. +20. 88.).--_Hurrah_ is the war-cry of many nations, both in the army and +navy. The Dutch seem to have adopted it from the Russians, _poeta invito_, +as we see in the following verses of Staring van den Willenborg: + + "Is 't hoera? Is 't hoera? + Wat drommel kan 't u schelen? + Brul, smeek ik, geen Kozakken na! + Als Fredrik's batterijen spelen-- + Als Willem's trommen slaan + Blijv' Neerland's oorlogskreet: 'Val aan!' + Waar jong en oud de vreugd der overwinning deelen, + Bij Quatre-Bras' trofee, + Blijve ons gejuich _Hoezee_!" + +Accept or reject this doggerel translation: + + "Is it hurrah? Is it hurrah? + What does that concern you, pray? + Howl not like Cossacks of the Don! + But, when Frederic's batteries pour-- + When William's drums do roar-- + Holland's war-cry still be 'Fall on!' + When old and young + Raise the victor's song, + At Quatre-Bras' trophy, + Let _Huzzah_ our joy-cry be!" + +_Hoera_ (hurrah) and _hoezee_ (huzza), then, in the opinion of Staring, and +indeed of many others, have not the same origin. Some have derived _hoezee_ +from _hausse_, a French word of applause at the hoisting (Fr. _hausser_) of +the admiral's flag. Bilderdijk derives it from Hussein, a famous Turkish +warrior, whose memory is still celebrated. Dr. Brill says, "_hoezee_ seems +to be only another mode of pronouncing the German _juchhe_." Van Iperen +thinks it taken from the Jewish shout, "Hosanna!" Siegenbeek finds "the +origin of _hoezee_ in the shout of encouragement, 'Hou zee!' (hold sea)." +Dr. Jager cites a Flemish author, who says "that this cry ('hou zee,' in +French, _tiens mer_) seems especially to belong to us; since it was +formerly the custom of our seamen always 'zee te houden' (to keep the sea), +and never to seek shelter from storms." Dr. Jager, however, thinks it +rather doubtful "that our _hoezee_ should come from 'hou zee,' especially +since we find a like cry in other languages." In old French _huz_ signified +a cry, a shout; and the verb _huzzer_, or _hucher_, to cry, to shout; and +in Dutch _husschen_ had the same meaning.--From the _Navorscher_. + +_Major Andre_ (Vol. viii., p. 174).--The sisters of Major Andre lived until +a comparatively very recent date in the Circus at Bath, and this fact may +point SERVIENS to inquiries in that city. + +T. F. + +In reply to SERVIENS'S Query about Major Andre, I beg to inform him that +there is a good picture of the Major by Sir Joshua Reynolds in the house of +Mrs. Fenning, at Tonbridge Wells, who, I have no doubt, would be enabled to +give him some particulars respecting his life. + +W. H. P. + +_Early Edition of the New Testament_ (Vol. viii., p. 219.).--The book, +about which your correspondent A. BOARDMAN inquires, is an imperfect copy +of Tyndale's _Version of the New Testament_: probably it is one of the +_first edition_; if so, it was printed at Antwerp in 1526; but if it be one +of the second edition, it was printed, I believe, at the same place in +1534. Those excellent and indefatigable publishers, Messrs. Bagster & Sons, +have within the last few years reprinted both these editions; and if your +correspondent would apply to them, I have no doubt but they will be able to +resolve him on all the points of his inquiry. + +F. B----W. + +_Ladies' Arms borne in a Lozenge_ (Vol. vii., p. 571. Vol. viii., pp. 37. +83.).--As this question is still open, I forward you the translation of an +article inserted by me in the first volume of the _Navorscher_. +Lozenge-formed shields have not been always, nor exclusively, used by +ladies; for, in a collection of arms from 1094 to 1649 (see _Descriptive +Catalogue of Impressions from Scottish Seals_, by Laing, Edinburgh) are +many examples of ladies' arms, but not one in which the shield has any +other form than that used at the time by men. In England, however, as early +as the fourteenth century, the lozenge was sometimes used by ladies, though +perhaps only by widows. Nisbet (_System of Heraldry_, ii. 35.) mentions a +lozenge-formed seal of Johanna Beaufort, Queen Dowager of Scotland, +attached to a parchment in 1439; while her arms, at an earlier period, were +borne on a common shield (_Gent. Mag._, April, 1851). In France the use of +the lozenge for ladies was very general; yet in the great work of Flacchio +(_Genealogie de la Maison de la Tour_) are found several hundred examples +of ladies' arms on oval {278} shields; and in _Vredii Genealogia comitum +Flandriae_ (p. 130.), on shields rounded off below. On the other hand, +lozenges have sometimes been used by men: for instance, on a seal of +Ferdinand, Infant of Spain, in Vredius, l. c. p. 148.; also on a dollar of +Count Maurice of Hanau, in Kohler's _Muentzbelustig_. 14. See again the arms +of the Count of Sickingen, in Siebmacher, Suppl. xi. 2. So much for the use +of the lozenge. Most explanations of its origin appear equally far-fetched. +That of Menestrier, in his _Pratique des Armoires_ (p. 14.), seems to me +the least forced. He derives the French name _lozange_ from the Dutch +_lofzang_: + + "In Holland," he says, "the custom prevails every year, in May, to + affix verses and _lofzangen_ (songs of praise) in lozenge-formed + tablets on the doors of newly-made magistrates. Young men hung such + tablets on the doors of their sweethearts, or newly-married persons. + Also on the death of distinguished persons, lozenge-shaped pieces of + black cloth or velvet, with the arms, name, and date of the death of + the deceased, were exhibited on the front of the house. And since + _there is little to be said of women, except on their marriage or + death, for this reason has it become customary on all occasions to use + for them the lozenge-shaped shield_." + +In confirmation of this may be mentioned, that formerly _lozange_ and +_lozanger_ were used in the French for _louange_ and _louer_; of which +Menestrier, in the above-quoted work (p. 431.), cites several instances. + +Besides the conjectures mentioned by H. C. K. and BROCTUNA, may be cited +that of Laboureur: who finds both the form and the name in the Greek word +[Greek: oxugonios] (_ozenge_ with the article, _l'ozenge_); and of +Scaliger, who discovers _lausangia_ in _laurangia_, _lauri folia_. See +farther, Bernd. _Wapenwesen_, Bonn, 1841. + +JOHN SCOTT. + +Norwich. + +_Sir William Hankford_ (Vol. ii., p. 161. &c.).