initial commit of ebook 26897HEADmain

1 files changed, 2378 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/26897.txt b/26897.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53aa3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/26897.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2378 @@
+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 77, April 19, 1851, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 77, April 19, 1851
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 12, 2008 [EBook #26897]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{297} NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 77.]
+SATURDAY, APRIL 19. 1851.
+[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                     Page
+    Latin Drinking Song by Richard Braithwait, by S. W.
+      Singer                                                    297
+    Strange Appearances in the Sky, by Rev. A. Gatty            298
+    "After me the Deluge," by Douglas Jerrold                   299
+    Bishop Thornborough's Monument                              299
+
+    Minor Notes:--King Richard III.--Shakspeare a
+      thorough Sailor--"A fellow-feeling." &c.--Early
+      Instances of the Word "News"--Under the Rose              300
+
+  QUERIES:--
+    Portraits of Spenser                                        301
+    The Vendace                                                 301
+
+    Minor Queries:--Ex Pede Herculem--"To-day we
+      purpose"--"God takes those soonest whom He loves
+      the best"--Quakers' Attempt to convert the Pope
+      --Whychcote of St. John's--Meaning of Rechibus--
+      Family of Queen Katherine Parr--Skort--Religious
+      Teaching in the German Universities--Epigram by
+      Dunbar--Endymion Porter--Sathaniel--The Scoute
+      Generall--Anthony Pomeroy, Dean of Cork                   302
+
+    MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--Civil War Tract--Trisection
+      of the Circle--Wolsey's Son--Cardinals and
+      Abbots in the English Church                              303
+
+  REPLIES:--
+    Sir Balthazar Gerbier, by J. Crossley                       304
+    The Travels of Baron Munchausen                             305
+
+    Replies to Minor Queries:--Tobacco in the East--
+      Captain John Stevens--MS. Catalogue of Norman
+      Nobility--Illustrations of Chaucer, No. III.--
+      Comets--Pope Joan--Abbot Euctacius--The
+      Vellum-bound Junius--Meaning of Waste-book--
+      Cowdray--Solemnisation of Matrimony--Epitaph
+      on the Countess of Pembroke--Scandal against
+      Queen Elizabeth--The Tanthony--The Hippopotamus
+      --Tu autem--Places called purgatory--Swearing
+      by Swans, &c.--Edmund Prideaux and the Post-office
+      --Small Words and "Low" Words--Lord
+      Howard of Effingham--Obeahism, &c.                        306
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+    Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c.                      310
+    Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                311
+    Notices to Correspondents                                   311
+    Advertisements                                              311
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+LATIN DRINKING SONG BY RICHARD BRAITHWAIT.
+
+I have been surprised, from the facility with which the author of "Drunken
+Barnaby" seems to pour out his Leonine verse, that no other productions of
+a similar character are known to have issued from his pen. I am not aware
+that the following drinking song, which may fairly be attributed to him,
+has ever appeared in print. It was evidently unknown to the worthy
+Haslewood, the crowning glory of whose literary career was the happy
+discovery of the author, Richard Braithwait. I transcribe it from the MS.
+volume from which James Boswell first gave to the world Shakspeare's verses
+"On the King." Southey has somewhere said that "the best serious piece of
+Latin in modern metre is Sir Francis Kinaston's _Amores Troili et
+Cressidae_, a translation of the two first books of Chaucer's Poem[1]; but
+it was reserved for _famous_ BARNABY to employ the barbarous ornament of
+rhyme, so as to give thereby point and character to good Latinity."
+
+Southey does not seem to have known those remarkable productions of the
+middle ages, which have been made accessible to us by the researches of
+Docen, of Grimm, of Schmeller, and of Mr. Wright; and, above all, of that
+exquisite gem, "De Phyllide et Flora," first printed by Docen[2], and since
+given by Mr. Wright in his collection of _Poems attributed to Walter de
+Mapes_. We have, however, a much better text from the hand of Jacob Grimm,
+in the _Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin for 1843_, p. 239. Of this poem it
+is perhaps not exaggeration to say, that it is an Idyll which would have
+done honour to the literature of any age or country; and if it is the
+production of Walter de Mapes, we have reason to be proud of it. It is a
+dispute between two maidens on the qualities of their lovers, the one being
+a soldier, the other a priest. It breathes of the spring, of nature, and of
+love:
+
+ "Erant ambae virgines et ambae reginae
+  Phyllis coma libera Flora comto crine,
+  Non sunt formae virginum sed formae divinae,
+  Et respondent facies luci matutinae.
+
+  Nec stirpe, nec facie, nec ornatu viles,
+  Et annos et animos habent juveniles
+  Sed sunt parum inpares, et parum hostiles
+  Nam hinc placet clericus illi vero miles."
+
+{298} Love is called in to decide the dispute, and it causes no surprise to
+find, after due ventilation of the cause, the judgment of the court to be:
+
+ "Secundum scientiam et secundum morem,
+  AD AMOREM CLERICUM DICUNT APTIOREM."
+
+Your readers who are not already acquainted with this interesting picture
+of ancient manners will, I think, be pleased with having it pointed out to
+their notice.
+
+Should the following song not be already in print, I can also furnish from
+the same source a version of the ballad on "Robin Goodfellow" by the same
+hand, should it be acceptable.[3]
+
+S. W. SINGER.
+
+         "CANTIO.
+
+ "O Pampine! quo venisti?
+  Cur me spectas fronte tristi?
+  Tolle caput, sis jucundus,
+  Tolle poculum exue fundus,
+  Et salutem jam bibamus,
+  Ad sodales quos amamus;
+  O Pampine! tibi primum
+  Haustum summus hunc ad imum.
+
+  Ecce de christallo factum
+  Purum vas, et hoc intactum,
+  Lympha nunc et succo plenum,
+  Nec includit hoc venenum;
+  Medicamen quod repellit
+  Omnes malos, nec fefellit,
+  O Pampine! invito Momo,
+  Tibi, tu es meus homo.
+
+  Hic est sacer fons et flumen,
+  Quod qui potant vocant numen,
+  Iras pellit, demit lites,
+  Et superbos facit mites;
+  Et post flumen hoc te amoenum
+  Annos reparare senum:
+  O Pampine! tibi habe,
+  Bibe si sis dignus tabe.
+
+  Hoc si tu gustabit nectar,
+  Si sis Paris fies Hector,
+  Iras demit inquietas,
+  In memento facit laetas;
+  Pro doloribus est solamen,
+  Pro pulicibus medicamen;
+  O Pampine! habe tibi,
+  Bibe tu cum ego bibi.
+
+  Hic est aqua vera fortis,
+  Vincula quae solvet mortis,
+  Aut, si placet, aqua vitae,
+  Roborans ab atra Dite:
+  Hinc sunt uti qui potestis
+  Omnia, cibus, potis, vestis;
+  O Pampine! tibi cito
+  Bibe, aut ab hinc abito.
+
+  Si frigistis, sine joco,
+  Solo hoc utare foco,
+  Si esuries hic sunt oves,
+  Pulli, vituli, et boves;
+  Quod si sitis ecce montem,
+  Quem si scandes habet fontem;
+  O Pampine! bibe rursus,
+  Bibe, tu nam venit cursus.
+
+  Si aegrotas sume potum,
+  Vis ut valeas tolle totum,
+  Cape potum hunc paratum,
+  Sanus eris,--est probatum;
+  Si in corpore aut in mente
+  Dolebant in quavis dente;
+  O Pampine! tibi statim
+  Sume potum hinc gradatim.
+
+  Bacche jam et jam Silene,
+  Pocula impleatis plene,
+  Ope jam adiutus vestra
+  Domum, feram e fenestra.
+  AEdes vertunt jam rotundae,
+  Et succedant res secundae:
+  O Pampine! tibi bibo,
+  Bibe, vale! ego abibo."
+
+[Footnote 1: Southey was not aware that the whole of Chaucer's Poem, and
+the "Testament of Cressid," by Henryson, was translated by Kinaston and
+accompanied by a copious commentary in English, but only exists in one sole
+MS. The press of the Camden Society would be well employed on it.]
+
+[Footnote 2: In Baron von Aretin's _Beytrage zur Geschichte und Literatur_,
+vol. vii. p. 301.; but the copy, though a good text, was defective at the
+end.]
+
+[Footnote 3: [We are sure we are only expressing the opinion of the
+majority of our readers when we say it will be _most acceptable_.--ED.]]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STRANGE APPEARANCES IN THE SKY.
+
+Strange appearances in the sky have not been without their ominous
+signification from the time that the greater and lesser lights were placed
+there at the creation, to the rainbow after the Deluge; and onward to the
+"star in the east" which announced our Saviour's birth, and the "light from
+heaven" which accompanied St. Paul's conversion. But the question is,
+whether there has since been any meaning in other like celestial
+illuminations? Some historical credit is claimed for the fiery sword, and
+armies fighting in the air, which preceded the siege of Jerusalem: for the
+cross of the Emperor Constantine: for the bow about the sun seen by
+Augustus Caesar, when he took possession of the Roman empire: and for stars,
+or other heavenly lights, which have seemed to herald the births or deaths
+of illustrious personages. But are these stories to be believed? and, if
+they are, where is the line of credibility to be drawn? People cannot come
+together, and talk either on this subject, or on that of ghosts, but every
+one "hath a revelation, hath an interpretation." The poet, walking on the
+mountains, looked into the sky, and
+
+ "The appearance, instantaneously disclosed,
+  Was of a mighty city--boldly say
+  A wilderness of building, sinking far,
+  And self-withdrawn, into a wondrous depth,
+  Far sinking into splendour--without end?"
+
+The two following extracts are from private letters now before me. The
+first account was written in 1825 by a physician, still alive, and {299}
+who at the time read an account of what he had seen at a meeting of the
+Plinian Society. He says,
+
+    "I last evening read a paper upon an extraordinary appearance of
+    letters, formed by the clouds, seen by a Mr. T. and myself. We had also
+    with us two little boys, one nine, the other eleven years of age, who
+    were able to make out each letter equally with ourselves. These
+    children were at the time walking some distance behind us: but, upon
+    their coming up, and being shown the letters, they read them without
+    having heard any observation of ours respecting them. We saw them for
+    about two minutes, when they gradually changed their form--each letter
+    changing its perpendicular for a horizontal position, and at length the
+    whole becoming converted into that form of cloud denominated
+    cirro-stratus. I will endeavour to give you a faint idea of the
+    appearance, by forming the letters as well as my memory will enable me.
+    I make no comment upon the words themselves, as they are too
+    extraordinary for observation of any kind. It was upon the 12th of last
+    month: several showers had fallen in the course of the day, but the
+    afternoon was fine. The time seven in the evening. The letters were
+    formed upon a fine blue surface, having no other clouds near them,
+    except very small ones, which tended much to heighten the effect of the
+    whole.
