path: root/26570-8.txt

The Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae, by 
John Caius

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae Linguae
       De Pronuntiatione Graecae et Latinae Linguae

Author: John Caius

Editor: E. S. Roberts

Release Date: September 11, 2008 [EBook #26570]

Language: Latin

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE ***




Produced by Louise Hope




[Transcriber's Note:

This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real"
(unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. The "oe" ligature has been unpacked
into the separate letters o and e. Greek words have been transliterated
and shown between +marks+. Words shown with _lines_ were italicized in
the original.

The text is taken from the 1912 Cambridge edition of Caius's _Complete
Works_. The editor's general introduction says:

  In this volume no attempt has been made to produce a facsimile
  reprint. Even if such a design had been entertained, the great
  variety of form in which the original editions were issued would
  have made it impossible to carry out the re-issue with any
  uniformity. Obvious misprints have been corrected, but where a
  difference in spelling in the same work or on the same page--_e.g._
  _baccalarius_, _baccalaureus_--is clearly due to the varying
  practice of the writer and not to the printer, the words have been
  left as they stood in the original. On the other hand the accents
  in the very numerous Greek quotations have been corrected.

Numbers in parentheses were printed in the gutter; they probably
represent pages or leaves of the 1574 original. Sidenotes are shown
in brackets.]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


  IOANNIS CAII
  ANGLI,

  De

  Pronunciatione Gręcę & Latinę
  linguę cum scriptione nova
  libellus.