--Your learned correspondent +MR. EDWARD FOSS proves satisfactorily that Sir W. Gascoigne was not +retained in his office of Chief Justice by King Hen. V. But MR. FOSS seems +to have overlooked entirely the Devonshire tradition, which represents Sir +William _Hankford_ (Gascoigne's successor) to be the judge who committed +Prince Henry. Risdon (_v_. Bulkworthy, _Survey of Devon_, ed. 1811, p. +246.), after mentioning a chapel built by Sir W. Hankford, gives this +account of the matter: + + "This is that deserving judge, that did justice upon the king's son + (afterwards King Henry V.), who, when he was yet prince, commanded him + to free a servant of his, arraigned for felony at the king's bench bar; + whereat the judge replied, he would not. Herewith the prince, enraged, + essayed himself to enlarge the prisoner, but the judge forbad; insomuch + as the prince in fury stept up to the bench, and gave the judge a blow + on the face, who, nothing thereat daunted, told him boldly: 'If you + will not obey your sovereign's laws, who shall obey you when you shall + be king? Wherefore, in the king's (your father's) name, I command you + prisoner to the king's bench.' Whereat the prince, abashed, departed to + prison. When King Henry IV., his father, was advertised thereof (as + fast flieth fame), after he had examined the circumstances of the + matter, he rejoiced to have a son so obedient to his laws, and a judge + of such integrity to administer justice without fear or favour of the + person; but withal dismissed the prince from his place of president of + the council, which he conferred on his second son." + +Risdon makes no mention of Sir W. Hankford's being retained in office by +King Henry V. But at p. 277., _v._ Monkleigh, he gives the traditional +account of Hankford's death (anno 1422), which represents the judge, in +doubt of his safety, and mistrusting the sequel of the matter, to have +committed suicide by requiring his park-keeper to shoot at him when under +the semblance of a poacher: + + "Which report (Risdon adds) is so credible among the common sort of + people, that they can show the tree yet growing where this fact was + committed, known by the name of Hankford Oak." + +J. SANSOM. + +_Mauilies, Manillas_ (Vol. vii., p. 533.).--W. H. S. will probably find +some of the information which he asks for in _Two Essays on the Ring-Money +of the Celtae_, which were read in the year 1837 to the members of the Royal +Irish Academy by Sir William Betham, and in some observations on these +essays which are to be found in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ of that year. +During the years 1836, 1837, and 1838, there were made at Birmingham or the +neighbourhood, and exported from Liverpool to the river Bonney in Africa, +large quantities of _cast-iron_ rings, in imitation of the _copper_ rings +known as "Manillas" or "African ring-money," then made at Bristol. A vessel +from Liverpool, carrying out a considerable quantity of these cast-iron +rings, was wrecked on the coast of Ireland in the summer of 1836. A few of +them having fallen into the hands of Sir William Betham, he was led to +write the _Essays_ before mentioned. The making of these cast-iron rings +has been discontinued since the year 1838, in consequence of the natives of +Africa refusing to give anything in exchange for them. From inquiry which I +made in Birmingham in the year 1839, I learnt that more than 250 tons of +these cast-iron rings had been made in that town and neighbourhood in the +year 1838, for the African market. The captain of a vessel trading to +Africa informed me in the same year that the Black Despot, who then ruled +on the banks of the river Bonney, had threatened to mutilate, in a way +which I will not describe, any one who should be detected in landing these +counterfeit rings within his territories. + +N. W. S. + +{279} + +_The Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits_ (Vol. vii., p. 589.; Vol. viii., p. +82.).--Your correspondent A. W. S. having called attention to the use of +the hour-glass in pulpits (Vol. vii., p. 589.), I beg to mention two +instances in which I have seen the stands which formerly held them. The +first is at Pilton Church, near Barnstaple, Devon, where it still (at least +very lately it did) remain fixed to the pulpit; the other instance is at +Tawstock Church (called, from its numerous and splendid monuments, the +Westminster Abbey of North Devon), but here it has been displaced, and I +saw it lying among fragments of old armour, banners, &c., in a room above +the vestry. They were similar in form, each representing a man's arm, cut +out of sheet iron and gilded, the hand holding the stand; turning on a +hinge at the shoulder it lay flat on the panels of the pulpit when not in +use. When extended it would project about a yard. + +BALLIOLENSIS. + +George Poulson, Esq., in his _History and Antiquities of the Seignory of +Holderness_ (vol. ii. p. 419.), describing Keyingham Church, says that-- + + "The pulpit is placed on the south-east corner; beside it is an iron + frame-work, used to contain an hour-glass." + +EDWARD PEACOCK. + +Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey. + +_Derivation of the Word "Island"_ (Vol. viii., p. 209.).