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+Project Gutenberg's A Short System of English Grammar, by Henry Bate
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Short System of English Grammar
+       For the Use of the Boarding School in Worcester (1759)
+
+Author: Henry Bate
+
+Release Date: October 22, 2008 [EBook #26991]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT SYSTEM OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Lindy Walsh and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+Short _System_
+
+OF
+
+English GRAMMAR.
+
+
+For the use of the
+
+BOARDING SCHOOL
+
+In WORCESTER.
+
+
+
+_By_ HENRY BATE _A. B._
+
+
+
+_Worcester:_ Printed by R. LEWIS,
+Bookseller, in _High-Street_.
+
+
+
+
+THE PREFACE.
+
+
+_Usage and Custom are the Rules and Measures of every_ Language, _and
+the Rules of_ GRAMMAR _have nothing more to do, than to teach it. The_
+GRAMMAR _is to be fashioned from the particular_ Language, _it treats
+of, and not the Language from the_ GRAMMAR. _For want of following this
+regular Plan, our Modern_ GRAMMARIANS_ have introduced the_ GRAMMAR
+Rules _of other_ Languages _into their own; as if all_ Language _was
+founded on_ GRAMMAR, _and the Rules in one_ Language _would serve the
+same End and Purpose in another._
+
+The Latin, _for Instance, has only_ eight Parts of Speech, _and the
+Writers of_ English GRAMMAR _have unthinkingly adopted the same Number;
+whereas with the Article, which the_ Latin _has not, and which is of
+great Service in a_ Language, _we have no less than nine. The_ Latin
+_admits of_ Cases; _but as different_ Cases, _properly speaking, are
+nothing more than the different Inflections and Terminations of Nouns_,
+English Nouns _have no_ Cases. _It is not agreeable to the Principles
+of_ GRAMMAR _to say that_--of a Rose--_is the Genitive Case of_--Rose,
+_or_--to a Rose, _the Dative; for_ of _and_ to _are no Part of the
+Word_ Rose, _but only_ prefix Particles _or_ Prepositions, _which shew
+the different Relation of the Word_ Rose. _So likewise when we say_
+Alexander's Horse, _the Word_ Alexander's _is not the Genitive Case of_
+Alexander; _for strictly speaking the_ 's _is no Part of the Word_
+Alexander _but the final Letter of the Pronoun Possessive_ his, _and
+without the_ Apostrophe _we shou'd read it thus;_ Alexander his Horse.
+_If any of the_ Parts of Speech _have_ Cases, _the_ Pronouns _have, and
+some of the_ Pronouns _may perhaps have_ two; _but for the Sake of
+making every Thing as easy as I can to the Learner, I have taken the
+Liberty of distinguishing such_ Pronouns _into_ Prefix _and_
+Subsequent, _and entirely laid aside_ Cases _as useless and
+unnecessary. The_ Latin _has_ Genders, _the_ Adjective _in that
+Language always varying to correspond with the_ Substantive; _but
+our_Adjectives _never vary, and therefore the Distinction of_ Genders
+_has nothing to do with_ English GRAMMAR, _but is idle, trifling,
+impertinent._
+
+EXPERIENCE _shews, that this Sort of pedantick Ignorance and Folly, has
+made that dark and obscure, which it was intended to elucidate, and
+unhappily puzzled and perplexed a great many more, than it has ever
+instructed. Every attempt to make_ English easy _must be fruitless,
+that is not formed upon a different Plan, and such is the following_
+short System of English GRAMMAR.
+
+
+
+
+A
+Short _System_
+OF
+English GRAMMAR.
+
+
+
+
+_Of_ GRAMMAR _and it's_ DIVISIONS.
+
+
+Grammar is the Science of Letters or Language, and is the Art of
+Speaking and Writing properly.
+
+It's Divisions are four;
+
+ORTHOGRAPHY        ANALOGY
+PROSODY            SYNTAX
+
+
+_Of_ ORTHOGRAPHY.
+
+Orthography comprehends _Writing_, and _Articulation_. _Articulation_
+treats of Simple Sounds, which are made by the Organs of Speech, and by
+which we communicate our Ideas and Sentiments to one another. _Writing_
+represents the Living Speech, and makes as it were these Sounds and
+Sentiments visible.
+
+
+_Of_ PROSODY.
+
+Prosody treats of Pronunciation with respect of _Accent_, _Time_, and
+_Quantity_. But as the Science of Letters, Sounds, and Pronunciation is
+instilled into the Minds of the English Youth very early in Life, and
+as this GRAMMAR is not intended for the Use of _Foreigners_, but for
+them; I shall not trifle away their Time, in teaching them, what they
+cannot be supposed to be unacquainted with; but proceed to the third
+Part of GRAMMAR called _Analogy_.