+
+    [Illustration: (ETERNAL)]
+
+    [Illustration: (MILLENNIUM)]
+
+    "You will observe several deficiencies in the letters of the first
+    word, viz. in the first 'E;' also in the 'N,' the second part being
+    short; and a slight defect in the letter 'A.' With respect to the
+    second word, the first six letters were very perfect: the others, with
+    the exception of the 'M,' mere strokes; but in number sufficient to
+    make up the word: and they had the appearance of having been perfect. I
+    can assure you they were anything but obscure, and required very little
+    stretch of the imagination. In the first word the letters were
+    equidistant and beautifully uniform. The second word was not quite
+    straight, being curved towards its termination. This appeared to me to
+    arise from the change of position which the letters were undergoing, as
+    before stated."
+
+My other extract is from a letter written in 1851. The scene to which it
+refers is a sick chamber occupied by an octogenarian grandmother, who is
+_in extremis_. Her daughter, who writes the account, is present, together
+with a grandchild, who is nearly eleven years old. The nurse has left the
+room.
+
+    "We afterwards stood by poor grandmamma's fire, and then we sat at her
+    window to see the moon rise. There were many clouds about it, and
+    directly under it was the most marked figure of our Saviour on the
+    cross. The head was concealed in light, but the arms were outstretched,
+    and the body quite distinct. M. saw it too, and said, 'How appropriate,
+    aunt, for the beginning of Lent!' She has never alluded to it since,
+    nor, of course, have I; nor do I think any more of it, than that _there
+    it was_: and there is something happy in the fancy, at all events, for
+    it shone on her dying bed."
+
+As you admit folk lore into "NOTES AND QUERIES," also well-attested
+anecdotes, although these may not absolutely conduce to the advancement of
+learning or art, perhaps you will receive this paper for the amusement of
+those who, like myself, feel an interest in anything which takes us a
+little out of the _hardware facts_ of "the age we live in."
+
+ALFRED GATTY.
+
+Ecclesfield.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"AFTER ME THE DELUGE."
+
+If stolen wisdom could be returned to its rightful authors, great, indeed,
+would be the transfer of property. Prince Metternich is said to be the
+sayer of "After me the Deluge." And yet the Prince took the saying from the
+mouth of Madame Pompadour; and she took it--from whom? It may be reasonably
+doubted that her brain originated it; for it was not an order of brain that
+packs wisdom in few syllables.
+
+    "'After me the Deluge,' said Prince Metternich; a fine saying, but a
+    false prophecy we trust."
+
+I quote this from an admirable paper in _The Times_ of to-day (April 10.)
+on the Crystal Palace, and quote the subscribed from an _Essai sur la
+Marquise de Pompadour_, prefixed to the _Memoires de Madame du Hausset,
+Femme de Chambre de Madame Pompadour_, in Barriere's _Bibliotheque des
+Memoires_.
+
+    "Madame de Pompadour, dans l'ivresse de la prosperite, repondit a
+    toutes les menaces de l'avenir par ces trois [_quatre_] mots, "APRES
+    NOUS, LE DELUGE," qu'elle repetait souvent."
+
+In this case, "Pompadour _v._ Metternich," surely a verdict must be
+returned for the lady, unless Voltaire puts in a future claim.
+
+DOUGLAS JERROLD.
+
+West Lodge, Putney Common.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BISHOP THORNBOROUGH'S MONUMENT.
+
+    [The writer of the following interesting communication does not appear
+    to be aware that he is obliging us and a correspondent D. Y., who had
+    asked (Vol. iii., p. 168.) for an explanation of the phrase _Denarius
+    Philosophorum_, in the Bishop's Monument.]
+
+Our local antiquaries have long been puzzled by an inscription in the Lady
+chapel of our cathedral. It stands on the monument of Bishop Thornborough,
+and was prepared by himself fourteen years before his decease in 1641, at
+the age of ninety-four. He was addicted to alchymy, and published a book in
+1621, entitled [Greek: Lithotheorikos], _sive_, _Nihil aliquid_, _omnia_,
+_&c._ In the course of some recent studies in the Pythagorean philosophy,
+my attention was accidentally engaged by this {300} inscription; and it at
+once struck me that it was _thence_ that the explanation was to be derived.
+The epitaph is as follows: on one side,
+
+    "Denarius Philosophorum, Dum Spiro, Spero."
+
+on the other,
+
+    "In Uno, 2^o. 3^o. 4^{or} 10. non Spirans Spera_bo_."
+
+The latter letters are now effaced.
+
+It is well known that the Pythagoreans found all the modes of space in the
+relations of numbers.
+
+The monad, or unit, was not only the _point_ whence all extension proceeds,
+but it further symbolised the First Principle, the origin of all. The duad
+represented the line, as being bounded by two points or monads. The triad
+stood for surface as length and width. The tetrad for the perfect figure,
+the cube, length, depth, and width. The decad, or denarius, indicated
+comprehensively all being, material and immaterial, in the utmost
+perfection: hence the term _decas_, or _denarius_, was used summarily for
+the whole science of numbers, as in the title of Meursius's tract _De
+Denario Pythagorico_, which was published four years after the date of the
+inscription, and when the philosophy was attracting much attention among
+European scholars. To be as concise as possible then, I presume that the
+old bishop intended that the tomb on which his effigy lies was his access
+to that perfection of existence which philosophers had designated by the
+_decas_, or _denarius_. During the present life he was hoping for it, "Dum
+Spiro, Spero."--On the other side: "In Him, who is the source, the
+beginning, the middle, and the end of all existence and perfection (in Uno,
+2^o. 3^o. 4^{or} 10. non Spirans Sperabo), though I breathe no more, yet
+shall I hope."
+
+Such is probably the meaning of his pious conceit, and I offer it as a
+solution of what has long served for a riddle to the visitors of our
+cathedral. Beyond this, your readers and myself may be equally indifferent
+to such cabalistical quaintness. But let us treat it with charity, as the
+devout consummation of an aged alchymist.
+
+O. F.
+
+College Green, Worcester, March, 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_King Richard III._ (Vol. iii., p. 221.).--On the 14th May, 1491 (6 Henry
+VII.), one Master William Burton, the schoolmaster of St. Leonard's
+Hospital, in the city of York, was accused before the magistrates of having
+said that "King Richard was an hypocrite, a _crocheback_, and buried in a
+dike like a dog." This circumstance is recorded in a contemporary document
+of unquestionable authenticity (vide extracts from _York Records in the
+Fifteenth Century_, p. 220.); and must remove all doubt as to the fact of
+Richard's bodily deformity. The conjecture of Dr. Wallis, quoted by
+G. F. G., can have no weight when opposed by clear evidence that the word
+"crouchback," as a term of reproach or contempt, was applied to King
+Richard within a few years after his death, by one to whom his person must
+have been familiarly known.
+
+[Delta].
+
+_Shakespeare a thorough Sailor._--Let me point attention to a _genuine_
+nautical expression, in the use of which Shakespeare shows himself _a
+thorough sailor_:
+
+ "The wind sits in the _shoulder_ of your sail."--_Hamlet_, Act I. Sc. 3.
+
+In a "fore and aft sail" of the present day, the "shoulder" is the
+_foremost upper_ corner, and the _last part of the canvass_ on which the
+wind fixes its influence when a vessel is "sailing by the wind," or even
+"off the wind." The "veriest lout" in the "after-guard" will appreciate the
+truthfulness and beauty of the metaphor.
+
+A. L.
+
+_"A fellow-feeling," &c._--
+
+ "A fellow-feeling makes one wondrous kind."
+
+This oft-quoted line is from Garrick's Epilogue on quitting the stage.
+
+[Gamma].
+
+_Early Instances of the World "News."_--Without the slightest intention of
+re-opening the discussion as to whether the word "newes" be of native
+growth or imported, I would beg leave to suggest as a means of completing
+_its history_, that should any of the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES," whose
+researches may lead amongst the authorities of the _fifteenth_ century,
+meet with instances of the word in familiar use between A.D. 1400 and A.D.
+1500, they would notify the same.
+
+The earliest date of its colloquial use as yet recorded in "NOTES AND
+QUERIES," is A.D. 1513: on the other hand, the word, so far as I am aware,
+is nowhere used by Chaucer, although his near approach to it in the
+following lines is very remarkable:
+
+ "There is right now come into the toune a gest,
+  A Greek espie, and telleth _newe things_,
+  For which I come to tell you newe tidings."--_Troilus and Creseide_, b.
+      ii. 1113.
+
+After this, the transition to the word itself is so extremely easy, that it
+could not be far distant.
+
+A. E. B.
+
+_Under the Rose._--It may interest the inquirers into the origin of this
+expression to know, that at Lullingston Castle in Kent, the residence of
+Sir Percival Dyke, there is in the hall an old picture, or painted carving
+(I forget which, as it is many years since I saw it), of a rose, some two
+feet in diameter, surrounded by an inscription, which, if I remember right,
+runs as follows, or nearly so:--
+
+ "Kentish true blue;
+  Take this as a token,
+  That what is said here
+  Under the rose is spoken."
+
+It is now, or was when I saw it, in the hall of that {301} ancient mansion,
+but I believe had been brought from an old house in the neighbourhood.
+
+E. H. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+PORTRAITS OF SPENSER.
+
+The engraved portraits of Spenser differ so much from each other as to
+throw doubts on their resemblance to the poet.
+
+I have now before me the following:
+
+1. That prefixed to Bell's edition, 1777, engraved by Cook from "an
+original in Lord Chesterfield's collection."
+
+2. Prefixed to an edition in one volume published by Spiers, 1840.
+
+3. Prefixed to Moxon's edition, 1845.
+
+We are not told from what paintings Nos. 2. and 3. are engraved, but they
+resemble each other, and are somewhat like that in Bell's edition; so I
+shall set these three down as forming one class of portraits. No. 2. has,
+however, a curious inscription, _Edmund Spenser_, _obiit 1559_, which would
+lead us to reject it altogether, and look on it as an imaginary likeness.
+
+4. The portrait in Pickering's Aldine edition, 1839: this bears no
+resemblance, either in costume or features, to those already mentioned;
+but, if I mistake not, is like that in Todd's edition, published in
+1805,--we may call these a second class.
+
+An original portrait of Spenser is said to be in Lord Chesterfield's
+collection; another in Duplin Castle, the seat of Lord Kinnoul (of this
+there is a copy at Althorpe by Sir Henry Raeburn). Mr. Wright, in his
+_Memorials of Cambridge_, mentions a portrait at Pembroke College, "a copy
+by Wilson," but he does not say from what original: Mr. Craik, in _Spenser
+and his Writings_, speaks of _two_ as being in this college.
+
+The writer thinks he recollects a law-suit relative to a portrait of the
+poet, which had been sold to the late Sir Robert Peel, and which was stated
+to have come from Ireland. Perhaps some of your readers could give
+information respecting this picture.
