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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 78, April 26, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 78, April 26, 1851
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 12, 2008 [EBook #26898]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{313}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 78.]
+SATURDAY, APRIL 26. 1851.
+[Price, Sixpence. Stamped Edition 7d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                                             Page
+
+    On the Proposed Record of Existing Monuments              313
+
+  NOTES:--
+
+    Illustrations of Chaucer, No. IV.                         315
+    The Academies of Sir Francis Kynaston and Sir
+      Balthazar Gerbier, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault                317
+    Shakspeare and Fletcher, by Samuel Hickson                318
+    Illustrations of Tennyson                                 319
+    Folk Lore:--Sacramental Wine--Cure of Disease by
+      means of Sheep                                          320
+    Ancient Inedited Ballads, No. IV., by K. R. H. Mackenzie  320
+    Poetical Coincidences, &c., by T. C. Smith                320
+    The Republic of San Marino, by Sydney Smirke              321
+    St. Francis                                               321
+    Minor Notes:--Charles Lamb's Epitaph--M. or N.
+      --Henry VIII. and Sir T. Curwen--Periodical Literature,
+      1707--Archbishop Sancroft--Sir Henry
+      Slingsby--Origin of a Surname--Madden's Reflections     322
+
+  QUERIES:--
+
+    The Bellman, and his History                              324
+    Was Sallustius a Lecturer?--Connexion between Sallustius
+      and Tacitus, by K. R. H. Mackenzie                      325
+    The Outer Temple, by Edward Foss                          325
+    Bibliographical Queries                                   326
+    Dutch Books published out of the Netherlands              326
+    What was the Country of the Angles?                       326
+    Minor Queries:--Villenage--Roman Roads near
+      London--Mrs. Catherine Barton--Sempecta at Croyland
+      --Schmidt's Antiquitates Neomagensis--Roman
+      Medicine-stamps--Sir Harris Nicolas' History of the
+      Royal Navy--Wooden Baldrocks--Thanksgiving-book
+      --History of the Jesuits--Mind your P's and Q's
+      --Mode of hiring Domestic Servants in Holderness
+      --Sittings--Fest--Home-made Wines--Inscription
+      on a Clock--Inscription of the Tomb of Peter
+      the Hermit--Wife of James Torre--"The Bear's
+      Bible"--Harris, Painter in Water-Colours--University
+      Hoods--"Nullis Fraus tuta latebris"--Voltaire,
+      where situated?--Table of Prohibited Degrees
+      --Launcelot Littleton--The Antediluvians                327
+
+    MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Wither's Halelujah--
+      Voltaire's Henriade--Christ-Cross A.--Apple-pie
+      Order--Spick and Span new--Theory of the
+      Earth's Form--Carolus Lawson                            330
+
+  REPLIES:--
+
+    Haybands in Seals, by J. Burtt, &c.                       331
+    North Side of Churchyards, by Rev. W. H. Kelke, &c.       332
+    The Rolliad, and some of its Writers, by J. H. Markland,
+      &c.                                                     333
+    Quakers' Attempt to convert the Pope                      335
+    Snail-eating                                              336
+    Sir John Davies, Davis, or Davys, by W. H. Lammin         336
+    Locke MSS., by Thomas Kerslake                            337
+    Replies to Minor Queries:--Defoe's Anticipations--
+      Epitaph in Hall's Discoveries--Saint Thomas of
+      Lancaster--Francis Moore, &c.                           338
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+
+    Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.                    341
+    Books and Odd Volumes wanted                              342
+    Notices to Correspondents                                 342
+    Advertisements                                            342
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ON THE PROPOSED SUGGESTIONS FOR PRESERVING A RECORD OF EXISTING MONUMENTS.
+
+    The following communications have reached us since the publication of
+    our remarks on the proposed MONUMENTARIUM ANGLICANUM (No. 73. p. 217.
+    et seq.). They serve to show how much interest the subject has excited
+    among those best qualified to judge of the great utility of some
+    well-organised plan for the preservation of a record of our still
+    existing monuments.
+
+    MR. DUNKIN'S letter (which was accompanied by a copy of the prospectus
+    issued by him in 1844) claims precedence, as showing the steps which
+    _that_ gentleman has already taken. It is a communication highly
+    creditable to his exertions in the cause, but does not alter our views
+    as to the practicability of any successful attempt to accomplish this
+    object by individual exertion.
+
+In No. 73. Vol. iii. of "NOTES AND QUERIES" you have honoured me by an
+allusion to the _Monumenta Anglicana_ I have in the press, as "a plan which
+would have your hearty concurrence and recommendation, if it were at all
+practicable; but which must fail from its very vastness." It may be so; but
+the motto of my family is _Essayez_. Every "gigantic scheme" must have a
+commencement, and this "scheme," I am perfectly aware, is one "that no
+individual, however varied in attainments and abilities, could without
+assistance hope to achieve." My father, upwards of half a century since,
+commenced collecting mortuary memorials; many of the monuments from which
+he copied the inscriptions have since been destroyed by time, and many,
+very many, more by the ruthless innovations of beautifying churchwardens.
+These "very vast" collections--the labour of a life--however, only form a
+portion of the materials I now posses; for since I issued my prospectus in
+1844, I have received many thousands of inscriptions and rubbings of
+brasses from clergymen and others; and I trust I shall be favoured with
+still further assistance, as in all cases where information is rendered,
+the source whence derived shall be most thankfully and freely acknowledged.
+{314}
+
+The plan I have adopted with regard to arrangement is to folio each page
+three times, viz., i. each parish by itself; ii. each county; iii.
+alphabetically; so that each parish can be considered complete in itself;
+each county can be bound up by itself; or the whole alphabetically,
+gazetteer-wise.
+
+The index will be also in three divisions,--i. general; ii. names of
+places; iii. names of persons.
+
+With regard to the number of volumes,--I need not say that that is entirely
+_in nubibus_. My impression is limited to seventy-five copies, the same as
+my father's _Oxfordshire_, with which it corresponds in size.
+
+I should have preferred seeing the government performing the task of
+preserving manuscripts of all existing monuments; but it is the fashion in
+Britain for government to leave all apparently national undertakings to
+individual exertion. I will here conclude with a quotation from the report
+I have just published of the Transactions at the Congress of the British
+Archæological Association held in Worcester:
+
+    "Lamentation is, however, worse than useless: the spirit of the age
+    forbids all idle mourning. If we would awaken a sympathy and interest
+    in our pursuits, we must gird up our loins like men, and be doing, and
+    that right earnestly; for it is hopeless any longer waiting for the
+    government, as a 'Deus ex machina,' to help us to rescue our
+    antiquities from destruction."
+
+ALFRED JOHN DUNKIN.
+
+    Our next is from a correspondent (who has favoured us with his name)
+    who proposes a scheme almost more extensive than that advocated by MR.
+    DUNKIN, but who differs from that gentleman by recognising the
+    necessity of combined endeavour to carry it out.
+
+A few years since I propounded a scheme for an _Ecclesiologicon
+Anglicanum_, or record of the history, not only architectural and
+monumental, but also local and traditional, of every parish in England.
+Though I had long conceived such a design, I must confess myself indebted
+to some excellent remarks on the subject which appeared in the
+_Ecclesiologist_ (New Series, No. x., April 1846). Fully aware that so
+stupendous a work could never be accomplished by any single individual, I
+compiled a prospectus of my design, and invited the co-operation of all
+antiquaries. I proposed to publish at intervals, and in alphabetical order,
+the parishes of every county, and by dividing the labour among different
+coadjutors, and giving to each a separate branch of inquiry, thereby
+insuring, by successive revisions, a certainty of correctness, I hoped to
+succeed in the undertaking. My project was, however, laid aside by reason
+of other engagements; but, as I still think it worthy of consideration, I
+have troubled you with these "Notes" in the hope that, by publication in
+your pages, they may be the means of suggesting to others interested in the
+matter the practicability of carrying them out. Though with no definite
+object in view, but with a presentiment of their after utility, I have,
+during many provincial campaigns, collected architectural notes, as well as
+genealogical memoranda, from the churches I have visited. To these, such as
+they are, any of your readers is welcome, for the purposes to which I have
+referred, and I know many who would gladly send their contributions to such
+an undertaking.
+
+W. J. D. R.
+
+    Our next letter, though brief, is valuable as furnishing a case in
+    point, to prove the practical utility which would result from the
+    realisation of some well-considered scheme for the attainment of the
+    great national object which we are advocating.
+
+As an instance of the practical use of such a collection, let me inform
+your readers that in 1847, being engaged in an ejectment case on the home
+circuit, it became most important to show the identity of a young lady in
+the pedigree, the parish register of St. Christopher le Stocks only giving
+the name and date of burial. I found that when St. Christopher's was pulled
+down for the enlargement of the Bank of England, some kind antiquary had
+copied all the monuments. The book was found at the Herald's College; it
+contained an inscription proving the identity, and a verdict was obtained.
+
+J. S. B.
+
+    Our last communication is, we have reason to believe, from an active
+    and zealous Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, who would heartily
+    co-operate in carrying out the practical suggestions thrown out in his
+    letter.
+
+In Vol. iii, p. 218., you suggest that the Society of Antiquaries is the
+body which should undertake the task of forming a record of existing
+monuments in churches. Entirely agreeing in the opinion you have expressed,
+I would venture to offer some remarks on the subject. The undertaking is a
+vast and laborious one, and can only be effected by great subdivision of
+labour.
+
+That the Society of Antiquaries is the fittest agent for the work, I think
+admits of little doubt; its Fellows are widely spread throughout the
+country. In every neighbourhood may be found one or more gentlemen able and
+willing to give their aid, and to excite others to assist. The
+Archæological Institute and the British Archæological Association would
+doubtless add the weight of their influence, and the personal assistance of
+their members.
+
+The clergy throughout the country would be able and willing labourers; and
+surely these conjoined forces are adequate to the occasion.
+
+One consideration suggests itself, viz., whether {315} the record be
+confined to monuments in churches, or whether it should be extended to
+those in churchyards? I think it should be so extended, partially--that is,
+that _all_ the monuments in churches should be given; and such of the
+monuments in churchyards as, upon a careful inspection, may appear to be in
+any way worthy of preservation. We do not perhaps want the ten thousand
+"afflictions sore" which ten thousand John Smiths are stated to have "long
+time bore."
+
+The inscriptions in churches should be accompanied with rubbings of all
+brasses; and, as far as possible, with drawings of the most interesting
+monuments.
+
+I am satisfied the thing can be done, if it be undertaken with prudence,
+and continued with energy. The copies should be certified by the signature
+of the person making them, and they should all be transcribed on paper of
+the same description, so that they might be bound in volumes.
+
+The expense would probably be considerable, because in some instances paid
+labour might be requisite; but it would be as nothing compared with the
+magnitude and importance of the result; and if, as is probable, the Society
+of Antiquaries might hesitate at undertaking the whole charge, I doubt not
+that many would contribute towards it, and amongst them
+
+Q. D.
+
+    A very slight consideration of the object which it is proposed to
+    accomplish, and the means by which it can be attained, will show that
+    it falls properly into three distinct operations, namely, Collection,
+    Preservation, and Publication.
+
+    The first and most important is, the Collection of Materials. In this,
+    it is obvious, the co-operation of individuals well qualified for the
+    work may be secured in all parts of the country, provided some
+    well-defined plan of operation is furnished for their guidance, by some
+    recognised centre of union. A Committee of the Society of Antiquaries,
+    who should well consider and determine upon some uniform plan of
+    recording the inscriptions, &c., is clearly the body who, from their
+    position, could most effectually, and with the greatest propriety,
+    issue such circulars. That the Antiquaries would in this receive the
+    support of both the Archæological Societies, there cannot, of course,
+    be any doubt.
+
+    And as we have in the Society of Antiquaries a machinery already
+    established for the proper collection of the materials, so we have an
+    existing and most appropriate place for their preservation in the
+    British Museum, where they may be consulted at all times, by all
+    parties, with the greatest facility, and free of charge.
+
+    These two great points, then, of Collection and Preservation, it is
+    clear may be attained at an expense so inconsiderable, compared with
+    the benefits to be gained from their accomplishment, that we cannot
+    believe in their failure from want of funds.
+
+    For the accomplishment of the third great end, that of Publication,
+    there is no existing machinery. But let the work of collection and
+    preservation be once fairly entered upon--let it be seen how valuable a
+    collection of materials has been gathered ready to the hand of a
+    Society which should undertake its publication, and there need be
+    little fear that from the supporters of the various Antiquarian,
+    Archæological, and Publishing Societies, now spread throughout the
+    country, there would be found plenty of good men and true ready to lend
+    their aid to the printings and publishing of the MONUMENTARIUM
+    ANGLICANUM.
+
+    But as the first step is COLLECTION--and that step is the one in which
+    the SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES can best move, we trust that the present
+    year, in which this Society celebrates the centenary of its chartered
+    existence, will be signalised by its promotion of such a Record of
+    Existing Monuments as is here proposed; which cannot be otherwise
+    regarded--(and we use the words of the Society's Charter)--than as
+    "good, useful, honest, and necessary for the encouragement,
+    advancement, and furtherance of the study and knowledge of Antiquities
+    and the History of this Country."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHAUCER, NO. IV.
+
+_The Pilgrimage to Canterbury._
+
+ "Whanne that April with his shoures sote
+  The droughte of March hath perced to the rote,
+  And bathed every veine in swiche licour
+  Of which vertue engendred is the flour;
+  When Zephyrus eke with his sote brethe
+  Enspired hath in every holt and hethe
+  The tendre croppes--and the yonge Sonne
+  Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne;
+      *    *    *    *
+  Than longen folk to gon on pilgrimages--
+      *    *    *    *
+      *    *    *    *
+  Befelle, that in that seson, on a day."--_Prologue._
+
+I quote these lines because I wish to show that Tyrwhitt, in taking them as
+indicative of the very day on which the journey to Canterbury was
+performed, committed a great mistake.
+
+The whole of the opening of the prologue, down to the line last quoted, is
+descriptive, not of any particular day, but of the usual season of
+pilgrimages; and Chaucer himself plainly declares, by the words "in _that_
+seson, on _a_ day"--that the day is _as yet_ indefinite. {316}
+
+But because Tyrwhitt, who, although an excellent literary critic, was by no
+means an acute reader of his author's meaning, was incapable of
+appreciating the admirable combination of physical facts by which Chaucer
+has not only identified the real day of the pilgrimage, but has placed it,
+as it were, beyond the danger of alteration by any possible corruption in
+the text, he set aside these physical facts altogether, and took in lieu of
+them the seventh and eighth lines of the prologue quoted above, which, I
+contend, Chaucer did not intend to bear any reference to the day of the
+journey itself, but only to the general season in which it was undertaken.
+
+But Tyrwhitt, having seized upon a favourite idea, seems to have been
+determined to carry it through, at any cost, even at that of altering the
+text from "_the Ram_" into "_the Bull_:" and I fear that he can scarcely be
+acquitted of unfair and intentional misquotation of Chaucer's words, by
+transposing "his halfe cours" into "half his course," which is by no means
+an equivalent expression. Here are his own words:
+
+    "When he (Chaucer) tells us that 'the shoures of April had _perced to
+    the rote_ the drought of March' (ver. 1, 2.), we must suppose, in order
+    to allow due time for such an operation, that April was far advanced;
+    while, on the other hand, the place of the sun, 'having just run _half
+    his course in the Ram_' (ver. 7, 8.), restrains us to some day in the
+    very latter end of March. This difficulty may, and, I think, should, be
+    removed by reading in ver. 8. the BULL, instead of the RAM. All the
+    parts of the description will then be consistent with themselves, and
+    with another passage (ver. 4425.), where, in the best MSS., the _eighte
+    and twenty_ day of April is named as the day of the journey to
+    Canterbury."--_Introductory Discourse._
+
+Accordingly, Mr. Tyrwhitt did not hesitate to adopt in his text the
+twenty-eighth of April as the true date, without stopping to examine
+whether that day would, or would not, be consistent with the subsequent
+phenomena related by Chaucer.
+
+Notwithstanding Tyrwhitt's assertion of a difficulty only removable by
+changing the Ram into the Bull, there are no less than two ways of
+understanding the seventh and eighth lines of the prologue so as to be
+perfectly in accordance with the rest of the description. One of these
+would be to suppose the sign Aries divided into two portions (not
+necessarily _equal_ in the phraseology of the time), one of which would
+appertain to March, anal the other to April--and that Chaucer, by the
+"halfe cours yronne," meant the _last_, or _the April_, half of the sign
+Aries. But I think a more probable supposition still would be to imagine
+the month of April, of which Chaucer was speaking, to be divided into two
+"halfe cours," in one of which the sun would be in Aries, and in the other
+in Taurus; and that when Chaucer says that "the yonge Sonne had in the Ram
+his halfe cours yronne," he meant that the _Aries half of the month of
+April_ had been run through, thereby indicating _in general terms_ some
+time approaching to the middle of April.
+
+Both methods of explaining the phrase lead eventually to the same result,
+which is also identical with the interpretation of Chaucer's own
+contemporaries, as appears in its imitation by Lydgate in the opening of
+his "Story of Thebes:"
+
+ "Whan bright Phebus passed was the Ram,
+  Midde of Aprill, and into the Bull came."
+
+And it is by no means the least remarkable instance of want of perception
+in Tyrwhitt, that he actually cites these two lines of Lydgate's _as
+corroborative of his own interpretation_, which places the sun _in the
+middle of Taurus_.
+
+I enter into this explanation, not that I think it necessary to examine too
+curiously into the consistency of an expression which evidently was
+intended only in a general sense, but that the groundlessness of Tyrwhitt's
+alleged necessity for the alteration of "the Ram" into "the Bull" might
+more clearly appear.
+
+I have said that Tyrwhitt was not a competent critic of Chaucer's practical
+science, and I may perhaps be expected to point out some other instance of
+his failure in that respect than is afforded by the subject itself. This I
+may do by reference to a passage in "The Marchante's Tale," which evinces a
+remarkable want of perception not only in Tyrwhitt, but in all the editors
+of Chaucer that I have had an opportunity of consulting.
+
+The morning of the garden scene is said in the text to be "er that dayes
+eight were passed of the month of _Juil_"--but, a little further on, the
+same day is thus described:
+
+ "Bright was the day and blew the firmament,
+  Phebus of gold his stremes doun hath sent
+  To gladen every flour with his warmnesse;
+  He was that time in Geminis, I gesse,
+  But litel fro his declination
+  In Cancer."
+
+How is it possible that any person could read these lines and not be struck
+at once with the fact that they refer to the 8th of _June_ and not to the
+8th of _July_? The sun would leave Gemini and enter Cancer on the 12th of
+June; Chaucer was describing the 8th, and with his usual accuracy he places
+the sun "but litel fro" _the summer solstice_!
+
+Since "Juil" is an error common perhaps to all previous editions, Tyrwhitt
+might have been excused for repeating it, if he had been satisfied with
+only that: but he must signalise _his edition_ by inserting in the Glossary
+attached to it--"JUIL, _the month of July_," referring, as the sole {317}
+authority for the word, to this very line in question of "The Marchante's
+Tale!"
+
+Nor does the proof, against him in particular, end even there; he further
+shows that his attention must have been especially drawn to this garden
+scene by his assertion that Pluto and Proserpine were the prototypes of
+Oberon and Titania; and yet he failed to notice a circumstance that would
+have added some degree of plausibility to the comparison, namely, that
+Chaucer's, as well as Shakspeare's, was a _Midsummer Dream_.
+
+It is, perhaps, only justice to Urry to state that _he_ appears to have
+been aware of the error that would arise from attributing such a situation
+of the sun to the month of July. The manner in which the lines are printed
+in _his_ edition is this:--
+
+                 "ere the dayis eight
+  Were passid, er' the month July befill."
+
+It is just possible to twist the meaning of this into _the eighth of the
+Kalends of July_, by which the blunder would be in some degree lessened;
+but such a reading would be as foreign to Chaucer's astronomy as the lines
+themselves are to his poetry.
+
+A. E. B.
+
+Leeds, April 8. 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ACADEMIES OF SIR FRANCIS KYNASTON AND SIR BALTHAZAR GERBIER.
+
+Among the many interesting associations connected with old Covent Garden
+and its neighbourhood, we ought not to overlook Sir Francis Kynaston's
+"Museum Minervæ."
