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diff --git a/26896-8.txt b/26896-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33d9fd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/26896-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3366 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 76, April 12, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 76, April 12, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: October 12, 2008 [EBook #26896] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +{273} + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + + * * * * * + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 76.] +SATURDAY, APRIL 12. 1851. +[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + NOTES:-- Page + Could Shakespeare have designated Cleopatra "Yond + ribald-rid Nag of Egypt?" by S. W. Singer 273 + Browne's Britannia's Pastorals, by C. Forbes 274 + Minor Notes:--"In the Sweat of thy Brow"--Anecdote + of Old Times--Foreign English--Britannicus + --Honeymoon--Fees at Westminster Abbey--Turning + the Tables 275 + + QUERIES: + Authors of the Rolliad--Pursuits of Literature, by Dawson + Turner 276 + Account of a large ancient Wood-engraving 277 + Minor Queries:--Viaggi di Enrico Wanton--Gloucester + Alarm--Where is Criston, co. Somerset?-- + "There was a Maid of Westmoreland"--Anthony + Bridges--Barlaam and Josaphat--"Stick At Nothing" + --"Ejusdem Farinę"--Batail--The Knights of Malta + --General Pardons--"Too wise to err" 277 + + REPLIES:-- + Thomas May 279 + Duchess of Buckingham 280 + San Grail 281 + The Frozen Horn 282 + Bab at the Bowster 282 + Oliver Cromwell and his Dealings with the Devil 282 + Replies to Minor Queries:--Gig Hill--Epigram against + Burke--Engraved Portrait--Salgado's Slaughter-house + --Mathew's Mediterranean Passage--The Mitre and + the "Cloven Tongues"--Slums--"God's Acre"-- + Wages in the last Century--Tradesmen's Signs-- + Standfast's Cordial Comforts, &c.--St. Pancras-- + Lines on Woman's Will--Scandal against Queen + Elizabeth--Coggeshall Job--Whale caught at Greenwich + before the Death of Cromwell--Fronte Capillatā, + &c.--John Sanderson, or the Cushion-dance--George + Steevens and William Stevens--Tradescant--Origin + of Harlequins--"Predeceased" and "Designed"-- + "Quadrijugis invectus equis," &c.--St. John's Bridge + Fair--Anticipations of Modern Ideas by Defoe--Lord + Howard of Effingham--Separation of the Sexes in + Church--Vox Populi Vox Dei--Mazer Wood--Traditions + from remote Periods through few Hands-- + Latin Epigram on the Duchess of Eboli--"Harry + Parry, when will you marry?"--Visions of Hell-- + "Laus tua non tua Fraus," &c.--Passage from Cymbeline + --Engraved Warming-pans--Symbolism of the + Fir-cone--Dr. Robert Thomlinson--Touching for + the Evil--Drax Free School, &c. 283 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 293 + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 293 + Notices to Correspondents 294 + Advertisements 294 + + * * * * * + + +Notes. + +COULD SHAKESPEARE HAVE DESIGNATED CLEOPATRA "YOND RIBALD-RID NAG OF EGYPT?" + +To judge of this question fairly, it will be necessary to cite the passage +in which it occurs, as it stands in the folio, Act III. Sc. 8., somewhat at +large. + + "_Eno._ Naught, naught, all naught! I can behold no longer; + Th' Antoniad, the Egyptian admiral, + With all their sixty, fly, and turn the rudder; + To see't, mine eyes are blasted. + + _Enter_ SCARUS. + + _Scar._ Gods and goddesses, all the whole synod of them! + + _Eno._ What's the passion? + + _Scar._ The greater cantle of the world is lost + With very ignorance; we have kiss'd away + Kingdoms and provinces. + + _Eno._ How appears the fight? + + _Scar._ On our side like the token'd pestilence, + Where death is sure. Yond _ribaudred Nagge_ of Egypt, + Whom leprosy o'ertake, i' the midst o' the fight + When vantage like a pair of twins appear'd, + Both as the same, or rather ours the elder, + The Breeze upon her, like a cow in June, + Hoists sail and flies. + + _Eno._ That I beheld: + Mine eyes did sicken at the sight, and could not + Endure a further view. + + _Scar._ She once being loof'd, + The noble ruin of her magick, Antony, + Claps on his sea-wing, and, like a doting mallard, + Leaving the fight in height, flies after her; + I never saw an action of such shame; + Experience, manhood, honour, ne'er before + Did violate so itself. + + _Eno._ Alack, alack!" + +The notes in the variorum edition begin by one from Johnson, in which he +says: + + "The word is in the old edition _ribaudred_, which I do not understand, + but mention it in hopes that others may raise some happy conjecture." + +Then Steevens, after having told us that a _ribald_ is a _lewd fellow_, +says: + + "_Ribaudred_, the old reading, is I believe no more than a corruption. + Shakspeare, who is not always very nice about his versification, might + have written, + + 'Yon _ribald-rid_ nag of Egypt'-- + + _i.e._ Yon strumpet, who is common to every wanton fellow." + +Malone approves Steevens's _ribald-rid_, but adds, + + "By _ribald_, Scarus, I think, means the lewd Antony in particular, not + _every_ lewd fellow." + +{274} + +Tyrwhitt saw the necessity of reading _hag_ instead of _nag_, and says what +follows seems to prove it: + + "She once being loof'd, + The noble ruin of her magick, Antony, + Claps on his sea-wing." + +It is obvious that the poet would not have made Scarus speak of Antony as +the noble ruin of Cleopatra's magick, and of his manhood and honour, and in +the same breath designate him as a ribald. He would be much more likely to +apply the epithet _lewd hag_ to such an enchantress as Cleopatra, than that +of _ribald-rid nag_, which I feel convinced never entered the imagination +of the poet. + +Imperfect acquaintance with our older language has been too frequently the +weak point of the commentators; and we see here our eminent lexicographer +confessing his ignorance of a word which the dictionaries of the poet's age +would have enabled him readily to explain. For although we have not the +participle _ribaudred_, which may be peculiar to the poet, in Baret's +_Alvearie_ we find "_Ribaudrie_, vilanie in actes or wordes, filthiness, +uncleanness"--"A _ribaudrous_ and filthie tongue, os obscoenum et +impudicum:" in Minsheu, _ribaudrie_ and _ribauldrie_, which is the +prevailing orthography of the word, and indicates its sound and derivation +from the French, rather than from the Italian _ribalderia_. + +That _nagge_ is a misprint for _hagge_, will be evident from the +circumstance, that in the first folio we have a similar error in the _Merry +Wives of Windsor_, Act IV. Sc. 2., where instead of "you witch, you +_hagge_," it is misprinted "you witch, you _ragge_." It is observable that +_hagge_ is the form in which the word is most frequently found in the +folios, and it is the epithet the poet applies to a witch or enchantress. + +I cannot, therefore, but consider the alteration of the text by Steevens as +one of the most violent and uncalled-for innovations of which he has been +guilty; and he himself seems to have had his misgivings, for his +observation that Shakspeare "is not always very nice about his +versification" was meant as an apology for marring its harmony by the +substitution of _ribald-rid_ for the poet's own _ribaudred_. + +It is to me a matter of surprise that Mr. Collier and Mr. Knight, in their +laudable zeal for adherence as closely as possible to the old copies, +should not have perceived the injury done both to the sense and harmony of +the passage by this unwarrantable substitution. + +S. W. SINGER. + + * * * * * + +BROWNE'S BRITANNIA'S PASTORALS. + +I have lately been amusing myself by reading the small volume with this +title published in Clarke's _Cabinet Series_, 1845. + +Among the many pleasing passages that I met with in its pages, _two_ in +particular struck me as being remarkable for their beauty; but I find that +neither of them is cited by either Ellis or Campbell. (See Ellis, +_Specimens of the Early English Poets_, 4th edition, corrected, 1811; and +the Campbell, _Specimens of the British Poets_, 1819.) + +Indeed Campbell says of Browne: + + "His poetry is not without beauty; but it is the beauty of mere + landscape and allegory, without the manners and passions that + constitute human interest."--Vol. iii. p. 323. + +Qualified by some such expression as--_too often--generally--in almost +every instance_,--the last clause might have passed,--standing as it does, +it appears to me to give anything but a fair idea of the poetry of the +_Pastorals_. My two favourites are the "Description of Night"-- + + "Now great Hyperion left his golden throne," &c., + +(consisting of twenty-six lines)--book ii. song 1. (Clarke, p. 186.) and +the "Lament of the Little Shepherd for his friend Philocel"-- + + "With that the little shepherd left his task," &c., + +(forty-four lines)--book ii. song 4. (Clarke, p. 278.) + +If you will allow me to quote a short extract from each passage, it may +enable the reader to see how far I am justified in protesting against +Campbell's criticism; and I will then try to support the pretensions of the +last, by showing that much of the very same imagery that it contains is to +be found in other writings of acknowledged merit:-- + + I. FROM THE "DESCRIPTION OF NIGHT." + + "And as Night's chariot through the air was driven, + Clamour grew dumb, unheard was shepherd's song, + And silence girt the woods: no warbling tongue + Talk'd to the echo; satyrs broke their dance, + And all the upper world lay in a trance. + Only the curlėd streams soft chidings kept, + And little gales that from the green leaf swept + Dry summer's dust, in fearful whisp'rings stirr'd, + As loath to waken any singing bird." + + II. FROM THE "LAMENT OF THE LITTLE SHEPHERD." + + "See! yonder hill where he was wont to sit, + A cloud doth keep the golden sun from it, + And for his seat, (as teaching us) hath made + A mourning covering with a scowling shade. + The dew in every flower, this morn, hath lain, + Longer than it was wont, this side the plain, + Belike they mean, since my best friend must die, + To shed their silver drops as he goes by. + Not all this day here, nor in coming hither, + Heard I the sweet birds tune their songs together, + Except one nightingale in yonder dell + Sigh'd a sad elegy for Philocel. + Near whom a wood-dove kept no small ado, + To bid me, in her language, '_Do so too_'-- + The wether's bell, that leads our flock around, + Yields, as methinks, this day a deader sound. + {275} + The little sparrows which in hedges creep, + Ere I was up did seem to bid me weep. + If these do so, can I have feeling less, + That am more apt to take and to express? + No--let my own tunes be the mandrake's groan, + If now they tend to mirth when all have none." + +Both these passages may have been quoted by some of Campbell's +predecessors. This might justify him in not repeating them, but _not_ in +writing the criticism to which I have ventured to object. His work holds a +high rank in English literature--it is taken as a text-book by _the +generality of readers_; for which reasons I think that every dictum it lays +down ought to be examined with more than usual care and attention. + +Compare with different parts of the "Lament:" + + "And Ardennes waves above them her green leaves, + Dewy with nature's tear drops, as they pass, + Grieving, if aught inanimate e'er grieves, + Over the unreturning brave,--alas! + Ere evening to be trodden like the grass," &c.--_Childe Harold_, Canto + iii. St. 27. + + "The morning of the day on which the farmer was to be buried, was + rendered remarkable by the uncommon denseness of an autumnal fog. To + Mrs. Mason's eye, it threw a gloom over the face of nature; nor, when + it gradually yielded to the influence of the sun, and slowly retiring + from the valley, hung, as if rolled into masses, mid-way upon the + mountains, did the changes thus produced excite any admiration. Still, + wherever she looked, all seemed to wear the aspect of sadness. As she + passed from Morrison's to the house of mourning, the shocks of yellow + corn, spangled with dewdrops, appeared to her to stand as mementos of + the vanity of human hopes, and the inutility of human labours. The + cattle, as they went forth to pasture, lowing as they went, seemed as + if lamenting that the hand which fed them was at rest; and even the + Robin-red-breast, whose cheerful notes she had so often listened to + with pleasure, now seemed to send forth a song of sorrow, expressive of + dejection and woe."--Miss Hamilton's _Cottagers of Glenburnie_, chap. + xii. + +C. FORBES. + +Temple. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +"_In the Sweat of thy Brow_" (Vol. ii., p. 374.).--To the scriptural +misquotation referred to, you may add another: + + "In the sweat of thy _brow_ shalt thou eat bread." + +The true text reads,-- + + "In the sweat of thy _face_ shalt thou eat bread."--Gen. iii. 19. + +The misquotation is so common, that a reference to a concordance is +necessary for proving to many persons that it is not a scripture phrase. + +J. GALLATLY. + + [In the Wickliffite Bible lately published by the University of Oxford, + the words are, "swoot of thi cheer _or face_," and in some MSS. "cheer + _ether bodi_."] + +_Anecdotes of Old Times_ (Vol. iii., p. 143.).