+
+It is clear, if the first three are all from the Chesterfield original,
+that this painting, and the one from which Mr. Pickering's is taken, cannot
+both be portraits of Spenser. The object of this Query is to ascertain, if
+possible, which engraving, or class of engravings, resembles the poet.
+
+E. M. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE VENDACE.
+
+The very remarkable fish called the _Vendace_ is to be found but in one
+place in the three kingdoms,--the Castle Loch of Lochmaben, a parish to the
+south of Dumfriesshire in Scotland. The Vendace, it is said, derives its
+name from _Vendois_ in France, and was brought to this country by one of
+the James's. This, however, is mere conjecture, and, from its habits,
+highly improbable--because _they die the moment they are either touched or
+exposed to the air_.
+
+According to Mr. Stewart (_Elements of Natural Hist._), the Vendace belongs
+to a species which he calls _Salmo albula_, or the "Juvangis."
+
+    "This species," he adds, "is found in Lochmaben in Scotland, and
+    _nowhere else_: it is said to have been carried thither from England in
+    the time of Robert the Bruce."
+
+Mr. Stewart describes the fish, but from his description it is evident he
+has never seen it. The following one is exact:--
+
+    "This beautiful fish measures from four to six inches in length, and
+    tapers gradually to the tail. When taken out of the water, it has a
+    bright silvery white appearance, with a slight tendency to a light blue
+    along the back and part of the sides. In size it resembles a small
+    herring or par, but particularly the former, not only in the mouth and
+    external appearance, but also in the anatomical structure. _Upon the
+    top of the head_ there is a very distinct _shape of a heart_, covered
+    with a transparent substance of a brownish colour, resembling a thin
+    lamina of mica slate, _through which the brain is visible_. This
+    peculiar mark proves it to be as yet a distinct and undescribed
+    species. Nothing is ever found visible to the naked eye in the stomach
+    of the Vendace. They are extremely delicate, and are allowed to be the
+    most pleasing to the taste of all fish. The general mode of catching
+    them is with a net, as there is no instance known of their having been
+    caught either with bait or the artificial fly. The pike, with which
+    this lake abounds, is their greatest enemy. It has been frequently
+    stated that no fewer than fifteen distinct species of fish, fit for the
+    table, have been found in the Castle Loch."
+
+Dr. Knox, sometime Lecturer upon Anatomy in Edinburgh, states:
+
+    "That he has not only discovered the food of the Vendace, but actually
+    exhibited it before the Members of the Royal Society, and offers
+    suggestions for the stocking of the various lakes in Britain with this
+    exquisite fish; pointing out first the necessity of locating its
+    natural food, without which it cannot live."
+
+Allowing, however, that some neighbouring lake could be covered with some
+of these invisible and "incredibly minute entomostraceous animals," which
+the learned lecturer says constitute their food, we should still find a
+difficulty in transferring the fish; as every attempt to do so, though
+conducted with the greatest possible care and nicety, _has failed_.
+
+In the preceding account, I have followed the Rev. John Gardiner of
+Lochmaben, who, in 1835, drew up an admirable account of his parish, which
+is inserted in the statistical survey of the county.
+
+The gentlemen of the county have formed a {302} _Vendace Club_, which meets
+at Lochmaben annually on the 25th and 26th of July, when they dine off the
+fish. I asked one of the members how long it had been in existence, and he
+said about thirty years.
+
+JARLTZBERG.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_Ex Pede Herculem._--I shall feel much obliged if any of your
+correspondents or readers can inform me of the origin of the proverb "Ex
+pede Herculem." In what classical author is it to be found? I have looked
+in vain through _Erasmi Adagia_ for it.
+
+H. H.
+
+"_To-day we purpose._"--Will any one be good enough to say where these
+lines (quoted by Mr. Ruskin, _Modern Painters_, vol. ii. p. 188.) are to be
+found:--
+
+ "To-day we purpose, ay, this hour we mount
+  To spur three leagues towards the Apennine;
+  Come down, we pray thee, ere the hot sun count
+  His dewy rosary on the eglantine"
+
+G. N.
+
+"_God takes those soonest whom He loves the best._"--Where shall we find
+the origin of this expression, so frequently occurring on tombstones in
+almost all parts of the country? Or how far back can it be traced? The
+following, in Rainham church, Kent, is of the year 1626:
+
+ "Here slepes my babe in silence, heauen's his rest,
+  For God takes soonest those he loueth best."
+
+T. H. K.
+
+Malew, Man.
+
+_Quakers' Attempt to convert the Pope._--At what period, and in what author
+besides Veryard's _Tour in the Low Countries_, is the story of two Quakers
+being imprisoned in the Lazzaretto in Rome, for attempting to convert the
+Pope, to be found? Were they persons of any standing in the Society?
+
+B. S. S.
+
+_Whychcote of St. John's._--In one of the volumes published under the
+foregoing title, in 1833, there is a striking story, evidently fictitious
+in the main, but assuming, as an element of fact, the remembered existence
+of a head-stone over a grave in the little burial-ground, under the shadow
+of the venerable ruins of Tynemouth Priory in Northumberland, containing
+the single word "Fanny." Does any one of the Tyneside readers of the "NOTES
+AND QUERIES" personally recollect the actual existence of such a memorial?
+Is the _real name_ of the author of the entertaining work disclosed in any
+subsequent publication, or is it generally known?
+
+J. D.
+
+_Meaning of Rechibus, &c._--Among the rights claimed by the Esturmys in
+Savernak forest, 8 Edw. III., occurs--
+
+    "Et omnia placita de leporibus, rechibus, heymectis, tessonibus,
+    vulpibus, murilegis, et perdricibus:"
+
+which I translate--
+
+    "And all pleas concerning hares, traps, hedgehogs, badgers, foxes,
+    wild-cats, and partridges:"
+
+but I confess I have no confidence in some of these words, as the
+glossaries in the British Museum Library fail to explain them. I therefore
+solicit your courteous assistance.
+
+JAMES WAYLEN.
+
+_Family of Queen Katherine Parr._--The pedigree of the once eminent family
+of Parr, as recorded in various printed works--Dugdale, Nicholls, Burke,
+&c., is far from being complete or satisfactory. Could any one versed in
+the genealogy of the northern counties supply any information on the
+following points?--
+
+I. The early descent.--Dugdale in his _Baronage_, commences with Sir
+William Parr, who married Elizabeth De Ros, 1383; but he states the family
+to have been previously "of knightly degree." A MS. pedigree in the
+Herald's College also mentions Sir William as "descended from a race of
+knights." Where is an account of this race to be found?
+
+II. The separation between the two lines of Parr and Kendal.--Sir Thomas
+Parr, father of Queen Katherine, died 1518, and his _Inq. p. m._ states him
+to have held manors, messuages, lands, woods, and rents, in Parr, Wigan,
+and Sutton. Ten years afterwards, 1528, Bryan Parr was found by _Inq. p.
+m._ to have held the manor, messauges, woods, lands, &c. of Parr. How was
+Bryan related to Sir Thomas?
+
+III. The descendant in the fourth degree of Bryan was Henry Parr, of Parr,
+who was, according to a MS. in the college, aged twenty in 1621. Had he any
+descendants?
+
+If no positive information can be afforded, yet a clue to where it might be
+sought for would oblige.
+
+GENEALOGICUS LANCASTRIENSIS.
+
+_Skort._--
+
+ "Or wily Cyppus that can wink and snort,
+  While his wife dallies on Maecenas' skort."--Hall, _Satires_, Book iv.
+      Sat. 1. (Whittingham's edition, 1824.)
+
+Of course the general meaning of these two verses is obvious enough. But
+how is the latter to be read? Are we to read "dallies on," as one word,
+_i.e._ keeps dallying, and "skort" (as a mere abbreviation of the Latin
+"scortum") as nominative in apposition with "wife?" If so, the verse is
+intelligible, though harsh enough even for Hall.
+
+If not, the word "skort" must have some other meaning which I am
+unacquainted with. I cannot find it at all in Halliwell, the only authority
+I have at hand to refer to.
+
+K. I. P. B. T.
+
+{303}
+
+_Religious Teaching in the German Universities._--Will any of your numerous
+readers direct me to any book or books containing information on the
+_present state_ of religion and religious teaching in the German
+Universities?
+
+ROVERT.
+
+_Epigram by Dunbar--Endymion Porter._--Can any of your correspondents
+supply the deficient verses in the following epigram, addressed by Thomas
+Dunbar, keeper of the Ashmolean Museum from 1815 to 1822, to Miss Charlotte
+Ness, who required him to explain what was meant by the terms _abstract_
+and _concrete?_
+
+ "Say what is _abstract_, what _concrete_,
+    Their difference define?
+  They both in one fair person meet,
+    And that fair form is thine.
+      *    *    *    *
+      *    *    *    *
+  For when I lovely Charlotte view,
+    I then view loveli_ness_."
+
+Can any one substantiate the local tradition the Endymion Porter was born
+at the manor-house of Aston Subedge, in Gloucestershire; or furnish any
+particulars of his life before he became gentleman of the bedchamber to
+Prince Charles?
+
+BALLIOLENSIS.
+
+_Sathaniel._--Can any of your correspondents inform me in what book, play,
+poem, or novel, a character named Sathaniel appears? There is a rather
+common picture bearing that title; it represents a dark young lady, in
+Eastern dishabille, with a turban on her head, reclining on a
+many-cushioned divan, and holding up a jewel in one hand. I have seen the
+picture so often, that my curiosity as to the origin of the subject has
+been completely aroused; and I have never yet found any one able to satisfy
+it.
+
+F. T. C.
+
+_The Scoute Generall._--I have in my possession a small 4to. MS. of 32
+pages, entitled _The Scoute Generall_, "communicating (impartially) the
+martiall affaires and great occurrences of the grand councell (assembled in
+the lowest House of Parliament) unto all kingdomes, by rebellion united in
+a covenant," &c., which is throughout written in verse, and particularly
+satirical against the Roundheads of the period (1646), and remarkable for
+the following prognostication of the death of the unfortunate monarch
+Charles I.:
+
+ "Roundheads bragge not, since 'tis an old decree,
+  In time to come from chaines wee should be free:
+  Traytors shall rule, Injustice then shall sway,
+  Subjects and nephewes shall their king betray;
+  And he himselfe, O most unhappy fate!
+  For kings' examples, kingdomes imitate:
+  What he maintain'd, I know it was not good,
+  Brought in by force, and out shall goe by blood," &c.
+
+It occupies about thirty lines more. At the bottom of the title, and at the
+conclusion of the postscript, it has merely the initials S. D. Could any of
+your worthy correspondents inform me who S. D. was?