[Lege lector & iudica.] Scripturus de noua Gręcę & Latinę
linguę pronunciatione (3) & scriptione noua, spero me sine
offensione cuiusquam id facturum. Libera enim regio hęc
semper fuit, & liberos in ea oportet esse homines. Nequč
enim quę soluto animo familiariter scribi consuerunt,
temporibus istis excluduntur: etsi plena grauitatis omnia
sunt. Non enim ad graues aut exercitatos, sed leues &
inexercitatos scribo: & eos ratione & usu doceo, quos nec
usus nec longa vita instituit. Cum essem in Italia graues
viros grauiter & cum decoro pronunciantes audiebam. Cum in
Britanniam veneram, nouos viros, nouo quodam pronunciationis
genere omnia personare offendebam. Hīc itaquč sic cogitabam
apud me. Cum nec Romę, nec in uniuersa Italia, imņ verņ cum
nequč in Germania, Gallia, neque Belgia, nec alibi gentium,
quąm in nostra Britannia ullum unquam verbum de
pronunciatione illa noua, ullauč mentio aut significatio tum
fuit, nouam pronunciationem alibi in usu non fuisse quąm in
Britannia certņ scire licet. Nequč ea tamen uniuersa, sed
certo quodam loco, in quo per ea tempora oratores noui
imperabant. Sic tamen hęc refero, ut eos propter literas
aliasque virtutes vehementer amem & suspiciam: propter hęc
verņ laudem minimč. Cuius rei alioqui certč me cepisset
admiratio, cum & Plautus scribat in Casina, vetera nouis
esse meliora, ideoque sapientiores esse qui utuntur vino
veteri, quąm qui nouo: qui veteres spectent fabulas, quąm
qui nouas: qui vetera opera atquč verba, quąm qui noua: qui
usitata, quam qui insueta: (4) qui veteres comoedias, quąm
qui nouas: qui veteri denique nummo, quąm nuper nato. Thus
quoque vetus nouo odoratius esse, prouerbio celebratur,
usque adeņ ut idem, rem malam, sed notam & usitatam, optimam
esse dicat in Trinummo. Nam quę noua sunt, etsi optima,
tamen propter insolentiam videntur pessima, & fieri potest
ut usu experiaris talia cum periculo, cum declinare non sit
futurum integrum. Etenim sępč viatorem noua non vetus orbita
fallit. Quare vetustatem suo loco conseruandam, nouitates,
etsi spem meliorum afferant, repudiandas esse Plautus
consulit: nec nouitates nos magis ad inquirendas causas
excitare, quąm magnitudines rerum debere: eosque errores
quos rerum nouitates attulerunt, naturę ratione depellere
oportere M. Tullius existimat. Sed nostrorum hominum est,
semper nouum cribrum, nouo paxillo primos suspendere, et
nouas inducere sectas nouis paradoxis. Quod tamen, ut non
reprehenderim ingenij exercendi causa in tenebris, ita non
laudem certč usus causa in luce: quņd pręter consuetudinem
patrię, pręsentis temporis atque hominum sunt. In rebus
ciuilibus dico. Nam aliņ non pertinebit oratio mea. Curo
enim ut mea omnia nullam habeant publicam offensionem, sed
communem omnibus utilitatem. Quod si gaudeas excogitasse
quod prosit, certč hic non est gaudendum tibi, obest enim
magis quąm prodest, ut mox ostendam. Sed omnes obstrepunt.
Quid solus ergo contendis? Si irrident quid pergis delirare?
Quid solus sapis? Sed author es eius rei. O gloriosam rem,
inuentorem esse inanium rerum? tranquillitatis literarię
perturbatorem esse? quem nec Galli, nec Itali, nec ipsi
Gręci commendant: nec alius quisquam pręter imperitum rerum
iuuenem aut temerarium adolescentem, cui istam persuasionem
in principio per fraudem instillaueris alioqui non
probaturo, imponens imperitę turbę (5) adolescentum, cui vix
literę sunt, & multņ minus iudicium. De qua re tamen multum
forsan gloriaberis tanquam in re prudenter gesta. Iam verņ
si magna res non sit utro modo pronuncies, cur interturbas
omnia? cur non intermittis quod leue est, potius quąm
castigari grauiter? Si sonus (res inanis) huius aut illius
literę mulctam indictam habet grandem, cur non inanitatem
potius contemnis, quąm in mulctam incidas? Leuissimis rebus
grauissimas indicere poenas ęquum est, non propter
magnitudinem rei quę leuis est, sed propter violatum
in repub. ordinem receptum iam & confirmatum, propter
contemptum, propter nouitatis exemplum, & propter temerarium
in ea ausum. Nequč hic tanta pretia subesse cernimus,
quamobrem tantas difficultates lubenter subiremus, etsi in
alijs difficilia quę pulchra. Licčt enim optima quęque &
inuentu & conseruatu difficilia obseruentur, non tamen quę
non facilč inueniuntur & conseruantur statim optima
reputantur, in quo genere ista tua est (si dijs placet)
pronunciatio. Sed antiquitatem obijcis. Antiquata esse
fatebor certč, antiqua videri non fatebor. Nam Aulus Gellius
author grauis, antiquata & desita omnia, ą multis sęculis in
usum reuocata etsi vetusta sunt, videri tamen noua sapienter
censuit. Etsi antiqua videantur, per hominum errorem id
quidem contigit, ignorantium cuiusquam rei proprietatem.
Sallustius pręsentium rerum retinentissimus semper
consuetudini cessit. Ęlius Gallus atque Cicero noua perpetuņ
fugiebant, adeņ ut nouissimus & nouissimč haud libenter usi
sunt. Gellius reprehendit eos qui obsoleta in usum reuocant.
Phauorinus Philosophus nouitatis hostis, adolescentem
inusitatorum studiosum, acriter corripuit, dicens: Curius
& Fabritius (6) dilucidč cum suis fabulati sunt, neque
Auruncorum, Sicanorum aut Pelasgorum (qui primi Italiam
incoluisse leguntur) sed ętatis suę verbis locuti sunt: tu
verņ perindč quasi cum matre Euandri nunc loquaris verbis
iam olim desitis uteris. Quod si intelligi non vis quę