--A friend of mine has +furnished me with the following particulars, which may, perhaps, be +interesting to A. A. + +When the aunt of my friend married and began housekeeping, there were only +two tea-kettles besides her own in the town of Knighton, Radnorshire. The +clergyman of the parish forbad the use of tea in his family; but his sister +kept a small tea service in the drawer of the table by which she sat at +work in the afternoon, and secretly made herself a cup of tea at four +o'clock, gently closing the drawer if she heard her brother approach. This +clergyman's daughter died, at an advanced age, in 1850. + +My friend's mother (who was born a year or two before the battle of +Culloden), having occasion to visit London while living at Ludlow, went by +the waggon, at that time the only public conveyance on that road. A friend +of her's wished to place her daughter at a school in Worcester, and as she +kept no carriage, and was unable to ride on horseback, then the usual mode +of travelling, she _walked_ from her residence in Knighton to Ludlow, and +thence to Worcester, accompanied by her daughter, who rode at a gentle pace +beside her. + +WEDSECNARF. + +_Foreign English._--The following handbill is a specimen of German English, +and is stuck up among other notices in the inn at Rastadt: + + "ADVICE OF AN HOTEL. + + "The underwritten has the honour of informing the public that he has + made the acquisition of the hotel to the Savage, well situated in the + middle of this city. He shall endeavour to do all duties which + gentlemen travellers can justly expect; and invites them to please to + convince themselves of it by their kind lodgings at his house. + + BASIL JR. SINGISEM. + + Before the tenant of the Hotel to the Stork in this city." + +BLOWEN. + +_Britannicus._--I gather the following anecdote from the chapter "Paper +Wars of the Civil Wars" in Disraeli's _Quarrels of Authors_. Sir John +(Birkenhead) is the representative of the _Mercurius Aulicus_, the Court +Gazette; Needham, of a Parliamentary _Diurnal_. + + "Sir John never condescends formally to reply to Needham, for which he + gives this singular reason: 'As for this libeller, we are still + resolved to take no notice, till we find him able to spell his own + name, which to this hour BRITANNICUS never did.' In the next number of + Needham, who had always written it _Brittanicus_, the correction was + silently adopted." + +A similar error occurs on the shilling and six-penny pieces of George III., +circa 1817 (those {276} most frequently met with in the present +circulation), whilst the cotemporary crowns and half-crowns have the +correct orthography. + +R. W. C. + +_Honeymoon._--Among my memoranda I find that, on January 31, 1845, an +accomplished Welsh lady said to me, that the common expression "Honeymoon" +was "probably derived from the old practice in Wales of drinking +_methčglin_ for thirty days after the marriage of a bride and bridegroom. A +_methčglin_ jollification for thirty days among the relatives and friends +of the newly married pair." The _methčglin_ is a fermented liquor, of some +potency, made from honey. The lady asked me, at the same time, if _honey_ +was used by the ancient Greeks or Romans in the preparation of a fermented +liquor. I said that I recollected no such use of honey among them, but that +the ancient Greeks seemed to have brewed a _beer_ of some kind from barley +or other grain, as allusion was made to it by Aristophanes. Perhaps this +notice of the "honeymoon" may draw forth some information from your +correspondents who are learned in "folk lore." In the Old Testament there +are many passages alluding to the use of honey, but none of them appear to +indicate its having been employed in making a fermented beverage. Lucretius +alludes to the practice of enticing children to swallow disagreeable +medicine by anointing the edge of the cup with honey. + +G. F. G. + +Edinburgh. + +_Fees at Westminster Abbey._--The custom of taking fees at Westminster +Abbey is of very ancient date, and was always unpopular. Shirley alludes to +it in his pleasant comedy called _The Bird in a Cage_, when Bonomico, a +mountebank, observes-- + + "I talk as glib, + Methinks, as he that _farms the monuments_." + +The dean and chapter, however, in those days were more moderate in their +demands, for the price of admission was but one penny to the whole. + + "This grant was made to the chapter in 1597, on condition that, + receiving the benefit of the exhibition of the monuments, they should + keep the same monuments always clean," &c.--See _Reply from the Dean + and Chapter to an Order of the House of Commons_, 1827. + +BLOWEN. + +_Turning the Tables._--In Bingley's _Useful Knowledge_, under the head of +MAPLE, I chanced to hit upon the following the other day: + + "By the Romans maple wood, when knotted and veined, was highly prized + for furniture. When boards large enough for constructing tables were + found, the extravagance of purchasers was incredible: to such an extent + was it carried, that when a Roman accused his wife of expending his + money on pearls, jewels, or similar costly trifles, she used to retort, + and turn the tables on her husband. Hence our expression of 'turning + the tables.'" + +Can any of your kind contributors supply a better derivation? + +[Omega]. [Phi]. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +AUTHORS OF THE ROLLIAD--PURSUITS OF LITERATURE. + +I cannot doubt but that many of your readers feel with me under great +obligations to your very able and obliging correspondents, LORD BRAYBROOKE +and MR. MARKLAND, for the information afforded us upon the subject of the +writers of the Rolliad. And, though not many of them are, probably, +sufficiently old to remember as I do--if not the actual publication of that +work, yet, at least, the excitement produced by its appearance--I apprehend +that the greater number are aware that it really did produce a great +sensation; and that, as with the _Letters of Junius_ before it, and the +_Pursuits of Literature_ subsequently, public curiosity for a long time +busied itself in every direction to detect the able and daring authors. +With this impression, I have been not a little surprised to find, since the +notice of the work in your pages, that I have failed in tracing any account +of it in the two books to which I naturally turned, the _Gentleman's +Magazine_ and Nichols' _Literary Anecdotes_. Very thankful therefore should +I be if any of our correspondents would direct my inquiries to a better +channel, and particularly if they would guide me to information respecting +the authors,--for here I am completely at fault. I allude more especially +to Richardson, Tickell, and General Fitzpatrick; who, I doubt not, were men +of such notoriety and standing in their day, that "not to know them, argues +myself unknown." And yet, humiliating as is this acknowledgment, it is far +better to make it than to remain in ignorance; for the case can surely not +be one "where ignorance is bliss," and where, consequently, "'tis folly to +be wise." + +I need hardly beg it to be understood, that, in grouping together the +_Rolliad_, the _Pursuits of Literature_, and _Junius' Letters_, I by no +means intended to place them upon an equality; and here I may inform your +correspondent S. T. D. (what a pity that you do not require every one to +give his name at length!) that the fact of Mr. Matthias being the author of +the second of these works was scarcely made a secret by his family after he +went to Italy. Indeed, for some time previously, it was well known to +myself from what passed at this house, where he was a frequent visitor, and +where I should at any time be happy to give S. T. D. ocular demonstration +of it, by the production of the letters addressed to the {277} "Anonymous +Author of the _Pursuits of Literature_," accompanied in some cases with his +own answers. + +DAWSON TURNER. + +Yarmouth, April 1. 1851. + + * * * * * + +ACCOUNT OF A LARGE ANCIENT WOOD-ENGRAVING. + +Perhaps some of your readers may be able to give me information regarding a +large and very elaborate woodcut, which has been many years in my +possession, and obviously has been used as the fly-leaf of some folio +volume, though, of course not originally intended for such a purpose. It is +so complicated, that I fear I shall have some difficulty in explaining it, +and my explanation may require more space than you may be willing to afford +me. You can, however, insert my Query at any time when you have room to +spare. + +The size of the engraving, is 16 inches by 13, and it is divided into two +large oblong circles, and a centre; a story being carried on, clearly +allegorically, from the outer circle to the second, and from the second to +the centre. I will speak of each, beginning with the outer, which is +entered by a portico, consisting of two columns and a round arch; on the +base of one of the columns is a monogran of the artist or of the engraver, +formed of the letters R. D. Under the arch is seated a lady richly attired, +who holds a large cup and cover in her left hand, and around her are +fourteen naked children, to one of which she seems tendering the chalice; +while a bearded old man, with a scroll, is directing attention to what is +going on in the outer circle. Passing under this portico we see, +immediately behind it, six ladies, three religious and three secular; while +to the right of the three secular ladies is a naked, winged female figure, +with her foot on a sphere, a large goblet in her right hand, and some +objects that look like fetters in her left hand. To the right of this +figure are many others of both sexes, but nearer the spectator, some +tranquil and some in despair; while, within a sort of pavilion, we see a +young lady and an old gentleman banquetting, and in another compartment in +bed. Still farther to the right of the winged figure are persons who appear +to be escaping from torments, while a young man in rags is making his way +towards a person in a religious habit, who has a scourge in his hand; +behind these are two persons under a miserable thatched shed, while a lady +is pointing out to a young man what is to be observed in the second circle. + +This division is entered by another gate consisting of two square +ornamental columns supporting a low gable, beneath which a lady, with a +cross on the cape of her dress, is receiving a young man. The persons in +this circle are very variously employed: on the right of the spectator are +rocks with one man climbing up them, and another fallen headlong: on the +left are five persons, male and female, engaged in singing and playing, and +near them two men performing military music on a drum and fife; to their +right are groups of philosophers and men of science with spheres, +astrolabes, books, compasses, &c., and one wearing a laurel crown with a +scroll in his hand, probably a poet. + +We then come to the centre, or inner circle, which is entered by a wooden +gate of the simplest construction, and under it is a religious lady with a +young erect female on her right hand, and a supplicating male, in tattered +garments, on her left. Beyond these are six females, variously clad, some +with flowing hair, some in close caps, and others with _nebulę_ round their +heads. A little to the right of these is a throned lady, with a crown of +peculiar construction on her head, and a sceptre in her hand, before whom +kneels a female figure, upon whose brows the throned lady is about to place +a coronet. Behind the throne is what appears to be a conventual building of +rather singular appearance, with round, square, and octagon towers, and +surrounded by a battlemented wall. Considerably to the right of the throned +lady is a figure clearly intended for some booted king wearing a crown and +a collar of esses: on one side of him is a severe looking dame, fully clad +and with flowing hair; and on the other a younger lady, also with flowing +hair, and with her bosom bare. + +Such is the woodcut regarding which I request some intelligence from your +readers, as I have shown it to several persons, who I thought could +enlighten me, but who could afford me no satisfaction. I suspect, from the +costumes and the edificies, that it is German; and I ought to have +mentioned that each circle is separated from the others by a low stone wall +running all around, and that trees, hills, and fountains are not sparingly +introduced. In the whole, it includes nearly a hundred figures of men, +women, and children. + +THE HERMIT OF HOLYPORT. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Queries. + +_Viaggi di Enrico Wanton._--A fiction, upon the same plan as _Gulliver's +Travels_, describing the visit of two Europeans to communities of monkeys +and cynocephali, and written by a Venetian named Zaccaria Seriman, was +printed at Venice in 1749, and again in 1764. A third citation, with the +title-page _Delli Viaggi de Enrico Wanton alle Terre Australi, nuova +Edizione_, was printed in London in 1772, "presso Tommaso Brewman +Stampatore in Wych Street, Temple Bar," in 4 vols. 8vo. This edition is +dedicated to George III. by "L'umilissimo e fedelissimo suddito, Enrico +Wanton." Can any of your correspondents explain how this work {278} (which +is of no great literary merit) came to be reprinted in England, and +dedicated to the king? + +A notice of Seriman's life may be found in the _Biographie Universelle_. + +L. + +_Gloucester Alarm._--In the archives of Lyme Regis is this entry: + + "_Town Accompt Book._ + + "1661. For the four soldiers and drummers for service on the Gloucester + alarm and candles, 10s. 0d." + +What was the "Gloucester alarm?" + +G. R. + +_Where is Criston, County Somerset?_--Mr. Vaughan, a young man who was to +have joined the Duke of Monmouth, was of that house or place. + +G. R. + +"_There was a Maid of Westmoreland._"--"Some fifty summers past," I was in +the habit of hearing sung a simple ballad, which commenced-- + + "There was a maid of Westmoreland, + Who built her house upon the sand:" + +and the conclusion of which was, that, however desolate and exposed a +situation that might be for her dwelling, it was better than in "the haunts +of men." This was said to have been written by the late Mr. Thomas +Sheridan. I never heard by whom the music to it, which was very pretty, was +composed; nor whether or not it was published. + +Can any of your correspondents supply the words of this old ballad, and +state the name of the composer of the music to it? Also whether it was +published, and, if so, by whom? + +E. H. + +_Anthony Bridges._--In the Hampshire Visitation of 1622, Harl. MS. 1544. +fo. 25., appears the marriage of Barbara, second daughter of Sir Richard +Pexsall, of Beaurepaire, in co. Southampton, by Ellinor his wife, daughter +of William Pawlett, Marquis of Winchester, to "Anthony Bridges." That Sir +Richard Pexsall died in 1571, is the only clue I have to the date of the +match. + +Query, Who was this Anthony Bridges, and did he leave issue? + +Is it possible that this is the identical Anthony, third surviving son of +Sir John Bridges, first Baron Chandos of Sudeley, respecting whose fate +there is so much uncertainty? He is presumed to have married a daughter of +Fortescue of Essex, but the collateral evidence on which the supposition is +founded is too slight to be satisfactory. Little is known but that he was +born before 1532; that he was living in 1584 (in which year he was +presented to the living of Meysey Hampton in Gloucestershire, the county in +which he resided); and that he had a son Robert, upon a presumed descent +from whom the late Sir Egerton Brydges founded his well-known claim to the +barony of Chandos of Sudeley. + +O. C. + +_Barlaam and Josaphat_ (Vol. iii., p. 135.).