+
+The MS. is evidently cotemporary, and, according to the introduction, was
+"ordered to be forthwith published, [MDCXLVI in apostrophus form].;" and as
+I cannot trace that such a production was ever issued, the answer would
+confer a favour on
+
+C. HAMILTON.
+
+City Road, April 1. 1851.
+
+_Arthur Pomeroy, Dean of Cork._--Can any one of your genealogical readers
+assist me in ascertaining the parentage of Arthur Pomeroy, who was made
+Dean of Cork in 1672? He was fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, in which
+university he graduated as A.B. in 1660, M.A. in 1664, and S.T.P. in 1676.
+He is stated in Archdale's edition of Lodge's _Peerage of Ireland_ (article
+"Harberton") to have sprung from the Pomeroys of Ingsdon in Devonshire, and
+is stated to have gone to Ireland as chaplain to the Earl of Essex, Lord
+Lieutenant.
+
+J. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries Answered.
+
+_Civil War Tract._--
+
+    "A Letter sent from a worthy Divine, to the Right Honourable the Lord
+    Mayor of the City of London. Being a true relation of the battaile
+    fought betweene His Majesty and his Excellence the Earle of Essex. From
+    Warwicke Castle, the 24. of October, 1642, at two a clock in the
+    morning. Together with a Prayer for the happy uniting of the King and
+    parliament, fit to be used by all good Christians, daily in their
+    houses. London, Octob. 27. Printed for Robert Wood. 1642."
+
+The above is the title of a tract now in my possession. Is it known to any
+collector of tracts relating to the Battle of Edgehill? Who was the "worthy
+divine," the writer?
+
+P. Q.
+
+    [On the title-page of this tract among the King's pamphlets in the
+    British Museum, the name of Mr. Bifield has been written. No doubt it
+    is the production of the Rev. Adoniram Byfield, chaplain to Col.
+    Cholmondeley's regiment, in the army of the Earl of Essex in 1642, and
+    who was subsequently one of the scribes to the Assembly of Divines, and
+    a most zealous Covenanter. See Wood's _Athenae_, by Bliss, vol. iii. p.
+    670.]
+
+_Trisection of the Circle._--Has the problem of the trisection of the angle
+been solved? or, if not, is there any reward for its solution; and what
+steps should be taken to obtain it?
+
+JOHN VINCENT LYSTER.
+
+    [The problem of the trisection of the angle by aid of the straight line
+    and circle, used as in Euclid, has never been solved--no reward was
+    ever offered for its solution.]
+
+_Wolsey's Son._--Can any of your readers give an account of a son of
+Cardinal Wolsey, whose existence is recorded in a letter from Eustace {304}
+Chapuys to the Emperor Charles V., October 25, 1529, in the following
+words:--
+
+    "The cardinal has now retired with a very small train to a place about
+    ten miles hence. A son of his has been sent for from Paris, who was
+    there following his studies, and of whom I have formerly made some
+    mention to your Majesty"--_Correspondence of Charles V._, p. 291.
+
+Cardinal Beaton had lots of bastards, but I never remember to have seen in
+any account of Wolsey mention made of natural children.
+
+J. M.
+
+    [The existence of a natural son of Cardinal Wolsey is a _fact_ as well
+    ascertained as any other _fact_ of the Cardinal's history, and referred
+    to in the various biographies of him that have appeared. His name was
+    Thomas Winter. In Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_, vol. xxxii. pp.
+    255. and 256. _note_, reference is made to a Bull of Pope Julius II.,
+    dated August, 1508, to be found in Kennet's MSS. in the British Museum,
+    in which he is styled, "dilecti filio Thomae Wulcy," Rector of Lymington
+    diocese of Bath and Wells, Master of Arts, "_pro dispensatione ad
+    tertium incompatibile_." This is explained by the passage in Wood's
+    _Athenae Oxon. Fasti_, part i. p. 73. (Bliss ed.), relating to him.
+    "This Tho. Winter, who was nephew (or rather nat. son) to Cardinal Tho.
+    Wolsey, had several dignities confer'd upon him before he was of age,
+    by the means of the said Cardinal," viz. the archedeaconry of York,
+    1523; chancellorship of the church of Sarum; the deanery of Wells,
+    1525; the provostship of Beverly; and the archdeaconry of Richmond,
+    &c.: on which there is a note by Baker, that "this Tho. Winter is said
+    to have held of the church's goods clearly more than 2000 pds. per an."
+    Wood adds, that about the time of the Cardinal's fall, he gave up all
+    or most of his dignities, keeping only the archdeaconry of York, which
+    he resigned also in 1540. In Grove's _Life and Times of Cardinal
+    Wolsey_, vol. iv. p. 315., among the "Articles" against the Cardinal,
+    Article XXVII. expressly charges him, "that he took from his son Winter
+    his income of 2,700l. a-year, applied it to his own use, and gave him
+    only 200l. yearly to live on." A reference is made in Sir H. Ellis's
+    _Letters Illustrative of English History_, 2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 70.,
+    to a letter of Edmund Harvel to Dr. Starkey, dated from Venice, April
+    1535, in which the writer expresses his obligations to Mr. Winter, for
+    his "friendly mynde toward him," and begs him to return his thanks.
+
+    In Mr. Galt's _Life of Wolsey_ (Appendix IV. p. 424. of Bogue's
+    edition) will be found a copy of a letter from John Clusy to Cromwell,
+    in relation to a natural daughter of Wolsey's in the nunnery of
+    Shaftesbury.]
+
+_Cardinals and Abbots in the English Church._--It may not be generally
+known, but the fact is so, that the English church numbers two CARDINALS
+and a LORD ABBOT amongst her members. In Whitaker's _Clerical Diary_, under
+the head of London Diocese, there is attached to St. Paul's a senior and a
+junior cardinal; and in Ireland exists the exempt jurisdiction of Newry and
+Mourne, under the government of the Lord Abbot, who is the Earl of
+Kilmorey. Can any of your readers give me any information respecting these
+officials?
+
+W. J.
+
+    [_Cardinal._--The title of cardinal (_cardinalis_) in early times was
+    frequently applied to any bishop, priest, or deacon holding an official
+    post. In France there were many cardinal priests: thus, the curate of
+    the parish of St. John de Vignes is called, in old charters, the
+    cardinal priest of that parish. There were also cardinal deacons, who
+    had the charge of hospitals for the poor, and who ranked above the
+    other deacons. Thus, two of the minor canons of St. Paul's are called
+    _cardinals of the choir_, whose duties are to preserve order in Divine
+    service, administer the Eucharist, and officiate at funerals. In former
+    times, they heard confessions and enjoined penances. (Newcourt's
+    _Repertorium_, vol. i. p. 233.) It was not till the twelfth century
+    that the Sacred College of Cardinals was organised; nor was it till
+    1567 that clergymen were forbidden by Pius V. to assume the title of
+    cardinal unless appointed by the Pope.
+
+    _Lay Abbots._--In early times we frequently find secular persons
+    denominated "field abbots" and "abbot counts," upon whom the sovereign
+    had bestowed certain abbeys, for which they were obliged to render
+    military service, as for common fiefs. In the time of Charles the Bald
+    many of the nobility in France were abbots, having a dean to officiate
+    for them. Thus, too, in Scotland, James Stuart, the natural son of
+    James V., was, at the time of the Reformation, Prior of St. Andrew's,
+    although a secular person. The Earl of Kilmorey, who is impropriator of
+    the tithes of St. Mary, Newry, is a lay abbot, or representative of the
+    preceding abbots of a Cistertian Abbey which formerly existed in that
+    town. His abbatial functions, however, are confined to convening
+    ecclesiastical courts, and granting probates of wills, and licenses for
+    marriages, subject only to the metropolitan jurisdiction of the
+    Archbishop of Armagh. A remnant of the secularisation of ecclesiastical
+    dignities has already been noticed in our pages (Vol. ii., pp. 447.
+    500.), in the case of the late Duke of York, who was at the same time
+    Commander-in-chief and Bishop of Osnaburg.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+SIR BALTHAZAR GERBIER.
+
+(Vol. ii., p. 375.)
+
+Your correspondent J. MT. has great reason to congratulate himself on the
+possession of the singularly curious tract which he describes, and which
+gives an autobiography of this extraordinary adventurer. I am not aware of
+any other copy in any public or private collection. I have a 4to. tract in
+nineteen pages, evidently printed abroad, the title of which is--
+
+"Balthazar Gerbier, Knight,
+to
+All Men that love Truth."
+
+{305}
+
+This gives a very interesting life of him by himself, perfectly distinct
+from, and containing many particulars not given in the tract possessed by
+your correspondent, which also contains matter not in the above. I have
+likewise another tract, privately printed in Holland in English, French,
+and Dutch, in fifteen pages 12mo., the English title to which is--
+
+"A true Manifest,
+By S^r B. Gerbier.
+Anno
+1653."
+
+In this, which gives some curious particulars as to "Mr. Hughe Peeters,"
+and the book entitled _The Nonsuch Charles_, he refers to another "little
+manifest" published on the 2nd day of October, 1652, "that the world might
+take notice that he was not at all invested with any foreigne engagement."
+Of the tract so referred to, I regret to say no copy is known. None of the
+other three tracts appear to have been seen by Horace Walpole, who had
+collected a great number of Gerbier's pamphlets, and also the MS. next
+mentioned, which, at the Strawberry Hill sale, came together into my
+possession. The MS. contains the original appointments of Sir Balthazar to
+the offices he held while in England, a pedigree of his family beautifully
+emblazoned, and a large quantity of MS., prose and poetry, in his
+autograph; including a most extensive collection of projects and proposals,
+which seem to have been equally at the service of England or France. The
+best account we have of Gerbier is that which Horace Walpole has supplied
+in the _Anecdotes of Painting_ (see _Works_, vol. iii. p. 189.); but his
+diplomatic negotiations, and his career as an artist and adventurer, never
+forgetting his academy at Whitefriars and Bethnal Green, would furnish
+matter for a very amusing volume. The general biography, however, to which
+he would be most appropriately remitted, and which is still a desideratum
+in literature, is that which is proposed by Dr. Johnson, in Chalmers's
+admirable parody:
+
+    "I think a good book might be made of scoundrels. I would have a
+    _Biographia Flagitiosa_, the Lives of Eminent Scoundrels from the
+    earliest accounts to the present day."
+
+JAS. CROSSLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE TRAVELS OF BARON MUNCHAUSEN.
+
+(Vol. ii., p. 519.; Vol. iii., p. 117.)
+
+Is not your correspondent J. ME. in error when he says the original travels
+of the Baron were written to ridicule Bruce? I think this will only apply
+to the second volume, or "Sequel," seeing that there exists an edition of
+_Gulliver Revived_, printed at Oxford, 1786, four years before Bruce
+published. J. ME. further remarks, that there was at one time reason to
+believe that James Graham was the author of the well-known book in
+question, but that circumstances have come to his knowledge altogether
+precluding the possibility that the author of _The Sabbath_ and _The
+Travels of Baron Munchausen_ are identical.