--Your +correspondent C. gives me credit for a far greater amount of humour than I +can honestly lay claim to. He appears (he must excuse me for saying so) to +have scarcely read through my observations on the derivation of the word +_island_, which he criticises so unmercifully; and to have understood very +imperfectly what he has read. For instance, he says that my "derivation of +_island_ from _eye_, the visual orb, because each are (_sic_) surrounded by +water, seems like banter," &c. Had I insisted on any such analogy, I should +indeed have laid myself open to the charge; but _I did nothing of the +kind_, as he will find to be the case, if he will take the trouble of +perusing what I wrote. My remarks went to show, that, in the A.-S. +compounded terms, _Ealond_, _Igland_, &c., from which our word _island_ +comes, the component _ea_, _ig_, &c., does not mean _water_, as has +hitherto been supposed to be the case, but an _eye_; and that on this +supposition alone can the simple _ig_, used to express an _island_, be +explained. Will C. endeavour to explain it in any other way? + +Throughout my remarks, the word _isle_ is not mentioned. And why? Simply +because it has no immediate etymological connexion with the word _island_, +being merely the French word naturalised. The word _isle_ is a simple, the +word _island_ a compound term. It is surely a fruitless task (as it +certainly is unnecessary for any one, with the latter word ready formed to +his hand in the Saxon branch of the Teutonic, and, from its very form, +clearly of that family), to go out of his way to torture the Latin into +yielding something utterly foreign to it. My belief is, that the +resemblance between these two words is an accidental one; or, more +properly, that it is a question whether the introduction of an _s_ into the +word _island_ did not originate in the desire to assimilate the Saxon and +French terms. + +H. C. K. + +_A Cob-wall_ (Vol. viii., p. 151.).--A "cob" is not an unusual word in the +midland counties, meaning a lump or small hard mass of anything: it also +means a blow; and a good "cobbing" is no unfamiliar expression to the +generality of schoolboys. A "cob-wall," I imagine, is so called from its +having been made of heavy lumps of clay, beaten one upon another into the +form of a wall. I would ask, if "gob," used also in Devonshire for the +stone of any fruit which contains a kernel, is not a cognate word? + +W. FRASER. + +Tor Mohun. + +_Oliver Cromwell's Portrait_ (Vol. vi. _passim_).--In reference to this +Query, the best portrait of Oliver Cromwell is in the Baptist College here, +and 500 guineas have been refused for it. + +I am not aware if it is the one alluded to by your correspondents. The +picture is small, and depicts the Protector _without_ armour: it is by +Cooper, and was left to its present possessors by the Rev. Andrew Gifford, +a Baptist minister, in 1784. + +Two copies have been made of it, but the original has never been engraved; +from one of the copies, however, an engraving is in process of execution, +after the picture by Mr. Newenham, of "Cromwell dictating to Milton his +letter to the Duke of Savoy." The likeness of Cromwell in this picture is +taken from one of the copies. + +The original is not allowed to be taken from off the premises on any +consideration, in consequence of a dishonest attempt having been made, some +time ago, to substitute a copy for it. + +BRISTOLIENSIS. + +_Manners of the Irish_ (Vol. viii., pp. 5. 111.)--A slight knowledge of +Gaelic enables me to supply the meaning of some of the words that have +puzzled your Irish correspondents. _Molchan_ (Gaelic, _Mulachan_) means +"cheese." + + "Deo gracias, is smar in Doieagh." + +I take to mean "Thanks to God, God is good." In Gaelic the spelling would +be--"is math in Dia." A Roman Catholic Celt would often hear his priest say +"Deo Gratias." + +The meaning of the passage seems to be pretty clear, and may be rendered +thus:--The Irish farmer, although in the abundant enjoyment of {280} bread, +butter, cheese, flesh, and broth, is not only not ashamed to complain of +poverty as an excuse for non-payment of his rent, but has the effrontery to +thank God, as if he were enjoying only those blessings of Providence to +which he is justly entitled. + +W. C. + +Argyleshire. + +_Chronograms and Anagrams_ (Vol. viii., p. 42.).--Perhaps the most +extraordinary instance to be found in reference to chronograms is the +following: + + "Chronographica Gratulatio in Felicissimum adventum Serenissimi + Cardinalis Ferdinandi, Hispaniarum Infantis, a Collegio Soc. Jesu. + Bruxellae publico Belgarum Gaudio exhibita." + +This title is followed by a dedication to S. Michael and an address to +Ferdinand; after which come one hundred hexameters, _every one of which is +a chronogram_, and each chronogram gives the same result, viz. 1634. The +first three verses are,-- + + "AngeLe CaeLIVogI MIChaeL LUX UnICa CaetUs. + Pro nUtU sUCCInCta tUo CUI CUnCta MInIstrant. + SIDera qUIqUe poLo gaUDentIa sIDera VoLVUnt." + +The last two are,-- + + "Vota Cano: haeC LeVIbus qUamVIs nUnC InCLyte prInCeps. + VersICULIs InCLUsa, fLUent in saeCULa CentUm." + +All the numeral letters are printed in capitals, and the whole is to be +found in the _Parnassus Poeticus Societatis Jesu_ (Francofurti, 1654), at +pp. 445-448. of part i. In the same volume there is another example of the +chronogram, at p. 261., in the "Septem Mariae Mysteria" of Antonius Chanut. +It occurs at the close of an inscription: + + "StatUaM hanC--eX Voto ponIt + FernanDUs TertIUs AUgUstUs." + +The date is 1647. + + "Henriot, an ingenious anagrammatist, discovered the following anagram + for the occasion of the 15th: + + 'Napoleon Bonaparte sera-t-il consul a vie, + La [le] peuple bon reconnoissant votera Oui.' + + There is only a trifling change of _a_ to e."