+
+In the year 1635, King Charles the First granted his letters patent to Sir
+Francis Kynaston, "Esquire of the body to his Majesty," whereby a house in
+Covent Garden, which Sir Francis had purchased, and furnished with books,
+manuscripts, musical and mathematical instruments, paintings, statues,
+antiques, &c., was appropriated for ever as a college for the education of
+the young, nobility, and others, under the name of the "Museum Minervæ."
+Sir Francis Kynaston was made the governor with the title of "regent;"
+Edward May, Thomas Hunt, Nicholas Phiske, John Spidell, Walter Salter,
+Michael Mason, fellows and professors of philosophy and medicine, music,
+astronomy, geometry, languages, &c. They had power to elect professors also
+of horsemanship, dancing, painting, engraving, &c.; were made a body
+corporate, were permitted to use a common seal, and to possess goods and
+lands in mortmain. (Pat. 11 Car. pt. 8. No. 14.) In the following year,
+1636, was published, dedicated to the "Regent and Professors," _The
+Constitutions of the Museum Minervæ; giving an Account of an Academy for
+teaching chiefly Navigation, Riding, Fortification, Architecture, Painting,
+and other useful Accomplishments_.
+
+The "Museum" seems to have been highly patronised, for we find that on the
+27th February, 1635 (the year of its foundation), Prince Charles, the Duke
+of York, and the Lady Mary their sister, honoured it with their presence to
+witness a masque, entitled "Corona Minervæ," which was written and prepared
+for the occasion by Sir Francis Kynaston. This masque was, I believe,
+printed in the year of its production, but I do not find it mentioned in
+the last edition of the _Biographia Dramatica_.
+
+Mr. Cunningham, in his _Handbook of London_, mentions (p. 42.) that
+
+    "Sir Francis Kynaston, the poet, was living in Covent Garden in 1636,
+    on the east side of the street towards Berrie" (Bedfordbury).
+
+And again, in his notice of Bedford Street (p. 44.), he says, Sir Francis
+resided "on the west side in 1637." Both these entries refer to the same
+residence--a noble mansion, built in the year 1594, which, after being
+inhabited by several important families, finally passed into the possession
+of Sir Francis Kynaston, who altered and adapted it (rebuilding some
+portions) as the college of the "Museum Minervæ." The ground plan, which is
+now before me, exhibits a well-arranged and commodious building with two
+fronts, one in what is now Bedfordbury, and the other (probably added by
+Sir Francis) in the street now called Bedford Street. The building, when
+Sir Francis Kynaston purchased it in 1634, stood in the centre of a large
+garden. The surrounding streets,--King Street, New Street, Bedford Street,
+Chandos Street, Henrietta Street, and Bedfordbury, were not commenced
+building until the year 1637.
+
+The "Museum Minervæ" is not named in Mr. Cunningham's excellent _Handbook_;
+but when we take into consideration the enormous amount of information
+required for a work of the kind, we ought not to blame the author for a few
+trifling omissions.
+
+Sir Balthazar Gerbier, an enterprising projector of the same century, by
+profession a painter and an architect, but now scarcely remembered as
+either, seems to have imitated the "Museum Minervæ" in an academy opened at
+Bethnal Green in 1649. Here, in addition to the more common branches of
+education, he professed to teach astronomy, navigation, architecture,
+perspective, drawing, limning, engraving, fortification, fireworks,
+military discipline, the art of well speaking and civil conversation,
+history, constitutions and maxims of state, and particular dispositions of
+nations, "riding the great horse," &c. Once in each week, at three o'clock
+in the afternoon, Sir Balthazar gave a public lecture gratis on the various
+sciences. The lectures were {318} generally advertised in the _Perfect
+Diurnal_, and a few curious specimens of these advertisements may be seen
+in Lysons' _Environs of London_, ed. 1795, vol. ii. p. 30.
+
+Balthazar Gerbier was born at Antwerp about 1591, came young into England,
+and was a retainer of the Duke of Buckingham as early as 1613. Upon the
+accession of Charles the First, he was employed in Flanders to negociate
+privately a treaty with Spain. In 1628 he was knighted at Hampton Court;
+and, as he says himself in one of his books, was promised by the king the
+office of surveyor-general of the works, after the death of Inigo Jones. In
+1637 he was employed in some private transactions of state; and on the 13th
+of July, 1641, he took the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, having a bill
+of naturalisation. In 1648 he appears to have projected the above-named
+academy, the failure of which very soon happened. Sir Balthazar then went
+to America, where he seems to have been very ill treated by the Dutch, and
+narrowly escaped with his life. He afterwards returned to England, and
+designed the triumphal arch for the reception of Charles the Second. He
+died at Hempsted-marshal, in 1667, whilst engaged in superintending the
+mansion of Lord Craven, and was buried in the chancel of that church.
+
+In conclusion, it may be as well to mention, that, prior to the
+establishment of the "Museum Minervæ," a committee had been appointed in
+the House of Lords, consisting of the Duke of Buckingham and others, for
+taking into consideration the state of the public schools, and method of
+education. What progress was made in this inquiry is not known, but in all
+probability the academies of Sir Francis Kynaston and Sir Balthazar Gerbier
+owed their origin to the meetings of this committee.
+
+EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SHAKSPEARE AND FLETCHER.
+
+I feel greatly obliged to your correspondent C. B. for the attention he has
+bestowed on the question of Fletcher's connexion with _Henry VIII._, as it
+is only through the concurrent judgments of those who think the subject
+worthy of their full and impartial consideration, that we can hope to
+arrive at the truth. His remarks (Vol. iii., p. 190.) are the more
+valuable, as they coincide with a doubt in my own mind, which has, to a
+great extent, ripened since I last communicated with you on the subject;
+and, indeed, I have no need to hesitate in saying, that I had more
+difficulty in coming to a conclusion with regard to the scene (Act III. Sc.
+2.) in which the passages occur quoted by C. B., than with any other scene
+in the whole play. The suggestions, that Shakspeare might have touched
+scenes of which the mass had been written by Fletcher, is a point which I
+had not overlooked, and which indeed, to some extent, might be said to
+follow from the view I took of the relation of Shakspeare and Fletcher as
+master and scholar. Yet this suggestion is especially valuable regarding
+this scene, and may account for that which, without it, is not so easily
+explained.
+
+If, however, there be any lurking notion in your correspondent's mind, that
+the scene in _Antony and Cleopatra_ (Act III. Sc. 1) referred to by X. Z.
+(Vol. iii., p. 139.) is, judging from certain coincidences of expression,
+an interpolation, and not by Shakspeare, I beg at once to be allowed to
+express my total dissent from such a view. Whether, also, there may have
+been any secondary allusion to some known event of the day, as X. Z.
+supposes, and as is by no means improbable, I cannot say; but I protest
+against its being said that the scene referred to is "totally unconnected
+with what goes before, and what follows." Antony is the hero of the play;
+and this scene shows the culminating point of Antony's fortunes, when his
+very successes turn against him.
+
+To return to _Henry VIII._, the compliment to the Queen, to which your
+correspondent refers, is, as he very justly observes, brought in in a very
+forced manner. This, to my mind, is very strong evidence; otherwise I
+should not think it unworthy of Shakspeare. And it still has to be borne in
+mind, that he would have had to accommodate his characters and
+circumstances to the views of another writer. Shakspeare's spirit was too
+catholic, too universal, to have allowed, in a work entirely his own, even
+his Wolsey to have made use of the term "a spleeny Lutheran;" yet neither
+in the passage in which this expression occurs, nor in the one above
+referred to, is the versification characteristic of Fletcher. For my own
+part, however, I cannot recognise Shakspeare's spirit in this antagonism of
+creeds, which is, perhaps, even more strongly displayed in the prophetic
+speech of Cranmer's in the last scene, wherein he says, "God shall be truly
+known!" It may be said, that in both these instances the expressions are
+true to the characters of Wolsey and Cranmer. It may be so; for both are
+wanting in that ideal elevation which Shakspeare never fails to give. That,
+with this reservation, he becomes the mouth-piece of each character, is
+most true; and a curious instance of the writer's utter forgetfulness of
+his assumed character of contemporary with the events he is relating,
+occurring in Act. IV. Sc. 2 where Griffiths says--
+
+ "He was most princely: ever witness for him
+  Those twins of learning, that he rais'd in you,
+  Ipswich and Oxford! _one of which fell with him_,
+  Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
+  The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
+  So excellent in art, _and still so rising_,"--
+
+{319} has no parallel in Shakspeare's works. To John Fletcher, indeed, at
+the close of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, these things were known; but
+scarcely to the attendant of Queen Katherine, who has but just narrated the
+circumstances, then newly happened, of Wolsey's fall. On maturer
+consideration, then, I am inclined to think that the whole of the scene
+(Act III. Sc. 2.) to which your correspondent refers, was originally
+written by Fletcher, although, as it now stands, it is strongly marked by
+the hand of Shakspeare. In the same category, also, I am inclined to place
+Scenes 3. and 4. of Act II. It will be observed that these changes are not
+inconsistent with the view I had previously taken; the effect being merely,
+that I am inclined to ascribe a little more than in the first instance to
+the hitherto unsuspected participator in the work. I am not sure, too, that
+I shall not be coming nearer to MR. SPEDDING; as, if I am not mistaken, it
+is in some of these scenes that he imagines he detects "a third hand;" a
+theory which, though I do not adopt, I certainly have not confidence enough
+to reject altogether. But this view affects so very small a portion of the
+play, that it is of very little consequence.
+
+SAMUEL HICKSON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS OF TENNYSON.
+
+That great poets are sometimes obscure, needs no proof. That the greatest
+poets will necessarily be so to the ordinary reader, seems to me equally
+indisputable.
+
+Not without effort can one enter into the spontaneous thought of another,
+or even of himself in another mood. How much more when that other is
+distinguished from his fellows by the _greatness_ and _singularity_ of his
+thoughts, and by the extreme subtilty of their connecting links. Obscurity
+is not a blemish but an excellence, if the pains of seeking are more than
+compensated by the pleasures of finding, the luxury of [Greek: mathêsis],
+where the concentrated energy of a passage, when once understood, gives it
+a hold on the imagination and memory such as were ill sacrificed to more
+diluted clearness.
+
+_Grandis præfatio tenui incepto_--a sort of apology to Tennyson for
+implying that he needs illustration. Some time ago I made a few notes on
+particular passages in _Locksley Hall_, which I now enclose. Some of them
+are, I dare say, superfluous--some, possibly, erroneous. If so, they will
+stand a fair chance of being corrected in your valuable publication.
+
+By the bye, if a "NOTES AND QUERIES" had existed in the days of Æschylus,
+we might have been saved from many a recourse to "corrupt text" and "lacunæ
+admodum deflendæ."
+
+_Notes on Locksley Hall._
+
+Stanza 2. "Dreary gleams:" in apposition with "curlews." I know the
+construction of this line has puzzled a good many readers.
+
+Stanza 23. "Yet it shall be." Yet "decline" thou certainly wilt.
+
+Stanza 28. "He will answer," &c. With an oath, it may be--at the least with
+a coarse rebuff.
+
+Stanza 29. "The heart's disgrace." The disgrace, the injury, and
+degradation the heart has suffered--its prostitution to a mercenary service
+by a marriage of interest.
+
+Stanza 34. "Never." Alas! I never can.
+
+Stanza 35. "In division of the records of the mind." In dividing my
+recollections of her into two groups, and erasing the one.
+
+Stanza 38. "The poet is" (as I think has been already pointed out) Dante.
+
+Stanza 40. "He hunts," &c. He--thy husband.
+
+Stanza 42. "Never, never," &c. Never again! (joys never to return) sung by
+the ghosts of years departed.
+
+Stanza 51. "I have but an angry fancy"--my only _qualification_.
+
+Stanza 53. "But the jingling of the guinea," &c. But there is no fighting
+now: the nations get over their quarrels in another way--by the jingling of
+the guinea, instead of the clang of arms.
+
+Stanzas 54. "Mother-age."; 93. "Mother-age, for mine I know not."
+
+This mother-age is a great difficulty. At first I took it for _the past of
+history_, but now understand by it _the past of his own life_, at least its
+earliest and brightest period--that age which had been as a mother, the
+only mother he ever knew.
+
+Stanza 70. "Youthful joys." The bright hopes of his youth. (?)
+
+Stanza 75. "Blinder motions," Less rational, less well-guided emotions.
+
+Stanza 91. "The distance." The distant future, the "good time coming."
+
+There are some lines in _In Memoriam_ (I have not the book at hand, but any
+reader thereof will instantly recollect them), which indicate Tennyson's
+acquaintance with and appreciation of Jeremy Taylor, who thus expresses the
+thoughts of the "wild fellow in Petronius," suggested by the sight of a
+floating corpse.
+
+    "That peradventure this man's wife, in some part of the Continent, safe
+    and warm, looks next month for the good man's return or, it may be, his
+    son knows nothing of the tempest: or his father thinks of that
+    affectionate kiss which is still warm upon the good old man's cheek
+    ever since he took a kind farewell; and he weeps with joy to think how
+    blessed he shall be when his beloved boy returns into the circle of his
+    father's arms."--_Holy Dying._
+
+Compare with "Sure never moon to evening," &c., in the same poem, and I
+think the same place: {320}
+
+ "Nec nox ulla diem, neque noctem aurora secuta est,
+  Quæ non audierit mistos vagitibus ægris
+  Ploratus mortis comites, et funeris atri."--_Lucretius_, ii. 579.
+
+G. P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOLK LORE.
+
+_Sacramental Wine_ (Vol. iii., p. 179.).--From a note by MR. ALBERT WAY, on
+the use of sacramental wine, one would be led to infer that it was
+recommended on account of some superstitious belief in its superior
+excellency from having been used in religious worship; but I would suggest
+that the same reasons which recommend Teynt wine, the kind generally used
+for the Sacrament, are those which have established for it a reputation in
+cases of sickness: these are its rich red colour, and sweet and agreeable
+flavour.
+
+Weakness is popularly supposed to be caused by a thinness and want of
+blood; if wine be recommended for this, there is a deeply rooted prejudice
+in favour of red wine because the blood is red, and upon no better
+principle than that which prescribes the yellow bark of the barberry for
+the yellow state of jaundice; the nettle, for the nettle-rash; and the
+navel-wort (_Cotyledon umbilicus_), for weakness about the umbilical
+region. The truth is, that rustic practice is much influenced by the
+doctrine of similitudes, the principle of "_similia similibus curantur_"
+having been more extensively recognised in the olden time than since the
+days of Hahnemann.
+
+The sweetness of Teynt wine would recommend it for children, to whom a
+stronger wine is generally distasteful; but Port is generally prescribed as
+a tonic for adults.
+
+It may further be remarked, that the recommendation to give Sacramental
+wine might arise from the fact, that, as in some parishes more wine is
+provided than is required, the remainder is put by to be given to the poor
+who may require it at the hands of the clergyman.
+
+In sending these remarks, I am led to request that your correspondents
+would make Notes upon such old wives' remedies as are employed upon the
+principles I have mentioned.
+
+JAMES BUCKMAN.
+
+Cirencester, April 12.
+
+_Cure of Disease by means of Sheep._--A child in my parish has been for
+some time afflicted with disease of some of the respiratory organs. The
+mother was recommended to have it carried through a flock of sheep as they
+were let out of the fold in the morning. The time was considered to be of
+importance.
+
+[Hebrew: B].
+
+L---- Rectory, Somerset.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANCIENT INEDITED BALLADS, NO. IV.
+
+I next transcribe the following lines from the same MS. as my last. It is
+another epitaph on the Mr. Browne that I mentioned in No. II. It contains a
+curious illustration of a passage in Shakspeare, which has been often
+debated in the pages of "NOTES AND QUERIES," and so deserves preservation.
+
+    "Vpon the death of that right worthye man, MR. BROWNE, late of Caius
+    and Gonville Colledge disceased. Epicedion."--(_Harl. MSS._, No. 367.
+    fol. 155.)
+
+ "If vowes or teares from heartes or eyes,
+  Could pearce the unpenitrable skyes,
+  Then might he live, that now heere lyes.
+
+  But teares are tonguelesse, vowes are vaine,
+  T' recall what fate calls; els how faine                       5
+  What death hath seis'd, wold I regaine.
+
+  But sure th' immortal one belaves
+  This wished soule in 's blissfull waves:
+  Ill comes too oft, when no man craves.
+
+  Rest, therefore, vrne, rest quietlye,                         10
+  And when my fates shall call on me,
+  So may I rest, as I wish the.
+                     "R. CONSTABLE,
+                          Caio-Gonvillensis."
+
+I need hardly point out the striking similarity between the expression in
+Shakspeare--
+
+                 "and the delighted spirit
+  To bathe in fiery floods,"--
+
+and the third stanza of this poem.
+
+KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POETICAL COINCIDENCES, ETC.
+
+_Byron._
+
+In the _Jealous Lovers_ of Thomas Randolph, the following passage occurs,
+which may possibly have suggested to Lord Byron the fearful curse he has
+put into the mouth of Eve, in "the grand and tremendous drama of
+_Cain_."[1]
+
+                 "May perpetual jealousie
+  Wait on their beds, and poison their embraces
+  With just suspitions; may their children be
+  Deform'd, and fright the mother at the birth:
+  May they live long and wretched; all men's hate,
+  And yet have misery enough for pity:
+  May they be long a-dying--of diseases
+  Painful and loathsome," &c.
+
+That exquisite stanza in the Third Canto of _Childe Harold_, "Even as a
+broken mirror," &c., has been often admired. In Carew's poem, _The Spark_,
+I find the following lines, which contain similar image:
+
+{321}
+
+ "And as a looking-glass, from the aspect,
+  Whilst it is whole, doth but one face reflect,
+  But being crack'd, or broken, there are shown
+  Many half faces, which at first were one;
+  So Love," &c.
+
+To the coincidences which have been already pointed out regarding that
+exquisite line in the _Bride of Abydos_:
+
+ "The mind, the music breathing from her face,"
+
+the following from Carew may perhaps be added:
+
+ "The harmony of colours, features, grace,
+  Resulting airs (the magic of a face)
+  Of musical sweet tunes, all which combin'd,
+  To crown one sovereign beauty, lie confined
+  To this dark vault."--_Epitaph on the Lady S._
+
+All will recollect the wonderful description of the shipwreck in _Don
+Juan_; and more particularly the incidents so graphically related in
+stanzas 52 and 53 of the Second Canto: to a part of which, the following
+passage fro Lee's _Oedipus_ bears some resemblance:
+
+             "Methought I heard a voice,
+  Now roaring like the ocean, when the winds
+  Fight with the waves; now in a still small tone
+  Your dying accents fell, as wrecking ships,
+  After the dreadful yell, sink murm'ring down,
+  And bubble up a noise."
+
+I have now before me a print of John, the first Lord Byron, engraved from a
+painting in the collection of Lord Delaware; in which he is pourtrayed in
+armour, with a truncheon in the left hand, and the _right arm bare_ to
+above the elbow. Can this have suggested to Lord Byron the idea of
+describing "Alp the renegade" as fighting with "the white arm bare," in the
+_Siege of Corinth_?
+
+Byron refers to Smollett as an authority for "blatant beast," apparently
+forgetting that the figure originated with Spenser. Again, in a note to
+_Don Juan_ respecting his use of the phrase "reformadoes," he remarks:
+
+    "The Baron Bradwardine, in _Waverley_, is authority for the word."
+
+It occurs, however, in Ben Jonson, and may be found in Blount's
+_Glossographia_; Phillips's _World of Words_, and other old dictionaries of
+the same period.
+
+T. C. SMITH.
+
+[Footnote 1: Sir Walter Scott.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO.
+
+Amidst the Apennines, far removed from the ordinary track of tourists, is
+the diminutive republic of San Marino, which boasts never to have been
+subjugated. Whether it has escaped invasion because it has escaped notice,
+or because burglars never attack an empty cottage, is a point which I shall
+not stop to discuss. Few travellers visit it, but the trouble of doing so
+would be amply repaid. The situation is highly romantic; and the view from
+the summit of the bold escarpment, upon which the town is perched, extends
+over a wilderness of mountains.
+
+The population of the territory is said not to exceed 6,000 or 7,000 souls.
+Its whole income is derived from a moderate duty on tobacco; and its
+standing army (for it possesses this indispensable incident to political
+independence) is chiefly employed in vain attempts to prevent the evasion
+of that duty.