+
+To me it appears there were _two_ of these James Grahams, and that from
+their being contemporaries, they are usually rolled into one. I have in my
+library a volume containing _Wallace, a Tragedy_, Edinburgh, 1799; and
+_Mary Stewart, Queen of Scots, an Historical Drama_, Edinburgh, 1801, which
+appears to have belonged to Mr. George Chalmers, upon the titles of which
+that gentleman has written, "by James Graham, Advocate, Edinburgh, son of
+T. Graham, a writer of reputation in Glasgow."
+
+From this one would think Mr. Chalmers had the author of _The Sabbath_ in
+his eye: a conclusion, however, difficult to come to in the face of a
+critique which thus characterises the tragedy of _Wallace_:
+
+    "The play is not uninteresting, and the author has exhibited occasional
+    proofs of poetical genius; but there are some passages in the piece
+    that fall little short of blasphemy:"
+
+--a charge which, of course, could never apply to this "lovable" and
+subsequently _reverend_ author of _The Sabbath_, a poem breathing the
+humblest piety, and published only five years after _Wallace_; consequently
+here is, in the author of the tragedy of _Wallace_, another James Graham at
+the service of J. ME., to whom, if his other proofs are strong, the Baron
+may be assigned with more probability.
+
+I may add, taking it for granted that Chalmers was right in claiming these
+two plays for a James Graham, that there is the strongest corroborative
+proof of there being two of the name in the existence of _Mary Stewart, a
+Dramatic Poem_, the acknowledged performance of the author of _The Sabbath_
+(see his _Poems_, 2 vols. 1809), a production differing in title, and
+bearing no resemblance, I should think, to the first named.
+
+While upon the subject, and presuming that the tragedy of _Wallace_ is
+known to J. ME., I may take the opportunity to ask him, as he is _ayont the
+Tweed_, whether there is really any authority for the assertion contained
+in the Abbotsford Library Catalogue, and also in that of Constable's
+Library, sold in 1817, that of this anonymous tragedy of _Wallace_ there
+were _only six copies printed_? Upon the face of mine there is nothing to
+indicate its rarity, it being an octavo, printed for A. Constable; but the
+remarkable book may be some other: your correspondents will, however, I
+dare say, be able to enlighten me.
+
+A COLLECTOR.
+
+_Baron Munchausen_ (Vol. ii., p. 519.).--As it was nearly thirty years
+since I had seen the _Percy Anecdotes_, I was obliged to speak doubtfully
+of {306} having derived from that work the statements that the author of
+_Munchausen_ was a Mr. "M----," and that he was a prisoner in France.
+Accident has within the last few days thrown in my way the very volume of
+the _Anecdotes_ in which this is stated (vol. v., _Anecdotes of Captivity_,
+p. 103.); and I find that I was mistaken only in supposing "M----'s" place
+of confinement to have been the Bastile, whereas the time is said to have
+been the Reign of Terror, and therefore of course the Bastile cannot have
+been the place.
+
+J. C. R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Tobacco in the East_ (vol. ii., pp. 155. 231.).--M. D. asks for "chapter
+and verse" of A. C. M.'s reference to Sale's _Koran_ respecting tobacco.
+
+Had A. C. M. recollected that tobacco (_Nicotiana_) is an American plant,
+he would hardly have asked whether "_tobacco_ is the word in the original"
+of the tradition mentioned by Sale in his _Preliminary Discourse_, Sec. 5. p.
+123. (4to. ed. 1734.) Happily Reland, whom Sale quotes (_Dissert.
+Miscell._, vol. ii. p. 280.), gives his authority, the learned orientalist,
+Dr. Sike, who received the Hadeth at Leghorn from Ibn Saleh, a young
+Muselman. It says, in good Arabic, that in the latter days Moslims,
+undeserving of the name, shall drink hashish (hemp), and call it tabak; the
+last words, "_yukal lehn tabaku_," are no doubt a modern addition by those
+who had heard of _tambako_ (the Romaic [Greek: tanpakon]). As the use of
+hashish or _hashishah_ (the herb), more completely _hashishata fukara_,
+i.e. Monk's Wort, a technical term for _hemp_, chewed as a narcotic by
+fakirs (monks), was not known till A.H. 608 (A.D. 1211), it could not be
+mentioned in the Koran unless Mohammed were, as Sale observes, "a prophet
+indeed." _Tabakak_, a plate, dish, or shelf, is now sometimes used by
+ignorant persons in the East for _tambako_, of which a complete account is
+given in the _Karabaden_, or great treatise of Materia Medica in Persian.
+Of that work, there is a beautifully written copy, made, probably, for the
+late Mr. Colebrooke, by whom it was presented to the library of the Royal
+Asiatic Society. I shall conclude by another Query: What is the Greek word
+transformed by Asiatic scribes into _Karabaden_?
+
+ANATOLICUS.
+
+_Captain John Stevens_ (Vol. ii., p. 359.).--This ingenious man, as to whom
+your correspondent inquires, was one of the hard-working translators in the
+early part of the last century. The materials for his biography are very
+scanty. He was a Roman Catholic, and at the Revolution followed the
+fortunes of his abdicating master, in whose service he accepted a
+commission, and accompanied him in the wars in Ireland. He was also
+employed in several other services, and died October 27, 1726. See
+_Biographia Dramatica_, vol. i. p. 691., edit. 1812. He is not noticed in
+Chalmers's _Biographical Dictionary_, though as the continuator of
+Dugdale's _Monasticon_ he unquestionably ought to have been. Watt gives a
+list (_Bib. Brit._, vol. i. p. 880.) of his books and translations; but it
+is, as usual, very defective and erroneous. It does not include his
+translation of _Don Quixote_, of _Dupin_, of _An Evening's Intrigue_ (1707,
+8vo.), and a great number of other works; and it ascribes to him the
+_History of the Wars of Charles XII., King of Sweden_, London, 1715, which
+was written, as it needs no great sagacity to discover, by Daniel Defoe,
+though Chalmers and Wilson have not noticed it.
+
+JAMES CROSSLEY.
+
+_MS. Catalogue of Norman Nobility_ (Vol. iii., p. 266.).--The MS. Catalogue
+of Norman Nobility referred to in No. 75., a document of great value, is or
+was in the possession of Sir William Betham, having been purchased by him
+about six years ago, from Mr. Boone, of New Bond Street.
+
+Your correspondent will find that Odardus de Loges was infeoffed by Earl
+Ranulph the 1st in the barony of Wigton in Cumberland, in which he was
+confirmed by Henry I. Bigod, whose name was attached to the charter of
+foundation of St. Werburg's Abbey, is elsewhere, according to Ormerod,
+called Robert.
+
+M. J. T.
+
+_Illustrations of Chaucer, No. III._ (Vol. iii., p. 258.).--
+
+ "_Fro Venus_ VALANUS _might this palais see._"
+             (or) volant
+  ? Might Venus, _volans_ fro this palais, see.
+                 (flying)
+
+[Greek: Phos].
+
+_Comets_ (Vol. iii., pp. 223. 253.).--If your correspondent S. P. O. R.
+wish to go fully into the history of comets, and be not alarmed at the
+prospect of three thick folios, through which I have gone, I can assure
+him, with considerable interest, let me recommend to him _Theatrum
+Cometicum, Auctore Stanislao Lubienietz Lubieniecio Rolitsio_, Amst., in 2
+vols. (but generally bound in three) folio. The first contains an immense
+correspondence, not merely with astronomers, but with poets, critics,
+physicians, and philosophers, to whom the indefatigable editor wrote for
+their opinions on the subject of comets. The second vol. gives a history of
+comets from the Deluge to 1665, and is a repository of everything bearing
+upon the subject. From this work Bayle derived his learning, when he wrote
+his most amusing work on comets.
+
+JAMES CROSSLEY.
+
+_Pope Joan_ (Vol. iii., p. 265.).--NEMO will find much information on the
+question, "Whether Pope Joan ever held the keys of St. Peter?" in Alexander
+Cooke's _Dialogue between a Protestant and a Papist; manifestly proving
+that a Woman_ {307} _called Joane was Pope of Rome: against the surmises
+and objections made to the contrary by Robert Bellarmini and Caesar
+Baronius, Cardinals, Florimondus Raemondus, and other Popish Writers,
+impudently denying the same_, 4to, pp. 128, 1610. The work was dedicated to
+the Archbishop of York, and was reprinted in 1625 in 4to., and in French,
+1633, 8vo. The author, in his address _To the Popish Reader_, says:
+
+    "_I offer unto thee here a discourse touching_ POPE JOANE _(if thou
+    darest read it, for fear of falling into thy Pope's curse), whose
+    Popedome I will make good unto thee, not by the testimonies of_
+    Pantaleon, _and_ Functius, _and_ Sleidan, _and_ Illyricus, _and_
+    Constantinus Phrygio, _and_ John Bale, _and_ Robert Barnes, _because
+    thou hast condemned their persons, and their books too, to hell; but by
+    the testimonies of thy brethren, the sonnes of thine own mother;
+    because, as one saith_, 'Amici contra amicum, et inimici pro inimico,
+    invincibile testimonium est.'"
+
+E. C. HARINGTON.
+
+The Close, Exeter.
+
+_Abbot Eustacius_ (Vol. iii., p. 141.).--As J. L.'s inquiry after an abbot
+of that name has hitherto been unsuccessful, perhaps he would like to know
+that Eustacia was abbess of the monastery at Shaftesbury (founded by King
+Alfred), tempore incerto, but probably in the time of Stephen. See Willis's
+_History of Abbeys_, and a _History of the Ancient Town of Shaftesbury_, p.
+21.
+
+BLOWEN.
+
+_The Vellum-bound Junius_ (Vol. iii., p. 262.).--In the Minor Queries of
+your Number 75., you have kindly inserted my notice on the vellum-bound
+_Junius_. I beg to state further, that the reason of my being so desirous
+to procure this copy at the Stowe sale was, that it was not only bound in
+vellum, but was also _printed_ on that article. If any of your
+correspondents can inform me of another copy _printed_ on vellum, I should
+be glad.
+
+W. D. HAGGARD.
+
+Bank of England, April 5, 1851.
+
+_Meaning of Waste-Book_ (Vol. iii., pp. 118. 195. 251.).--Among a list of
+"the books printed for, and are to be sold by John Hancock, at the sign of
+the Three Bibles in Pope's-head Alley, in Cornhill," I find _The Absolute
+Accountant, or London Merchant_, containing instructions and directions for
+the methodical keeping of merchant's accounts, after the most exact and
+concise way of debtor and creditor; also a _Memorial_, vulgarly called a
+waste-book, and a cash-book, with a journal and a ledger, &c., 1670. This
+is the first reference I have seen to the correct designation of the book,
+which might have received it vulgar name of _waste_ from wast, the second
+person of _was_--thus the Memorial or the Wast-book.
