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diff --git a/26425.txt b/26425.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..02783bc --- /dev/null +++ b/26425.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11515 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Microcosmography, by John Earle + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Microcosmography + or, a Piece of the World Discovered; in Essays and Characters + +Author: John Earle + +Release Date: August 25, 2008 [EBook #26425] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MICROCOSMOGRAPHY *** + + + + +Produced by Irma Spehar, Christine D. and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + + + + + + + + + + + MICROCOSMOGRAPHY; + + OR, + + A Piece of the World discovered; + + IN + + ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. + + + + + MICROCOSMOGRAPHY; + + OR, + + A PIECE OF THE WORLD + DISCOVERED; + + IN + + ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS + + By JOHN EARLE, D.D. + + + _A Reprint of Dr. Bliss's Edition of 1811._ + + WITH A PREFACE AND SUPPLEMENTARY + APPENDIX + By S. T. IRWIN. + + Bristol: + PUBLISHED BY W. CROFTON HEMMONS. + London: + SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., LTD. + + + + + TO THE MEMORY + OF THE REVEREND DAVID WRIGHT, + "THE GRAVE DIVINE" OF THESE PAGES, + WHOSE NAME WILL LIVE IN BRISTOL + AS LONG AS MEN CARE FOR BEAUTY OF CHARACTER, + RICHNESS OF THOUGHT, OR DISTINCTION OF SPEECH, + THIS BRISTOL REPRINT IS INSCRIBED. + + "From the contagion of the world's slow stain + He was secure." + + + + +PREFACE. + + +It may be reasonably asked why Dr. Bliss's[A] edition of the +Microcosmography should require a preface, and the answer is that it does +not require one. It would be difficult to have a more scholarly, more +adequate, more self-sufficing edition of a favourite book. Almost +everything that helps the elucidation of the text, almost everything about +Bishop Earle that could heighten our affection for him (there is nothing +known to his disparagement) is to be found here.[B] And affection for the +editor is conciliated by the way. It is not only his standard of +equipment that secures this--a standard that might have satisfied Mark +Pattison[C]--but also the painstaking love revealed in it, which, like +every other true love, whether of men or books, will not give of that +which costs it nothing. And, as a further title to our regard, Dr. Bliss +is amusing at his own expense, and compares himself to Earle's "critic," +who swells books into folios with his comments. Not that this humorous +self-depreciation is to be pressed; for, unlike that critic, he is no +"troublesome vexer of the dead." + +But though there is no need of a preface, I have two excuses for writing +one. + +The first is that I was asked to do it by my friend Mr. Frank George, of +Bristol, who wished to see the book reprinted; and the second is the old +_professio pietatis_, which seemed to Tacitus a sufficient defence of the +Agricola, and may perhaps be allowed to serve humbler people as well. What +Earle says of men is no less true of books: "Acquaintance is the first +draught of a friend. Men take a degree in our respect till at last they +wholly possess us;" and the history of this possession must, in every +case, have a sort of interest, as long as it is not carried to the point +of demanding from others the superlatives we permit to ourselves. It is +sufficiently common for people to like the same book for different +reasons; and where an author has a secure place in English literature, his +shade, like the deity of Utopia, may be best pleased with a manifold and +various worship.[D] + +The character of Earle, as drawn by Clarendon, is itself a guarantee for +his studies of character; and the fact that Lord Falkland was his chosen +friend is evidence of his possessing something of that sweet +reasonableness of temper for which his host was so remarkable. "He was +very dear" (we are told) "to the Lord Falkland, with whom he spent as much +time as he could make his own." Indeed, "Mr. Earles would frequently +profess that he had got more useful learning by his conversation at Tew +than he had at Oxford." Of Earle's conversation Clarendon says that it was +"so pleasant and delightful, so very innocent and so very facetious, that +no man's company was more desired and more loved." Walton, too, tells us +of his "innocent wisdom and sanctified learning"; and another witness +speaks of his "charitable heart," an epithet which is nobly borne out by +the correspondence between himself and Baxter printed in this volume. + +This is no superfluous citation of testimony. Without it we might, +perhaps, have suspected, though not, I think, legitimately, something +almost of a cynical spirit in the severity of the punishment which he +deals out to the various disguises of vice and imposture, and in the +pitiless nakedness in which he leaves them. But there are even stronger +reasons for recalling contemporary verdicts pronounced on Earle as a man. +Hallam, in the "Literature of Europe,"[E] has a short notice of him, and +though it shews some appreciation of his ability, it contains a very +unworthy aspersion on his character. "The chapter on the sceptic," he +says, "is witty, but an insult to the honest searcher after truth, which +could only have come from one that was content to take up his own opinions +for ease or profit." If we accept all that is said of Earle's piety and +devotion, and give its proper weight to the very significant epithet +"innocent," used both by Walton and Clarendon, we shall, I think, be slow +to suspect his motive in attacking the sceptic. The honest doubter, it +must be remembered, was not the familiar--much less the +fashionable--figure he has become since, and it is very certain that Earle +described one type of sceptic both of his day and our own. That his sketch +may have done injustice to other types is likely enough; but that is no +reason for calling in question the sincerity of his opinions, or +attributing an interested orthodoxy to one whom Bunyan might have +christened Mr. Singleheart. The piety of the 17th Century was not disposed +to be gentle to sceptics. Even Bacon's enlightenment allows itself harsher +language on such subjects than any to be found in Earle. "None do refuse +to believe in a God save those for _whom it maketh that there were no +God_." And if Bacon is not thought a satisfactory witness, we have an +unimpeachable one very much nearer to our time. Dr. Johnson's occasional +strictures on sceptics are well-known, but his reputation for honest +thinking has never been impaired by their severity. Earle knew what +charity was, as the Baxter correspondence shows, and he has exposed in one +of his characters "the faith that has no room for it"; and if his own +faith needed further enlargement in the case of a sceptic,[F] some +enlargement of Hallam's charity might also have been looked for in +dealing with the earnestness of a militant piety. + +The character-sketch is naturally a thing of limited scope. "Fine +portraiture,"[G] it has been said, "is not possible under such conditions +as it imposes. The traits, common to a class, cannot at the same time be +the accurate and intimate likeness of an individual. For this, a simple +enumeration of actions which such and such a man will do, is not enough. A +novelist takes a long series of connected actions, and even then he has to +interpret, to review from time to time whole stages of development." All +this is, no doubt, true, but the character-writers differ to a remarkable +extent in their individualising power--some of them achieving a high +degree of success, as is subsequently admitted in the case of Thackeray by +the writer just quoted. It may be noticed too, by the way, that great +novelists are not always equally successful in the character-sketch. One +is reminded of Johnson's phrase about Milton's inability "to carve heads +upon cherry stones" when one thinks of "Theophrastus Such" on the one +hand, and the almost unique position of George Eliot as a novelist on the +other. Less successful as she often is in lightness of touch when she has +to pause and interpret her story, she had not prepared us for such a +complete exhaustion of power as her attempt in this branch of literature +(apparently of the same genus, almost of the same species, as the novel) +reveals to her disappointed admirers. It may, at any rate, be said that +her failure is an instructive lesson in the literary division of labour, +and that these studies require a peculiar delicacy of organisation in the +observer, as well as a special gift of exposition. + +"Dolus latet in generalibus" is a salutary warning, but the +character-writers, as a whole, have in most instances got creditably out +of the snare, while Earle, I think, has achieved something more. Besides +his humour and acuteness, besides even his profundity, I find in him an +exceptional power of individualizing. "The contemplative man," for +instance, belongs to a small class at all times; but it is only an +individual we have known, and known at rare intervals, of whose +Wordsworthian temper we are able to say that "Nature asks his approbation +as it were of her works and variety." Again, "the grave divine, who is not +yet dean or canon, though his life is our religion's best apology," reads +throughout like a personal experience. I at least so read it, or I should +not have borrowed from Earle for the dedication which stands at the head +of this preface. Yet such identifications are usually reserved for the +great novelist, whose highest art, as Macaulay says, is to "make the +inventions of one man seem like the recollections of another." + +Some of Earle's readers appear to be chiefly impressed with his book as +furnishing "a picturesque idea of a period now remote, and as possessing +much of the affected quaintness of its age."[H] The picturesqueness I +find, and a good deal of quaintness; but the total impression is that of a +man who has got beyond words, ancient or modern, in his studies of human +nature--of one who, whether + + "invectively he pierceth through + The body of the country, city, court;" + +or is "anatomizing the wise man's folly," is as instructive a moralist in +the end of the nineteenth century as in the beginning of the seventeenth. +This, in a sense, is true of all great moralists, but the distinction of +Earle, as I understand it, is that his characters are so often really +people of our own day, with idiosyncracies that seem almost more +applicable to our own age than to his. + +Society is almost a technical term to-day, susceptible, one would have +said, of refinements of difference infinitely more various than anything +that could have existed more than two hundred years ago; yet one cannot +but feel that this observer would have been fully equal to drawing our +microcosm as well as his own. Earle's is a penetrating observation which +is always fresh--so fresh that no archaism of phrase in him, and no cheery +optimism in ourselves, can disguise the fact that it is our weaknesses he +is probing, our motives he is discovering. + +There are still with us "those well-behaved ghosts AEneas met with--friends +to talk with, and men to look on, but if he grasped them but air"--those +shadowy creatures that "wonder at your ill-breeding,[I] that cannot +distinguish between what is spoken and what is meant." + +We are no strangers to "the fashionable respect which loves not deeper +mutualities, but though exceeding kind and friendly at your first +acquaintance, is at the twentieth meeting but friendly still"; or to that +similar temper which "nothing so much puts out as to trespass against the +genteel way." And, to go a stage lower, the formal man still survives, +whose "face is in so good a frame because he is not disjointed with other +meditations--who hath staid in the world to fill a number; and when he is +gone there wants one and there's an end."[J] He, to be sure, has no +conversation, and that is his discretion--but others display then as now a +bolder discretion, and in their talk "fly for sanctuary rather to nonsense +which few descry, than to nothing which all." + +But literary conversation is not forgotten. It may be a stretch beyond +the power of a latter-day imagination to fancy a visitor proposing to +fascinate his company by some "scatterings of Seneca and Tacitus," or even +to think ourselves back to a time when these "were good for all +occasions." Yet, those who say "Chaucer[K] for our money above all our +English poets because the voice has gone so," (or had we better substitute +Browning?),[L] are still common enough examples of those who desire to +acquire inexpensively the reputation of good taste. + +And there is another variety of modern artificiality which is not spared +in this book. For the many forms of busy idleness, the worship of +organisation and system, and all the other hindrances to life properly +so-called, which it has been the cherished labour of this age to +multiply, Earle would have had no reserve of patience. "The dull +physician," we are told, has no leisure _to be idle_, that is, to study. +"The grave divine," who has "studied to make his shoulders sufficient for +his burden, comes not up thrice a week into his pulpit because _he would +not be idle_"; whereas the commendation of the young raw preacher is that +"he speaks without book, and, indeed, he was never used to it." + +We may justly boast of the superior humanity of our century; but few would +deny that the elaborate apparatus of modern philanthropy has too often +become an end in itself, and absorption in it a serious detriment to any +worthy preparation for the work of edifying. In the absence of leisure +pulpits will hardly furnish us with that "sincere erudition which can send +us clear and pure away unto a virtuous and happy life."[M] Nor is such a +loss compensated by an endless succession of services or even a whole +street of committee-rooms. + +One would not, however, wish to rest in negations or dwell in the last +resort on Earle's critical attitude. One feels that the delightful house +at Tew did not spend all or even its best strength on criticism. Earle may +have there pursued the method of verification and studied his characters +in the flesh. Perhaps he saw there "the staid man," and duly appraised +this specimen of "nature's geometry";[N] while his obvious gifts as a +rational peace-maker, if not much needed in such a company, would not be +overlooked by Lord Falkland. "The good old man," too is a portrait so +strongly individualized that I cannot help thinking some very personal +experience went to the making of it--experience of a sort that was sure to +be revived at Tew, where "so good a relick of the old times" was not +likely to be wanting. It was a house, at any rate, for the "modest man" to +whom, as to the poet Cowper, public appearances were so many penances; for +though the world may not agree with Earle as to the degree in which this +quality sets off a man, there is no question of Lord Falkland's welcome of +the modest man, even if that grave divine "Mr. Earles," did not point out +this diffident guest as one who "had a piece of singularity," and, for all +his modesty, "scorned something." + +And, as "the most polite and _accurate_ men of the University of +Oxford"[O] were to be met with at Tew, we may further hope that Earle +there watched the social mellowing of the "downright scholar whose mind +was too much taken up with his mind,"[P] and strove to carry out his own +recommendation, "practising him in men, and brushing him over with good +company." + +Symposium is a word that has been much abused and vulgarised of late, but +something like its true Platonic sense must have been realised by the +company at Lord Falkland's, as they "examined and refined those grosser +propositions which laziness and consent made current in vulgar +conversation":[Q] for a more Platonic programme it would be difficult to +conceive. The pattern of the ideal republic is, we know, laid up somewhere +in the heavens; but the republic of letters so far as it was represented, +must have been as near the ideal in that house as it ever was on earth. +And in this ideal one of Earle's characters already mentioned was not only +a natural but a necessary element. "The contemplative man" is solitary, we +are told, in company, but he would not be so in this company. "Outward +show, the stream, the people," were not taken seriously at Lord +Falkland's; and the man who "can spell heaven out of earth" would be the +centre of a rare group--men upon whose fresh and eager appetites +conversation that was "mysterious and inward" could not easily pall. + +Bishop Berkeley is one of the very few men who could answer with any +plausibility to this last character of Earle's. But the marvellous +amenity of his social gifts brings him a little closer to the kindly race +of men than Earle thinks is usual with the contemplative student. In every +other point it is an accurate piece of portraiture.[R] Nature might well +ask approbation of her works and variety from a man who was ever feeding +his noble curiosity and never satisfying it. He, too, made a "ladder of +his observations to climb to God." He, too, was "free from vice, because +he had no occasion to employ it." "Such gifts," said the turbulent Bishop +Atterbury of him, "I did not think had been the portion of any but +angels." After this it is no hyperbole to say, as Earle does of the +contemplative man, "He has learnt all can here be taught him, and comes +now to heaven to see more." + +Though Clarendon does full justice to Earle's personal charm, he uses the +epithets "sharp and witty" to describe his published "discourses"; and the +piercing severity of his wit is illustrated everywhere in this book. It is +clear, however, from the sympathetic sketches that Earle's was no _nil +admirari_ doctrine, and that while he saw grave need on all hands for men +to clear their mind of cant, and their company of those who live by it, he +had great store of affection for all that is noble or noble in the making. + +The "modest man" and the high-spirited man" are opposite types, but there +is in both the worthy pursuit and the high ideal. Moreover, the second of +those characters reveals a power of pathos which Earle might have +developed with more opportunity.[S] "The child" whom "his father has writ +as his own little story" is another indication of the same mood. + +These sketches are full of suggestive melancholy--not the melancholy of +the misanthrope, but the true melancholy--the melancholy of +Virgil--_Invalidus etiamque tremens etiam inscius aevi._[T] + +There is another character drawn with a most incisive pathos, though less +_Virgilian_[U] in its tone. + +The poor man, "with whom even those that are not friends _for ends_ love +not a dearness," and who, "with a great deal of virtue, obtains of himself +not to hate men," is a pathetic figure, but he is something more. He is a +sermon on human weakness, not drawn as some Iago might have drawn it with +exultant mockery, but with the painful unflinching veracity of one who is +ashamed of himself and of his kind. When one thinks how often this +weakness is spoken of as if it were peculiar to the moneyed class or to +the uneducated, and how many people whom one knows act and think as if +poverty were a vice if not a crime, though they shrink from avowing it, so +unqualified an exposure indicates a conscience of no common sensitiveness. + +Earle's wit and humour are deadly weapons, and it must be said that the +trades and professions are treated with scant indulgence. He can even +leave a mark like that of Junius when he has a mind. Thus the dull +physician is present at "some desperate recovery, and is slandered with +it, though he be guiltless"; and the attorney does not fear doomsday +because "he hopes he has a trick to reverse judgment!" + +But though one would not ask on behalf of impostors or scoundrels for +suspension of sentence, one does wish for more than a single picture of +the young man "who sins to better his understanding." The companionship +of one who by his 34th year "had so much dispatched the business of life +that the oldest rarely attain to that knowledge and the youngest enter not +the world with more innocence,"[V] might have induced Earle to pourtray +more than the weaknesses of immature manhood. + +We could not, however, have missed this or the other pictures of +characterless persons whether young or "having attained no proficiency by +their stay in the world." Inexperience may fail to recognise them and +suffer for it; or the gilding of rank and fashion may win for such persons +a name in society above that which they deserve, and the moralist is bound +to unmask them. These studies nevertheless are somewhat sombre;[W] and +there is something much lighter and pleasanter in his presentation of +some not unfamiliar phases of manners. There is the self-complacency that +deals with itself like a "truant reader skipping over the harsh places"; +the frank discourtesy that finds something vicious in the conventions and +"circumstance" of good breeding; the patronising insolence[X] that "with +much ado seems to recover your name"; the egoism of discontent that "has +an accustomed tenderness not to be crossed in its fancy"; or lastly, that +affectation of reticence which is as modern as anything in the book, +though its illustrations look so remote. Where we meet with such a temper, +Earle's is still the right method--"we must deal with such a man as we do +with Hebrew letters, spell him backwards and read him!" + +Despite all this searching analysis and the biting wit which accompanies +it, I cannot think the epithet cynical, which I have heard ascribed to +Earle, is defensible. There is a vast difference between recognising our +frailty which is a fact, and insisting that our nature is made up of +nothing else, which is not a fact. The severe critic and the cynic differ +chiefly in this: the first reports distressing facts, the second invents +disgraceful fictions; the one distrusts, the other insults our common +nature; and in doing justice to the possibilities of that nature, no one +has gone further than Earle in his "contemplative man." + +Something may be said of Earle's style before this introduction is brought +to an end. + +I do not think it is uniformly conspicuous[Y] for quaintness, or that +there is much that can be called affectation; though occasionally an +excess of brevity has proved too tempting, or the desire to individualize +runs away with him. + +The following passages, taken at random from the Characters, seem to +contain phrases that we should be well content to use to-day if we had +thought of them. + + _He sighs to see what innocence he hath outlived._ + + _We look on old age for his sake as a more reverent + thing._ + + + _He has still something to distinguish him from a + gentleman, though his doublet cost more._ + + _It is discourtesy in you to believe him._ + + _An extraordinary man in ordinary things._ + + _His businesses with his friends are to visit them._ + + _The main ambition of his life is not to be + discredited._ + + _He preaches heresy if it comes in his way, though with + a mind I must needs say very orthodox._ + +These quotations have no very unfamiliar sound, nor much flavour of +archaism about them. And there are many more, surprisingly free from +conceits or other oddities, if we reflect that the book was written before +Dryden was born, or modern prose with its precision and balance even +thought of. + +There is one very distinguishing mark set on Earle's characters, the +profundity of the analysis that accompanies the sketch. He lets us know +not only what the grave divine or the staid man looks like, but why they +are what they are, and all this without turning his sketch into an essay. +This mistake Bishop Hall is inclined to make, and Butler actually makes. +The author of Hudibras, it seems, would have been too fortunate had he +known where his own happiness lay--to wit in that "sting" of verse, which +Cowper says prose neither has nor can have. + +When one compares the essay in its beginnings with the essay as we know it +to-day, it is not difficult to understand the change of form in the +character sketch. "The Character of a Trimmer"[Z] is a very powerful piece +of writing, containing some very fine things, but Halifax could not make +of it that finished piece of brevity which it would have become in Earle's +hands. Latin criticism has the right word for his work--"densus."[AA] We +could not pack the thinking closer if we wished. And yet if we do not +care to reason a type out, there are pictures enough unspoilt by +commentary.[AB] Earle has some of that delightful suddenness of +illustration which Selden makes so captivating in his Table-Talk. At once +we are made to see likeness or unlikeness, we hear no comment on it; since +the artist desires no more moral than is to be looked for in his art. + +When on the other hand Earle makes more of the reason of the thing, he[AC] +is literally "swift and sententious"--he never takes the opportunity to +draw us into an instructive disquisition, or to assume airs of profundity. +And his passing hint as to the cause of what _we see_ no more injures any +picture he may draw than Coleridge's prose argument at the side of the +page destroys the imaginative spectacle in the Ancient Mariner. + +Earle, it has been said, "is not so thoroughly at home with men of all +sorts and conditions as Overbury, who had probably seen far more of the +world."[AD] However relatively true this may be, Earle's book [published +1628] gives evidence of an experience of men as wide as it is intimate--an +experience little short of marvellous in a resident Fellow of +twenty-seven, whose younger years were chiefly distinguished for "oratory, +poetry, and witty fancies."[AE] (Perhaps his youth may account for some of +that excessive severity in handling follies which is occasionally +noticeable.) The article in the "Dictionary of National Biography" gives a +somewhat different impression of Earle as an observer. "The sketches +throw," it says, "_the greatest light_ upon the social condition of the +time." Now this is not possible for anyone to achieve whose vision +requires "the spectacles of books"; though with such help it is doubtless +possible to extend and improve on the observations of others, with human +nature as a constant quantity. But to be at home with one's contemporaries +and to record one's intimacy means to see with the eye as well as the +mind. The slow inductive method of personal contact is indispensable; and +no reasoning from first principles, no assimilating of secondhand +experience, with whatever touches of genius, can be mistaken for it. + +It is not likely that the Registrar's house (his father's house) at York +added much to Earle's sketch-book; and we have to fall back on what +Clarendon says of his delightful conversation, and by implication, of his +delight in it. In the society of a University and in the life of a +University town there would be presented to an observer of his exceptional +penetration enough of the fusion or confusion of classes to furnish the +analytical powers with a tolerably wide field. + +And Earle does not suffer by comparison with his rivals. "The concise +narrative manner"[AF] of Theophrastus, though in its way as humorously +informing as we find Plautus and Terence, and as we should have found the +New Comedy which they copied, leaves us a little cold from the looseness +or the connexion in the quasi-narrative: we rise a little unsatisfied from +the ingenious banquet of conversational scraps; we desire more. Overbury, +again, says less than Earle, and is more artificial in saying it. Butler +and Bishop Hall too directly suggest _the essay_[AG] and the sermon. In no +one of them is brevity so obviously the soul of wit as it is in Earle; no +one of them is so humorously thoughtful, so lucid in conception, so +striking in phrase. + +When one has reckoned up all these gifts, and all that his friends and +contemporaries said of him, and remember also who and what these friends +were, one is not startled by the eulogistic epitaph in Merton College +Chapel; these words are as moving as they are strong: + + Si nomen ejus necdum suboleat, Lector, + Nomen ejus ut pretiosa unguenta; + Johannes Earle Eboracensis. + +But his own choicer Latin in the epitaph he wrote for the learned Peter +Heylin would serve no less well for himself; and the beautiful brevity of +its closing cadences has so much of the distinction of his English, and +puts so forcibly what Earle deserves to have said of him, that it may +fitly be the last word here: + + Plura ejusmodi meditanti + mors indixit silentium: + ut sileatur + efficere non potest. + + S.T.I. + +Clifton, May, 1896. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[A] It came out in 1811. Forty-four years afterwards he wrote that in his +interleaved copy the list of Seventeenth Century Characters had increased +fourfold--good evidence of his affection for and interest in Earle's +Characters. Yet he despaired of anyone republishing a book so "common and +unimportant" (??). (See Arber's reprint of Earle.) It is to the credit of +Bristol that this pessimism has not been justified. + +[B] Since writing this preface I have added a small supplementary +appendix; but there is nothing in it to require much qualification of the +opinion here expressed. It was hardly possible, as I gather, for Bliss to +have known of the Durham MS. + +[C] Mr. John Morley has called Pattison's standard "the highest of our +time." Bliss's conception of an editor's duties is well illustrated in the +note on p. 73. + +[D] "Varium ac multiplicem expetens cultum deus."--_Mori Utopia Lib. II._ + +[E] Vol. iii., pp. 153 and 154. + +[F] Were the unorthodox opinions of Hobbes known to his friends as early +as 1647? If so, Earle could hardly have been very curious in scenting out +heresy, for Clarendon hopes Earle's intercession may secure for him a book +of Hobbes's. (See letters of Clarendon in Supplementary Appendix.) + +[G] Professor Jebb, in his edition of The Characters of Theophrastus. I +rejoice to see that Professor Jebb assigns Earle a place of far more +distinction than is implied in the measured tribute of Hallam. His preface +furnishes lovers of Earle with just those reasoned opinions with which +instinctive attraction desires to justify itself; and I take this +opportunity of acknowledging my great obligations to it. + +[H] Hallam. The same tone is taken in the article on Earle in the +"Encyclopaedia Britannica." + +[I] Mr. Bridges indeed, ("Achilles in Scyros"), finds that this character +has been always with us, and gives it a place in the Heroic Age. The +passage has almost the note of Troilus and Cressida:-- + + "My invitation, Sir, + Was but my seal of full denial, a challenge + For honor's eye not to be taken up. + Your master hath slipped in manners." + + + +[J] We may compare Matthew Arnold's travelling companion ("Essays in +Criticism," 1st Edition, Preface), who was so nervous about railway +murders, and who refused to be consoled by being reminded that though the +worst should happen, there would still be the old crush at the corner of +Fenchurch Street, and that he would not be missed: "the great mundane +movement would still go on!" + +[K] Chaucer could hardly have been well-known in 1811, or Dr. Bliss would +scarcely have quoted in full the most familiar character in his Prologue; +but I could not find courage to excise, or lay a profane hand on any of +his notes. + +[L] It is, perhaps, superfluous to say that no disrespect is intended to +the Author of the "Ring and the Book"; but it would be difficult to find +another poet who has had so many of the equivocal tributes of fashion. + +[M] Sir Thomas Browne, "Christian Morals." + +[N] "So infinite a fancy, bound in by a most logical +ratiocination."--_Clarendon (of Lord Falkland)._ + +[O] Clarendon. + +[P] "A great cherisher of good parts ... and if he found men clouded with +poverty, or want, a most liberal and bountiful patron."--_Clarendon, ib._ + +[Q] Clarendon, _ib._ + +[R] Between Earle himself and Berkeley there is much resemblance. Of +Berkeley too it would have been said--"a person certainly of the sweetest +and most obliging nature that lived in our age"; and this resemblance +extends beyond their social gifts or their cast of mind, even to their +language. Earle's "vulgar-spirited" man, with whom "to thrive is to do +well," recalls a famous passage in the Siris. + +"He that hath not thought much about God, the human soul, and the _summum +bonum_, may indeed be a _thriving_ earth-worm, but he will make a sorry +patriot, and a sorry statesman." + +[S] Is this from Pliny's Letters? "Totum patrem mira similitudine +exscripserat."--_Lib._ V. xvi. + +[T] One may recall, too, the famous words of the Sophoclean Ajax to his +son in connection with Earle's phrases. "He is not come to his task of +melancholy," "he arrives not at the mischief of being wise," read like a +free translation of Soph. Ajax, II. 554 and 555. + +[U] Perhaps the simile in AEn. viii. 408 and one or two other places would +justify us in calling this also Virgilian, as, indeed, one may call most +good things. + +[V] Clarendon--his character of Lord Falkland. + +[W] There are certain things not at all sombre applicable not only to our +day, but to our _hour_, _e.g._ "the poet (I regret to say he is 'a pot +poet,') now much employed in commendations of our navy"; or this, "His +father sent him to the University, because he heard there were the best +fencing and dancing schools there." If we substitute athletics of some +kind, we have a very modern reason for the existence of such things as +Universities accepted as sound by both parents and children. _cf._ too Dr. +Bliss's note on the serving-man, and its quotation, "An' a man have not +skill in the hawking and hunting languages nowadays, I'll not give a rush +for him!" + +[X] _cf._ Falconbridge in "King John": + + "And if his name be George I'll call him Peter, + For new-made honour doth forget men's names." + +It is this character which was the occasion of the most delightful of all +stories of absence of mind, and though, doubtless, familiar to many, I +cannot resist repeating it. The poet Rogers was looking at a new picture +in the National Gallery in company with a friend. Rogers was soon +satisfied, but his friend was still absorbed. "I say," said Rogers, "_that +fellow_ [Earle's insolent man] was at Holland House again last night, and +he came up and asked me if my name was Rogers." "Yes," said the friend, +still intent on the picture, "_and was it_? + +[Y] The article in the "Dictionary of National Biography" lays stress on +the freedom from conceits in Earle's few poems at a time when conceits +were universal. The lines on Sir John Burroughs contain a couplet which is +wonderfully close to Wordsworth's "Happy Warrior": + + "His rage was tempered well, no fear could daunt + _His reason_, his _cold_ blood was valiant." + + _cf._ "Who in the heat of conflict keeps _the law_ + In _calmness_ made." + +Earle's standard in poetry was high. "Dr. Earle would not allow Lord +Falkland to be a good poet though a Great Witt," yet many poets praised +his verses. Aubrey, who tells us of Earle's opinion, confirms it. "He +(Lord Falkland) writt not a smooth verse, but a great deal of sense." + +[Z] "The Trimmer" is no doubt a political manifesto--but no retreat from +politics could have chastened Halifax's style into a resemblance to +Earle's; when the "Character" became a political weapon, its literary +identity was all but at an end. "The Trimmer" is commended by Macaulay in +his History, where it will be remembered he pays a tribute to its +"vivacity." + +[AA] Quintilian uses it of Thucydides. + +[AB] The "She precise hypocrite" is a striking example--one of Earle's +most humorous pieces. + +_cf._ also "The plain country fellow." + +[AC] The pictures, with the moral attached, are best seen in places: in +"The Tavern, the best theatre of natures"; in "The Bowl-alley, an emblem +of the world where some few justle in to the mistress fortune"; in Paul's +Walk, "where all inventions are emptied and not a few pockets!" + +[AD] Professor Jebb, preface to "The Characters of Theophrastus." + +[AE] Anthony Wood. + +[AF] Professor Jebb. + +[AG] Professor Jebb justly replies to Hallam that if La Bruyere is far +superior to Theophrastus the scope of the two writers makes the comparison +unfair. The difference between them may perhaps be expressed by saying +that an essay was the last thing that the master and the first thing that +the disciple was anxious to produce. + + + + +CONTENTS + +OF THE + +SUPPLEMENTARY APPENDIX. + + +(1) THE DURHAM MS. + +In the Cathedral Library at Durham is a small bound volume which contains +forty-six of Earle's Characters, bearing date 1627[AH],--the date of the +first edition being 1628. I was enabled by the kindness of Dr. Greenwell, +the Librarian, to take it away and examine it at leisure; and the courtesy +of the University Librarian, Dr. Fowler, furnished me with an exact +collation of the MS. versions with the printed text[AI] of these +forty-six Characters, the original of the contributions made by him to +"Notes and Queries," and referred to in the "Dictionary of National +Biography." + +(2) I have printed, besides, some other versions quoted by Bliss from "Dr. +Bright's MS.," and incorporated in his annotated copy of his own book. +These are often the same with those of the Durham MS. I should mention +that though this annotated copy is in the Bodleian Library, the +Sub-Librarian, Mr. Falconer Madan, "knows of no 'Bright MS.,'[AJ] nor +where Bliss's MS. with that name is." The copy in question contains so +much additional matter that I have added a few things from it, but my +space was necessarily limited; there is good evidence in it of Bliss's +statement that he had continued collecting materials for the book for +forty-four years after its publication. Moreover, in the "Bliss Sale +Catalogue" in the Bodleian there are some 530 books of Characters +(including duplicates). I am myself in possession, as I believe, of a copy +of Bliss's edition which belonged to himself, and which is annotated by +himself and Haslewood.