+
+Among the greatest and most highly esteemed curiosities of the place, is a
+statue of Christ on the cross, with a head of real hair, which is cut twice
+a year, and always grows again! This faculty of reproduction is as
+profitable as it is wonderful; for, besides the resort of pious visitors,
+drawn by the capillary attractions of such a miraculous piece of sculpture,
+the locks that are cut off are stated, by the ecclesiastical functionaries
+in charge of the statue, to be a sure preservative against all harm to the
+wearer, and are of course in request as an article of commerce. My object
+in communicating to you these notes, is to introduce to you a copy, which I
+transcribed myself, of one of the state papers preserved in the archives of
+the republic. It appears to be a letter of encouragement, addressed by the
+Priors and Gonfaloniere of the republic of Florence to that of S. Marino,
+during a siege that the latter was undergoing. Perhaps some of your readers
+may be able to point out the precise occasion that called for the letter.
+
+SYDNEY SMIRKE.
+
+    "Magnifici viri amici ñri car^{mi}, Habbiamo vedato la lettera vi
+    scrive il Governatore, et habbiamo inteso la voluntà dello exercito
+    della Chiesa. Dovete essere di buono animo et stare constanti et fermi:
+    et perdere la vita insieme con la libertà che è meglo allo huomo uso a
+    essere libero, essere morto che essere servo. Iddio a chi piace la
+    libertà vi aiutera difenderai: et noi et la ñra lega non vi manchera:
+    havete inteso le provisioni facte et di denari et di gente ad Arimino;
+    et faremo delle altre tante che saranno abastanza. Valete. Ex palatio
+    ñro die viij. Junij, M.CCCCLXVIIIj.
+
+     "Priores libertatis et }
+      Vexillifer Justitiæ   }  Populi Florentinj.
+
+    "Barth. Scala.
+
+    "Magnificis Viris hominibus terræ S[=a] Marini amicis ñris car^{mis}."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ST. FRANCIS.
+
+I think Mrs. Jameson, in her _Legends of the Monastic Orders_, has left
+unnoticed the very remarkable book of the _Conformity of St. Francis's Life
+with that of Jesus Christ_, a work, the blasphemy of which is only equalled
+by its absurdity.
+
+The book was written by Bartholomew of Pisa, a monk of the order, and
+licensed in 1399 by the general of the Minorites.
+
+    "Approbatum est a fr. Henrico ord. frat. Minorum generali ministro et
+    servo et cæteris ministris et diffinitoribus capituli generalis apud
+    Sacrum locum de Assisio die 2 Augusti A.D. 1399."
+
+{322}
+
+The title of the first edition, which is very rare, is as follows:
+
+    "Liber Conformitatum Vitæ S. Francisci ad Vitam Jesu Christi. Authore
+    Fr. Bartholomæo degli Albizzi, ex recens. Fran. Zenonis. Impressum
+    Mediolani per Gotardum Ponticum apud templum Sancti Satyri. Anno
+    M.CCCCCX. die 18 mensis Septembris. In fol. literis quadratis."
+
+The Second edition:
+
+    "Opus aur. et inexplicabilis bonitatis et continentiæ, Conformitatum
+    scilicet vitæ Beati Fr[=a]. ad vit[=a] D[=i]. [=n]ri Jesu x[=p]i.
+    Mediolani, in edibus Zanoti castilionei 1513. in fol. goth."
+
+The third edition, also in folio, appeared at Bologne (1590) as "Liber
+aureus, inscriptus liber Conformitatum, etc., per Hierem Bucchium," with
+some alterations in the text.
+
+Fourth edition:
+
+    "Vita S. Fra[=n]. conf. ad vit. Xti., per S. Bonaventuram Conscriptu ab
+    Henr. Sedulio Co[=m]. illustrata, 4to., Antr. 1597."
+
+Another edition, by Jer. Bacch, in folio, appeared at Bologne in 1620; and
+an abridged edition in octavo, by Phil. Bosquier, at Cologne, under the
+title of _Antiquitates Franciscanæ_, a very good edition of the _Liber
+Conform._, "Et ex Annalibus Madingi collecta per Tibur. Navarrum," was
+published in 4to. at Rome in 1670.
+
+The late Dr. Elrington had a very fine copy of the following French
+translation:--
+
+    "Traite des Conformités du Disciple avec son Maitre, c'est à dire, de
+    Saint François avec J. C., etc., le tout recueilli par un frere mineur
+    récollect. (Valentin Marée.) Liege, 1658-60. 4 part en 3 vol. in 4to."
+
+In 1542 a small volume was put forth, containing choice passages from the
+_Liber Conformitatum_, with a preface and letter to the reader, purporting
+to be from Martin Luther. It was accordingly by many attributed to him; the
+real compiler was Erasmus Alberus. The title of the first edition is
+
+    "Alcoranus Franciscorum, etc., ex libro conformitatum: Francof. 1542,
+    parv. 8vo."
+
+It was reprinted, with a French translation, by Conrad Badius, at Geneva,
+1560 or 1578; so says Brunet.
+
+The best edition of this work was that published at Amsterdam in 1734, in
+two vols. 12 mo., with some capital plates by Picart. The title is--
+
+    "L'Alcoran des Cordeliers, tant en Latin qu'en François; c'est à dire,
+    Recueil des plus notables bourdes et blasphemes de ceux qui ont osé
+    comparer Sainet François à Jesus Christ; tiré du grand livre des
+    _Conformités_, jadis composé par frere Barthelemi de Pise, Cordelier en
+    son vivant. Nouvelle edition, ornée de figures dessinées par B. Picart.
+    A Amsterdam. Aux Defens de la Compagnie. MDCCXXXIV."
+
+Another work, printed the same year, is often found with this:--
+
+    "Legende Dorée, ou Sommaire de l'Histoire des Freres-mendians de
+    l'ordre de Saint François. (Par Nic. Vignier.) Amsterdam, 1734. 12mo.
+    Réimpr. sur l'ed. de Leyde, 1608 in 8vo."
+
+Thomas of Celano, the friend and scholar of St. Francis, and the author of
+the famous _Dies Iræ_, after the saint's death composed a brief account of
+his life, which he afterwards greatly enlarged, and which even now is the
+most authentic we possess. I should be glad to know the best, as well as
+the latest editions of this life.
+
+    "Francis," said Luther, "was no doubt an honest and just man. He little
+    thought that such superstition and unbelief should proceed out of his
+    life."--_Tischreden._
+
+Berington says of St. Francis:
+
+    "In an age of less intemperance in religion, miracles and the fancied
+    intervention of peculiar favours from heaven, would not have been
+    deemed necessary to stamp worth and admiration on a character which in
+    itself possessed the purest excellences that fall to the lot of man.
+    But this circumstance, and more than this, the reception which an
+    institute so peculiarly framed met with, serve to manifest the singular
+    taste of the age."--_Berington's Henry II._, p. 629.
+
+"It is scarcely possible," says Mr. Massingberd, "to read the history of
+St. Francis of Assisi, without believing that there was in him a sincere
+and self-devoted, however ill-directed, piety." We must not let the foolish
+legends afterwards written of him lower him in our estimation, nor cease to
+regard him as a sincere and devoted Christian.
+
+MARICONDA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Charles Lamb's Epitaph._--Perhaps the following lines, which I have copied
+from the gravestone of Charles Lamb, who lies in the churchyard at
+Edmonton, may be interesting to those of your readers who are among the
+admirers of the witty and gentle Elia:--
+
+ "Farewell, dear friend; that smile, that harmless mirth,
+  No more shall gladden our domestic hearth;
+  That rising tear, with pain forbid to flow,
+  Better than words, no more assuage our woe;
+  That hand outstretch'd from small but well-earn'd store,
+  Yield succour to the destitute no more.
+
+  Yet art thou not all lost; thro' many an age
+  With sterling sense and humour shall thy page
+  Win many an English bosom, pleased to see
+  That old and happier vein revived in thee.
+  This for our earth, and if with friends we share
+  Our joys in heav'n, we hope to meet thee there."
+
+I have heard it conjectured that the above were written by Wordsworth. I
+shall feel obliged if any of your readers will inform me whether the late
+laureate was the author of them or not?
+
+MARIA S.
+
+Edmonton.
+
+{323}
+
+_M. or N._ (Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii., p. 61.).--There have been several
+suggestions as to the origin of the use of these letters in the services of
+the church, but I do not think that any correspondent has hit upon the very
+simple one which I have always considered to be most probably the true
+explanation; which is, that as these services were compiled when algebra
+stood much higher in the rank of sciences than it does at present, it is by
+no means unlikely that these two letters should be used to signify
+indefinite and variable _names_, as they are in algebra to represent
+indefinite or variable _numbers_, in the same manner as A. B. C. are as
+signs of known or definite, and X. Y. Z. of unknown sums.
+
+E. H. Y.
+
+_Henry VIII. and Sir Thos. Curwen._--The following quaint extract from
+Sandford's MS. _History of Cumberland_, now in the library of the Dean and
+Chapter of Carlisle, exhibits that "reknowned king," Henry VIII., in so
+good-natured a light, that I think, if you can find a corner for it, it may
+amuse some of your readers. That the good knight and "excelent archer"
+should have been so outwitted by his son-in-law is a matter of some regret
+to one of his descendants:--
+
+    "Sir Thos. Curwen, Knight, in Henry the Eight's time, an excelent
+    archer at twelvescore merks; and went up with his men to shoote with
+    that reknowned King at the dissolution of abbeys: and the King says to
+    him, Curwen, why doth thee begg none of these Abbeys? I wold gratify
+    thee some way. Quoth the other, Thank yow, and afterward said he wold
+    desire of him the Abbie of ffurness (nye unto him) for 20^{ty} one
+    yeares. Sayes the King: take it for ever: quoth the other, it is long
+    enough, for youle set them up againe in that time: but they not likely
+    to be set up againe, this Sir Tho. Curwen sent Mr. Preston, who had
+    married his daughter, to renew the lease for him; and he even rennewed
+    in his own name; which when his father-in-law questioned, quoth Mr.
+    Preston, you shall have it as long as you live; and I think I may as
+    well have it with your daughter as another."
+
+After some descents, this family of Preston, of the manor of Furness,
+terminated in a daughter, who married Sir William Lowther, whose grandson
+left his estates in Furness and Cartmell to his cousin, Lord George
+Cavendish, through whom they are inherited by the Earl of Burlington. As
+Harry the Eighth's good intentions towards Sir Thomas Curwen have been
+frustrated, his descendants must console themselves by knowing that the
+glorious old ruin of Furness could not be in better hands than his
+lordship's.
+
+H. C.
+
+Workington.
+
+_Periodical Literature_, 1707.--
+
+    "The author of the _Observator_ is MR. RIDPATH, y^e author of the
+    _Flying Post_. The base author of the late paper, which has been some
+    time since dropp'd, viz. _The Observator Reviv'd_, was one PEARCE, an
+    exchange broker, some time since concerned in the paper called
+    _Legion's Address_, and forced to fly on that account into Holland. The
+    publisher of the _Phoenix_ is a Presbyterian bookseller, named J.
+    Darby, in Bartholomew Close, who has told me that he was chiefly
+    assisted therein by the famous MR. COLLINS, the supposed author of _The
+    Use of Reason in Propositions_, &c., and Dr. Tindal's familiar
+    acquaintance."--_Original Letter of the Rev. Robert Watts, M.A._, dated
+    London, Feb. 6. 1707-8.
+
+P. B.
+
+_Archbishop Sancroft._--It is well known that Dr. William Dillingham,
+Master of Emanuel College, Cambridge, published, in 1678, a volume of Latin
+poems, partly translations from George Herbert, partly pieces of his own,
+with some few added from other sources. But it is not known that most of
+the pieces in this volume were corrected by the hand of Archbishop
+Sancroft, and that one certainly was from his own pen. It occurs at p. 155.
+of the octavo volume alluded to, and is entitled "Hippodromus." This is a
+translation from an epigram by Thomas Bastard, first printed in 1598, and
+beginning:
+
+ "I mett a courtier riding on the plaine."
+
+That it is Archbishop Sancroft's is proved from an original letter
+addressed to him by Dillingham in 1677, and preserved in the Bodleian.
+
+P. B.
+
+_Sir Henry Slingsby._--This gallant cavalier, who was murdered (as Lloyd
+says in his _Memoirs_) by Oliver Cromwell in 1658, wrote an account of the
+scenes in which he bore a part, from 1638 to 1648, which he called
+"Commentaries, containing many remarkable occurrences during the Civil
+Wars." Can any of your correspondents tell me where the original manuscript
+is to be found, and whether it was ever printed? I have seen an indifferent
+transcript, beginning, "The chappel at Red House was built by my father,
+Sir Henry Slingsby." If it has never been published, it would be an
+acceptable contribution to the historical memoirs of the times, and worth
+the attention of the Camden Society.
+
+P. B.
+
+_Origin of a Surname._--Martha Denial, widow, aged seventy-five, was buried
+in Ecclesfield churchyard, 3rd February, 1851. Her husband, Joseph Denial,
+told the parish clerk that his grandfather was found when an infant
+deserted in a church porch; and that he was surnamed Denial, as one whom
+_all deny_; and was christened Daniel, which is composed of the same
+letters. This is the tradition of the origin of a surname now common in
+this parish.
+
+A. G.
+
+Ecclesfield.
+
+_Madden's Reflections._--Madden's _Reflections and Resolutions for the
+Gentlemen of Ireland_. In the preface to the reprint of this work we meet
+with the following paragraph:
+
+    "The very curious and interesting work which is {324} now reprinted,
+    and intended for a wide and gratuitous circulation, is also of uncommon
+    rarity: there is not a copy of it in the Library of Trinity College, or
+    in any of the other public libraries of this city [Dublin], which have
+    been searched on purpose. The profoundly-learned Vice-Provost, Doctor
+    Barrett, never met with one; and many gentlemen well skilled in the
+    literature of Ireland, who have been applied to for information on the
+    subject, are even unacquainted with the name of the book."
+
+The full title of the work to which I refer, and which is an 8vo. volume of
+200 or 300 pages, is _Reflections and Resolutions proper for the Gentlemen
+of Ireland, as to their Conduct for the Service of their Country_. It was
+printed in Dublin in 1738; it was reprinted there in 1816 at the sole
+expense of the well-known philanthropist, Thomas Pleasants, and the author
+was Samuel Madden, D.D., the author of several publications: a great patron
+of arts and literature in his native land, and one of whom Dr. Johnson
+remarked with truth,--"His was a name Ireland ought to honour." For some
+authentic information respecting him, see Nichols's _Literary Anecdotes of
+the Eighteenth Century_, vol. ii. pp. 31. 699.; and Grosley's _Tour in
+England_, vol. ii p. 260. These writers, however, make no mention of his
+_Reflections_.
+
+The original edition may indeed be looked upon as rather rare, but not so
+rare as some appear inclined to think. I have a copy, and until lately had
+two; and at different times I have met with copies for sale. However, the
+copy now in the library of the Royal Dublin Society was purchased some
+years ago at a high price; and, unless I am mistaken, there is not one as
+yet in the British Museum. The reprint which is there is much to be
+preferred by readers in general.
+
+ABHBA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+THE BELLMAN, AND HIS HISTORY.
+
+I have often read Vincent Bourne's poem, "Ad Davidem Cook, Westmonasterii
+Custodem Nocturnum et Vigilantissimum, Anno 1716:" Pickering's edition, p.
+129. This nightly guardian, it appears, was accompanied by a dog:
+
+ "Cùm variis implent tenebræ terroribus orbem,
+    Tu comite assuetum cum cane carpis iter,"
+
+was armed with a stout staff, or knotty club:
+
+ "Nec te perterrent, nodoso stipite fretum,
+    Subdola qui tacito pectore furta parant,"
+
+and carried a bell:
+
+ "Tinnitu adventum signans, oriantur an astra,
+    Narras, an purè lucida Luna micet."
+
+To the last-mentioned part of his equipment, he owed the title of
+"Bellman."
+
+The Bellman's duty, however, was not confined to crying the rising of the
+stars, or the shining of the moon, but he cheered his nightly round with
+many a chant:
+
+  Nocturnum multo carmine fallis iter."
+
+The next lines are descriptive of the Bellman's poetry, and tell us the
+subjects of it. Of some of these I want explanation; and of all, examples.
+I am at a loss to explain the following four lines:
+
+ "Divorum hyberni menses quotcunque celebrant,
+    Cuique locum et versum dat tua musa suum:
+  _Crispino_ ante omnes; neque enim sine carmine fas est
+    Nobile sutorum præteriisse decus."
+
+The next lines refer to the Bellman's loyalty in ever remembering the Royal
+Family; to his salutation of masters and mistresses; to the useful
+instruction he pours forth in song to young men and maidens; and to the
+happy marriages he wishes to such as give heed to his warnings. The Bellman
+then addresses himself to men-servants and maid-servants, enjoining honesty
+on the former, cleanliness on the latter. Repeatedly wishing prosperity to
+his masters, he concludes with one pre-eminent exhortation to keep in mind,
+that the friendly hand of death levels the highest and the lowest.
+
+My ignorance asks several questions. When did the Bellman lay aside his
+bell, and assume the rattle; and, with this change (I presume), drop the
+name of Bellman for that of Watchman, to whom the silent policeman has
+succeeded? Was the dog the usual aide-de-camp of the Bellman? Are there any
+other instances in which the dog is mentioned as assisting the Bellman in
+his nocturnal guardianship?
+
+As to the Bellman's poetry, Milton will occur to every one:
+
+ "Or the bellman's drowsy charm
+  To bless the door from nightly harm."--_Il Penseroso._
+
+1. Herrick's _Hesperides_, p. 169., is a Bellman's song, a blessing,
+concluding:
+
+ "Past one o'clock, and almost two,
+  My masters all, good-day to you."
+
+2. Ibid. p. 251. is another song; a warning to remember the judgment-day,
+and ending--
+
+ "Ponder this when I am gone,
+  By the clock 'tis almost one."
+
+See _The Tatler_, No. 111., for the Bellman's salutation:
+
+    "_Good morrow, Mr. Bickerstaff, good morrow, my masters all._"
+
+ "It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal bellman,
+  Which gives the stern'st good night."--Shakspeare, _Macbeth_, Act II. Sc.
+      2.
+
+Gay refers to the Bellman's song in the following lines:
+
+ "Behold that narrow street which steep descends,
+  Whose building to the slimy shore extends;
+  {325}
+  Here Arundel's fam'd structure rear'd its frame,
+  The street alone retains the empty name;
+  Where Titian's glowing paint the canvass warm'd,
+  And Raphael's fair design, with judgment, charm'd,
+  Now hangs _the bellman's song_, and pasted here
+  The colour'd prints of Overton appear."--_Trivia_, book ii. 482.
+
+In the _Archaic and Provincial Dictionary_, the duty of the Bellman in his
+poetic character seems to be limited to blessing the sleepers. It appears
+from the poem by Vincent Bourne, that his Muse took a much more extensive
+range.
+
+Can you inform me where I can find more about the Bellman, his bell and his
+dog; and, especially, his songs? Where can I find "The Bellman's Songs?"
+
+Is "Bellman" a name given to dogs in modern times? See _Taming of the
+Shrew_, Induction.
+
+F. W. T.
+
+    [We cannot insert F. W. T.'s Query without referring to the admirable
+    translation of Vinny Bourne's Ode, which is to be found in our First
+    Volume, p. 152.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WAS SALLUSTIUS A LECTURER?--CONNEXION BETWEEN SALLUSTIUS AND TACITUS.
+
+Sallustius, in his celebrated abstract of the Punic records of Thempsal,
+makes the following remark:
+
+    "Nam de Carthagine silere melius puto, quam parum dicere, _quoniam alio
+    properare tempus monet_."--_De Bello Jugurthino_, c. xix. ed. Allen.
+
+Does not this sound as if the history has been read out to an assembly?
+There is strong presumptive evidence in favour of such a supposition, in
+the tradition of Herodotus having read aloud his history at the Grecian
+Games. Besides, it was a common practice of Cicero and Plinius the Younger
+to read out their orations and treatises. I cannot help thinking that the
+histories of Sallustius were first delivered as lectures, _taken down by
+reporters_[2] employed by himself for the purposes of preserving his words,
+as he had only notes before him, fairly transcribed from the stenographic
+character, and then, _but not till then_, made a subject of closet-study.
+This, I think, is easy of proof, and instances may be adduced (the
+expression I have quoted is one) where the lecturer peeps out.
+
+The interpolated state in which this classic has come down to us is indeed
+sad: there is scarcely a chapter throughout the Catiline and Jugurtha where
+some transcriber has not been at work, sticking in words and sometimes
+whole sentences, which, I am astonished to see, have escaped the notice of
+Cortius, Allen, and the older editors.