loqueris, non hoc abundč consequeris tacens? quasi satius
esset non loqui quąm non intelligi. Demonax quoque
philosophus idem faciebat. Quum enim ą quopiam quęsiuisset
aliquid, atque ille verbis obsoletis atquč priscis
responderet. Ego (inquit) amice te nunc percontor: at tu
perinde respondes quasi regnaret Agamemnon. Sorbona etiam
(quam Robertus Sorbona, non Caroli imperatoris frater
Theologis Lutetię instituerat) aliquot Raimundi Lullij opera
reiecit, quņd vetustis vocabulis iamdiu receptis & usitatis
reiectis, noua infulserit. Crassus Sulpitium arguebat, quņd
tollendo .i. literam de diphthongo ei, non antiques
oratores, sed rusticos messores videretur imitari, ut est
apud M. Tullium 3. de oratore. Catullus Arcij hinsidias
atque chommoda deridebat: quid facturus si Quinctilianos
atquč Quinctios, ut nunc loquuntur atque scribunt,
Chicherones atque Quinctos, Kikerones & Kicherones, pecuniam
& peguniam, coilum choelum & coelum, cernos & chernos,
discipulos & dischipulos iam audiret: quibus multi hodič
utuntur loquendo & scribendo, sermonis atque scriptionis
vitia imitati, non virtutes consecuti. Ad hęc Lacedęmonij
quņd simplicia atque consueta placuerunt, Terpandrum
pręstantissimum Citharędum mulctasse dicuntur, quņd unam
solam chordam pręter necessitatem intendisset. Ad extremum
Romani, rhetores Latinos & philosophos edicto urbe Roma
pepulerunt, quņd nouum genus disciplinę instituerunt. Noua
enim Romanis, viris certč in omni re sapientibus quę pręter
consuetudinem & morem maiorum (7) suorum illata sunt, neque
placuerunt, neque recta videbantur. Eam ob rem M. Cicero
in oratione contra Catelinam refert, Seruilium Halam,
Sp. Melium nouis rebus studentem sua manu occidisse. Nihil
enim periculosius in usu vitę esse rebantur, quąm veteribus
relictis ad noua deuolare. Nam inconstantia magnam ipsa
in se leuitatem habet, subitaque consuetudinis, & usus
commutatio, plena maximarum rerum Cic. de offensione est.
[Cic. de senect.] Quamobrem sapienter M. Cato, qui Appium
senect. cęcum laudat, quņd vigebat in eius domo patrius
mos & disciplina. Sapienter veteres, qui legibus antiquis,
opsonijs verņ recentibus utendum censuerunt. Sapienter &
Iurisconsulti, qui nihil temerč innouandum nisi euidens
ratio postulauerit, pręcipiunt. Hinc factum existimem, ut
scholę iuris nostri publici nullo modo adduci possunt, ut
relinquant suum _octabis_: nec scholę quędam Academicę ut
deficiant ą suis sotulis, cum artium magisterio initiandi
sunt: aut ocreis, cum SS. Theologię Doctoratus gradu
insigniendi sunt: aut ouis vario modo pręparatis cum in
determinationibus Bacchalaurei nouitij, seniores sui gradus
conuiuijs excipiant: nec in disputationibus, sedentibus
disputatoribus, ut auditores humi non procumbant, fusi per
densum substratum iuncum: nec ut caputium patientiamque quam
vocant stamineam (peculiare gestamen collegis Hispanorum
Collegij apud Bononienses) deponant Hispani Bononiensis
Academię. Quos omnes laudo equidem, quod leuibus momentis
non impellantur huc atque illuc inconstanter, nec a veteri
sua consuetudine auellantur desciscantque facilč: ut
nonnullę solent Academię in quibus leuitas iuuenilis magna
paruis, quadrata rotundis, & formas formis mutat imprudenter
admodum, nullo seruato ordine, nulla (8) consuetudine aut
grauitate. Certč mihi videntur illi planč cuculi atque oues,
qui eos, qui ut homines pronunciare iamdiu usi sunt,
abolitis cuculorum atque ouium vocibus, eodem reuocare
velint, atque ex obscuris ęnigmatibus & antiquis cum
difficultate discere studeant, quę viua vox, certus
pręsensque usus cum facilitate clarč possunt docere.
Synesius Cyrenensis in laudatione Caluicij, & Lacedęmonij in
legibus, grauiora suadent in eos qui pręter consuetudinem
patrię aliquid intulerunt: puta cicutam, & suspendium.
Etenim Synesius eos qui pręter consuetudinem patrię aliquid
innouarant cicuta dignos existimat, quod rudes & indocti
absurdarum opinionum fautores esse consuerunt, existimans
cum prouerbio: Superiorum temporum omnia meliora, quņd & usu
confirmata sunt, & pace tranquilla, cuius & vox dulcis et
res ipsa salutaris est. Lacedęmonij verņ usque adeņ
formidabant rerum nouitates, atque etiam ad earum
recordationem tantopere inhorrescebant, ut lege lata
sanciuerint, ne quis innouare quicquam auderet, qui chorda
č collo suspensa prius non prodiret, ut si de nouitate
consilium parum placeret, audacię suę poenas daret. Etenim
euentus varios res noua semper habet, ut Cornelius Gallus
scribit, & magna ex parte periculosos: sic ut siue vi
imperare velis hanc pronunciationem nouam, siue stultitię
blandimentis iuuentuti instillare, importunum hac ętate
facis, mouere quę stabilita sunt, cum pręsertim omnium rerum
mutationes cędem, fugam, aliaque hostilia (ut Sallustius
ait) portendant. [In bello Iugurth. fol. 35.] Usque in
ciuilibus consisto, omnia enim secundum materiam subiectam
intelligo. Ex quibus scire licet nequč antiquata in usum
esse reuocanda, neque noua esse amplectenda, neque extra
publicam viam esse deflectendum, sed cum (9) pronunciationis
antiquitas euanuerit (si aliter olim pronunciarunt quąm
hodič nos proferimus) usum scientiamque pręstare nos debere
eius, qua pręsentes utimur: uti docti viri solent, qui
scientiam sibi reseruant, usum autem loquendi populo
concedunt, qui loquendum ut multi, sentiendum ut pauci