--_Gent. Mag._, Aug. 1802, + p. 771. + +The following is singular: + + "Quid est veritas? = Vir qui adest." + +I add another chronogram "by Godard, upon the birth of Louis XIV. in 1638, +on a day when the eagle was in conjunction with the lion's heart:" + + "EXorIens DeLphIn AqUILa CorDIsqUe LeonIs + CongressU GaLLos spe LaetItIaqUe refeCIt." + +B. H. C. + +_"Haul over the Coals"_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--This appears to mean just +the same as "roasting"--to inflict upon any one a castigation _per verbum_ +and in good humour. + +_To cover over the coals_ is the same as to cower over the coals, as a +gipsy over a fire. Thus Hodge says of Gammer Gurton and Tib, her maid: + + "'Tis their daily looke, + They cover so over the coles their eies be bleared with smooke." + +_To carry coals to Newcastle_ is well understood to be like giving alms to +the wealthy; but viewed in union with the others would show what a +prominent place coals seem to have in the popular mind. + +B. H. C. + +Poplar. + +_Sheer Hulk_ (Vol. viii., p. 126.).--This phrase is certainly correct. +_Sheer_ = mere, a hulk, and nothing else. Thus we say _sheer_ nonsense, +_sheer_ starvation, &c.; and the song says: + + "Here a _sheer hulk_ lies poor Tom Bowling, + The darling of our crew," &c. + +The etymology of _sheer_ is plainly from _shear_. + +B. H. C. + +Poplar. + +_The Magnet_ (Vol. vi. _passim_).--This was used by Claudian apparently as +symbolical of Venus or love: + + "Mavors, sanguinea qui cuspide verberat urbes, + Et Venus, humanas quae laxat in otia curas, + Aurati delubra tenent communia templi, + Effigies non una Deis. Sed ferrea Martis + Forma nitet, Venerem _magnetica gemma figurat_."--Claud. _De Magnete._ + +B. H. C. + +Poplar. + +_Fierce_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--OXONIENSIS mentions a peculiar use of the +word "fierce." An inhabitant of Staffordshire would have answered him: "I +feel quite _fierce_ this morning." + +W. FRASER. + +Tor-Mohun. + +_Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Languages_ (Vol. viii., p. +174.).--Your correspondent M. will find some curious and interesting +articles on this subject in vol. ii. of _The Scottish Journal_, Edinburgh, +1848, p. 129. _et infra_. + +DUNCAN MACTAVISH. + +Lochbrovin. + +_Acharis_ (Vol. viii., p. 198.).--A mistake, probably, for _achatis_, a +Latinised form of _achat_, a bargain, purchase, or act of purchasing. The +passage in Dugdale seems to mean that "Ralph Wickliff, Esq., holds +two-thirds of the tithes of certain domains sometime purchased by him, +{281} formerly at a rental of 5s., now at nothing, because, as he says, +they are included in his park." + +J. EASTWOOD. + +_Henry, Earl of Wotton_ (Vol. viii., p. 173.).--Philip, first Earl of +Chesterfield, had a son Henry, Lord Stanhope, K.B., who married Catherine, +the eldest daughter and co-heir of Thomas, Lord Wotton, and had issue one +son Philip, and two daughters, Mary and Catherine. Lord Stanhope died s. p. +Nov. 29, 1634. His widow was governess to the Princess of Orange, daughter +of Charles I., and attending her into Holland, sent over money, arms, and +ammunition to that king when he was distressed by his rebellious subjects. +For such services, and by reason of her long attendance on the princess, +she was, on the restoration of Charles II. (in regard that Lord Stanhope, +her husband, did not live to enjoy his father's honours), by letters patent +bearing date May 29, 12 Charles II., advanced to the dignity of Countess of +Chesterfield for life, as also that her daughters should enjoy precedency +as earl's daughters. + +She took to her second husband John Poliander Kirkhoven, Lord of Kirkhoven +and Henfleet, by whom she had a son, _Charles Henry_ Kirkhoven, the subject +of the Query. + +This gentleman, chiefly on account of his mother's descent, was created a +baron of this realm by the title of Lord Wotton of Wotton in Kent, by +letters patent bearing date at St. Johnstone's (Perth) in Scotland, August +31, 1650, and in September, 1660, was naturalised by authority of +parliament, together with his sisters. He was likewise in 1677 created Earl +of _Bellomont_ in Ireland, and, dying without issue, left his estates to +his nephew Charles Stanhope, the younger son of his half-brother the Earl +of Chesterfield, who took the surname of Wotton. + +This information is principally from Collins, who quotes "Ec. Stem. per +Vincent." I have consulted also Bank's _Dormant Baronage_, Burke's _Works_, +and Sharpe's _Peerage_. + +BROCTUNA. + +Bury, Lancashire. + +_Anna Lightfoot_ (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--An account of "the left-handed wife +of George III." appeared in Sir Richard Phillips' _Monthly Magazine_ for +1821 or 1822, under the title of (I think) "Hannah Lightfoot, the fair +Quaker." + +ALEXANDER ANDREWS. + +_Lawyers' Bags_ (Vol. viii., p. 59.).