+
+I said above that Sallustius made his lectures or orations on the history
+of his country a subject of closet study. He did so, and in an eminent
+degree. His conciseness, clearness (when relieved from the burden of
+interpolation), and usual impartiality, point to a careful and spiritual
+study of Thucydides; but he could not attain to an equal degree of
+sweetness as the Greek historian, on account of the general character of
+their several languages differing. As far, however, as Roman could approach
+to Greek, I conceive Sallustius has approached to Thucydides. Tacitus
+(whose mind was impregnated with, and steeped in Sallustius) rarely
+enounces a sentiment in his numerous works the origin of which is not
+referable to the latter author. It requires some careful thought sometimes,
+before the passages can be traced; but they _are_ traceable; and if we had
+the whole works of Sallustius, I doubt not but that we should be able to
+trace them all much more easily. Perhaps--I say it without stress, mind; it
+is a mere suggestion--it would be possible to restore, or rather connect
+some of the historical fragments of Sallustius by means of the works of
+Tacitus. When we find a sentiment of Sallustius half expressed in the
+fragment, and trending towards the conclusion arrived at by Tacitus, may we
+not, as we know how completely the latter had imbibed the thoughts of the
+former, reasonably suppose the remainder of the passage to be parallel;
+and, following out the idea, restore it, taking into consideration the
+difference of the mode of expression in the two eras? And this may hold
+good, not only between Tacitus and Sallustius, but between Sallustius and
+Thucydides.
+
+Such is the aspect under which I endeavour to behold the classics, viz. as
+one great whole, having here and there pieces gone or faded (lost or
+hopelessly corrupted), and which fit into each other, showing the building
+which intellect erects, the only building calculated to withstand the hand
+of time. Thanks be to printing, to cheap literature, and to English energy
+and investigation, antiquity may again rear her head, and fell that it is
+comprehended in all its varied bearings, and lights and shadows.
+
+To men like Niebuhr, Grote, Layard, Prescott, St. John, Wilkinson,
+Rawlinson, and Norris, do we owe a debt of gratitude, for such patience and
+investigation; and no one cheers them on with a more sincere feeling, and
+thanks them for their past exertions, than
+
+KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.
+
+[Footnote 2: Short-hand, we know, was in use at Rome.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE OUTER TEMPLE.
+
+Mr. Peter Cunningham, in his delightful _Handbook of London_, says that
+when the New Temple "passed to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, the
+Inner and Middle Temple were leased to the Students of the Common Law; and
+the OUTER TEMPLE to Walter Stapleton, Bishop of Exeter:" and in describing
+Essex House, by which name it {326} was afterwards known, he repeats the
+same statement; as if the Outer Temple was part of the original property of
+the Knights Templars.
+
+I should be very glad to know what authority he has for this; because I
+have very great doubt whether the "Outer Temple" ever belonged to the
+Knights Templars or to the Knights of St. John, or was in any manner
+comprehended within the property. The New Temple, as the whole property was
+called, belonged to Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, at the time of his
+death, in June, 1323. The Council of Vienna, in 1324, bestowed all the
+lands of the Knights Templars on the Knights of St. John. Since my letter
+to you on the general subject of the Temple, and L. B. L.'s obliging answer
+(Vol. ii., pp. 103. 123.), I have been kindly furnished by Mr. Joseph
+Burtt, of the Chapter House, with a deed, dated June 28, 1324, by which the
+Knights of St. John granted the _whole_ of the New Temple, "totum
+messuagium nostrum vocatum Novum Templum," to Hugh le Despencer the
+younger; describing it to be lying _between the house_ (hospicium) _of the
+Bishop of Exeter_ towards the west, and the house of Hugo de Courteneye
+towards the east. This shows manifestly that if the Bishop of Exeter's
+house ever belonged to the Temple, it did not at that time; and I am not
+aware of any earlier evidence proving that the Templars ever possessed it.
+
+I believe, though I have not seen the record, that, in the grant to Sir
+William Paget, temp. Henry VI., it is described as the "Outer Temple;" but
+I am inclined to think, from various circumstantial testimonies, that it
+was merely so called because it was situate on the _outside_ of the Temple.
+
+If any of your correspondents could illustrate this question, or that more
+curious one,--when the new Temple was first divided between Inner and
+Middle,--I should feel infinitely obliged.
+
+EDWARD FOSS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL QUERIES.
+
+1. Can any of your readers give me any information regarding a work which I
+find recorded in a catalogue thus:--_A Catalogue of above 300 Coins of
+Canute, King of Denmark and England, found near Kirkwall, with Specimens._
+4to. London, 1777? I should like, if possible, to have a copy of the
+title-page, the size, and the number of pages; and, if possible, the name
+of the compiler.
+
+2. I should like to find out the name of the translator into English, of
+Pontoppidan's _Natural History of Norway_, published in folio in London in
+1755.
+
+3. Can any of your readers oblige me with the name of the author of a
+controversial sermon, entitled _Whigs no Christians_, preached at London,
+on the anniversary of the martyrdom of King Charles, in 1712-13, and
+published in the same year?
+
+[Greek: Boreas].
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DUTCH BOOKS PUBLISHED OUT OF THE NETHERLANDS.
+
+Although the Dutch language is now regarded in foreign countries with a
+neglect bordering on contempt, and its study, when attended to at all,
+generally undertaken as a work of necessity rather than a labour of love, I
+have thought it would not be without interest to examine to what extent it
+was formerly cultivated (were it even chiefly by Dutchmen) in foreign
+lands; to institute a search after the productions of the Dutch mind in the
+Dutch language brought forth on foreign soils; in a word, to pass in review
+the Dutch books which have been published in other countries during the
+period included between the invention of printing and our own days.
+
+It appears to me that such a review would lead to much interesting
+research, and would tend not only to illustrate our literature, but also to
+clear up many points still obscure in our national, and more especially in
+our ecclesiastical, history.
+
+The review which I propose would be limited, in the first instance, to the
+formation of an exact and complete list of such _exotic_ works, with the
+addition of such notes as I might be able to add. A more experienced hand
+may then make use of these materials to form a more perfect treatise on
+this portion of our literature.
+
+In execution of this plan I have already compiled a list of names of books
+and authors; these have been gathered partly from an examination of the
+works themselves, partly from catalogues and other sources where such works
+are mentioned. Now, however, as my resources are nearly exhausted, and my
+labours by no means complete, I take the liberty to lay my plan before
+those who may be disposed to concur with me, those who may be able to
+procure me information, those who have the possession or the care of
+libraries in which such books are to be found, and of which catalogues have
+not been printed; and, for the end I have in view, I invite them all to
+help me in the completion of my work. The editors of the _Navorscher_ have
+consented to open their columns to contributors. To spare needless trouble,
+I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not include any works
+published in _Belgium_, or in the colonies now or formerly in our
+possession.
+
+MARTINUS.
+
+Amsterdam, March 11. 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHAT WAS THE COUNTRY OF THE ANGLES?
+
+What country was inhabited by the Angles before they occupied Britain? Adam
+of Bremen (_Hist. Eccl._ c. 3.) says:
+
+    "Igitur Saxones primo circa Rhenum sedes habitant et vocati sunt Angli
+    quorum pars inde veniens in Britanniam, etc."
+
+{327}
+
+Notwithstanding the opinion of Turner, and most other historians, I venture
+to offer a few facts in confirmation of the monk's testimony. 1. The names
+of places on the Lower Rhine, and more especially in Guelderland, point to
+an _Anglian_ origin for instance, _Engelanderholt_, _Engelenburg_ and
+_Engelenberg_, _Angerlo_ olim _Angelerlo_. _Engeland_, near Beekbergen, is
+mentioned in a charter[3] dated 801 as _villa Englandi_. Several other
+places bear the same name: two near Hardenberg, one in the land of Putten,
+another in our parish; which also contains _Henschoten_ olim
+_Hengestschoten_, and owes its own name to _Woden_. Near Nimwegen, we have
+_Horssen_. 2. Many local names in the same district, which can only be
+explained by reference to the A.-S. _Hulkestein_ on the Zuyder Sea,
+_Hulkestein_ near Arnhem, from A.-S. _hulc_, a dwelling: thus, stone
+buildings, castles. _Thri_, A.-S., three, is mentioned in a charter dated
+855 as the name of a villa, now the hamlet _Drie_, near Ermelo. _Hierd_ and
+_Heerd_, from A.-S. _hierde_, perhaps also _Hardewick_ or _Harderwyk_ from
+the same. _Braclog_, a wood near Engelanderholt, from _brac_, enemy, and
+_locen_, an enclosure, is mentioned in a charter (801). _Luntern_ and
+_Lunhorst_, from A.-S. _Lun_, poor. _Wigmond_, from _wig_, war; and _mund_,
+defence. _Culenburg_, from _ciol_ or _ceol_, a ship. _Klingelbeck_, near
+Arnhem, from _clingan_, to shrink up. _Ysseloord_ from _ord_, a point; and
+thus confluence of two rivers, as we see also on the Rhine, _Roerort_ and
+_Angerort._ _Herwynen_, _Herveld_, _Hernen_, _Herwaarden_, _Winden
+Delwynen_, _Sennewyn_, can be explained[4] by A.-S. _here_ and _win_. 3.
+The agreement between the names of places here, and those of every part of
+England occupied by the Angles. Out of a great number of instances
+collected by Mr. Molhuysen (see Nyhoff's _Bijdragen_, vol. iii.) I will
+take a few. In Kent we have Appledore, Appleton, Appleby; here _Appeldorn_,
+_Appel_, _Appeltern_, _Appelenburg_ on the Wahal. Ashe and Ash; _Asch_,
+near Buren, and others. Barne; _Bern_ near Heusden, and _Baarn_ near
+Amersfoort. Barnefield; _Barneveld_. Bonington, _Boningen_. Dover;
+_Doveren_. Gillingham; _Gellinchem_. Hearne; _Hiern_, near Waardenburg.
+Herne; _Hernen_. Leisdon; _Leusden_. Lone; _Loenen_. Sandwich; _Sandwyk_,
+near Tiel. Watchorne; _Waghorn_, in the Velume. In Yorkshire: Beel; _De
+Beele_, near Voorst. Byland; _Byland_. Campe; _Campen_. Catwich; _Katwyk_.
+Dodworth; _Dodewaard_. Ecope; _Heicop_. Grimestone; _Grimmestein_, on the
+Eem. Heck; _Eck_. Hampall; _Empel_, near Engelen. Herfield; _Herveld_.
+Hewick; _Ewyk_, &c. &c.--The evident similarity of names in this list,
+which might be extended through several pages, affords at least a strong
+presumption that a part of the land of our fathers is to be sought here. I
+will just add that there is a MS. containing copies of charters, registers,
+&c., collected by Opstraeten van der Moelen, a genealogist, who died in the
+early part of the seventeenth century, now in the possession of Mr. Van
+Asch van Wyck. In this is an article entitled "De Nobili et Antiqua Familia
+dicta Amersfoort seu potius Heemsfurt vel Hemefurt a vado Heeme seu Hemi
+fluvii." The writer makes mention of the well-known grant of Charlemagne to
+the cathedral of Utrecht, by which Lisidunum (Leusden) and four forests on
+the banks of the Eem were ceded to this church: _Hengestschoten_,
+_Fornese_, _Mocoroth_, and _Widoc_. The writer considers the last-named
+forest to be that of _Wede_ or _Woden_; and derives thence the family-name
+_Weede_. Concerning _Hengestschoten_ is remarked:
+
+    "_Hengist_, qui circum annum 450 Britanniam insulam cum suis Frisonibus
+    et Saxonibus occupat." And further: "Weede nomen adhunc retinere
+    videtur a _Woden_, qui fuit avus avi _Hengesti_, sicut
+    _Hengestschoten_, nune prædium dominorum Oestbroek, ab _Hengisto_
+    nominatur."
+
+Henschoten was ceded to the abbey of Oestbroek in 1130, and sold at the
+breaking up of the monasteries; and is now the property of Mr. Van Asch van
+Wyck. Since, therefore, the above extract must have been written before the
+Reformation, the belief that our forefathers proceeded from this country is
+by no means new; and the evidence in its support is, I think, stronger than
+that adduced by Turner and Lappenberg in favour of an immigration from
+Sleswig; indeed it seems not improbable that the first settlers, with
+_Hengist_ at their head, sailed from the mouth of the Eem. I have more to
+add in a future Number, if "NOTES AND QUERIES" can afford me space.
+
+J. S.
+
+Woudenberg, April, 1851.
+
+[Footnote 3: Bondam's _Charter-boek_.]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Gibson, _A.-S. Chron._]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Villenage._--Can any of your readers inform me at what period villenage
+became extinct in this kingdom? I have now before me a grant of a manor
+from the Crown, in the third and fourth year of the reigns of King Philip
+and Queen Mary, conveying, amongst other goods and chattels, the bondmen,
+bondwomen, and villeins, with their sequels,--"Nativos, nativas, e villanos
+cum eoz sequelis." According to Blackstone, the children of villeins were
+in the same state of bondage with their parents; whence they were called,
+in Latin, "nativi," which gave rise to the female appellation of a villein,
+who was called a _neife_. What I wish to learn is, whether the old wording
+of Crown grants had survived the {328} existence of villenage; or whether
+bondage was a reality in the reign of Philip and Mary; and if so, at what
+it became extinct?
+
+H. C.
+
+Workington.
+
+    [Our correspondent's Query is an interesting one; but he does not seem
+    to be aware that in our First Vol., p. 139., Mr. E. SMIRKE had given
+    the names of three "bondmen of bloude" living near Brighton in 1617.]
+
+_Roman Roads near London._--In the most ancient maps of Middlesex that I
+have seen, there are no roads marked out. In a folio coloured map of
+Middlesex, published by Bowen (the date of which is, I think, 1709,
+although the same map has various dates, like those of Speed, where the
+date only is altered several times), the roads are introduced. A Roman road
+appears from the corner of the Tottenham Court Road, where the Hampstead
+Road and the New Road now meet, running through what must now be the
+Regent's Park, until it reaches Edgeware, and thence to Brockley Hills,
+called Sulloniacæ, an ancient city in Antonine's _Itinerary_. The lanes
+marking this road are so different from the other roads, as to show at once
+what is intended; and yet, either in this same map or in another with the
+same route, Watling Street is printed upon the highway that leads to Tyburn
+Turnpike, in a manner to show the whole of that distance is meant. The
+Roman road from Tottenham Court, after making its appearance in a variety
+of other maps up to a certain date, about 1780, is nowhere to be found
+since, in any of the Middlesex maps. Can any of your readers show by what
+authority this was first introduced, and why discontinued; and if the
+Watling Street branched off, upon its approach to London, where did the
+part crossing Oxford Street at Tyburn lead to?
+
+JOHN FRANCIS-X.
+
+_Mrs. Catherine Barton._--In Brewster's _Life of Sir Isaac Newton_, p.
+250., is the following passage:
+
+    "This accomplished nobleman was created Earl of Halifax in 1700, and
+    after the death of his first wife he conceived a strong attachment for
+    Mrs. Catherine Barton, the widow of Colonel Barton, and the niece of
+    Newton."
+
+I wish particularly to know the _maiden_ name of this Catherine Barton; she
+married Mr. Conduitt, who succeeded Sir I. Newton as Master of the Mint.
+
+J. E. R. S.
+
+Sampford, Braintree, April 7. 1851.
+
+_Sempecta at Croyland._--DR. MAITLAND has so kindly answered your
+correspondent's Query respecting his work on Mesmerism, that I venture to
+ask him another, through the medium of your pages. Where can be found the
+poem respecting the old soldier monk at Croyland (or Sempecta, as Ingulphus
+calls him), from which DR. M. has given extracts in p. 305. of his _Dark
+Ages_?
+
+H. R. L.
+
+Trin. Coll.
+
+_Schmidt's Antiquitates Neomagensis--Roman Medicine-stamps._--Can any of
+your readers inform me,--
+
+1st. Of the DATE when Schmidt published his _Antiquitates Neomagensis_, and
+WHERE: also in what libraries it is to be found?
+
+2nd. Of the existence of any Roman medicine-stamps found in the British
+Islands, as yet undescribed by those who have written on the subject.
+
+Q.
+
+_Sir Harris Nicolas' History of the Royal Navy._--Is there any probability
+that the _History of the Royal Navy_, begun by Sir N. H. Nicolas, and
+carried by him to the reign of Henry V., will ever be continued. It is a
+most valuable work, and was stopped by his lamented death, just as it was
+beginning to be most interesting.
+
+E. N. W.
+
+_Wooden Baldrocks._--_Thanksgiving-book._--In the vestry-books of St.
+Peter's, Ruthin, co. Denbigh, there are some entries, explanations of which
+will be very acceptable.
+
+From 1683, and many subsequent years, there is a constant repetition in the
+churchwarden's account of "Wooden Baldrocks," from time to time supplied
+new to the parish.
+
+In 1704, "A Thanksgiving-book" is charged in the parish accounts.
+
+Query the use and nature of Baldrock? and what book is meant by a
+Thanksgiving-book?
+
+About the above period, continual payments are made for the destruction of
+hedgehogs, which seem to be valued at sixpence a-piece, in some cases
+fourpence; and to have been allowed in the parish accounts.
+
+A CHURCHWARDEN.
+
+_History of the Jesuits._--Who was the author of _A History of the Jesuits;
+to which is prefixed a Reply to Mr. Dallas's Defence of that Order_. It was
+published in two volumes 8vo., London, 1816, by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy,
+Paternoster Row.
+
+H. R. L.
+
+Trin. Coll.
+
+_Mind your P's and Q's._--What is the origin of this phrase? I have heard
+one solution of it, but wish to ascertain whether there is any other?
+
+R. D. H.
+
+_Mode of hiring Domestic Servants in Holderness--Sittings--Fest._--It is
+customary once a year for men and women servants out of place to assemble
+in the market places of Hedon and Patrington, the two chief towns in
+Holderness, and there to await being hired. This very ancient custom is
+called Hedon _Sittings_ or _Statutes_. What is the name derived from? A
+small sum of money given to each servant hired, is supposed to legalise the
+contract, and is called the _Fest_. From what is the word derived?
+
+F. R. R.
+
+_Home-made Wines._--It is stated in _The Times_ of this morning (Feb. 17)
+that-- {329}
+
+    "We know from old chronicles that most of the wine drank by Englishmen,
+    under the Plantagenets, was of home production."
+
+Can any, and if so what, authority be shown for this statement?
+
+J. SN.
+
+_Inscription on a Clock._--Under the curious clock in Exeter Cathedral are
+inscribed these words:
+
+    "PEREUNT ET IMPUTANTUR, sc. horæ."
+
+I have been told that they are the concluding words of a longer inscription
+on some foreign clock. Can any of your readers tell me if they be so?
+
+J. W. HEWETT.
+
+_Inscription on the Tomb of Peter the Hermit._--At Huy, on the Meuse, is
+shown the tomb where Peter the Hermit was buried: it is in the shape of an
+obelisk, and has an inscription on each of the four sides. Of this
+inscription, which is curious, and which I copied when I was there, I have
+lost the greater part: can one of your correspondents supply it for me, or
+tell where the lines are originally to be found, as I fancy they are
+adapted to, and not made for, the monument.
+
+The part of the inscription which I have runs as follows:
+
+                  (INSCRIPTION.)
+
+ "Soldat du Pape Urbain, aux cris de 'Dieu le veut,'
+      Il a précipité l'Europe sur l'Asie;
+      Le péril arrivé, sa sainte frenesie
+  N'a plus trouvé qu'un cri arrive 'Sauve qui peut.'
+                  Dieu,
+  L'intolérant l'outrage, insulte à sa grandeur,
+  Tel masque qu'il affecte, il n'est qu'une imposteur."
+
+Another two-lined motto is headed "Les Illusions;" and a third, "La
+Liberté;" but neither these, nor a longer one (which I fancy introduces the
+names of Molière, Rousseau, and Fénélon), am I able to quote.
+
+H. A. B.
+
+_Wife of James Torre._-James Torre, the Yorkshire antiquary, married for
+his first wife Elizabeth Lincolne (see _Ducatus Leod._, p. 119. Whitaker's
+ed.); can any one inform me who was that lady's father, and if there is any
+pedigree known of the family?
+
+I have little doubt that the Rev. William Lincolne, rector of Halton,
+Lincolnshire, mentioned by Walker, in his _Sufferings of the Clergy_, b.
+ii. p. 295., was of the same family.
+
+EDWARD PEACOCK, Jun.
+
+Bottesford Moors.