sapienter pręcipiunt, nec immutandum quicquam inconstanter
censent: nec mouenda esse rerum nouitatibus quę bene
constituta et confirmata sunt existimant, etsi vetustatis
speciem sibi induant. Etenim non est quamobrem in hac benč
confirmata repub. literaria quis velit iam dicere, ore sanč
agresti atque rudi, _queis_ pro _quibus_, nec _veias_ pro
_vias_, nec _olli_ pro _illi_, _mareito_ pro _marito_, nec
_maxumč_ pro _maximč_, nec _sueuerat_ pro _consueuerat_,
nec _deico_, _eidus_, _pulchrai_, _veitę_, _ubei_, _quei_,
_heic_, _foeminai_, _suom_, _deilexit_, _horunc_, _abei_,
_erodita_, _pictai_, _aulai_, _nepai_, quę iam obsoleuerunt,
& repetita molesta sunt, & interturbant omnia, pro _dico_,
_idus_, _pulchrę_, _vitę_, _ubi_, _qui_, _hic_, _foeminę_,
_suum_, _dilexit_, _hunc_, _abi_, _erudita_, _pictę_,
_aulę_, _nepę_, ut nec multa alia propter carminis
necessitatem, aut alijs propter affectationem, non propter
meliorem scribendi aut pronunciandi rationem usitata. Nequč
enim propter insolentiam aures eruditorum hęc ferre possent,
nisi quod Poetis libero hominum generi propter eorum ligatam
orationem semper fuit potestas quidlibet audendi. Exit in
immensum facunda licentia vatum: inquit Ouidius: Obligat
historica nec sua verba fide. Hinc apud eos, Tmolus habet
aures, saltant quercus, aues loquuntur, et saxa fiunt
homines. Utuntur tamen hodič haud dissimili pronunciandi
genere, quod Borealismum seu Scotismum nominamus
(quemadmodum Alcibiades Labdacismo) quia Borealibus Anglis
(quos Calidonios Britannos Lucanus vocat) atquč Scotis (10)
vicinis est in usu, dum _saibai_, _taibai_, _vaita_, _aita_
dicant, cum _sibi_, _tibi_, _vita_, _ita_, pronunciandum
sit. Mordicus tamen retinent non ratione sed pertinacia, &
petulantia: etsi australibus Anglis ita vulgo contemnitur
hoc pronunciationis genus, ut Phaliscis seu Thuscis
Bergomense apud Italos. Est enim rudis & inconditi vulgi,
quibus ut est decorum patrio more loqui: ita australibus
Anglis valdč indecorum alio uti quąm suo. Licet tamen hic
contemplari iudicium iuuentutis, quę vitia pro virtutibus
amplectitur, ut solet vulgus Aulicorum, qui camisias
crispatas, & cothurnos coriaceos inducunt ornamenti causa,
qui principio causa contegendi crura, & colla morbida, ad
quotidianum usum sunt inuenta. Nam olim & nostra memoria
cum sana essent omnia, nec cothurnis utebantur, & denudata
virorum colla erant ad pectus, & pectora expapillata (ut
Plauti verbo utar) atquč ad papillam denudata, etiam brumali
tempore. Sed hęc obiter de Borealismo. Ad diphthongos iam
paucis venio. De quibus etiam Iurisconsulti aliter sentiunt,
quąm noui isti pronunciationis authores. Theophilus enim
Antecessor cum vellet uti aliena lingua, non +praļtōr+ dixit
diuisa diphthongo, sed +praitōr+ & prętores, unita. Cuius rei
non alium magistrum, quąm eius temporis usum reor: qui & ad
nostrum usque promanarit, & per omnem orbem disseminatus
& receptus est. Quod si non lubenter ferant, quin
diphthongorum omnes literas suis sonis ipsi exprimant,
contra quąm vult receptus usus, quod voluntatis & petulantię
error est, non necessitatis, at saltem alijs permittant ut
in sua etiam sit voluntate sine reprehensione, veteri &
recepto more pronunciare, maximč quod multi errores
reperiantur apud authores (ut aiunt) ex diphthongis
resolutis in simplices (11) literas. Noui tamen isti homines
nescio quam commoditatem puerilem in docendo, pueris manare
ex hac sua pronunciatione dicunt. Quasi verņ Gręcorum pueri,
& qui hodič utuntur veteri pronunciatione, linguam Gręcam
discere, sonare, & intelligere veteri illa nequiuissent,
aut si quiuissent, non ita tamen commodč. Scilicet. Equidem
puerile magis existimo quąm virile, puerileque esse
argumentum puto. Nam si commodior ratio sit, (ut ita dem)
non tamen vetustior est, quę res in controuersia est,
minusque arguit veteres sic pronunciasse, nec esse puerorum
causa immutanda omnia aut subuertenda censeo. Id enim
experimento didici, varietatem pronunciandi mutuum
commercium & societatem hominum rerumque intellectum
summouere: discordémque hanc pronunciationem sermonis
commercio nunquam contracturam ad colloquia. Nequč enim
Gręcus Patriarcha cum istic regnante Edwardo sexto Londini
esset, Checum, nec Checus Patriarcham intellexit: hic nouo,
ille ueteri pronunciandi modo usus: quo omnes Gręci adhuc
utebantur cum ego essem Venetijs, tum č Cathedra Gręcas
literas profitendo, tum in templis sacra celebrando.
Audiebam enim data opera sępius. At si ego tacerem norit
Oxoniensis schola, quemadmodum ipsa Gręcia pronunciarit, ex
Matthęo Calphurnio Gręco, quem ex Gręcia Oxonium Gręcarum
literarum gratia produxerat Thomas Wolsęus, de bonis literis
optimč meritus Cardinalis, cum non alia ratione pronunciarit
ille, quąm qua nos iam profitemur. Id si ita sit, nos
Britanni docebimus ipsos Gręcos in ipsa Gręcia oriundos sua
verba sonare? suas voces atque literas pronunciare? & plus
in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quąm ipsa gens atquč
natio, cui lingua Gręca familiaris atque etiam vulgaris est,
& successione temporum continuata, tanquam per manus esset
tradita? (12) Nemo qui Gallicč velit discere, ex Anglo
petet, si sapiat, nec contra: nec qui Italicč, ex Germano,
sed ex sua quęque gente sunt discenda. At si pueris
instituendis prodesse posset, uti aiunt, usu publico posset,