[AK] It contains a castrated title-page (originally +Bliss suppressed his name) and a notice of the book in the "Monthly +Review" of 1812. + +(3) I have added a few "testimonies" to Earle from Anthony Wood and +others. + +(4) I have printed three letters from Clarendon to Earle from the +"Clarendon State Papers," with short extracts from two others; as well as +two letters of Earle's from the Bodleian Library--interesting rather as +personal relics than as containing anything very significant. All that +relates to its author will, I believe, be acceptable to lovers of the +"Cosmography." + +For this additional matter, as well as for other help and counsel, I am +indebted to Mr. Charles Firth, of Balliol College, Oxford, whose learning +is always at the service of his friends, and who stands in no need of the +old injunction--"not to be reserved and caitiff in this part of goodness." + +(5) From a notebook of Bliss's (in MS.) in my possession I have added a +few titles of Books of Characters. + +I have retained in this Appendix the spelling I found. Bliss's text has, +with a few exceptions (possibly accidental), the modern spelling. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AH] Dec. 14th, 1627. [At the end, by way of Colophon:] at the top of page +1, in a different hand, "Edw. Blunt Author." This MS. was obviously one of +"the _written copies_, passing severally from hand to hand, which grew at +length to be a pretty number in a little volume." (See Blount's Preface to +the Reader.) + +[AI] As it appears in Arber's Reprint. + +[AJ] The "Bright MS." was obviously later than that in the Durham +Cathedral Library, since it contained several Characters known to have +been added to the first edition. + +[AK] Joseph Haslewood, Antiquary. One of the founders of the Roxburghe +Club. + + + + + MICROCOSMOGRAPHY; + + OR + + A Piece of the World discovered; + + IN + + ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. + + BY JOHN EARLE, D.D. + + OF CHRIST-CHURCH AND MERTON COLLEGES, OXFORD, + AND BISHOP OF SALISBURY. + + A NEW EDITION. + + TO WHICH ARE ADDED, + + NOTES AND AN APPENDIX, + + BY PHILIP BLISS, + + FELLOW OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD. + + _LONDON:_ + + PRINTED FOR WHITE AND COCHRANE, FLEET-STREET; + AND + JOHN HARDING. ST. JAMES'S-STREET. + + 1811. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + + +The present edition of Bishop Earle's Characters was undertaken from an +idea that they were well worthy of republication, and that the present +period, when the productions of our early English writers are sought after +with an avidity hitherto unexampled, would be the most favourable for +their appearance. + +The text has been taken from the edition of 1732, collated with the first +impression in 1628. The variations from the latter are thus +distinguished:--those words or passages which have been added since the +first edition are contained between brackets, [and printed in the common +type]; those which have received some alteration, are printed in _italic_, +and the passages, as they stand in the first edition, are always given in +a note. + +For the Notes, Appendix, and Index, the editor is entirely answerable, and +although he is fully aware that many superfluities will be censured, many +omissions discovered, and many errors pointed out, he hopes that the +merits of the original author will, in a great measure, compensate for the +false judgment or neglect of his reviver. + +_January_ 30, 1811. + + + + +THE PREFACE + +[TO THE EDITION OF 1732[AL].] + + +This little book had six editions between 1628 and 1633, without any +author's name to recommend it: I have heard of an eighth in 1664. From +that of 33 this present edition is reprinted, without altering any thing +but the plain errors of the press, and the old pointing and spelling in +some places. + +The language is generally easy, and proves our English tongue not to be so +very changeable as is commonly supposed; nay, sometimes the phrase seems a +little obscure, more by the mistakes of the printer than the distance of +time. Here and there we meet with a broad expression, and some characters +are far below others; nor is it to be expected that so great a variety of +portraits should all be drawn with equal excellence, though there are +scarce any without some masterly touches. The change of fashions +unavoidably casts a shade upon a few places, yet even those contain an +exact picture of the age wherein they were written, as the rest does of +mankind in general: for reflections founded upon nature will be just in +the main, as long as men are men, though the particular instances of vice +and folly may be diversified. Paul's Walk is now no more, but then good +company adjourn to coffee-houses, and, at the reasonable fine of two or +three pence, throw away as much of their precious time as they find +troublesome. + +Perhaps these valuable essays may be as acceptable to the public now as +they were at first; both for the entertainment of those who are already +experienced in the ways of mankind, and for the information of others who +would know the world the best way, that is--without trying it[AM]. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AL] _London: Printed by E. Say, Anno Domini_ M.DCC.XXXII. + +[AM] A short account of Earle, taken from the _Athenae Oxonienses_ is here +omitted. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT + +[TO THE EDITION OF 1786[AN].] + + +As this entertaining little book is become rather scarce, and is replete +with so much good sense and genuine humour, which, though in part adapted +to the times when it first appeared, seems, on the whole, by no means +inapplicable to any aera of mankind, the editor conceives that there needs +little apology for the republication. A farther inducement is, his having, +from very good authority, lately discovered[AO] that these _Characters_ +(hitherto known only under the title of _Blount's_[AP]), were actually +drawn by the able pencil of JOHN EARLE, who was formerly bishop of Sarum, +having been translated to that see from Worcester, A.D. 1663, and died at +Oxford, 1665. + +Isaac Walton, in his Life of Hooker, delineates the character of the said +venerable prelate. + +It appears from Antony Wood's Athen. Oxon. under the Life of Bishop Earle, +that this book was first of all published at London in 1628, under the +name of "_Edward Blount_." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AN] _"Microcosmography; or, a Piece of the World characterized; in Essays +and Characters. London, printed A.D. 1650. Salisbury, Reprinted and sold +by E. Easton, 1786. Sold also by G. and T. Wilkie, St. Paul's Church-yard, +London."_ + +[AO] I regret extremely that I am unable to put the reader in possession +of this very acute discoverer's name. + +[AP] This mistake originated with Langbaine, who, in his account of Lilly, +calls Blount "a gentleman who has made himself known to the world by the +several pieces of his own writing, (as _Horae Subsecivae_, his +_Microcosmography_, &c.") _Dramatic Poets_, 8vo, 1691, p. 327. + + + + +EDITIONS OF "MICROCOSMOGRAPHY." + + +The first edition (of which the Bodleian possesses a copy, 8vo. P. 154. +Theol.) was printed with the following title: "_Microcosmographie: or, a +Peece of the World discovered; In Essayes and Characters. Newly composed +for the Northerne parts of this Kingdome. At London. Printed by W. S. for +Ed. Blount, 1628_." This contains only fifty-four characters[AQ], which in +the present edition are placed first. I am unable to speak of any +subsequent copy, till one in the following year, (1629), printed for +Robert Allot[AR], and called in the title "_The first edition much +enlarged_." This, as Mr. Henry Ellis kindly informs me, from a copy in the +British Museum, possesses seventy-six characters. The _sixth_ was printed +for Allot, in 1633, (_Bodl. Mar._ 441,) and has seventy-eight, the +additional ones being "a herald," and "a suspicious, or jealous man." The +_seventh_ appeared in 1638, for Andrew Crooke, agreeing precisely with the +sixth; and in 1650 the _eighth_. A copy of the latter is in the curious +library of Mr. Hill, and, as Mr. Park acquaints me, is without any +specific edition numbered in the title. I omit that noticed by the editor +of 1732, as printed in 1664, for if such a volume did exist, which I much +doubt, it was nothing more than a copy of the eighth with a new +title-page. In 1732 appeared the _ninth_, which was a reprint of the +_sixth_, executed with care and judgment. I have endeavoured in vain to +discover to whom we are indebted for this republication of bishop Earle's +curious volume, but it is probable that the person who undertook it, found +so little encouragement in his attempt to revive a taste for the +productions of our early writers, that he suffered his name to remain +unknown. Certain it is that the impression, probably not a large one, did +not sell speedily, as I have seen a copy, bearing date 1740, under the +name of "_The World display'd: or several Essays; consisting of the +various Characters and Passions of its principal Inhabitants_," &c. +London, printed for C. Ward, and R. Chandler. The edition printed at +Salisbury, in 1786, (which has only seventy-four characters,) with that +now offered to the public, close the list. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AQ] Having never seen or been able to hear of any copy of the second, +third, or fourth editions, I am unable to point out when the additional +characters first appeared. + +[AR] Robert Allot, better known as the editor of _England's Parnassus_, +appears to have succeeded Blount in several of his copy-rights, among +others, in that of Shakspeare, as the second edition (1632) was printed +for him. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + _Preface to the Reprint of 1897_ vii. + + Advertisement to the present edition (1811) xlv. + + Preface to the edition of 1732 xlvii. + + Advertisement to the edition of 1786 xlix. + + Editions of _Microcosmography_ li. + + Blount's Preface to the Reader lix. + + + A child 1 + + A young raw preacher 4 + + A grave divine 8 + + A meer dull physician 11 + + An alderman 16 + + A discontented man 18 + + An antiquary 20 + + A younger brother 22 + + A meer formal man 25 + + A church papist 27 + + A self-conceited man 29 + + A too idly reserved man 31 + + A tavern 34 + + A shark 37 + + A carrier 40 + + A young man 42 + + An old college butler 45 + + An upstart country knight 48 + + An idle gallant 51 + + A constable 53 + + A downright scholar 54 + + A plain country fellow 57 + + A player 60 + + A detractor 63 + + A young gentleman of the university 65 + + A weak man 68 + + A tobacco-seller 70 + + A pot poet 71 + + A plausible man 74 + + A bowl-alley 76 + + The world's wise man 78 + + A surgeon 80 + + A contemplative man 82 + + A she precise hypocrite 84 + + A sceptick in religion 88 + + An attorney 93 + + A partial man 95 + + A trumpeter 97 + + A vulgar spirited man 98 + + A plodding student 101 + + Paul's walk 103 + + A cook 106 + + A bold forward man 108 + + A baker 111 + + A pretender to learning 112 + + A herald 115 + + The common singing-men in cathedral churches 116 + + A shop-keeper 118 + + A blunt man 119 + + A handsome hostess 122 + + A critic 123 + + A serjeant, or catch-pole 124 + + An university dun 126 + + A stayed man 128 + + [All from this character were added after the first edition.] + + A modest man 131 + + A meer empty wit 134 + + A drunkard 136 + + A prison 138 + + A serving-man 140 + + An insolent man 142 + + Acquaintance 144 + + A meer complimental man 147 + + A poor fiddler 149 + + A meddling-man 151 + + A good old man 153 + + A flatterer 155 + + A high spirited man 158 + + A meer gull citizen 160 + + A lascivious man 165 + + A rash man 167 + + An affected man 169 + + A profane man 171 + + A coward 173 + + A sordid rich man 174 + + A meer great man 177 + + A poor man 179 + + An ordinary honest man 181 + + A suspicious, or jealous man 183 + + APPENDIX. + + Some account of bishop Earle[AS] 186 + + Characters of bishop Earle 194 + + List of Dr. Earle's Works 197 + + Lines on sir John Burroughs 199 + + Lines on the death of the earl of Pembroke 201 + + Lines on Mr. Beaumont 203 + + Dedication to the Latin translation of the [Greek: Eikon Basilike] 207 + + Inscription on Dr. Heylin's monument 211 + + Correspondence between Dr. Earle and Mr. Bagster 213 + + Inscription in Streglethorp church 217 + + Chronological List of Books of Characters, from 1567 + to 1700 219 + + Corrections and additions 279 + + A note on bishop Earle's arms, from _Guillim's Heraldry_ 282 + + _Supplementary Appendix, 1897, (Durham MS., Letters + of Earle and Clarendon, etc.)_ 303 + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AS] It will be remarked, that Dr. Earle's name is frequently spelled +_Earle_ and _Earles_ in the following pages. Wherever the editor has had +occasion to use the name himself, he has invariably called it _Earle_, +conceiving that to be the proper orthography. Wherever it is found +_Earles_, he has attended strictly to the original, from which the article +or information has been derived. + + + + +TO THE READER[AT]. + + +I have (for once) adventured to play the midwife's part, helping to bring +forth these infants into the world, which the father would have smothered; +who having left them lapt up in loose sheets, as soon as his fancy was +delivered of them, written especially for his private recreation, to pass +away the time in the country, and by the forcible request of friends drawn +from him: yet, passing severally from hand to hand, in written copies, +grew at length to be a pretty number in a little volume: and among so many +sundry dispersed transcripts, some very imperfect and surreptitious had +liked to have passed the press, if the author had not used speedy means of +prevention; when, perceiving the hazard he ran to be wronged, was +unwillingly[AU] willing to let them pass as now they appear to the world. +If any faults have escaped the press (as few books can be printed +without), impose them not on the author, I intreat thee; but rather impute +them to mine and the printer's oversight, who seriously promise, on the +re-impression hereof, by greater care and diligence for this our former +default, to make thee ample satisfaction. In the mean while, I remain + + Thine, + + ED. BLOUNT[AV]. + +[Illustration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AT] _Gentile, or Gentle_, 8th edit. 1650. + +[AU] Willingly, 8th edit. evidently a typographical error. + +[AV] Edward Blount, who lived at the Black Bear, Saint Paul's Church-yard, +appears to have been a bookseller of respectability, and in some respects +a man of letters. Many dedications and prefaces, with as much merit as +compositions of this nature generally possess, bear his name, and there is +every reason to suppose that he translated a work from the Italian, which +is intituled "_The Hospitall of Incurable Fooles_," &c. 4to. 1600. Mr. +Ames has discovered, from the Stationer's Register, that he was the son of +Ralph Blount or Blunt, merchant-taylor of London; that he was apprenticed +to William Ponsonby, in 1578, and made free in 1588. It is no slight +honour to his taste and judgment, that he was one of the partners in the +first edition of Shakspeare. + + + + +MICROCOSMOGRAPHY; + +_or_, + +_A piece of the World characterized_. + + + + +I. + +A CHILD + + +Is a man in a small letter, yet the best copy of Adam before he tasted of +Eve or the apple; and he is happy whose small practice in the world can +only write his character. He is nature's fresh picture newly drawn in oil, +which time, and much handling, dims and defaces. His soul is yet a white +paper[1] unscribbled with observations of the world, wherewith, at length, +it becomes a blurred note-book. He is purely happy, because he knows no +evil, nor hath made means by sin to be acquainted with misery. He arrives +not at the mischief of being wise, nor endures evils to come, by +fore-seeing them. He kisses and loves all, and, when the smart of the rod +is past, smiles on his beater. Nature and his parents alike dandle him, +and tice him on with a bait of sugar to a draught of wormwood. He plays +yet, like a young prentice the first day, and is not come to his task of +melancholy. [[2]All the language he speaks yet is tears, and they serve +him well enough to express his necessity.] His hardest labour is his +tongue, as if he were loath to use so deceitful an organ; and he is best +company with it when he can but prattle. We laugh at his foolish ports, + + Shakspeare, of a child, says, + "---- the hand of time + Shall draw this brief into as huge a volume." + + _K. John II._ i. + +but his game is our earnest; and his drums, rattles, and hobby-horses, but +the emblems and mocking of man's business. His father hath writ him as his +own little story, wherein he reads those days of his life that he cannot +remember, and sighs to see what innocence he hath out-lived. The elder he +grows, he is a stair lower from God; and, like his first father, much +worse in his breeches.[3] He is the Christian's example, and the old man's +relapse; the one imitates his pureness, and the other falls into his +simplicity. Could he put off his body with his little coat, he had got +eternity without a burden, and exchanged but one heaven for another. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] So Washbourne, in his _Divine Poems_, 12mo. 1654: + + "---- ere 'tis accustom'd unto sin, + _The mind white paper_ is, and will admit + Of any lesson you will write in it."--p. 26. + + + +[2] This, and every other passage throughout the volume, [included between +brackets,] does not appear in the first edition of 1628. + +[3] Adam did not, to use the words of the old Geneva Bible, "make himself +breeches," till he knew sin: the meaning of the passage in the text is +merely that, as a child advances in age, he commonly proceeds in the +knowledge and commission of vice and immorality. + + + + +II. + +A YOUNG RAW PREACHER + + +Is a bird not yet fledged, that hath hopped out of his nest to be chirping +on a hedge, and will be straggling abroad at what peril soever. His +backwardness in the university hath set him thus forward; for had he not +truanted there, he had not been so hasty a divine. His small standing, and +time, hath made him a proficient only in boldness, out of which, and his +table-book, he is furnished for a preacher. His collections of study are +the notes of sermons, which, taken up at St. Mary's,[4] he utters in the +country: and if he write brachigraphy,[5] his stock is so much the +better. His writing is more than his reading, for he reads only what he +gets without book. Thus accomplished he comes down to his friends, and his +first salutation is grace and peace out of the pulpit. His prayer is +conceited, and no man remembers his college more at large.[6] The pace of +his sermon is a full career, and he runs wildly over hill and dale, till +the clock stop him. The labour of it is chiefly in his lungs; and the only +thing he has made[7] _in_ it himself, is the faces. He takes on against +the pope without mercy, and has a jest still in lavender for Bellarmine: +yet he preaches heresy, if it comes in his way, though with a mind, I must +needs say, very orthodox. His action is all passion, and his speech +interjections. He has an excellent faculty in bemoaning the people, and +spits with a very good grace. [His stile is compounded of twenty several +men's, only his body imitates some one extraordinary.] He will not draw +his handkercher out of his place, nor blow his nose without discretion. +His commendation is, that he never looks upon book; and indeed he was +never used to it. He preaches but once a year, though twice on Sunday; for +the stuff is still the same, only the dressing a little altered: he has +more tricks with a sermon, than a taylor with an old cloak, to turn it, +and piece it, and at last quite disguise it with a new preface. If he have +waded farther in his profession, and would shew reading of his own, his +authors are postils, and his school-divinity a catechism. His fashion and +demure habit gets him in with some town-precisian, and makes him a guest +on Friday nights. You shall know him by his narrow velvet cape, and serge +facing; and his ruff, next his hair, the shortest thing about him. The +companion of his walk is some zealous tradesman, whom he astonishes with +strange points, which they both understand alike. His friends and much +painfulness may prefer him to thirty pounds a year, and this means to a +chambermaid; with whom we leave him now in the bonds of wedlock:--next +Sunday you shall have him again. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[4] St. Mary's church was originally built by king Alfred, and annexed to +the University of Oxford, for the use of the scholars, when St. Giles's +and St. Peter's (which were till then appropriated to them,) had been +mined by the violence of the Danes. It was totally rebuilt during the +reign of Henry VII., who gave forty oaks towards the materials; and is, to +this day, the place of worship in which the public sermons are preached +before the members of the university. + +[5] _Brachigraphy_, or short-hand-writing, appears to have been much +studied in our author's time, and was probably esteemed a fashionable +accomplishment. It was first introduced into this country by Peter Bales, +who, in 1590, published _The Writing Schoolmaster_, a treatise consisting +of three parts, the first "of Brachygraphie, that is, to write as fast as +a man speaketh treatably, writing but one letter for a word;" the second, +of Orthography; and the third, of Calligraphy. Imprinted at London, by T. +Orwin, &c. 1590. 4to. A second edition, "with sundry new additions," +appeared in 1597. 12mo. Imprinted at London, by George Shawe, &c. +Holinshed gives the following description of one of Bale's +performances:--"The tenth of August (1575,) a rare peece of worke, and +almost incredible, was brought to passe by an Englishman borne in the +citie of London, named Peter Bales, who by his industrie and practise of +his pen, contriued and writ within the compasse of a penie, in Latine, the +Lord's praier, the creed, the ten commandements, a praier to God, a praier +for the queene, his posie, his name, the daie of the moneth, the yeare of +our Lord, and the reigne of the queene. And on the seuenteenthe of August +next following, at Hampton court, he presented the same to the queene's +maiestie, in the head of a ring of gold, couered with a christall; and +presented therewith an excellent spectacle by him deuised, for the easier +reading thereof: wherewith hir maiestie read all that was written therein +with great admiration, and commended the same to the lords of the +councell, and the ambassadors, and did weare the same manie times vpon hir +finger." _Holinshed's Chronicle, page 1262, b. edit, folio, Lond. 1587._ + +[6] It is customary in all sermons delivered before the University, to use +an introductory prayer for the founder of, and principal benefactors to, +the preacher's individual college, as well as for the officers and members +of the university in general. This, however, would appear very ridiculous +when "_he comes down to his friends_" or, in other words, preaches before +a country congregation. + +[7] _of_, first edit. 1628. + + + + +III. + +A GRAVE DIVINE + + +Is one that knows the burthen of his calling, and hath studied to make his +shoulders sufficient; for which he hath not been hasty to launch forth of +his port, the university, but expected the ballast of learning, and the +wind of opportunity. Divinity is not the beginning but the end of his +studies; to which he takes the ordinary stair, and makes the arts his way. +He counts it not prophaneness to be polished with human reading, or to +smooth his way by Aristotle to school-divinity. He has sounded both +religions, and anchored in the best, and is a protestant out of judgment, +not faction; not because his country, but his reason is on this side. The +ministry is his choice, not refuge, and yet the pulpit not his itch, but +fear. His discourse is substance, not all rhetoric, and he utters more +things than words. His speech is not helped with inforced action, but the +matter acts itself. He shoots all his meditations at one but; and beats +upon his text, not the cushion; making his hearers, not the pulpit groan. +In citing of popish errors, he cuts them with arguments, not cudgels them +with barren invectives; and labours more to shew the truth of his cause +than the spleen. His sermon is limited by the method, not the hour-glass; +and his devotion goes along with him out of the pulpit. He comes not up +thrice a week, because he would not be idle; nor talks three hours +together, because he would not talk nothing: but his tongue preaches at +fit times, and his conversation is the every day's exercise. In matters +of ceremony, he is not ceremonious, but thinks he owes that reverence to +the church to bow his judgement to it, and make more conscience of schism, +than a surplice. He esteems the church hierarchy as the church's glory, +and however we jar with Rome, would not have our confusion distinguish us. +In simoniacal purchases he thinks his soul goes in the bargain, and is +loath to come by promotion so dear; yet his worth at length advances him, +and the price of his own merit buys him a living. He is no base grater of +his tythes, and will not wrangle for the odd egg. The lawyer is the only +man he hinders, by whom he is spited for taking up quarrels. He is a main +pillar of our church, though not yet dean or canon, and his life our +religion's best apology. His death is the last sermon, where, in the +pulpit of his bed, he instructs men to die by his example.[8] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[8] I cannot forbear to close this admirable character with the beautiful +description of a "_poure Persone_," _riche of holy thought and werk_, +given by the father of English poetry:-- + + "Benigne he was, and wonder diligent, + And in adversite ful patient: + And swiche he was ypreved often sithes. + Ful loth were him to cursen for his tythes, + But rather wolde he yeven out of doute, + Unto his poure parishens aboute, + Of his offring, and eke of his substance. + He coude in litel thing have suffisance. + Wide was his parish, and houses fer asonder, + But he ne left nought for no rain ne thonder, + In sikenesse and in mischief to visite + The ferrest in his parish, moche and lite, + Upon his fete, and in his hand a staf. + + * * * * * + + And though he holy were, and vertuous, + He was to sinful men not dispitous, + Ne of his speche dangerous ne digne, + But in his teching discrete and benigne. + To drawen folk to heven, with fairenesse, + By good ensample, was his besinesse. + + * * * * * + + He waited after no pompe ne reverence, + Ne maked him no spiced conscience, + But Cristes lore, and his apostles twelve, + He taught, but first he folwed it himselve." + + _Chaucer, Prol. to Cant. Tales, v._ 485. + +We may surely conclude with a line from the same poem, + + "A better preest I trowe that nowher non is." + + + + + + +IV. + +A MEER DULL PHYSICIAN. + + +His practice is some business at bedsides, and his speculation an urinal: +he is distinguished from an empiric, by a round velvet cap and doctor's +gown, yet no man takes degrees more superfluously, for he is doctor +howsoever. He is sworn to Galen and Hippocrates, as university men to +their statutes, though they never saw them; and his discourse is all +aphorisms, though his reading be only Alexis of Piedmont,[9] or the +Regiment of Health.[10] The best cure he has done, is upon his own purse, +which from a lean sickliness he hath made lusty, and in flesh. His +learning consists much in reckoning up the hard names of diseases, and the +superscriptions of gally-pots in his apothecary's shop, which are ranked +in his shelves, and the doctor's memory. He is, indeed, only languaged in +diseases, and speaks Greek many times when he knows not. If he have been +but a by-stander at some desperate recovery, he is slandered with it +though he be guiltless; and this breeds his reputation, and that his +practice, for his skill is merely opinion. Of all odours he likes best the +smell of urine, and holds Vespasian's[11] rule, that no gain is unsavory. +If you send this once to him you must resolve to be sick howsoever, for he +will never leave examining your water, till he has shaked it into a +disease:[12] then follows a writ to his drugger in a strange tongue, which +he understands, though he cannot conster. If he see you himself, his +presence is the worst visitation: for if he cannot heal your sickness, he +will be sure to help it. He translates his apothecary's shop into your +chamber, and the very windows and benches must take physic. He tells you +your malady in Greek, though it be but a cold, or headach; which by good +endeavour and diligence he may bring to some moment indeed. His most +unfaithful act is, that he leaves a man gasping, and his pretence is, +death and he have a quarrel and must not meet; but his fear is, lest the +carkass should bleed.[13] Anatomies, and other spectacles of mortality, +have hardened him, and he is no more struck with a funeral than a +grave-maker. Noble-men use him for a director of their stomach, and ladies +for wantonness,[14] especially if he be a proper man.[15] If he be single, +he is in league with his she-apothecary; and because it is the physician, +the husband is patient. If he have leisure to be idle (that is to study,) +he has a smatch at alcumy, and is sick of the philosopher's stone; a +disease uncurable, but by an abundant phlebotomy of the purse. His two +main opposites are a mountebank and a good woman, and he never shews his +learning so much as in an invective against them and their boxes. In +conclusion, he is a sucking consumption, and a very brother to the worms, +for they are both engendered out of man's corruption. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[9] _The secretes of the reverende maister Alexis of Piemount, containyng +excellente remedies against diuers diseases_, &c. appear to have been a +very favourite study either with the physicians, or their patients, about +this period. + +They were originally written in Italian, and were translated into English +by William Warde, of which editions were printed at London, in 1558, 1562, +1595, and 1615. In 1603, a _fourth_ edition of a Latin version appeared at +Basil; and from Ward's dedication to "the lorde Russell, erle of Bedford," +it seems that the French and Dutch were not without so great a treasure in +their own languages. A specimen of the importance of this publication may +be given in the title of the first secret. "The maner and secrete to +conserue a man's youth, and to holde back olde age, to maintaine a man +always in helth and strength, as in the fayrest floure of his yeres." + +[10] _The Regiment of Helthe_, by Thomas Paynell, is another volume of the +same description, and was printed by Thomas Berthelette, in 1541. 4to. + +[11] _Vespatian_, tenth emperor of Rome, imposed a tax upon urine, and +when his son Titus remonstrated with him on the meanness of the act, +"Pecuniam," says Suetonius, "ex prima pensione admovit ad nares, suscitans +_num odore offenderetur_? et illo negante, atqui, inquit, e lotio est." + +[12] "Vpon the market-day he is much haunted with vrinals, where, if he +finde any thing, (though he knowe nothing,) yet hee will say some-what, +which if it hit to some purpose, with a fewe fustian words, hee will seeme +a piece of strange stuffe." Character of an unworthy physician. "_The Good +and the Badde_," by Nicholas Breton. 4to. 1618. + +[13] That the murdered body bleeds at the approach of the murderer, was, +in our author's time, a commonly received opinion. Holinshed affirms that +the corps of Henry the Sixth bled as it was carrying for interment; and +Sir Kenelm Digby so firmly believed in the truth of the report, that he +has endeavoured to explain the reason. It is remarked by Mr. Steevens, in +a note to _Shakspeare_, that the opinion seems to be derived from the +ancient Swedes, or Northern nations, from whom we descend; as they +practised this method of trial in all dubious cases. + +[14] + + "Faith, doctor, it is well, thy study is to please + The female sex, and how their corp'rall griefes to ease." + +Goddard's "_Mastif Whelp_." Satires. 