+
+_"The Bear's Bible."_--In the library of Queen's College, Oxon, is a copy
+of the Spanish version of the Bible, by Cassiod. Reyna (1569), with the
+following inscription:--
+
+    Ampliss. Antistiti. ac Dño R^{mo} D. Edmundo Grindalo, archiepiscopo
+    Cantuariensi, et totius Angliæ primati digniss. _Ob erepta hujus
+    Hispanicæ versionis sacrorum librorum Scripta ex hostium manibus_
+    Cassiodorus Reinius ejusdem versionis author gratitudinis ergo et in
+    perpetuæ observantiæ pignus D.D.D."
+
+What are the circumstances here alluded to?
+
+H. H. W.
+
+_Harris, Painter in Water-Colours._--Some friends of mine have a large
+paper copy of the edition of the Bible, published in 1802, by Messrs.
+Nicoll, of Pall-Mall, and known as "Reeves' Bible," which is adorned with a
+large number of small original drawings in water-colour by "J. Harris, of
+Walworth, Surrey." I should be obliged if any of your correspondents can
+give me any information respecting Mr. Harris, and can tell me whether he
+is still living. The drawings were made before the year 1819.
+
+T. C. W.
+
+_University Hoods._--The Scotch universities of Aberdeen, St. Andrew's, and
+Glasgow had, before the Reformation, or before the Revolution rather, hoods
+for the several degrees of M.A., D.D., LL.D., and D.C.L. What these were,
+is a question which it is now very difficult to determine; but this much is
+known, that the hoods of Aberdeen were identical with those of Paris, those
+of St. Andrew's with those of Louvain, and those of Glasgow with those of
+Bologna. The Revolution, however, has done much to obliterate the traces of
+even the Parisian hoods, and the M.A. hood of Paris is all that has
+hitherto rewarded the researches of the university antiquary. Can any of
+your readers assist in the somewhat interesting investigation by
+endeavouring to discover, or informing us if they already know, what were
+the hoods of the universities of Paris, Louvain, and Bologna, for the
+several degrees I have enumerated.
+
+G. A. J.
+
+_"Nullis Fraus tuta latebris."_--Can any of your correspondents favour me
+with a reference to the above motto?
+
+S. S.
+
+_Voltaire, where situated?_--The "_terre_," hamlet, or other _property_ of
+_Voltaire_, from which the French poet took the addition to his paternal
+name of Arouet,--where situated? That there is, or at least was, in
+Voltaire's time, such an estate, Condorcet's statement (_vide_ Voltaire)
+makes apparent. But the locality is not pointed out. Can any of your
+correspondents help me to it?
+
+V.
+
+_Table of Prohibited Degrees, 1563._--By the 99th canon of the Church of
+England the "table of prohibited degrees" set forth by authority in 1563 is
+ordered to "be in every church publicly set up and fixed at the charge of
+the parish." Is this usually done now? and if not, why is it omitted to be
+done?
+
+What is the authority for the insertion of the Canons, or the Articles, or
+the table of the {330} prohibited degrees found in the Book of Common
+Prayer?
+
+J. O. M.
+
+_Launcelot Lyttleton._--I shall be greatly obliged to any genealogist who
+can tell me who was that Launcelot Lyttleton, a Lichfield gentleman, whose
+eldest laughter, Mary, married the Hon. Francis Roper, and became the
+mother of the fourteenth Lord Teynham. Was this Launcelot a descendant of
+Sir Edward Lyttleton, temp. Eliz., who married a daughter of Sir William
+Devereux?
+
+I could answer my own question by an inspection of the "Roper Roll;" but
+unfortunately that is in Ireland, and I may not soon discover the address
+of its possessor.
+
+H. G. R. C.
+
+Erechtheum.
+
+_The Antediluvians._--Can you or any of your learned correspondents inform
+me of any work likely to assist me in my researches into the antediluvian
+history of our race? The curious treatise of Reimmanus, and the erudite
+essay of J. Joachimus Maderus, I have now before me; but it occurs to me
+that, besides these and the more patent sources of information, such as
+Bruckerus and Josephus, there must be other, and perhaps more modern, works
+which may be more practically useful. Perhaps the author of the elegant
+essay on the subject in _Eruvin_ may be able to refer to such a a work.
+
+G. A. J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries Answered.
+
+_Wither's Haleluiah._--Mr. R. A. Willmott, in his _Lives of Sacred Poets_,
+has done himself credit by doing justice to George Wither, and vindicating
+his claims as poet, whom it has long been the fashion to underrate, but who
+Southey said "had the heart and soul of a poet in him."--(_Life_, iii.
+126.)
+
+In the _Life_, Mr. Willmott says:
+
+    "In 1641 appeared the _Haleluiah, or Britain's Second Remembrancer_ ...
+    which book, now as scarce as the first _Remembrancer_ is common, I have
+    not seen."
+
+It is therefore very probable that the work is seldom to be met with. I
+have a copy, but it is unfortunately imperfect; wanting a few leaves (only
+a few I imagine) at the end. There is no index, nor table of contents, by
+which I might ascertain the extent of the deficiency. The last page is 478,
+and contains a portion of Hymn 60, part iii. If any reader of "NOTES AND
+QUERIES" would kindly inform me what is the number of pages of the work,
+and where a copy may be seen, he will oblige
+
+S. S. S.
+
+    [The work consists of 487 pages, with an index of twelve more. A copy
+    of it in in the Library of the British Museum.]
+
+_Voltaire's Henriade._--Is it known who is the author of the English
+translation of this poem into blank verse, published in 1732. The preface
+and the notes create a desire to know the author. In one of the notes (17)
+he speaks of something as being "proved at large in my _History of
+Christianity_ now ready for the press." I am not aware that any such work
+exists. Was it ever published? If not what became of the manuscript?
+
+S. T. D.
+
+    [Voltaire's _Henriade_ was translated by John Lockman, a gentleman of
+    great literary industry, who died Feb. 2, 1771. See Nichols's _Bowyer_,
+    and Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_. A list of his published works
+    will be found in Watt's _Bibliotheca Britan_.]
+
+_Christ-Crosse A._--In Tatham's _Fancie's Theater_, 12mo., 1640, is a poem
+in praise of sack, wherein the following lines occur:
+
+ "The very children, ere they scarce can say
+  Their Pater Noster, or their _Christ-crosse A_,
+  Will to their Parents prattle, and desire
+  To taste that Drinke which Gods doe so admire."
+
+Can any of your readers inform me the meaning of "_Christ-Crosse A_" here
+mentioned? Does it allude to some alphabet then in use?
+
+CATO.
+
+    [The alphabet was so designated, because in the old primers a cross was
+    prefixed to it. Nares tells us that in French it was called _Croix de
+    par Dieu_; and upon reference to Cotgrave for an expression of that
+    term we find, "The Christ's-cross-row; or the hornbook wherein a child
+    learns it."]
+
+_Apple-pie Order._--_Spick and Span new._--My wife very much grudges my
+spending threepence a week for the "NOTES AND QUERIES", and threatens me
+with stopping the allowance unless I obtain from some of your
+correspondents answers to the two following Queries:--
+
+1. What is the origin of the phrase "Apple-pie order?"
+
+2. Ditto--of "Spick and span new?"
+
+JERRY SNEAK.
+
+    [We leave to some of our friends the task of answering the first of the
+    Queries which our correspondent has put to us by desire of his
+    "better-half."
+
+    There is much curious illustration of the phrase _Spick and Span_ in
+    Todd's _Johnson_, s. v. _Spick_: and Nares in his _Glossary_ says,
+    "_Span-newe_ is found in Chaucer:
+
+     'This tale was aie _span-newe_ to begin.'--_Troil. and Cres._, iii.
+         1671.
+
+    It is therefore of good antiquity in the language, and not having been
+    taken from the French may best be referred to the Saxon, in which
+    _spannan_ means to stretch. Hence _span-new_ is fresh from the
+    _stretchers_, or frames, alluding to cloth, a very old manufacture of
+    the country; and _spick_ and _span_ is fresh from the spike, or tenter,
+    and frames. This is Johnson's derivation, and I cannot but think it
+    preferable to any other."
+
+    A very early instance of the expression, not quoted by Todd, may be
+    found in the _Romance of Alexander_: {331}
+
+     "Richelich he doth him schrede
+      In _spon-neowe_ knightis weode."--L. 4054-5.
+
+    And _Weber_, in his _Glossary_ (or rather, Mr. Douce, for the "D"
+    appended to the note shows it to have proceeded from that accomplished
+    antiquary), explains it, "_Spon-neowe_, span-new, newly spun. This is
+    probably the true explanation of spick and span new. Ihre renders
+    sping-spang, _plane novus_, in voce fick fack." The learned Jamieson,
+    in his _Dictionary_, s. v. _Split-new_ (which corresponds to the German
+    _Splitter neu_, i. e. as new as a splinter or chip from the block),
+    shows, at greater length than we can quote, that _split_ and _span_
+    equally denote a splinter or chip; and in his _Supplement_, s. v.
+    _Spang-new_, after pointing out the connexion between _spinga_ (assula)
+    and _spaungha_ (lamina), shows that, if this be the original, the
+    allusion must be to metal newly wrought, that has, as it were, the
+    gloss from the fire on it: in short, that the epithet is the same as
+    one equally familiar to us, i. e. _fire-new_, Germ. _vier-neu_. We will
+    bring this note to a close by a reference to Sewell's _Dutch
+    Dictionary_, where _Spikspëlder nieuw_ is rendered "Spick and span
+    new."]
+
+_Theory of the Earth's Form._--Have any objections to the received theory
+of the earth's spherical form, or any revival of the old "plane" doctrine,
+been recently noticed and controverted by _scientific_ men of known
+standing?
+
+BRUNO.
+
+    [The old theory has been advanced, and even lectured on, within these
+    two years; but no notice has been taken of it by scientific men.]
+
+_Carolus Lawson._--Who was "Carolus Lawson," of whom I have a good print,
+engraved by Heath. He is called "Scholæ Mancuniensis Archididascalus,"
+1797. "Pietas alumnorum" is inscribed underneath, and on the back is
+written, probably by some grateful pupil--
+
+    "Cari propinqui, cari liberi, cari parentes, sed omnes omnium caritates
+    _Archididascalus noster_ comprehendit."--_Cicero_ (verbis quibusdam
+    mutatis).
+
+NEMO.
+
+    [Mr. Charles Lawson was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and
+    was presented by the president, Dr. Randolph, in 1749, to the place of
+    Second Master of Manchester Grammar School; upon the death of Mr.
+    Purnell, in 1764, he succeeded him as Head Master. The colleges of St.
+    John, in Cambridge, and of Brazenose, in Oxford, can bear witness to
+    the success with which he laboured for more than half a century in his
+    profession, having received from the Manchester school, whilst under
+    his direction, a very considerable number of well-grounded classical
+    scholars. He died at Manchester on April 19, 1807, aged seventy-nine.
+    Some further particulars respecting him may be found in the
+    _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. lxxvii. part i. p. 583.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+HAYBANDS IN SEALS.
+
+(Vol. iii., pp. 186. 248. 291.)
+
+I am sorry that in referring to a peculiarity in ancient seals under this
+title, MR. LOWER should have pinned to his notice a theory which I feel
+persuaded is quite untenable. It is surely something new to those who have
+directed their attention to the numerous devices upon seals to find that
+the husbandman had so low an opinion of his own social status as to reject
+the use of any emblematical sign upon his seal, when Thomas the smith,
+Roger the carpenter, and William the farrier, bore the elements of their
+respective crafts as proudly as the knight did his chevron or fess. But the
+question is one of facts. The following examples of the use of the
+"hayband" are now before me:--
+
+6 June, 7 Henry IV. Grant by John Dursley, citizen and armorer of London,
+to William Serjaunt Taverner, of Stanes, and another, of a messuage, &c. in
+Westminster. Seal of dark red was, about 1œ inch in diameter; a hay-stalk
+twisted and pressed into the wax while hot, inclosing a space as large as a
+shilling, in which is a poor impression of a badly engraved seal; the whole
+very clumsy and rough.
+
+26 November, 24 Henry VI. Grant by Maurice Brune, Knight, Robert Darcy,
+John Doreward, Henry Clovill, Esquire, John Grene, and Henry Stampe, to
+Richard Hill and others, of lands, &c., in Sprinfield, &c., in Essex. Each
+seal is round and thick, and has the impression of a small armorial
+bearing. The 1st, 2nd, and 5th seals have a small plaited coil of hay
+pressed into the wax, and inclosing the impression.
+
+26 Henry VI. Receipt by Jane Grene for 10l. paid her by the Earl of Ormond.
+Seal of diminutive size, and the impression nearly defaced. Round the
+extreme edge is a "diminutive hayband."
+
+2 January, 34 Henry VI. Grant by Thomas Tudenham, Knight, John Leventhorp,
+Esquire, and Thomas Radclyff, of the reversion of the manor of Newhall to
+John Neell and others. All the seals, which are large and thick and more
+than two inches in diameter, have the impression of a signet ring inclosed
+with a "hayband" _of parchment_ pressed into them. One of these coils being
+loose shows itself to be a thin strip of the label itself brought through
+the wax.
+
+10 February, 14 Edward IV. Lease by Sir Thomas Urswyk, Knight, Chief Baron
+of the Exchequer, and Thomas Lovell, to John Morton and others, of the
+manor of Newhall, Essex, and other lands, &c. The seal of Lovell has his
+armorial bearings and legend; that of the Lord Chief Baron is the
+impression of a signet ring, being a classical bust. The seal itself is a
+thick ball of wax about {332} two inches across, pressed into the face of
+which is a "hayband" or twisted coil of _thin parchment_ inclosing the
+impression.
+
+I am sure that I have seen many examples much earlier and later, but those
+given are merely in reference to the theory of your Lewes correspondent.
+Even they are surely inconsistent with the idea of the practice being
+peculiar to any locality or distinctive of any class. My recollection would
+lead me to assign the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries as the period
+of its use. But still the question remains--Has it any, and what
+signification? I have always considered it to have been a contrivance to
+strengthen the substance of the seal itself. The earliest instances I have
+seen were "appliqué" seals, such as the royal privy seals, and with these
+it would seem to have originated. Their frail nature suggested the use of
+some substance to protect the thin layer of wax from damage by the
+crumpling of the parchment on which they were impressed. For some time its
+use was confined to this kind of seal; and fashion may perhaps have
+extended the practice to pendent seals, where, however, it was often
+efficacious in neutralising the bad quality of the wax so general in the
+fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The plaiting of the hay or straw
+sometimes assumed a fanciful shape. Although the impressions of seals of
+the time of Henry VII. are often very bad, there are generally traces of
+their existence; these may perhaps be discovered in MR. LOWER'S seals if he
+looks more to the enclosure than to the substance forming it.
+
+JOSEPH BURTT.
+
+_Haybands in Seals._--M. A. LOWER thinks that MR. T. HUDSON TURNER has
+misapplied his description of the seals in his possession. The seals are
+not _impressed upon haybands_, neither do "some ends of the hay or straw
+protrude from the surface." The little fillet or wreath of hay, about equal
+in diameter to a shilling, is _inlaid_ upon the pendent lump of wax, and
+forms the ornament or device of the seal, rather than an integral portion
+of it, like that in the specimens referred to by MR. TURNER.
+
+M. A. LOWER begs, under favour, to add, that the very fact of a Query being
+inserted in the pages of this invaluable--one might almost say
+indispensable--publication, implies a candid avowal _pro tanto_ of
+ignorance on the part of the Querist, who might reasonably expect a plain
+answer, unaccompanied by any ungracious reflection on the side of the more
+highly-gifted _savant_ that furnished the reply. As a simple matter of
+taste, many other correspondents besides MARK ANTONY LOWER may probably
+object, like the latter's eminent namesake, Mr. Tony Weller, to being
+"pulled up so wery short," especially in cases where there is a clear
+misapprehension on the part of the respondent.
+
+_Haybands in Seals._--It is impossible for one moment to doubt the
+correctness of MR. HUDSON TURNER'S remarks on this question, and I hasten
+to retract my own suggestions, frankly acknowledging them to be erroneous.
+
+I had always taken the same view as MR. TURNER (for it is very palpable to
+the eye, and speaks for itself), till diverted from it by one of those
+sudden fancies which, spite of all caution, will ever and anon
+unaccountably cross the mind and bewilder the better judgment. To have
+established my view, these rushes should have been proved to be affixed to
+deeds of _feoffment alone_; a point which, at the moment, I overlooked.
+Even while I write, I have before me a _lease_ granted by the abbey of
+Denney in the fifteenth century, with a rush in the seal; and MR. TURNER'S
+cited instances of royal charters put an end to all question.
+
+Lest others be led astray by my freak of fancy, without an opportunity of
+correcting it by MR. TURNER'S statement, the proper course for me is to
+acknowledge myself wrong--palpably, unmistakeably wrong,--MR. TURNER'S
+explanation is the correct one; thanks to him for it--_liberavi animam
+meam_.
+
+L. B. L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NORTH SIDE OF CHURCHYARDS.
+
+(Vol. ii., pp. 93. 253.; Vol. iii., p. 125.)
+
+Your correspondents on this subject have generally taken it as granted,
+that the prejudice against burying in this portion of the churchyard is
+almost universal. In a former communication (Vol. ii., p. 93.) I stated
+that there are at least some exceptions. Since that time I have visited
+perhaps a hundred churchyards in the counties of York, Derby, Stafford,
+Bucks, Herts, and Oxford, and in nearly half of these burial had evidently
+been long since practised on the north side of the several churches. The
+parish church of Ashby de la Zouch is built so near the south wall of the
+churchyard, that the north must clearly have been designed for sepulture. I
+was incumbent of an ancient village church in that neighbourhood, which is
+built in the same manner, with scarcely any ground on the south, the north
+being large and considerably raised by the numerous interments which have
+taken place in it. It has also some old tombs, which ten years ago were
+fast falling to decay. The part south of the church contains very few
+graves, and all apparently of recent date.
+
+In my former communication I mentioned, that in this churchyard burial has
+been chiefly, till of late, on the north side of the church; and, since
+that communication, a vault has been made on the south side, which has
+convinced us the ground had never before been there broken up. The soil is
+chalk; whereas, whenever a grave is made on the north side, human dust and
+bones are so {333} abundant, that the chalk soil has almost lost its
+nature.
+
+Till more light can be thrown on the subject than what has yet appeared in
+"NOTES AND QUERIES," I cannot but retain my original opinion, viz., that
+the favourite part of interment, in earlier times, was that nearest the
+principal entrance into the church. The original object of burying in
+churches and churchyards was the better to insure for the dead the prayers
+of the worshippers, as they assembled for public devotion. Hence the
+churchyard nearest the entrance into church would be most in request. The
+origin of the prejudice for the south side, which I believe to be of recent
+date, may, I doubt not, be ascertained from any superstitious cottager who
+entertains it. "It would be so cold, sir," said one to me, "to be always
+lying where the sun would never shine on me."
+
+If your correspondent on this subject in Vol. iii., p. 125., would ask an
+old inhabitant of his parish which is the _backside_ of their church, and
+why it is so called? he would probably come at the fact. I would refer him
+to Burn's _History of Parish Registers_, page 96., foot-note, where he will
+find it stated that "a part of the churchyard was sometimes left
+unconsecrated, for the purpose of burying excommunicated persons."
+
+W. HASTINGS KELKE.
+
+Drayton Beauchamp.
+
+_North Side of Churchyards._--Your correspondents seem to be agreed as to
+the facts, not as to the origin of the objection. I suspect MR. HAWKER
+(Vol. ii., p. 253.) is nearest the truth; and the following, from
+_Coverdale on Praying for the Dead_, may help to strengthen his conjecture:
+
+    "As men die, so shall they arise: _if in faith_ in the Lord _towards
+    the south_, they need no prayers; they are presently happy, and shall
+    arise in glory: _if in unbelief_ without the Lord _towards the north_,
+    then are they past all hope."
+
+N. S.
+
+_North Side of Churchyards_ (Vol. ii., pp. 253. 346.).--The subjoined
+extract from Bishop Wilkins's _Discourse concerning a New Planet, tending
+to prove that it is probable our Earth is one of the Planets_, 8vo., 1640,
+pp. 64-66., will serve to illustrate the passage from Milton, of the north
+being "the devoted region of Satan and his hosts:"
+
+    "It was the opinion of the Jewish rabbies, that man was created with
+    his face to the east; therefore the Hebrew word signifies _ante_, or
+    the east; _post_, or the west; _dextra_, or the south; _sinistra_, or
+    the north. You may see all of them put together in that place of Job
+    xxiii. 8, 9.: 'Behold I go forward, and he is not there; and backward,
+    but I cannot perceive him: on the left hand, where he doth work, but I
+    cannot behold him. He hideth himself on the right hand, that I cannot
+    see him.' Which expressions are, by some interpreters, referred unto
+    the four coasts of heaven, according to the common use of those
+    original words. From hence it is that many of the ancients have
+    concluded hell to be in the north, which is signified by the left hand;
+    unto which side, our Saviour tells us, that the goats shall be divided.