+
+BLOWEN.
+
+_Cowdray_ (Vol. iii., p. 194.).--There is a misprint here of _Eastbourne_
+for _Easebourne_. There is a curious note on Cowdray, and the superstition
+attached to it, in Croker's _Boswell_, p. 711. 8vo. edit.
+
+C.
+
+_Solemnisation of Matrimony_ (Vol. ii., p. 464.).--A. A. will find, from
+Blackstone's _Commentaries_, vol. ii. p. 135., that in feudal times a
+husband had the power of protecting his lands from the wife's claim to
+dower, by endowing her, _ad ostium Ecclesiae_, with specific estates to the
+exclusion of others; or, if he had no lands at the time of the marriage, by
+an endowment in goods, chattels, or money. When special endowments were
+thus made, the husband, after affiance made and troth plighted, used to
+declare with what specific lands he meant to endow his wife ("_quod dotat
+eam de tali manerio_," &c.); and therefore, in the old York ritual (_Seld.
+Ux. Hebr._ l. ii. c. 27.) there is at this part of the matrimonial service
+the following rubric--"_Sacerdos interroget dotem mulieris; et si terra ei
+in dotem detur, tunc dicatur psalmus iste_", &c. When the wife was endowed
+_generally_, the husband seems to have said "with all my lands and
+tenements I thee endow," and then they all became liable to her dower. When
+he endowed her with personalty only, he used to say, "with all my worldly
+goods (or, as the Salisbury ritual has it, "with all my worldly chattels")
+I thee endow," which entitled the wife to her thirds, or _pars
+rationabilis_, of his personal estate, which is provided for by Magna
+Charta, cap. 26. The meaning, therefore, of the words noticed in A. A.'s
+Query, if they can be said to have any meaning in the present state of the
+law, is simply that the wife's dower is to be general, and not specific,
+or, in other words, that she is to have her _pars rationabilis_ in _all_
+her husband's goods.
+
+J. F. M.
+
+_Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke_ (Vol. iii., p. 262.).--Although
+J. H. M. has concluded that William Browne was not the author of this
+epitaph, because it is not to be found amongst his _Pastorals_, it would
+nevertheless appear that the lines are rightly attributed to him, if the
+following extract may be relied on:
+
+    "The well-known epitaph of the celebrated Countess of Pembroke, the
+    sister of Sir Philip Sidney, has been generally ascribed to Ben Jonson.
+    The first stanza is printed in Jonson's poems; but it is found in the
+    manuscript volume of poems by William Browne, the author of
+    _Britannia's Pastorals_, preserved in the Lansdown Collection, British
+    Museum, No. 777., and on this evidence may be fairly appropriated to
+    him, particularly as it is known that he was a great favourite with
+    William, Earl of Pembroke, son of the Countess."--_Relics of
+    Literature_: London, Boys, 1823, p. 60.
+
+ALFRED GATTY.
+
+_Scandal against Queen Elizabeth_ (Vol. ii., p. 393.; Vol. iii., pp. 11.
+151. 197. 225.).--Your correspondents seem to have overlooked the
+celebrated {308} letter of Queen Mary of Scotland, printed in the _State
+Trials_, and lately reprinted by Lord Campbell in his _Lives of the
+Chancellors_, tit. Sir C. Hatton. I may as well add (though I do not
+believe the fact) that my grandmother (herself a Devereux) repeated to me
+the tradition of a son of Queen Elizabeth's having been sent to Ireland.
+
+C.
+
+_The Tanthony_ (Vol. III., pp. 105. 229.).--I am obliged to A. for the
+trouble he has taken in reference to my Query; but perhaps I may be correct
+in my suggestion, for on looking into the second volume of the
+_Archaeological Journal_ the other day, I accidentally found an account of
+the discovery of a figure of St. Anthony at Merthyr, near Truro, in which
+it is mentioned that
+
+    "Under the left arm appears to have passed a staff, and the pig, with
+    _a large bell_ attached to its neck, appears in front of the
+    figure."--P. 202.
+
+I shall be much obliged to anybody who will settle the point
+satisfactorily. The fair held on old St. Andrew's Day is always called in
+Kimbolton and the neighbourhood "Tandrew" fair, so why not "Tanthony" for
+"Saint Anthony?"
+
+ARUN.
+
+_The Hippopotamus_ (Vol. iii., p. 181.).--Your correspondent MR. E. S.
+TAYLOR will find in Vol. ii, p. 458, an example of the word [Greek:
+hippopotamos] cited from Lucian, a writer anterior both to Horapollo and
+Damascius. In the same page is a reference to the story of the wickedness
+of the hippopotamus in Plutarch; so that Horapollo and Damascius,
+doubtless, borrowed from a common source, or repeated a current fable, to
+be found in many writings then extant.
+
+L.
+
+_Tu Autem_ (Vol. iii., p. 265).--The words "Tu autem, Domine, miserere
+nostri," "But Thou, O Lord! have mercy upon us," were originally a form of
+prayer used by the preacher at the end of his discourse, as a supplication
+for pardon for any sinful pride or vainglory, into which he might have been
+betrayed in addressing his congregation. Hence the words "tu autem," as
+Pegge properly says, came to denote a hint to the reader to leave off.
+
+The custom is still in constant use among the members of the cathedral
+church of Durham. At the public dinners given by the canons, in what is
+there called "hospitality residence," one of the choristers comes in after
+dinner, dressed in his official costume, and, taking his station behind the
+canon in residence, reads, in the manner which is now well known as
+_intoning_, eight verses of the 119th Psalm, first saying, "Here beginneth
+the ---- part of the 119th Psalm."
+
+When the eight verses are concluded, the canon turns round to the
+chorister, saying "tu autem," giving him a shilling; to which the chorister
+replies, "Domine miserere nostri," and retires.
+
+The explanation of the words, as originally employed, is given by Rupertus
+_De Divinis Officiis_, lib. i. c. xiv.:
+
+    DE "TU AUTEM DOMINE."
+
+    "Quodque in fine dicit, 'Tu autem Domine miserere nostri,' hoc innuit,
+    ne ipsum quidem bonum officium praedicandi sine alicujus vel levis culpae
+    pulvere possa pagi. Nam, ut ait B. Augustinus, 'Verbum praedicationis
+    securius auditur quam dicitur. Praedicator quippe cum bene dicere se
+    sentit, difficile nimis est ut non quantulumcunque spiritu elationis
+    tangat; et quia quasi per terram ambulat et pedes ejus pulvere
+    sordidantur, idcirco misericordia Dei indiget, ut in hac parte lavetur,
+    etiamsi mundus sit totus.'"
+
+From this explanation it is plain, that the Monk of St. Albans, writing to
+the abbot--
+
+ "Si vis, veniam; Sin autem, tu autem,"
+
+would be understood to express--
+
+    "If you wish, I will come; but if otherwise, there is an end of the
+    matter."
+
+T. C.
+
+Durham, April 8. 1851.
+
+_Places called Purgatory_ (Vol. iii., p. 241.).--There is a farm-house
+still called "Purgatory," about two miles south of Durham, east of the
+London road, and close to the left bank of the river Wear. The farm is part
+of the estate of a highly respectable family, which has, I believe, always
+been Roman Catholic. No reason for the name is known in the neighbourhood.
+
+T. C.
+
+Durham, April 8. 1851.
+
+_Swearing by Swans, &c._ (Vol. ii., p. 392.; Vol. iii., pp. 70. 192.).--In
+addition to what has already appeared on this subject, the following
+extract from Tyrwhitt's _Glossary to Chaucer_ will, I hope, be acceptable.
+
+    "Ale and Bred. This oath of Sire Thopas on ale and bred was perhaps
+    intended to ridicule the solemn vows, which were frequently made in the
+    days of chivalrie, to a peacock, a pheasant, or some other _noble
+    bird_."--See M. de Sainte Palaye, _Sur l'anc. Cheval._, Mem. iii^{me}.
+
+This practice is alluded to in "Dunbar's Wish that the King were Johne
+Thomsonnis man" (MS. Maitland, st. v.):
+
+ "I would gif all that ever I have
+  To that condition, so God me saif,
+  That ye had VOWIT TO THE SWAN
+  Ane yeir to be John Thomsonnis man."
+
+And so in the _Prol. to the Contin. of the Canterb. T._, ver. 452., the
+Hosteler says:
+
+    "I MAKE A VOWE TO THE PECOCK, ther shall wake a foule mist."
+
+The instance given in Vol. iii., p. 192., is recorded by Monstrelet, _Hist.
+de France, Charles VII._
+
+T. J.
+
+_Edmund Prideaux and the Post-office_ (Vol. iii., pp. 186. 266.).--In a MS.
+on parchment, now {309} before me, are contained entries of the dates of
+the various letters patent and grants connected with the post-office, to
+the latter end of the reign of Charles I., and the names of the persons to
+whom the grants were made. The earliest date is the 37th of Henry VIII.,
+and the last the 13th of Charles I. If an extract from the MS., which gives
+a similar index to the appointments in the Courts of Law, the Customs, the
+Forests, and a great variety of other offices, will assist your
+correspondent, I shall be happy to supply it. I may notice, what seems to
+have been overlooked by your two correspondents who have replied to the
+inquiry, that some account of Prideaux is given by Wood (Vid. _Fast._ vol.
+i. p. 424., edit. Bliss), from which it appears that he was M.A. of
+Cambridge, Member of the Inner Temple, Member of Parliament for Lyme in
+Dorsetshire, and Recorder of Exeter; and that his death took place on the
+19th Aug., 1659 (misprinted 1569 in this edit.), and that--
+
+    "From his employments gaining a vast estate, he left at the time of his
+    death an incredible mass of gold (as the credible report then went),
+    besides lands of very great demesnes."
+
+JAS. CROSSLEY.
+
+_Small Words and "Low" Words_ (Vol. ii., pp. 305. 349. 377.).--Apropos to
+Pope's use of "low words," in the sense of _short_ words, conf. Boileau,
+satire iv. 97. 8.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ "Lui faisant voir ses vers et sans force et sans graces,
+  Montes sur deux grands mots, comme sur deux echasses."
+
+On which one of his commentators makes the following note:
+
+    "Boileau, pour se moquer des mots gigantesques, citoit ordinairement ce
+    vers de Chapelain:
+
+     'De ce sourcilleux roc l'inebranlable cime.'
+
+    Et il disposoit ce vers comme il est ici a cote. Dans cette disposition
+    il semble que le mot 'roc' soit monte sur deux echasses.'
+
+I commend to [Phi].'s attention this instance of a "low" word supported on
+two "high" ones.
+
+K. I. P. B. T.