4to. Without date. Sat. 17. + +[15] _Proper_ for handsome. + + + + +V. + +AN ALDERMAN. + + +He is venerable in his gown, more in his beard, wherewith he sets not +forth so much his own, as the face of a city. You must look on him as one +of the town gates, and consider him not as a body, but a corporation. His +eminency above others hath made him a man of worship, for he had never +been preferred, but that he was worth thousands. He over-sees the +commonwealth, as his shop, and it is an argument of his policy, that he +has thriven by his craft. He is a rigorous magistrate in his ward; yet his +scale of justice is suspected, lest it be like the balances in his +warehouse. A ponderous man he is, and substantial, for his weight is +commonly extraordinary, and in his preferment nothing rises so much as his +belly. His head is of no great depth, yet well furnished; and when it is +in conjunction with his brethren, may bring forth a city apophthegm, or +some such sage matter. He is one that will not hastily run into error, for +he treads with great deliberation, and his judgment consists much in his +pace. His discourse is commonly the annals of his mayoralty, and what good +government there was in the days of his gold chain, though the door posts +were the only things that suffered reformation. He seems most sincerely +religious, especially on solemn days; for he comes often to church to make +a shew, [and is a part of the quire hangings.] He is the highest stair of +his profession, and an example to his trade, what in time they may come +to. He makes very much of his authority, but more of his sattin doublet, +which, though of good years, bears its age very well, and looks fresh +every Sunday: but his scarlet gown is a monument, and lasts from +generation to generation. + + + + +VI. + +A DISCONTENTED MAN + + +Is one that is fallen out with the world, and will be revenged on himself. +Fortune has denied him in something, and he now takes pet, and will be +miserable in spite. The root of his disease is a self-humouring pride, and +an accustomed tenderness not to be crossed in his fancy; and the occasion +commonly of one of these three, a hard father, a peevish wench, or his +ambition thwarted. He considered not the nature of the world till he felt +it, and all blows fall on him heavier, because they light not first on his +expectation. He has now foregone all but his pride, and is yet +vain-glorious in the ostentation of his melancholy. His composure of +himself is a studied carelessness, with his arms across, and a neglected +hanging of his head and cloak; and he is as great an enemy to an hat-band, +as fortune. He quarrels at the time and up-starts, and sighs at the +neglect of men of parts, that is, such as himself. His life is a perpetual +satyr, and he is still girding[16] the age's vanity, when this very anger +shews he too much esteems it. He is much displeased to see men merry, and +wonders what they can find to laugh at. He never draws his own lips higher +than a smile, and frowns wrinkle him before forty. He at last falls into +that deadly melancholy to be a bitter hater of men, and is the most apt +companion for any mischief. He is the spark that kindles the commonwealth, +and the bellows himself to blow it: and if he turn anything, it is +commonly one of these, either friar, traitor, or mad-man. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[16] To _gird_, is to sneer at, or scorn any one. Falstaff says, "men of +all sorts take a pride to _gird_ at me."--_Henry IV. Part 2._ + + + + +VII. + +AN ANTIQUARY; + + +He is a man strangly thrifty of time past, and an enemy indeed to his maw, +whence he fetches out many things when they are now all rotten and +stinking. He is one that hath that unnatural disease to be enamoured of +old age and wrinkles, and loves all things (as Dutchmen do cheese,) the +better for being mouldy and worm-eaten. He is of our religion, because we +say it is most antient; and yet a broken statue would almost make him an +idolater. A great admirer he is of the rust of old monuments, and reads +only those characters, where time hath eaten out the letters. He will go +you forty miles to see a saint's well or a ruined abbey; and there be but +a cross or stone foot-stool in the way, he'll be considering it so long, +till he forget his journey. His estate consists much in shekels, and Roman +coins; and he hath more pictures of Caesar, than James or Elizabeth. +Beggars cozen him with musty things which they have raked from dunghills, +and he preserves their rags for precious relicks. He loves no library, but +where there are more spiders volumes than authors, and looks with great +admiration on the antique work of cobwebs. Printed books he contemns, as a +novelty of this latter age, but a manuscript he pores on everlastingly, +especially if the cover be all moth-eaten, and the dust make a parenthesis +between every syllable. He would give all the books in his study (which +are rarities all,) for one of the old Roman binding, or six lines of Tully +in his own hand. His chamber is hung commonly with strange beasts skins, +and is a kind of charnel-house of bones extraordinary; and his discourse +upon them, if you will hear him, shall last longer. His very attire is +that which is the eldest out of fashion, [[AW]_and you may pick a +criticism out of his breeches_.] He never looks upon himself till he is +grey-haired, and then he is pleased with his own antiquity. His grave +does not fright him, for he has been used to sepulchers, and he likes +death the better, because it gathers him to his fathers. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AW] In the first edition it stands thus:--"_and his hat is as antient as +the tower of Babel_." + + + + +VIII. + +A YOUNGER BROTHER. + + +His elder brother was the Esau, that came out first and left him like +Jacob at his heels. His father has done with him, as Pharoah to the +children of Israel, that would have them make brick and give them no +straw, so he tasks him to be a gentleman, and leaves him nothing to +maintain it. The pride of his house has undone him, which the elder's +knighthood must sustain, and his beggary that knighthood. His birth and +bringing up will not suffer him to descend to the means to get wealth; but +he stands at the mercy of the world, and which is worse, of his brother. +He is something better than the serving-men; yet they more saucy with him +than he bold with the master, who beholds him with a countenance of stern +awe, and checks him oftener than his liveries. His brother's old suits and +he are much alike in request, and cast off now and then one to the other. +Nature hath furnished him with a little more wit upon compassion, for it +is like to be his best revenue. If his annuity stretch so far, he is sent +to the university, and with great heart-burning takes upon him the +ministry, as a profession he is condemned to by his ill fortune. Others +take a more crooked path yet, the king's high-way; where at length their +vizard is plucked off, and they strike fair for Tyburn: but their +brother's pride, not love, gets them a pardon. His last refuge is the +Low-countries,[17] where rags and lice are no scandal, where he lives a +poor gentleman of a company, and dies without a shirt. The only thing that +may better his fortunes is an art he has to make a gentlewoman, wherewith +he baits now and then some rich widow that is hungry after his blood. He +is commonly discontented and desperate, and the form of his exclamation +is, _that churl my brother_. He loves not his country for this unnatural +custom, and would have long since revolted to the Spaniard, but for +Kent[18] only, which he holds in admiration. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[17] The Low-countries appear to have afforded ample room for ridicule at +all times. In "_A brief Character of the Low-countries under the States, +being Three Weeks Observation of the Vices and Virtues of the +Inhabitants_, written by Owen Felltham, and printed Lond. 1659, 12mo. we +find them epitomized as a general sea-land--the great bog of Europe--an +universal quagmire--in short a green cheese in pickle. The sailors (in +which denomination the author appears to include all the natives,) he +describes as being able to "drink, rail, swear, niggle, steal, and be +_lowsie_ alike. P. 40. + +[18] _Gavelkind_, or the practice of dividing lands equally among all the +male children of the deceased, was (according to Spelman,) adopted by the +Saxons, from Germany, and is noticed by Tacitus in his description of that +nation. _Gloss. Archaiol._ folio. Lond. 1664. Harrison, in _The +Description of England_, prefixed to Holinshed's _Chronicle_, (vol. 1. +page 180,) says, "Gauell kind is all the male children equallie to +inherit, and is continued to this daie in _Kent_, where it is onelie to my +knowledge reteined, and no where else in England." And Lambarde, in his +_Customes of Kent_, (_Perambulation_, 4to. 1596, page 538,) thus notices +it:--"The custom of Grauelkynde is generall, and spreadeth itselfe +throughout the whole shyre, into all landes subiect by auncient tenure +vnto the same, such places onely excepted, where it is altered by acte of +parleament." + + + + +IX. + +A MEER FORMAL MAN + + +Is somewhat more than the shape of a man; for he has his length, breadth, +and colour. When you have seen his outside, you have looked through him, +and need employ your discovery no farther. His reason is merely example, +and his action is not guided by his understanding, but he sees other men +do thus, and he follows them. He is a negative, for we cannot call him a +wise man, but not a fool; nor an honest man, but not a knave; nor a +protestant, but not a papist. The chief burden of his brain is the +carriage of his body and the setting of his face in a good frame; which he +performs the better, because he is not disjointed with other meditations. +His religion is a good quiet subject, and he prays as he swears, in the +phrase of the land. He is a fair guest, and a fair inviter, and can excuse +his good cheer in the accustomed apology. He has some faculty in mangling +of a rabbit, and the distribution of his morsel to a neighbour's trencher. +He apprehends a jest by seeing men smile, and laughs orderly himself, when +it comes to his turn. His businesses with his friends are to visit them, +and whilst the business is no more, he can perform this well enough. His +discourse is the news that he hath gathered in his walk, and for other +matters his discretion is, that he will only what he can, that is, say +nothing. His life is like one that runs to the[19]church-walk, to take a +turn or two, and so passes. He hath staid in the world to fill a number; +and when he is gone, there wants one, and there's an end. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[19] _Minster-walk_, 1st edit. + + + + +X. + +A CHURCH-PAPIST + + +Is one that parts his religion betwixt his conscience and his purse, and +comes to church not to serve God but the king. The face of the law makes +him wear the mask of the gospel, which he uses not as a means to save his +soul, but charges. He loves Popery well, but is loth to lose by it; and +though he be something scared with the bulls of Rome, yet they are far +off, and he is struck with more terror at the apparitor. Once a month he +presents himself at the church, to keep off the church-warden, and brings +in his body to save his bail. He kneels with the congregation, but prays +by himself, and asks God forgiveness for coming thither. If he be forced +to stay out a sermon, he pulls his hat over his eyes, and frowns out the +hour; and when he comes home, thinks to make amends for this fault by +abusing the preacher. His main policy is to shift off the communion, for +which he is never unfurnished of a quarrel, and will be sure to be out of +charity at Easter; and indeed he lies not, for he has a quarrel to the +sacrament. He would make a bad martyr and good traveller, for his +conscience is so large he could never wander out of it; and in +Constantinople would be circumcised with a reservation. His wife is more +zealous and therefore more costly, and he bates her in tires[20] what she +stands him in religion. But we leave him hatching plots against the state, +and expecting Spinola.[21] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[20] The word _tire_ is probably here used as an abbreviation of the word +_attire_, dress, ornament. + +[21] _Ambrose Spinola_ was one of the most celebrated and excellent +commanders that Spain ever possessed: he was born, in 1569, of a noble +family, and distinguished himself through life in being opposed to prince +Maurice of Nassau, the greatest general of his age, by whom he was ever +regarded with admiration and respect. He died in 1630, owing to a +disadvantage sustained by his troops at the siege of Cassel, which was to +be entirely attributed to the imprudent orders he received from Spain, and +which that government compelled him to obey. This disaster broke his +heart; and he died with the exclamation of "_they have robbed me of my +honour_;" an idea he was unable to survive. It is probable that, at the +time this character was composed, many of the disaffected in England were +in expectation of an attack to be made on this country by the Spaniards, +under the command of Spinola. + + + + +XI. + +A SELF-CONCEITED MAN + + +Is one that knows himself so well, that he does not know himself. Two +excellent well-dones have undone him, and he is guilty of it that first +commended him to madness. He is now become his own book, which he pores on +continually, yet like a truant reader skips over the harsh places, and +surveys only that which is pleasant. In the speculation of his own good +parts, his eyes, like a drunkard's, see all double, and his fancy, like an +old man's spectacles, make a great letter in a small print. He imagines +every place where he comes his theater, and not a look stirring but his +spectator; and conceives men's thoughts to be very idle, that is, [only] +busy about him. His walk is still in the fashion of a march, and like his +opinion unaccompanied, with his eyes most fixed upon his own person, or on +others with reflection to himself. If he have done any thing that has past +with applause, he is always re-acting it alone, and conceits the extasy +his hearers were in at every period. His discourse is all positions and +definitive decrees, with _thus it must be_ and _thus it is_, and he will +not humble his authority to prove it. His tenent is always singular and +aloof from the vulgar as he can, from which you must not hope to wrest +him. He has an excellent humour for an heretick, and in these days made +the first Arminian. He prefers Ramus before Aristotle, and Paracelsus +before Galen,[22] [_and whosoever with most paradox is commended_.] He +much pities the world that has no more insight in his parts, when he is +too well discovered even to this very thought. A flatterer is a dunce to +him, for he can tell him nothing but what he knows before: and yet he +loves him too, because he is like himself. Men are merciful to him, and +let him alone, for if he be once driven from his humour, he is like two +inward friends fallen out: his own bitter enemy and discontent presently +makes a murder. In sum, he is a bladder blown up with wind, which the +least flaw crushes to nothing. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[22] _and Lipsius his hopping stile before either Tully or Quintilian._ +First edit. + + + + +XII. + +A TOO IDLY RESERVED MAN + + +Is one that is a fool with discretion, or a strange piece of politician, +that manages the state of himself. His actions are his privy-council, +wherein no man must partake beside. He speaks under rule and prescription, +and dare not shew his teeth without Machiavel. He converses with his +neighbours as he would in Spain, and fears an inquisitive man as much as +the inquisition. He suspects all questions for examinations, and thinks +you would pick something out of him, and avoids you. His breast is like a +gentlewoman's closet, which locks up every toy or trifle, or some bragging +mountebank that makes every stinking thing a secret. He delivers you +common matters with great conjuration of silence, and whispers you in the +ear acts of parliament. You may as soon wrest a tooth from him as a paper, +and whatsoever he reads is letters. He dares not talk of great men for +fear of bad comments, and _he knows not how his words may be misapplied_. +Ask his opinion, and he tells you his doubt; and he never hears any thing +more astonishedly than what he knows before. His words are like the cards +at primivist,[23] where 6 is 18, and 7, 21; for they never signify what +they sound; but if he tell you he will do a thing, it is as much as if he +swore he would not. He is one, indeed, that takes all men to be craftier +than they are, and puts himself to a great deal of affliction to hinder +their plots and designs, where they mean freely. He has been long a riddle +himself, but at last finds OEdipuses; for his over-acted dissimulation +discovers him, and men do with him as they would with Hebrew letters, +spell him backwards and read him. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[23] _Primivist_ and primero were, in all probability, the same game, +although Minshew, in his Dictionary, calls them "two games at cardes." The +latter he explains "primum et primum visum, that is, first and first +seene, because hee that can shew such an order of cardes, first winnes the +game." The coincidence between Mr. Strutt's description of the former and +the passage in the text, shews that there could be little or no difference +between the value of the cards in these games, or in the manner of playing +them. "Each player has four cards dealt to him, one by one, the _seven_ +was the highest card, in point of number, that he could avail himself of, +_which counted for twenty-one_, the six _counted for sixteen_, the five +for fifteen, and the ace for the same," &c. (_Sports and Pastimes_, 247.) +The honourable Daines Barrington conceived that Primero was introduced by +Philip the Second, or some of his suite, whilst in England. Shakspeare +proves that it was played in the royal circle. + + ----"I left him (Henry VIII.) at _Primero_ + With the duke of Suffolk."---- + + _Henry VIII._ + +So Decker: "Talke of none but lords and such ladies with whom you have +plaid at _Primero_."--_Gul's Hornebooke_, 1609. 37. + +Among the marquis of Worcester's celebrated "_Century of Inventions_," +12mo. 1663, is one "so contrived without suspicion, that playing at +Primero at cards, one may, without clogging his memory, keep reckoning of +all sixes, sevens, and aces, which he hath discarded."--No. 87. + + + + +XIII. + +A TAVERN + + +Is a degree, or (if you will,) a pair of stairs above an ale-house, where +men are drunk with more credit and apology. If the vintner's nose[24] be +at door, it is a sign sufficient, but the absence of this is supplied by +the ivy-bush: the rooms are ill breathed like the drinkers that have been +washed well over night, and are smelt-to fasting next morning; not +furnished with beds apt to be defiled, but more necessary implements, +stools, table, and a chamber-pot. It is a broacher of more news than +hogsheads, and more jests than news, which are sucked up here by some +spongy brain, and from thence squeezed into a comedy. Men come here to +make merry, but indeed make a noise, and this musick above is answered +with the clinking below. The drawers are the civilest people in it, men of +good bringing up, and howsoever we esteem of them, none can boast more +justly of their high calling. 'Tis the best theater of natures, where they +are truly acted, not played, and the business as in the rest of the world +up and down, to wit, from the bottom of the cellar to the great chamber. A +melancholy man would find here matter to work upon, to see heads as +brittle as glasses, and often broken; men come hither to quarrel, and come +hither to be made friends: and if Plutarch will lend me his simile, it is +even Telephus's sword that makes wounds and cures them. It is the common +consumption of the afternoon, and the murderer or maker-away of a rainy +day. It is the torrid zone that scorches _the_[25] face, and tobacco the +gun-powder that blows it up. Much harm would be done, if the charitable +vintner had not water ready for these flames. A house of sin you may call +it, but not a house of darkness, for the candles are never out; and it is +like those countries far in the North, where it is as clear at mid-night +as at mid-day. After a long sitting, it becomes like a street in a dashing +shower, where the spouts are flushing above, and the conduits running +below, while the Jordans like swelling rivers overflow their banks. To +give you the total reckoning of it; it is the busy man's recreation, the +idle man's business, the melancholy man's sanctuary, the stranger's +welcome, the inns-of-court man's entertainment, the scholar's kindness, +and the citizen's courtesy. It is the study of sparkling wits, and a cup +of canary[26] their book, whence we leave them. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[24] "Enquire out those tauernes which are best customd, whose maistres +are oftenest drunk, for that confirmes their taste, and that they choose +wholesome wines."--Decker's _Gul's Horne-booke_, 1609. + +[25] _his_, First edit. + +[26] The editor of the edition in 1732, has altered _canary_ to "_sherry_" +for what reason I am at a loss to discover, and have consequently restored +the reading of the first edition. Venner gives the following description +of this favourite liquor. "Canarie-wine, which beareth the name of the +islands from whence it is brought, is of some termed a sacke, with this +adjunct, sweete; but yet very improperly, for it differeth not only from +sacke in sweetness and pleasantness of taste, but also in colour and +consistence, for it is not so white in colour as sack, nor so thin in +substance; wherefore it is more nutritive than sack, and less +penetrative." _Via recta ad Vitam longum._ 4to. 1622. In Howell's time, +Canary wine was much adulterated. "I think," says he, in one of his +_Letters_, "there is more Canary brought into England than to all the +world besides; I think also, there is a hundred times more drunk under the +name of Canary wine, than there is brought in; for Sherries and Malagas, +well mingled, pass for Canaries in most taverns. When Sacks and Canaries," +he continues, "were brought in first amongst us, they were used to be +drunk in aqua vitae measures, and 'twas held fit only for those to drink +who were used to _carry their legs in their hands_, _their eyes upon their +noses_, and an _almanack in their bones_; but now they go down every one's +throat, both young and old, like milk." Howell, _Letter to the lord +Cliff_, dated Oct. 7, 1634. + + + + +XIV. + +A SHARK + + +Is one whom all other means have failed, and he now lives of himself. He +is some needy cashiered fellow, whom the world hath oft flung off, yet +still clasps again, and is like one a drowning, fastens upon anything that +is next at hand. Amongst other of his shipwrecks he has happily lost +shame, and this want supplies him. No man puts his brain to more use than +he, for his life is a daily invention, and each meal a new stratagem. He +has an excellent memory for his acquaintance, though there passed but _how +do you_ betwixt them seven years ago, it shall suffice for an embrace, and +that for money. He offers you a pottle of sack out of joy to see you, and +in requital of his courtesy you can do no less than pay for it. He is +fumbling with his purse-strings, as a school-boy with his points, when he +is going to be whipped, 'till the master, weary with long stay, forgives +him. When the reckoning is paid, he says, It must not be so, yet is strait +pacified, and cries, What remedy? His borrowings are like subsidies, each +man a shilling or two, as he can well dispend; which they lend him, not +with a hope to be repaid, but that he will come no more. He holds a +strange tyrrany over men, for he is their debtor, and they fear him as a +creditor. He is proud of any employment, though it be but to carry +commendations, which he will be sure to deliver at eleven of the +clock.[27] They in courtesy bid him stay, and he in manners cannot deny +them. If he find but a good look to assure his welcome, he becomes their +half-boarder, and haunts the threshold so long 'till he forces good nature +to the necessity of a quarrel. Publick invitations he will not wrong with +his absence, and is the best witness of the sheriff's hospitality.[28] Men +shun him at length as they would do an infection, and he is never crossed +in his way if there be but a lane to escape him. He has done with the age +as his clothes to him, hung on as long as he could, and at last drops off. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[27] We learn from Harrison's _Description of England_, prefixed to +Holinshed, that _eleven o'clock_ was the usual time for dinner during the +reign of Elizabeth. "With vs the nobilitie, gentrie, and students, doo +ordinarilie go to dinner at _eleuen before noone_, and to supper at fiue, +or between fiue and six at afternoon." (vol. i. page 171. edit. 1587.) The +alteration in manners at this time is rather singularly evinced, from a +passage immediately following the above quotation, where we find that +_merchants_ and _husbandmen_ dined and supped at a _later hour than the +nobility_. + +[28] Alluding to the public dinners given by the sheriff at particular +seasons of the year. So in _The Widow_, a comedy, 4to. 1652. + + "And as at a _sheriff's table_, O blest custome! + A poor indebted gentleman may dine, + Feed well, and without fear, and depart so." + + + + + + +XV. + +A CARRIER + + +Is his own hackney-man; for he lets himself out to travel as well as his +horses. He is the ordinary embassador between friend and friend, the +father and the son, and brings rich presents to the one, but never returns +any back again. He is no unlettered man, though in shew simple; for +questionless, he has much in his budget, which he can utter too in fit +time and place. He is [like] the vault[29] in Gloster church, that +conveys whispers at a distance, for he takes the sound out of your mouth +at York, and makes it be heard as far as London. He is the young student's +joy and expectation, and the most accepted guest, to whom they lend a +willing hand to discharge him of his burden. His first greeting is +commonly, _Your friends are well_; [_and to prove it_][30] in a piece of +gold delivers their blessing. You would think him a churlish blunt fellow, +but they find in him many tokens of humanity. He is a great afflicter of +the high-ways, and beats them out of measure; which injury is sometimes +revenged by the purse-taker, and then the voyage miscarries. No man +domineers more in his inn, nor calls his host unreverently with more +presumption, and this arrogance proceeds out of the strength of his +horses. He forgets not his load where he takes his ease, for he is drunk +commonly before he goes to bed. He is like the prodigal child, still +packing away and still returning again. But let him pass. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[29] The chapel of the Virgin Mary, in the cathedral church of Gloucester, +was founded by Richard Stanley, abbot, in 1457, and finished by William +Farley, a monk of the monastery, in 1472. Sir Robert Atkyns gives the +following description of the vault here alluded to. "The _whispering +place_ is very remarkable; it is a long alley, from one side of the choir +to the other, built circular, that it might not darken the great east +window of the choir. When a person whispers at one end of the alley, his +voice is heard distinctly at the other end, though the passage be open in +the middle, having large spaces for doors and windows on the east side. It +may be imputed to the close cement of the wall, which makes it as one +entire stone, and so conveys the voice, as a long piece of timber does +convey the least stroak to the other end. Others assign it to the +repercussion of the voice from accidental angles." _Atkyns' Ancient and +Present State of Glostershire. Lond. 1712, folio, page 128._ See also +_Fuller's Worthies, in Gloucestershire, page 351_. + +[30] _Then in a piece of gold_, &c. first edit. + + + + +XVI. + +A YOUNG MAN; + + +He is now out of nature's protection, though not yet able to guide +himself; but left loose to the world and fortune, from which the weakness +of his childhood preserved him; and now his strength exposes him. He is, +indeed, just of age to be miserable, yet in his own conceit first begins +to be happy; and he is happier in this imagination, and his misery not +felt is less. He sees yet but the outside of the world and men, and +conceives them, according to their appearing, glister, and out of this +ignorance believes them. He pursues all vanities for happiness, and +[31][_enjoys them best in this fancy._] His reason serves, not to curb but +understand his appetite, and prosecute the motions thereof with a more +eager earnestness. Himself is his own temptation, and needs not Satan, and +the world will come hereafter. He leaves repentance for grey hairs, and +performs it in being covetous. He is mingled with the vices of the age as +the fashion and custom, with which he longs to be acquainted, and sins to +better his understanding. He conceives his youth as the season of his +lust, and the hour wherein he ought to be bad; and because he would not +lose his time, spends it. He distastes religion as a sad thing, and is six +years elder for a thought of heaven. He scorns and fears, and yet hopes +for old age, but dare not imagine it with wrinkles. He loves and hates +with the same inflammation, and when the heat is over is cool alike to +friends and enemies. His friendship is seldom so stedfast, but that lust, +drink, or anger may overturn it. He offers you his blood to-day in +kindness, and is ready to take yours to-morrow. He does seldom any thing +which he wishes not to do again, and is only wise after a misfortune. He +suffers much for his knowledge, and a great deal of folly it is makes him +a wise man. He is free from many vices, by being not grown to the +performance, and is only more virtuous out of weakness. Every action is +his danger, and every man his ambush. He is a ship without pilot or +tackling, and only good fortune may steer him. If he scape this age, he +has scaped a tempest, and may live to be a man. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[31] _Whilst he has not yet got them, enjoys them_, First edit. + + + + +XVII. + +AN OLD COLLEGE BUTLER + + +Is none of the worst students in the house, for he keeps the set hours at +his book more duly than any. His authority is great over men's good names, +which he charges many times with shrewd aspersions, which they hardly wipe +off without payment. [His box and counters prove him to be a man of +reckoning, yet] he is stricter in his accounts than a usurer, and delivers +not a farthing without writing. He doubles the pains of Gollobelgicus,[32] +for his books go out once a quarter, and they are much in the same +nature, brief notes and sums of affairs, and are out of request as soon. +His comings in are like a taylor's, from the shreds of bread, [the] +chippings and remnants of a broken crust; excepting his vails from the +barrel, which poor folks buy for their hogs but drink themselves. He +divides an halfpenny loaf with more subtlety than Keckerman,[33] and +sub-divides the _a primo ortum_ so nicely, that a stomach of great +capacity can hardly apprehend it. He is a very sober man, considering his +manifold temptations of drink and strangers; and if he be overseen, 'tis +within his own liberties, and no man ought to take exception. He is never +so well pleased with his place as when a gentleman is beholden to him for +shewing him the buttery, whom he greets with a cup of single beer and +sliced manchet,[34] and tells him it is the fashion of the college. He +domineers over freshmen when they first come to the hatch, and puzzles +them with strange language of cues and cees, and some broken Latin which +he has learnt at his bin. His faculties extraordinary is the warming of a +pair of cards, and telling out a dozen of counters for post and pair, and +no man is more methodical in these businesses. Thus he spends his age till +the tap of it is run out, and then a fresh one is set abroach. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[32] Gallo-Belgicus was erroneously supposed, by the ingenious Mr. Reed, +to be the "first news-paper published in England;" we are, however, +assured by the author of the "Life of Ruddiman," that it has no title to +so honourable a distinction. Gallo-Belgicus appears to have been rather an +_Annual Register_, or _History of its own Times_, than a news-paper. It +was written in Latin, and entitled. "MERCURIJ GALLO-BELGICI: _sive, rerum +in Gallia, et Belgio potissimum: Hispania quoque, Italia, Anglia, +Germania, Polonia. Vicinisque locis ab anno 1588, ad Martium anni 1594, +gestarum_, NUNCIJ." The first volume was printed in 8vo. at Cologne, 1598; +from which year, to about 1605, it was published annually; and from thence +to the time of its conclusion, which is uncertain, it appeared in +_half-yearly_ volumes. Chalmers' _Life of Ruddiman_, 1794. The great +request in which newspapers were held at the publication of the present +work, may be gathered from Burton, who, in his _Anatomy of Melancholy_, +complains that "if any read now-a-days, it is a play-book, or a pamphlet +of newes." + +[33] Bartholomew Keckerman was born at Dantzick, in Prussia, 1571, and +educated under Fabricius. Being eminently distinguished for his abilities +and application, he was, in 1597, requested, by the senate of Dantzick, to +take upon him the management of their academy; an honour he then declined, +but accepted, on a second application, in 1601. Here he proposed to +instruct his pupils in the complete science of philosophy in the short +space of three years, and, for that purpose, drew up a great number of +books upon logic, rhetoric, ethics, politics, physics, metaphysics, +geography, astronomy, &c. &c. till, as it is said, literally worn out with +scholastic drudgery, he died at the early age of 38. + +[34] Of bread made of wheat we have sundrie sorts dailie brought to the +table, whereof the first and most excellent is the _mainchet_, which we +commonlie call white bread. Harrison, _Description of England_ prefixed to +Holinshed, chap. 6. + + + + +XVIII. + +AN UPSTART COUNTRY KNIGHT + + +[_Is a holiday clown, and differs only in the stuff of his clothes, not +the stuff of himself_,][35] for he bare the king's sword before he had +arms to wield it; yet being once laid o'er the shoulder with a knighthood, +he finds the herald his friend. His father was a man of good stock, though +but a tanner or usurer; he purchased the land, and his son the title. He +has doffed off the name of a [36][_country fellow_,] but the look not so +easy, and his face still bears a relish of churne-milk. He is guarded with +more gold lace than all the gentlemen of the country, yet his body makes +his clothes still out of fashion. His house-keeping is seen much in the +distinct families of dogs, and serving-men attendant on their kennels, and +the deepness of their throats is the depth of his discourse. A hawk he +esteems the true burden of nobility,[37] and is exceeding ambitious to +seem delighted in the sport, and have his fist gloved with his +jesses.[38] A justice of peace he is to domineer in his parish, and do his +neighbour wrong with more right.[39] He will be drunk with his hunters for +company, and stain his gentility with droppings of ale. He is fearful of +being sheriff of the shire by instinct, and dreads the assize-week as much +as the prisoner. In sum, he's but a clod of his own earth, or his land is +the dunghill and he the cock that crows over it: and commonly his race is +quickly run, and his children's children, though they escape hanging, +return to the place from whence they came. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[35] _His honour was somewhat preposterous, for he bare_, &c. first edit. + +[36] _Clown_, first edit. + +[37] The art of hawking has been so frequently and so fully explained, +that it would be superfluous, if not arrogant, to trace its progress, or +delineate its history, in this place. In the earliest periods it appears +to have been exclusively practised by the nobility; and, indeed, the great +expense at which the amusement was supported, seems to have been a +sufficient reason for deterring persons of more moderate income, and of +inferior rank, from indulging in the pursuit. In the _Sports and Pastimes_ +of Mr. Strutt, a variety of instances are given of the importance attached +to the office of falconer, and of the immense value of, and high +estimation the birds themselves were held in from the commencement of the +Norman government, down to the reign of James I. in which sir Thomas +Monson gave _1000l._ for a cast of hawks, which consisted of only _two_. + +The great increase of wealth, and the consequent equalization of property +in this country, about the reign of Elizabeth, induced many of inferior +birth to practise the amusements of their superiors, which they did +without regard to expense, or indeed propriety. Sir Thomas Elyot, in his +_Governour_ (1580), complains that the falkons of his day consumed so much +poultry, that, in a few years, he feared there would be a great scarcity +of it. "I speake not this," says he, "in disprayse of the faukons, but of +them which keepeth them lyke cockneyes." A reproof, there can be no doubt, +applicable to the character in the text. + +[38] A term in hawking, signifying the short straps of leather which are +fastened to the hawk's legs, by which she is held on the fist, or joined +to the leash. They were sometimes made of silk, as appears from [P] _The +Boke of hawkynge, huntynge, and fysshynge, with all the propertyes and +medecynes that are necessarye to be kepte_: "Hawkes haue aboute theyr +legges gesses made of lether most comonly, some of sylke, which shuld be +no lenger but that the knottes of them shulde appere in the myddes of the +lefte hande," &c. _Juliana Barnes._ edit. 4to. "_Imprynted at London in +Pouls chyrchyarde by me Hery Tab._" sig. C. ii. + +[39] _This authority of his is that club which keeps them under as his +dogs hereafter._ First edit. + + + + +XIX. + +AN IDLE GALLANT + + +Is one that was born and shaped for his cloaths; and, if Adam had not +fallen, had lived to no purpose. He gratulates therefore the first sin, +and fig-leaves that were an occasion of [his] bravery. His first care is +his dress, the next his body, and in the uniting of these two lies his +soul and its faculties. He observes London trulier than the terms, and his +business is the street, the stage, the court, and those places where a +proper man is best shown. If he be qualified in gaming extraordinary, he +is so much the more genteel and compleat, and he learns the best oaths for +the purpose. These are a great part of his discourse, and he is as curious +in their newness as the fashion. His other talk is ladies and such pretty +things, or some jest at a play. His pick-tooth bears a great part in his +discourse, so does his body, the upper parts whereof are as starched as +his linnen, and perchance use the same laundress. He has learned to ruffle +his face from his boot, and takes great delight in his walk to hear his +spurs gingle. Though his life pass somewhat slidingly, yet he seems very +careful of the time, for he is still drawing his watch out of his pocket, +and spends part of his hours in numbering them. He is one never serious +but with his taylor, when he is in conspiracy for the next device. He is +furnished with his jests, as some wanderer with sermons, some three for +all congregations, one especially against the scholar, a man to him much +ridiculous, whom he knows by no other definition, but a silly fellow in +black. He is a kind of walking mercer's shop, and shows you one stuff +to-day and another to-morrow; an ornament to the room he comes in as the +fair bed and hangings be; and it is meerly ratable accordingly, fifty or a +hundred pounds as his suit is. His main ambition is to get a knight-hood, +and then an old lady, which if he be happy in, he fills the stage and a +coach so much longer: Otherwise, himself and his cloaths grow stale +together, and he is buried commonly ere he dies in the gaol, or the +country. + + + + +XX. + +A CONSTABLE + + +Is a vice-roy in the street, and no man stands more upon't that he is the +king's officer. His jurisdiction extends to the next stocks, where he has +commission for the heels only, and sets the rest of the body at liberty. +He is a scarecrow to that ale-house, where he drinks not his morning +draught, and apprehends a drunkard for not standing in the king's name. +Beggars fear him more than the justice, and as much as the whip-stock, +whom he delivers over to his subordinate magistrates, the bridewell-man, +and the beadle. He is a great stickler in the tumults of double jugs, and +ventures his head by his place, which is broke many times to keep whole +the peace. He is never so much in his majesty as in his night-watch, where +he sits in his chair of state, a shop-stall, and invironed with a guard of +halberts, examines all passengers. He is a very careful man in his office, +but if he stay up after midnight you shall take him napping. + + + + +XXI. + +A DOWN-RIGHT SCHOLAR + + +Is one that has much learning in the ore, unwrought and untried, which +time and experience fashions and refines. He is good metal in the inside, +though rough and unscoured without, and therefore hated of the courtier, +that is quite contrary. The time has got a vein of making him ridiculous, +and men laugh at him by tradition, and no unlucky absurdity but is put +upon his profession, and done like a scholar. But his fault is only this, +that his mind is [somewhat] too much taken up with his mind, and his +thoughts not loaden with any carriage besides. He has not put on the +quaint garb of the age, which is now a man's [_Imprimis and all the +Item_.[40]] He has not humbled his meditations to the industry of +complement, nor afflicted his brain in an elaborate leg. His body is not +set upon nice pins, to be turning and flexible for every motion, but his +scrape is homely and his nod worse. He cannot kiss his hand and cry, +madam, nor talk idle enough to bear her company. His smacking of a +gentlewoman is somewhat too savory, and he mistakes her nose for her lips. +A very woodcock would puzzle him in carving, and he wants the logick of a +capon. He has not the glib faculty of sliding over a tale, but his words +come squeamishly out of his mouth, and the laughter commonly before the +jest. He names this word college too often, and his discourse beats too +much on the university. The perplexity of mannerliness will not let him +feed, and he is sharp set at an argument when he should cut his meat. He +is discarded for a gamester at all games but one and thirty,[41] and at +tables he reaches not beyond doublets. His fingers are not long and drawn +out to handle a fiddle, but his fist clunched with the habit of disputing. +He ascends a horse somewhat sinisterly, though not on the left side, and +they both go jogging in grief together. He is exceedingly censured by the +inns-of-court men, for that heinous vice being out of fashion. He cannot +speak to a dog in his own dialect, and understands Greek better than the +language of a falconer. He has been used to a dark room, and dark +cloathes, and his eyes dazzle at a sattin suit. The hermitage of his +study, has made him somewhat uncouth in the world, and men make him worse +by staring on him. Thus is he [silly and] ridiculous, and it continues +with him for some quarter of a year out of the university. But practise +him a little in men, and brush him over with good company, and he shall +out-ballance those glisterers, as far as a solid substance does a feather, +or gold, gold-lace. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[40] _Now become a man's total_, first edit. + +[41] Of the game called _one and thirty_, I am unable to find any mention +in Mr. Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, nor is it alluded to in any of the +old plays or tracts I have yet met with. A very satisfactory account of +_tables_ may be read in the interesting and valuable publication just +noticed. + + + + +XXII. + +A PLAIN COUNTRY FELLOW + + +Is one that manures his ground well, but lets himself lye fallow and +untilled. He has reason enough to do his business, and not enough to be +idle or melancholy. He seems to have the punishment of _Nebuchadnezzar_, +for his conversation is among beasts, and his tallons none of the +shortest, only he eats not grass, because he loves not sallets. His hand +guides the plough, and the plough his thoughts, and his ditch and +land-mark is the very mound of his meditations. He expostulates with his +oxen very understandingly, and speaks gee, and ree, better than English. +His mind is not much distracted with objects, but if a good fat cow come +in his way, he stands dumb and astonished, and though his haste be never +so great, will fix here half an hour's contemplation. His habitation is +some poor thatched roof, distinguished from his barn by the loopholes that +let out smoak, which the rain had long since washed through, but for the +double ceiling of bacon on the inside, which has hung there from his +grandsire's time, and is yet to make rashers for posterity. His dinner is +his other work, for he sweats at it as much as at his labour; he is a +terrible fastner on a piece of beef, and you may hope to stave the guard +off sooner. His religion is a part of his copy-hold, which he takes from +his land-lord, and refers it wholly to his discretion: Yet if he give him +leave he is a good Christian to his power, (that is,) comes to church in +his best cloaths, and sits there with his neighbours, where he is capable +only of two prayers, for rain, and fair weather. He apprehends God's +blessings only in a good year, or a fat pasture, and never praises him but +on _good ground_. Sunday he esteems a day to make merry in, and thinks a +bag-pipe as essential to it as evening-prayer, where he walks very +solemnly after service, with his hands coupled behind him, and censures +the dancing of his parish. [His compliment with his neighbour is a good +thump on the back, and his salutation commonly some blunt curse.] He +thinks nothing to be vices, but pride and ill husbandry, from which he +will gravely dissuade the youth, and has some thrifty hob-nail proverbs to +clout his discourse. He is a niggard all the week, except only market-day, +where, if his corn sell well, he thinks he may be drunk with a good +conscience. His feet never stink so unbecomingly as when he trots after a +lawyer in Westminster-hall, and even cleaves the ground with hard scraping +in beseeching his worship to take his money. He is sensible of no calamity +but the burning a stack of corn or the overflowing of a meadow, and +thinks Noah's flood the greatest plague that ever was, not because it +drowned the world, but spoiled the grass. For death he is never troubled, +and if he get in but his harvest before, let it come when it will, he +cares not. + + + + +XXIII. + +A PLAYER. + + +He knows the right use of the world, wherein he comes to play a part and +so away. His life is not idle, for it is all action, and no man need be +more wary in his doings, for the eyes of all men are upon him. His +profession has in it a kind of contradiction, for none is more disliked, +and yet none more applauded; and he has the misfortune of some scholar, +too much wit makes him a fool. He is like our painting gentlewomen, seldom +in his own face, seldomer in his cloaths; and he pleases, the better he +counterfeits, except only when he is disguised with straw for gold lace. +He does not only personate on the stage, but sometimes in the street, for +he is masked still in the habit of a gentleman. His parts find him oaths +and good words, which he keeps for his use and discourse, and makes shew +with them of a fashionable companion. He is tragical on the stage, but +rampant in the tiring-house,[42] and swears oaths there which he never +conned. The waiting women spectators are over-ears in love with him, and +ladies send for him to act in their chambers. Your inns-of-court men were +undone but for him, he is their chief guest and employment, and the sole +business that makes them afternoon's-men. The poet only is his tyrant, and +he is bound to make his friend's friend drunk at his charge. +Shrove-Tuesday he fears as much as the bauds, and Lent[43] is more damage +to him than the butcher. He was never so much discredited as in one act, +and that was of parliament, which gives hostlers priviledge before him, +for which he abhors it more than a corrupt judge. But to give him his due, +one well-furnished actor has enough in him for five common gentlemen, and, +if he have a good body, [for six, and] for resolution he shall challenge +any Cato, for it has been his practice to die bravely. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[42] The room where the performers dress, previous to coming on the stage. + +[43] This passage affords a proof of what has been doubted, namely, that +the theatres were not permitted to be open during Lent, in the reign of +James I. The restriction was waved in the next reign, as we find from the +Puritanical Prynne:--"There are none so much addicted to stage-playes, but +when they goe unto places where they cannot have them, or when, as they +are suppressed by publike authority, (as in times of pestilence, and in +_Lent, till now of late_,) can well subsist without them," &c. +_Histrio-Mastix_, 4to. _Lond. 1633. page 384._ + + + + +XXIV. + +A DETRACTOR + + +Is one of a more cunning and active envy, wherewith he gnaws not foolishly +himself, but throws it abroad and would have it blister others. He is +commonly some weak parted fellow, and worse minded, yet is strangely +ambitious to match others, not by mounting their worth, but bringing them +down with his tongue to his own poorness. He is indeed like the red dragon +that pursued the woman, for when he cannot over-reach another, he opens +his mouth and throws a flood after to drown him. You cannot anger him +worse than to do well, and he hates you more bitterly for this, than if +you had cheated him of his patrimony with your own discredit. He is always +slighting the general opinion, and wondering why such and such men should +be applauded. Commend a good divine, he cries postilling; a philologer, +pedantry; a poet, rhiming; a school-man, dull wrangling; a sharp conceit, +boyishness; an honest man, plausibility. He comes to publick things not to +learn, but to catch, and if there be but one soloecism, that is all he +carries away. He looks on all things with a prepared sowerness, and is +still furnished with a pish beforehand, or some musty proverb that +disrelishes all things whatsoever. If fear of the company make him second +a commendation, it is like a law-writ, always with a clause of exception, +or to smooth his way to some greater scandal. He will grant you something, +and bate more; and this bating shall in conclusion take away all he +granted. His speech concludes still with an Oh! but,--and I could wish one +thing amended; and this one thing shall be enough to deface all his former +commendations. He will be very inward with a man to fish some bad out of +him, and make his slanders hereafter more authentick, when it is said a +friend reported it. He will inveigle you to naughtiness to get your good +name into his clutches; he will be your pandar to have you on the hip for +a whore-master, and make you drunk to shew you reeling. He passes the +more plausibly because all men have a smatch of his humour, and it is +thought freeness which is malice. If he can say nothing of a man, he will +seem to speak riddles, as if he could tell strange stories if he would; +and when he has racked his invention to the utmost, he ends;--but I wish +him well, and therefore must hold my peace. He is always listening and +enquiring after men, and suffers not a cloak to pass by him unexamined. In +brief, he is one that has lost all good himself, and is loth to find it in +another. + + + + +XXV. + +A YOUNG GENTLEMAN OF THE UNIVERSITY + + +Is one that comes there to wear a gown, and to say hereafter, he has been +at the university. His father sent him thither because he heard there +were the best fencing and dancing-schools; from these he has his +education, from his tutor the over-sight. The first element of his +knowledge is to be shewn the colleges, and initiated in a tavern by the +way, which hereafter he will learn of himself. The two marks of his +seniority, is the bare velvet of his gown, and his proficiency at tennis, +where when he can once play a set, he is a fresh man no more. His study +has commonly handsome shelves, his books neat silk strings, which he shews +to his father's man, and is loth to unty[44] or take down for fear of +misplacing. Upon foul days for recreation he retires thither, and looks +over the pretty book his tutor reads to him, which is commonly some short +history, or a piece of Euphormio; for which his tutor gives him money to +spend next day. His main loytering is at the library, where he studies +arms and books of honour, and turns a gentleman critick in pedigrees. Of +all things he endures not to be mistaken for a scholar, and hates a black +suit though it be made of sattin. His companion is ordinarily some stale +fellow, that has been notorious for an ingle to gold hatbands,[45] whom he +admires at first, afterward scorns. If he have spirit or wit he may light +of better company, and may learn some flashes of wit, which may do him +knight's service in the country hereafter. But he is now gone to the +inns-of-court, where he studies to forget what he learned before, his +acquaintance and the fashion. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[44] It may not be known to those who are not accustomed to meet with old +books in their original bindings, or of seeing public libraries of +antiquity, that the volumes were formerly placed on the shelves with the +_leaves_, not the _back_, in front; and that the two sides of the binding +were joined together with _neat silk_ or other strings, and, in some +instances, where the books were of greater value and curiosity than +common, even fastened with gold or silver chains. + +[45] A hanger-on to noblemen, who are distinguished at the university by +gold tassels to their caps; or in the language of the present day, a +_tuft-hunter_. + + + + +XXVI. + +A WEAK MAN + + +Is a child at man's estate, one whom nature huddled up in haste, and left +his best part unfinished. The rest of him is grown to be a man, only his +brain stays behind. He is one that has not improved his first rudiments, +nor attained any proficiency by his stay in the world: but we may speak of +him yet as when he was in the bud, a good harmless nature, a well meaning +mind[46] [_and no more_.] It is his misery that he now wants a tutor, and +is too old to have one. He is two steps above a fool, and a great many +more below a wise man; yet the fool is oft given him, and by those whom he +esteems most. Some tokens of him are,--he loves men better upon relation +than experience, for he is exceedingly enamoured of strangers, and none +quicklier a weary of his friend. He charges you at first meeting with all +his secrets, and on better acquaintance grows more reserved. Indeed he is +one that mistakes much his abusers for friends, and his friends for +enemies, and he apprehends your hate in nothing so much as in good +council. One that is flexible with any thing but reason, and then only +perverse. [A servant to every tale and flatterer, and whom the last man +still works over.] A great affecter of wits and such prettinesses; and his +company is costly to him, for he seldom has it but invited. His friendship +commonly is begun in a supper, and lost in lending money. The tavern is a +dangerous place to him, for to drink and be drunk is with him all one, and +his brain is sooner quenched than his thirst. He is drawn into naughtiness +with company, but suffers alone, and the bastard commonly laid to his +charge. One that will be patiently abused, and take exception a month +after when he understands it, and then be abused again into a +reconcilement; and you cannot endear him more than by cozening him, and it +is a temptation to those that would not. One discoverable in all silliness +to all men but himself, and you may take any man's knowledge of him +better than his own. He will promise the same thing to twenty, and rather +than deny one break with all. One that has no power over himself, over his +business, over his friends, but a prey and pity to all; and if his +fortunes once sink, men quickly cry, Alas!--and forget him. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[46] _If he could order his intentions_, first edit. + + + + +XXVII. + +A TOBACCO-SELLER + + +Is the only man that finds good in it which others brag of but do not; for +it is meat, drink, and clothes to him. No man opens his ware with greater +seriousness, or challenges your judgment more in the approbation. His shop +is the rendezvous of spitting, where men dialogue with their noses, and +their communication is smoak.[47] It is the place only where Spain is +commended and preferred before England itself. He should be well +experienced in the world, for he has daily trial of men's nostrils, and +none is better acquainted with humours. He is the piecing commonly of some +other trade, which is bawd to his tobacco, and that to his wife, which is +the flame that follows this smoak. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[47] Minshew calls a tobacconist _fumi-vendulus_, a _smoak-seller_. + + + + +XXVIII. + +A POT-POET + + +Is the dregs of wit, yet mingled with good drink may have some relish. His +inspirations are more real than others, for they do but feign a God, but +he has his by him. His verse runs like the tap, and his invention as the +barrel, ebbs and flows at the mercy of the spiggot. In thin drink he +aspires not above a ballad, but a cup of sack inflames him, and sets his +muse and nose a-fire together. The press is his mint, and stamps him now +and then a six-pence or two in reward of the baser coin his pamphlet. His +works would scarce sell for three half-pence, though they are given oft +for three shillings, but for the pretty title that allures the country +gentleman; for which the printer maintains him in ale a fortnight. His +verses are like his clothes miserable centoes[48] and patches, yet their +pace is not altogether so hobbling as an almanack's. The death of a great +man or the _burning_[49] of a house furnish him with an argument, and the +nine muses are out strait in mourning gowns, and Melpomene cries fire! +fire! [His other poems are but briefs in rhime, and like the poor Greeks +collections to redeem from captivity.] He is a man now much employed in +commendations of our navy, and a bitter inveigher against the Spaniard. +His frequentest works go out in single sheets, and are chanted from +market to market to a vile tune and a worse throat; whilst the poor +country wench melts like her butter to hear them. And these are the +stories of some men of Tyburn, or a strange monster out of Germany;[50] +or, sitting in a bawdy-house, he writes God's judgments. He drops away at +last in some obscure painted cloth, to which himself made the verses,[51] +and his life, like a cann too full, spills upon the bench. He leaves +twenty shillings on the score, which my hostess loses. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[48] _Cento_, a composition formed by joining scraps from other authors. +_Johnson._ Camden, in his _Remains_, uses it in the same sense. "It is +quilted, as it were, out of shreds of divers poets, such as scholars call +a _cento_." + +[49] _Firing_, first edit. + +[50] In the hope of discovering some account of the _strange monster_ +alluded to, I have looked through one of the largest and most curious +collections of tracts, relating to the marvellous, perhaps in existence. +That bequeathed to the Bodleian, by Robert Burton, the author of the +_Anatomy of Melancholy_. Hitherto my researches have been unattended with +success, as I have found only two tracts of this description relating to +Germany, both of which are in prose, and neither giving any account of a +monster. + +1. _A most true Relation of a very dreadfull Earthquake, with the +lamentable Effectes thereof, which began upon the 8. of December 1612. and +yet continueth most fearefull in Munster in Germanie. Reade and Tremble. +Translated out of Dutch, by Charles Demetrius, Publike Notarie in London, +and printed at Rotterdame, in Holland, at the Signe of the White +Gray-hound._ (Date cut off. Twenty-six pages, 4to. with a woodcut.) + +2. _Miraculous Newes from the Cittie of Holt, in the Lordship of Munster, +in Germany, the twentieth of September last past, 1616. where there were +plainly beheld three dead bodyes rise out of their Graues admonishing the +people of Iudgements to come. Faithfully translated (&c. &c.) London, +Printed for Iohn Barnes, dwelling in Hosie Lane neere Smithfield, 1616._ +(4to. twenty pages, wood-cut.) + +[51] It was customary to work or paint proverbs, moral sentences, or +scraps of verse on old tapestry hangings, which were called _painted +cloths_. Several allusions to this practice may be found in the works of +our early English dramatists. See Reed's _Shakspeare_, viii. 103 + + + + +XXIX. + +A PLAUSIBLE MAN + + +Is one that would fain run an even path in the world, and jut against no +man. His endeavour is not to offend, and his aim the general opinion. His +conversation is a kind of continued compliment, and his life a practice of +manners. The relation he bears to others, a kind of fashionable respect, +not friendship but friendliness, which is equal to all and general, and +his kindnesses seldom exceed courtesies. He loves not deeper mutualities, +because he would not take sides, nor hazard himself on displeasures, which +he principally avoids. At your first acquaintance with him he is exceeding +kind and friendly, and at your twentieth meeting after but friendly still. +He has an excellent command over his patience and tongue, especially the +last, which he accommodates always to the times and persons, and speaks +seldom what is sincere, but what is civil. He is one that uses all +companies, drinks all healths, and is reasonable cool in all religions. +[He considers who are friends to the company, and speaks well where he is +sure to hear of it again.] He can listen to a foolish discourse with an +applausive attention, and conceal his laughter at nonsense. Silly men much +honour and esteem him, because by his fair reasoning with them as with men +of understanding, he puts them into an erroneous opinion of themselves, +and makes them forwarder hereafter to their own discovery. He is one +_rather well_[52] thought on than beloved, and that love he has is more of +whole companies together than any one in particular. Men gratify him +notwithstanding with a good report, and whatever vices he has besides, yet +having no enemies, he is sure to be an honest fellow. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[52] _Better_, first edit. + + + + +XXX. + +A BOWL-ALLEY + + +Is the place where there are three things thrown away beside bowls, to +wit, time, money, and curses, and the last ten for one. The best sport in +it is the gamesters, and he enjoys it that looks on and bets not. It is +the school of wrangling, and worse than the schools, for men will cavil +here for a hair's breadth, and make a stir where a straw would end the +controversy. No antick screws men's bodies into such strange flexures, and +you would think them here senseless, to speak sense to their bowl, and put +their trust in intreaties for a good cast. The betters are the factious +noise of the alley, or the gamesters beadsmen that pray for them. They are +somewhat like those that are cheated by great men, for they lose their +money and must say nothing. It is the best discovery of humours, +especially in the losers, where you have fine variety of impatience, +whilst some fret, some rail, some swear, and others more ridiculously +comfort themselves with philosophy. To give you the moral of it; it is the +emblem of the world, or the world's ambition: where most are short, or +over, or wide or wrong-biassed, and some few justle in to the mistress +fortune. And it is here as in the court, where the nearest are most +spited, and all blows aimed at the toucher. + + + + +XXXI. + +THE WORLD'S WISE MAN + + +Is an able and sufficient wicked man: It is a proof of his sufficiency +that he is not called wicked, but wise. A man wholly determined in himself +and his own ends, and his instruments herein any thing that will do it. +His friends are a part of his engines, and as they serve to his works, +used or laid by: Indeed he knows not this thing of friend, but if he give +you the name, it is a sign he has a plot on you. Never more active in his +businesses, than when they are mixed with some harm to others; and it is +his best play in this game to strike off and lie in the place: Successful +commonly in these undertakings, because he passes smoothly those rubs +which others stumble at, as conscience and the like; and gratulates +himself much in this advantage. Oaths and falshood he counts the nearest +way, and loves not by any means to go about. He has many fine quips at +this folly of plain dealing, but his "tush!" is greatest at religion; yet +he uses this too, and virtue and good words, but is less dangerously a +devil than a saint. He ascribes all honesty to an unpractisedness in the +world, and conscience a thing merely for children. He scorns all that are +so silly to _trust_[53] him, and only not scorns his enemy, especially if +as bad as himself: he fears him as a man well armed and provided, but sets +boldly on good natures, as the most vanquishable. One that seriously +admires those worst princes, as Sforza, Borgia, and Richard the third; and +calls matters of deep villany things of difficulty. To whom murders are +but resolute acts, and treason a business of great consequence. One whom +two or three countries make up to this compleatness, and he has travelled +for the purpose. His deepest indearment is a communication of mischief, +and then only you have him fast. His conclusion is commonly one of these +two, either a great man, or hanged. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[53] _Hate_, first edit. + + + + +XXXII. + +A SURGEON + + +Is one that has some business about this building or little house of man, +whereof nature is as it were the tiler, and he the plaisterer. It is ofter +out of reparations than an old parsonage, and then he is set on work to +patch it again. He deals most with broken commodities, as a broken head or +a mangled face, and his gains are very ill got, for he lives by the hurts +of the commonwealth. He differs from a physician as a sore does from a +disease, or the sick from those that are not whole, the one distempers you +within, the other blisters you without. He complains of the decay of +valour in these days, and sighs for that slashing age of sword and +buckler; and thinks the law against duels was made meerly to wound his +vocation. He had been long since undone if the charity of the stews had +not relieved him, from whom he has his tribute as duly as the pope; or a +wind-fall sometimes from a tavern, if a quart pot hit right. The rareness +of his custom makes him pitiless when it comes, and he holds a patient +longer than our [spiritual] courts a cause. He tells you what danger you +had been in if he had staid but a minute longer, and though it be but a +pricked finger, he makes of it much matter. He is a reasonable cleanly +man, considering the scabs he has to deal with, and your finest ladies are +now and then beholden to him for their best dressings. He curses old +gentlewomen and their charity that makes his trade their alms; but his +envy is never stirred so much as when gentlemen go over to fight upon +Calais sands,[54] whom he wishes drowned e'er they come there, rather than +the French shall get his custom. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[54] _Calais sands_ were chosen by English duellists to decide their +quarrels on, as being out of the jurisdiction of the law. This custom is +noticed in an Epigram written about the period in which this book first +appeared. + + "When boasting Bembus challeng'd is to fight, + He seemes at first a very Diuell in sight: + + Till more aduizde, will not defile [his] hands, + Vnlesse you meete him vpon _Callice_ sands." + +_The Mastive or Young Whelpe of the olde Dog. Epigrams and Satyrs._ 4to. +_Lond._ (_Printed, as Warton supposes, about 1600._) + +A passage in _The Beau's Duel: or a Soldier for the Ladies_, a comedy, by +Mrs. Centlivre, 4to. 1707, proves, that it existed so late as at that day. +"Your only way is to send him word you'll meet him on _Calais sands_; +duelling is unsafe in England for men of estates," &c. See also other +instances in Dodsley's _Old Plays_, edit. 1780. vii. 218.