+    Which opinion likewise seems to be favoured by that place in Job xxvi.
+    6, 7., where it is said, "Hell is naked before God, and destruction
+    hath no covering.' And presently it is added, 'He stretcheth out the
+    north over the empty place.' Upon these grounds, St. Jerome interprets
+    that speech of the Preacher, Eccles. xi. 3.: 'If the tree fall toward
+    the south, or toward the north, in the place where the tree falleth,
+    there shall it be,' concerning those who shall go either to heaven or
+    hell. And in this sense also do some expound that of Zechariah (xiv.
+    4.), where it is said that 'the Mount of Olives shall cleave in the
+    midst: half of it shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward
+    the south.' By which it is intimated, that amongst those Gentiles, who
+    shall take upon them the profession of Christ, there are two sorts:
+    some that go to the north, that is, to hell; and others to the south,
+    that is, to heaven. And therefore it is, say they, that God so often
+    threatens evil out of the north: and upon this ground it is, saith
+    Besoldus, that there is no religion that worships that way. We read of
+    the Mahometans, that they adore towards the south; the Jews towards the
+    west; Christians towards the east; but none to the _north_."
+
+J. Y.
+
+Hoxton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ROLLIAD, AND SOME OF ITS WRITERS.
+
+(Vol. iii., p. 276.)
+
+MR. DAWSON TURNER asks for information regarding three writers in the
+_Rolliad_, viz.: Tickell, Richardson, and Fitzpatrick. Memoirs of the first
+two are given in Chalmers's _Dictionary_; but in Moore's _Life of
+Sheridan_, MR. TURNER will find several notices of them, far more
+attractive than dry biographical details. They were both intimately
+associated with Sheridan; Tickell, indeed, was his brother-in-law. One
+would prefer calling them his _friends_, but steady friendship must rest
+upon a firmer basis than those gifts of wit, talent, and a keen sense of
+the ridiculous, which prevailed so largely amongst this clever trio.
+
+Tickell's production, _Anticipation_, is still remembered from its
+cleverness and humour; but when every speaker introduced into its pages has
+long been dead, and some of them were little known to fame, the pamphlet is
+preserved by a few solely from the celebrity which it once possessed.
+
+His death in 1793 was a most melancholy one. It is described by Professor
+Smyth in in his interesting _Memoir of Sheridan_, a book printed some years
+ago for distribution among his friends, and which well deserves
+publication.
+
+Independent of his contributions to the _Rolliad_, {334} Richardson did
+little as an author. His comedy of _The Fugitive_, acted and published in
+1792, was well received, and is much praised. Why has this production so
+completely disappeared?
+
+General Fitzpatrick was born in 1749, and died in 1815. He was the second
+son of John, Earl of Upper Ossory; twice Secretary-at-War; once secretary
+to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Duke of Portland, but what he
+regarded as his highest distinction, and it is recorded on his tomb, was
+the friendship of Fox during forty years of their lives.
+
+Some of his speeches on the union with Ireland will be found in the
+thirty-fourth volume of the _Parliamentary History_.
+
+His epitaph, by himself, is inscribed on a sarcophagus in the church-yard
+at Sunning Hill, in which he describes himself--what his friends admitted
+to be truth--a politician without ambition, a writer without vanity.
+
+Which is the true reading in the following lines by Fitzpatrick on Fox? In
+my copy the word "course" in the third line is erased, and the word "mind"
+is substituted.
+
+ "A patriot's even course he steered,
+  Mid Faction's wildest storms unmoved:
+  By all who marked his _course_ revered,
+  By all who knew his heart beloved."
+
+Sheridan says most justly:
+
+    "Wit being generally founded upon the manners and characters of its own
+    day, is crowned in that day, beyond all other exertions of the mind,
+    with splendid and immediate success. But there is always something that
+    equalises. In return, more than any other production, it suffers
+    suddenly and irretrievably from the hand of Time."
+
+Still some publications, from their wit and brilliancy, are sufficiently
+buoyant to float down to posterity. The publication in question, the
+_Rolliad_, is one; the _Anti-Jacobin_ another. You may not be unwilling, in
+your useful pages, to give a list of some of the writers in the latter
+publication. My own copy of it is marked from that belonging to one of the
+writers, and is as follows:--
+
+  Nos. 1. 4. 9. 19. 26, 27--33., by Mr George Ellis.
+  Nos. 6. and 7., by Messrs. Ellis and Frere.
+  Nos. 20, 21, 22. 30--36., by Mr. Canning.
+  No. 10. by M.; No. 13. by C. B.; No. 39. by N.
+
+To the remaining numbers, neither names nor initials are affixed. Can any
+of your readers explain the initials, M., C. B., and N., and give us the
+authors of the _remaining_ numbers?
+
+In replying to Mr. TURNER'S Queries, I shall attend to the wish expressed
+by so old and so valued a friend, and substitute for initials, of which he
+disapproves, the name of
+
+J. H. MARKLAND.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RICHARDSON--TICKELL--FITZPATRICK.
+
+(Vol. iii., p. 276.)
+
+I am much surprised at MR. DAWSON TURNER'S inquiry about these names. I
+will not say with him that, "not to know them argues himself unknown." On
+the contrary, my wonder is, that one, himself so well and so favourably
+known as MR. TURNER, should have need to ask such a question about men with
+whom, or, at least, with whose fame, he must have been a contemporary,
+presuming, as I do, that he is the same MR. DAWSON TURNER with whose works
+we have been acquainted for above half a century. Since, however, he has
+made the Query, I will answer it as succinctly as I can.
+
+The Right Honourable Richard Fitzpatrick was the only brother of the last
+Earl of Upper Ossory, and prominent in fashion, in politics, and in elegant
+literature, and not undistinguished as a soldier. He sat in _nine_
+successive parliaments (in two which I knew him). As early as 1782 he was
+Secretary for Ireland, and in 1783 Secretary-at-War, which office he again
+filled in 1806. In the galaxy of opposition wits, when opposition was
+wittiest, Fitzpatrick was generally admitted to be the first, and there
+were those who thought him _in general powers_ superior even to Fox and
+Sheridan. His oratory, however, did not do justice to his talents, and he
+was both shy and indolent. His best speech was that in December, 1796, for
+the release of Lafayette, to which even the ridicule of the _Anti-Jacobin_
+allowed the merit of pathetic eloquence. His share in the _Rolliad_ was
+considerable, and there are many other sprightly and some elegant specimens
+of his poetical talents scattered through various publications. I wish they
+were collected.
+
+Richard Tickell, the grandson of Addison's friend, and brother-in-law to
+Sheridan, was the author of _Anticipation_, one of the liveliest political
+pamphlets ever written. He published many occasional poems, the best of
+which is a poetical "Epistle from Charles Fox, partridge shooting, to Lord
+John Townsend, cruising." MR. DAWSON TURNER will find more about him in the
+_Biographical Dictionary_.
+
+Joseph Richardson, who died in 1803, was M.P. for Newport in three
+parliaments. He was an intimate friend of Sheridan's, and partner with him
+in Drury Lane Theatre. He wrote a play, entitled _The Fugitive_; but he is
+only remembered for his contributions (whatever they were) to the
+_Rolliad_. In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (vol. lxxiii. p. 602.), MR. DAWSON
+TURNER will find a longer notice of him.
+
+There are a few remarks on the authors of the _Rolliad_ in Moore's _Life of
+Sheridan_, i. 420.
+
+C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       * {335}
+
+QUAKERS' ATTEMPT TO CONVERT THE POPE.
+
+(Vol. iii., p. 302.)
+
+I have never met with any satisfactory account of this singular Quaker
+aggression. Perhaps it may be a contribution towards one if you can find
+room for some notice of a tract in my possession. It is entitled, _A
+Narrative of some of the Sufferings of J. P. in the City of Rome. London,
+printed for Thomas Simmons, at the Bull and Mouth, near Aldersgate_, 1661,
+4to., pp. 16. This narrative of John Perrot's does not, however, give any
+particulars respecting his going to Rome, or the proceedings which led to
+his captivity there, but begins with the words--
+
+    "When I was cast into Prison, because I loved the souls of my enemies,"
+    &c.;
+
+and after eight pages, chiefly occupied by inflated description of his
+sorrows, from which one obtains no facts, he tells us that God took pity on
+him,
+
+    "And raised up his little babe, my dear Brother Thomas Hart, to set his
+    tender soul nearer unto my sufferings, and made him take my burdens on
+    his back, and the yoak of my tribulation on his neck, and made him sup
+    of my sore sorrows, and drink of the bleedings of my grief,'--
+
+and so he goes on; but we do not learn what Thomas Hart did, except that he
+comforted John Perrot in his confinement.
+
+    "Moreover," he says, "the everlasting mercies of my God did stir up the
+    bowels of other two of his tender babes, named in the tent Jane Stokes
+    and Charles Baylie, to come to visit me whilest I was as forsaken of
+    all men."
+
+They persevered, he tells us,
+
+    "in their pilgrimage until they arrived to Rome, where C. B. offered
+    his life to ransom me, and both of them entered into captivity for the
+    love which they bore to my life."
+
+His _Narrative_ (strictly speaking) contains no further information, but
+that at the bottom of the tenth page it is dated and signed,
+
+    "Written in Rome Prison of Madmen. JOHN."
+
+The remaining six pages of the pamphlet consist of a letter from Charles
+Baylie, giving an account of his pilgrimage with Jane Stokes, from Dover to
+Calais, Paris, Marseilles, Genoa, until
+
+    "Arriving," he says, "safe at Rome, we were drawn in our lives directly
+    to the place where the dearly beloved J. P. was, and coming to the
+    prison door, I enquired for him, and having answer of his being there,
+    I desired for to speak with him, but it would not be permitted us; So
+    it was said in me, _Write unto him_, which I did, the which he answered
+    us in the fulness of love, which refreshed us after our weary steps;
+    For our souls were refreshed one in another, though one another's faces
+    we had never seen to the outward, and then we being kept in a holy fear
+    not to do nor act one way nor other, but as we were moved of the Lord,
+    least we should add to his bonds,--I say, being thus kept, we were
+    delivered out of the snare of the fowler, who secretly lay in wait to
+    betray our innocency; And after a little time the Lord showed me I
+    should go to the inquisition, which I did, and enquired for the
+    Inquisitor, as I was showed of the Lord I should do; and when I spoke
+    to him I told him _I was come from England for to see my brother
+    J. P._; to which he answered, _I should see him_, and appointed me to
+    come to a certain place called _Minerva_, and there, saith he, _I will
+    procure you the liberty of the Cardinalls to see him_; he had me also
+    to the Inquisition office, where he asked many questions of me
+    concerning our religion, to which I answered in the simplicity of my
+    heart in the fear of the Lord; and at the appointed time I came to the
+    place aforesaid, and there I was showed what further I should do, which
+    was to tender my body for my brother; and so from that time I hardly
+    missed opportunity to speak to them as often as they met: for their
+    manner was thus to meet twice a-week, the one time at _Minerva_, and
+    the other time at _Monte-Cavallo_, where the Pope's own dwelling is,
+    where I also did the like, more than once, which stirred them up
+    against me, in great enmity," &c.
+
+I am afraid I am trespassing on your overfilled columns; but--omitting his
+account of his going to the Jews' synagogue, and of the command which he
+received to fast twenty days as a testimony against those who falsely
+stated that John Luffe had fasted nineteen days and died on the
+twentieth--omitting this, I must give one more extract. Having been
+detained in one of his visits to the _Minerva_, he says:
+
+    "From thence I was carried to the Inquisition, where I was shut up
+    close, and after I had been there 3 dayes the Lord said to me, _Thou
+    must go to the Pazzarella_, which was the Prison or Hospital of mad
+    men, where our dear brother was prisoner; and it was also said unto me,
+    _Thou shalt also speak to the Pope_; And at the 17 dayes end, I was led
+    from the Inquisition towards the other prison, and by the way I met the
+    Pope carried in great pomp; as it was the good will of the Lord that I
+    should speak unto him, men could not prevent it, for I met him towards
+    the foot of a bridge, where I was something nigh him, and when he came
+    against me, the people being on their knees on each side of him, I
+    cried to him with a loud voice in the Italian tongue, _To do the thing
+    that was Just, and to release the Innocent_; and whilest I was
+    speaking, the man which led me had not power to take me away until I
+    had done, and then he had me to prison where my endeared brother was,
+    where I fasted about 20 dayes as a witness against that bloody
+    generation," &c.
+
+As to how they got out, he only says:
+
+    "Soon after my fast, the Lord, by an outstretched arm, wrought our
+    deliverance, being condemned to perpetual galley-slavery, if ever we
+    returned again unto Rome."
+
+It appears, however, that though thus prevented from exercising his office
+of a missionary in Rome, Charles Baylie did not relinquish it. In the
+letter just quoted he informs his correspondent (who this was does not
+appear), that since he had seen his face, he had been several times (as he
+was while {336} writing) shut up in strong prisons; and the letter is dated
+
+    "The third of the sixth month, 1661. _From the Common Gaol in_ Burkdou,
+    _in_ France, _about thirty leagues from_ Dover, _where I am a sufferer
+    for speaking the Word of the Lord to two Priests, saying_, All Idols,
+    all Idolatries, and all Idol Priests must perish."
+
+John Perrot seems to have considered that his mission extended over all the
+world. While in Rome Prison of Madmen, he wrote an address "To all people
+upon the face of the Earth," which he "sent thence the 8th of the 10th
+month, 1660;" and he was, no doubt, the author of the tract which follows
+it (and precedes the narrative) in my volume, entitled "Blessed openings of
+a day of good things to the Turks. Written to the Heads, Rulers, Ancients,
+and Elders of their Land, and whomsoever else it may concern," though it is
+only signed "JOHN." To him also, I suppose, we must ascribe another tract,
+_Discoveries of the Day-dawning to the Jewes. Whereby they may know in what
+state they shall inherit the riches and glory of Promise_. "J. P." is all
+that is given for the author's name on the title-page, but the tract is
+signed [Hebrew: JWHN], that is, John. He too, I presume, was the author of
+another of the tracts, _An Epistle to the Greeks, especially to those in
+and about Corinth and Athens, &c. Written in Egripo in the Island of
+Negroponte, by a Servant of the Lord: J. P._ He seems to have been at
+Athens on the 27th day of the 7th month, in the year accounted 1657, being
+the first day of the week, the day of Greek solemn worship, and to have
+been "conversant" with Carlo Dessio and Gumeno Stephaci, "called Greek
+doctors."
+
+S. R. M.
+
+Gloucester.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNAIL-EATING.
+
+(Vol. iii., p. 221.)
+
+Snail-eating is by no means uncommon. When I was a youth I took a dozen
+snails every morning to a lady who was of a delicate constitution, and to
+whom they were recommended as wholesome food. They were boiled, and mixed
+up with milk. They were the common snail, usually found about old garden
+walls. A friend of mine, in walking round his garden, was in the habit of
+picking the snails off his fruit-trees and eating them raw. He was somewhat
+fastidious, for I have seen him take a snail, put it to his tongue, and
+reject it as not of a good flavour, and select another more agreeable to
+his taste. We are strange creatures of habit, especially in our feeding. I
+am fond of oysters, muscles, and cockles; but I do not think anything could
+induce me to taste a snail, a periwinkle, or a limpet.
+
+B. H.
+
+_Snail-eating._--This practice is very general in Italy. While residing
+near Florence, my attention was often attracted by a heap of fifty or one
+hundred very clean, empty, snail-shells, in a ditch, or under a bush; and I
+indulged in many vain speculations, before I could account for so strange a
+phenomenon.
+
+One day, however, I happened to meet the _contadina_ coming out of my
+garden with a basket on her arm; and from her shy, conscious manner, and an
+evident wish to avoid my seeing the contents, I rather suspected she had
+been making free with my peaches. To my surprise, however, I found that she
+was laden with the delicious _frutta-di-terra_ (sometimes so called, as the
+Echinus, so common along the Italian coast, is called _frutta-di-mare_);
+and thinking that she had been collecting them simply from regard to my
+fruit and vegetables, I thanked her for her kind services. But she
+understood me ironically, and, with a good deal of confusion, offered to
+carry them to the kitchen, apologising most elaborately, and assuring me
+that she would on no account have taken them, had not our cook told her
+that we despised them, and that she would no doubt be welcome. I asked her
+what in the world she intended to do with them? and, with a look of
+amazement at my question, even surpassing mine at her reply, she informed
+me that her brother and his wife had come to pay them a visit, and that,
+with my kind permission, she would thus treat them to "_una bellissima
+cena_." She had collected about three quarts, during a search of two hours.
+The large brown kind only are eaten. Among the poor they are generally
+esteemed a delicacy, and reputed to be marvellously nutritious.
+
+NOCAB.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SIR JOHN DAVIES, DAVIS, OR DAVYS.
+
+(Vol. iii., p. 82.)
+
+The following additional particulars of this eminent lawyer and poet may be
+deemed interesting. In a letter from Mr. Pary to the Rev. Josiah Mead, of
+the 26th November, 1626, it is stated:
+
+    "Tomorrow, it is said Sergeant Richardson shall be Lord Chief Justice
+    of the Common Pleas, and Sir John Davis nominated to the King's Bench,
+    because he hath written a book in defence of the legality of this new
+    Loan."
+
+In another letter of the 9th December, 1626, it is stated:
+
+    "I heard last night that Sergeant Davis, who it is said looked to be
+    Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, in place of Sir Randal Crew,
+    was found dead in his bed."
+
+And, again, in a letter from the Rev. Josiah Mead to Sir Martin Stuteville,
+of the 16th Dec., 1626:
+
+    "This of the death of Sir John Davis, for aught I {337} can hear, holds
+    true. It is added, that he was at supper with my Lord Keeper that
+    evening before I was told by him that he should be Lord Chief Justice
+    of the King's Bench; but he lived not to see the morning. My Lord of
+    Huntingdon rode up, upon this news, for he is his heir."
+
+Ferdinando Lord Hastings, eldest son of Henry, Earl of Huntingdon, married
+Lucy, daughter and heiress of Sir John Davis, and in 1613 succeeded his
+father as Earl of Huntingdon.
+
+Sir John Davis married Lady Eleanor, only daughter of the Earl of
+Castlehaven, and sister of the infamous Earl. She remarried Sir Archibald
+Douglas, and died in 1652. She was the lady of the anagram celebrity,
+"Reveal, oh, Daniel," and "Never so mad a lady." There is no doubt that she
+and her brother were as mad as could well be.
+
+In a letter from Mr. Edward Rossingham to Sir Thomas Puckering, dated 4th
+January, 1636, it is stated:
+
+    "Sunday before Christmas the Bishop, Dean, and Chapter of Lichfield
+    sent up a complaint against the Lady Eleanor Davis. It seems the
+    cathedral church in Lichfield is lately very beautifully set out with
+    hangings of arras behind the altar, the Communion table handsomely
+    railed in, and the table itself set out in the best manner, and the
+    Bishop's seat fairly built. This Lady came one Communion day, in the
+    morning, with a kettle in one hand and a brush in the other, to
+    sprinkle some of her holy water (as she called that in the kettle) upon
+    these hangings and the Bishop's seat, which was only a composition of
+    tar, pitch, sink-puddle water, &c., and such kind of nasty ingredients,
+    which she did sprinkle upon the aforesaid things. This being the act of
+    a mad woman, the Lords, to prevent further mischief, have given out two
+    warrants, the one to bring the Lady to Bethlehem, the other to the
+    keeper of Bethlehem to receive her. There are messengers gone into
+    Staffordshire to bring her up."
+
+It appeared afterwards she was so poor, that it became a question at the
+Council who should maintain her. She seems to have been wholly neglected by
+her second husband.
+
+Sir John Davis and his lady are buried in the church of St. Martin's in the
+Fields, and the following are their epitaphs, from Strype's _Stow_, book
+vi. p. 72.:
+
+    "D. O. M. S. Johannes Davys, Equestris ordinis quondam Attornati Regis
+    Generalis amplissima Provincia in regno Hib. functus. Inde in Patriam
+    revocatus inter Servientes Domini Regis ad Legem primum locum
+    sustinuit. Ob. 1626."