--I was much interested in MR. +STEPHENS' remarks on the Rev. W. Adams's beautiful allegory, and would be +glad to know from him, or some other of your learned correspondents, _what +English translations there are_ of this "spiritual romance in Greek;" where +I may find an account or notice of the work, or get a copy of it. + +JARLTZBERG. + +"_Stick at Nothing._"--The expression "stop at nothing" occurs in the +following couplet in Dryden's _Aurengzebe_: + + "The world is made for the bold impious man, + Who _stops at nothing_, seizes all he can." + +And Pope, in one of his letters, has the expression "stick at nothing," +where he says: + + "The three chief qualifications of party-writers are, to _stick at + nothing_, to delight in flinging dirt, and to slander in the dark by + guess." + +Can any of your correspondents explain the origin of the word "stick" in +the sense in which it is used by Pope; and how it came to supplant +altogether the more intelligible word "stop," as employed by Dryden? + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia, January, 1851. + +"_Ejusdem Farinę._"--Your readers are acquainted with the expression +"ejusdem farinę," and the derogatory sense in which it is employed to +describe things or characters of the same calibre. It was in common use +among clerical disputants after the Reformation; and Leland has it in the +following remarks respecting certain fabulous interpolations in the _Black +Book_ at Cambridge: + + "Centum sunt ibi, pręterea, ejusdem farinę fabulę." + +I have no doubt, however, that the origin of the expression may be traced +to the scholastic doctors and casuists of the Middle Ages. + +Will any of your correspondents be good enough to explain the circumstances +which gave rise to the adoption of "farina" as a term expressive of +baseness and disparagement? + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia, January, 1851. + +_Batail._--Favine, in his _Theatre of Honour_ (b. ii. c. 13), in speaking +of a bell at Menda, says of the clapper of a bell, that "it is a _Bataill_ +in Armes." Was this word ever introduced into English heraldry? The only +instances of bells in English arms that I can discover in the books to +which I have access at present are in the coats of Bell, Porter, Osney, and +Richbell. + +H. N. E. + +_The Knights of Malta._--On the stone corbels which support the roof of one +of the aisles of a church in my neighbourhood, there are carved the +armorial badges of persons who are supposed to have contributed to the +building of the church, which was erected in the thirteenth century. On one +of the corbels (the nearest to the altar, and therefore in the most +honourable place) there is a lamb bearing a flag. The lamb has a nimbus +{279} round its head, and the staff of the flag terminates in a cross like +the head of a processional cross. The device, I have reason to think, was +the badge of the knights of the order of Saint John of Jerusalem, who had a +preceptory in this neighbourhood during the thirteenth century. In the +history of these knights, first of Jerusalem, then of Rhodes, and +afterwards of Malta, I find it stated, that in the year 1130 Pope Innocent +II. commanded that the standard of the knights (at that time settled at +Jerusalem) should be "gules, a full cross argent." + +Will any of your correspondents be so kind as to inform me if the device on +the corbel was the badge of the knights of the order of St. John of +Jerusalem? and if so, at what time they first assumed it? + +S. S. S. + +_General Pardons._--Has any example of a general pardon under the great +seal been ever printed at length? particularly any of those granted after +the restoration of Charles II.? + +J. G. N. + +"_Too wise to err._"--You will oblige many of your readers if you will +inform them from whence the words + + "Too wise to err, too good to be unkind," + +are quoted. + +T. W. A. + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +THOMAS MAY. + +(Vol. iii., p. 167.) + +Thomas May, famous amongst the busy characters of his age, both as a +politician and a poet, was the eldest son of Sir Thos. May, Knt., of +Mayfield, in Sussex, where he was born in 1595. At the usual period of +life, he was admitted a fellow-commoner of Sidney Sussex College, +Cambridge; and having taken the degree of B.A. he entered himself at Gray's +Inn, with the intention of studying the law, which, however, it is +uncertain whether he ever pursued as a profession. Whilst he was a student +of the law, he made the acquaintance of Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of +Clarendon; and became the intimate associate of Ben Jonson, Selden, Cotton, +Sir K. Digby, Thos. Carew[1], "and some others of eminent faculties in +their several ways." + + "His parts of nature and art," writes Clarendon[2], in describing his + character, "were very good, as appears by his translation of Lucan + (none of the easiest work of that kind), and more by his Supplement to + Lucan, which being entirely his own, for the learning, the wit, and the + language, may be well looked upon as one of the best epic poems in the + English language." + +As an elegant writer, indeed, of Latin verse, he is justly numbered amongst +the most successful of the accomplished poets of our nation--Ben Jonson, +Cowley, Milton, Marvell, Crashaw, Addison, Gray, Smart, T. Warton, Sir W. +Jones, &c.--who have devoted their leisure to this species of composition. +Clarendon goes on to say that May was "born to a fortune, if his father had +not spent it; so that he had only an annuity left him, not proportionable +to a liberal education:" + + "Yet since," continues this illustrious authority, "his fortune could + not raise his mind, he brought his mind down to his fortune, by a great + modesty and humility in his nature, which was not affected, but very + well became an imperfection in his speech, which was a great + mortification to him, and kept him from entering upon any discourse but + in the company of his very friends," of whom he had not a few, for "he + was cherished by many persons of honour, and very acceptable in all + places." + +From Charles I., no mean judge of poetry, and a liberal patron of the +Muses, May received much encouragement, and many substantial marks of +favour in the shape of donatives; and it was at the express command of this +monarch that he wrote his historical poem entitled _The Victorious Reigne +of Edward III._ From disgust, however, at the appointment of D'Avenant to +the Laureateship, on the death of Jonson in 1637,--a post to which, +according to what he considered to be his own superior deserts[3], he was +himself justly entitled,--"May fell from his duty, and all his former +friends," and became an active agent in promoting the designs of the +so-called popular leaders. Through the interest of Cromwell, he was +nominated Secretary to the Parliament, in which capacity he wrote a History +of its transactions, a work which was published in 1647. This performance, +which is highly commended by Granger, rendered its author extremely +obnoxious to the royal party, who exercised all their powers of pen to +disparage both the book and its compiler. He is represented by Clarendon, +for instance, "as prostituting himself to the vile office of celebrating +the infamous acts of those who were in rebellion against the king; which he +did so meanly, that he seemed to all men to have lost his wits, when he +left his honesty." Anthony ą Wood's account[4] of these matters, and of May +himself, is that + + "He was graciously countenanced by K. Charles I. and his royal consort; + but he, finding not that preferment from either which he expected, grew + discontented, sided with the Presbyterians, and, upon the {280} turn of + the times, became a debauchee _ad omnia_; entertained ill principles as + to religion, spoke often very slightly of the Trinity, kept beastly and + atheistical company, of whom Thos. Challoner, the regicide, was one, + and endeavoured to his power to asperse and invalidate the king and his + cause." + +His acquaintance with Challoner is also alluded to by Aubrey who says[5], +"that his translation of Lucan's excellent poem, made him in love with the +republique." Aubrey adds, he was-- + + "A handsome man, debauched, and lodged in the little square by Cannon + Row, as you go through the alley." + +Clarendon concludes his notice of May by observing that-- + + "Shortly after the publication of his parliamentary history he died, + miserable and neglected, and deserves to be forgotten." + +The fact is, he was found dead in his bed in Nov. 1650; but that he was +"neglected" is not altogether correct. At any rate, he was honoured with a +public funeral, a marble monument, and a laudatory epitaph in Westminster +Abbey,--short-lived dignities! for, at the Restoration, the memorial of his +fame was torn down, whilst his body was exhumed, and, after being treated +with much ignominy, hurled into a large pit in St. Margaret's churchyard +adjoining.--Besides the works above noticed, May also wrote _The +Description of Henry II._, in verse, with _A Short Survey of the Changes of +his Reign_, and _The Single and Comparative Character of Henry and Richard +his Sons_, in prose. Nor was that of Lucan his only translation, for he +rendered into English verse _Virgil's Georgics_ and _Selected Epigrams of +Martial_. He was also the author of five dramas, two of which are given in +Dodsley's _Old Plays_. A now forgotten critic, Henry Headley, B.A., of +Norwich, observes concerning his historical poetics, that May-- + + "Has caught no small portion of the energy and declamatory spirit which + characterises the Roman poet, whom, as he translated, he insensibly + made his model. His battle pieces," our critic continues, "highly merit + being brought forward to notice; they possess the requisites, in a + remarkable degree, for interesting the feelings of an Englishman. While + in accuracy they vie with a gazette, they are managed with such + dexterity, as to busy the mind with unceasing agitation, with scenes + highly diversified and impassioned by striking character, minute + incident, and alarming situation."[6] + +In confirmation of the general propriety and justness of these remarks, I +would refer to the description of "The Den of the Vices" (H. II. b. i.), +and to the accounts of "The Death of Rosamond" (H. II. b. v.), "The Battle +of Cressy" (E. III. b. iii.), and "The Capture of Mortimer" (E. III. b. +i.). These pieces can only be thus vindicated, being much too long for +extracting; but I think a republication of the entire poems would be an +acceptable boon to the public. + +COWGILL. + +[Footnote 1: _The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, &c._, Oxf. 1827.] + +[Footnote 2: The same.] + +[Footnote 3: Southey calls May "the very able competitor of D'Avenant," and +describes him as "a man so honourably known by his translation of Lucan, +and his Supplement to that poet, that it were to be wished he were +remembered for nothing else."--_Biog. Sketches._] + +[Footnote 4: _Athenę Oxon._ Bliss's edit.] + +[Footnote 5: In MSS. Ashmol., as quoted in _Biog. Britann._, from which, +and Chalmer's _Biog. Dict._, the dates, and such of the facts above given, +not otherwise authenticated, are _principally_ derived.] + +[Footnote 6: _Biographical Sketches,_ Lond., 12mo. 1787.] + +Although May's version of Cato's soliloquy is immeasurably below Addison's, +I am inclined to agree with J. H. L., that, on comparing them, it is more +than probable, Addison had May's description of Cato's death in his mind at +the same time he penned the justly celebrated soliloquy in the 5th Act of +his _Cato_. + +E. B. PRICE. + +Cow Cross. + +_Thomas May, the author of the Supplement to Lucan_ (Vol. iii., p. 167), +was the secretary and historian of the Long Parliament. He was born at +Mayfield in 1595; took the degree of B.A. at Sydney-Sussex College, +Cambridge, and afterwards entered Gray's Inn, but devoted himself to +literature. He translated Virgil's _Georgics_, Selected Epigrams of +Martial, and in 1627 Lucan's _Pharsalia_; to the latter, in 1630, he +supplied an English continuation of his own in seven books; intituled, _ A +Continuation of the Subject of Lucan's Historical Poem till the Death of +Julius Cęsar_. It was dedicated to Charles. He afterwards published at +Leyden a Latin translation of the seven additional books; this was added to +the Amsterdam and other editions of Lucan, and has established May's fame +as a classic scholar. Andrew Marvell, who saw only an apology for the +doings of the tyrannical parliament in the continuation of Lucan's poem, +calls May-- + + "Most servile wit, and mercenary pen, + Polydore, Lucan, Allan, Vandal, Goth. + Malignant poet and historian both. + Go seek the novice statesmen and obtrude + On them some Roman cast similitude." + +He died suddenly in the night of 13th Nov., 1650, his death being +attributed by Marvell to a little too much indulgence in wine. + + "As one pot drunk into the packet-boat, + Tom May was hurry'd hence, and did not know't." + +W. DURRANT COOPER. + +81. Guilford Street. + + [We are also indebted to BALLIOLENSIS and other correspondents for + general replies to this Query; and to W. S. (Richmond) for a reference + to Baron Maseres' account of him prefixed to his edition of May's + _History of the Long Parliament._] + + * * * * * + +DUCHESS OF BUCKINGHAM. + +(Vol iii., pp. 224, 249.) + +P. C. S. S. believes that a reference to almost any Peerage or work on +British genealogy, would {281} have saved Mr. F. B. RELTON the trouble of +addressing the inquiry at Vol. iii., p. 224. Katherine Sedley, daughter of +Sir Charles Sedley, commemorated in Johnson's line-- + + "And Sedley cursed the form that pleased a king"-- + +was created Countess of Dorchester by James II., and subsequently married +David Collyer, first Earl of Pontmore in Scotland. She died in 1692, having +had by King James a natural daughter, to whom, by royal warrant, that +monarch gave the rank and precedence of a duke's daughter; she was styled +Lady Catherine Darnley, and married first, in October 1699, James, third +Earl of Anglesey, from whom, on account of alleged cruelty on his part, she +was separated by act of parliament in the following year. The earl died in +1701, and his widow married, secondly, in 1705, John Sheffield, first Duke +of Normanby and Buckingham. She died