+
+_Lord Howard of Effingham_ (Vol. iii., pp. 185. 244.).--It has been
+supposed that the Earl of Nottingham was a Catholic, and having held office
+in the reign of Queen Mary, he probably was so at that time; but he
+certainly was a Protestant during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and in the
+beginning of James I. was at the head of a commission to discover and expel
+all Catholic priests. (Vide _Memorials of the Howard Family_.)
+
+R. R. M.
+
+_Obeahism.--Ventriloquism_ (Vol. iii., pp. 59. 149.).--T. H. will find, in
+the authorities given below, that Obeahism is not only a rite, but a
+religion, or rather superstition, viz. _Serpent-worship_. _Modern Universal
+History_, fol. vol. vi. p. 600.; 8vo. vol. xvi. p. 411.; which is indebted
+for its information to the works of De Marchais, Barbot, Atkyns, and
+Bosman: the last of which may be seen in Pinkerton's _Collection_, vol.
+xvi., and a review of it in _Acta Eruditor._, Lips. 1705, p. 265., under
+the form of an "Essay on Guinea." In Astely's _Collection of Voyages_,
+there is an account compiled from every authority then known, and a very
+interesting description of the rites and ceremonies connected with this
+superstition. According to the same authors, the influence of the Obeist
+does not depend on the exercise of any art or natural magic, but on the
+apprehensions of evil infused into his victim's mind. See also Lewis's
+_Journal of a Residence among the Negroes in the West Indies_.
+
+The following references will furnish a reply at once to two Queries; to
+that here noticed, and to that on "Ventriloquism" (Vol. ii., p. 88.).
+
+The name of the sacred serpent, which in the ancient language of Canaan was
+variously pronounced, was derived from "ob" (inflare), perhaps from his
+peculiarity of inflation when irritated. See Bryant's _Analysis_, vol. i.;
+Deane's _Worship of the Serpent_, p. 80. From a notion of the mysterious
+inflation produced by the presence of the divine spirit, those who had the
+spirit of Ob, or Python, received the names of Ob, or Pythia; according to
+the not unusual custom for the priest or priestess of any god to take the
+name of the deity they served. See Selden, _De Dis Syris_, Synt. 1. c. 2.
+It is a curious coincidence, that as the Witch of Endor is called "Oub,"
+and the African sorceress "Obi," from the serpent-deity _Oub_, so the old
+English name of a witch, "hag," bears apparent relationship to the word
+_hak_, the ancient British name of a species of snake. In Yorkshire,
+according to Stukeley, they call snakes "hags" and "hag-worms," (Abury, p.
+32.).
+
+In the Breton language, _Belech_ is "Priest," and may similarly indicate a
+priest of Bel-the-Dragon.
+
+From the Hebrew _Ob_, the Greek [Greek: ophis] was probably derived; for
+the same word, in Hebrew, Arabic, and Greek, which denotes "divination"
+denotes a "serpent." "Nachash,"[4] "ilahat,"[5] "[Greek: oionizesthai],"[6]
+have the same double signification as if the serpent were recognised as the
+grand inspirer of the heathen prophets. See Faber's _Horae Mosaicae_, vol. i.
+p. 98.
+
+The word "Ob" was translated by the LXX. [Greek: engastrimuthos], "a
+ventriloquist," in {310} accommodation to the received opinions respecting
+the Pythian priestess. See the Notes to Creech's _Lucretius_, book v.;
+Jones's (of Nayland) _Physiolog. Disquis._ p. 290. The deception practised
+by the Witch of Endor, and by the damsel mentioned in Acts xvi. 16., was of
+this description. See Wierus de _Praestig. Daemon._ p. 203.; and Reginald
+Scot's _Discoverie of Witchcraft_, p. 148.
+
+The serpent, which with heathen mythologists had various acceptations (see
+Vossius, _Theologia Gent. et Physiologia Christ._), was also understood as
+a natural symbol or hieroglyphic of the air. Can any of your learned
+correspondents furnish materials illustrative of this figurative relation
+between the serpent and the elements?
+
+T. J.
+
+[Footnote 4: See Parkhurst.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Dickinson's _Delphi Phoenic._, p. 10.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Stillingfleet's _Orig. Sacrae_, book iii. c. iii. s. 18.]
+
+_Meaning of Peep_ (Vol. ii., p. 118.).--You have already told us the
+meaning of the word _peep_ in the phrase "Wizards that _peep_ and that
+mutter;" in confirmation I may add that the noise made by the queen bee in
+the hive previous to swarming is in Devonshire called _peeping_.
+
+J. M. (4.)
+
+_Venwell or Venville_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--_Venwell_ or _Venville_ appears
+to me to be a corruption of the word _fengfield_; and the meaning of it
+seems to be, that custom of delivering possession of land to a purchaser by
+cutting a piece of turf from the field bought, and delivering it into his
+hands.
+
+I well remember, when a boy, accompanying my father to receive possession
+of an outlying field, distant from the main estate which he had bought; the
+seller's agent, I think, came with us and cut a small piece of turf from
+the ground, and delivered it into my father's hands, saying (if I recollect
+right), "By this turf I deliver this field into your possession." By this
+means my father "_fenged_" (took) the "_field_" into his own hands, and
+became the legal proprietor of it.
+
+P.
+
+_Venville._--The peat or black earth of Dartmoor is still called _ven_ or
+_fen_. Is it not more probable that the adjoining parishes (or parts of
+them) are said to be in Venville or fengfield, from their being within the
+peat district, than that an abbreviation of a legal term, _fines
+villarum_--_fin. vil._, should become naturalised among the peasantry, as
+is the case with the word Venville?
+
+The second part of the word seems akin to the Scottish _fail_, "a turf, or
+that clod covered with grass cut off from the rest of the sward."
+(Jamieson.)
+
+K.
+
+_Hand-bells at Funerals_ (Vol. ii., p. 478.).--In the _Testamenta
+Eboracensia_, p. 163., Johannes Esten de Scardeburgh, le Ankersymth,
+bequeaths 2d.--
+
+    "Clerico ecclesiae pro pulsacione campanarum, et le belman portand'
+    campanam per villam excitandum populum ad orandum."
+
+A hand-bell (as I am informed by a Roman Catholic gentleman) often precedes
+the Host, when carried in procession to the sick, &c., in order to clear
+the way, and remind passengers of the usual reverence paid at such times.
+
+B.
+
+Lincoln.
+
+_Shillings and Sixpences of George III._ (Vol. iii., p. 275.).--R. W. C.
+has fallen into a misconception in supposing that these coins present an
+erroneous spelling of the Latinized style of the monarch, whilst the
+contemporary crowns and half-crowns have the correct orthography. The
+spelling of the legend on the sixpences and shillings was intentional, and
+with a meaning, being inscribed in an abridged form--GEOR: III. D: G:
+BRITT: REX F: D:--the reduplication of the T was designed, after classical
+precedent, to represent the plural _Britanniarum_, i.e., Great Britain and
+Ireland.
+
+N.
+
+_Odour from the Rainbow_ (Vol. iii., p. 224.).--I hope that I have found
+JARLTZBERG'S note in the following lines:
+
+ "Like to that smell which oft our sense descries
+  Within a field which long unploughed lies,
+  Somewhat before the setting of the sun;
+  And where the rainbow in the horizon
+  Doth pitch her tips; or as when in the prime,
+  The earth being troubled with a drought long time,
+  The hand of heaven his spongy clouds doth strain,
+  And throws into her lap a shower of rain;
+  She sendeth up (conceived from the sun)
+  A sweet perfume and exhalation."
+      Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, Book i. Song 2.
+          [Clarke's Cabinet Series, 1845, p. 70.]
+
+C. FORBES.
+
+_Odour from the Rainbow._--The following stanzas are from a poem, called
+"The Blind Girl," in a publication by Pickering, 1845, of _Memorials of a
+Tour, and Miscellaneous Poems_, by Robert Snow, Esq. Lond., 1845:--
+
+ "Once in our porch whilst I was resting,
+    To hear the rain-drops in their mirth,
+  You said you saw the rainbow cresting
+    The heavens with colour, based on earth:
+
+  And I believe it fills the showers
+    With music; and when sweeter air
+  Than common breathes from briar-rose bowers,
+    Methinks, the Rainbow hath touched there."
+
+    [We have reason to believe that the idea was suggested to Mr. Snow
+    neither from Bacon's _Sylva_, nor from any of our English poets, but
+    from a Greek writer after the Christian era, referred to by Coleridge
+    in his _Table Talk_.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.
+
+Mr. Hepworth Dixon, who is already favourably known as the author of a
+_Life of Howard_, has just published _William Penn, an Historical
+Biography_. It is unquestionably a book of considerable talent; and even
+those who may be most inclined to dissent from the {311} author's views of
+the political principles of the Quakers (and we suspect many of the Quakers
+themselves will be found among that number), will admit that in treating
+him not as a mere Quaker, as preceding biographers had been too much
+disposed to do, but as "a great English historical character--the champion
+of the Jury Laws--the joint leader, with Algernon Sidney, of the
+Commonwealth men--the royal councillor of 1684-8--the courageous defender
+of Free Thought--the founder of Pennsylvania"--Mr. Dixon has succeeded in
+the task which he had proposed to himself, namely, that of transforming
+William Penn "from a myth into a man." His vindication of this great man
+from what he designates "The Macaulay Charges" would not, however, have
+lost one iota of its efficiency, had it been couched in somewhat more
+measured terms.
+
+Mr. Murray announces _The Grenville Papers; being the Private
+Correspondence of Richard Grenville Earl Temple, his brother George
+Grenville, their Friends and Contemporaries_, as in the press. It will
+contain some letters from Junius, and Mr. Grenville's Diary, particularly
+during his premiership, from 1763 to 1765. The fifth and sixth volumes of
+Lord Mahon's _History of England from the Peace of Utrecht_ are also at
+press.
+
+Lady Theresa Lewis is nearly ready with a work which cannot but be of great
+interest. It is entitled _Lives of the Friends and Contemporaries of Lord
+Chancellor Clarendon, illustrative of Portraits in his Gallery; with an
+Account of the Origin of the Collection; and a descriptive Catalogue of the
+Pictures_. It will form two volumes, and be accompanied by illustrative
+portraits.
+
+Mr. Colburn announces a new library edition of Miss Strickland's _Lives of
+the Queens of England_. Although revised and considerably augmented by new
+materials which have been placed at Miss Strickland's disposal since the
+appearance of the earlier impressions of her book, this edition is to be
+comprised in eight monthly volumes.