+
+
+_Of_ ANALOGY.
+
+Analogy is the mutual Relation, or Agreement of Words with one another,
+and treats of all the _Parts of Speech_, which in English are _nine_.
+
+_Article_    _Verb_          _Conjunction_
+_Noun_       _Participle_    _Preposition_
+_Pronoun_    _Adverb_        _Interjection_
+
+
+_Of An_ ARTICLE.
+
+An Article is a _Part of Speech_ put before _Nouns_ to ascertain and
+fix their Vague Signification. There are three Articles, _a_, _an_, and
+_the_. _A_ and _an_ are Indefinite Articles and applied to Persons or
+Things indifferently; as _an Oyster_, _a Prince_. The Article _the_
+distinguishes individually or particularly; as _the Oyster_, _the
+Prince_.
+
+
+_Of a_ NOUN.
+
+A Noun is a _Part of Speech_ which expresses the Subject spoke of; as
+_Ink_, _Paper_, _Witness._
+
+A Noun is either _Substantive_, or _Adjective_.
+
+A Noun _Substantive_ is the Name of a Thing considered simply in
+itself, and without any Regard to it's Qualities; as _a Man_, _a
+Woman_, _a Child_.
+
+
+A Noun _Adjective_ is a Word added to the _Noun Substantive_,
+expressing the Circumstance or Quality thereof; as _a good Man_, _an
+old Woman_, _a young Child_.
+
+
+_Of a_ PRONOUN.
+
+A Pronoun is a _Part of Speech_ substituted in the Place of a _Noun_,
+to avoid the frequent and disagreeable Repetition of the same Word; as
+_the Bird_ is joyous, _he_ chirps, _he_ sings; which without the
+_Pronoun_ wou'd be thus; _the Bird_ is joyous, _the Bird_ chirps, _the
+Bird _ sings.
+
+PRONOUNS PERSONAL.
+
+_I_       _He_            _Myself_      _I myself_
+_Me_      _Him_           _Yourself_    _You yourself_
+_You_     _She_           _Thyself_     _Thou thyself_
+_Thou_    _Her_           _Himself_     _He himself_
+_Thee_    _One's self_    _Herself_     _She herself_
+
+PRONOUNS RELATIVE.
+
+_Who_, _whose_, _whom_, _what_, _which._
+
+PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE.
+
+_This_, _that._
+
+PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE.
+
+_My_      _Ours_     _Your_     _Theirs_
+_Mine_    _Thy_      _Yours_    _Her_
+_Our_     _Thine_    _His_      _Hers_
+
+
+_Of_ NUMBER.
+
+Number expresses the Difference betwixt one Thing and many, and is
+either _Singular_ or _Plural_.
+
+When a Thing is considered as single, or a Multitude of Things
+considered as united together, it is of the _Singular Number_; as _a
+Man_, _a Troop_.
+
+When several Things are considered as distinct from each other it is of
+the _Plural Number_, as _Men_, _Soldiers_.
+
+The _Plural_ is usually formed in _Noun Substantives_ by adding _s_ to
+the _Singular_; as _Article Articles_, _Noun Nouns_.
+
+But when the Pronunciation requires it, or when the _Singular_ ends in
+_s_, _x_, _sh_, or _ch_, the _Plural_ is usually formed by adding the
+Syllable _es_; as _Ass Asses_, _Fox Foxes_, _Sash Sashes_, _Church
+Churches_.
+
+When the _Singular_ ends in _f_ or _fe_, the _Plural_ is usually form'd
+by changing the _f_ or _fe_ into _ves_; as _Wife Wives_, _Self Selves_.
+
+Sometimes the _Plural_ is formed by adding the Syllable _en_; as _Ox
+Oxen_; sometimes by changing the _Vowel_; as _Man Men_; and sometimes
+the _Vowels and Consonants_; as _Penny Pence_, _Mouse Mice_, _Louse
+Lice_.
+
+Some of the _Pronouns_ form their _Plural_ very irregular; as _I We_,
+_Me Us_, _Thou Ye_, _Thee You_, _He They_, _Him Them_, _She They_, _Her
+Them_.
+
+Some _Nouns_ have no _Singular Number_; as _Scissors_, the
+_East-Indies_, the _West-Indies_.
+
+Some have no _Plural_; the Names of Kingdoms for Instance; as
+_England_, _Ireland_, _Portugal_.
+
+Cities, Towns and Villages; as _Worcester_, _Kinver_, _Hagley_.
+
+Seas, and Rivers; as the _Mediterranean_, _Severn_.