+
+    "Acc[=u]bat dignissimo marito incomparabilis Uxor, &c., 1652."
+
+    "_Note._--She was the Lady Eleanora, the only daughter of the Earl of
+    Castlehaven, Baron Audley."
+
+W. H. LAMMIN.
+
+Fulham, April 15. 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LOCKE MSS.
+
+(Vol. ii., p. 413.)
+
+In reference to an inquiry after MSS. relating to Locke, I enclose
+particulars of a small 4to. MS. volume in my possession.
+
+THOMAS KERSLAKE.
+
+    "_MANUSCRIPT._--LOCKE'S (John, _an Attorney living at Publow, and
+    father of the illustrious Metaphysician of the same name_) Common-Place
+    Book, containing Matters (relating to the Hundreds of Chew, Chewton,
+    Kainsham, Brewton, Catsashe, Norton Ferris, Horethorne, Froome,
+    Wellowe, Whitstone, Wells Forum, Portbury, Bathe Forum, Winterstoke,
+    Bempstone, Kilmersdon, Brent, Hartliffe and Bedminster, Hampton and
+    Claverton, and Phillips Norton Liberties, Glaston, Queene Camell, &c.)
+    of daily use to him as Court Keeper to Col. Alex. Popham, a Magistrate
+    and Leader of Parliamentary Forces in Somersetsh., _variously dated
+    from 1629 to 1655, all in the handwriting of the elder John
+    Locke_,--also many entries by other hands of other matters, in the
+    remaining leaves of the same volume, many of which are probably in the
+    handwriting of the afterwards distinguished younger John Locke, _4to.
+    original vellum wrapper, 12l. 12s._
+
+    Contains:--
+
+    Entries of Bailments and Bindings over of Prosecutors in cases of
+    Felony which occurred in the neighbourhood of Pensford, for the Assizes
+    at Bath, Taunton, Bridgewater, and Wells, 1630-31.
+
+    Appointment at Bathe of Overseers of Woollen Cloth, 1631, for Chew,
+    Dundry, Chewstoke, Ubley, Mids. Norton, Kainsham, Publow, Kelston,
+    Mounton Coombe, Bathford, Bathwicke, Freshford, Weston, Froome, Rode,
+    Beckington, Lullington, Berkley, Chew, Mells, and Leigh, Colsford,
+    Hampton et Claverton, Batheaston, Charterhouse Hinton, with the names
+    of the Overseers.
+
+    Scotch Postures (Humorous).
+
+    Names of the Tithings in the Hundreds of Chew, Chewton, and Kainsham.
+
+    Abp. Usher on the Liturgie and Episcopall Government, 1640.
+
+    The Sums of the Payment of each Tithing of the above hundreds of the
+    1st of 15th and 10th of the Subsidy of 3-15ths and 10ths to K. James,
+    to declare war against Spain, 1623-4.
+
+    The Yearlie Proportion of the Severall Hundreds of the Easterne
+    Division of the Countie towarde the releife of the Hospitall,
+    1632.--Ditto, Westerne Division.
+
+    The Yearlie Rate for the Maymed Soldiers of every Hundred and Libertie
+    within this County of Somerset.
+
+    The Rate of Kainsham Hundred, with the amount of each Parish.
+
+    A Rate devised at Hinton in 1601, for the raising of 100 men for
+    Ireland, with consent of the Bath Magistrates, and their names.
+
+    The number and proportion of Shipping within Englande and Wales, to be
+    made readie against Mar. 1, 1635.
+
+    Hundred of Kainsham, Quarterlie Payment of each tithing to the
+    Hospitalls and Maymed Soldiers.
+
+    A Rate made at Pensford 23rd Sept., 1635, for the raising of 160l.
+    {338}
+
+    The Assizes holden at Bathe, 24th July, 1637, before the Right Honble.
+    S. Fynch,--the Names of the Justices (among whom are John Stowell,
+    Ralph Hopton, John Horner, Rob. Hopton, John Harington, &c.), and the
+    Names of the Grand Jury.
+
+    Subsidie 17th Charles:--A Particular how each Tithing within the
+    Hundreds of Chew, Chewton, and Kainsham stands chardged, for the
+    Reliefe of his Maties Army and the Northerne parte of the Kingdom,
+    Thomas Hunt of Dundry, Collector.
+
+    The Protestation by Order of Parliament, 5^o Maij, 1641,--with Jo.
+    Locke's acceptance of the Protestation in the Parish Church of Publoe,
+    3rd Apr., 1642.
+
+    Kainsham:--The "Purblinde, Partiall, and Innovated Rate" of this Hund.,
+    24th Sept., 1649.
+
+    Kainsham Hund.--A Rate for Ship-money--with the Particulars of every
+    Tithing, Parish, and Particular Person chardged--contains the name of
+    every rateable person in the parishes of Burnet, Preston, Stanton Drew,
+    Stanton Prior, Salford, Publoe, Marksbury, Chelworth, Shrubwell,
+    Belluton, Compton Dando, Farmborrow, Chewton, Whitchurch, Charlton,
+    Brislington, and Kainsham, with the amount of this celebrated tax
+    assessed to each person.
+
+    The Names of the Lords Lieutenants nominated by the Howse of Comons,
+    1641.
+
+    The Muster Roll of the Collonell Sir Rawfe Hopton, Knight, his Band of
+    200 foote Soldiers, within the Eastern Division, and Regiment of the
+    Countie of Somerset.--Bathe, xxi^o xxij^{do} Maij, 1639.--(Contains, a
+    List of the Officers, "William Tynte," &c.--a list of bearers of Pikes,
+    with the Names of the Soldiers and of the gentlemen or tithings for
+    whom they serve,--also a similar list of the bearers of "Shott.")
+
+    A list of Parishes in the Deaneries of Froome and Bedminster, with the
+    name of the Clergyman of each, the arms supplied by him, and the Names
+    of the men who bore them.
+
+    A Rate for raising £41-00-03 per mensem, in the hund. of Kainsham, for
+    Generall Fairfax Army, 1648.
+
+    Several Papers relating to Differences concerning Rates between the In
+    Hundred and Out Hundred of Kainsham.
+
+    Particulars and Value of Feer's Tenement, in Belluton, now in the
+    possession of Henry Stickland, given in by him this day, 24 Dec., 1655.
+
+    Rente to my Landlord, Coll. Alex. Popham, out of the 3 Tenements I hold
+    in Publoe, and the Lives thereon at the time of their obtaining, 1650.
+
+    A Receipt for his Rente at Publoe, 3. 8bris & 11 Dec., 1638.
+
+    _The above are in the handwriting of Jo. Locke, the elder; in another
+    hand, on blank covers, left by the former, are_--Propositions on
+
+      Philosophy:--Phisicke, Ethike, and Dialectike.
+      De Providentia Dei et ad genus.
+      De Prædestinatione.
+      Propositiones Catholicæ.
+
+    N.B. One of the later chapters of the Essay on the Human Understanding
+    is treated under propositions nearly identical with the leaf of the MS.
+    which is described in the preceding four lines.
+
+      Copia Actus locationis Mensæ Dominicæ in Ecclesia S. Gregorij
+          Civitatis London.
+      Character of Drunkenness (_Rhyme_), &c. &c.
+
+    At the end, in several hands, are various receipts: one in the elder
+    Locke's handwriting, 'The Weapon Salve, and the use thereof, as it was
+    sent unto mee as a most excellent and rare secret from my Cosin
+    Alderman John Locke[5], of Bristoll, in his Letter, dat. 5^o Apr.
+    1650,'--also 'To make Shineing Inke', signed 'J L: Ox:'
+
+    On the last leaf is a record of the Births, Marriages and Deaths of the
+    Locke Family, from 1603 to 1624, including that of John Locke, the
+    father, 29 April, 1606."
+
+[Footnote 5: High Sheriff of Bristol in 1626, and the Mayor of Bristol in
+1641 who refused admittance to the royal forces. See Barrett and Seyer.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Defoe's Anticipations_ (Vol. iii., p. 287.).--Defoe had probably seen the
+English translation, or rather abridgment, of Father Dos Santos's _Ethiopia
+Oriental_, in Purchas's _Pilgrimes_ (vol. ii. 1544, fol. ed.), in which
+some hints are given of the great lake (nyassi, _i. e._ sea) Maravi, which
+lies nearly parallel with the eastern coast, and was known to D'Anville, in
+whose map _Massi_ is misengraved for Niassi. A very careful examination of
+the Portuguese expeditions across the continent of Africa has been given by
+Mr. Cooley, in the _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_ (vol. xv. p.
+185.; xvi. p. 138.), and he has ascertained, approximately, the extent and
+position of that great lake, which, from distrust of D'Anville, one of the
+most exact geographers, had been expunged from all modern maps. It is
+considerably to the N. and E. of the Nyami lately determined, and of much
+greater extent.
+
+ANATOL.
+
+_Epitaph in Hall's Discovery_ (Vol. iii., p. 242.).--The work entitled
+_Discovery of a New World, or a Description of the South Indies, hitherto
+unknown, by an English Mercury, imprinted by E. Blount_, no date, 12mo., is
+not, as our correspondent supposes, very rare, nor is it by Bishop Hall. It
+is a free translation, or rather paraphrase, and an excellent one in its
+way, by John Healey, of Bishop Hall's very entertaining _Mundus Alter et
+Idem_, first published in 12mo., Francof., without date, afterwards
+reprinted with Campanella's _Civitas Solis_ and Bacon's _Atlantis_ at
+Utrecht, 1643, 24mo., and subsequently included in the edition of Bishop
+Hall's works by Pratt, 10 vols., Lond., 1808, 8vo. The epitaph quoted is
+not a satire upon any statesman of the time. The writer is describing the
+Land of Changeableness, or, as it is called in the Latin original, "Variana
+vel Moronia Mobilis," and gives in the course of his description this
+epitaph on Andreas Vortunius (a vertendo), or, as he is styled in the
+English {339} translation, "Andrew Turncoate." The epitaph occurs in p.
+132. of the Latin edition of 1643, and is evidently, as indicated by the
+marginal notes, an imitation or parody of the famous one on Æelia Lælia
+Crispis, which has exercised the ingenuity of so many writers, and of which
+our own countryman, Richard White, of Basingstoke, the historian, has given
+three different interpretations. See his _Ælia Lælia Crispis, Epitaphium
+Antiquum quod in Agro Bononiensi adhuc videtur, a diversis interpretatum
+varie, novissime autem a Richardo Vito explicatum_, Padua, 1568, 4to. An
+article on this epitaph and its various interpreters, of whom I have
+collected about forty, might be made a very interesting one.
+
+JAMES CROSSLEY.
+
+    [We wish MR. CROSSLEY--than whom no one is more competent--would favour
+    us with such an article. The following communication from MR. FORBES is
+    only one of several we have received, showing that the interest in this
+    enigma is not abated.]
+
+_Epitaph in Hall's Discovery_ (Vol. iii., p. 242.).--When this epitaph is
+assigned to its right owner, it may perhaps throw some light on its
+twin-brother--the epitaph on "Ælia Lælia Crispis"--"_about which many of
+the learned have puzzled their heads_." (See _Encyc. Brit._, article
+"Ænigma.") I enclose a copy of this epitaph, which you can use or not, as
+you please. If you think that it might help to "unearth" Mister Andrew
+Turnecoate, you may perhaps like to lay it before your readers; if, on the
+other hand, that it would but increase the difficulty of the operation by
+distracting attention needlessly, you can hand it over to "the Editor's
+best friend"--the fire.
+
+        "D. M.
+
+     Ælia Lælia Crispis,
+     Nec vir, nec mulier,
+        Nec androgyna
+    Nec puella, nec juvenis,
+          Nec anus;
+    Nec casta, nec meretrix,
+         Nec pudica;
+         Sed omnia;
+          Sublata
+   Neque fame, neque ferro,
+       Neque veneno;
+        Sed omnibus:
+    Nec coelo, nec terris,
+         Nec aquis,
+      Sed ubique jacet.
+    Lucius Agatho Priscius,
+    Nec maritus, nec amator,
+      Nec necessarius;
+  Neque moerens, neque gaudens,
+        Neque flens;
+           Hanc,
+    Nec molem, nec pyramidem,
+       Nec sepulchrum,
+         Sed omnia,
+    Scit et nescit, cui posuerit."
+
+C. FORBES.
+
+_Saint Thomas of Lancaster._--The following passage in Fuller's _Worthies_
+(of Yorkshire) does not seem to have been noticed by either of your
+correspondents who replied to MR. R. M. MILNES' Query in Vol. i., p. 181.:
+
+    "Thomas Plantagenet. Before I proceed, I must confess myself formerly
+    at a great loss to understand a passage in an honourable author,
+    speaking of the counterfeit reliques detected and destroyed at the
+    Reformation: 'The Bell of Saint Guthlac, and the _Felt_ of Saint Thomas
+    of Lancaster, both remedies for the headache.' (Vice Lord Herbert's
+    _Life of Henry VIII._, p. 431.) But I could recover no Saint _Thomas_
+    (saving him of _Canterbury_) in any English Martyrology, till since, on
+    enquiry, I find him to be this _Thomas Plantagenet_. He was Earl of
+    Derby, Lancaster, Leicester, and (in the right of Alice his wife) of
+    Lincoln. A popular person, and great enemy to the two Spencers, minions
+    to King Edward II, who being hated as devils for their pride, no wonder
+    if this Thomas was honored as a Saint and Martyr by the common sort.[6]
+    Indeed he must be a very good chymist who can extract _martyr_ out of
+    _malefactor_; and our chronicles generally behold him put to death for
+    treason against King Edward II. But let him pass for a saint in this
+    shire, though never solemnly canonised, it being true of such local
+    saints, what Servius Honoratus observeth of topical gods, '_ad alias
+    regiones nunquam transibant_,' they travelled not so far as to be
+    honored in other countries. His beheading, _alias_ his martyrdom,
+    happened at Pomfret A.D. 1322."
+
+It would appear from the foregoing extract that Thomas of Lancaster was
+never admitted into the Romish calendar of saints; though his memory was
+locally revered, especially for his opposition to the two Spencers, or
+Despensers, as they are called by Hume. This historian had no respect for
+"the turbulent Lancaster;" but the quaint old Fuller seems to have thought
+well of him.
+
+As a _bell-man_ I am more interested in the virtues of the bell of Saint
+Guthlac, than in the hat of Saint Thomas, and I take this opportunity of
+asking assistance from the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" towards a
+collection of curious anecdotes and information about bells, which I am
+endeavouring to make. Any contributions will be thankfully received by me.
+
+ALFRED GATTY.
+
+Ecclesfield.
+
+[Footnote 6: "_In sanctorum numerum retulit vulgus._--Camden's _Brit._ in
+Yorkshire. Amongst other profits received by the abbey of Leicester, in
+1348, from oblations at the church of St. Martin in that town, occurs, _pes
+Thomæ Lancastriæ respondebat, 6l. 10s._"--_History of Leicestershire_, vol.
+i. p. 591.]
+
+_Francis Moore_ (Vol. iii., p. 263.).--That such a personage really did
+exist there can be little doubt. Bromley (in _Engraved Portraits, &c._)
+gives 1657 as the date of his birth, and says that there was a portrait of
+him by Drapentier _ad vivum_. Lysons mentions him as one of the {340}
+remarkable men who, at different periods, resided at Lambeth, and says that
+his house was in Calcott's Alley, High Street, then called Back Lane, where
+he seems to have enlightened his generation in the threefold capacity of
+astrologer, physician, and schoolmaster.
+
+J. C. B.
+
+Lambeth.
+
+"_Tickhill, God help me_" (Vol. i., p. 247.; Vol. ii., p. 452.).--Although
+I am full late with my pendent, I am tempted to add the instance of "Kyme
+God Knows," well known to all explorers of the Fens. The adjunct, "God
+knows," is supposed to be part of the following verse:
+
+ "It's Kyme, God knows,
+  Where no corn grows,
+    And very little hay;
+  And if there come a wet time,
+    It _weshes_ all away."
+
+If I misquote, perhaps some Fen man will set me right.
+
+As to the "Lincoln-heath where should 'un?" instanced by your correspondent
+H. C. ST. CROIX, in the No. for April 27, 1850, it is quite unknown in this
+neighbourhood, and I believe must belong to some other locale.
+
+B.
+
+Lincoln.
+
+_Meaning of Tye_ (Vol. iii., p. 263.).--On or contiguous to the South
+Downs, in Sussex, there are several portions of land bearing this
+designation, as Berwick Tye, Alfriston Tye, Telscombe Tye, &c. They are all
+contiguous to the villages from which they derive their names. These lands
+were formerly held in common by the tenants of the respective manors, and I
+think the origin of the expression may be traced to the tethering or
+_tying_-up of cows, horses, &c., for the double purpose of preventing their
+straying, and of preserving the fences of the neighbouring tenements. I
+offer this conjecture with some diffidence, because the word is very often
+found in _composition_ with proper names of places, as Lavortye,
+Brambletye, Holtye, Puxtye, Ollantigh. The vulgar notion, that it means a
+space which originally measured ten acres, is, I think, untenable.
+
+M. A. LOWER.
+
+Lewes.
+
+_Dutch Church in Norwich_ (Vol. iii., p. 209.).--Some interesting details
+connected with the establishment of the Dutch Church in Norwich, as well as
+the first settlement of the Walloons in that city, will be found in
+Blomefield's _History of Norfolk_, vol. iii. p. 282. et seq., edit. 1806.
+
+J. Y.
+
+_The Dutch Church, Norwich._--Some account of this church may be seen in
+Burn's _History of the Foreign Refugees_, 1846. It is to be regretted,
+however, that the registers and acts of vestry are missing. The _seal_ of
+the church has lately been discovered.
+
+J. S. B.
+
+_Lost Manuscripts_ (Vol. iii., pp. 161. 261.)--In pursuance of MR.
+MACKENZIE'S suggestions respecting the search for lost manuscripts, permit
+me to ask, if all hope must be considered as given up of decyphering any
+more of those discovered at Herculaneum, or of resuming the excavations
+there, that have been so long discontinued? Perhaps the improved chemical
+processes of recent days might be found more successful in facilitating the
+unrolling of the MSS., than the means resorted to so long ago by Sir H.
+Davy. Can any of your correspondents state whether anything has been done
+lately with the Herculaneum MSS.?
+
+Eustace says that--
+
+    "As a very small part of Herculaneum has hitherto been explored, it is
+    highly probable that if a general excavation were made, ten times the
+    number of MSS. above mentioned (1800) might be discovered, and among
+    them, perhaps, or very probably, some of the first works of antiquity,
+    the loss of which has been so long lamented."--_Classical Tour_, vol.
+    i. 4to., p.585.
+
+J. M.
+
+Oxford.
+
+_The Circulation of the Blood_ (Vol. iii., p.252.).--In a paraphrase on
+Ecclesiastes xii. 1-6., entitled, _King Solomon's Portraiture of Old Age_,
+by John Smith, M.D., London, 1676, 8vo., 1752, 12mo., the author attributes
+the discovery of the circulation of the blood to King Solomon. Mede also
+finds the same anticipation of science in "the pitcher broken at the
+fountain." Who was the first to suggest the transfusion of blood?
+
+T. J.
+
+_Alliteration_ (Vol. iii., p. 165.)--Your correspondent H. A. B., in
+quoting the seventh stanza from Phineas Fletcher's _Purple Island_,
+observes, that the second line,
+
+ "A life that lives by love, and loves by light,"
+
+is "noticeable" for its _alliteration_. But the best specimen that I have
+met with in English--after having read much verse, and published a volume,
+which my partial friends call poetry--will be found in Quarles' _Divine
+Emblems_, book ii. emblem ii. Beyond all question, Quarles was a poet that
+needed not "apt alliteration's artful aid" to add to the vigour of his
+verse, or lend liquidity to his lines. Quarles is often queer, quaint, and
+querulous, but never prolix, prosey, or puling.
+
+ "We sack, we ransack to the utmost sands
+  Of native kingdoms, and of foreign lands:
+  _We travel sea and soil; we pry, we prowl,_
+  _We progress, and we prog from pole to pole_."
+
+Verily, old Francis must have had a prophetic peep at the effects of _free
+trade_, and the growing greatness of Great Britain, in the gathering of the
+Nations under a huge GLASS CASE in Hyde Park, in the present year 1851!
+
+C. G.
+
+Edinburgh.