ut cum alijs usu conueniant in sermone ad intellectum.
Nam si doceas quod usui publico esse non possit, quorsum
doctrinam? Cogetur qui didicit dedidicisse, & eum
pronunciandi modum discere qui in usu est, ut eo utatur cum
in publicum prodierit, cum inter homines versatus fuerit, &
cum in theatrum doctorum venerit: nisi velit haberi ineptus
et ridiculum caput omnibus. Et qui docebit quoque ad istum
modum, duplicabit operam & mercedem, uti Fabius Quintilianus
scribit, tum ut prioris obliuisci instituat, tum ut
insequentis pronunciationis rationem ostendat, discentis
incommodo & labore graui, & temporis & compendij iactura
grauiori, quę rectius in principio potuissent collocari in
meliores usus. At ad usum publicum profuerit minimč. Nam
priuata hęc pronunciatio paucorum tantum hominum in
Britannia est, & eorum iuuenum, alibi minimč recepta
gentium. Sed hij pauci sic pronunciant, ut se mutuņ
intelligant, dices. At orbis uniuersus non est ista
paucitas. Nec paucis priuato loco atque usui doctrina
constituitur, sed publico & uniuerso, ut inter homines
cuiusque regionis cum laude linguę, & ingenij gloria
verseris. Quamobrem ne docendo quidem, ullo modo ad usum
publicum conducet ista noua pronunciatio. Hactenus ergo
vetus illa pronunciatio nihil prohibuit, quin & rectč
loquerentur homines, & per orbem uniuersum intelligerentur,
sic ut non sit opus noua. Sed ita pronunciandum sentis ut
discernas inter voces, inter vocales & diphthongos. Quasi
verņ usu, doctrina, sensu, (13) accentu, genere, quantitate,
numero & casu nihil comprehendi, nihil discerni possit,
nisi demittamus nos, descendamusque ad puerilem legendi
simplicitatem, ac plenis buccis proferamus satis rusticč,
+Phoļbos+, _toutois_, _cai_, _lobois_, _mousais_, _basilews_,
_epeiros_, _tuptomai_, _chreia_, _chresimos_, _apophugen_,
_husteron_, _kibdes_, _cuclops_, _korakeion_, _lewcon_,
_hippewein_, _wyos_, _pais_, & hoc genus alia: pro _phoebus_,
_toutis_, (veteri more) _cha_, _louis_, _musęs_, _vasileus_,
_epirus_, _typtomę_, _chria_, _chrisimos_, _apophygen_,
_ysteron_, _cibdis_, _cyclops_, _coracion_, _leucon_,
_yppewin_, _yios_, _pęs_, unde pędotriba, non paidotriba:
aut quasi nihil aliud esset quo dijudicaremus inter
parere pro parturire, & parźre pro obedire in isto versu.
Foemina vult parere, sed non parźre lubenter, nisi crassa
pronunciatio: eadem penč nota qua +loimos+ & +limos+ in
pronunciatione, non tamen in scriptione. Nam inter +loimos+ &
+limos+ in scribendo manifesta est differentia. Apollo tamen
videtur limos dixisse & pronunciasse veteri Gręcorum more,
alioqui nulla fuisset dubitatio in oraculo. Certč antiqui
_Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, & _Ulisses_ dicebant, non
_Achillews_, _Tudeus_, _Thesews_, et _Ulussews_ quemadmodum
recentes: uti ex eorum & interpretum libris ea adhuc
referentibus scire licet. Quod si olim Gręci eo quo recentes
isti modo crassius, durius, & asperius pronunciarunt, (quod
acerrimč isti defendunt, cum dicunt Gręcos) etiam tum Gręci
erant Barbari, cum ex omnibus gentibus soli non habebantur
Barbari. Barbari enim ab initio dicti sunt (ut inquit
Strabo) qui crassč, difficulter, asperč atque duriter
loquebantur: in quorum genere fuerunt omnes gentes pręter
Gręcos: ą quibus postea (corrupta Gręcia) barbara ea
appellatio ad omnes pręter (14) Latinos translata est, quņd
mitiorem linguam & isti habebant et magis cultam. Si quis
tamen ex Latinis esset qui non rectč verba proferebat,
barbarč loqui etiam ille dicebatur. Sed pergo. An sapientem
Hebręum putares, si puerorum causa renunciata omnino
perfecta illa & absoluta sine punctis legendi ratione, ad
punctorum rationem et simplicitatem in uniuersum deficiat?
An non omnes tanquam infantem & ineptum dicerent? Nisi velit
primłm suos Tyrones per punctos ad lectionem introducere,
ac tum ad absolutam illam legendi rationem sine punctis
traducere: quod laboriosum esset geminique operis. Rursus
an sapientem Gallum qui rudiorum causa velit rudius
pronunciare, & aliter quąm vulgus Gallorum solet, & eas
literas in voces inserere, quas usus excludit. Doctos enim
docta decent, indoctos formare possunt docti pro arbitrio,
seorsim, sine uniuersitatis dissolutione, & ita instituere
prout optimum cuique videbitur, modņ non deficiant ą
consuetis, nec in dicendo & scribendo nouas turbas excitent,
noua dogmata non introducant cum reipub. literarię
inquietudine, & personarum offensione. Ut si quis vellet
docere priuatim legendum _homo_ non _omo_, & _hupsilon_ non
_ypsilon_, vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit, modņ doceat admonendi
non utendi causa (ut prudentes solent qui (ut dixi)
scientiam sibi seruant, usu autem ut populus loquuntur)
quod h. non sit litera, sic ut faciat vocem ut vocalis, aut
liquescat ut liquida, aut consonet ut consonans, aut mutet
ut muta, sed aspiret tantłm ut spiritus, ac ventus leuis
sine voce. Eam ob causam apud scriptores veteres, leges
_ydropisis_, _termę_, _Batonia_ & _Iuernia_, pro
_hydropisis_, _thermę_, _Bathonia_ & _Hybernia_, uti in
libro nostro de thermis Britannicis, et Symphonia vocum
Britannicarum annotauimus. Istas tamen (15) ineptias Deus
bone, quąm mordicus retinent noui isti et defendunt (ut sibi
quidem videntur) pertinaciter, cum nullo tamen modo iustis
rationibus possint. Iuuenes si hīc ineptirent solłm duce