+
+_Wheat_, _Barley_, _Gold_, _Silver_, _Pewter_, and a great many Words,
+that cannot be reduced to any Rule want the _Plural Number_; as _Ale_,
+_Beer_, _Bread_, _Butter_, _Honey_, _Milk_, _Hunger_, _Thirst_,
+_Drunkenness_.
+
+The Termination of some _Nouns_ is the same both in the _Singular_ and
+_Plural_; as _a Sheep_, _a Swine_, a Flock of _Sheep_, a Herd of
+_Swine_, &c.
+
+
+_Of_ COMPARISON.
+
+Comparison is the comparing the different Circumstances of Persons or
+Things with each other, and serves to alter the Signification of a
+Word, either by a gradual Increase, or a gradual Diminution; as _long
+longer longest_, _short shorter shortest_.
+
+ADJECTIVES, _Adverbs_, and _Substantives_, have three Degrees of
+Comparison, the _Positive_, the _Comparative_, and the _Superlative_.
+
+The _Positive_ lays down the Natural Signification simply and without
+excess or Diminution; as _long_, _short_, _often_.
+
+The _Comparative_ raises or lowers the _Positive_ in Signification, and
+is formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _er_; as _long
+longer_, _short shorter_, _often oftener_.
+
+The _Superlative_ raises or lowers the Signification as much as
+possible, and if formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _est_;
+as _long longest_, _short shortest_, _often oftenest_.
+
+Sometimes they are compared by the _Adverbs_ _very, infinitely_; and
+the _Adjectives_ _more, most_; _less, least_; as _long, very long,
+infinitely long_; _short, more short, most short_; _commonly, less
+commonly, least commonly_.
+
+These _Adjectives_ deviate from the general Rule, _good better best_,
+_bad worse worst_, _little less least_, _much more most_.
+
+SUBSTANTIVES are compared by the _Adjectives_ _more, most_, the Words
+_than_, or _that_, always following; as a Dunce, _more_ a Dunce _than_
+I or me, the _most_ a Dunce _that_ ever I did see.
+
+
+_Of a_ VERB.
+
+A Verb is a _Part of Speech_, which serves to express, what we affirm
+of, or attribute to any Subject, and is either _Active_ or _Passive_.
+
+A Verb _Active_ is that which expresses an _Action_; as _I kick_, _I
+see_.
+
+A Verb _Passive_ is that which receives the _Action_ or expresses the
+_Passion_; as _I am kick'd_, _I am seen_.
+
+A Verb has two _Numbers_ the _Singular_ and the _Plural_; and three
+_Persons_ in each _Number_; as _I am, thou art, he is_. _We are, ye
+are, they are._
+
+The same is to be observed in every _Mood_ and in every _Tense_ but in
+the _Infinitive_, which has neither _Number_ nor Person.
+
+
+_Of_ MOODS.
+
+A mood is the Manner of _conjugating Verbs_ agreeably to the different
+Actions or Affections to be expressed.
+
+There are _four Moods_, the _Indicative_, the _Imperative_, the
+_Conjunctive_, and the _Infinitive._
+
+The _Indicative Mood_ expresseth the _Action_ or _Passion_ simply
+directly and absolutely; as _I love, I have loved, I will love_.
+
+The _Imperative_ commands or forbids; as _come_, _go_, _begone_.
+
+The _Conjunctive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ conditionally and
+is always joined with the _Indicative_, or the same _Mood_; as _I will
+love you, if you wou'd love me_; _I wou'd dance, if you wou'd dance_.
+
+The _Infinitive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ indeterminately
+without any Regard to _Time_, _Place_, _Number_, or _Person_; as _to
+love, to be loved_.
+
+
+_Of the_ TENSES.
+
+Tense is an Inflection of Verbs, whereby they are made to signify, and
+distinguish the Circumstance of _Time_.
+
+There are _five Tenses_, _the Present Tense_, _the Preterimperfect_,
+_the Preterperfect_, _the Preterpluperfect_, and _the Future_.
+
+1. The _Present Tense_ expresses the Time, that now is; as _I sup_.
+
+2. The _Preterimperfect Tense_ denotes the historical Relation of a
+past Action, but yet not perfectly compleated, when joined to another
+Action that is perfectly compleated; as _when or while I supped he came
+in_.
+
+3. The _Preterperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past perfectly; as _I
+have supped_.
+
+4. The _Preterpluperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past doubly; as _I
+had supped_.
+
+5. The _Future Tense_ expresses the Time to come; as _I shall sup, I
+will sup_.
+
+
+_Of the_ CONJUGATION.