on the 13th of March, 1743, and was +interred with almost regal pomp in Westminster Abbey. By her _first_ +husband (the Earl of Anglesey) she had an only daughter, the Lady Catherine +Annesley, married to Mr. William Phipps, father of the first Lord Mulgrave, +and, consequently, great-grandfather of the present Marquis of Normanby, +who on his recent elevation to that dignity, has, it appears, preferred to +take one of the ducal titles of a nobleman from whom he does _not_ descend, +and of whose blood there does not flow a single drop in his veins, to the +just assumption of the title of one from whom he _does_ descend, and whose +sole representative he undoubtedly is. + +Of the Duchess of Buckingham's inordinate pride, there are some curious +stories in Walpole's Letters to Sir Horace Mann (_sub anno_ 1743). But +perhaps the most remarkable instance of it is to be found in a periodical +paper called the _British Champion_, which was published at that time, and +which is now not commonly to be met. In the No. for April 7, 1743, there is +the following anecdote:-- + + "I have been informed that a lady of high rank, finding her end + approaching, and feeling very uneasy apprehensions of this sort, came + at length to a resolution of sending for a clergyman, of whom she had + heard a very good character, in order to be satisfied as to some + doubts. The first question she asked was whether in heaven (for she + made no doubt of going thither) some respect would not be had to a + woman of such birth and breeding? The good man, for such he really was, + endeavoured to show her the weakness of this notion, and to convince + her that there was, where she was going, no acceptance of persons, and + much more to the same purpose. This the poor lady heard with much + attention, and then said with a sigh, 'Well, if it be so, this heaven + must be, after all, a strange sort of a place!'" + +P. C. S. S. is unwilling to believe this painful story--the more so, as it +must be recollected that the author of the paper was an inveterate Whig, +and the Duchess (jure paterno) as inveterate a Jacobite. + +P. C. S. S. + + * * * * * + +SAN GRAIL. + +Sir Walter Scott, in his _Marmion_ (Introduction to Canto First), writes of +Sir Lancelot of the Lake, that-- + + "A sinful man and unconfessed, + He took the Sangreal's holy quest, + And slumbering saw the vision high + He might not view with waking eye." + +In his note on this passage, he refers to the romance of the Morte Arthur, +and says: + + "One day when Arthur was holding a high feast with his Knights of the + Round Table, the Sangreal, a vessel out of which the last Passover was + eaten (a precious relic, which had long remained concealed from human + eyes, because of the sins of the land), suddenly appeared to him and + all his chivalry. The consequence of this vision was that all the + knights took on them a solemn vow to seek the Sangreal." + +The orthography of the word in the romance itself is _Sancgreall_, which +affords us a clue to what I believe to be its true etymology, _Sang réel_ +(Sanguis realis), a name it derived from the tradition of its having been +employed, not only to hold the paschal lamb at the Last Supper, but also by +Joseph of Arimathea to catch the blood and water which flowed from the +wounds of our Blessed Lord. + +Archdeacon Nares, in his _Glossary_, pp. 209. 445., enters largely into the +legendary history of the Sangreal, as well as the question of its +orthography. He takes some pains to refute the etymology given above, and +quotes Roquefort (_Dict. de la Langue Romane_) to prove that graal or +_greal_ signifies _a broad open dish_. Will any one who has the means of +consulting Roquefort inform us, whether he brings forward any instance of +the existence of such a word in this sense? or, if so employed, whether +such use may not have arisen from the ordinary erroneous orthography? It is +a question well worth investigation, which I hope may call some abler pens +than mine into exercise. + +This holy relic, the object of so much fruitless search to Arthur and his +knights, is now safely deposited in the cathedral of Genoa, where all, holy +or unholy, may behold it, on making the accustomed offering to its +sanctity. Of old, it concealed itself from the eyes of all but those free +from mortal sin; but now, the ability to pay five francs puts one in +possession of every Christian virtue, and the _Sacro Catino_ (as it is +called) is exhibited on the payment of that sum. In addition to the +authorities quoted by Nares, I would refer to Sir F. Palgrave, in _Murray's +Handbook to Northern Italy_, 1st edition, p. 105. + +SA. CA. + +{282} + +_The St. Graal_ (Vol. iii. p. 224.).--Your correspondent W. M. K. will find +the subject of "the Sangreal's holy quest" treated in the late Mr. Price's +elaborate preface to Warton's _History of English Poetry_ (ed. 1840), p. +53; also an account of the MS. at C. C. C., Cambridge, in the same work, +vol. i. p. 149.; and a reference to Walter Map's translation of the Latin +romance of St. Graal into French, vol. ii. p. 416. See also Sismondi, _Lit. +of the South of Europe_ (Bohn, 1846), vol. i. p. 197., and note. + +H. G. T. + + * * * * * + +THE FROZEN HORN. + +(Vol. ii., p. 262. Vol. iii., p. 25.) + +Your correspondent J. M. G. quotes _Hudibras_, p. i. c. i. l. 147.: + + "Where truth in person does appear, + Like words congeal'd in northern air." + +Zachary Grey does _not_, in his note, refer to Mandeville, but he says: + + "See an explication of this passage, and a merry account of words + freezing in Nova Zembla, _Tatler,_ No. 254.; and Rabelais' account of + the bloody fight of the Arimasphians and Nephelebites upon the confines + of the Frozen Sea (vol. iv. c. 56. p. 229., Ozell's edit. 1737). To + which Mr. John Done probably refers, in his panegyric upon T. Coryat, + and his Crudities: + + 'It's not that French which made his giants see, + Those uncouth islands, where words frozen be, + Till by the thaw next year they've voice again." + +W. B. H. + +Manchester. + +J. M. G. quotes Sir John Mandeville for the story of the congealed words +falling like hail from the rigging of his ship in the Arctic regions. I do +not remember the passage, but there is one almost identical in Rabelais' +_Pantagruel_, lib. iv. ch. lv., headed-- + + "Comment en haulte mer Pantagruel ouļt diverses parolles desgelées." + +In the notes to Bohn's translation it is said: + + "Rabelais has borrowed these from the _Courtisan_ of Balthasar de + Castillon, of which a French translation was printed in 1539, and from + the _Apologues_ of Cęlius Caleagnnius of Ferrara, published in 1544." + +W. J. BERNHARD SMITH. + +Temple. + + * * * * * + +BAB AT THE BOWSTER. + +(Vol. ii., p. 517.) + +Your correspondent MAC is mistaken when he says that no words are used in +the Scottish dance of "Bab at the Bowster:" I have myself "babbed at the +Bowster" within the last few years. Upon that occasion the words sung by +the company while dancing round the individual bearing the "bowster" were-- + + "Wha learn'd you to dance, + You to dance, you to dance, + Wha learn'd you to dance + Bab at the bowster brawly?" + +To which the "bowster-bearer" replies-- + + "My mither learned me to dance, + Me to dance, me to dance, + My mither learned me to dance + Bab at the bowster brawly." + +After which, throwing down the "bowster" or cushion before one of the +opposite sex, they both kneel upon it, and kiss one another +_affectionately_. + +I never heard any words save the above; but a friend from a neighbouring +county (Dumbartonshire) informs me, that with them it is sometimes changed +into + + "Wha gi'ed you the keys to keep, + The keys to keep," &c. + +There are also other variations which I believe I can procure, should they +be desired by MAC or others. I should perhaps mention, for the benefit of +Southrons, that almost all untravelled Scotchmen in conversation use the +verb _to learn_ in place of the verb _to teach_. + +Y. + +Glasgow. + +The dance in Scotland called "Bab at the Bowster" is always the winding up +at "kirns" and other merrymakings, and is most likely similar to the +cushion-dance. The tune to which it is danced has words belonging to it. +The beginning lines are-- + + "There's braw yill, + Down at the mill, + Bab at the bowster," &c. + +L. M. M. R. + + * * * * * + +OLIVER CROMWELL AND HIS DEALINGS WITH THE DEVIL. + +(Vol. iii., p. 207.) + +Among the papers of an old personal friend and correspondent of the +"Sylvanus Urban" of his day,--a clergyman of the good old school, who died +a quarter of a century ago, aged eighty-six, I find the inclosed. It may +possibly lead to the further elucidation of one of the Notes of B. B. It is +unfortunate that no date is attached to it, nor any intimation of its +history. Its owner was the intimate friend of Bennet, Bishop of Cloyne, of +Dr. Farmer, of Burgess, Bishop of St. David's (afterwards Salisbury), and +other eminent divines of his time. + +With this MS. was inclosed another, in more modern writing; but, from the +orthography, copied from an older paper, headed "Private Amours of Oliver +Cromwell." It is very short, and also without date. It is at your service +if desired. + +S. H. H. + +{283} + +A NARRATIVE CONCERNING CROMWELL'S DEALINGS WITH THE D----L + + "On y^e 3d of Sept., in y^e morning, Cromwell took Colonel Lindsey, his + intimate friend, and first Capt. of his regiment, to a wood side not + far from y^e army, and bid him alight and follow him into that wood, & + take particular notice of what he saw & heard. + + "After they had both alighted & secured their horses, & walked some + small way into the wood, Lindsey began to turn pale, & to be seiz'd + with horrour, from some unknown cause; upon wch Cromwell askt him how + he did, or how he felt himself. He answered, that he was in such a + trembling & consternation that he never felt y^e like in all y^e + conflicts and battles he had been engaged in: But wether it proceeded + from the gloomyness of y^e place, or y^e temperament of his body, he + knew not. 'How now?' said Cromwell. 'What! trowbled with vapours? Come + forward, man.' They had not gon above 20 yards before Lindsey on a + sudden stood still and cry'd out, by all that's good he was seized with + such unaccountable terrours & astonishment that it was impossible for + him to stir one step further. Upon which Cromwell call'd him + faint-hearted fool, & bid him stand there & observe or be witness: and + then advancing to some distance from him, he met with a grave elderly + man, with a roll of parchment in his hand, who deliver'd it to + Cromwell, who eagerly perused it. Lindsey, a little recover'd from his + fear, heard severall loud words betwixt them: particularly Cromwell + said, 'This is but for seven year. I was to have it for 21, and it must + and shall be so.' The other told him positively it could not be for + above seven; upon which Cromwell cry'd with a great fierceness, it shd + be, however, for 14 year; but the other person plorily declared it + could not possibly be for any longer time: and if he woud not take it + so, there was others that woud accept of it: Upon which Cromwell at + last took y^e parchment, and returning to Lindsey with great joy in his + countenance, he cry'd, 'Now, Lindsey, the battle's our own: I long to + be engag'd.' Returning out of the wood, they rode to y^e army. Cromwell + with a resolution to engage as soon as possible, & y^e other with a + design of leaving y^e army as soon. After y^e first charge Lindsey + deserted his post, and rode away with all possible speed, day and + night, till he came into y^e county of Norfolk, to y^e house of an + intimate friend, and minister of that parish: Cromwell, as soon as he + mist him, sent all ways after him, with a promise of a great reward to + any that w'd bring him alive or dead. + + "Thus far y^e narrative of Lindsey himself; but something further is to + be remembered to complete & confirm y^e story. + + "When Mr. Thorowgood saw his friend Lindsey come into his yard, his + horse and himself just tired, in a sort of amaze he said, 'How, now, + Colonel; we hear there is like to be a battle shortly. What! fled from + your colours?' 'A battle!' said y^e other; 'yes, there has bin a + battle, and I am sure y^e King is beaten. If ever I strike a stroke for + Cromwell again, may I perish eternally, for I am sure he has made a + league with y^e Devil, and he will have him in due time.' Then, + desiring his protection from Cromwell's inquisitors, he went in & + related y^e whole story, and all the circumstances, concluding with + these remarkable words, That Cromwell w'd certainly die that day seven + year that the battle was fought. + + "The strangeness of his relation caused Mr. Thorowgood to order his son + John, then about 12 years of age, to write it in full length in his + common place book, & to take it from Lindsey's own mouth. This common + place book, and likewise y^e same story writen in other books, I am + sure is still preserv'd in y^e family of y^e Thorowgoods: But how far + Lindsey is to be believed, & how far y^e story is to be accounted + incredible, is left to y^e reader's faith and judgment, & not to any + determination of our own." + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_Gig Hill_ (Vol. iii., p. 222.).--Perhaps your correspondent is mistaken in +saying that "there is no indication of anything in the land to warrant the +name." At least, the very fact of its being a hill is suspicious. If I +could venture to affront you with a pun, I should say, that it seems to me +very natural that the _top_ of a hill should look like a _gig_. Mercy on +us! do words wear out so fast? Why, I have not reached three-score, and did +not I "whip my gig" when I was an "infant"?