--Previous correspondents appear to +have established the fact that green was the orthodox colour of a lawyer's +bag up to a recent date. May not the change of colour have been suggested +by the sarcasms and jeers about "green bags," which were very current +during the proceedings on the Bill of Pains and Penalties, commonly known +as the _Trial_ of Queen Caroline, some thirty years ago? The reports of the +evidence collected by the commission on the Continent, was laid on the +table in a _sealed green bag_, and the very name became for a time the +signal for such an outcry, that the lawyers may have deemed it prudent to +strike their colours, and have recourse to some other less obnoxious to +remark. + +BALLIOLENSIS. + +_"When Orpheus went down"_ (Vol. viii., p. 196.).--In reply to the Query of +G. M. B. respecting "When Orpheus went down," I beg to say that the author +was the Rev. Dr. Lisle (most probably the Bishop of St. Asaph). The song +may be found among Ritson's _English Songs_. When it was first published I +have not been able to ascertain, but it must have been in the early part of +the last century, as the air composed for it by Dr. Boyce, most likely for +Vauxhall, was afterwards used in the pasticcio opera of _Love in a +Village_, which was brought out in 1763. + +C. OLDENSHAW. + +Leicester. + +_Muffs worn by Gentlemen_ (Vol. vi. _passim_; Vol. vii., p. 320.).--In +Lamber's _Travels in Canada and the United States_ (1815), vol. i. p. 307., +is the following passage: + + "I should not be surprised if those _delicate young soldiers_ were to + introduce muffs: they were in general use among the men under the + French government, and are still worn by two or three old gentlemen." + +UNEDA. + +Philadelphia. + +_Wardhouse, and Fisherman's Custom there_ (Vol. viii., p. 78.).--Wardhouse +or Wardhuuse, is a port in Finland, and the custom was for the English to +purchase herrings there, as they were not permitted to fish on that coast. +In _Trade's Increase_, a commercial tract, written in the earlier part of +the seventeenth century, the author, when speaking of restraints on fishing +on the coasts of other nations, says: + + "Certain merchants of Hull had their ships taken away and themselves + imprisoned, for fishing about the Wardhouse at the North Cape." + +W. PINKERTON. + +Ham. + +_"In necessariis unitas," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 197.).--The sentence, "In +necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas," may be seen +sculptured in stone over the head of a doorway leading into the garden of a +house which was formerly the residence of Archdeacon Coxe, and subsequently +of Canon Lisle Bowles, in the Close at Salisbury. It is quoted from +Melancthon. The inscription was placed there by the poet, and is no less +the record of a noble, true, and generous sentiment, than of the +discriminating taste and feeling of him by whom it was thus appreciated and +honoured. {282} Would that it might become the motto of _all_ our cathedral +precincts! + +W. S. + +Northiam. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. + +_The Botany of the Eastern Borders, with the Popular Names and Uses of the +Plants, and of the Customs and Beliefs which have been associated with +them_, by George Johnson, M.D. This, the first volume of _The Natural +History of the Eastern Borders_, is a book calculated to please a very +large body of readers. The botanist will like it for the able manner in +which the various plants indigenous to the district are described. The +lover of Old World associations will be delighted with the industry with +which Dr. Johnson has collected, and the care with which he has recorded +their popular names, and preserved the various bits of folk lore associated +with those popular names, or their supposed medicinal virtues. The +antiquary will be gratified by the bits of archaeological gossip, and the +biographical sketches so pleasantly introduced; and the general reader with +the kindly spirit with which Dr. Johnson will enlist him in his company-- + + " . . . Unconstrain'd to rove along + The bushy brakes and glens among." + +Marry, it were a pleasant thing to join the _Berwickshire Natural History +Club_ in one of their rambles through the Eastern Borders. + +Mr. Bohn has just added to his _Antiquarian Library_ a volume which will be +received with great satisfaction by all who take an interest in the +antiquity of Egypt. It is a translation by the Misses Horner of Dr. +Lepsius' _Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai, with +Extracts from his Chronology of the Egyptians, with reference to the Exodus +of the Israelites, revised by the Author_. Dr. Lepsius, it may be +mentioned, was at the head of the scientific expedition appointed by the +King of Prussia to investigate the remains of ancient Egyptian and +Ethiopian civilisation, still in preservation in the Nile valley and the +adjacent countries; and in this cheap volume we have that accomplished +traveller's own account of what that expedition was able to accomplish. + +We are at length enabled to answer the Query which was addressed to us some +time since on the subject of the continuation of Mr. MacCabe's _Catholic +History of England_. The third volume is now at press, and will be issued +in the course of the next publishing season. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_A Letter to a Convocation-Man concerning the Rights, +Powers, and Privileges of that Body, first published in 1697. Edited, with +an Introduction and Notes_, by the Rev. W. Fraser, B.C.L. This reprint of a +very rare tract will no doubt be prized by the numerous advocates for the +re-assembling of Convocation, who must feel indebted to Mr. Fraser for the +care and learning with which he has executed his editorial task.