+
+Conjugation is the Variation of Verbs through all their _Moods and
+Tenses_; and the English Verbs are chiefly conjugated by _auxiliary
+Signs_; as _to love_; or by _auxiliary Verbs_; as _I am loved, I have
+loved_.
+
+
+_Of the_ AUXILIARY SIGNS.
+
+The _auxiliary Signs_ are Words that serve to express the Variations of
+the _Verb_.
+
+The _Imperative Mood_ has the _Signs_ _do, let_; as--_do thou love, let
+him love_.
+
+The _Infinitive Mood_ has the _Signs_ _to, about_; as _to love, about
+to love_.
+
+The other _Moods_ have the _auxiliary Signs_ following.
+
+_Singular_
+
+1st _Person_ { I do, did, must, may,
+             { can, might, wou'd, cou'd,
+             { shou'd, shall, _or_ will.
+
+2d _Person_  { Thou do'st, did'st, must,
+             { may'st, can'st, might'st,
+             { wou'd'st, cou'd'st, shou'd'st,
+             { shalt _or_ wilt.
+
+3d _Person_  { He does, or do'th, did, must,
+             { may, can, might, wou'd,
+             { cou'd, shou'd, shall, _or_
+             { will.
+
+_Plural_
+
+1st _Person_ { We do, did, must, may,
+             { can, might, wou'd, cou'd,
+             { shou'd, shall, _or_ will.
+
+2d _Person_  { Ye do, did, must, may,
+             { can, might, wou'd, cou'd,
+             { shou'd, shall _or_ will.
+
+3d _Person_  { They do, did, must, may,
+             { can, might, wou'd, cou'd,
+             { shou'd, shall _or_ will.
+
+
+_Of the_ AUXILIARY VERBS.
+
+The _auxiliary Verbs_ are only two, _to Have_ and _to Be_; which cannot
+be conjugated without the _auxiliary Signs_, and without the reciprocal
+Assistance of each other.
+
+_To HAVE._
+
+INDICATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I have; thou hast; he hath, _or_ has. _Plur._ We have; ye have;
+they have.
+
+_Preterimperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I had; thou hadst; he had. _Plur._ We had; ye had; they had.
+
+_Preterperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I have had; thou hast had; he hath, _or_ has had. _Plur._ We
+have had; ye have had; they have had.
+
+_Preterpluperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I had had; thou hadst had; he had had. _Plur._ We had had; ye
+had had; they had had.
+
+_Future Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I shall, or will have; thou shalt, or wilt have; he shall, _or_
+will have. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have; ye shall, _or_ will have;
+they shall, _or_ will have.
+
+IMPERATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ and _Future_.
+
+_Sing._ Let me have; do thou have, _or_ have thou; let him have.
+_Plur._ Let us have; do ye have, _or_ have ye; let them have.
+
+CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I may, _or_ can have; thou may'st, _or_ can'st have; he may,
+_or_ can have.
+
+_Plur._ We may, _or_ can have; ye may, or can have; they may, _or_ can
+have.
+
+_Preterimperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; thou must,
+might'st, woud'st, coud'st, _or_ shoud'st have; he must, might, wou'd,
+cou'd, _or_ shou'd have. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_
+shou'd have; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; they must,
+might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have.
+
+_Preterperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; thou must,
+might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had; he must, might,
+wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd,
+cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd
+have had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had.
+
+_Preterpluperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; thou must,
+might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st had had; he must, might,
+wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd,
+cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd
+had had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had.
+
+_Future Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have had; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have had; he
+shall, _or_ will have had; _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have had; ye
+shall, _or_ will have had; they shall, _or_ will have had.
+
+INFINITIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ ---- to have
+_Perfect_ ---- to have had
+_Future_ ---- about to have.
+
+PARTICIPLES.
+
+_Present_ ---- having
+_Preterperfect_ ---- having had.
+
+
+_To BE._
+
+INDICATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I am; thou art; he is. _Plur._ We are; ye are; they are.
+
+_Preterimperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I was; thou wast; he was; _Plur._ We were; ye were; they were.
+
+_Preterperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I have been; thou hast been; he hath been. _Plur._ We have
+been; ye have been; they have been.
+
+_Preterpluperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I had been; thou hadst been; he had been. _Plur._ We had been;
+ye had been; they had been.
+
+_Future Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will be; thou shalt, _or_ wilt be; he shall, _or_
+will be. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will be; ye shall, _or_ will be; they
+shall, _or_ will be.
+
+IMPERATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ and _Future_.
+
+_Sing._ Let me be; do thou be, _or_ be thou; let him be. _Plur._ Let us
+be; do ye be, _or_ be ye; let them be.