--not an infant born in a remote +province, sucking in archaism with my mother's milk, playing with heirloom +toys, and calling them by obsolete names, but a smart little cockney, born +and bred in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, where, no doubt, there were +gig-whipping brats plenty. In the crowded state of your columns, you would +not thank me for enlarging on the top-_hic_, or I should really feel +disposed to enter into a dissertation on the nature and characteristic +differences of whipping-tops, humming-tops, peg-tops, and gigs. As to the +latter, it certainly occurs to me, now that the question is raised, that I +have not seen such a thing for a long time; though I fancy _gigs_ lying in +the shop-windows, as they did at a period when I was more likely to observe +them; and if they have become so far forgotten, it may be worth while, for +the sake of Shakspeare, to say that they were generally (as far as I +remember always) made of horn; and therefore, when Holofernes says "Go, +whip thy gig" (which means just the same as Mr. Oldbuck's "Sew your +sampler, monkey!"), Moth replies, "Lend me your _horn_ to make one, and I +will whip about your infamy _circum circa_; a gig of a cuckold's horn!" It +is enough to add that the gig was made of the tip of the horn, and looked, +while spinning, like an inverted extinguisher. It was hollow, but my +impression is that there was sometimes lead at the bottom of the inside. +Even with the ballast, it was a ticklish, volatile, kickety thing, much +more difficult to set up and to keep up than the sober whipping-top, and +bearing somewhat the same relation to one in bulk and motion, {284} that a +ship's gig may do to herself, or a gig on land to a coach. As to Gig Hill, +however, unless it has a conical top, some other explanation must be +sought. + +N. B. + + [C., E. H., and numerous other correspondents, have also kindly replied + to this Query.] + +_Epigram against Burke_ (Vol. iii., P. 243.).-- + + "Oft have I heard that ne'er on Irish ground, + A poisonous reptile ever yet was found; + Nature, though slow, will yet complete her work, + She has saved her venom to create a Burke." + +The author of these lines was Warren Hastings himself; his private +secretary (Mr. Evans) sat by his side during the trial, and saw him write +the above. My authority is a niece of Mr. Evans, who formed one of her +uncle's family at the period of the trial. + +N. M. + +_Engraved Portrait_ (Vol. iii., p. 209.).--This is the portrait of Samuel +Clarke, the ejected minister of Bennet Fink, London. I have three +impressions of this engraving now before me. Two of these are in an +illustrated Granger, and are in different states, the earlier one having no +shading in the background. The third copy is prefixed to-- + + "A Collection of the Lives of Ten Eminent Divines, Famous in their + Generations for Learning, Prudence, Piety, and painfuless in the work + of the Ministry, &c. By Sa. Clarke, Preacher of the Gospel in St. + Bennet Fink, London, 1662." 4to. + +Very likely the same plate had been previously used for some other of +Clarke's numerous publications. At the end of the verses beneath the +portrait, my copies have "P.V.A.M. _fecit_," which, I suppose, are the +initials of Peter Vinke. + +JOHN I. DREDGE. + +A full and interesting account of this worthy divine is given in _Granger_, +vol. v. p. 73.; and the quatrain will be found annexed to a brief account +of the same portrait in Ames's _English Heads_, p. 43. + +J. F. Y. + +_Salgado's Slaughter-house_ (Vol. ii., p. 358.).--Your correspondent asks, +Who was Salgado? and his question has not yet, I believe, been answered. +James Salgado, whose name does not appear in any biographical dictionary, +though it deserves to do, and whose pieces are unnoticed in Peck's +Catalogue, though they should certainly not have been omitted, was a +Spanish priest, who renounced the Roman Catholic belief, and was imprisoned +by the Inquisition, and after undergoing many sufferings made his escape to +England in the latter part of the reign of Charles II. His history is +contained in _An Account of his Life and Sufferings_, in a 4to. tract in my +possession, entitled, _A Confession of Faith of James Salgado, a Spaniard, +and sometimes a Priest in the Church of Rome_, London, 1681, 4to. Watt and +Lowndes both notice some of his pieces, but their lists are very imperfect, +and do not comprise the tract, of which your correspondent gives the title, +and which is also in my possession, and several others which I have noted +in my copy of my _Confession_, but which it is perhaps unnecessary to +enumerate here. + +JAMES CROSSLEY. + +_Mathew's (not Ma_tt_hew's) Mediterranean Passage_ (Vol. iii., p. 240.).--I +have a copy of this work, and shall have pleasure in forwarding it to +MERCURII for perusal, if he will address a note to me, which the publisher +of "NOTES AND QUERIES" will forward. + +NIBOR. + +Oxford, March 29. 1851. + +_The Mitre and the "Cloven Tongues"_ (Vol. iii., p. 146.).--My attention +has just been directed to the remark of your correspondent L. M. M. R., who +adduces the miracle of the "cloven tongues as of fire" as having supplied +the form of the mitre. + +This is an old explanation; but your correspondent does not appear to be +aware that "cloven" has been rejected by high classical authority, as not +being a correct interpretation of the word [Greek: diamerizomenai]. The +exact translation is, "And tongues as of fire appeared, being distributed +to them." The same verb is used in the passage, "They _parted_ my garments +among them,"--parted or distributed--the exact equivalent. + +It appears to me that the translators have here made an extraordinary +blunder. They have, I think, mistaken [Greek: diamźrizō] for [Greek: +diamerizō]. For the peculiar meaning of the former verb I beg to refer +those who have not observed it, to Liddell and Scott's _Lexicon_. The +substitution of a letter here ([eta] for [epsilon]) would give to the +Scripture term a significance, which, though analogous to that of the +current translation, is immeasurably distant from the exact interpretation. + +HUGHES FRAZER HALLE. + +Chudleigh, March 24. 1851. + +_Slums_ (Vol. iii., p. 224.).--This word is, I take it, an Americanism, +being an abbreviation of _settlements_. + +The _back settlements_ and _back slums_ are used synonymously. + +D. Q. + +"_God's Acre_" (Vol. ii., p. 56.).--On looking back to some of your old +numbers I find W. H. K. has never been answered with regard to the above +application of the term to churchyards. Longfellow (Liverpool edition, +1850, p. 36.) commences one of his poems thus: + + "I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls + The burial-ground _God's Acre_. It is just; + It consecrates each grave within its walls, + And breathes a benison o'er the sleeping dust." + +Whether this may be any help to W. H. K., I know not, but I cannot refrain +from the Query--What is the Saxon phrase alluded to? + +W. H. P. + +{285} + +_Wages in the last Century_ (Vol. iii., p. 143.).--I have a note on this +subject which is at A. A.'s service, extracted from the _Gentleman's +Magazine_ for May 1732, vol. ii p. 771.:-- + + "WAGES (YEARLY) appointed by the Justices, A.D. 1732, to be taken by + the Servants in the County of Kent. + + £ s. d. + Head Ploughman, Waggoner, or Seedsman 8 0 0 + His Mate 4 0 0 + Best Woman Servant 3 0 0 + Second Sort 2 0 0 + Second Ploughman 6 0 0 + His Mate 3 0 0 + Labourers by the Day, in Summer 0 1 2 + Ditto, in Winter 0 1 0 + + _County of Gloucester._ + + Head Servant in Husbandry 5 0 0 + Second Servant 4 0 0 + Driving Boy under 14 Years 1 0 0 + Head Maid Servant in Dairy, and Cook 2 10 0 + Second Maid Servant 2 0 0 + Mower in Hay Harvest, without Drink, + per Day 0 1 2 + With Drink, per Day 0 1 0 + Mower and Reaper in Corn Harvest, with + Diet, per Day 0 1 0 + Other Day labourer, from Corn to Hay + Harvest, with Drink only, per Day 0 0 8 + With Diet, per Day 0 0 4 + Without Diet or Drink, per Day 0 0 10 + Carpenter, Wheelwright, and Mason, without + Drink, per Day 0 1 2 + With Drink, per Day 0 1 0." + +I send the note as I have it in my commonplace book; but I should think +that the periodical from which the above is extracted, contains much that +would suit A. A.'s purpose. + +E. S. TAYLOR. + +Martham, Norfolk. + +_Tradesmen's Signs_ (Vol. iii., p. 224.).--The _projecting_ signs over +tradesmen's shop-doors were removed under the London Paving Act, 6 Geo. +III. c. 26. s. 17. In the _Percy History of London_, i. 179., the act is +erroneously said to have been passed in 1762. From Malcolm's _Anecdotes of +London_, pp. 468, 469., it seems that the clause in question was inserted +in the act in consequence of inquiries by a committee appointed by the +Court of Common Council in 1764. _Mr. Peter Cunningham_, in the "London +Occurrences" prefixed to his _Handbook for London_, says: "1766. The +house-signs of London taken down." + +No doubt the existing Metropolitan Paving Acts contain clauses which will +prevent tradesmen from again putting up _projecting signs_. + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge. + +_Standfast's Cordial Comforts, &c._ (Vol. iii., p. 143.).--ABHBA will find +in a catalogue of curious books published by G. Bumstead, 205. High +Holborn, an early edition of Standfast. It is described thus: + + "Standfast (R.), A Little Handful of Cordial Comforts, and a Caveat + against Seducers; with the Blind Man's Meditations, and a Dialogue + Between a Blind Man and Death, 12mo. 1684." + +This may assist ABHBA in his researches. + +Z. + +_St. Pancras_ (Vol. ii., p. 496.).--Your correspondent MR. YEOWELL asks +where C. J. Smith's collection of MSS., cuttings and prints, &c. relating +to the parish of St. Pancras, are deposited? It is in the library of +Richard Percival, Esq., 9. Highbury Park, Islington. + +Can any of your readers give an account of St. Pancras? He was martyred May +12, 304. + +R. + + [Has our correspondent looked at the _Calendar of the Anglican Church_, + lately published by Parker of Oxford? A brief notice of St. Pancras + will be found on p. 274. of that useful little work.] + +_Lines on "Woman's Will"_ (Vol. i., p. 247.).--Although somewhat late in +the day, I send you the following paragraph from the _Examiner_ of May 31, +1829: + + "_Woman's Will._--The following lines (says a correspondent of the + _Brighton Herald_) were copied from the pillar erected on the Mount in + the Dane-John Field, formerly called the Dungeon Field, Canterbury: + + 'Where is the man who has the power and skill + To stem the torrents of a woman's will? + For if she will, she will, you may depend on't, + And if she won't, she won't so there's an end on't."' + +H. C. + +Workington. + +_Scandal against Queen Elizabeth_ (Vol. ii., p. 393.; Vol. iii., p. +11.).--In _Hubback on the Evidence of Succession_, p. 253, after some +remarks on the word "natural," not of itself in former times denoting +illegitimacy, this passage occurs: + + "But as early as the time of Elizabeth the word _natural_, standing + alone, had acquired something of its present meaning. The Parliament, + in debating upon the act establishing the title to the crown in the + Queen's issue, thought it proper to alter the words 'issue lawfully + begotten,' into 'natural-born issue,' conceiving the latter to be a + more delicate phrase. But this created a suspicion among the people, + that the Queen's favourite, Leicester, intended after her death to set + up some bastard of his own, pretending it was born of her, and bred up + privately."--Duke of Buckingham _On Treasons_, cited Amos's + _Fortescue_, p. 154. + +J. H. L. + +_Coggeshall Job_ (Vol. iii., p. 167.).--Does J. C. allude to the tradition +that the Coggeshall people placed hurdles in the stream to turn the river, +and chained up the wheelbarrow when the mad dog bit it? + +J. H. L. + +_Whale caught at Greenwich before the Death of Cromwell_ (Vol. iii., p. +207.).--B. B. wishes a record {286} of the capture of a whale at Greenwich, +immediately previous to Cromwell's death. I take leave to inform him that, +in a tract entitled _A Catalogue of natural Rarities, with great Industry, +Cost and thirty Years' Travel in foreign Countries collected, by Robert +Hubert, alias Forges, Gent., and sworn Servant to his Majesty. And Dayly to +be seen at the Place called the Musick House, at the Miter, near the West +End of St. Paul's Church_, 1664, there is the following item:-- + + "The vein of the tongue of that whale that was taken up at Greenwich, a + little before Cromwell's death." + +W. PINKERTON. + +Ham. + +_Fronte Capillatā, &c._ (Vol. iii., pp. 8. 43. 124.).--The following lines +from Tasso's _Amore Fuggitivo_ contain the same figure as the Latin quoted +above: + + "Crespe hą le chiome e d'oro, + E in quella guisa appunto, + Che Fortuna si pinge + Ha lunghi e folti in sulla fronte i crini; + Ma nuda hą poi la testa + Agli opposti confini." + +ROBERT SNOW. + +The lines quoted by your correspondent are from Peacock's "Headlong Hall," +and are imitated from Machiavelli's "Capitolo dell' Occasione." The whole +air stands thus; the second stanza differing slightly from the version +given by MR. BURT. The lines are very pretty, at least in my opinion. + + "LOVE AND OPPORTUNITY. + + "Oh! who art thou, so swiftly flying? + My name is Love, the child replied; + Swifter I pass than south-winds sighing, + Or streams through summer vales that glide. + And who art thou, his flight pursuing? + 'Tis cold Neglect whom now you see: + The little god you there are viewing, + Will die, if once he's touched by me. + + "Oh! who art thou so fast proceeding, + Ne'er glancing back thine eyes of flame? + Mark'd but by few, through earth I'm speeding, + And Opportunity's my name. + What form is that which scowls beside thee? + Repentance is the form you see: + Learn then, the fate may yet betide thee. + She seizes them who seize not me." + +W. R. M. + +_John Sanderson, or the Cushion-dance_ (Vol. ii., p. 517.).--Though I am +unable to answer your correspondent Mac's inquiry as to the antiquity of +this dance, it may interest him as well as others of the readers of "NOTES +AND QUERIES" to know, that when Walpole made up his mind to abandon his +Excise bill (which met with a still fiercer opposition out of doors than in +the House of Commons), he signified his intention to a party of his +adherents at the supper-table, by quoting the first line of the +accompanying song:-- + + "This dance it will no further go!"[7] + +This, at least, shows the popularity of this dance in the reign of George +II. + +H. C. + +Workington. + +[Footnote 7: This occurred in the year 1733.] + +_George Steevens and William Stevens_ (Vol. iii, p. 230.).