--_A +Collection of Curious, Interesting, and Facetious Epitaphs, Monumental +Inscriptions, &c._, by Joseph Simpson. We think the editor would have some +difficulty in authenticating many of the epitaphs in his collection, which +seems to have been formed upon no settled principle.--_The Physiology of +Temperance and Total Abstinence, being an Examination of the Effects of the +Excessive, Moderate, and Occasional Use of Alcoholic Liquors on the Healthy +Human System_, by Dr. Carpenter: a shilling pamphlet, temperately written +and closely argued, and well deserving the attention of all, even of the +most temperate. + + * * * * * + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + +THE MONTHLY ARMY LIST from 1797 to 1800 inclusive. Published by Hookham and +Carpenter, Bond Street. Square 12mo. + +JER. COLLIER'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Folio Edition. Vol. II. + +LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. + +LOWNDES' BIBLIOGRAPHER'S MANUAL. Pickering. + +PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. + +PRESCOTT'S HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 8 Vols. London. Vol. III. + +MRS. ELLIS'S SOCIAL DISTINCTION. Tallis's Edition. Vols. II. and III. 8vo. + +HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF NEWBURY. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages. Two Copies. + +VANCOUVER'S SURVEY OF HAMPSHIRE. + +HEMINGWAY'S HISTORY OF CHESTER. Large Paper. Parts I. and III. + +CORRESPONDENCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC BIBLE SOCIETY. 8vo. +London, 1813. + +ATHENAEUM JOURNAL FOR 1844. + +PAMPHLETS. + +JUNIUS DISCOVERED. By P. T. Published about 1789. + +REASONS FOR REJECTING THE EVIDENCE OF MR. ALMON, &c. 1807. + +ANOTHER GUESS AT JUNIUS. Hookham. 1809. + +THE AUTHOR OF JUNIUS DISCOVERED. Longmans. 1821. + +THE CLAIMS OF SIR P. FRANCIS REFUTED. Longmans. 1822. + +WHO WAS JUNIUS? Glynn. 1837. + +SOME NEW FACTS, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850. + +*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send +their names._ + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +REPLIES. _We have again to beg those Correspondents who favour us with_ +REPLIES _to complete them by giving the Volume and Page of the original_ +QUERIES. _This would give little trouble to each Correspondent, while its +omission entails considerable labour upon us._ + +W. C. "When Greeks join'd Greeks" _is from Lee's Alexander the Great_. + +A CONSTANT READER. _The contractions referred to stand for_ Pence _and_ +Farthings. + +C. W. (Bradford). _We can promise that if the book in question is obtained, +our Correspondent shall have the reading of it._ + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. _We hope next week to lay before our readers_ +DR. DIAMOND'_s process for printing on albumenized paper. We shall also +reply to several Photographic querists._ + +_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price +Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is +desirable._ + +"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country +Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to +their Subscribers on the Saturday._ + + * * * * * + + +{283} + +INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S +HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS. + + * * * * * + +THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual +remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves +fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal, +liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia +(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, +flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin, +rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea, +and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants, +fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c. + +_A few out of 50,000 Cures:--_ + + Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de + Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefits from your Revalenta + Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to + authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES." + + Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, + nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness + at the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent + food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk." + + Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, + indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and + which no medicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured + by Du Barry's food in a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, + Tiverton." + + Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with + cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the + advice of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious + food in a very short time. I shall be happy to answer any + inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk." + +_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._ + + "Bonn, July 19. 