+
+CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I may, _or_ can be; thou may'st, _or_ canst be; he may, _or_
+can be. _Plur._ We may, _or_ can be; ye may, _or_ can be; they may,
+_or_ can be.
+
+_Preterimperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; thou must,
+might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st be; he must, might, wou'd,
+cou'd, _or_ shou'd be. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_
+shou'd be; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; they must,
+might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be.
+
+_Preterperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; thou must,
+might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have been; he must, might,
+wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd, have been. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd,
+cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd
+have been; they must, might, wou'd cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been.
+
+_Preterpluperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; thou
+must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st, have had been; he
+must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been. _Plur._ We must,
+might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; ye must, might, wou'd,
+cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_
+shou'd have had been.
+
+_Future Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have been; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have been;
+he shall _or_ will have been. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have been; ye
+shall, _or_ will have been; they shall, _or_ will have been.
+
+INFINITIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ ---- to be
+_Preterperfect_ ---- to have been
+_Future_ ---- about to be.
+
+PARTICIPLES.
+
+_Present_ ---- being
+_Preterperfect_ ---- having been.
+
+
+_Of_ REGULAR VERBS.
+
+Regular _Verbs_ are those that are _conjugated_ by some established
+Rules.
+
+The _Termination_ of the _Infinitive Mood Present Tense, of the Verb
+Active, in regular Verbs_, is always the same as the _first Person_ of
+the _Indicative Mood Present Tense singular_; as _to love, I love_.
+
+The _Termination_ of the _second Person Singular_ is formed out of the
+_first_ by adding _st_ or _est_; as _I love, thou loves_t; _I read,
+thou readest_.
+
+The _Termination_ of the _third Person singular_ is formed out of the
+_first_ by adding _th_ or _eth_; as _I love, he loveth, I read, he
+readeth_; or only by adding _s_; as _he loves, he reads_.
+
+The _Termination_ of the _first Person Preterimperfect Tense singular_,
+is formed out of the _first Person Present Tense singular_ by adding
+the Syllable _ed_; as _I love, I loved_.
+
+The _Termination_ of the _Participle Present of the Verb Active_, is
+always formed out of the _first Person Present_ by adding the Syllable
+_ing_; as _I love_, _loving_.
+
+The _Termination_ of the _Preterimperfect, the Preterperfect, and the
+Preterpluperfect of the Indicative Mood; and the Preterperfect, the
+Preterpluperfect and the Future of the Conjunctive, and the Participle
+Passive_ is in regular Verbs the same; as _I loved, I have loved, I had
+loved, I may have loved, I might have loved, I shall have loved, I am
+loved_. And
+
+The _Termination_ of every other _Tense, Number or Person_, is the same
+with the _Infinitive_.
+
+
+_Of a_ VERB ACTIVE.
+
+A Verb _Active regular_ is conjugated by the _auxiliary Signs, the
+auxiliary Verbs_, and the general Rules foregoing.
+
+_To LOVE._
+
+INDICATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I love, _or_ do love; thou lovest, _or_ dost love; he loveth,
+_or_ loves, _or_ doth love. _Plur._ We love, _or_ do love; ye love,
+_or_ do love; they love, _or_ do love.
+
+_Preterimperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I loved, _or_ did love; thou loved'st, _or_ did'st love; he
+loved, _or_ did love. _Plur._ we loved, _or_ did love; ye loved, _or_
+did love; they loved, _or_ did love.
+
+_Preterperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I have loved; thou hast loved; he hath loved, _or_ has loved.
+_Plur._ We have loved; ye have loved; they have loved.
+
+_Preterpluperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I had loved; thou hadst loved; he had loved. _Plur._ We had
+loved; ye had loved; they had loved.
+
+_Future Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will love; thou shalt, _or_ wilt love; he shall,
+_or_ will love. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will love; ye shall, _or_ will
+love; they shall, _or_ will love.
+
+IMPERATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ and _Future_.
+
+_Sing._ Let me love; do thou love, _or_ love thou; let him love.
+_Plur._ Let us love; do ye love, _or_ love ye; let them love.
+
+CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I may, _or_ can love; thou may'st, or can'st love; he may, _or_
+can love. _Plur._ We may, _or_ can love; ye may, _or_ can love; they
+may, _or_ can love.
+
+_Preterimperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; thou must,
+might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st love; he must, might,
+wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love. _Plur._ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd,
+_or_ shou'd love; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; they
+must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love.
+
+_Preterperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; thou must,
+might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have loved; he must,
+might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved. _Plur._ We must, might,
+wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd,
+_or_ shou'd have loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd
+have loved.
+
+_Preterpluperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; thou
+must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had loved; he
+must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved. _Plur._ We must,
+might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; ye must, might, wou'd,
+cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_
+shou'd have had loved.