--The late Sir +J. A. Park wrote _Memoirs of William Stevens_, the Treasurer of Queen +Anne's Bounty, and the biographer of Jones of Nayland. As little +resemblance must have existed between this gentleman and "the Puck of +commentators," George Steevens, as between the two Harveys: + + "The one invented Sauce for Fish + The other Meditations." + +J. H. M. + +_Memoirs of Stevens_ by the late Sir James Allan Park have been published, +and are well worth reading; but this Stevens was not George Steevens, the +Shakespearian commentator, but William, Treasurer of Queen Anne's Bounty, +one of the most meek and humble minded of men. + + "He was inferior to none in profound knowledge, and steady practice of + the doctrines and discipline of the Church of England; austere to + himself alone, charitable and indulgent towards others, he attracted + the young by the cheerfulness of his temper, and the old by the + sanctity of his life." + +MISS BOCKETT should not confound such a holy character with George +Steevens. + +E. H. + +_Memoirs of George Steevens, Esq., F.R.S. and F.S.A._ (Vol. iii., p. +119.).--In answer to A. Z. it may be stated that a brief memoir of Mr. +Steevens was given in Nichols's _Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth +Century_, Vol. ii. p. 680.; further anecdotes, and some of his letters, in +vol. v. of Nichols's _Literary Illustrations_; and further letters (his +correspondence with Dr. Percy, Bishop of Dromore), in vol. vii. of the +latter work; besides many incidental notices, which will be found by +reference to the indexes. On the last occasion a copy of his portrait by +Dance, was attached; and in vol. v. of the _Literary Illustrations_ is an +engraving of his monument by Flaxman, in Poplar Chapel. + +N. + +_Tradescant_ (Vol. iii., p. 119.).--At what period the elder Tradescant +came into England is not with certainty known, but it is supposed to have +been about the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, or the beginning of that of +James I. He obtained the title of _Royal Gardener_ circa 1629. + +It may not be superfluous to mention (on the authority of Allen's _History +of Lambeth_, p. 142.) that formerly the three following lines were on the +monument in Lambeth churchyard, until its {287} reparation by public +subscription in 1773, when they were left out: + + "This monument was erected at the charge of _Hester Tradescant_, the + relict of _John Tradescant_, late deceased, who was buried the 25th of + April, 1662." + +ALFRED W. H. + +Kennington. + +_Origin of Harlequins_ (Vol. iii., p. 165.).--Your correspondent and +querist E. L. N. wishes for an account of the Origin of Harlequins. I beg +to refer E. L. N. to an account of the Hellequines, or "La Mesnie +Hellequin," given by M. Paul Paris, in his work on the _Manuscripts +Franēois de la Bib. du Roi_, vol. i. p. 322. M. Paris says: + + "On donnoit ce nom (Hellequines) ą des espčces de feux follets ou + génies plutōt malfaisants que favorables, et plutōt moqueurs que + malfaisants.... L'origine de la tradition de la Mesnie Hellequin se + perd dans l'obscurité des temps. On l'entendoit surtout bruire dans les + environs de la ville d'_Arles_.... J'ignore la premičre origine de + cette locution; mais ce qui me semble incontestable, c'est qu'on + confondit facilement la Mesnie Hellequin avec celle '_de la Mort_,' + famille bariolée de rouge et de noir, et dont le manteau de cérémonie + devoit źtre un grand pan de toile ou linceul. Déją le lecteur a devancé + la conséquence qu'il faut tirer de tout cela; la Mesnie Hellequin, + partie nécessaire des cortéges effrayants ou grotesques dans le + moyen-āge, est devenue insensiblement, sous la main des arrangeurs, + notre _famille d'Arlequin_. Le costume bariolé d'Arlequin n'est rien + autre que le fantastique costume du représentant de la Mort.... Et, si + ce que je viens de dire est fondé, on ne répčtera plus aprčs Ménage + (Gilles), que le mot _Arlequin_ fut pris d'abord, sur la fin du XVI + sičcle, par un certain bouffon italien que le Président _Harlay_ avoit + accueilli. Il est certain que le mot _Arlequin_ se trouve + trčs-anciennement dans un grand nombre de mystčres. + + "'Numquid me velis,' ecrivoit Jean Raulin, mort en 1514, 'antiquam + illam familiam Harlequini, revocare, ut videatur mortuus inter mundanę + curię nebulas et caligines equitare?'" + +By the above extracts, which I fear you will find too long, harlequinades +would seem rather to be derived from the wanton pranks of sprites than the +coarse gambols of buffoons; and this derivation would certainly best agree +with the accepted character of the modern harlequin. + +H. C. C. + +"_Predeceased_" and "_Designed_" (Vol. iii., p. 143.).--The former word is +used in an active sense by Shakspeare, in his "Rape of Lucrece:" + + "If children _predecease_ progenitors, + We are their offspring, and they none of ours." + +"Designed," in the sense of "designated," is employed by Locke: + + "'Tis not enough to make a man a subject, to convince him that there is + regal power in the world; but there must be ways of _designing_ and + knowing the person to whom the regal power of right belongs." + +COWGILL. + +"_Quadrijugis invectus equis," &c._ (Vol. ii., p. 391.).--These lines, in +which "veriis" and "antesolat" are, of course, misprints for "variis" and +"antevolat," apply with such peculiar exactness to Guido's celebrated +Aurora, at the Rospigliosi Palace, that I cannot but think the painting has +given rise to the lines. Besides, in the ancient mythology, the Horę are +said to be _three_ in number, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, and one of +their offices was harnessing the horses of the Sun. It is unlikely, +therefore, that any classic author would mention them as being seven in +number. + +C. I. R. + +_St. John's Bridge Fair_ (Vol. iii., p. 88.).--Perhaps in the county of +Northampton, and in the city of Peterborough, where a fair, commencing +October 2d, is still called "Bridge Fair." The parish church of +Peterborough is dedicated to St. John Baptist; but a fair on the saint's +day would be too near the other, and probably more ancient fair, which is +held on old St. Peter's Day, to whom the cathedral church is dedicated. + +ARUN. + +_Anticipations of Modern Ideas by Defoe_ (Vol. iii., pp. 137. 195.).--It is +a singular fact, to which I do not remember a reference has hitherto been +made, that Defoe, in his _Life and Adventures of Captain Singleton_, has +foreshadowed the discovery by recent travellers of a great inland lake in +the South of Africa. He describes his adventurous hero and companions, +during their attempt to cross this vast continent from Mozambique to +Angola, as having, on the ninth day of their journey, come in "view of a +great lake of water." + + "The next day," he adds, "which was the tenth from our setting out, we + came to the edge of this lake, and happily for us, we came to it at the + south point of it, for to the north we could see no end of it; so we + passed by it, and travelled three days by the side of it."--_Life, + Adventures, and Piracies of Captain Singleton_, chap. vi. + +According to a rough calculation by one of the party, they were, a few days +before reaching it, 700 miles from the coast of Mozambique, and 1500 from +the Cape of Good Hope. Now Messrs. Murray and Oswell, the enterprising +travellers to whom we owe the discovery of this vast South African lake, +describe it as being in longitude 24° East, latitude 19° South; a position +not very wide apart from that indicated in Defoe's amusing fiction. + +T. C. SMITH. + +_Lord Howard of Effingham_ (Vol. iii., p. 244.).--I submit that the +passages quoted by your correspondent are not sufficient evidence to lead +us to conclude that that nobleman _ever_ was a Protestant. As to the +"neglect of reverence to the Holy Sacrament," it is only said that the +priests might pretend _that_ as a cause; and it is not to be supposed that +an ambassador would so far forget himself as to show any disrespect to the +religion of the {288} prince he was sent to. Besides, it is likely that +Lord Howard was chosen for the embassy as being a Catholic, and therefore +more acceptable to a prince of the same religion. + +2nd. Fuller's words only refer to testimony on a disputed fact, on which +Catholic evidence the effect quoted by him would have peculiar weight. + +3rd. The words to Garnet, who had declared his innocence and abhorrence of +the imputed crime, are such as a Catholic would be most likely to use. + +4th. The word "_our_," in the royal instructions, is the word of form, and +resembles the editorial "_we_." In royal instructions to Mr. Shiel at +Florence, Mr. Wyse at Naples, or Mr. More O'Ferrall at Malta, her Majesty +would use the words "our religion;" would that imply that any or all of +those gentlemen were Protestants? + +After all, Lord Howard may have conformed to the court religion after the +period of the Armada: occasional conformity was frequent at the period. + +KERRIENSIS. + +_Separation of the Sexes in Church_ (Vol. ii., p. 94.; Vol. iii., p. +94.).--In _Collectanea Topographica, &c._, vol. iii. p. 134., is printed +the "Account of the Proctors of the Church of Yeovil, co. Somerset, 36 Hen. +VI. 1457-8." The learned editor says: + + "The first item is remarkable, as affording an instance of seats being + made subject to sale at so early a period;" and proceeds: "it may be + observed that the two sexes must have sat in different parts of the + church, as, with only one exception, the seats are let to other persons + of the same sex as before." + +LLEWELLYN. + +_Separation of the Sexes in Time of Divine Service_ (Vol. ii., p. 94.).--A +proof of the correctness of the remark advanced in this note is afforded by +the practice followed in the little church of Covington, Huntingdonshire, +where a few of the old open seats remain towards the western end, in which +each sex still sits on its proper side, although the custom does not hold +with respect to the pews which some of the farmers and others have erected +for themselves at the eastern end. + +ARUN. + +_Separation of the Sexes at Church._--Many of your correspondents have +taken up the separation of the living at church, but none have alluded to +the dead. I extract the following from a deed of the 34th of Elizabeth:-- + + "But also in the two severall vawtes or towmbes in the sayd chappell, + and in the sowthe syde of the same, and in the wall of the sayd church, + ffor themselves only to bury in; that is to say, in the upper of the + same, standing eastwards, to bury the deade bodyes of the men, being + ancestors of the sayd A. B.; and in the lower, standing westwards, to + bury the deade bodies of the women, being wyves or children female of + his, the said A. B.'s ancestors." + +Perhaps some of your correspondents can tell us whether such separate +vaults were customary? + +_Vox Populi Vox Dei_ (Vol. i., p. 370.).--Your correspondent DANIEL ROCK +states these words to have been chosen by the Archbishop of Canterbury, +Simon Mepham, as his text for the sermon he preached when Edward III. was +called to the throne; and in your Notices to Correspondents, Vol. iii., p. +254., you repeat the statement. + +The prelate by whom the sermon was preached was not Simon Mepham, but his +predecessor, Walter Reynolds, who was Archbishop of Canterbury when the +second Edward was deposed, and when Edward III. was crowned, on February 1, +1327. This Walter Reynolds died on November 16, 1327, and Simon Mepham was +appointed his successor on December 11, 1327. John Toland, in his _Anglia +Libera_, p. 114., has this reference to the sermon which was preached by +the Archbishop Reynolds on the occasion of the king's coronation: + + "To Edward I. succeeded his son Edward II., who growing an intolerable + tyrant, was in a parliament summoned by himself formally accused of + misgovernment, and on his own acknowledging the truth of this charge, + solemnly deposed. When his son, Edward III., was elected with universal + consent, Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury, preached the coronation + sermon, and took these words for his text, "_Vox populi Vox Dei_, the + voice of the people is the voice of God,"--so little did they dream in + those days of the divine right of monarchy, or that all power did not + originally derive from the people, for whom and by whom all governments + are erected and maintained." + +Sir Harris Nicolas in his _Synopsis of the Peerage,_ and Dugdale in his +_Monasticon_, give the name of this Archbishop as Walter Reynolds. Sir +Richard Baker, in his _Chronicle_, describes him as Walter Reginald; and in +Hume's _England_ he is called Walter de Reynel. + +ST. JOHNS. + +_Mazer Wood_ (Vol. iii., p. 239.).--The Querist asks, "Has the word Mazer +any signification in itself?" + +It is used to signify a cup. Vide Walter Scott's _Lord of the Isles_, where +Robert Bruce is speaking: + + "Bring here, he said, the Mazers four, + My noble fathers loved of yore." + +And it is probably derived from the Irish "Maeddher," a standing cup, +generally of _wood_, of a quadrangular form, with a handle on each of the +sides. The puzzle was how to drink out of it, which was done from the +angles. A silver "Maeddher" was presented to Lord Townshend when leaving +Ireland, who puzzled many of his English friends by placing it before them +filled with claret. Uninitiated persons usually attempted to drink from the +flat side, and poured the wine over their clothes. I think another was +presented to Lord Normanby when in Ireland. We see _gutta percha_ {289} +cups and buckets everywhere now-a-days. Perhaps such an utensil might have +been among the dishes, &c. mentioned in the Catalogue of the Tradescant +Museum. + +KERRIENSIS. + + [See a curious note on Mazers, used as large drinking-cups, or goblets, + in Walter Scott's _Poetical Works_, p. 488., edit. 1848.] + +_Traditions from remote Periods through few Hands_ (Vol. iii., p. +237.).--The following facts may not be uninteresting on this subject. + +The late Maurice O'Connell of Derrynane, co. Kerry, died early in 1825, and +would have completed 99 years on the 31st of March in that year. The writer +hereof has heard him tell anecdotes derived from the conversation of Daniel +M^cCarthy, of the same co., who died about 1740, aged at least 108 years. +This Daniel M^cCarthy was commonly known by the nick-name of "Dhonald +Bhin," or "Yellow Dan," and was the first man that ran away from the battle +of Aughrim. There is a short account of him in Smith's _History of Kerry_, +in which he is mentioned as lately deceased. You have thus a period of over +200 years, the traditions of which might be derived through three persons, +the survivor of whom, your correspondent, is but middle aged. I remember +being told in the co. Clare, circiter 1828, of an individual then lately +deceased, who remembered the siege of Limerick by General Ginkle, and the +news of the celebrated treaty of Limerick. It is to be wished that your +readers who reside in, or may visit Ireland, would take an interest in this +subject. I am certain that in remote parts of the country much curious +tradition could be thus brought to light; and it would be interesting to +compare the accounts of great public events, as remembered and handed down +by the peasantry, with those which we take on the faith of historians. + +As relating to this subject, I may refer to the allusion made in page 250. +of the same Number to the Countess of Desmond, who was said to have lived +to so great an age. I have seen the picture alluded to at Glanlearne in +Valencia, the seat of the knight of Kerry; and it must have been taken at a +comparatively early period of life, as the Earl of Desmond was outlawed, +and his estates confiscated, in the reign of Elizabeth. Some record of how +this old lady's jointure was provided for might yet be discovered, and the +period of her decease thus ascertained. + +KERRIENSIS. + +_Latin Epigram on the Duchess of Eboli_ (Vol. iii., p. 208.).