+
+{341}
+
+_Vineyards in England_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--The Lincoln "Vine Closes" may
+as well be added to the rest. They were given to the church here by Henry
+I. See the charter, entitled _Carta Hen. I. de Vinea sua Linc._, in Dugdale
+(Caley's) vol. vi. p. 1272. Their site is a rather steep slope, facing the
+south, and immediately east of the city. The southern aspect of our hill
+was celebrated long ago by some poet, as quoted by H. Huntingdon:
+
+ "Urbs in colle sita est, et collis vergit ad austrum".
+
+N.B. One of the Abbey fields at Bullington, a few miles east of Lincoln, is
+known as the Hopyard. The plant has never been cultivated in these parts
+within memory, or the range of the faintest tradition, but the character of
+the soil is clayey, and perhaps not unsuitable. Were hopyards often
+attached to monasteries? The house at Bullington was of the order of
+Sempringham.
+
+B.
+
+Lincoln.
+
+_Countess of Desmond_ (Vol. iii., p. 250.).--If your correspondents on this
+subject should be wandering to the south-east of London, they may be
+interested in knowing that there are two very striking portraits of this
+lady in Kent, one at Knowle, near Seven Oaks; the other, which is the more
+remarkable picture of the two, at Bedgebury, near Cranbrook, the seat of
+Viscount Beresford.
+
+E. H. Y.
+
+_St. John's Bridge Fair_ (Vol. iii., pp. 88. 287.).--I cannot agree with
+the conjecture that this was Peterborough Bridge Fair. On the confines of
+Gloucestershire and Berkshire, at the distance of about 77 miles from
+London, near Lechlade, and on the road to Farringdon, is a St. John's
+Bridge, near which was a priory or hospital. It is at this place that the
+Thames first becomes navigable. (Leland's _Itinerary_, vol. ii. fo. 21, 22,
+23; vol. iv. fo. 48; Bowles's _Post Chaise Companion_, 1782, pl. 28;
+Lysons' _Berkshire_, vol. i. p. 193., and map of county prefixed;
+_Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica_, vol. i. p. 320.; _Parliamentary
+Gazetteer_, art. "Lechlade.") Whether there is or ever was a fair at this
+place is more than I can state; but perhaps some of your correspondents
+dwelling in those parts can give information on this point.
+
+C. H. COOPER.
+
+Cambridge, April 14. 1851.
+
+_Paring the Nails unlucky on Sundays_ (Vol. ii., p. 511.; Vol. iii, p.
+55.).--Compare Sir Thomas Browne's _Vulgar Errors_, lib. v. cap. xxi. § x.
+
+ACHE.
+
+_Errata in Braithwait's Latin Drinking-song_ (Vol. iii., p. 297.).--It is
+well for us that honest Barnaby is not alive to visit upon us the
+scandalous "negligences and ignorances" with which our transcript of his
+song abounds; and it is no excuse perhaps to say, that _the errors almost
+all of them exist in the MS. from whence the transcript was made_.
+Sensitive as he has shown himself "upon the errata's," _he_ would not have
+accepted the apology from us which he makes for himself. "Good reader, if
+this impression have errors in it, excuse it. _The copy was obscure_;
+neither was the _editor_, by reason of his distance, and employments of
+higher consequence, made acquainted with the publishing of it."
+
+ "His Patavinus _erravit prelis_,
+  Authorem suis lacerando telis."
+
+The following corrections, which are necessary to the sense, have been
+pointed out, and have no doubt been already silently made by many of our
+readers.
+
+            _Sic in MS._          _forsan._
+
+  Stanza 3. hoc _te_ amoenum      hoc amoenum
+            reparare              reperire
+
+  Stanza 4. m_e_mento             m_o_mento
+            gustabi_t_            gustabi_s_
+
+  Stanza 5. solv_e_t              solv_i_t
+            pot_i_s               pot_u_s
+
+  Stanza 6. friges_t_is           friges_c_is
+
+  Stanza 8. succed_a_nt           succed_u_nt
+
+             Omit the comma between _Domum_ and
+             _feram_, and disregard the erroneous
+             punctuation generally.
+
+There may be other errors; for, as it stands at present, the song is
+inferior to the other known productions of the pleasant author of the
+ITINERARIUM. We can only hope that its publication, in even this imperfect
+form, may lead to the discovery of a better text; and we must be content if
+the lines of the author are applied to our blunders:
+
+ "Delirans iste _Sapiens Gottam_,
+  Reddit _Coetum_ propter _Cotem_."
+          ------
+ "Quid si breves fiant longi?
+  Si vocales sint dipthongi?
+  Quid si graves sint acuti?
+  Si accentus fiant muti?
+  Quid si placidè, plenè, planè,
+  FREGI FRONTEM PRISCIANI?
+
+  Quid si sedem muto sede?
+  Quid si carmen claudo pede?
+  Quid si noctem sensi diem?
+  Quid si veprem esse viam?
+  Sat est, Verbum declinavi,
+  Titubo--titubas--titubavi."
+
+In the last line of the extract from "Phyllis and Flora," _hinc_ is printed
+for _huic_; _inpares_, in the preceding line, is the correct reading for
+_impares_. "_Impar_ richtiger Inpar" (Scheller).
+
+S. W. S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.
+
+The publication of _The National Cyclopædia of Useful Knowledge_ has just
+been completed by the issue of {342} the twelfth volume. We notice this
+useful condensation of _The Penny Cyclopædia_ principally, however, for a
+feature which we hope to see more widely extended, namely, that of issuing
+it in a strong and handsome half-binding, at the moderate charge of one
+shilling per volume extra. The practice of publishing books in a bound form
+(more especially such books as are intended for very general circulation)
+is one which we have no doubt may be widely extended with great
+satisfaction to purchasers. It has, generally speaking, been, up to the
+present time, too closely confined to books of high price, adapted only to
+wealthy purchasers, whom the words "bound by Hayday," or "morocco extra,"
+with the necessary increase of price, charm, rather than discourage.
+
+There is perhaps no work to which, at the present moment,--when the World's
+Fair is about to commence, and we are sure to be visited by hundreds, or
+rather thousands, of our Gallic friends, with whom we shall be in daily and
+hourly conversation,--we can more appropriately call the attention of our
+readers than to the second division (_Partie Française-Anglaise_) of M.
+Tarver's _Dictionnaire Phraséologique Royal_, in which we can assure them
+they will find the readiest solution of all those phraseological queries
+which may arise during their intercourse with our lively neighbours. A very
+cursory examination of its pages will serve to convince the inquirer of the
+great learning and patient industry of M. Tarver; and his interest in the
+work will not be diminished by the reflection that the name of its
+accomplished author will be found in the obituary of the present week.
+
+When noticing, a few weeks since, one of Captain Knox's interesting
+volumes, we spoke of the undying popularity of White's _Selborne_. A proof
+at once of this popularity, and a means of increasing it, will be found in
+a new edition of this delightful book just issued as one of the volumes of
+_Bohn's Illustrated Library_. It is entitled to its place in this series on
+account of forty admirable woodcuts by which it is illustrated; and to a
+place on the bookshelves of every Naturalist, for the sake of the
+additional notes of Sir W. Jardine, and its present editor, Mr. Jesse.
+
+Messrs. Puttick and Simpson (191. Piccadilly) will sell on Tuesday and
+Wednesday next an exceedingly choice Collection of Autograph Letters,
+comprising numerous Letters of extraordinary rarity, selected principally
+from Upcott's Collection. We cannot attempt to particularise the many
+interesting lots which are to be found in the present collection, but
+recommend the Catalogue to attention for the satisfactory manner in which
+the different documents are arranged and described.
+
+CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--B. Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square)
+Cheap Book Circular (No. XXVIII.) of Books in all Languages; W. Pedder's
+(18. Holywell Street) Catalogue Part II. for 1851, of Books Ancient and
+Modern; R. Saywell's (138. High Holborn) Select Catalogue Part XXI. of
+Books in Theology, Classics, and General Literature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE
+
+BREVARIUM ROMANUM. Pars Verna. Antverpiae. Ex Typ. Plantinianæ. 1700 or
+1714.
+
+NEW ENGLAND JUDGED NOT BY MAN'S, BUT THE SPIRIT OF THE LORD: AND THE SUMME
+SEALED UP OF NEW ENGLAND'S PERSECUTIONS. By GEORGE BISHOPE. Quarto, 1661.
+Wanted from page 150 to the end.
+
+*** Letters stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+J. S. S. (Leicester). THE CHAUCER MONUMENT. _It will require about 100l. to
+make a complete restoration. Not one-half that amount has yet been
+subscribed._
+
+X. Y. Z. _The custom of_ "Swearing on the Horns at Highgate" _is very ably
+treated by Hone_, Every-Day Book, vol. ii. p. 79 _et seq. It probably arose
+from the graziers who put up at the Gate-house on their way to Smithfield,
+and were accustomed, as a means of keeping strangers out of their company,
+to bring an ox to the door as a test: those who did not like to be sworn of
+their fraternity, and kiss its horns, not being deemed fit members of their
+society._
+
+W. R. M. _Will this correspondent favour us with another copy of his
+Queries, which were received and intended for insertion, but have
+apparently been omitted by some accident?_
+
+A. W. H. _Our correspondent will find that his Query had been anticipated
+in_ Vol. i., p. 336. _Its appearance then brought it a mass of Replies,
+mostly of a very unsatisfactory kind. We delayed repeating the Query until
+we could find leisure to condense those replies, so as to prevent our
+correspondents furnishing us with information already in our possession. We
+hope to do this next week._
+
+SING. _Bryan Waller Procter, Esq., one of the Commissioners of Lunacy._
+
+REPLIES RECEIVED.--_Nettle in--San Graal--Duchess of Buckingham--Newburgh
+Hamilton--Ex Pede Herculeum--Knebsend--Derivation of Yankee--Passage in
+Virgil--Bacon and Fagan--Solid-hoofed Pigs--Under the Rose--Stick at
+Nothing--Ejusdem Farinæ--Meaning of Rack--Meaning of Tye--The
+Tanthony--Dog's Head in the Pot--Baron Munchausen--Shakspeare's
+Seamanship--Criston--Bigod de Loges--God's Acre--Joseph Nicolson--Britt.
+Rex--Tradescant--Moore's Almanack--The Mistletoe--St John's Bridge
+Fair--Curious Fact in Natural History--Pursuits of Literature--Burton's
+Birthplace--Engelbert of Treves--God takes those soonest--Tandem D. O. M.
+&c.--Bartolomeo's Pictures--Herstmonceaux, &c._
+
+VOLS. I. _and_ II., _each with very copious Index, may still be had, price
+9s. 6d. each._
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and
+Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country
+Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it
+regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet
+aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND
+QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels._
+
+_All communications for the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES _should be
+addressed to the care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LITERARY AGENCY.--MR. F. G. TOMLINS (Secretary to the Shakspeare Society,
+Author of a Brief View of the English Drama; a Variorum History of England;
+Garcia, a Tragedy; the Topic, the Self Educator, &c. &c.) is desirous to
+make it known that a Twenty Years' experience with the Press and
+Literature, as Author and Publisher, enables him to give advice and
+information to Authors, Publishers, and Persons wishing to communicate with
+the Public, either as to the Editing, Advertising, or Authorship of Books,
+Pamphlets, or Literary productions of any kind. Opinions obtained on
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+
+where works of reference for Literary Purposes may be obtained or referred
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+Examples of the Extinction of premiums by the Surrender of Bonuses.
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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+|  Date   |   Sum    |                      | subsequently, to be |
+|   of    | Insured. |   Original Premium.  | further increased   |
+| Policy. |          |                      | annually.           |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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+|  1174  |  1810 |   1200   | 1160  5 6 |        2360  5 6        |
+|  3392  |  1820 |   5000   | 3558 17 8 |        8558 17 8        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
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+
+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
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+
+VALUABLE NEW PRINCIPLE.
+
+Payment of premiums may be occasionally suspended without forfeiting the
+policy, on a new and valuable plan, adopted by this society only, as fully
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+
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+
+Actuary and Secretary: Author of "Industrial Investment and Emigration;
+being a Second Edition of a Treatise on Benefit Building Societies, &c."
+Price 10s. 6d.
+
+London: J. W. PARKER, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOOKS.--JUST PUBLISHED, A CATALOGUE of Three Thousand Volumes of RARE and
+CURIOUS BOOKS, containing Works on America, the Occult Sciences, Books of
+Prints, Fine Arts, Free-Masonry, Jest-Books and Drolleries, Hawking,
+Language, Popery, Proverbs, Facetiæ and Miscellaneous Literature,--may be
+had on application, or by forwarding four penny stamps to G. BUMSTEAD, 205.
+High Holborn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Highly Important Autograph Letters.--Two Days' Sale.
+
+PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by
+AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on TUESDAY, April 29, and
+following Day, a very important Collection of AUTOGRAPH LETTERS, the
+Property of a Gentleman. The Collection includes an unusually complete
+series of English Royal Autographs, many being important Letters, from the
+time of Henry VII.; also Letters of Contemporary Foreign Sovereigns, with
+numerous rare and interesting Letters in other Classes. The whole in the
+finest preservation. Catalogues will be sent on application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published,
+
+BOHN'S CLASSICAL CATALOGUE, comprising all the principal editions of the
+Greek and Latin Classics. Translations and Commentaries, with prices
+annexed; royal 8vo. half morocco, price 2s. 6d.--Allowed to Purchasers.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LONDON PICTORIALLY and HISTORICALLY DESCRIBED. Edited by CHARLES KNIGHT. 6
+vols. in 3, royal 8vo. with upwards of one thousand engravings on wood,
+cloth gilt, 1l. 16s.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Bohn's Scientific Library for May.
+
+HUMBOLDT'S COSMOS; or Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe.
+Translated by E. C. OTTE. Vol. 3, with an Index. Price 3s. 6d.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Bohn's Classical Library for May.
+
+PLATO'S WORKS, translated by GEO. BURGESS, M.A. Vol. 4, containing
+Philebus, Charmides, Laches, The Two Alcibiades, and Ten other Dialogues.
+Price 5s.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Bohn's Standard Library for May.
+
+NEANDER'S FIRST PLANTING OF CHRISTIANITY. Translated by RYLAND. Post 8vo.
+Price 3s. 6d.
+
+HENRY G. BOHN, York Street, Covent Garden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CAMDEN SOCIETY for the Publication of Early Historical and Literary
+Remains.
+
+THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING will be held at the Freemason's Tavern, Great
+Queen Street, on Friday the 2nd of May, at Four o'Clock precisely; the LORD
+BRAYBROOKE, the President, in the Chair.
+
+WILLIAM J. THOMS, Secretary.
+
+The following are the Publications of the Society for the year 1850-1.
+
+I. A SELECTION FROM THE WILLS Preserved in the Will Office at Bury St.
+Edmund's. Edited by SAMUEL TYMMS, Esq.
+
+II. WALTER MAPES "DE NUGIS CURIALIUM." A Treatise on the Political Affairs
+of his Time, written in 1181. Edited by THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., M.A.
+
+III. SIR RICHARD GUYLFORDE'S PILGRIMAGE TO THE HOLY LAND, A. D. 1506.
+Edited from a copy believed to be unique from the Press of Richard Pynson,
+by SIR HENRY ELLIS, K.H., Sec. S. A.
+
+The Subscription to the Society is 1l. per annum, which becomes due on the
+1st of May.
+
+Communications from Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members may be addressed
+to the Secretary; or to Messrs. NICHOLS, No. 25. Parliament Street,
+Westminster, by whom the Subscriptions of all Members resident in London
+are received.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO BOOK BUYERS.--No. XIV. of T. D. THOMSON'S CATALOGUE of MISCELLANEOUS
+SECOND-HAND BOOKS, marked at very low Prices, is just published, and may be
+had Gratis and Postage Free.
+
+13. Upper King Street, Russell Square.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{344}
+
+BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED
+
+BY JOHN HENRY PARKER,
+
+OXFORD; and 377. STRAND, LONDON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PAROCHIAL WORK. By the Rev. E. MONRO, M.A., Incumbent of Harrow Weald,
+Stanmore. A Second Edition of this valuable Work is nearly ready, and will,
+it is expected, be published in April.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SERMONS CHIEFLY ON THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MINISTERIAL OFFICE. By the
+Rev. E. MONRO. 8vo. 7s.
+
+Intended as a Companion to the above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POETÆ SCENICI GRÆCI. Æschyli, Sophoclis, Euripidis, et Aristophanis Fabulæ
+superstites et perditarum fragmenta. Editio secunda, ex nova recognitione
+GUIL. DINDORFII. Royal 8vo. cloth, 1l. 1s.; or bound by Hayday in calf
+extra for school prizes, 1l. 10s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE of the Middle Ages, with numerous Engravings from
+existing Remains, and Historical Illustrations from contemporary
+Manuscripts. By T. HUDSON TURNER, Esq. From the Conquest to the 13th
+Century. 1 Vol. 8vo. In a few days.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. PUSEY'S DEFENCE OF HIS OWN PRINCIPLES: A Letter to the Right Hon. and
+Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London in Explanation of some Statements
+contained in a Letter by the Rev. W. Dodsworth. Fifth and Cheaper Edition.
+18mo. pp. 196., 1s., or bound in cloth, 1s. 6d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. PUSEY'S REPLY TO SOME REMARKS OF MR. DODSWORTH'S ON THE ABOVE LETTER,
+8vo. 1s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE CALENDAR OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH ILLUSTRATED. With brief Accounts of the
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+frequently met with in England; the early Christian and Mediæval Symbols;
+and an Index of Emblems. With numerous Woodcuts. Foolscap 8vo. 10s. 6d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HYMNI ECCLESIÆ e BREVIARIIS quibusdam et MISSALIBUS GALLICANIS, GERMANICIS,
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+
+A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN GRECIAN, ROMAN, ITALIAN, AND GOTHIC
+ARCHITECTURE. Exemplified by upwards of Eighteen Hundred Illustrations,
+drawn from the best Examples. Fifth Edition, 3 vols. 8vo., cloth, gilt
+tops. 2l. 8s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I.
+
+THE HISTORY OF EUROPE, from the Commencement of the French Revolution to
+the Battle of Waterloo. By ARCHIBALD ALISON, LL.D. Seventh Edition, in 20
+Vols. Crown Octavo, with a Copious INDEX, in cloth, price 6l.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+II.
+
+A LIBRARY EDITION, handsomely printed on superfine paper, in Demy Octavo,
+to range with the Standard Editions of the English Historians, in 14 Vols.
+including a Copious INDEX, and embellished with Portraits. Price 10l. 10s.
+
+A limited number are printed on thick paper, in Royal Octavo, with Proof
+Impressions of the Portraits, price 21l.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+III.
+
+ATLAS TO THE HISTORY OF EUROPE, Comprising 109 Maps and Plans of Countries,
+Sieges, and Battles, illustrative of ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE and of
+other Contemporary Histories; constructed and engraved by A. KEITH
+JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., Author of the "Physical Atlas," and of the "National
+Atlas." A New Edition.
+
+In CROWN QUARTO, uniform with the SEVENTH EDITION of Alison's History,
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+EDITION" and Early Editions of Alison's History in Demy Octavo, bound in
+cloth, 3l. 3s. In ROYAL QUARTO, to accompany the ROYAL OCTAVO "LIBRARY
+EDITION" of Alison's History, 4l. 4s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IV.
+
+EPITOME OF ALISON'S EUROPE. For the Use of Schools and Young Persons. In
+One Volume, Post Octavo, price 7s. 6d. bound in cloth. ATLAS to the above,
+7s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By the same Author.
+
+I.
+
+ESSAYS, POLITICAL, HISTORICAL, and MISCELLANEOUS. In Three Vols. Demy
+Octavo, uniform with the "Library Edition" of Alison's Europe. Price 2l.
+5s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+II.
+
+MILITARY LIFE of JOHN, DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. In Octavo, with Maps and Plans
+of Battles. Price 18s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+III.
+
+THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION, and their Connection with Human Happiness.
+Two Vols. Octavo, 30s.
+
+WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, Edinburgh and London. Sold by all Booksellers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New
+Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
+published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.
+Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet
+Street aforesaid.--Saturday, April 26. 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 336, "From the Common Gaol in Burkdou" - original reads 'Burkdon',
+this corrected by the errata in issue 80 which adds that Burkdou is
+Bourdeaux.
+
+page 341, "Authorem suis lacerando telis." - original reads 'laurando',
+this corrected by the errata in issue 80.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 78, April
+26, 1851, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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