+
+_Future Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have loved; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have
+loved; he shall, or will have loved. _Plur._ We shall, _or_ will have
+loved; ye shall, _or_ will have loved; they shall, _or_ will have
+loved.
+
+INFINITIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ ---- to love
+_Preterperfect_ ---- to have loved
+_Future_ ---- about to love.
+
+PARTICIPLES.
+
+_Present_ ---- loving
+_Preterperfect_ ---- having loved.
+
+
+_Of a_ VERB PASSIVE.
+
+The _Verb Passive_ is nothing more than the _Participle Passive_ joined
+to the _Auxiliary Verb to be_; as
+
+INDICATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense_ I am loved; _&c._
+_Preterimperfect_ I was loved; _&c._
+_Preterperfect_ I have been loved; _&c._
+_Preterpluperfect_ I had been loved; _&c._
+_Future_ I shall or will be loved; _&c._
+
+IMPERATIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ and _Future_. Let me be loved _&c._
+
+CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I may, _or_ can be loved; thou _&c._
+
+_Preterimperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be loved; thou _&c._
+
+_Preterperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been loved; thou
+_&c._
+
+_Preterpluperfect Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been loved;
+thou _&c_.
+
+_Future Tense._
+
+_Sing._ I shall, _or_ will have been loved; thou _&c._
+
+INFINITIVE MOOD.
+
+_Present_ ---- to be loved
+_Preterperfect_ ---- to have been loved
+_Future_ ---- about to be loved.
+
+PARTICIPLES.
+
+_Present_ ---- being loved
+_Preterperfect_ ---- having been loved.
+
+
+_Of a_ PARTICIPLE.
+
+A Participle is a _Part of Speech_, which partaketh of a _Verb_ and a
+_Noun_. When it has a Relation to Time it may be considered as a
+_Verb_; but when it is joined to a _Substantive_ or admits of
+_Comparison_, it may be considered as an _Adjective_.
+
+When the _termination_ of the _Participle Passive_ is not formed by
+adding the Syllable _ed_ to the _first Person_ of the _Indicative Mood
+Present Tense Singular_; or when the _Termination_ of the _Participle
+Passive_ differs from the _Termination of the Preter Tenses_, the
+_Verb_ becomes _irregular_; but in all other Respects is conjugated as
+the regular Verb; as I abide, thou abidest, &c.
+
+_Pres. Tense._     _Preter._     _Participle Passive._
+
+     Abide           Abode               Abode
+     Bite            Bit                 Bitten
+     Catch           Caught              Catched
+     Do              Did                 Done
+     Eat             Eat                 Eaten
+     Fall            Fell                Fallen
+     Get             Got                 Gotten
+     Hold            Held                Holden
+     Know            Knew                Known
+     Lie             Lay                 Laid
+     Make            Made                Made
+     Rise            Rose                Risen
+     Shine           Shone               Shined
+     Tread           Trod                Trodden
+     Weave           Wove                Woven
+     _&c._           _&c._               _&c._
+
+To these may be added the _Auxiliary Verbs_ ---- _To Have, and to Be_.
+
+
+_Of an_ ADVERB.
+
+An Adverb is a _Part of Speech_ joined to a _Verb_, a _Noun Substantive_,
+an _Adjective_ or _Participle_, and sometimes to another _Adverb_, to
+express the Manner or Circumstance of the Thing signified; as _he
+speaks properly_, _an orderly Man_, _truly good_, _extreamly loving_,
+_very devoutly_.
+
+Adverbs are very numerous, and have Relation to
+
+Time; as _now_, _lately_, _always_.
+
+Place; as _here_, _there_, _no-where_.
+
+Order; as _by Turns_, _abreast_, _orderly_.
+
+Quantity; as _enough_, _more_, _entirely_.
+
+Number; as _once_, _twice_, _thrice_.
+
+Dobting; as _perhaps_, _may be_, _peradventure_.
+
+Asking; as _why?_ _whence?_ _wherefore?_.
+
+Affirmation; as _yes_, _indeed_, _certainly_.
+
+Negation; as _no_, _never_, _not at all_.
+
+Comparison; as _more_, _less_, _likewise_.
+
+Quality; as _justly_, _prudently_, _indifferently_.
+
+
+_Of a_ CONJUNCTION.
+
+A Conjunction is _a Part of Speech_, which serves to connect and join
+the several Parts of a Discourse together, and is of various Kinds.
+
+Copulative; _as and_, _also_, _moreover_.
+
+Disjunctive; _as or_, _neither_, _whether_.
+
+Adversative; _as but_, _yet_, _notwithstanding_.