--This +beautiful epigram, which C. R. H. has somewhat mutilated even in the two +lines which he gives of it, was written by Jerome Amaltheus, who died in +1574, the year in which Henry III. of France came to the throne; so that it +is unlikely at least that the "Amor" was meant for Mangirow, his "minion." +In the edition of the poems of the three brothers Amalthei, which I +possess, and which was printed at Amsterdam in 1689, the epigram runs-- + + "DE GEMELLIS FRATRE ET SORORE LUSCIS. + + "Lumine Acon, dextro, capta est Leonilla sinistro, + Et potis est forma vincere uterque Deos. + Blande puer, lumen, quod habes concede _puellę_, + Sic tu cęcus Amor, sic erit illa Venus." + +I have seen it thus translated: + + "One eye is closed to each in rayless night, + Yet each has beauty fit the gods to move, + Give, Acon, give to Leonill _thy_ light, + She will be Venus, and thou sightless Love." + +The relationship between the Duchess of Eboli and Mangirow I do not +remember. Were they brother and sister? or was she ever known as Leonilla? + +Among Jerome Amaltheus's other epigrams I find several about this "Acon;" +and one, entitled "De duabus Amicis," begins-- + + "Me _lętis Leonilla oculis_, me _Lydia torvis_ + Aspicit." + +The mistress of Philip II. (who here, by the by, seems to have recovered +her lost eye) would hardly have been the mistress of an Italian poet. + +H. A. B. + +Trin. Coll. Cam. + +"_Harry Parry, when will you marry_" (Vol. iii., p. 207.).--E. H. has +omitted the last line, which, however, is well known. May it not have the +same meaning as the lines in the "Marquis de Carabas" of Béranger: + + "Et tous vos tendrons, + Subiront l'honneur + Du droit du seigneur?" + +The nursery rhyme may have been sung to the young Baron to teach him his +feudal privileges, as the lines-- + + "Hot corn, baked pears, + Kick nigger down stairs," + +are used to inculcate the rights of a white man on the minds of infant +cotton planters in the Southern States. + +J. H. L. + +_Visions of Hell_ (Vol. iii., p. 70.).--In solving the Query propounded by +F. R. A. as to "whether Bunyan was the author of the _Visions_?" it is very +necessary that all the editions should be known of and collated. I have one +not yet referred to, styled _The Visions of John Bunyan, being his last +Remains, giving an Account of the Glories of Heaven, the Terrors of Hell, +and of the World to come_, London, printed and sold by J. Hollis, Shoemaker +Row, Blackfriars, pp. 103., with an address to the reader, subscribed "thy +soul's well-wisher, John Bunyan," without date. "Thomas Newby, of Epping, +Essex," is written in it; he might have been only the first owner of the +book, which was certainly published before the year 1828 or 20, but I +should say not much earlier. + +BLOWEN. + +{290} + +_"Laus tua non tua Fraus," &c._ (Vol. i., p. 416.). _Verse +Lyon._--Puttenham's _Arte of English Poesie_, published in 1589, contains +an earlier allusion to this epigram than any of those mentioned by your +correspondents at Vol. ii., p. 77., and assigns to Pope Alexander [Qy. VI.] +the doubtful honour of being the subject of it. The passage is at p. 11., +and is as follows:-- + + "Another of their pretie inuentions was to make a verse of such wordes + as lay their nature and manner of construction and situation might be + turned backward word by word, and make another perfit verse, but of + quite contrary sence, as the gibing monke that wrote of Pope Alexander + these two verses: + + 'Laus tua non tua fraus, virtue non copia rerum, + Scandere te faciunt hoc decus eximium:' + + which if ye will turne backward, they make two other good verses, but + of a contrary sence, thus: + + 'Eximium decus hoc faciunt te scandere, rerum + Copia, non virtus, fraus tua, non tua laus;' + + and they call it _Verse Lyon_." + +Query, Why? and where else is Verse Lyon alluded to? + +J. F. M. + + [Is not "_Verse Lyon_" Puttenham's translation of _Leonine Verse_?] + +_Passage from Cymbeline_ (Vol. ii., p. 135.).-- + + "Some jay of Italy, + Whose mother was her _painting_, hath betrayed him."--Act III. Sc. 4. + +The word _painting_ (your correspondent's stumbling-block) evidently means +resemblance--resemblance of character, and as such exactly corresponds to +the German word _Ebenbild_, an image or painting, which is used in the same +sense; _e.g._ _Sie hat das Ebenbild ihres Mutters_, "She is the very image +of her mother." + +CRANMORE. + +Rue de Cerf, 6. Brussels. + +_Engraved Warming-pans_ (Vol. iii., pp. 84. 115.).--As an earlier instance +of this custom, it may be worth notice that I have one which was purchased +some years ago at the village of Whatcote in Warwickshire; it is engraved +with a dragon, and the date 1601. I think it probable that it originally +came from Compton Wyniatt, the ancient seat of the Earls [now Marquis] of +Northampton; the supporters of the Compton family being dragons, and +Whatcote being the next village to Compton Wyniatt. + +SPES. + +_Symbolism of the Fir-cone_ (Vol. i., p. 247.).--The Fir-cone on the +Thyrsus--a practice very general throughout Greece, but which is very +prevalent at Athens, may perhaps, in some degree, account for the connexion +of the Fir-cone (surmounting the Thyrsus) with the worship of Bacchus. +Incisions are made in the fir-trees for the purpose of obtaining the +turpentine, which distils copiously from the wound. This juice is mixed +with the new wine in large quantities; the Greeks supposing that it would +be impossible to keep it any length of time without this mixture. The wine +has in consequence a very peculiar taste, but is by no means unpleasant +after a little use. This, as we learn from Plutarch, was an ancient custom +(_Sympos. Quęst._ iii. and iv. p. 528. edn. Wytten); the Athenians, +therefore, might naturally have placed the Fir-cone in the hands of +Bacchus. ("Lord Aberdeen's Journals," Appendix to Walpole's _Memoirs of +Turkey, &c._, vol. i. p. 605.) + +F. B. RELTON. + +_Dr. Robert Thomlinson_ (Vol. i., p. 350.).--The gentleman who is very +anxious for the communication of any matter illustrative of the life of the +doctor, his family, &c., will find considerable useful and interesting +information relating to him, his widow, and brother, by referring to the +under-mentioned _Reports from the Commissioners for inquiring concerning +Charities_: + +5th Report, pages 67. 69.; 23rd Report, pages 56. 450.; 31st Report, pages +754. 757. + +There is a slight allusion to the doctor in the _Returns of Corporate +Offices and Charitable Funds, &c._, p. 375. + +H. EDWARDS. + +_Touching for the Evil_ (Vol. iii., p. 93.).--St. Thomas Aquinas refers the +practice of touching for the evil by French kings to _Clovis_. See a work +published in 1633, by Simon Favoul, entitled, _Du Pouvoir que les Rois de +France ont de guérir les Ecrouelles_; also a work by Du Laurens, entitled, +_De Mirabili Strumas sanandi vi, regibus Galliarum Christianis divinitus +concessa, libri duo_, Paris, 1609, in 8vo. + +Edward the Confessor is said to have been the first English king who +touched for the evil. Consequently the English can hardly be said to have +owed their supposed power to their pretensions to the crown of France. + +E. J. R. + + [We are indebted to MR. J. B. DITCHFIELD and MR. JOSEPH SULLEY for very + elaborate notices of the custom of the French kings touching for the + evil; but the principal facts contained in those communications have + already been laid before our readers by MR. COOPER (Vide No. 69. p. + 148. et seq.)] + +_Drax Free School_ (Vol. ii., p. 199.).--It appears by the will of Charles +Read, dated July 30, 1669, that that gentleman had at his own charge +erected a school-house at Drax, which he designed for a free school, and +for the habitation of a schoolmaster, to instruct the children of the +inhabitants of that parish gratis, to read, write, and cast accounts, and +in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, as occasion should require; and that he had +erected six almshouses at Drax, for six aged and impotent people at that +parish, and the lodgment of six poor boys; and for the support and +maintenance of the said school, master, alms people, and poor boys, he +directed his executors to lay out 2000l. in {291} the purchase of freehold +land of 120l. per annum in or near Drax, to be conveyed to trustees to let +such land at the best improved rent, for the purposes and uses mentioned in +his will; and he appointed the lord mayor and aldermen of York, visitors of +the school and almshouses. + +At the time of the inquiry by the charity commissioners, the estates +purchaser in pursuance of the directions of Mr. Read's will amounted to 391 +acres of land, let at 542l. per annum, and there was an accumulation of +stock of 12,700l. in the Three per Cents, the whole income being 924l. 9s. +6d. per annum. + +MR. DYSON will find a copious account of this school, &c., in the following +Reports of the Commissioners: XXI. p. 598.; XXXII. part 2d. p. 828.; and +the latter gives a full detail of proceedings in Chancery, and other +matters connected with the administration of the trust. + +HENRY EDWARDS. + +_Enigmatical Epitaph on the Rev. John Mawer_ (Vol. iii., pp. 184. +248.).--Perhaps it may be of service to J. H. to know that _Arthur +Llewellyn Tudor Kaye Mawer_, referred to by J. T. A., was a short time ago +an assistant bookseller at Oxford, and may be heard of by addressing a line +to Mr. Vincent, Herald Office, or Mr. Wheeler, bookseller, Oxford. + +NIBOR. + +_Treatise by Engelbert, Archbishop of Treves_ (Vol. i., p. 214.).--MR. +SANSON may probably find the information he desires in the reprint of +Bishop Cosin's _History of Popish Transubstantiation_, London, 1840, in +which the references are verified, and the quotations given in full length. + +T. J. + +_King John at Lincoln_ (Vol. iii., p. 141.).--There is no question of Matt. +Paris alluding here to the old prophecy which forbade a king's wearing his +crown in Lincoln, or, as some think, even entering the city. Although he +makes John the first to break through the superstition, yet the same is +attributed to his predecessor Stephen, who is described by H. Huntingdon as +entering the city fearlessly--"prohibentibus quibusdam superstitiosis." +This was after the great disasters of Stephen's reign; but as the +succession eventually departed from his line, Lord Lyttleton observes that +the citizens might nevertheless be strengthened in their credulity; and +Henry II. certainly humoured it so far as to wear his crown only in the +suburb of Wigford. John seems to have been very partial to the place, and +visited it repeatedly, as did many of his successors. Many parallel +superstitions might, no doubt, be gathered, as that of Oxford, and +Alexander the Great at Babylon, &c. + +B. + +Lincoln. + +_Haybands in Seals_ (Vol. iii., p. 186.).--In your paper for March 8. I +observe a Query by MR. M. A. LOWER respecting seals. It appears that MR. +LOWER has in his possession one or two seals, temp. Henry VII., which are +impressed on haybands, that is to say, the wax is encircled by a twisted +wisp of hay, or split straw; and, if I rightly understand MR. LOWER, no +device is apparent on the wax, but some ends of the hay or straw protrude +from the surface of it. Under these circumstances MR. LOWER states his +opinion that such seals belonged to medięval gentlemen who occupied their +time in fattening stock,--simply graziers. + +It may be interesting to some of your correspondents, and especially to MR. +LOWER, to know that a few seals, both pendent and impressed on the +parchment itself, within haybands, may be found of as early a date as the +reign of Edward II. From that time the fashion become very prevalent: in +the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., and, indeed, +down to the period of Elizabeth, it was the common practice to secure the +wax impression in this manner. Almost all the impressions of the Privy Seal +of Henry V., called "the Eagle," are made on haybands. It is needless to +give further examples, as they must be well known to all antiquaries who +have studied the history of seals. It is not from the examination of a few +specimens of early seals that a general conclusion is to be rationally +drawn; and it is to be hoped that MR. LOWER may, even yet, be induced to +abandon his singular theory of graziers' seals. + +T. HUDSON TURNER. + +If your correspondents on this subject will refer to the first volume of +_Kalendars and Inventories of his Majesty's Exchequer_, published by the +Commissioners of Public Records, they will find in the Introduction, +written by Sir Francis Palgrave, at page cxlvii., a fac-simile +representation of a letter upon paper from James IV. of Scotland to Henry +VII., dated July 12, 1502, showing the seal encircled by a rush ring. At +page cxxxvii. it is stated that in the fifteenth century a rush ring +surrounding the fragile wax was not unfrequently used for the purpose of +preserving it. + +S. S. S. + +_Aver_ (Vol. iii., pp. 42. 157.).