1852. + + "This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, + nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, + all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of + body, as also diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys + and bladder, such as stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp + of the urethra, cramp of the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and + hemorrhoids. This really invaluable remedy is employed with the most + satisfactory result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, + where irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary and + bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually the + troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth to express the + conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the cure of + incipient hectic complaints and consumption. + + "DR. RUD WURZER. + "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn." + +London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her +Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all +respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably +packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s. +6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb. +and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry +Co., 77. Regent Street, London. + +IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious +imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and +others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name +BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, _without which +none is genuine_. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions +(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at +BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of +every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in +all its Branches. + +Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. + +*** Catalogues may be had on application. + +BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument +Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodised Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous +Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. + +Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest +Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. + +Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this +beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, +Sanford's, and Canson Freres' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. +Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. + +Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. +Paternoster Row, London. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS. + +OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every +other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of +Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability, +and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits. + +Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, +&c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, +Islington. + +New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings. + + * * * * * + + +IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J.B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand. have, +by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, +they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any +other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and +appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed. + +Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of +Photography. Instruction in the Art. + + * * * * * + + +PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. + +KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of +the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. 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Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. + +VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. + +POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary +difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to +suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in +the Prospectus. + +Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in +three-fourths of the Profits:-- + + Age L s. d. + 17 1 14 4 + 22 1 18 8 + 27 2 4 5 + 32 2 10 8 + 37 2 18 6 + 42 3 8 2 + +ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. + +Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions. +INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING +SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in +the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a +Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR +SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. +Parliament Street, London. + + * * * * * + + +BANK OF DEPOSIT. + +7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London. + +PARTIES desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of +this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with +perfect Security. + +Interest payable in January and July. + + PETER MORRISON, + Managing Director. + +Prospectuses free on application. + + * * * * * + + +DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS.--Plates. Cases. Passepartoutes. Best and Cheapest. +To be had in great variety at + +McMILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet Street. + +Price List Gratis. + + * * * * * + + +BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., +in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, +may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made +Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 +guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. +Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with +Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket +Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas, Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully +examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and +4l. Thermometers from 1s. each. + +BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the +Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, + +65. CHEAPSIDE. + + * * * * * + + +{284} + +JUST PUBLISHED, PRICE FOURPENCE, + +Or sent Free on Receipt of Six Postage Stamps, + +FENNELL'S SHAKSPEARE REPOSITORY, + +NO. III. + +Containing the following Interesting Articles, viz. 