+
+Conditional; _as if_, _unless_, _provided_.
+
+Casual; _as for_, _because_, _forasmuch_.
+
+Conclusive; _as then_, _so that_, _therefore_.
+
+
+_Of a_ PREPOSITION.
+
+A Preposition is _a Part of Speech_, that serves to express the
+particular Relation and Circumstance of some other _Part of Speech_,
+and is either used in _Apposition_, as _in Heaven_; or in
+_Composition_, as _Invisible_.
+
+PREPOSITIONS _used in_ APPOSITION.
+
+Above        between        of
+about        betwixt        on
+after        beyond         over
+against      by             through
+among        for            throughout
+amongst      from           towards
+at           in             under
+before       into           unto
+behind       near           upon
+beneath      near to        with
+below        nigh           within
+beside       nigh to        without.
+
+PREPOSITIONS _used in_ COMPOSITION.
+
+A-base                ap-point
+ab-use                as-certain
+abs-tract             at-taint
+ac-commodate          be-friend
+ad-apt                circum-ambient
+af-fix                co-adjutor
+after-noon            com-pound
+amphi-theatre         com-plot
+ante-date             con-strain
+anti-christ           contra-diction
+an-archy              counter-balance.
+de-camp               op-pression
+Dis-appoint           over-reach
+dif-fusive            out-landish
+di-minish             per-form
+e-mission             post-master
+em-brace              pre-eminence
+en-close              preter-natural
+es-say                pro-long
+ex-terminate          re-gain
+extra-ordinary        retro-grade
+for-bear              sub-join
+fore-see              super-fine
+im-perfect            trans-migration
+in-glorious           un-worthy
+inter-view            under-written
+intro-duction         up-right
+ob-noxious            with-draw
+off-spring            _&c._, _&c._, _&c._
+
+
+_Of an_ INTERJECTION.
+
+An Interjection _is a Part of Speech_, that serves to express some
+sudden Motion or Passion of the Mind, transported with the Sensation of
+Pleasure or Pain.
+
+Of Pleasure; as, _O brave!_ _O Heavens! O Joy!_
+
+Of Pain; as _Alas! O my God! O Lord!_
+
+INTERJECTIONS _of a_ lower Order.
+
+Of Caution; as, _hold! take Care!_
+
+Of Admiration; as, _see! look! behold!_
+
+Of Aversion; as, _fie! away you Fool!_
+
+Of Silence; as, _be still! Silence!_
+
+
+_Of_ SYNTAX.
+
+Syntax is the Manner of constructing one Word with another prescribed
+by the _Rules of_ GRAMMAR.
+
+RULE 1st.
+
+The Article _a_ is usually placed before a Word that begins with a
+_Consonant_, the Article _an_ before a Word that begins with a _Vowel_,
+and either _a_ or _an_ before a Word that begins with an _h_; and the
+Article _the_, before a Word that begins either with a _Vowel_ or a
+_Consonant_; as, _a Christian_, _an Infidel_, _a Heathen_, or _an
+Heathen_; _the Christian_, _the Infidel_, _the Heathen_.
+
+RULE 2d.
+
+A Noun _Substantive_ is usually placed after its _Noun Adjective_; as
+the _Second Chapter_, a _great Man_. But sometimes for the Sake of
+greater Distinction the _Adjective_ is placed after, with the Article
+_the_ before it, as _George the Second_, _Peter the Great_. In _Poetry_
+the _Adjective_ is placed either before or after its _Substantive_
+indifferently, as the Versification requires it.
+
+RULE 3d.
+
+All _Nouns and Pronouns_ are of the _third Person_ except _I and we_,
+which are of the _first Person_, and _Thou, you and ye_, which are of
+the _Second Person_; and except the _Relative Pronouns_ which are
+always of the _same Person_ with the _Personal Pronoun_ to which they
+relate; as _I love, thou lovest, he loveth; I who love, Thou who
+lovest, he who loveth_.
+
+RULE 4th.
+
+The _prefix Pronouns_, _I, we, thou, you, ye, he, she, they, who_, are
+usually placed before the _Verb_; and the _Subsequent Pronouns_, _me,
+us, thee, him, her, them, whom_, are usually placed after; as _I love
+the Dog, the Dog loves me_. But when a _Question_ is asked, or when the
+_Verb_ is of the _Imperative Mood_, or in short Sentences, the _prefix
+Pronouns_ are usually placed after; as _lovest thou me? love thou
+thyself, said he, said they_.
+
+RULE 5th.