iuuene, ferendum fuit. Iam verņ cum audiam senes delirare
hijs ineptijs, quid intollerabilius? Nam hos iudicium,
ratio, & experientia doceret. Pręterea in senecta ętate
ludere par impar, equitare in arundine longa, quouis vento
agitari, nihilquč constantis hominis habere indecorum est.
Cicero in Bruto notat ętatem quę ante se fuit, in qua
Ennius, Liuius, & L. Sisenna erant, quorum stilus erat (ut
ille ait) horridior, nec dum perfectč loquebantur. Sua autem
ętate unctior & splendidior consuetudo loquendi fuit. Et
quamuis (inquit) L. Sisenna facilč omnes vincat superiores,
indicat tamen quantłm absit a summo. Nam usus est aliquando
veteribus verbis, & ab usu perfecto, & auribus eruditis
remotis. Rectč enim loqui putabant esse, inusitatč loqui.
Idem eodem in Bruto nimiam vetustatem explodendam monet.
Sed nimia (inquit) vetustas nec habet eam quam quęrimus
summitatem, nec est sanč tolerabilis. Ego igitur hortator
essem, ut a suscepta hac nuper (si omnino suscepta fuit)
desitįque olim pronunciatione desistant, qui utuntur: si non
propter has quas ante retuli causas, at certč propter hęc
quod eadem pronunciatione honestissima verba turpissimč
sonent, ut _ascitum_ & _asciscunt_ apud nostros. Etenim
in harum vocum prima, si c. proferas ut ch. & in secunda
utrumque c. ut k. more nouo, utrumque vocabulum tanta
turpitudine proferetur, quanta non sinit verecundia mea
explicare. Quamobrem malui rem tacita cogitatione pręterire,
quąm dilucidius patefacere: cupio enim rebus adesse nomina,
sed non nominibus pudorem. Sed (16) superciliosorum
Grammaticorum maximč culpa hęc pronunciatio Latina
introducta est, cłm nescio qua ęmulatione alter alterum
nouitate aliqua studeat superare. Id quod exemplo cuiusdam
amici adhuc viuentis, qui in schola Paulina atquč item
Antonina Londini educatus iam olim est, didici. Etenim cum
in ludo literario diui Pauli erat, docebatur sonare docheo
pro doceo: cum in scholam S. Anthonij idem venerat, iussum
est proferre dokeo pro doceo: nullo planč discentium
commodo, sed ne docentium quidem: tantłm inseruitum est
istorum libidini quorum pręceptum id erat, pronunciationis
vitio, & pubertatis incommodo. Itaque imponendus modus est,
alioqui nullus futurus finis est, hoc isto, illo alio modo
verba proferente atquč scribente. Nam & in scriptione quoque
noua ratio hodie proponitur. Sed nemo (quod sciam) usquč
adeņ desipuit hactenus ut sequi vellet, ne author quidem
eius. Neque enim cęcum ducem, nequč amentem consultorem.
Quod si quis vellet, at constituenda illi schola noua
scribendi & legendi fuit, dediscendįque quę didicit omnia,
& innouanda omnia omni populo, euersis quibus hactenus
usi sumus omnibus: usquč adeņ mobilia sunt hodič hominum
ingenia in istis nugis, ut nihil fixum, nihil in perpetuum
constitutum habeant. Nec unum nugandi genus est in
scribendo, sed diuersum, hic uno, ille altero usus modo:
hic nouam literarum formam & pronunciationem commentus, ille
alteram: & eas ineptas sanč et insulsas, etiam simplicibus
mulierculis. Non est tamen tam stupidus quisquam, aut
impudens & insulsus rei alicuius nouę author, qui non sit
habiturus suę stultitię fautores et sectatores, vel homines
adolescentes, vel stultam plebeculam: at grauem virum cui
sit iudicium, ne unum quidem. Nisi si fortč (17) ingenij
sui ostentandi causa hoc fecerint, ut Isocrates laudando
Busyrim, Libanius Thersitem, Lucianus Muscam, Quartanam
Fauorinus, Caluiciem Synesius Cyrenensis, Comam Dion
Chrysostomus, & nostri sęculi Cornelius Agrippa scribendo
de vanitate scientiarum libellum: Copernicus de motu terrę
& statione coeli volumen: et Erasmus Rhoterodamus de febre &
Phalarismo libellos. Nam rhetores subinde animi causa solent
tractare materias +adoxous+, & exercendi gratia argumentum
infame declarare. Ita si de pronunciatione noua & scriptione
noua sensissent noui isti authores, & cum pręfatione sensus
sui hoc esse suum commentum dicerent, non ad usum atque
professionem, sed ad ingenij gloriam & exercitium, ęquior
essem, amplectererque certč lubens. Alioqui videant illi,
quąm nihil aliud quąm suam traducant infantiam, nec esse
consecuturos aliquando ut grauia ingenia flectant ad suas
nęnias. Reliqua si sequacia fuerint, quę gloria erit? Mallem
unum grauem virum consentientem mihi mille iuuenibus: ut
quibus nec dum per ętatem confirmatus animus est, nec
maturum iudicium, nec usu experimentum, etsi grauissimč de
se sentiant: cum tamen vestitu, gestu, & oratione longč se
ostendant alios, ut in lib. 1 de Antiquitate Cant. Academię
plenius diximus. Nam ut in vijs peregrinus, sic in rebus
imperitus. Certč istis nouitatibus, istis modis, nihil aliud
quąm sterilis labor, sterilķsque difficultas sequitur in
promendo cum multorum risu: quņd ea rustica sit et simplex,
parum condita et delicata, affectatione quadam ineptč
acquisita, nec erudite ore digna: denique quņd doctas
aures vehementer offendit, ingrata planč & odiosa omnibus,
pręterquam nouitatis studiosis. Nam suauitatis in sermone
politiores scriptores semper fuerunt obseruantissimi.
Siquidem maior ratio apud eos euphonię fuit, quąm disciplina
(18) regulę. Hinc Gręci angelos phormingos, & papę proferre,
pręcepto usuque imperarunt, cum +angelos+, +phormingos+, &
+Babai+ rudius proferendum alioqui fuit: et Romani _dingnum_
cum _dignum_, _pungnum_ cum _pugnum_, & _mangnum_ cum _magnum_