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(Nearly Ready.) + +JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, cloth, 480 pages, 8vo., price 3s. 6d., the new volume of THE +BRITISH CONTROVERSIALIST: containing able Debates on many of the most +important questions of the day, and a section which might be denominated +"NOTES AND QUERIES FOR THE PEOPLE." + + "Contains a large amount of sound and very useful + information."--_Eclectic Review._ + + "It is full of intelligence and instruction."--_Papers for the + Schoolmaster._ + +London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN, Paternoster Row, and all Booksellers. + + * * * * * + + +Just out, price 2s. + +A LETTER TO A CONVOCATION MAN, concerning the Rights, Powers, and +Privileges of that Body, first published in 1697. Edited, with an +Introduction and Notes, by the REV. WILLIAM FRASER, B.C.L., Curate of +Tor-Mohun. + + "No reader on the subject of Convocation can any longer allow his + library to be without this very valuable and, until now, extremely + scarce pamphlet."--_Western Courier._ + +Also, price 1s., + +THE CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE OF THE CONVOCATIONS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. BY +THE REV. WILLIAM FRASER, B.C.L. + + "This pamphlet has met with approval from several quarters; we must + take it then as representing the opinions of a considerable number of + convocation students."--_Synodalia._ + +London: J. MASTERS. + + * * * * * + + +W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT AND LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of +Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are +greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in +Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches +among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or +other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature, +History, Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in which he has +considerable experience. + +1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS, HATCHAM, SURREY. + + * * * * * + + +A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of a General Collection of Ancient and Modern Gems, +Cameos, as well as Intaglios. By JAMES TASSIE, Modeller. Arranged and +described by R.E. RASPE, and illustrated with Copper-plates. 2 vols. 4to., +London, 1791, boards, in first-rate condition, scarce, 1l. 11s. 6d. + +London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 26s. cloth) of THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and +the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A. + + Volume Three, 1272-1377, + Volume Four, 1377-1485. + +Lately published, price 28s. cloth, + + Volume One, 1066-1199, + Volume Two, 1190-1272. + + "A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore + take its stand in the permanent literature of our country."--_Gent. + Mag._ + +London: LONGMAN & CO. + + * * * * * + + +MURRAY'S RAILWAY READING. + +Just ready, with Woodcuts, fcap. 8vo., 1s. + +THE GUILLOTINE. An Historical Essay. By the RIGHT HON. JOHN WILSON CROKER. +Reprinted from "The Quarterly Review." + +The former Volumes of this Series are-- + +LOCKHART'S ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS. + +HOLLWAY'S MONTH IN NORWAY. + +LORD CAMPBELL'S LIFE OF LORD BACON. + +WELLINGTON. By JULES MAUREL. + +DEAN MILMAN'S FALL OF JERUSALEM. + +LIFE OF THEODORE HOOK. + +LORD MAHON'S STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. + +HALLAM'S LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. + +THE EMIGRANT. By SIR F. B. HEAD. + +WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERE. + +MUSIC AND DRESS. By a LADY. + +LAYARD'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. + +BEES AND FLOWERS. By a CLERGYMAN. + +LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE "FORTY-FIVE." + +ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES." + +GIFFARD'S DEEDS OF NAVAL DARING. + +THE ART OF DINING. + +OLIPHANT'S JOURNEY TO NEPAUL. + +THE CHACE, THE TURF, AND THE ROAD. By NIMROD. + +JAMES' FABLES OF AESOP. + + To be followed by + +BEAUTIES OF BYRON: PROSE AND VERSE. + +A SECOND SERIES OF ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES." + +The ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. By SIR J. G. WILKINSON. + +JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish +of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. +Bride, in the City of London: and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186 +Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of +London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, September +17, 1853. + + * * * * * + + +Corrections made to printed original. + +page 279, "Molchan ... means cheese": 'chuse' in original, corrected by a +correspondent in Issue 206. p. 351. + +page 280, "cower over the coals": 'lower' in original, corrected by errata +in Issue 208. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 203, +September 17, 1853, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 27003.txt or 27003.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/0/0/27003/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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