+
+When a Question is asked, and the _Verb_ has an _Auxiliary Sign_, or an
+_Auxiliary Verb_, the _governing Noun_ or _Pronoun_ is placed
+immediately after such _Auxiliary_; as _does the Sun shine? has he
+washed his Hands?_ And when the _Verb_ has two or more _Auxiliaries_,
+the _Noun or Pronoun_ is placed after the first; as _have I been
+taught? Cou'd the Truth have been known?_
+
+RULE 6th.
+
+The _Verb_ agrees with its _governing Noun_, _Pronoun Personal_, or
+_Pronoun Relative_, in _Number_ and _Person_; as _the Birds sing_,
+_thou lovest_, _he who loveth_.
+
+RULE 7th.
+
+A NOUN of _Multitude_ may have a _Verb_ either _Singular_ or _Plural_;
+as _the People is mad_, or _the People are mad_.
+
+But if a _Substantive_ of the same Signification follows, that is not a
+_Noun of Multitude_, then the _Verb_ is always Plural; as we do not say
+_the People is a mad Man_, but _the People are mad Men_.
+
+RULE 8th.
+
+Two or more _Nouns_ or _Pronouns Singular_, will have a _Verb Plural_;
+as _the Dog and Cat are very loving_. But when two or more
+_Substantives Singular_ signify the same _Thing_ or _Person_, or when
+the _Preposition_ OF intervenes, the _Verb_ is always _Singular_; as
+_the River Severn is Navigable._ _William the Conqueror was a great
+Man._ _This System of Grammar is compendious_.
+
+RULE 9th.
+
+The _subsequent Pronouns_ are usually placed after _Prepositions and
+Interjections_; as _of me, to us, for thee, with her, from them,
+against whom, O me!_
+
+
+_Of the_ POINTS _or_ PAUSES.
+
+The _Points_ or _Pauses_ have a Sort of musical Proportion.
+
+The _Period_ is marked thus (.)----Its _Time_ is equal to two _Colons_
+and is never placed but at the End of a Sentence, the Sense of which is
+perfect and compleat; as _By me Kings reign, and Princes decree
+Justice._
+
+The _Colon_ is marked thus (:) ---- Its _Time_ is equal to two
+_Semicolons_, and is placed where the Sense seems to be perfect and
+compleat; but to which notwithstanding something may still be added; as
+_give Instruction to a wise Man, and he will be yet wiser: Teach a just
+Man and he will increase in Learning_.
+
+The _Semicolon_ is marked thus (;) ---- its _Time_ is equal to two
+_Commas_, and is placed where the Sense is less compleat than the
+_Colon_, and more compleat than the _Comma_; as _a wise Man's Heart is
+at his right Hand; but a Fool's Heart is at his left_.
+
+The _Comma_ is marked thus (,) ---- It is the last and least _Pause_ or
+_Time_ that is made use of, and serves to distinguish the simple
+Numbers of a _Period_; as _arise, my Friend, and come away_.
+
+
+_Of the other NOTES or CHARACTERS._
+
+A Note of _Interrogation_ (?) is used when a Question is asked; as _who
+comes there?_
+
+A Note of _Admiration_ (!) is used after _Interjections_ or _short
+Sentences_ to express our Wonder and Surprize; as _O!_ _O LORD!_
+
+A Parenthesis (_rarely made use of by a good Writer_) is used to
+inclose one Sentence within another.
+
+The _Paragraph_ is marked thus (¶) and denotes the beginning of a new
+Discourse.
+
+An (') _Apostrophe_ is used when some Part of a Word is left out; as
+_Alexander's Horse_, for _Alexander his Horse_.
+
+A _Hyphen_ (-) is used to join together two Words, as _Foot-stool_,
+_&c._ and is used also when part of a Word is written in one Line, and
+part in another.
+
+The _Caret_ is marked thus, (^) to shew where the Words in any Sentence
+that are left out, shou'd come in; as
+
+           is
+_the Lady  ^  beautiful._
+
+
+The _Subdivision_, or part of a Chapter is marked usually thus, §.
+
+
+The _Index_ points to some remarkable Passage thus, Index finger,
+pointing to the right].
+
+A _Quotation_ is a double _Comma_ reverse and set against some Lines on
+the left side of a _Page_, to shew that they are quoted from another
+_Author_, thus, ".
+
+The _Notes_ that refer to the _Margin_ are an _Asterisk_ made thus, *,
+an _Obelisk_ thus, [Dagger symbol], also thus, ||.
+
+Besides these there are _literal Characters_, _numeral Characters_, and
+_Abbreviations_, the Knowledge of which is not so easily to be acquired
+by GRAMMAR _Rules_, as by diligent Observation and Experience.
+
+
+_The_ END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Short System of English Grammar, by Henry Bate
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT SYSTEM OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR ***
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