sit dicendum: ut mitigetur pronunciationis difficultas, &
euitetur soni vitium, quod Gręci +kakophōnian+ dicunt. Quin &
Itali Romanorum soboles eadem de causa id pronunciandi genus
adhuc obseruant, qui ne magnum dicant duriter, maignum
sonant molliter: et dingnum, ne dignum. Britanni quoque
atquč Galli Romanorum ęmuli, ne magnum dicant, main
proferunt, ut _Charles le main_, Carolus magnus: _le main
see_, magnum mare: et in alearum usu, _the main chaunce_,
sors magna: ac pro _est_, et, elisa .s. litera. Eadem
suauitatis ratione ijdem omnes B. per v. in Gręcis & Latinis
dictionibus efferunt: et pro +bikiou+ (id est +aphakźs+) vitia,
et pro Bienna Vienna, & pro +biktora+ victorem: & pro Abellana
Auellana, non č contra dicunt. Et in vetustioribus Gręcorum
codicibus manuscriptis rarņ videbis b. literam, sed eius
loco characterem v. latinę literę similem. Latini quoque
vetustiores, Vetonica pro Betonica dicunt, inter quos est
Apuleius: et _Iuernia_ pro _Hibernia_, et _lauoro_ pro
_laboro_, et _terra de Lauoro_, pro Laborię, (quo verbo
Plinius utitur) quę pars est Italię. Hos si damnes, utere
licentia pro me, & in usum quoque reuocato si libet,
_appludam_ et _floces vini_, pro furfuraceo pane, et fęcibus
vini: Dubenum pro Domino, Bubsequam, Bouinatorem, et
manticulatorem quoque, pro Bubulco, conuiciatore, et
clanculario fure, seu versuto: ut habet Festus Pompeius,
Pacuuius, et Aulus Gellius: et hoc genus obsoleta et
inusitata omnia, quod nemo sanę mentis faciet. Sin probes,
ą nouo illo pronunciationis genere vel horum exemplo
desiste. Illud in (19) uniuersum te scire expedit,
pronunciationis rationem dicendi rationi esse simillimam,
quę in medio posita (ut ait Cicero de Oratore) communi
quodam in usu atquč in hominum more et sermone versatur.
Nam ut in cęteris artibus id maximč excellit quod longissimč
sit ab imperitorum intelligentia sensuquč seiunctum, ita in
dicendo vitium est vel maximum ą vulgari genere orationis,
atquč ą consuetudine communis sensus abhorrere. [De laude
Caluicij.] Etenim qui ad populum scribit vel loquitur (ut
inquit Synesius) necesse est illum in opinione popularium
esse, et ea fingere, et de hijs disserere quę populo grata
sunt. Atquč ut histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quiuis
sed certus quidam et laudabilis: sic in pronunciandi et
scribendi genere, certum quoddam et communi usu receptum,
non quoduis ą consuetudine alienum et remotum habetur
consentaneum. Non enim ea ratio esse debet apud nos in
literis quę in vestibus, quę omnibus horis alię penč fiunt
et diuersę, aut materia, aut forma, aut colore, aut omnibus
hijs. Unus enim vultus apud nos odiosus est. Cuius rei gnari
non insolentes Grammatici, quotquot hactenus mihi vidisse
contigit, omnes cum de literarum potestate tractant ita
proferendas esse pręcipiunt, ut usus doctorum per omnem
reliquum orbem iam olim receperit. Inter quos Petrus
Antesignanus est, homo doctus atque elegans, et Nicholai
Clenardi scholiastes. Is de noua ista pronunciatione ita
censet, ut eius authores curiosos magis existimet, quąm
veteris pronunciationis intelligentes: et eorum rationes
vaniores, quąm ut eis adhibenda fides sit: ob idquč
pronunciandum veteri et recepto hactenus usu, existimans eum
qui ex errore imperitę iuuentutis pendeat, in magnis viris
non esse habendum. Eius verba hęc sunt. Quarta columna, (20)
&c. elementorum potestatem complectitur, quo pacto scilicet
debeant enunciari, de qua re varię sunt hodič & multiplices
Grammaticorum opiniones, dum quidam curiosč nimis ad
antiquam pronunciandi rationem omnia volunt reuocare, cum
tamen ipsi prorsus incerti sunt, quo pacto prisci illi hęc
pronunciarunt, & coniecturę sunt admodum ieiunę. Illis
itaque non est fides adhibenda, nisi prius priscorum aliquem
ab inferis excitarint. Hęc ille. Et paucis interpositis,
ista subiungit. Qui verņ illis (professoribus) destituuntur,
& proprio marte linguam Gręcam discere coguntur, pronuncient
elementa Gręca more Latinorum Gręcis in hac tabula
respondentium. Quę certč pronunciandi ratio vetus est, &
recepta usu. Huius opinionis quoque olim per iuuentutem
(quod ipse noui) erant isti pręceptores noui. Verłm loco
stare nesciuerunt, sed gressus glomerare superbos voluerunt.
In ea quoque erat et Thomas Morus, Linacrus, Lupsetus,
& Erasmus, qui in prouerbio, Stultior Morycho, +moruxai+
transfert Moryxę, non moruxai, etsi de pronunciatione multa
disputauerat, quę glorię studio potius, quam usus gratia
se scripsisse, ex hijs & alijs locis scire licet diligenter
obseruanti. Paręmium quoque dixit, non paroimium, et
Hippoclidem non Hippocludem in prouerbio: non est curę
Hippoclidi: & gymnasium non gumnasium, & Sybaritica, Smyrnę
ac Syracusę, non Subaritica, Smurne & Suracusai. Longum
esset omnes istas vanitates percensere, vix dies, aut etiam
annus sufficeret. Sed quid de recentibus loquar, cum vetusti
Gręci & Latini consueta religiosissimč obseruarunt. Galenus
enim homo Gręcus, & summi iudicij ac doctrinę vir, ut si
quis alius sui aut insequentis temporis, lib. 1. operis sui
de Compositione medicamentorum qua parte de modo lauandi
lithargyron & alia metalla scribit, +tź kratousź+ (21)
+sunźtheia+ utendum censet. Etenim cum medici sui temporis
recentiores dicebant, +emplastron+, +kentrion+, +kai mźlōtrida+
cum +r.+ in ultima, is eam scribendi & pronunciandi rationem