+
+BOOKS RECEIVED.--_The Buried City of the East: Nineveh._ A popular view of
+the discovery of the remains of the great city, compiled principally from
+Botta, and illustrated with numerous woodcuts, affords information enough,
+perhaps, for those who may be unable to consult the stirring narrative of
+Layard himself, but must send to his pages a great number of readers, in
+whom it can only serve to waken a lively interest in this great triumph of
+individual perseverance.--_The Iliad of Homer, literally translated, with
+explanatory Notes_, by T. A. Buckley, B.A., is the new volume of Bohn's
+_Classical Library_; and the Editor expresses his hopes "that it will be
+found to convey, more accurately than any which has preceded it, the words
+and thoughts of the original." The work has obviously been executed with
+great care; and the notes, though brief, are to the point.
+
+CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--John Miller's (43. Chandos Street) Catalogue No. XXI.
+of Books Old and New; J. Russell Smith's (4. Old Compton Street) Catalogue
+Part III. of Choice Useful and Curious Books, English and Foreign; and
+Catalogue of a singular Collection of 25,000 Ancient and Modern Tracts and
+Pamphlets, Part II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+  CLARE'S RURAL MUSE
+
+  PASSIONAEL EFTE DAT LEVENT DER HEILIGEN. Folio. Basil, 1522.
+
+  CARTARI--LA ROSA D'ORO PONTIFICIA. 4to. Rome, 1681.
+
+  BROEMEL, M. C. H., FEST-TANZEN DER ERSTEN CHRISTEN. Jena, 1705.
+
+*** Letters stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be
+sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notices To Correspondents.
+
+_Among many articles of great interest which are in type, but unavoidably
+postponed until next Saturday, the fourth and last in the month, when we
+shall consequently publish a double number, are Shakspeare and Fletcher, by
+Mr. Hickson--Illustrations of Chaucer, No. IV.--Illustrations of
+Tennyson--Sallust and Tacitus--Haybands in Seals, by Mr. Lower, Mr. Burtt,
+and L. B. L.--North Side of Churchyards--Sir F. Kynaston's Academy, by Dr.
+Rimbault--and several very important communications on the proposed_
+MONUMENTARIUM ANGLICANUM.
+
+S. J. R. _is referred to our First Volume, p. 467., for information on the
+subject of May Marriages being unlucky_.
+
+AN OLD BOY. _We will do our best to follow the good advice so pleasantly
+given; but he has little knowledge of the difficulty of pleasing all--to
+say nothing of our editorial selves. For instance, in the case to which has
+has referred in our Second Volume, we have ascertained that the second
+article was in type before the one which precedes it had reached us._
+
+H. K. G. S. _Received with great regret. We believe we best consulted the
+respect due to our correspondent by the course we followed, as we are
+certain that we adopted it with the best intentions towards him._
+
+_We are this week compelled to go to press one day earlier than usual; we
+have to request the indulgence of our correspondents for the omission of
+our usual_ LIST OF REPLIES RECEIVED, _and for not replying until next week
+to several inquiries which have been addressed to us_.
+
+VOLS. I. _and_ II., _each with very copious Index, may still be had, price
+9s. 6d. each_.
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and
+Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country
+Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it
+regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet
+aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND
+QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels_.
+
+_All communications for the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES _should be
+addressed to the care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In royal 8vo., with numerous illustrations, price 1l. 8s.
+
+THE ARCHAEOLOGY and PRE-HISTORIC ANNALS OF SCOTLAND. By DANIEL WILSON.
+
+    "Many reflections are suggested by this beautiful volume, which is one
+    of the most interesting, learned, and elegant works we have seen for a
+    long time. * * * We commend it to every reader of taste and
+    judgment."--_Westminster Review._
+
+SUTHERLAND and KNOX, Edinburgh: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, and CO.; and J. H.
+PARKER, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Valuable Library and MSS. Antiquities and Miscellaneous Objects.
+
+PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by
+AUCTION, at their Great Room, 101, Piccadilly, on WEDNESDAY, April 23, and
+Three following Days, the LIBRARY of a Gentleman, consisting of Modern
+Useful Books, together with some articles of considerable Rarity, a First
+Edition of Cocker's Arithmetic (but one other known); numerous
+Bibliographical Works, important Collection of MSS., relating to
+Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, London, Lancashire, Somersetshire, Suffolk, and
+other Places; Charters, Epistolae S. Paula MS. of the Tenth Century, &c.
+Catalogues will be sent on application.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{312}
+
+Just published, price 2s. 6d. in cloth,
+
+AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF SCRIPTURE NAMES, ACCENTED AND EXPLAINED; with
+Copious Illustrative Notes, and Introductory Observations on the Origin of
+Language and Proper Names, &c. By W. G. HIRD.
+
+Recommended by the Rev. Drs. Eadie, Forbes, Hannah, Hill, Acworth, and
+Godwin; Revs. Daniel Walton, W. Bird, J. D. Brocklehurst, T. Rowland,
+Jonathan Glyde, J. G. Miall, W. Cooke, &c. &c.
+
+London: HAMILTON, ADAMS, and CO.; SIMPKIN and MARSHALL. Edinburgh: OLIVER
+and BOYD. Glasgow: G. GALLIE. Manchester: FLETCHER and TUBBS. Bradford,
+Yorks.: DALE and BYLES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. Parliament Street, London.
+
+VALUABLE NEW PRINCIPLE.
+
+Payment of premiums may be occasionally suspended without forfeiting the
+policy, on a new and valuable plan, adopted by this society only, as fully
+detailed in the prospectus.
+
+  A. SCRATCHLEY, M.A.,
+
+Actuary and Secretary; Author of "Industrial Investment and Emigration;
+being a Second Edition of a Treatise on Benefit Building Societies, &c."
+Price 10s. 6d.
+
+London: J. W. PARKER, West Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CAMDEN SOCIETY for the Publication of Early Historical and Literary
+Remains.
+
+THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING will be held at the Freemason's Tavern, Great
+Queen Street, on Friday the 2nd of May, at Four o'Clock precisely; the LORD
+BRAYBROOKE, the President, in the Chair.
+
+  WILLIAM J. THOMS, Secretary.
+
+The following are the Publications of the Society for the year 1850-1.
+
+I. A SELECTION FROM THE WILLS Preserved in the Will Office at Bury St.
+Edmund's. Edited by SAMUEL TYMMS, Esq.
+
+II. WALTER MAPES "DE NUGIS CURIALIUM." A Treatise on the Political Affairs
+of his Time, written in 1181. Edited by THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., M.A.
+
+III. SIR RICHARD GUYLFORDE'S PILGRIMAGE TO THE HOLY LAND, A.D. 1506. Edited
+from a copy believed to be unique from the press of Richard Pynson, by SIR
+HENRY ELLIS, K.H., Sec. S. A.
+
+The Subscription to the Society of 1l. per annum which becomes due on the
+1st of May.
+
+Communications from Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members may be addressed
+to the Secretary; or to Messrs. NICHOLS, No. 25. Parliament Street,
+Westminster, by whom the Subscriptions of all Members resident in London
+are received.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXVI., is just published.
+
+          CONTENTS:
+  1. POULTRY LITERATURE.
+  2. WOMEN IN FRANCE--MADAME DE MAINTENON.
+  3. JULIUS CAESAR--MERIVALE'S ROMAN HISTORY.
+  4. THE REPUBLIC IN THE KING'S COACHES.
+  5. SANITARY MOVEMENT--CENTRALIZATION.
+  6. LIVES OF CALVIN. By DYER, &c.
+  7. LORD HOLLAND'S REMINISCENCES.
+  8. LORD JOHN RUSSELL.
+
+
+JOHN MURRAY, Albermarle Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DR. MAITLAND'S ERUVIN--SECOND EDITION.
+
+In small 8vo., price 5s. 6d.
+
+ERUVIN; or MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS on Subjects connected with the NATURE,
+HISTORY, and DESTINY of MAN.
+
+By the Rev. S. R. MAITLAND, D.D., F.R.S., and F.S.A.
+
+RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place;
+
+  Of whom may be had, by the same Author,
+
+1. ESSAYS on the REFORMATION in ENGLAND. 15s.
+
+2. ESSAYS on the DARK AGES. Second Edition. 12s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGINAL LETTERS ON THE CHURCH IN IRELAND.
+
+In post 8vo., price 10s. 6d.
+
+ORIGINAL LETTERS and PAPERS in ILLUSTRATION of the HISTORY of the CHURCH in
+IRELAND, during the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth.
+
+Edited, with Notes, from Autographs in the State-Paper Office,
+
+  By EVELYN PHILIP SHIRLEY, ESQ., M.A.
+
+RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MAPS AND ATLASES of the SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE,
+Published by C. Knight, 90. Fleet Street.
+
+ATLAS COMPLETE, with Index, 212 Maps, plain, in 1 vol., half morocco or
+russia, 6l. 7s. Coloured, 1 vol., half morocco or russia. 9l. 14s.
+
+LIBRARY ATLAS, 161 Maps, 1 volume, plain, 5l. 5s.; coloured, 7l. 7s.
+
+FAMILY ATLAS, 54 Maps, plain, 2l. 2s.; coloured 2l. 16s.
+
+SCHOOL ATLAS, MODERN and ANCIENT, 39 Maps, plain, 1l. 3s.; colored, 1l.
+13s.
+
+OUTLINE MAPS, FOR LEARNERS, Part I., 12 Maps, 4s.; Part II., 8 Maps, 3s.
+
+SINGLE MAPS, plain, 6d. each; coloured, 9d.
+
+MAP OF LONDON, for the convenience of VISITORS to the EXHIBITION, plain,
+1s.; coloured, 1s. 6d.; bound in cloth, 3s.
+
+The whole of the Maps are corrected to the present time, and a Prospectus,
+with full particulars, will be forwarded post-free on application to the
+Publisher, 90. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, foolscap 8vo., cloth with Steel Engraving, price 4s. 6d.
+
+THE FAIRY GODMOTHERS and other Tales. By Mrs. ALFRED GATTY.
+
+London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A New Edition, 24mo., price 5s., of
+
+KEMPIS DE IMITATIONE CHRISTI, et Contemptu Mundi, omniumque ejus vanitatum,
+Libri IV. Codex De Advocatis Seculi xiii. With Life by CHARLES BUTLER.
+
+WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A New Edition, 8vo., with Frontispiece, "Ecce Homo," engraved by Robinson,
+after a Painting by Guercino, 9s.,
+
+OF the IMITATION of JESUS CHRIST.
+
+Translated from the Latin original, ascribed to THOMAS A KEMPIS. By T. F.
+DIBDIN, D.D.
+
+WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5 New
+Street Square, in the parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and
+published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.
+Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet
+Street aforesaid.--Saturday, April 19, 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 300, "The duad represented the line" - original reads 'decad', making
+no sense in view of what follows. Duad (more likely to be misread than
+dyad) seems correct.
+
+page 302, "there is a striking story" - original reads 'strlking'.
+
+page 304, "a letter from Eustace Chapuys" - original reads 'Chaupys'.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 77, April
+19, 1851, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+***** This file should be named 26897.txt or 26897.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/8/9/26897/
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.