--Spelman, in his _Glossary_, derives +_averia_ from _averare_ pro laborare. _Averare_ he derives from the French +_ouvre_ and _ouvrage_, "vel potius a Latino _operare_, _o_ et _p_, ut +solent, in _a_ et _u_, conversis." "Hence," he says, "our ancestors called +beasts of burden _averia_, and the Scotch called them _avaria_." In +Northumberland, he elsewhere adds, "they call a lazy, sluggish horse 'a +faulse aver,' or 'afer.'" + +_Averum_ signified goods and chattels, and personal property in general, +and, in this sense, is derived from the French _avoir_. It also signified +the royal treasure, as appears from the following extract front the will of +Philip Augustus, sub anno {292} 1190. After directing his rents, services, +and oblations to be brought annually to Paris, he adds-- + + "In receptionibus averi nostri, Adam clericus noster presens erit, et + eas scribet, et singuli habeant singulas claves de singulis archis in + quibus reponetur averum nostrum in templo." + +The following story, which illustrates P.'s Query, is told by Blackstone:-- + + "Sir Thomas More (when a student on his travels) is said to have + puzzled a pragmatic professor at Bruges, who gave a universal challenge + to dispute with any person in any science: in omni scibili, et de + quolibet ente. Upon which Mr. More sent him this question, 'Utrum + averia carucę, capta in vetito namio, sint irreplegibilia, Whether + beasts of the plough, taken in withernam, are incapable of being + replevied:'" + +--a question likely enough to pose any man except an English lawyer. + +CUDYN GWYN. + +_Aver_ or _Aiver_ is a word in common use in the south of Scotland for a +_horse_. In Burns's poem entitled "The Dream," there is this couplet: + + "Yet aft a ragged cowte's been known + To mak a noble aiver." + +J. SS. + +_Aver_ (Vol. iii., p. 42.).--Your correspondents G. M. and D. 2. are at +cross purposes. The latter is unquestionably right in his opinion about +_haver cake_, _haver_ in that instance being the German _Hafer_, Sw. +_Havre_, &c., as held by Brockett (_North Country Words_) and Carr (_Craven +Glossary_). But _aver_, _averium_, on which G. M. descants, is altogether a +different word. As D. 2. requires the authority of a dictionary, allow me +to refer him to Lacombe, _Dictionnaire du vieux Langage Franēois_, where he +will find: + + "AVOIRS, animaux domestiques de la basse cour." + "AVERLANDS, marchand de chevaux." + +And in the second, or supplementary volume of the same work: + + "'AVERS,' bestiaux qui nantissent une ferme ą la campagne." + +See also Jamieson (_Scottish Dictionary_): + + "AVER, a cart-horse." + +A suggestion may also be gathered from Webster under AVERAGE. + +F. S. Q. + +In the _Chronicle of Jocelyn de Brakelond_, at p. 29. of Tomlins's +translation, mention is made of one Beodric, + + "Lord of that town, whose demesne lands are now in the demesne of the + Cellarer. And that which is now called _Averland_ was the land of the + rustics." + +Again, at p. 30.: + + The Cellarer was used freely to take all the dung-hills in every + street, for his own use, unless it were before the doors of those who + were holding _averland_; for to _them only_ was it allowable to collect + dung and to keep it." + +To this a note is appended to the effect that + + "Averland seems to have been ancient arable land so called, held by + rustic drudges and villans." + +At p. 29. the said Cellarer is stated + + To have _aver-peni_, to wit, for each thirty acres two pence."[8] + +Roquefort, in his _Glossaire de la Langue Romane_, gives _Aver_, from +_avoir_: "Bestiaux qui nantissent une ferme de campagne;" and _Avč_, "un +troupeau de brebis," from _ovis_. + +Raynouard, in the _Nouveau Choix des Poésies des Troubadours_, vol. ii., +which commences the _Lexique Roman_, derives "Aver" also from _Avoir_; to +signify possession generally I take it. 2dly, Troupeau, + + "E play mi quan li corredor + Fan las gens e 'ls _avers_ fugir." + ("Et il me plaīt quand les coureurs + Font fuir les gens et les troupeaux.") + + _Bertrand de Born, Be m Play._ + +Barbazan, in his short _Glossary_, derives the word from _Avarus_. + +H. C. C. + +[Footnote 8: "Averpenny was a sum paid as a composition for certain rustic +services."] + +I would inform D. 2. and others (Vol. iii., p. 42.) that _aver_, or +_haver-cake_, which he states to be the name applied in North Yorkshire to +the thin oat-cake in use there, is evidently derived from the Scandinavian +words, _Hafrar_, _Havre_, _Hafre_, oats. + +G. E. R. GORDON. + +Stockholm. + +"_The Sword Flamberg_" (Vol. iii., p. 168.)--AN ENGLISH MOTHER is informed +that "Flamberge," or "Floberge," is the name of the sword won in battle +from the Saracen admiral Anthenor by Mangis d'Aygremont, the hero of the +romance of that name. Ancient swords were frequently "flamboyant," or with +waved edges; more especially those used for purposes of state. The Dukes of +Burgundy bore a two-handed sword of this form. Indeed, "flaming swords," as +they were called, were worn down to the time of our Charles II., and +perhaps later. It is rather singular that the ordinary synonyma for a sword +should be "brand." The name of the weapon taken from King Bucar by the Cid +was "Tizona," or the Fire-brand. + +The flamboyant type may possibly be of Eastern origin. The krisses of the +Malays, at the present day have serpentine blades. + +W. J. BERNHARD SMITH. + +Temple. + +_Cockade_ (Vol. iii., pp. 7. 196.).--The _cockade_ was simply the knot of +the riband that served to _cock_ the broad flapped hat worn by military men +in the seventeenth century, and which in fine weather, or going into +action, &c., they used to _cock_, by means of hooks, laces, and ribands. We +see still in the {293} cocked-hats of coachmen and beadles, the traces of +these old ligaments. Hence the phrase to _cock one's hat_. Let me add one +or two remarks on other points of dress arising out of old military habits. +In old times coats were of the shape we now call frocks, and _lined_ +throughout, generally with a different colour from the outside. When a +person in one of these coats was going about any active work, and +particularly into fight, he doubled back his sleeves, and folded back the +collar, which, being of a different colour, came to be what we now call the +_facings_ of military uniforms. The French, truer to their origin, still +call them the "_revers_." So also on such occasions the broad skirts of the +frock coat used to be hooked back not to impede the movements of the lower +limbs, and thence the swallow tails of military uniforms. So also the high +jack-boots, that covered the knees, used, in walking, to be turned down, +and the inside being of a lighter colour, gave the idea of what are called +_top-boots_. + +C. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +In the belief that the time has arrived when the history of our national +architecture must be reconsidered, with a view to a revision of the classes +or periods into which it has hitherto been divided, Mr. Sharpe has just put +forth a handsomely illustrated volume, under the title of _The Seven +Periods of English Architecture defined and illustrated_. Mr. Sharpe's +proposal is, that these seven periods should be thus formed:--three +belonging to the division _Romanesque_, under the titles of Saxon, Norman, +and Transitional Periods; and the remaining four to the _Gothic_, viz. the +Lancet, Geometrical, Curvilinear, and Rectangular Periods. We must, of +course, refer our readers who desire to know the principles upon which Mr. +Sharpe proposes this great change to the work itself, which is plain and to +the purpose. + +Mr. Bohn some time since became the purchaser of a large number of the +copper-plates of Gillray's _Caricatures_. Having had impressions taken, and +arranged them in one large volume, he sought the assistance of Mr. Wright, +who had just then published his _History of the House of Hanover, +illustrated by Caricatures_, and Mr. R. H. Evans, the well-known +bibliopole, towards an anecdotical catalogue of the works of this clever +satirist: and the result of the labours of these gentlemen has just been +published under the title of _Historical and Descriptive Account of the +Caricatures of James Gillray, comprising a Political and Humorous History +of the latter Part of the Reign of George III._ The volume will be found +not only an interesting key to Mr. Bohn's edition of Gillray, and a guide +to those who may be making a separate collection of his works, but a +pleasant illustration of the wit and satire which lashed the politicians +and amused the public + + "In the old time when George the Third was king." + +Those who know the value of those historical researches which Sir F. +Palgrave has already given to the world, will be glad to hear that the +first volume of his _History of Normandy and of England_ will probably be +published before the close of the present month. In this first volume, +which is described in the advertisement as containing the general relations +of Medięval Europe, the Carlovingian Empire, and the Danish Expeditions +into Gaul, we understand the learned author has treated those expeditions +at considerable length, and enters very fully into that of the decline of +the Carlovingian Empire,--a portion of the work as important, as it is in a +great measure new, to the English reader. Not the least valuable part of +the book will be Sir Francis Palgrave's account of the nature and character +of the Continental Chronicles, which form the substratum of his work, but +which, existing only in the great collections of Duchesne, Bouquet, Pertz, +&c., are generally very imperfectly known to English students. + +Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson will sell, on Monday next, a collection of +very rare and interesting Autograph Letters, more particularly illustrative +of the period of the Civil Wars. On the same day they will also commence a +Four-days' Sale of valuable Books, and Books of Engravings, chiefly from +the library of a gentleman deceased, including the original edition of +Stuart and Revett's _Athens_, a copy of Merian's _Topographia Germanię_ +containing nearly one thousand engravings, and many other works of high +character. + +BOOKS RECEIVED.--_Boswell's Life of Johnson, Illustrated_, vol. i. This is +the first volume of the _National Illustrated Library_, which the +projectors describe "as an endeavour to bestow upon half-crown volumes for +the _many_ the same typographical accuracy, and the same artistic ability, +hitherto almost exclusively devoted to high-priced books for the _few_." In +choosing _Boswell's Johnson_ for their first work, the projectors have +shown excellent judgment; and we are bound to add that the book is not only +well selected, but neatly printed, and illustrated with a number of +excellent woodcuts.--_Illustrations of Medieval Costume in England, &c._, +Part II. This second part deserves the same praise for cheapness as its +predecessor.--_The Cape and the Kafirs_, the new volume of Bohn's cheap +series, is a well-timed reprint of Mrs. Ward's _Five Years in Kafirland_, +with some little alteration and abridgment, and the addition of some +information for intending emigrants, from information supplied by published +official reports. + +CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--J. Miller's (43. Chandos Street) Catalogue No. XX. of +Books Old and New; T. Kerslake's (3. Park Street, Bristol) Catalogue of +Books lately bought; W. S. 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A letter of thanks and an_ +intention of future subscription _has almost invariably been the result." +We are sure that this hint will not be lost upon our friends._ + +P. _will find his communication on_ Averia _inserted in_ No. 69. p. 157. + +S. H. H. _Received, and will be taken care of._ + +COMETS AND ECLIPSES. _We are requested by our valued correspondent_ C. _to +say that his Reply_, p. 253., _should have been headed_ Eclipses, _and was +intended to refer to the list of_ Eclipses (_not Comets_) _in the work to +which he refers. He was probably led into this slip of the pen by the +manner in which_ S. P. O. R. _had, in_ No. 73. p. 223. _mixed up Comets and +Eclipses in the same Query._ + +JARLTZBERG _has our best thanks. We receive his friendly suggestions in the +spirit in which they are offered; and will, as far as practicable, attend +to them. We trust he will receive in the same spirit our explanation, that +the delay in inserting his communications arises chiefly from the +difficulty in deciphering them. Our correspondents little know how greatly +editorial labours are increased by this apparently trifling cause._ + +E. T. C. _Our correspondent will find, on referring to our First Vol._, p. +445., _that the so-called French original of_ "Not a drum was heard," _is +only a clever literary hoax from the pen of Father Prout, which first +appeared in_ Bentley's Miscellany. + +J. B. C. _A proof of the Sovereign of 1820; and if in very good condition, +would perhaps sell for Two or Three Pounds._ + +LLEWELLYN. _Will this correspondent favour us with his address, that we may +forward a communication which we have received for him?_ + +ACHE _is requested to say how a communication may reach him._ + +F. R. 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ARNOLD, M.A. Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellow of Trinity +College, Cambridge. + +RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place; + +Of whom may be had, uniformly printed and edited, + +1. The AJAX of SOPHOCLES, with English Notes. 3s. + + * * * * * + + +THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for April contains, among other articles:--The +Character of Charles II. by Peter Cunningham, Esq., F.S.A., being Chapter +IV. of the History of Nell Gwyn.--Unpublished Poems of Alex. Gill.--The +Dukes of Guise.--Chalcondyles and the English.--Bishop Stanley--Original +Letter of Pres. John Adams.--Saint Francis and the Franciscans.--The Bell +of Saint Patrick.--Totnes Castle (with a Plate).--Anecdotes of the +Protectorate, by Dr. H. Sampson.--Ancient Scottish Seals (with several +Engravings).--Mr. Macaulay and Penn.--With Notes of the Month, Review of +New Publications, Reports of Antiquarian Societies. Historical Chronicle, +and OBITUARY, including Memoirs of the Marquess of Northampton, Countess of +Charleville, Lord Berners, Lord Bexley, Sir F. Lawley, Sir Wm. Owen Barlow, +Sir John Tobin, Charles Spence, Esq., Q.C., James Sedgwick, Esq., Joanna +Baillie, Rev. A. Brandram, Rev. H. H. Norris, and other eminent persons +recently deceased. Price 2s. 6d. + +NICHOLS and SON, 25. Parliament Street. + + * * * * * + + +STOCK of THEOLOGICAL BOOKS of Messrs. IVES and SWAN, late of +Paternoster-Row; an authentic Portrait of William Huntington; Baily on +Annuities, 207 Copies, &c. + +PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by +AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. 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