sequi maluit propter consuetudinem iam tum receptam &
usitatam, quąm +emplaston+, +kention+, & +mźlōtida+ dicere
sine +r.+ litera, etsi ab +emplattein+, +kentein+, +mźlźs te kai
ōtos+ oriantur, in quibus +r.+ litera non est. Tanti erat apud
illum consuetudo. Docet etiam eo in libro, quem contra eos
scripsit qui reprehendant solęcismum facientes in sermone,
ipsos quoque Atticos secutos esse eam quę in loquendo
pręualuit consuetudinem. Tradiderunt item qui ante Galenum
fuerunt, docti viri (ut ipse refert) Atticam linguam varijs
modis corruptam atque ą proprietate sua viciatam, secutos
tamen esse eam quę suo tempore inoleuit consuetudinem omnes,
qui apud Gręcos ullum pręcellentis doctrinę nomen consecuti
sunt, idem refert. Cum ergo (inquit) in omnibus libris
medicinalibus, +emplastron+ cum +r.+ scriptum inuenimus, & nos
quoque quņd inualuit consuetudine, in loquendo & scribendo
utendum censuimus. Hęc hactenus Galenus. Eretriensibus
quoquč consuetum est +r.+ pro +s.+ proferre, ut +sklźrotźr+ pro
+sklźrotźs+, (unde prouerbium Eretriensium +rhō+). Atheniensibus
contra, ut +tharsein+ pro +tharrhein+, utrobique si euertas
usum, notaberis, et derideberis. Nec Gręci solłm (ut dixi) sed
Latini quoquč hanc secuti sunt consuetudinem. Nam Ciceronis
ętate inualuit stator, pro apparitore seu tabellario, ut ex
epistola eius ad Caninium atque Celsum scire licet: ex
Planci quoque ad Ciceronem. At Ulpiani & Iustiniani
temporibus, strator inoleuit in eadem significatione, addita
r. litera in prima syllaba. Secuti tamen sunt eorum temporum
morem qui insecuti sunt Spartiatus in Caracalla, & qui de
iure scripserunt pręcipui. Itaque quemadmodum in vocibus
atque literis si (22) quid innouaueris, reprehenderis, nisi
consuetudo uniuersalis patietur, ita in pronunciatione.
Prętereo quemadmodum hodič quantitates syllabarum, longas in
breues, & breues in longas mutent, faciantque in muliere
secundam longam, et tertiam breuem, cum tamen Ouidius Naso
in hoc versu. Eminet & non est in muliere fides, secundam
fecit breuem & tertiam longam. Et Vergilius: Nux, asinus,
mulier simili sunt lege ligati, hęc tria nil rectč faciunt
si verbera cessent. Miror quo tandem erumpet hęc audacia,
ne dicam temeritas. Si quis tamen dissentit & suo more loqui
et pronunciare cupiat, contemptis doctioribus et uniuersali
scriptorum consensu, sua cuique stet voluntas et sententia
per me, suum cuique pulchrum sit. Ego quidem nec ulterius,
nec cum quoquam acrius hac de re contendere studeo, nec
bellum Grammaticale contra quenquam instruo et suscipio
(quod tam inane iudico quąm est ipsa res inanis) sed quid
conueniat tantłm consulo, quidque exterę nationes in
constantia et grauitate sua permanentes de pronunciatione
Gręcę et Latinę linguę sentiant, bona fide explico. Non enim
quęsitum hoc est, sed oblatum ex occasione peregrinationis
nostrę per Italian et Germaniam, ut in lib. nostro de libris
proprijs exposuimus. Cum igitur neque seria res sit hęc
inepta pronunciatio, neque ulla causę magnitudo, nulla
necessitas, nulla commoditas rei atque glorię eņ nos
adegerit, neque plausibilis existat doctis atquč grauibus,
nec recepta Gręcis, quid attinet obsoletam eam reuocare in
usum, si modņ in usu prius fuit, de quo nondum constat inter
Grammaticos. Adhęc cum pronunciatio hęc noua sit planč
rustica, ut ex Adolpho Mercherio Brugensi scire licet, aut
affectata nimium, quod nostris sensibus certč patet, nec
tamen uniuersalem consensum virorum grauium et doctorum
admiserit, id (23) non arguit omnes sic pronunciasse sed
aliquos: & cum ex hac occasione magna in re literaria
sequatur perturbatio omnibus omnia pro voluntate et arbitrio
pręter consuetudinem commouentibus, quod in bene constituta
rep. ferendum non fuit, malum pręterea exemplum ęditur ad
alia grauiora. Alioqui non magni referret utro modo
pronunciaretur, cum discrimen nullum est vitę atquč
sanguinis, nulla iactura virtutis et rei, sed inanis
spiritus et anhelitus quę res est nihili. In istis
spiritibus non est cur quis velit seriņ spiritum suum
consumere, tam est res exilis atquč vana. Optandum igitur
ut cum quieta iam sint omnia, et consensu hominum uniuersali
paucis tantłm exceptis confirmata vetus pronunciatio,
persequamur eam, curemusque ne perturbetur. Nam ut innouemus
nulla facit rei magnitudo ut dixi. Omnes enim vident quam
sit leuis et ridicula, nequč ut tantos motus excitemus ulla
fecit necessitas, sed hominum quorundam vanitas, dum quiuis
studeat nouę rei nouus author haberi.

       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *

Errors and Anomalies noted by transcriber:

  _pulchrę_, _vitę_  [comma missing]
  plus in aliena lingua sapiens [[sapiemus?]] quąm ipsa gens
    [_sidenote printed as shown, with brackets and question mark:
    added by 1912 editor?_]
  vel +i+psilon ferendum fuit  [_printed as shown, with initial iota_]






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of De Pronunciatione Graecae & Latinae
Linguae, by John Caius

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE PRONUNCIATIONE GRAECAE ***

***** This file should be named 26570-8.txt or 26570-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/5/7/26570/

Produced by Louise Hope

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     https://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.