--xii. 412. + + + + +XXXIII. + +A CONTEMPLATIVE MAN + + +Is a scholar in this great university the world; and the same his book and +study. He cloysters not his meditations in the narrow darkness of a room, +but sends them abroad with his eyes, and his brain travels with his feet. +He looks upon man from a high tower, and sees him trulier at this distance +in his infirmities and poorness. He scorns to mix himself in men's +actions, as he would to act upon a stage; but sits aloft on the scaffold +a censuring spectator. [He will not lose his time by being busy, or make +so poor a use of the world as to hug and embrace it.] Nature admits him as +a partaker of her sports, and asks his approbation as it were of her own +works and variety. He comes not in company, because he would not be +solitary, but finds discourse enough with himself, and his own thoughts +are his excellent playfellows. He looks not upon a thing as a yawning +stranger at novelties, but his search is more mysterious and inward, and +he spells heaven out of earth. He knits his observations together, and +makes a ladder of them all to climb to God. He is free from vice, because +he has no occasion to imploy it, and is above those ends that make man +wicked. He has learnt all can here be taught him, and comes now to heaven +to see more. + + + + +XXXIV. + +A SHE PRECISE HYPOCRITE + + +Is one in whom good women suffer, and have their truth misinterpreted by +her folly. She is one, she knows not what her self if you ask her, but she +is indeed one that has taken a toy at the fashion of religion, and is +enamoured of the new fangle. She is a nonconformist in a close stomacher +and ruff of Geneva print,[55] and her purity consists much in her linnen. +She has heard of the rag of Rome, and thinks it a very sluttish religion, +and rails at the whore of Babylon for a very naughty woman. She has left +her virginity as a relick of popery, and marries in her tribe without a +ring. Her devotion at the church is much in the turning up of her eye; and +turning down the leaf in her book, when she hears named chapter and verse. +When she comes home, she commends the sermon for the scripture, and two +hours. She loves preaching better then praying, and of preachers, +lecturers; and thinks the week day's exercise far more edifying than the +Sunday's. Her oftest gossipings are sabbath-day's journeys, where, (though +an enemy to superstition,) she will go in pilgrimage five mile to a +silenced minister, when there is a better sermon in her own parish. She +doubts of the virgin Mary's salvation, and dares not saint her, but knows +her own place in heaven as perfectly as the pew she has a key to. She is +so taken up with faith she has no room for charity, and understands no +good works but what are wrought on the sampler. She accounts nothing vices +but superstition and an oath, and thinks adultery a less sin than to swear +_by my truly_. She rails at other women by the names of Jezebel and +Dalilah; and calls her own daughters Rebecca and Abigail, and not Ann but +Hannah. She suffers them not to learn on the virginals,[56] because of +their affinity with organs, but is reconciled to the bells for the chimes +sake, since they were reformed to the tune of a psalm. She overflows so +with the bible, that she spills it upon every occasion, and will not +cudgel her maids without scripture. It is a question whether she is more +troubled with the Devil, or the Devil with her: She is always challenging +and daring him, and her weapon [[57]_is the Practice of Piety_.] Nothing +angers her so much as that women cannot preach, and in this point only +thinks the Brownist erroneous; but what she cannot at the church she does +at the table, where she prattles more than any against sense and +Antichrist, 'till a capon's wing silence her. She expounds the priests of +Baal, reading ministers, and thinks the salvation of that parish as +desperate as the Turks. She is a main derider to her capacity of those +that are not her preachers, and censures all sermons but bad ones. If her +husband be a tradesman, she helps him to customers, howsoever to good +cheer, and they are a most faithful couple at these meetings, for they +never fail. Her conscience is like others lust, never satisfied, and you +might better answer Scotus than her scruples. She is one that thinks she +performs all her duties to God in hearing, and shews the fruits of it in +talking. She is more fiery against the may-pole than her husband, and +thinks she might do a Phineas' act to break the pate of the fidler. She is +an everlasting argument, but I am weary of her. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[55] Strict devotees were, I believe, noted for the smallness and +precision of their _ruffs_, which were termed _in print_ from the +exactness of the folds. So in Mynshul's _Essays_, 4to. 1618. "I vndertooke +a warre when I adventured to speake in _print_, (not in _print as +Puritan's ruffes_ are set.)" The term of _Geneva print_ probably arose +from the minuteness of the type used at Geneva. In the _Merry Devil of +Edmonton_, a comedy, 4to. 1608, is an expression which goes some way to +prove the correctness of this supposition:--"I see by thy eyes thou hast +bin reading _little Geneua print_;"--and, that _small ruffs_ were worn by +the puritanical set, an instance appears in Mayne's _City Match_, a +comedy, 4to. 1658. + + ----"O miracle! + Out of your _little ruffe_, Dorcas, and in the fashion! + Dost thou hope to be saved?" + +From these three extracts it is, I think, clear that a _ruff of Geneva +print_ meant a _small, closely-folded ruff_, which was the distinction of +a non-conformist. + +[56] A virginal, says Mr. Malone, was strung like a spinnet, and shaped +like a piano-forte: the mode of playing on this instrument was therefore +similar to that of the organ. + +[57] _Weapons are spells no less potent than different, as being the sage +sentences of some of her own sectaries._ First edit. + + + + +XXXV. + +A SCEPTICK IN RELIGION + + +Is one that hangs in the balance with all sorts of opinions, whereof not +one but stirs him and none sways him. A man guiltier of credulity than he +is taken to be; for it is out of his belief of every thing, that he fully +believes nothing. Each religion scares him from its contrary: none +persuades him to itself. He would be wholly a Christian, but that he is +something of an atheist, and wholly an atheist, but that he is partly a +Christian; and a perfect heretic, but that there are so many to distract +him. He finds reason in all opinions, truth in none: indeed the least +reason perplexes him, and the best will not satisfy him. He is at most a +confused and wild Christian, not specialized by any form, but capable of +all. He uses the land's religion, because it is next him, yet he sees not +why he may not take the other, but he chuses this, not as better, but +because there is not a pin to choose. He finds doubts and scruples better +than resolves them, and is always too hard for himself. His learning is +too much for his brain, and his judgment too little for his learning, and +his over-opinion of both, spoils all. Pity it was his mischance of being a +scholar; for it does only distract and irregulate him, and the world by +him. He hammers much in general upon our opinion's uncertainty, and the +possibility of erring makes him not venture on what is true. He is +troubled at this naturalness of religion to countries, that protestantism +should be born so in England and popery abroad, and that fortune and the +stars should so much share in it. He likes not this connection of the +common-weal and divinity, and fears it may be an arch-practice of state. +In our differences with Rome he is strangely unfixed, and a new man every +new day, as his last discourse-book's meditations transport him. He could +like the gray hairs of popery, did not some dotages there stagger him: he +would come to us sooner, but our new name affrights him. He is taken with +their miracles, but doubts an imposture; he conceives of our doctrine +better, but it seems too empty and naked. He cannot drive into his fancy +the circumscription of truth to our corner, and is as hardly persuaded to +think their old legends true. He approves well of our faith, and more of +their works, and is sometimes much affected at the zeal of Amsterdam. His +conscience interposes itself betwixt duellers, and whilst it would part +both, is by both wounded. He will sometimes propend much to us upon the +reading a good writer, and at Bellarmine[58] recoils as far back again; +and the fathers justle him from one side to another. Now Socinus[59] and +Vorstius[60] afresh torture him, and he agrees with none worse than +himself. He puts his foot into heresies tenderly, as a cat in the water, +and pulls it out again, and still something unanswered delays him; yet he +bears away some parcel of each, and you may sooner pick all religions out +of him than one. He cannot think so many wise men should be in error, nor +so many honest men out of the way, and his wonder is double when he sees +these oppose one another. He hates authority as the tyrant of reason, and +you cannot anger him worse than with a father's _dixit_, and yet that many +are not persuaded with reason, shall authorise his doubt. In sum, his +whole life is a question, and his salvation a greater, which death only +concludes, and then he is resolved. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[58] Robert Bellarmin, an Italian Jesuit, was born at Monte Pulciano, a +town in Tuscany, in the year 1542, and in 1560 entered himself among the +Jesuits. In 1599 he was honoured with a cardinal's hat, and in 1602 was +presented with the arch-bishopric of Capua: this, however, he resigned in +1605, when pope Paul V. desired to have him near himself. He was employed +in the affairs of the court of Rome till 1621, when, leaving the Vatican, +he retired to a house belonging to his order, and died September 17, in +the same year. + +Bellarmin was one of the best controversial writers of his time; few +authors have done greater honour to their profession or opinions, and +certain it is that none have ever more ably defended the cause of the +Romish church, or contended in favour of the pope with greater advantage. +As a proof of Bellarmin's abilities, there was scarcely a divine of any +eminence among the protestants who did not attack him: Bayle aptly says, +"they made his name resound every where, ut littus Styla, Styla, omne +sonaret." + +[59] Faustus Socinus is so well known as the founder of the sect which +goes under his name, that a few words will be sufficient. He was born in +1539, at Sienna, and imbibed his opinions from the instruction of his +uncle, who always had a high opinion of, and confidence in, the abilities +of his nephew, to whom he bequeathed all his papers. After living several +years in the world, principally at the court of Francis de Medicis, +Socinus, in 1577, went into Germany, and began to propagate the principles +of his uncle, to which, it is said, he made great additions and +alterations of his own. In the support of his opinions, he suffered +considerable hardships, and received the greatest insults and +persecutions; to avoid which, he retired to a place near Cracow, in +Poland, where he died in 1504, at the age of sixty-five. + +[60] Conrade Vorstius, a learned divine, who was peculiarly detested by +the Calvinists, and who had even the honour to be attacked by king James +the first, of England, was born in 1569. Being compelled, through the +interposition of James's ambassador, to quit Leiden, where he had attained +the divinity-chair, and several other preferments, he retired to Toningen, +where he died in 1622, with the strongest tokens of piety and resignation. + + + + +XXXVI. + +AN ATTORNEY. + + +His antient beginning was a blue coat, since a livery, and his hatching +under a lawyer; whence, though but pen-feathered, he hath now nested for +himself, and with his boarded pence purchased an office. Two desks and a +quire of paper set him up, where he now sits in state for all corners. We +can call him no great author, yet he writes very much and with the infamy +of the court is maintained in his libels.[61] He has some smatch of a +scholar, and yet uses Latin very hardly; and lest it should accuse him, +cuts it off in the midst, and will not let it speak out. He is, contrary +to great men, maintained by his followers, that is, his poor country +clients, that worship him more than their landlords, and be they never +such churls, he looks for their courtesy. He first racks them soundly +himself, and then delivers them to the lawyer for execution. His looks are +very solicitous, importing much haste and dispatch, he is never without +his hands full of business, that is--of paper. His skin becomes at last as +dry as his parchment, and his face as intricate as the most winding cause. +He talks statutes as fiercely as if he had mooted[62] seven years in the +inns of court, when all his skill is stuck in his girdle, or in his +office-window. Strife and wrangling have made him rich, and he is thankful +to his benefactor, and nourishes it. If he live in a country village, he +makes all his neighbours good subjects; for there shall be nothing done +but what there is law for. His business gives him not leave to think of +his conscience, and when the time, or term of his life is going out, for +dooms-day he is secure; for he hopes he has a trick to reverse judgment. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[61] _His style is very constant, for it keeps still the former aforesaid; +and yet it seems he is much troubled in it, for he is always humbly +complaining--your poor orator._ First edit. + +[62] To _moote_ a terme vsed in the innes of the court; it is the handling +of a case, as in the Vniuersitie their disputations, &c. So _Minshew_, who +supposes it to be derived from the French, _mot, verbum, quasi verba +facere, aut sermonem de aliqua re habere_. _Mootmen_ are those who, having +studied seven or eight years, are qualified to practise, and appear to +answer to our term of barristers. + + + + +XXXVII. + +A PARTIAL MAN + + +Is the opposite extreme to a defamer, for the one speaks ill falsely, and +the other well, and both slander the truth. He is one that is still +weighing men in the scale of comparisons, and puts his affections in the +one balance and that sways. His friend always shall do best, and you shall +rarely hear good of his enemy. He considers first the man and then the +thing, and restrains all merit to what they deserve of him. Commendations +he esteems not the debt of worth, but the requital of kindness; and if you +ask his reason, shews his interest, and tells you how much he is beholden +to that man. He is one that ties his judgment to the wheel of fortune, and +they determine giddily both alike. He prefers England before other +countries because he was born there, and Oxford before other universities, +because he was brought up there, and the best scholar there is one of his +own college, and the best scholar there is one of his friends. He is a +great favourer of great persons, and his argument is still that which +should be antecedent; as,--he is in high place, therefore virtuous;--he is +preferred, therefore worthy. Never ask his opinion, for you shall hear but +his faction, and he is indifferent in nothing but conscience. Men esteem +him for this a zealous affectionate, but they mistake him many times, for +he does it but to be esteemed so. Of all men he is worst to write an +history, for he will praise a Sejanus or Tiberius, and for some petty +respect of his all posterity shall be cozened. + + + + +XXXVIII. + +A TRUMPETER + + +Is the elephant with the great trunk, for he eats nothing but what comes +through this way. His profession is not so worthy as to occasion +insolence, and yet no man so much puft up. His face is as brazen as his +trumpet, and (which is worse,) as a fidler's, from whom he differeth only +in this, that his impudence is dearer. The sea of drink and much wind make +a storm perpetually in his cheeks, and his look is like his noise, +blustering and tempestuous. He was whilom the sound of war, but now of +peace; yet as terrible as ever, for wheresoever he comes they are sure to +pay for it. He is the common attendant of glittering folks, whether in the +court or stage, where he is always the prologue's prologue.[63] He is +somewhat in the nature of a hogshead, shrillest when he is empty; when +his belly is full he is quiet enough. No man proves life more to be a +blast, or himself a bubble, and he is like a counterfeit bankrupt, thrives +best when he is blown up. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[63] The prologue to our ancient dramas was ushered in by trumpets. +"Present not yourselfe on the stage (especially at a new play) untill the +quaking prologue hath (by rubbing) got cullor into his cheekes, and is +ready to giue the trumpets their cue that hee's vpon point to enter." +Decker's _Gul's Hornbook_, 1609. p. 30. + +"Doe you not know that I am the Prologue? Do you not see this long blacke +veluet cloke vpon my backe? _Haue you not sounded thrice?_" Heywood's +_Foure Prentises of London_. 4to. 1615. + + + + +XXXIX. + +A VULGAR-SPIRITED MAN + + +Is one of the herd of the world. One that follows merely the common cry, +and makes it louder by one. A man that loves none but who are publickly +affected, and he will not be wiser than the rest of the town. That never +owns a friend after an ill name, or some general imputation, though he +knows it most unworthy. That opposes to reason, "thus men say;" and "thus +most do;" and "thus the world goes;" and thinks this enough to poise the +other. That worships men in place, and those only; and thinks all a great +man speaks oracles. Much taken with my lord's jest, and repeats you it all +to a syllable. One that justifies nothing out of fashion, nor any opinion +out of the applauded way. That thinks certainly all Spaniards and Jesuits +very villains, and is still cursing the pope and Spinola. One that thinks +the gravest cassock the best scholar; and the best cloaths the finest man. +That is taken only with broad and obscene wit, and hisses any thing too +deep for him. That cries, Chaucer for his money above all our English +poets, because the voice has gone so, and he has read none. That is much +ravished with such a nobleman's courtesy, and would venture his life for +him, because he put off his hat. One that is foremost still to kiss the +king's hand, and cries, "God bless his majesty!" loudest. That rails on +all men condemned and out of favour, and the first that says "away with +the traitors!"--yet struck with much ruth at executions, and for pity to +see a man die, could kill the hangman. That comes to London to see it, and +the pretty things in it, and, the chief cause of his journey, the bears. +That measures the happiness of the kingdom by the cheapness of corn, and +conceives no harm of state, but ill trading. Within this compass too, come +those that are too much wedged into the world, and have no lifting +thoughts above those things; that call to thrive, to do well; and +preferment only the grace of God. That aim all studies at this mark, and +shew you poor scholars as an example to take heed by. That think the +prison and want a judgment for some sin, and never like well hereafter of +a jail-bird. That know no other content but wealth, bravery, and the +town-pleasures; that think all else but idle speculation, and the +philosophers madmen. In short, men that are carried away with all +outwardnesses, shews, appearances, the stream, the people; for there is no +man of worth but has a piece of singularity, and scorns something. + + + + +XL. + +A PLODDING STUDENT + + +Is a kind of alchymist or persecutor of nature, that would change the dull +lead of his brain into finer metal, with success many times as +unprosperous, or at least not quitting the cost, to wit, of his own oil +and candles. He has a strange forced appetite to learning, and to atchieve +it brings nothing but patience and a body. His study is not great but +continual, and consists much in the sitting up till after midnight in a +rug-gown and a night-cap, to the vanquishing perhaps of some six lines; +yet what he has, he has perfect, for he reads it so long to understand it, +till he gets it without book. He may with much industry make a breach into +logick, and arrive at some ability in an argument; but for politer studies +he dare not skirmish with them, and for poetry accounts it impregnable. +His invention is no more than the finding out of his papers, and his few +gleanings there; and his disposition of them is as just as the +bookbinders, a setting or glewing of them together. He is a great +discomforter of young students, by telling them what travel it has cost +him, and how often his brain turned at philosophy, and makes others fear +studying as a cause of duncery. He is a man much given to apothegms, which +serve him for wit, and seldom breaks any jest but which belongs to some +Lacedemonian or Roman in Lycosthenes. He is like a dull carrier's horse, +that will go a whole week together, but never out of a foot pace; and he +that sets forth on the Saturday shall overtake him. + + + + +XLI. + +PAUL'S WALK[64] + + +Is the land's epitome, or you may call it the lesser isle of Great +Britain. It is more than this, the whole world's map, which you may here +discern in its perfectest motion, justling and turning. It is a heap of +stones and men, with a vast confusion of languages; and were the steeple +not sanctified, nothing liker Babel. The noise in it is like that of bees, +a strange humming or buzz mixed of walking tongues and feet: it is a kind +of still roar or loud whisper. It is the great exchange of all discourse, +and no business whatsoever but is here stirring and a-foot. It is the +synod of all pates politick, jointed and laid together in most serious +posture, and they are not half so busy at the parliament. It is the antick +of tails to tails, and backs to backs, and for vizards you need go no +farther than faces. It is the market of young lecturers, whom you may +cheapen here at all rates and sizes. It is the general mint of all famous +lies, which are here like the legends of popery, first coined and stamped +in the church. All inventions are emptied here, and not few pockets. The +best sign of a temple in it is, that it is the thieves sanctuary, which +rob more safely in the crowd than a wilderness, whilst every searcher is a +bush to hide them. It is the other expence of the day, after plays, +tavern, and a bawdy-house; and men have still some oaths left to swear +here. It is the ear's brothel, and satisfies their lust and itch. The +visitants are all men without exceptions, but the principal inhabitants +and possessors are stale knights and captains[65] out of service; men of +long rapiers and breeches, which after all turn merchants here and +traffick for news. Some make it a preface to their dinner, and travel for +a stomach; but thriftier men make it their ordinary, and board here very +cheap.[66] Of all such places it is least haunted with hobgoblins, for if +a ghost would walk more, he could not. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[64] St. Paul's cathedral was, during the reigns of Elizabeth and James, a +sort of exchange and public parade, where business was transacted between +merchants, and where the fashionables of the day exhibited themselves. The +reader will find several allusions to this custom in the _variorum_ +edition of Shakspeare, _K. Henry IV._ part 2. Osborne, in his _Traditional +Memoires on the Reigns of Elizabeth and James_, 12mo. 1658, says, "It was +the fashion of those times (James I.) and did so continue till these, (the +interregnum,) for the principal gentry, lords, courtiers, and men of all +professions, not merely mechanicks, to meet in _St. Paul's_ church by +eleven, and walk in the middle isle till twelve, and after dinner from +three to six; during which time some discoursed of business, others of +news." Weever complains of the practice, and says, "it could be wished +that walking in the middle isle of _Paules_ might be forborne in the time +of diuine seruice." _Ancient Funeral Monuments_, 1631, page 373. + +[65] In the _Dramatis Personae_ to Ben Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_, +Bobadil is styled a _Paul's man_; and Falstaff tells us that he bought +Bardolph in _Paul's_. _King Henry IV._ Part 2. + +[66] + + ----You'd not doe + Like your penurious father, who was wont + _To walke his dinner out in Paules_. + +Mayne's _City Match_, 1658. + + + + +XLII. + +A COOK. + + +The kitchen is his hell, and he the devil in it, where his meat and he fry +together. His revenues are showered down from the fat of the land, and he +interlards his own grease among to help the drippings. Cholerick he is not +by nature so much as his art, and it is a shrewd temptation that the +chopping-knife is so near. His weapons, ofter offensive, are a mess of hot +broth and scalding water, and woe be to him that comes in his way. In the +kitchen he will domineer and rule the roast in spight of his master, and +curses in the very dialect of his calling. His labour is meer blustering +and fury, and his speech like that of sailors in a storm, a thousand +businesses at once; yet, in all this tumult, he does not love combustion, +but will be the first man that shall go and quench it. He is never a good +christian till a hissing pot of ale has slacked him, like water cast on a +firebrand, and for that time he is tame and dispossessed. His cunning is +not small in architecture, for he builds strange fabricks in paste, towers +and castles, which are offered to the assault of valiant teeth, and like +Darius' palace in one banquet demolished. He is a pittiless murderer of +innocents, and he mangles poor fowls with unheard-of tortures; and it is +thought the martyrs persecutions were devised from hence: sure we are, St. +Lawrence's gridiron came out of his kitchen. His best faculty is at the +dresser, where he seems to have great skill in the tacticks, ranging his +dishes in order military, and placing with great discretion in the +fore-front meats more strong and hardy, and the more cold and cowardly in +the rear; as quaking tarts and quivering custards, and such milk-sop +dishes, which scape many times the fury of the encounter. But now the +second course is gone up and he down in the cellar, where he drinks and +sleeps till four o'clock[67] in the afternoon, and then returns again to +his regiment. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[67] The time of supper was about five o'clock. See note at page 39. + + + + +XLIII. + +A BOLD FORWARD MAN + + +Is a lusty fellow in a crowd, that is beholden more to his elbow than his +legs, for he does not go, but thrusts well. He is a good shuffler in the +world, wherein he is so oft putting forth, that at length he puts on. He +can do some things, but dare do much more, and is like a desperate +soldier, who will assault any thing where he is sure not to enter. He is +not so well opinioned of himself, as industrious to make others, and +thinks no vice so prejudicial as blushing. He is still citing for himself, +that a candle should not be hid under a bushel; and for his part he will +be sure not to hide his, though his candle be but a snuff or rush-candle. +Those few good parts he has, he is no niggard in displaying, and is like +some needy flaunting goldsmith, nothing in the inner room, but all on the +cupboard. If he be a scholar, he has commonly stepped into the pulpit +before a degree, yet into that too before he deserved it. He never defers +St. Mary's beyond his regency, and his next sermon is at Paul's cross,[68] +[and that printed.] He loves publick things alive; and for any solemn +entertainment he will find a mouth, find a speech who will. He is greedy +of great acquaintance and many, and thinks it no small advancement to rise +to be known. [He is one that has all the great names at court at his +fingers ends, and their lodgings; and with a saucy, "my lord," will salute +the best of them.] His talk at the table is like Benjamin's mess, five +times to his part, and no argument shuts him out for a quarreller. Of all +disgraces he endures not to be non-plussed, and had rather fly for +sanctuary to nonsense which few descry, than to nothing which all. His +boldness is beholden to other men's modesty, which rescues him many times +from a baffle; yet his face is good armour, and he is dashed out of any +thing sooner than countenance. Grosser conceits are puzzled in him for a +rare man; and wiser men though they know him [yet] take him [in] for their +pleasure, or as they would do a sculler for being next at hand. Thus +preferment at last stumbles on him, because he is still in the way. His +companions that flouted him before, now envy him, when they see him come +ready for scarlet, whilst themselves lye musty in their old clothes and +colleges. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[68] Paul's cross stood in the church-yard of that cathedral, on the north +side, towards the east end. It was used for the preaching of sermons to +the populace; and Holinshed mentions two instances of public penance being +performed here; in 1534 by some of the adherents of Elizabeth Barton, well +known as _the holy maid of Kent_, and in 1536 by sir Thomas Newman, a +priest, who "_bare a faggot at Paules crosse for singing masse with good +ale_." + + + + +XLIV. + +A BAKER. + + +No man verifies the proverb more, that it is an alms-deed to punish him; +for his penalty is a dole,[69] and does the beggars as much good as their +dinner. He abhors, therefore, works of charity, and thinks his bread cast +away when it is given to the poor. He loves not justice neither, for the +weigh-scale's sake, and hates the clerk of the market as his executioner; +yet he finds mercy in his offences, and his basket only is sent to +prison.[70] Marry a pillory is his deadly enemy, and he never hears well +after. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[69] _Dole_ originally signified the portion of alms that was given away +at the door of a nobleman. Steevens, note to _Shakspeare_. Sir John +Hawkins affirms that the benefaction distributed at Lambeth palace gate, +is to this day called the _dole_. + +[70] That is, the contents of his basket, if discovered to be of light +weight, are distributed to the needy prisoners. + + + + +XLV. + +A PRETENDER TO LEARNING + + +Is one that would make all others more fools than himself, for though he +know nothing, he would not have the would know so much. He conceits +nothing in learning but the opinion, which he seeks to purchase without +it, though he might with less labour cure his ignorance than hide it. He +is indeed a kind of scholar-mountebank, and his art our delusion. He is +tricked out in all the accoutrements of learning, and at the first +encounter none passes better. He is oftener in his study than at his book, +and you cannot pleasure him better than to deprehend him: yet he hears you +not till the third knock, and then comes out very angry as interrupted. +You find him in his _slippers_[71] and a pen in his ear, in which +formality he was asleep. His table is spread wide with some classick +folio, which is as constant to it as the carpet, and hath laid open in the +same page this half year. His candle is always a longer sitter up than +himself, and the _boast_[72] of his window at midnight. He walks much +alone in the posture of meditation, and has a book still before his face +in the fields. His pocket is seldom without a Greek testament or Hebrew +bible, which he opens only in the church, and that when some stander-by +looks over. He has sentences for company, some scatterings of Seneca and +Tacitus, which are good upon all occasions. If he reads any thing in the +morning, it comes up all at dinner; and as long as that lasts, the +discourse is his. He is a great plagiary of tavern wit, and comes to +sermons only that he may talk of Austin. His parcels are the meer +scrapings from company, yet he complains at parting what time he has lost. +He is wondrously capricious to seem a judgment, and listens with a sower +attention to what he understands not. He talks much of Scaliger, and +Casaubon, and the Jesuits, and prefers some unheard-of Dutch name before +them all. He has verses to bring in upon these and these hints, and it +shall go hard but he will wind in his opportunity. He is critical in a +language he cannot conster, and speaks seldom under Arminius in divinity. +His business and retirement and caller away is his study, and he protests +no delight to it comparable. He is a great nomenclator of authors, which +he has read in general in the catalogue, and in particular in the title, +and goes seldom so far as the dedication. He never talks of any thing but +learning, and learns all from talking. Three encounters with the same men +pump him, and then he only puts in or gravely says nothing. He has taken +pains to be an ass, though not to be a scholar, and is at length +discovered and laughed at. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[71] _Study_, first edit. + +[72] The first edition reads _post_, and, I think, preferably. + + + + +XLVI. + +A HERALD + + +Is the spawn or indeed but the resultancy of nobility, and to the making +of him went not a generation but a genealogy. His trade is honour, and he +sells it and gives arms himself, though he be no gentleman. His bribes are +like those of a corrupt judge, for they are the prices of blood. He seems +very rich in discourse, for he tells you of whole fields of gold and +silver, or, and argent, worth much in French but in English nothing. He is +a great diver in the streams or issues of gentry, and not a by-channel or +bastard escapes him; yea he does with them like some shameless queen, +fathers more children on them than ever they begot. His traffick is a kind +of pedlary-ware, scutchions, and pennons, and little daggers and lions, +such as children esteem and gentlemen; but his penny-worths are rampant, +for you may buy three whole brawns cheaper than three boar's heads of him +painted. He was sometimes the terrible coat of Mars, but is now for more +merciful battles in the tilt-yard, where whosoever is victorious, the +spoils are his. He is an art in England but in Wales nature, where they +are born with heraldry in their mouths, and each name is a pedigree. + + + + +XLVII. + +THE COMMON SINGING-MEN IN CATHEDRAL CHURCHES + + +Are a bad society, and yet a company of good fellows, that roar deep in +the quire, deeper in the tavern. They are the eight parts of speech which +go to the syntaxis of service, and are distinguished by their noises much +like bells, for they make not a concert but a peal. Their pastime or +recreation is prayers, their exercise drinking, yet herein so religiously +addicted that they serve God oftest when they are drunk. Their humanity is +a leg to the residencer, their learning a chapter, for they learn it +commonly before they read it; yet the old Hebrew names are little beholden +to them, for they mis-call them worse than one another. Though they never +expound the scripture, they handle it much, and pollute the gospel with +two things, their conversation and their thumbs. Upon worky-days, they +behave themselves at prayers as at their pots, for they swallow them down +in an instant. Their gowns are laced commonly with streamings of ale, the +superfluities of a cup or throat above measure. Their skill in melody +makes them the better companions abroad, and their anthems abler to sing +catches. Long lived for the most part they are not, especially the base, +they overflow their bank so oft to drown the organs. Briefly, if they +escape arresting, they die constantly in God's service; and to take their +death with more patience, they have wine and cakes at their funeral, and +now they keep[73] the church a great deal better, and help to fill it +with their bones as before with their noise. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[73] _Keep_ for attend. + + + + +XLVIII. + +A SHOP-KEEPER. + + +His shop is his well stuft book, and himself the title-page of it, or +index. He utters much to all men, though he sells but to a few, and +intreats for his own necessities, by asking others what they lack. No man +speaks more and no more, for his words are like his wares, twenty of one +sort, and he goes over them alike to all commers. He is an arrogant +commender of his own things; for whatsoever he shews you is the best in +the town, though the worst in his shop. His conscience was a thing that +would have laid upon his hands, and he was forced to put it off, and +makes great use of honesty to profess upon. He tells you lies by rote, +and not minding, as the phrase to sell in, and the language he spent most +of his years to learn. He never speaks so truely as when he says he would +use you as his brother; for he would abuse his brother, and in his shop +thinks it lawful. His religion is much in the nature of his customers, and +indeed the pander to it: and by a mis-interpreted sense of scripture makes +a gain of his godliness. He is your slave while you pay him ready money, +but if he once befriend you, your tyrant, and you had better deserve his +hate than his trust. + + + + + +XLIX. + +A BLUNT MAN + + +Is one whose wit is better pointed than his behaviour, and that coarse and +impolished, not out of ignorance so much as humour. He is a great enemy to +the fine gentleman, and these things of complement, and hates ceremony in +conversation, as the Puritan in religion. He distinguishes not betwixt +fair and double dealing, and suspects all smoothness for the dress of +knavery. He starts at the encounter of a salutation as an assault, and +beseeches you in choler to forbear your courtesy. He loves not any thing +in discourse that comes before the purpose, and is always suspicious of a +preface. Himself falls rudely still on his matter without any +circumstance, except he use an old proverb for an introduction. He swears +old out-of-date innocent oaths, as, by the mass! by our lady! and such +like, and though there be lords present, he cries, my masters! He is +exceedingly in love with his humour, which makes him always profess and +proclaim it, and you must take what he says patiently, because he is a +plain man. His nature is his excuse still, and other men's tyrant; for he +must speak his mind, and that is his worst, and craves your pardon most +injuriously for not pardoning you. His jests best become him, because +they come from him rudely and unaffected; and he has the luck commonly to +have them famous. He is one that will do more than he will speak, and yet +speak more than he will hear; for though he love to touch others, he is +touchy himself, and seldom to his own abuses replies but with his fists. +He is as squeazy[74] of his commendations, as his courtesy, and his good +word is like an eulogy in a satire. He is generally better favoured than +he favours, as being commonly well expounded in his bitterness, and no man +speaks treason more securely. He chides great men with most boldness, and +is counted for it an honest fellow. He is grumbling much in the behalf of +the commonwealth, and is in prison oft for it with credit. He is generally +honest, but more generally thought so, and his downrightness credits him, +as a man not well bended and crookned to the times. In conclusion, he is +not easily bad, in whom this quality is nature, but the counterfeit is +most dangerous, since he is disguised in a humour, that professes not to +disguise. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[74] _Squeazy_, niggardly. + + + + +L. + +A HANDSOME HOSTESS + + +Is the fairer commendation of an inn, above the fair sign, or fair +lodgings. She is the loadstone that attracts men of iron, gallants and +roarers, where they cleave sometimes long, and are not easily got off. Her +lips are your welcome, and your entertainment her company, which is put +into the reckoning too, and is the dearest parcel in it. No citizen's wife +is demurer than she at the first greeting, nor draws in her mouth with a +chaster simper; but you may be more familiar without distaste, and she +does not startle at bawdry. She is the confusion of a pottle of sack more +than would have been spent elsewhere, and her little jugs are accepted to +have her kiss excuse them. She may be an honest woman, but is not believed +so in her parish, and no man is a greater infidel in it than her husband. + + + + +LI. + +A CRITIC + + +Is one that has spelled over a great many books, and his observation is +the orthography. He is the surgeon of old authors, and heals the wounds of +dust and ignorance. He converses much in fragments and _desunt multa's_, +and if he piece it up with two lines he is more proud of that book than +the author. He runs over all sciences to peruse their syntaxis, and thinks +all learning comprised in writing Latin. He tastes stiles as some +discreeter palates do wine; and tells you which is genuine, which +sophisticate and bastard. His own phrase is a miscellany of old words, +deceased long before the Caesars, and entombed by Varro, and the modernest +man he follows is Plautus. He writes _omneis_ at length, and _quidquid_, +and his gerund is most inconformable. He is a troublesome vexer of the +dead, which after so long sparing must rise up to the judgment of his +castigations. He is one that makes all books sell dearer, whilst he swells +them into folios with his comments.[75] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[75] On this passage, I fear, the present volume will be a sufficient +commentary. + + + + +LII. + +A SERGEANT, OR CATCH-POLE + + +Is one of God's judgments; and which our roarers do only conceive +terrible. He is the properest shape wherein they fancy Satan; for he is at +most but an arrester, and hell a dungeon. He is the creditor's hawk, +wherewith they seize upon flying birds, and fetch them again in his +tallons. He is the period of young gentlemen, or their full stop, for when +he meets with them they can go no farther. His ambush is a shop-stall, or +close lane, and his assault is cowardly at your back. He respites you in +no place but a tavern, where he sells his minutes dearer than a +clock-maker. The common way to run from him is through him, which is often +attempted and atchieved,[76] [_and no man is more beaten out of charity_.] +He is one makes the street more dangerous than the highways, and men go +better provided in their walks than their journey. He is the first handsel +of the young rapiers of the templers; and they are as proud of his repulse +as an Hungarian of killing a Turk. He is a moveable prison, and his hands +two manacles hard to be filed off. He is an occasioner of disloyal +thoughts in the commonwealth, for he makes men hate the king's name worse +than the devil's. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[76] _And the clubs out of charity knock him down_, first edit. + + + + +LIII. + +AN UNIVERSITY DUN + + +Is a gentleman's follower cheaply purchased, for his own money has hired +him. He is an inferior creditor of some ten shillings downwards, +contracted for horse-hire, or perchance for drink, too weak to be put in +suit, and he arrests your modesty. He is now very expensive of his time, +for he will wait upon your stairs a whole afternoon, and dance attendance +with more patience than a gentleman-usher. He is a sore beleaguerer of +chambers, and assaults them sometimes with furious knocks; yet finds +strong resistance commonly, and is kept out. He is a great complainer of +scholar's loytering, for he is sure never to find them within, and yet he +is the chief cause many times that makes them study. He grumbles at the +ingratitude of men that shun him for his kindness, but indeed it is his +own fault, for he is too great an upbraider. No man puts them more to +their brain than he; and by shifting him off they learn to shift in the +world. Some chuse their rooms on purpose to avoid his surprisals, and +think the best commodity in them his prospect. He is like a rejected +acquaintance, hunts those that care not for his company, and he knows it +well enough, and yet will not keep away. The sole place to supple him is +the buttery, where he takes grievous use upon your name,[77] and he is one +much wrought with good beer and rhetorick. He is a man of most unfortunate +voyages, and no gallant walks the streets to less purpose. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[77] That is, _runs you up a long score_. + + + + +LIV. + +A STAYED MAN + + +Is a man: one that has taken order with himself, and sets a rule to those +lawlesnesses within him: whose life is distinct and in method, and his +actions, as it were, cast up before; not loosed into the world's vanities, +but gathered up and contracted in his station: not scattered into many +pieces of businesses, but that one course he takes, goes through with. A +man firm and standing in his purposes, not heaved off with each wind and +passion: that squares his expence to his coffers, and makes the total +first, and then the items. One that thinks what he does, and does what he +says, and foresees what he may do before he purposes. One whose "if I can" +is more than another's assurance; and his doubtful tale before some men's +protestations:--that is confident of nothing in futurity, yet his +conjectures oft true prophecies:--that makes a pause still betwixt his +ear and belief, and is not too hasty to say after others. One whose tongue +is strung up like a clock till the time, and then strikes, and says much +when he talks little:--that can see the truth betwixt two wranglers, and +sees them agree even in that they fall out upon:--that speaks no rebellion +in a bravery, or talks big from the spirit of sack. A man cool and +temperate in his passions, not easily betrayed by his choler:--that vies +not oath with oath, nor heat with heat, but replies calmly to an angry +man, and is too hard for him too:--that can come fairly off from captain's +companies, and neither drink nor quarrel. One whom no ill hunting sends +home discontented, and makes him swear at his dogs and family. One not +hasty to pursue the new fashion, nor yet affectedly true to his old round +breeches; but gravely handsome, and to his place, which suits him better +than his taylor: active in the world without disquiet, and careful without +misery; yet neither ingulphed in his pleasures, nor a seeker of business, +but has his hour for both. A man that seldom laughs violently, but his +mirth is a cheerful look: of a composed and settled countenance, not set, +nor much alterable with sadness or joy. He affects nothing so wholly, that +he must be a miserable man when he loses it; but fore-thinks what will +come hereafter, and spares fortune his thanks and curses. One that loves +his credit, not this word reputation; yet can save both without a duel. +Whose entertainments to greater men are respectful, not complementary; and +to his friends plain, not rude. A good husband, father, master; that is, +without doting, pampering, familiarity. A man well poised in all humours, +in whom nature shewed most geometry, and he has not spoiled the work. A +man of more wisdom than wittiness, and brain than fancy; and abler to any +thing than to make verses. + + + + +LV. + +A MODEST MAN + + +Is a far finer man than he knows of, one that shews better to all men than +himself, and so much the better to all men, as less to himself;[78] for no +quality sets a man off like this, and commends him more against his will: +and he can put up any injury sooner than this (as he calls it) your irony. +You shall hear him confute his commenders, and giving reasons how much +they are mistaken, and is angry almost if they do not believe him. Nothing +threatens him so much as great expectation, which he thinks more +prejudicial than your under-opinion, because it is easier to make that +false, than this true. He is one that sneaks from a good action, as one +that had pilfered, and dare not justify it; and is more blushingly +reprehended in this, than others in sin: that counts all publick +declarings of himself, but so many penances before the people; and the +more you applaud him, the more you abash him, and he recovers not his face +a month after. One that is easy to like any thing of another man's, and +thinks all he knows not of him better than that he knows. He excuses that +to you, which another would impute; and if you pardon him, is satisfied. +One that stands in no opinion because it is his own, but suspects it +rather, because it is his own, and is confuted and thanks you. He sees +nothing more willingly than his errors, and it is his error sometimes to +be too soon persuaded. He is content to be auditor, where he only can +speak, and content to go away, and think himself instructed. No man is so +weak that he is ashamed to learn of, and is less ashamed to confess it; +and he finds many times even in the dust, what others overlook and lose. +Every man's presence is a kind of bridle to him, to stop the roving of his +tongue and passions: and even impudent men look for this reverence from +him, and distaste that in him, which they suffer in themselves, as one in +whom vice is ill-favoured, and shews more scurvily than another. A bawdy +jest shall shame him more than a bastard another man, and he that got it +shall censure him among the rest. And he is coward to nothing more than an +ill tongue, and whosoever dare lye on him hath power over him; and if you +take him by his look, he is guilty. The main ambition of his life is not +to be discredited; and for other things, his desires are more limited than +his fortunes, which he thinks preferment, though never so mean, and that +he is to do something to deserve this. He is too tender to venture on +great places, and would not hurt a dignity to help himself: If he do, it +was the violence of his friends constrained him, how hardly soever he +obtain it, he was harder persuaded to seek it. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[78] This, as well as many other passages in this work, has been +appropriated by John Dunton, the celebrated bookseller, as his own. See +his character of Mr. Samuel Hool, in _Dunton's Life and Errors_, 8vo. +1705. p. 337. + + + + +LVI. + +A MEER EMPTY WIT + + +Is like one that spends on the stock without any revenues coming in, and +will shortly be no wit at all; for learning is the fuel to the fire of +wit, which, if it wants this feeding, eats out it self. A good conceit or +two bates of such a man, and makes a sensible weakening in him; and his +brain recovers it not a year after. The rest of him are bubbles and +flashes, darted out on a sudden, which, if you take them while they are +warm, may be laughed at; if they are cool, are nothing. He speaks best on +the present apprehension, for meditation stupifies him, and the more he is +in travel, the less he brings forth. His things come off then, as in a +nauseateing stomach, where there is nothing to cast up, strains and +convulsions, and some astonishing bombasts, which men only, till they +understand, are scared with. A verse or some such work he may sometimes +get up to, but seldom above the stature of an epigram, and that with some +relief out of Martial, which is the ordinary companion of his pocket, and +he reads him as he were inspired. Such men are commonly the trifling +things of the world, good to make merry the company, and whom only men +have to do withal when they have nothing to do, and none are less their +friends than who are most their company. Here they vent themselves over a +cup some-what more lastingly; all their words go for jests, and all their +jests for nothing. They are nimble in the fancy of some ridiculous thing, +and reasonable good in the expression. Nothing stops a jest when it's +coming, neither friends, nor danger, but it must out howsoever, though +their blood come out after, and then they emphatically rail, and are +emphatically beaten, and commonly are men reasonable familiar to this. +Briefly they are such whose life is but to laugh and be laughed at; and +only wits in jest and fools in earnest. + + + + +LVII. + +A DRUNKARD + + +Is one that will be a man to-morrow morning, but is now what you will make +him, for he is in the power of the next man, and if a friend the better. +One that hath let go himself from the hold and stay of reason, and lies +open to the mercy of all temptations. No lust but finds him disarmed and +fenceless, and with the least assault enters. If any mischief escape him, +it was not his fault, for he was laid as fair for it as he could. Every +man sees him, as Cham saw his father the first of this sin, an uncovered +man, and though his garment be on, uncovered; the secretest parts of his +soul lying in the nakedest manner visible: all his passions come out now, +all his vanities, and those shamefuller humours which discretion clothes. +His body becomes at last like a miry way, where the spirits are beclogged +and cannot pass: all his members are out of office, and his heels do but +trip up one another. He is a blind man with eyes, and a cripple with legs +on. All the use he has of this vessel himself, is to hold thus much; for +his drinking is but a scooping in of so many quarts, which are filled out +into his body, and that filled out again into the room, which is commonly +as drunk as he. Tobacco serves to air him after a washing, and is his only +breath and breathing while. He is the greatest enemy to himself, and the +next to his friend, and then most in the act of his kindness, for his +kindness is but trying a mastery, who shall sink down first: and men come +from him as a battle, wounded and bound up. Nothing takes a man off more +from his credit, and business, and makes him more retchlesly[79] careless +what becomes of all. Indeed he dares not enter on a serious thought, or if +he do, it is such melancholy that it sends him to be drunk again. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[79] Rechlesse, _negligent_. Saxon, rectlerre. Chaucer uses it also as an +adjective: + + "I may not in this cas be _reccheles_." + +_Clerkes Tale_, v. 8364. + + + + +LVIII. + +A PRISON + + +Is the grave of the living,[80] where they are shut up from the world and +their friends; and the worms that gnaw upon them their own thoughts and +the jaylor. A house of meagre looks and ill smells, for lice, drink, and +tobacco are the compound. Pluto's court was expressed from this fancy; and +the persons are much about the same parity that is there. You may ask, as +Menippus in Lucian, which is Nireus, which Thersites, which the beggar, +which the knight;--for they are all suited in the same form of a kind of +nasty poverty. Only to be out at elbows is in fashion here, and a great +indecorum not to be thread-bare. Every man shews here like so many wracks +upon the sea, here the ribs of a thousand pound, here the relicks of so +many mannors, a doublet without buttons; and 'tis a spectacle of more pity +than executions are. The company one with the other is but a vying of +complaints, and the causes they have to rail on fortune and fool +themselves, and there is a great deal of good fellowship in this. They are +commonly, next their creditors, most bitter against the lawyers, as men +that have had a great stroke in assisting them hither. Mirth here is +stupidity or hard-heartedness, yet they feign it sometimes to slip +melancholy, and keep off themselves from themselves, and the torment of +thinking what they have been. Men huddle up their life here as a thing of +no use, and wear it out like an old suit, the faster the better; and he +that deceives the time best, best spends it. It is the place where new +comers are most welcomed, and, next them, ill news, as that which extends +their fellowship in misery, and leaves few to insult:--and they breath +their discontents more securely here, and have their tongues at more +liberty than abroad. Men see here much sin and much calamity; and where +the last does not mortify, the other hardens; as those that are worse +here, are desperately worse, and those from whom the horror of sin is +taken off and the punishment familiar: and commonly a hard thought passes +on all that come from this school; which though it teach much wisdom, it +is too late, and with danger: and it is better be a fool than come here to +learn it. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[80] "A prison is a graue to bury men aliue, and a place wherein a man for +halfe a yeares experience may learne more law then he can at Westminster +for an hundred pound." Mynshul's _Essays and Characters of a Prison_. 4to. +1618. + + + + +LIX. + +A SERVING MAN + + +Is one of the makings up of a gentleman as well as his clothes, and +somewhat in the same nature, for he is cast behind his master as +fashionably as his sword and cloak are, and he is but _in querpo_[81] +without him. His properness[82] qualifies him, and of that a good leg; +for his head he has little use but to keep it bare. A good dull wit best +suits with him to comprehend common sense and a trencher; for any greater +store of brain it makes him but tumultuous, and seldom thrives with him. +He follows his master's steps, as well in conditions as the street; if he +wench or drink, he comes him in an under kind, and thinks it a part of his +duty to be like him. He is indeed wholly his master's; of his faction,--of +his cut,--of his pleasures:--he is handsome for his credit, and drunk for +his credit, and if he have power in the cellar, commands the parish. He is +one that keeps the best company, and is none of it; for he knows all the +gentlemen his master knows, and picks from thence some hawking and +horse-race terms,[83] which he swaggers with in the ale-house, where he is +only called master. His mirth is bawdy jests with the wenches, and, behind +the door, bawdy earnest. The best work he does is his marrying, for it +makes an honest woman, and if he follows in it his master's direction, it +is commonly the best service he does him. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[81] _In querpo_ is a corruption from the Spanish word _cuerpo_. "_En +cuerpo, a man without a cloak._" Pineda's _Dictionary_, 1740. The present +signification evidently is, that a gentleman without his serving-man, or +attendant, is but half dressed:--he possesses only in part the appearance +of a man of fashion. "_To walk in cuerpo, is to go without a cloak._" +_Glossographia Anglicana Nova_, 8vo. 1719. + +[82] _Proper_ was frequently used by old writers for comely, or handsome. +Shakspeare has several instances of it: + + "I do mistake my person all this while: + Upon my life, she finds, although I cannot, + Myself to be a marvellous _proper_ man." + +_K. Richard III._ Act I. Sc. 2. &c. + +[83] "Why you know an'a man have not skill in the hawking and hunting +languages now-a-days, I'll not give a rush for him." _Master Stephen._ +_Every Man in his Humour._ + + + + +LX. + +AN INSOLENT MAN + + +Is a fellow newly great and newly proud; one that hath put himself into +another face upon his preferment, for his own was not bred to it. One whom +fortune hath shot up to some office or authority, and he shoots up his +neck to his fortune, and will not bate you an inch of either. His very +countenance and gesture bespeak how much he is, and if you understand him +not, he tells you, and concludes every period with his place, which you +must and shall know. He is one that looks on all men as if he were angry, +but especially on those of his acquaintance, whom he beats off with a +surlier distance, as men apt to mistake him, because they have known him; +and for this cause he knows not you 'till you have told him your name, +which he thinks he has heard, but forgot, and with much ado seems to +recover. If you have any thing to use him in, you are his vassal for that +time, and must give him the patience of any injury, which he does only to +shew what he may do. He snaps you up bitterly, because he will be +offended, and tells you, you are sawcy and troublesome, and sometimes +takes your money in this language. His very courtesies are intolerable, +they are done with such an arrogance and imputation; and he is the only +man you may hate after a good turn, and not be ungrateful; and men reckon +it among their calamities to be beholden unto him. No vice draws with it a +more general hostility, and makes men readier to search into his faults, +and of them, his beginning; and no tale so unlikely but is willingly heard +of him and believed. And commonly such men are of no merit at all, but +make out in pride what they want in worth, and fence themselves with a +stately kind of behaviour from that contempt which would pursue them. They +are men whose preferment does us a great deal of wrong, and when they are +down, we may laugh at them without breach of good-nature. + + + + +LXI. + +ACQUAINTANCE + + +Is the first draught of a friend, whom we must lay down oft thus, as the +foul copy, before we can write him perfect and true: for from hence, as +from a probation, men take a degree in our respect, till at last they +wholly possess us: for acquaintance is the hoard, and friendship the pair +chosen out of it; by which at last we begin to impropriate and inclose to +ourselves what before lay in common with others. And commonly where it +grows not up to this, it falls as low as may be; and no poorer relation +than old acquaintance, of whom we only ask how they do for fashion's sake, +and care not. The ordinary use of acquaintance is but somewhat a more +boldness of society, a sharing of talk, news, drink, mirth together; but +sorrow is the right of a friend, as a thing nearer our heart, and to be +delivered with it. Nothing easier than to create acquaintance, the mere +being in company once does it; whereas friendship, like children, is +ingendered by a more inward mixture, and coupling together; when we are +acquainted not with their virtues only, but their faults, their passions, +their fears, their shame,--and are bold on both sides to make their +discovery. And as it is in the love of the body, which is then at the +height and full when it has power and admittance into the hidden and +worst parts of it; so it is in friendship with the mind, when those +_verenda_ of the soul, and those things which we dare not shew the world, +are bare and detected one to another. Some men are familiar with all, and +those commonly friends to none; for friendship is a sullener thing, is a +contractor and taker up of our affections to some few, and suffers them +not loosely to be scattered on all men. The poorest tie of acquaintance is +that of place and country, which are shifted as the place, and missed but +while the fancy of that continues. These are only then gladdest of other, +when they meet in some foreign region, where the encompassing of strangers +unites them closer, till at last they get new, and throw off one another. +Men of parts and eminency, as their acquaintance is more sought for, so +they are generally more staunch of it, not out of pride only, but fear to +let too many in too near them: for it is with men as with pictures, the +best show better afar off and at distance, and the closer you come to them +the coarser they are. The best judgment of a man is taken from his +acquaintance, for friends and enemies are both partial; whereas these see +him truest because calmest, and are no way so engaged to lie for him. And +men that grow strange after acquaintance, seldom piece together again, as +those that have tasted meat and dislike it, out of a mutual experience +disrelishing one another. + + + + +LXII. + +A MEER COMPLIMENTAL MAN + + +Is one to be held off still at the same distance you are now; for you +shall have him but thus, and if you enter on him farther you lose him. +Methinks Virgil well expresses him in those well-behaved ghosts that AEneas +met with, that were friends to talk with, and men to look on, but if he +grasped them, but air.[84] He is one that lies kindly to you, and for good +fashion's sake, and tis discourtesy in you to believe him. His words are +so many fine phrases set together, which serve equally for all men, and +are equally to no purpose. Each fresh encounter with a man puts him to the +same part again, and he goes over to you what he said to him was last with +him: he kisses your hands as he kissed his before, and is your servant to +be commanded, but you shall intreat of him nothing. His proffers are +universal and general, with exceptions against all particulars. He will do +any thing for you, but if you urge him to this, he cannot, or to that, he +is engaged; but he will do any thing. Promises he accounts but a kind of +mannerly words, and in the expectation of your manners not to exact them: +if you do, he wonders at your ill breeding, that cannot distinguish +betwixt what is spoken and what is meant. No man gives better +satisfaction at the first, and comes off more with the elogy of a kind +gentleman, till you know him better, and then you know him for nothing. +And commonly those most rail at him, that have before most commended him. +The best is, he cozens you in a fair manner, and abuses you with great +respect. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[84] + + Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum: + Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, + Par leuibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno. + +_Virgil_ AEn. vi. _v._ 700. edit. Heyne, 1787. + + + + +LXIII. + +A POOR FIDDLER + + +Is a man and a fiddle out of case, and he in worse case than his fiddle. +One that rubs two sticks together (as the Indians strike fire), and rubs a +poor living out of it; partly from this, and partly from your charity, +which is more in the hearing than giving him, for he sells nothing dearer +than to be gone. He is just so many strings above a beggar, though he have +but two; and yet he begs too, only not in the downright 'for God's sake,' +but with a shrugging 'God bless you,' and his face is more pined than the +blind man's. Hunger is the greatest pain he takes, except a broken head +sometimes, and the labouring John Dory.[85] Otherwise his life is so many +fits of mirth, and tis some mirth to see him. A good feast shall draw him +five miles by the nose, and you shall track him again by the scent. His +other pilgrimages are fairs and good houses, where his devotion is great +to the Christmas; and no man loves good times better. He is in league with +the tapsters for the worshipful of the inn, whom, he torments next morning +with his art, and has their names more perfect than their men. A new song +is better to him than a new jacket, especially if bawdy, which he calls +merry; and hates naturally the puritan, as an enemy to this mirth. A +country wedding and Whitson-ale are the two main places he domineers in, +where he goes for a musician, and overlooks the bag-pipe. The rest of him +is drunk, and in the stocks. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[85] Probably the name of some difficult tune. + + + + +LXIV. + +A MEDDLING MAN + + +Is one that has nothing to do with his business, and yet no man busier +than he, and his business is most in his face. He is one thrusts himself +violently into all employments, unsent for, unfeed, and many times +unthanked; and his part in it is only an eager bustling, that rather keeps +ado than does any thing. He will take you aside, and question you of your +affair, and listen with both ears, and look earnestly, and then it is +nothing so much yours as his. He snatches what you are doing out of your +hands, and cries "give it me," and does it worse, and lays an engagement +upon you too, and you must thank him for his pains. He lays you down an +hundred wild plots, all impossible things, which you must be ruled by +perforce, and he delivers them with a serious and counselling forehead; +and there is a great deal more wisdom in this forehead than his head. He +will woo for you, solicit for you, and woo you to suffer him; and scarce +any thing done, wherein his letter, or his journey, or at least himself is +not seen; if he have no task in it else, he will rail yet on some side, +and is often beaten when he need not. Such men never thoroughly weigh any +business, but are forward only to shew their zeal, when many times this +forwardness spoils it, and then they cry they have done what they can, +that is, as much hurt. Wise men still deprecate these men's kindnesses, +and are beholden to them rather to let them alone; as being one trouble +more in all business, and which a man shall be hardest rid of. + + + + +LXV. + +A GOOD OLD MAN + + +Is the best antiquity, and which we may with least vanity admire. One whom +time hath been thus long a working, and like winter fruit, ripened when +others are shaken down. He hath taken out as many lessons of the world as +days, and learnt the best thing in it; the vanity of it. He looks over his +former life as a danger well past, and would not hazard himself to begin +again. His lust was long broken before his body, yet he is glad this +temptation is broke too, and that he is fortified from it by this +weakness. The next door of death sads him not, but he expects it calmly as +his turn in nature; and fears more his recoiling back to childishness than +dust. All men look on him as a common father, and on old age, for his +sake, as a reverent thing. His very presence and face puts vice out of +countenance, and makes it an indecorum in a vicious man. He practises his +experience on youth without the harshness of reproof, and in his counsel +his good company. He has some old stories still of his own seeing to +confirm what he says, and makes them better in the telling; yet is not +troublesome neither with the same tale again, but remembers with them how +oft he has told them. His old sayings and morals seem proper to his beard; +and the poetry of Cato does well out of his mouth, and he speaks it as if +he were the author. He is not apt to put the boy on a younger man, nor the +fool on a boy, but can distinguish gravity from a sour look; and the less +testy he is, the more regarded. You must pardon him if he like his own +times better than these, because those things are follies to him now that +were wisdom then; yet he makes us of that opinion too when we see him, and +conjecture those times by so good a relick. He is a man capable of a +dearness with the youngest men, yet he not youthfuller for them, but they +older for him; and no man credits more his acquaintance. He goes away at +last too soon whensoever, with all men's sorrow but his own; and his +memory is fresh, when it is twice as old. + + + + +LXVI. + +A FLATTERER + + +Is the picture of a friend, and as pictures flatter many times, so he oft +shews fairer than the true substance: his look, conversation, company, and +all the outwardness of friendship more pleasing by odds, for a true friend +dare take the liberty to be sometimes offensive, whereas he is a great +deal more cowardly, and will not let the least hold go, for fear of losing +you. Your meer sour look affrights him, and makes him doubt his +casheering. And this is one sure mark of him, that he is never first +angry, but ready though upon his own wrong to make satisfaction. Therefore +he is never yoked with a poor man, or any that stands on the lower +ground, but whose fortunes may tempt his pains to deceive him. Him he +learns first, and learns well, and grows perfecter in his humours than +himself, and by this door enters upon his soul, of which he is able at +last to take the very print and mark, and fashion his own by it, like a +false key to open all your secrets. All his affections jump[86] even with +your's; he is before-hand with your thoughts, and able to suggest them +unto you. He will commend to you first what he knows you like, and has +always some absurd story or other of your enemy, and then wonders how your +two opinions should jump in that man. He will ask your counsel sometimes +as a man of deep judgment, and has a secret of purpose to disclose to you, +and whatsoever you say, is persuaded. He listens to your words with great +attention, and sometimes will object that you may confute him, and then +protests he never heard so much before. A piece of wit bursts him with an +overflowing laughter, and he remembers it for you to all companies, and +laughs again in the telling. He is one never chides you but for your +vertues, as, _you are too good, too honest, too religious_, when his +chiding may seem but the earnester commendation, and yet would fain chide +you out of them too; for your vice is the thing he has use of, and wherein +you may best use him; and he is never more active than in the worst +diligences. Thus, at last, he possesses you from yourself, and then +expects but his hire to betray you: and it is a happiness not to discover +him; for as long as you are happy, you shall not. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[86] _Jump_ here signifies to coincide. The old play of _Soliman and +Perseda_, 4to. _without date_, uses it in the same sense: + +"Wert thou my friend, thy mind would _jump_ with mine." So in _Pierce +Penilesse his Supplication to the Divele_:--"Not two of them jump in one +tale." p. 29. + + + + + + +LXVII. + +A HIGH-SPIRITED MAN + + +Is one that looks like a proud man, but is not: you may forgive him his +looks for his worth's sake, for they are only too proud to be base. One +whom no rate can buy off from the least piece of his freedom, and make him +digest an unworthy thought an hour. He cannot crouch to a great man to +possess him, nor fall low to the earth to rebound never so high again. He +stands taller on his own bottom, than others on the advantage ground of +fortune, as having solidly that honour, of which title is but the pomp. He +does homage to no man for his great stile's sake, but is strictly just in +the exaction of respect again, and will not bate you a complement. He is +more sensible of a neglect than an undoing, and scorns no man so much as +his surly threatener. A man quickly fired, and quickly laid down with +satisfaction, but remits any injury sooner than words: only to himself he +is irreconcileable, whom he never forgives a disgrace, but is still +stabbing himself with the thought of it, and no disease that he dies of +sooner. He is one had rather perish than be beholden for his life, and +strives more to be quit with his friend than his enemy. Fortune may kill +him but not deject him, nor make him fall into an humbler key than before, +but he is now loftier than ever in his own defence; you shall hear him +talk still after thousands, and he becomes it better than those that have +it. One that is above the world and its drudgery, and cannot pull down his +thoughts to the pelting businesses of life. He would sooner accept the +gallows than a mean trade, or any thing that might disparage the height of +man in him, and yet thinks no death comparably base to hanging neither. +One that will do nothing upon command, though he would do it otherwise; +and if ever he do evil, it is when he is dared to it. He is one that if +fortune equal his worth puts a luster in all preferment; but if otherwise +he be too much crossed, turns desperately melancholy, and scorns mankind. + + + + +LXVIII. + +A MEER GULL CITIZEN + + +Is one much about the same model and pitch of brain that the clown is, +only of somewhat a more polite and finical ignorance, and as sillily +scorns him as he is sillily admired by him. The quality of the city hath +afforded him some better dress of clothes and language, which he uses to +the best advantage, and is so much the more ridiculous. His chief +education is the visits of his shop, where if courtiers and fine ladies +resort, he is infected with so much more eloquence, and if he catch one +word extraordinary, wears it for ever. You shall hear him mince a +complement sometimes that was never made for him; and no man pays dearer +for good words,--for he is oft paid with them. He is suited rather fine +than in the fashion, and has still something to distinguish him from a +gentleman, though his doublet cost more; especially on Sundays, +bridegroom-like, where he carries the state of a very solemn man, and +keeps his pew as his shop; and it is a great part of his devotion to feast +the minister. But his chiefest guest is a customer, which is the greatest +relation he acknowledges, especially if you be an honest gentleman, that +is trust him to cozen you enough. His friendships are a kind of gossipping +friendships, and those commonly within the circle of his trade, wherein he +is careful principally to avoid two things, that is poor men and +suretiships. He is a man will spend his six-pence with a great deal of +imputation,[87] and no man makes more of a pint of wine than he. He is one +bears a pretty kind of foolish love to scholars, and to Cambridge +especially for Sturbridge[88] fair's sake; and of these all are truants +to him that are not preachers, and of these the loudest the best; and he +is much ravished with the noise of a rolling tongue. He loves to hear +discourses out of his element, and the less he understands the better +pleased, which he expresses in a smile and some fond protestation. One +that does nothing without his chuck[89], that is his wife, with whom he is +billing still in conspiracy, and the wantoner she is, the more power she +has over him; and she never stoops so low after him, but is the only woman +goes better of a widow than a maid. In the education of his child no man +fearfuller, and the danger he fears is a harsh school-master, to whom he +is alledging still the weakness of the boy, and pays a fine extraordinary +for his mercy. The first whipping rids him to the university, and from +thence rids him again for fear of starving, and the best he makes of him +is some gull in plush. He is one loves to hear the famous acts of +citizens, whereof the gilding of the cross[90] he counts the glory of this +age, and the four[91] prentices of London above all the nine[92] +worthies. He intitles himself to all the merits of his company, whether +schools, hospitals, or exhibitions, in which he is joint benefactor, +though four hundred years ago, and upbraids them far more than those that +gave them: yet with all this folly he has wit enough to get wealth, and +in that a sufficienter man than he that is wiser. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[87] _Imputation_ here must be used for _consequence_; of which I am, +however, unable to produce any other instance. + +[88] _Sturbridge fair_ was the great mart for business, and resort for +pleasure, in bishop Earle's day. It is alluded to in Randolph's _Conceited +Pedlar_, 4to. 1630. + + "I am a pedlar, and I sell my ware + This braue Saint Barthol. or _Sturbridge faire_." + + +Edward Ward, the facetious author of _The London Spy_, gives a whimsical +account of a journey to _Sturbridge_, in the second volume of his works. + +[89] This silly term of endearment appears to be derived from _chick_, or +_my chicken_. Shakspeare uses it in Macbeth, Act iii. Scene 2. + + "Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest _chuck_." + + + +[90] The great cross in West Cheap, was originally erected in 1290, by +Edward I. in commemoration of the death of queen Ellinor, whose body +rested at that place, on its journey from Herdeby, in Lincolnshire, to +Westminster, for interment. It was rebuilt in 1441, and again in 1484. In +1581, the images and ornaments were destroyed by the populace; and in +1599, the top of the cross was taken down, the timber being rotted within +the lead, and fears being entertained as to its safety. By order of queen +Elizabeth, and her privy council, it was repaired in 1600, when, says +Stow, "a cross of timber was framed, set up, covered with lead, _and +gilded_," &c. Stow's _Survey of London_, by Strype, book iii. p. 35. Edit, +folio, Lond. 1720. + +[91] This must allude to the play written by Heywood with the following +title: _The Foure Prentises of London. With the Conquest of Ierusalem. As +it hath bene diuerse times acted at the Red Bull, by the Queene's +Maiesties Seruants._ 4to. Lond. 1615. In this drama, the _four prentises_ +are Godfrey, Grey, Charles, and Eustace, sons to the _old Earle of +Bullen_, who, having lost his territories, by assisting William the +Conqueror in his descent upon England, is compelled to live like a private +citizen in London, and binds his sons to a mercer, a goldsmith, a +haberdasher, and a grocer. The _four prentises_, however, prefer the life +of a soldier to that of a tradesman, and, quitting the service of their +masters, follow Robert of Normandy to the holy land, where they perform +the most astonishing feats of valour, and finally accomplish the _conquest +of Ierusalem_. The whole play abounds in bombast and impossibilities, and, +as a composition, is unworthy of notice or remembrance. + +[92] _The History of the Nine Worthies of the World; three whereof were +Gentiles: 1. Hector, son of Priamus, king of Troy. 2. Alexander the Great, +king of Macedon, and conqueror of the world. 3. Julius Caesar, first +emperor of Rome. Three Jews. 4. Joshua, captain general and leader of +Israel into Canaan. 5. David, king of Israel. 6. Judas Maccabeus, a +valiant Jewish commander against the tyranny of Antiochus. Three +Christians. 7. Arthur, king of Britain, who courageously defended his +country against the Saxons. 8. Charles the Great, king of France and +emperor of Germany. 9. Godfrey of Bullen, king of Jerusalem. Being an +account of their glorious lives, worthy actions, renowned victories, and +deaths._ 12mo. No date. + + + + +LXIX. + +A LASCIVIOUS MAN + + +Is the servant he says of many mistresses, but all are but his lust, to +which only he is faithful, and none besides, and spends his best blood and +spirits in the service. His soul is the bawd to his body, and those that +assist him in this nature the nearest to it. No man abuses more the name +of love, or those whom he applies this name to; for his love is like his +stomach to feed on what he loves, and the end of it to surfeit and loath, +till a fresh appetite rekindle him; and it kindles on any sooner than who +deserve best of him. There is a great deal of malignity in this vice, for +it loves still to spoil the best things, and a virgin sometimes rather +than beauty, because the undoing here is greater, and consequently his +glory. No man laughs more at his sin than he, or is so extremely tickled +with the remembrance of it; and he is more violence to a modest ear than +to her he defloured. A bawdy jest enters deep into him, and whatsoever you +speak he will draw to baudry, and his wit is never so good as here. His +unchastest part is his tongue, for that commits always what he must act +seldomer; and that commits with all which he acts with few; for he is his +own worst reporter, and men believe as bad of him, and yet do not believe +him. Nothing harder to his persuasion than a chaste man, no eunuch; and +makes a scoffing miracle at it, if you tell him of a maid. And from this +mistrust it is that such men fear marriage, or at least marry such as are +of bodies to be trusted, to whom only they sell that lust which they buy +of others, and make their wife a revenue to their mistress. They are men +not easily reformed, because they are so little ill-persuaded of their +illness, and have such pleas from man and nature. Besides it is a jeering +and flouting vice, and apt to put jests on the reprover. The pox only +converts them, and that only when it kills them. + + + + +LXX. + +A RASH MAN + + +Is a man too quick for himself; one whose actions put a leg still before +his judgement, and out-run it. Every hot fancy or passion is the signal +that sets him forward, and his reason comes still in the rear. One that +has brain enough, but not patience to digest a business, and stay the +leisure of a second thought. All deliberation is to him a kind of sloth +and freezing of action, and it shall burn him rather than take cold. He is +always resolved at first thinking, and the ground he goes upon is, _hap +what may_. Thus he enters not, but throws himself violently upon all +things, and for the most part is as violently upon all off again; and as +an obstinate "_I will_" was the preface to his undertaking, so his +conclusion is commonly "_I would I had not_;" for such men seldom do any +thing that they are not forced to take in pieces again, and are so much +farther off from doing it, as they have done already. His friends are with +him as his physician, sought to only in his sickness and extremity, and to +help him out of that mire he has plunged himself into; for in the +suddenness of his passions he would hear nothing, and now his ill success +has allayed him he hears too late. He is a man still swayed with the first +reports, and no man more in the power of a pick-thank than he. He is one +will fight first, and then expostulate, condemn first, and then examine. +He loses his friend in a fit of quarrelling, and in a fit of kindness +undoes himself; and then curses the occasion drew this mischief upon him, +and cries, God mercy! for it, and curses again. His repentance is meerly a +rage against himself, and he does something in itself to be repented +again. He is a man whom fortune must go against much to make him happy, +for had he been suffered his own way, he had been undone. + + + + +LXXI. + +AN AFFECTED MAN + + +Is an extraordinary man in ordinary things. One that would go a strain +beyond himself, and is taken in it. A man that overdoes all things with +great solemnity of circumstance; and whereas with more negligence he might +pass better, makes himself with a great deal of endeavour ridiculous. The +fancy of some odd quaintnesses have put him clean beside his nature; he +cannot be that he would, and hath lost what he was. He is one must be +point-blank in every trifle, as if his credit and opinion hung upon it; +the very space of his arms in an embrace studied before and premeditated, +and the figure of his countenance of a fortnight's contriving; he will not +curse you without-book and extempore, but in some choice way, and perhaps +as some great man curses. Every action of his cries,--"_Do ye mark me?_" +and men do mark him how absurd he is: for affectation is the most +betraying humour, and nothing that puzzles a man less to find out than +this. All the actions of his life are like so many things bodged in +without any natural cadence or connection at all. You shall track him all +through like a schoolboy's theme, one piece from one author and this from +another, and join all in this general, that they are none of his own. You +shall observe his mouth not made for that tone, nor his face for that +simper; and it is his luck that his finest things most misbecome him. If +he affect the gentleman as the humour most commonly lies that way, not the +least punctilio of a fine man, but he is strict in to a hair, even to +their very negligences, which he cons as rules. He will not carry a knife +with him to wound reputation, and pay double a reckoning, rather than +ignobly question it: and he is full of this--ignobly--and nobly--and +genteely;--and this meer fear to trespass against the genteel way puts him +out most of all. It is a humour runs through many things besides, but is +an ill-favoured ostentation in all, and thrives not:--and the best use of +such men is, they are good parts in a play. + + + + +LXXI. + +A PROFANE MAN + + +Is one that denies God as far as the law gives him leave; that is, only +does not say so in downright terms, for so far he may go. A man that does +the greatest sins calmly, and as the ordinary actions of life, and as +calmly discourses of it again. He will tell you his business is to break +such a commandment, and the breaking of the commandment shall tempt him to +it. His words are but so many vomitings cast up to the loathsomeness of +the hearers, only those of his company[93] loath it not. He will take upon +him with oaths to pelt some tenderer man out of his company, and makes +good sport at his conquest over the puritan fool. The scripture supplies +him for jests, and he reads it on purpose to be thus merry: he will prove +you his sin out of the bible, and then ask if you will not take that +authority. He never sees the church but of purpose to sleep in it, or when +some silly man preaches, with whom he means to make sport, and is most +jocund in the church. One that nick-names clergymen with all the terms of +reproach, as "_rat_, _black-coat_" and the like; which he will be sure to +keep up, and never calls them by other: that sings psalms when he is +drunk, and cries "_God mercy_" in mockery, for he must do it. He is one +seems to dare God in all his actions, but indeed would out-dare the +opinion of him, which would else turn him desperate; for atheism is the +refuge of such sinners, whose repentance would be only to hang +themselves. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[93] Those of the same habits with himself; his associates. + + + + +LXXIII. + +A COWARD + + +Is the man that is commonly most fierce against the coward, and labouring +to take off this suspicion from himself; for the opinion of valour is a +good protection to those that dare not use it. No man is valianter than he +is in civil company, and where he thinks no danger may come on it, and is +the readiest man to fall upon a drawer and those that must not strike +again: wonderful exceptious and cholerick where he sees men are loth to +give him occasion, and you cannot pacify him better than by quarrelling +with him. The hotter you grow, the more temperate man is he; he protests +he always honoured you, and the more you rail upon him, the more he +honours you, and you threaten him at last into a very honest quiet man. +The sight of a sword wounds him more sensibly than the stroke, for before +that come he is dead already. Every man is his master that dare beat him, +and every man dares that knows him. And he that dare do this is the only +man can do much with him; for his friend he cares not for, as a man that +carries no such terror as his enemy, which for this cause only is more +potent with him of the two: and men fall out with him of purpose to get +courtesies from him, and be bribed again to a reconcilement. A man in whom +no secret can be bound up, for the apprehension of each danger loosens +him, and makes him bewray both the room and it. He is a christian meerly +for fear of hell-fire; and if any religion could fright him more, would be +of that. + + + + +LXXIV. + +A SORDID RICH MAN + + +Is a beggar of a fair estate, of whose wealth we may say as of other men's +unthriftiness, that it has brought him to this: when he had nothing he +lived in another kind of fashion. He is a man whom men hate in his own +behalf for using himself thus, and yet, being upon himself, it is but +justice, for he deserves it. Every accession of a fresh heap bates him so +much of his allowance, and brings him a degree nearer starving. His body +had been long since desperate, but for the reparation of other men's +tables, where he hoards meats in his belly for a month, to maintain him in +hunger so long. His clothes were never young in our memory; you might make +long epochas from them, and put them into the almanack with the dear +year[94] and the great frost,[95] and he is known by them longer than his +face. He is one never gave alms in his life, and yet is as charitable to +his neighbour as himself. He will redeem a penny with his reputation, and +lose all his friends to boot; and his reason is, he will not be undone. He +never pays any thing but with strictness of law, for fear of which only he +steals not. He loves to pay short a shilling or two in a great sum, and is +glad to gain that when he can no more. He never sees friend but in a +journey to save the charges of an inn, and then only is not sick; and his +friends never see him but to abuse him. He is a fellow indeed of a kind of +frantick thrift, and one of the strangest things that wealth can work. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[94] The _dear year_ here, I believe, alluded to, was in 1574, and is thus +described by that faithful and valuable historian Holinshed:--"This yeare, +about Lammas, wheat was sold at London for three shillings the bushell: +but shortlie after, it was raised to foure shillings, fiue shillings, six +shillings, and, before Christmas, to a noble, and seuen shillings; which +so continued long after. Beefe was sold for twentie pence, and two and +twentie pence the stone; and all other flesh and white meats at an +excessiue price; all kind of salt fish verie deare, as fiue herings two +pence, &c.; yet great plentie of fresh fish, and oft times the same verie +cheape. Pease at foure shillings the bushell; ote-meale at foure shillings +eight pence; baie salt at three shillings the bushell, &c. All this dearth +notwithstanding, (thanks be given to God,) there was no want of anie thing +to them that wanted not monie." Holinshed, _Chronicle_, vol. 3, page 1259, +a. edit. folio, 1587. + +[95] On the 21st of December, 1564, began a frost referred to by Fleming, +in his Index to _Holinshed_, as the "_frost called the great frost_," +which lasted till the 3rd of January, 1565. It was so severe that the +Thames was frozen over, and the passage on it, from London-bridge to +Westminster, as easy as, and more frequented than that on dry land. + + + + +LXXV. + +A MEER GREAT MAN + + +Is so much heraldry without honour, himself less real than his title. His +virtue is, that he was his father's son, and all the expectation of him to +beget another. A man that lives meerly to preserve another's memory, and +let us know who died so many years ago. One of just as much use as his +images, only he differs in this, that he can speak himself, and save the +fellow of Westminster[96] a labour: and he remembers nothing better than +what was out of his life. His grandfathers and their acts are his +discourse, and he tells them with more glory than they did them; and it is +well they did enough, or else he had wanted matter. His other studies are +his sports and those vices that are fit for great men. Every vanity of his +has his officer, and is a serious employment for his servants. He talks +loud, and baudily, and scurvily as a part of state, and they hear him +with reverence. All good qualities are below him, and especially learning, +except some parcels of the chronicle and the writing of his name, which he +learns to write not to be read. He is meerly of his servants' faction, and +their instrument for their friends and enemies, and is always least +thanked for his own courtesies. They that fool him most do most with him, +and he little thinks how many laugh at him bare-head. No man is kept in +ignorance more of himself and men, for he hears nought but flattery; and +what is fit to be spoken, truth with so much preface that it loses itself. +Thus he lives till his tomb be made ready, and is then a grave statue to +posterity. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[96] The person who exhibits Westminster abbey. + + + + +LXXVI. + +A POOR MAN + + +Is the most impotent man, though neither blind nor lame, as wanting the +more necessary limbs of life, without which limbs are a burden. A man +unfenced and unsheltered from the gusts of the world, which blow all in +upon him, like an unroofed house; and the bitterest thing he suffers is +his neighbours. All men put on to him a kind of churlisher fashion, and +even more plausible natures are churlish to him, as who are nothing +advantaged by his opinion. Whom men fall out with before-hand to prevent +friendship, and his friends too to prevent engagements, or if they own him +'tis in private and a by-room, and on condition not to know them before +company. All vice put together is not half so scandalous, nor sets off our +acquaintance farther; and even those that are not friends for ends do not +love any dearness with such men. The least courtesies are upbraided to +him, and himself thanked for none, but his best services suspected as +handsome sharking and tricks to get money. And we shall observe it in +knaves themselves, that your beggarliest knaves are the greatest, or +thought so at least, for those that have wit to thrive by it have art not +to seem so. Now a poor man has not vizard enough to mask his vices, nor +ornament enough to set forth his virtues, but both are naked and +unhandsome; and though no man is necessitated to more ill, yet no man's +ill is less excused, but it is thought a kind of impudence in him to be +vicious, and a presumption above his fortune. His good parts lye dead upon +his hands, for want of matter to employ them, and at the best are not +commended but pitied, as virtues ill placed, and we may say of him, "Tis +an honest man, but tis pity;" and yet those that call him so will trust a +knave before him. He is a man that has the truest speculation of the +world, because all men shew to him in their plainest and worst, as a man +they have no plot on, by appearing good to; whereas rich men are +entertained with a more holy-day behaviour, and see only the best we can +dissemble. He is the only he that tries the true strength of wisdom, what +it can do of itself without the help of fortune; that with a great deal of +virtue conquers extremities, and with a great deal more his own +impatience, and obtains of himself not to hate men. + + + + +LXXVII. + +AN ORDINARY HONEST MAN + + +Is one whom it concerns to be called honest, for if he were not this, he +were nothing: and yet he is not this neither, but a good dull vicious +fellow, that complies well with the deboshments[97] of the time, and is +fit for it. One that has no good part in him to offend his company, or +make him to be suspected a proud fellow; but is sociably a dunce, and +sociably a drinker. That does it fair and above-board without legermain, +and neither sharks[98] for a cup or a reckoning: that is kind over his +beer, and protests he loves you, and begins to you again, and loves you +again. One that quarrels with no man, but for not pledging him, but takes +all absurdities and commits as many, and is no tell-tale next morning, +though he remember it. One that will fight for his friend if he hear him +abused, and his friend commonly is he that is most likely, and he lifts up +many a jug in his defence. He rails against none but censurers, against +whom he thinks he rails lawfully, and censurers are all those that are +better than himself. These good properties qualify him for honesty enough, +and raise him high in the ale-house commendation, who, if he had any other +good quality, would be named by that. But now for refuge he is an honest +man, and hereafter a sot: only those that commend him think him not so, +and those that commend him are honest fellows. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[97] Minshew interprets the verb _deboshe_, "to corrupt, make lewde, +vitiate." When the word was first adopted from the French language, (says +Mr. Steevens, in a note to the _Tempest_,) it appears to have been spelt +according to the pronunciation, and therefore wrongly; but ever since it +has been spelt right, it has been uttered with equal impropriety. + +[98] The verb _to shark_ is frequently used, by old writers, for to +_pilfer_, and, as in the present instance, to _spunge_. + + + + +LXXVIII. + +A SUSPICIOUS OR JEALOUS MAN + + +Is one that watches himself a mischief, and keeps a lear eye still, for +fear it should escape him. A man that sees a great deal more in every +thing than is to be seen, and yet he thinks he sees nothing: his own eye +stands in his light. He is a fellow commonly guilty of some weaknesses, +which he might conceal if he were careless:--now his over-diligence to +hide them makes men pry the more. Howsoever he imagines you have found +him, and it shall go hard but you must abuse him whether you will or no. +Not a word can be spoke, but nips him somewhere; not a jest thrown out, +but he will make it hit him. You shall have him go fretting out of +company, with some twenty quarrels to every man, stung and galled, and no +man knows less the occasion than they that have given it. To laugh before +him is a dangerous matter, for it cannot be at any thing but at him, and +to whisper in his company plain conspiracy. He bids you speak out, and he +will answer you, when you thought not of him. He expostulates with you in +passion, why you should abuse him, and explains to your ignorance wherein, +and gives you very good reason at last to laugh at him hereafter. He is +one still accusing others when they are not guilty, and defending himself +when he is not accused: and no man is undone more with apologies, wherein +he is so elaborately excessive, that none will believe him; and he is +never thought worse of, than when he has given satisfaction. Such men can +never have friends, because they cannot trust so far; and this humour hath +this infection with it, it makes all men to them suspicious. In +conclusion, they are men always in offence and vexation with themselves +and their neighbours, wronging others in thinking they would wrong them, +and themselves most of all in thinking they deserve it. + + +END OF THE CHARACTERS. + + + + +APPENDIX. + + + + +No. I. + +SOME ACCOUNT OF BISHOP EARLE[AX]. + + +All the biographical writers who have taken notice of JOHN EARLE agree in +stating, that he was born in the city of York, although not one of them +has given the exact date of his birth, or any intelligence relative to his +family, or the rank in life of his parents. It is, however, most +probable, that they were persons of respectability and fortune, as he was +sent, at an early age, to Oxford, and entered as a commoner of +Christ-church college[AY], where his conduct was so exemplary, his +attention to his studies so marked, and his general deportment and manners +so pleasing, that he became a successful candidate at Merton-college, and +was admitted a probationary fellow on that foundation in 1620, being then, +according to Wood[AZ], about nineteen years of age. He took the degree of +Master of Arts, July 10, 1624, and in 1631 served the office of Proctor of +the university, about which time he was also appointed chaplain to Philip +Earl of Pembroke, then Chancellor of Oxford. + +During the earlier part of our author's life, he appears to have possessed +considerable reputation as a poet, and to have been as remarkable for the +pleasantry of his conversation, as for his learning, virtues, and piety. +Wood[BA] tells us that "his younger years were adorned with oratory, +poetry, and witty fancies, his elder with quaint preaching and subtile +disputes." The only specimens of his poetry which can be recovered at this +time, are three funeral tributes, which will be found in the Appendix, and +of which two are now printed, I believe, for the first time. + +Soon after his appointment to be Lord Pembroke's chaplain, he was +presented by that nobleman to the rectory of Bishopstone, in Wiltshire; +nor was this the only advantage he reaped from the friendship of his +patron, who being at that time Lord Chamberlain of the King's +household[BB], was entitled to a lodging in the court for his chaplain, a +circumstance which in all probability introduced Mr. Earle to the notice +of the King, who promoted him to be chaplain and tutor to Prince Charles, +when Dr. Duppa, who had previously discharged that important trust, was +raised to the bishopric of Salisbury. + +In 1642 Earle took his degree of Doctor in Divinity, and in the year +following was actually elected one of the Assembly of Divines appointed by +the parliament to new model the church. This office, although it may be +considered a proof of the high opinion even those of different sentiments +from himself entertained of his character and merit, he refused to accept, +when he saw that there was no probability of assisting the cause of +religion, or of restraining the violence of a misguided faction, by an +interference among those who were "declared and avowed enemies to the +doctrine and discipline of the Church of England; some of them infamous in +their lives and conversations, and most of them of very mean parts in +learning, if not of scandalous ignorance[BC]." + +On the 10th of February, 1643, Dr. Earle was elected chancellor of the +cathedral of Salisbury[BD], of which situation, as well as his living of +Bishopstone, he was shortly after deprived by the ill success of the royal +cause[BE]. + +When the defeat of the King's forces at Worcester compelled Charles the +Second to fly his country, Earle attached himself to the fallen fortunes +of his sovereign, and was among the first of those who saluted him upon +his arrival at Rouen in Normandy, where he was made clerk of the closet, +and King's chaplain[BF]. Nor was his affection to the family of the +Stuarts, and his devotion to their cause evinced by personal services +only, as we find by a letter from Lord Clarendon to Dr. Barwick, that he +assisted the King with money in his necessities[BG]. + +During the time that Charles was in Scotland, Dr. Earle resided in +Antwerp, with his friend Dr. Morley[BH], from whence he was called upon to +attend the Duke of York (afterwards James II.) at Paris[BI], in order that +he might heal some of the breaches which were then existing between +certain members of the duke's household[BJ]; and here it is probable he +remained till the recal of Charles the Second to the throne of England. + +Upon the Restoration, Dr. Earle received the reward of his constancy and +loyalty, he was immediately promoted to the deanery of Westminster, a +situation long designed for him by the King[BK]. In 1661 he was appointed +one of the commissioners for a review of the Liturgy[BL], and on November +30, 1662, was consecrated Bishop of Worcester, from which see he was +translated, September 28, 1663, to the dignity of Salisbury[BM]. + +Little more remains to be added.--Bishop Earle appears to have continued +his residence with the royal family after the acquisition of his +well-deserved honours; and when the court retired to Oxford, during the +plague in 1665, he attended their majesties to the place of his early +education, and died at his apartments in University College, on the 17th +of November. He was buried on the 25th, near the high altar, in Merton +College chapel; and was, according to Wood, "accompanied to his grave, +from the public schools, by an herald at arms, and the principal persons +of the court and university." His monument, which stands at the +north-east corner of the chapel, is still in excellent preservation, and +possesses the following inscription:-- + + "Amice, si quis hic sepultus est roges, + Ille, qui nec meruit, unqua--Nec quod majus est, habuit + Inimicum; + Qui potuit in aula vivere, et mundum spernere + Concionator educatus inter principes, + Et ipse facile princeps inter concionatores, + Evangelista indefessus, Episcopus pientissimus; + Ille qui una cum sacratissimo Rege, + Cujus & juvenilium studiorum, et animae Deo charae + Curam a beatissimo Patre demandatam gessit, + Nobile ac Religiosum exilium est passus; + Ille qui Hookeri ingentis Politiam Ecclesiasticam, + Ille qui Caroli Martyris [Greek: EIKO'NA BASILIKE'N], + (Volumen quo post Apocalypsin divinius nullum) + Legavit Orbi sic Latine redditas, + Ut uterque unius Fidei Defensor, + Patriam adhuc retineat majestatem. + Si nomen ejus necdum tibi suboleat, Lector, + Nomen ejus ut unguenta pretiosa: + JOHANNES EARLE Eboracensis, + Serenissimo Carolo 2^{do} Regij Oratorij Clericus, + {aliquando Westmonasteriensi, Decanus, + Ecclesiae {deinde Wigorniensis} + {tandem Sarisburiensis} Angelus. + {et nunc triumphantis} + Obiit Oxonij Novemb. 17^o. Anno {D[=o]ni: 1665^{to}. + {AEtatis suae 65^{to}. + Voluitq. in hoc, ubi olim floruerat, Collegio, + Ex AEde Christi hue in Socium ascitus, + Ver magnum, ut reflorescat, expectare." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[AX] The following brief memoir pretends to be nothing more than an +enumeration of such particulars relative to the excellent prelate, whose +_Characters_ are here offered to the public, as could be gathered from the +historical and biographical productions of the period in which he +flourished. It is hoped that no material occurrence has been overlooked, +or circumstance mis-stated; but should any errors appear to have escaped +his observation, the editor will feel obliged by the friendly intimation +of such persons as may be possessed of more copious information than he +has been able to obtain, in order that they may be acknowledged and +corrected in another place. + +[AY] He took the degree of Bachelor of Arts whilst a member of this +society, July 8, 1619, and appears to have been always attached to it. In +1660 he gave twenty pounds towards repairing the cathedral and college. + +_Wood. Hist. et Antiq. Univ. Oxon._ lib. ii. p. 284. + +[AZ] _Athenae Oxon._ ii. 365. + +[BA] _Athenae Oxon._ ii. 365. + +[BB] Collins' _Peerage_, iii. 123. + +[BC] Clarendon. _History of the Rebellion_, ii. 827. Edit. _Oxford_, 1807. + +[BD] Walker. _Sufferings of the Clergy_, fol. 1714, part ii. page 63. + +[BE] During the early part of the civil wars, and whilst success was +doubtful on either side, he appears to have lived in retirement, and to +have employed himself in a translation of Hooker's _Ecclesiastical Polity_ +into Latin, which, however, was never made public. At the appearance of +Charles the First's [Greek: Eikon Basilike], he was desired by the king +(Ch. II.) to execute the same task upon that production, which he +performed with great ability. It was printed for distribution on the +continent in 1649. + +[BF] Wood. _Ath. Oxon._ ii. 365. + +[BG] _Life of Dr. John Barwick_, 8vo. Lond. 1724. p. 522. + +[BH] Dr. George Morley was chaplain to Charles the First, and canon of +Christ Church, Oxford. At the Restoration he was made, first dean of +Christ Church, then bishop of Worcester, and lastly bishop of Winchester, +He died at Farnham-castle, October 29, 1684. See Wood. _Athen. Oxon._ ii. +581. + +[BI] Wood. _Athenae_, ii. 770. + +[BJ] Clarendon's _Rebellion_, iii. 659. + +[BK] _Life of Barwick_, 452. + +[BL] Kennet's _Register_, folio, 1728, page 504. + +[BM] Wood. _Athenae_, ii. 366. + + + + +No. II. + +CHARACTERS OF BISHOP EARLE. + + +----"He was a person very notable for his elegance in the Greek and Latin +tongues; and being fellow of Merton college in Oxford, and having been +proctor of the university, and some very witty and sharp discourses being +published in print without his consent, though known to be his, he grew +suddenly into a very general esteem with all men; being a man of great +piety and devotion; a most eloquent and powerful preacher; and of a +conversation so pleasant and delightful, so very innocent, and so very +facetious, that no man's company was more desired, and more loved. No man +was more negligent in his dress, and habit, and mein; no man more wary and +cultivated in his behaviour and discourse; insomuch as he had the greater +advantage when he was known, by promising so little before he was known. +He was an excellent poet both in Latin, Greek, and English, as appears by +many pieces yet abroad; though he suppressed many more himself, especially +of English, incomparably good, out of an austerity to those sallies of his +youth. He was very dear to the Lord Falkland, with whom he spent as much +time as he could make his own; and as that lord would impute the speedy +progress he made in the Greek tongue to the information and assistance he +had from Mr. Earles, so Mr. Earles would frequently profess that he had +got more useful learning by his conversation at Tew (the Lord Falkland's +house,) than he had at Oxford. In the first settling of the prince his +family, he was made one of his chaplains, and attended on him when he was +forced to leave the kingdom. He was amongst the few excellent men who +never had, nor ever could have, an enemy, but such a one who was an enemy +to all learning and virtue, and therefore would never make himself known." + +LORD CLARENDON. _Account of his own Life_, folio, Oxford, 1759, p. 26. + + * * * * * + +----"This is that Dr. Earle, who from his youth (I had almost said from +his childhood,) for his natural and acquired abilities was so very eminent +in the university of Oxon; and after was chosen to be one of the first +chaplains to his Majesty (when Prince of Wales): who knew not how to +desert his master, but with duty and loyalty (suitable to the rest of his +many great virtues, both moral and intellectual,) faithfully attended his +Majesty both at home and abroad, as chaplain, and clerk of his majesty's +closet, and upon his majesty's happy return, was made Dean of Westminster, +and now Lord Bishop of Worcester, (for which, December 7, he did homage to +his Majesty,) having this high and rare felicity by his excellent and +spotless conversation, to have lived so many years in the court of +England, so near his Majesty, and yet not given the least offence to any +man alive; though both in and out of pulpit he used all Christian freedom +against the vanities of this age, being honoured and admired by all who +have either known, heard, or read him." + +WHITE KENNETT (Bishop of Peterborough) _Register and Chronicle +Ecclesiastical and Civil_, folio, London, 1728, page 834. + + * * * * * + +----"Dr. Earle, now Lord Bishop of Salisbury, of whom I may justly say, +(and let it not offend him, because it is such a truth as ought not to be +concealed from posterity, or those that now live and yet know him not,) +that, since Mr. Hooker died, none have lived whom God hath blessed with +more innocent wisdom, more sanctified learning, or a more pious, +peaceable, primitive temper: so that this excellent person seems to be +only like himself, and our venerable Richard Hooker." + +WALTON. _Life of Mr. Richard Hooker_, 8vo. Oxford, 1805, i. 327. + + * * * * * + +----"This Dr. Earles, lately Lord Bishop of Salisbury.--A person certainly +of the sweetest, most obliging nature that lived in our age." + +HUGH CRESSEY. _Epistle Apologetical to a Person of Honour_ (Lord +Clarendon), 8vo. 1674, page 46. + + * * * * * + +----"Dr. Earle, Bishop of Salisbury, was a man that could do good against +evil; forgive much, and of a charitable heart." + +PIERCE. _Conformist's Plea for Nonconformity_, 4to. 1681, page 174. + + + + +No. III. + +LIST OF DR. EARLE'S WORKS. + + +1. _Microcosmography, or a Piece of the World discovered, in Essays and +Characters. London._ 1628. &c. &c. 12mo. + +2. _Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity_, translated into Latin. This, says +Wood, "is in MS. and not yet printed." In whose possession the MS. was +does not appear, nor have I been able to trace it in the catalogue of any +public or private collection. + +3. _Hortus Mertonensis_, a Latin Poem, of which Wood gives the first line +"Hortus deliciae domus politae." It is now supposed to be lost. + +4. _Lines on the Death of Sir John Burroughs_; now printed for the first +time. See Appendix, No. IV. + +5. _Lines on the Death of the Earl of Pembroke_; now printed for the first +time. See Appendix, No. V. + +6. _Elegy upon Francis Beaumont_; first printed at the end of _Beaumont's +Poems, London_, 1640. 4to. See Appendix, No. VI. + +7. [Greek: Eikon Basilike], _vel Imago Regis Caroli_, _In illis suis +AErumnis et Solitudine. Hagae-Comitis._ Typis S. B. &c. 1649. 12mo. See +Appendix, No. VII.[BN] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[BN] Besides the pieces above noticed, several smaller poems were +undoubtedly in circulation during Earle's life, the titles of which are +not preserved. Wood supposes (_Ath. Oxon._) our author to have contributed +to "_some of the Figures, of which about ten were published_" but is +ignorant of the exact numbers to be attributed to his pen. In the +Bodleian[BO] is "_The Figvre of Fovre: Wherein are sweet flowers, gathered +out of that fruitfull ground, that I hope will yeeld pleasure and profit +to all sorts of people. The second Part, London, Printed for Iohn Wright, +and are to bee sold at his shop without Newgate, at the signe of the +Bible, 1636._" This, however, was undoubtedly one of Breton's productions, +as his initials are affixed to the preface. It is in 12mo. and consists of +twenty pages, not numbered. The following extracts will be sufficient to +shew the nature of the volume. + +"There are foure persons not to be believed: a horse-courser when he +sweares, a whore when shee weepes, a lawyer when he pleads false, and a +traveller when he tels wonders. + +"There are foure great cyphers in the world: hee that is lame among +dancers, dumbe among lawyers, dull among schollers and rude amongst +courtiers + +"Foure things grievously empty: a head without braines, a wit without +judgment, a heart without honesty, and a purse without money." + +Ant. Wood possessed the _figure of six_, which, however, is now not to be +found among his books left to the university of Oxford, and deposited in +Ashmole's museum. That it once was there, is evident from the MS. +catalogue of that curious collection. + +[BO] 8vo. L. 78. Art. + + + + +No. IV. + +LINES ON SIR JOHN BURROUGHS, + +KILLED BY A BULLET AT REEZ[BP]. + +[_From a MS. in the Bodleian_.]--(_Rawl. Poet_. 142.) + + + Why did we thus expose thee? what's now all + That island to requite thy funeral? + Though thousand French in murder'd heaps do lie, + It may revenge, it cannot satisfy: + We must bewail our conquest when we see + Our price too dear to buy a victory. + He whose brave fire gave heat to all the rest, + That dealt his spirit in t' each English breast, + From whose divided virtues you may take + So many captains out, and fully make + Them each accomplish'd with those parts, the which, + Jointly, did his well-furnish'd soul enrich. + Not rashly valiant, nor yet fearful wise, + His flame had counsel, and his fury, eyes. + Not struck in courage at the drum's proud beat, + Or made fierce only by the trumpet's heat-- + When e'en pale hearts above their pitch do fly, + And, for a while do mad it valiantly. + His rage was tempered well, no fear could daunt + His reason, his cold blood was valiant. + Alas! these vulgar praises injure thee; + Which now a poet would as plenteously + Give some brag-soldier, one that knew no more + Than the fine scabbard and the scarf he wore. + Fathers shall tell their children [this] was he, + (And they hereafter to posterity,) + Rank'd with those forces scourged France of old, + Burrough's and Talbot's[BQ] names together told. + +J. EARLES. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[BP] For an account of the unsuccessful expedition to the Isle of Re, +under the command of the Duke of Buckingham, see Carte's _History of +England_, vol. iv. page 176, folio, _Lond_. 1755. Sir John Burroughs, a +general of considerable renown, who possessed the chief confidence of the +Duke, fell in an endeavour to reconnoitre the works of the enemy, Aug. +1627. + +[BQ] Sir John Talbot, first earl of Shrewsbury, of whom see Collins' +_Peerage_, iii. 9. Holinshed, Rapin, Carte, &c. + + + + +No. V. + +ON THE DEATH OF THE EARL OF PEMBROKE[BR]. + +[_From the same MS._] + + + Come, Pembroke lives! Oh! do not fright our ears + With the destroying truth! first raise our fears + And say he is not well: that will suffice + To force a river from the public eyes, + Or, if he must be dead, oh! let the news + Speak in astonish'd whispers: let it use + Some phrase without a voice, and be so told, + As if the labouring sense griev'd to unfold + Its doubtfull woe. Could not the public zeal + Conquer the Fates, and save your's? Did the dart + Of death, without a preface, pierce your heart? + Welcome, sad weeds--but he that mourns for thee, + Must bring an eye that can weep elegy. + A look that would save blacks: whose heavy grace + Chides mirth, and bears a funeral in his face. + Whose sighs are with such feeling sorrows blown, + That all the air he draws returns a groan. + Thou needst no gilded tomb--thy memory, + Is marble to itself--the bravery + Of jem or rich enamel is mis-spent-- + Thy noble corpse is its own monument! + +Mr. EARLES, Merton. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[BR] William, third Earl of Pembroke, son of Henry, Earl of Pembroke, and +Mary, sister to Sir Philip Sidney, was the elder brother of Earle's +patron, and Chancellor of Oxford. He died at Baynard's castle, April 10, +1630. + + + + +No. VI. + +ON MR. BEAUMONT. + +WRITTEN THIRTY YEARS SINCE, PRESENTLY AFTER HIS DEATH. + +[_From "Comedies and Tragedies written by Francis Beaumont and John +Fletcher, Gentlemen" folio. London. 1647._] + + Beaumont lies here: And where now shall we have + A muse like his to sigh upon his grave? + Ah! none to weep this with a worthy tear, + But he that cannot, _Beaumont_ that lies here. + Who now shall pay thy tomb with such a verse + As thou that lady's didst, fair _Rutland's_ herse. + A monument that will then lasting be, + When all her marble is more dust than she. + In thee all's lost: a sudden dearth and want + Hath seiz'd on wit, good epitaphs are scant. + We dare not write thy elegy, whilst each fears + He ne'er shall match that copy of thy tears. + Scarce in an age a poet, and yet he + Scarce live the third part of his age to see, + But quickly taken off and only known, + Is in a minute shut as soon as shown. + Why should weak Nature tire herself in vain + In such a piece, to dash it straight again? + Why should she take such work beyond her skill, + Which, when she cannot perfect, she must kill? + Alas! what is't to temper slime and mire? + But Nature's puzzled when she works in fire. + Great brains (like brightest glass) crack straight, while those + Of stone or wood hold out, and fear not blows; + And we their ancient hoary heads can see + Whose wit was never their mortality. + _Beaumont_ dies young, so _Sidney_ did before, + There was not poetry he could live to more, + He could not grow up higher, I scarce know + If th' art itself unto that pitch could grow, + Were't not in thee that hadst arriv'd the height + Of all that wit could reach, or nature might. + O when I read those excellent things of thine, + Such strength, such sweetness couched in ev'ry line, + Such life of fancy, such high choice of brain, + Nought of the vulgar wit or borrow'd strain, + Such passion, such expressions meet my eye, + Such wit untainted with obscenity, + And these so unaffectedly exprest, + All in a language purely flowing drest, + And all so born within thyself, thine own, + So new, so fresh, so nothing trod upon: + I grieve not now that old _Menander's_ vein + Is ruin'd to survive in thee again; + Such, in his time, was he of the same piece, + The smooth, even, nat'ral wit and love of Greece. + Those few sententious fragments shew more worth, + Than all the poets Athens e'er brought forth; + And I am sorry we have lost those hours + On them, whose quickness comes far short of ours, + And dwell not more on thee, whose ev'ry page + May be a pattern for their scene and stage. + I will not yield thy works so mean a praise; + More pure, more chaste, more sainted than are plays: + Nor with that dull supineness to be read, + To pass a fire, or laugh an hour in bed. + How do the Muses suffer every where, + Taken in such mouth's censure, in such ears, + That 'twixt a whiff, a line or two rehearse, + And with their rheume together spaul a verse? + This all a poem's leisure after play, + Drink, or tobacco, it may keep the day: + Whilst ev'n their very idleness they think + Is lost in these, that lose their time in drink. + Pity then dull we, we that better know, + Will a more serious hour on thee bestow. + Why should not _Beaumont_ in the morning please, + As well as _Plautus_, _Aristophanes_? + Who, if my pen may as my thoughts be free, + Were scurril wits and buffoons both to thee; + Yet these our learned of severest brow + Will deign to look on, and to note them too, + That will defy our own, 'tis English stuff, + And th' author is not rotten long enough, + Alas! what phlegm are they compar'd to thee, + In thy _Philaster_, and _Maid's-Tragedy_? + Where's such a humour as thy _Bessus_? pray + Let them put all their _Thrasoes_ in one play, + He shall out-bid them; their conceit was poor, + All in a circle of a bawd or whore; + A coz'ning dance; take the fool away + And not a good jest extant in a play. + Yet these are wits, because they'r old, and now + Being Greek and Latin, they are learning too: + But those their own times were content t'allow + A thirsty fame, and thine is lowest now. + But thou shalt live, and, when thy name is grown + Six ages older, shall be better known, + When th' art of _Chaucer's_ standing in the tomb, + Thou shalt not share, but take up all his room. + +JOHN EARLE. + + + + +No. VII. + +DEDICATION TO THE LATIN TRANSLATION + +OF THE + +[Greek: Eikon Basilike]. + + +"Serenissimo et Potentissimo Monarchae, Carolo Secundo. Dei Gratia Magnae +Britanniae, Franciae et Hiberniae Regi, Fidei Defensori, &c. + +Serenissime Rex, + +Prodeat jam sub tuis auspiciis illa patris tui gloriosissimi imago, illa +qua magis ad Dei similitudinem, quam qua Rex aut homo accedit. Prodeat +vero eo colore peregrino, quo facta omnibus conspectior fiat publica. Ita +enim tu voluisti, ut sic lingua omnium communi orbi traderem, in qua +utinam feliciorem tibi operam navare licuisset, ut illam nativam +elegantiam, illam vim verborum et lumina, illam admirabilem sermonis +structuram exprimerem. Quod cum fieri (fortasse nec a peritissimis) a me +certe non possit, praestat interim ut cum aliqua venustatis injuria magnam +partem Europae alloquatur, quam intra paucos suae gentis clausa apud caeteros +omnes conticescat. Sunt enim hic velut quaedam Dei magnalia quae spargi +expedit humano generi, et in omnium linguis exaudiri: id pro mea facultate +curavi, ut si non sensa tanti authoris ornate, at perspicue et fide +traderem, imo nec ab ipsa dictione et phrasi (quantum Latini idiomatis +ratio permittit) vel minimum recederem. Sacri enim codicis religiosum esse +decet interpretem: et certe proxime ab illo sacro et adorando codice, (qui +in has comparationes non cadit,) spera non me audacem futurum, si dixero +nullum inter caeteros mortalium, vel autore vel argumento illustriorem, vel +in quo viva magis pietas et eximie Christiana spiratur. + +Habet vero sanctitas regia nescio quid ex fortunae suae majestate sublimius +quiddain et augustius, et quae imperium magis obtinet in mentes hominum, et +reverentia majore accipitur: quare et his maxime instrumentis usus est +Deus, qui illam partem sacrae paginae ad solennem Dei cultum pertinentem, +psalmos scilicet, et hymnos: caeteraque ejusmodi perpetuis ecclesiae usibus +inservitura, transmitterent hominibus, et auctoritatem quandam +conciliarent. Quid quod libentius etiam arripiunt homines sic objectam et +traditam pietatem. Quod et libro huic evenit, et erit magis eventurum, quo +jam multo diffusior plures sui capaces invenerit. + +Magnum erat profecto sic meditari, sic scribere; multo majus sic vivere, +sic mori: ut sit haec pene nimia dictu pietas exemplo illius superata. Scit +haec illa orbis pars miserrima jam et contaminatissima. Utinam hanc +maturius intellexissent virtutem, quam jam sero laudant, et admirantur +amissam, nec illa opus fuisset dira fornace, qua tam eximia regis pietas +exploraretur, ex qua nos tantum miseri facti sumus, ille omnium +felicissimus; cujus illa pars vitae novissima et aerumnosissima et supremus +dies, (in quo hominibus, et angelis spectaculum factus stetit animo +excelso et interrito, summum fidei, constantiae, patientiae exemplar, +superior malis suis, et tota simul conjesta inferni malitia) omnes omnium +triumphos et quicquid est humanae gloriae, susuperavit. Nihil egistis O +quot estis, hominum! (sed nolo libro sanctissimo quicquam tetrius praefari, +nec qaos ille inter preces nominat, maledicere) nihil, inquam, egistis hoc +parricidio, nisi quod famam illius et immortalitatem cum aeterno vestro +probro et scelere conjunxistis. Nemo unquam ab orbe condito tot veris +omnium lacrymis, tot sinceris laudibus celebratus est. Nulli unquam +principum in secundis agenti illos fictos plausus vel metus dedit, vel +adulatio vendidit, quam hic verissimos expressere fuga, carcer, theatrum +et illa omnium funestissima securis, qua obstupe, fecit hostes moriens et +caesus triumphavit. + +Tu interim (Rex augustissime) vera et viva patris effigies, (cujus inter +summas erat felicitates humanas, et in adversis solatium te genuisse, in +quo superstite mori non potest) inflammeris maxime hoc mortis illius +exemplo, non tam in vindictae cupidinem, (in quem alii te extimulent, non +ego) quam in heroicae virtutis, et constantiae zelum: hanc vero primum adeas +quam nulla vis tibi invito eripiet, haereditariam pietatem; et quo es in +tuos omnes affectu maxime philostorgo, hunc librum eodem tecum genitore +satum amplectere; dic sapientiae, soror mea es, et prudentiam affinem voca; +hanc tu consule, hanc frequens meditare, hanc imbibe penitus, et in animam +tuam transfunde. Vides in te omnium conjectos oculos, in te omnium bonorum +spes sitas, ex te omnium vitas pendere, quas jamdiu multi taedio +projecissent, nisi ut essent quas tibi impenderent. Magnum onus incumbit, +magna urget procella, magna expectatio, major omnium, quam quae unquam +superius, virtutum necessitas: an sit regnum amplius in Britannia futurum, +an religio, an homines, an Deus, ex tua virtute, tua fortuna dependet: +immo, sola potius ex Deo fortuna; cujus opem quo magis hic necessariam +agnoscis, praesentaneam requiris, eo magis magisque, (quod jam facis) omni +pietatis officio promerearis: et illa quae in te large sparsit bonitatis, +prudentiae, temperantiae, justitiae, et omnis regiae virtutis semina foveas, +augeas, et in fructum matures, ut tibi Deus placatus et propitius, quod +detraxit patri tuo felicitatis humanae, tibi adjiciat, et omnes illius +aerumnas conduplicatis in te beneficiis compenset, et appelleris ille +restaurator, quem te unice optant omnes et sperant futurum, et +ardentissimis precibus expetit. + +Majestatis tuae humillimus devotissimusque subditus et sacellanus, + +JO. EARLES. + + + + +No. VIII. + +INSCRIPTION ON DR. PETER HEYLIN'S[BS] MONUMENT IN WESTMINSTER-ABBEY. + +[_Written by Dr. Earle, then Dean of Westminster._] + + Depositum Mortale + Petri Heylyn, S. Th. D. + Hujus Ecclesiae Prebendarii et Subdecani, + Viri plane memorabilis, + Egregiis dotibus instructissimi, + Ingenio acri et foecundo, + Judicio subacto, + Memoria ad prodigium tenaci, + Cui adjunxit incredibilem in studiis patientiam + Quae cessantibus oculis non cessarunt. + Scripsit varia et plurima, + Quae jam manibus hominum teruntur; + Et argumentis non vulgaribus + Stylo non vulgari suffecit. + Et Majestatis Regiae assertor + Nec florentis magis utriusque + Quam afflictae, + Idemque perduellium et scismaticae factionis + Impugnator acerrimus. + Contemptor invidiae + Et animo infracto + Plura ejusmodi meditanti + Mors indixit silentium: + Ut sileatur + Efficere non potest. + Obiit Anno AEtatis 63, et 8 die Maii, A. D. 1662. + Possuit hoc illi maestissima conjux. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[BS] Peter Heylin was born at Burford, in Oxfordshire, Nov. 29, 1599 and +received the rudiments of his education at the free school in that place, +from whence he removed to Harthall, and afterwards obtained a fellowship +at Magdalen College, Oxford. By the interposition of Bishop Laud, to whom +he was recommended by Lord Danvers, he was presented first to the rectory +of Hemingford, in Huntingdonshire, then to a prebend of Westminster, and +lastly to the rectory of Houghton in the Spring, in the diocese of Durham, +which latter he exchanged for Alresford, in Hampshire. In 1633 he +proceeded D. D. and in 1638, became rector of South Warnborough, +Hampshire, by exchange with Mr. Atkinson, of St. John's College, for +Islip, in Oxfordshire. In 1640 he was chosen clerk of the convocation for +Westminster, and in 1642 followed the king to Oxford. After the death of +Charles, he lost all his property, and removing with his family from place +to place, subsisted by the exercise of his pen till the Restoration, when +he regained his livings, and was made sub-dean of Westminster. His +constancy and exertions were supposed by many to merit a higher reward, +from a government, in whose defence he had sacrificed every prospect; but +the warmth of his temper, and his violence in dispute, were such as +rendered his promotion to a higher dignity in the church impolitic in the +opinion of the ministers. He died May 8, 1662, and was interred in +Westminster-abbey, under his own stall. A list of his numerous +publications, as well as a character of him, may be found in Wood's +_Athenae Oxonienses_, ii. 275. + + + + +No. IX. + +CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN DR. EARLE AND MR. BAXTER. + +[_See Kennet's Register, folio, Lond. 1723, page 713._] + + MR. BAXTER TO DR. EARLE. + + "REVEREND SIR, + + "By the great favour of my lord chancellor's + reprehension, I came to understand how long a time I + have suffered in my reputation with my superiors by your + misunderstanding me, and misinforming others; as if when + I was to preach before the king, I had scornfully + refused the tippet as a toy; when, as the Searcher and + Judge of Hearts doth know, that I had no such thought or + word. I was so ignorant in those matters as to think + that a tippet had been a proper ensign of a doctor of + divinity, and I verily thought that you offered it me as + such: and I had so much pride as to be somewhat ashamed + when you offered it me, that I must tell you my want of + such degrees; and therefore gave you no answer to your + first offer, but to your second was forced to say, "It + belongeth not to me, Sir." And I said not to you any + more; nor had any other thought in my heart than with + some shame to tell you that I had no degrees, imagining + I should have offended others, and made myself the + laughter or scorn of many, if I should have used that + which did not belong to me. For I must profess that I + had no more scruple to wear a tippet than a gown, or any + comely garment. Sir, though this be one of the smallest + of all the mistakes which of late have turned to my + wrong, and I must confess that my ignorance gave you the + occasion, and I am far from imputing it to any ill will + in you, having frequently heard, that in charity, and + gentleness, and peaceableness of mind you are very + eminent; yet because I must not contemn my estimation + with my superiors, I humbly crave that favour and + justice of you, (which I am confident you will readily + grant me,) as to acquaint those with the truth of this + business, whom, upon mistake, you have misinformed, + whereby in relieving the innocence of your brother, you + will do a work of charity and justice, and therefore not + displeasing unto God, and will much oblige, + + Sir, + Your humble servant, + RICHARD BAXTER. + _June 20, 1662._ + + _P. S._ I have the more need of your justice in this + case, because my distance denieth me access to those + that have received these misreports, and because any + public vindication of myself, whatever is said of me, is + taken as an unsufferable crime, and therefore I am + utterly incapable of vindicating my innocency, or + remedying their mistakes. + + "To the reverend and much honoured Dr. Earles, + Dean of Westminster, &c. These." + + + +DR EARLE, IN REPLY. + + _Hampton-Court, June 23._ + + "SIR, + + [Sidenote: O that they were all such.--_Note by Mr. + Baxter._] + + "I received your letter, which I would have answered + sooner, if the messenger that brought it had returned. I + must confess I was a little surprized with the beginning + of it, as I was with your name; but when I read further + I ceased to be so. Sir, I should be heartily sorry and + ashamed to be guilty of any thing like malignity or + uncharitableness, especially to one of your condition, + with whom, though I concur not perhaps in point of + judgment in some particulars, yet I cannot but esteem + for your personal worth and abilities; and, indeed, your + expressions in your letter are so civil and ingenuous, + that I am obliged thereby the more to give you all the + satisfaction I can. + + [Sidenote: These words I heard not, being in the passage + from him.--_Note by Mr. Baxter._] + + As I remember, then, when you came to me to the closet, + and I told you I would furnish you with a tippet, you + answered me something to that purpose as you write, but + whether the same numerical words, or but once, I cannot + possibly say from my own memory, and therefore I believe + yours. Only this I am sure of, that I said to you at my + second speaking, that some others of your persuasion had + not scrupled at it, which might suppose (if you had not + affirmed the contrary), that you had made me a formal + refusal; of which giving me then no other reason than + that "it belonged not to you," I concluded that you were + more scrupulous than others were. And, perhaps, the + manner of your refusing it (as it appeared to me) might + make me think you were not very well pleased with the + motion. And this it is likely I might say, either to my + lord chancellor or others; though seriously I do not + remember that I spake to my lord chancellor at all + concerning it. But, sir, since you give me now that + modest reason for it, (which, by the way, is no just + reason in itself, for a tippet may be worn without a + degree, though a hood cannot; and it is no shame at all + to want these formalities for him that wanteth not the + substance,) but, sir, I say, since you give that reason + for your refusal, I believe you, and shall correct that + mistake in myself, and endeavour to rectify it in + others, if any, upon this occasion, have misunderstood + you. In the mean time I shall desire your charitable + opinion of myself, which I shall be willing to deserve + upon any opportunity that is offered me to do you + service, being, sir, + + Your very humble servant, + + JO. EARLES." + + "To my honoured friend, Mr. Richard Baxter, These." + + + + +No. X. + +MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION + +IN STREGLETHORP CHURCH, NEAR NEWARK-UPON-TRENT, IN LINCOLNSHIRE. + +[From Le Neve's _Monumenta Anglicana_[BT]. 8vo. Lond. 1718. vol. iii. p. +182.] + + Stay, reader, and observe Death's partial doom, + A spreading virtue in a narrow tombe; + A generous mind, mingled with common dust, + Like burnish'd steel, cover'd, and left to rust. + Dark in the earth he lyes, in whom did shine + All the divided merits of his line. + The lustre of his name seems faded here, + No fairer star in all that fruitful sphere. + In piety and parts extreamly bright, + Clear was his youth, and fill'd with growing light, + A morn that promis'd much, yet saw no noon; + None ever rose so fast, and set so soon. + All lines of worth were centered here in one, + Yet see, he lies in shades whose life had none. + But while the mother this sad structure rears,} + A double dissolution there appears--} + He into dust dissolves, she into tears.} + + RICHARDUS EARLE[BU], Barn^{tus}. + Obijt decimo tertio die + Aug^{ti} Anno Dom. 1697. + AEtatis suae 24. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[BT] Two other epitaphs appear in this collection, on the Earles of +Norfolk, with whom I cannot find our author to have had the least +connection. A full account of this family may be seen in Blomefield's +_History of Norfolk_, vol. iii. p. 531. + +[BU] The title was created by Charles the First, July 2, 1629, and, I +believe, became extinct at the decease of this person. + + + + +No. XI. + + CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF BOOKS OF + CHARACTERS. + + + + +No. i. + + _A Caueat + for commen Cvr + setors vulgarely called + Uagabones, set forth by Thomas Harman. + Esquier. for the vtiliteand proffyt of hys + naturall Countrey. Newly agmented + and Jmprinted Anno Domini._ + M.D.LXUjj. + + [P] _Vewed, examined, and allowed, according vnto the + Queenes Maiestyes Iniunctions_ + + [Roughly-executed wood-cut, of two persons receiving punishment + at the cart's tail from the hands of a beadle.] + + _Imprinted + at London in Fletestret at the signe of the + Faulcon by Wylliam Gryffith, and are to be + solde at his shoppe in Saynt Dunstones + Churche yarde in the West._ + +[4to. black letter, containing thirty folios, very incorrectly numbered.] + +I commence my list of _Characters_, with a volume, which, although earlier +than the period I originally intended to begin from, is of sufficient +curiosity and interest to warrant introduction, and, I trust, to obtain +pardon from the reader for the additional trouble I am thus preparing for +him. + +Mr. Warton, in his _History of English Poetry_, (iv. 74.) has given, with +some trifling errors, a transcript of the title, and says he has a faint +remembrance of a Collection of Epigrams, by the author, printed about +1599: these I have never been fortunate enough to meet with, nor do they +appear in the collections of Ames or Herbert, neither of whom had seen a +copy of the present work, although they mention Griffith's licence to +print it as dated in 1566[BV]. + +It is dedicated to Elizabeth, countess of Shrewsbury; Mr. Warton thinks +"with singular impropriety," although the motive appears at least to +justify the measure, if it does not entitle the author to commendation. He +addresses this noble lady as a person of extreme benevolence, and "as also +aboundantly powrynge out dayly [her] ardent and bountifull charytie vppon +all such as commeth for reliefe."--"I thought it good," he continues, +"necessary, and my bounden dutye, to acquaynte your goodnes with the +abhominable, wycked, and detestable behauor of all these rowsey, ragged +rabblement of rake helles, that vnder the pretence of great misery, +dyseases, and other innumerable calamites whiche they fayne through great +hipocrisye, do wyn and gayne great almes in all places where they wyly +wander."--On this account, therefore, and to preserve the kindness and +liberality of the countess from imposition, Harman dedicates his book to +that lady. + +The notorious characters mentioned, are a "ruffler[BW]; a upright man[BX]; +a hoker or angglear[BY]; a roge[BZ]; a wylde roge[CA]; a prygger of +prauncers; a pallyarde[CB]; a frater[CC]; a Abraham man[CD]; a fresh water +mariner, or whipiacke; a counterfet cranke[CE]; a dommerar[CF]; a dronken +tinckar[CG]; a swadder or pedler; a jarke man, and a patrico[CH]; a +demaunder for glymmar[CI]; a bawdy basket[CJ]; a antem morte[CK]; a +walking morte; a doxe; a dell; a kynchin morte; and a kynchen co." + +From such a list, several instances of the tricks, as well as specimens of +the language of the thieves of the day, might with ease be extracted, did +not the limits of my little volume compel me to refrain from entering at +large into this history of rogues; a restriction I the more regret, from +its containing several passages illustrating the manners of that period, +and which would be found of material use towards explaining many of the +allusions met with in our early English dramas and now but imperfectly +understood. + + +"[P] Prygger of Prauncers. (Sign. C. iii. b.) + +"A prigger of Prauncers be horse stealers, for to prigge signifieth in +their language to steale, and a prauncer is a horse, so beinge put +together, the matter is plaine. These go commonly in jerkins of leather or +of white frese, & carry little wandes in their hands, and will walke +through grounds and pasturs, to search and se horses mete for their +purpose. And if thei chaunce to be met and asked by the owners of the +grounde what they make there, they fayne straighte that they have loste +theyr waye, and desyre to be enstructed the beste way to suche a place. +These will also repayre to gentlemens houses, and aske theyr charitye, and +will offer theyr seruice. And if you aske them what they can doe, they wil +saye that they can kepe two or three geldinges, and waite vppon a +gentleman. These haue also theyr women that, walkinge from them in other +places, marke where and what they see abrode, and sheweth these priggars +therof, when they meete, whych is wythin a weeke or two. And loke, where +they steale any thynge, they conuey the same at the leaste three score +miles of, or more. There was a gentleman, a verye friende of myne, rydynge +from London homewarde into Kente, hauinge within three myles of his house +busynesse, alyghted of his horse, and hys man also, in a pretye village, +where diuers houses were, and looked about hym where he myghte haue a +conuenyent person to walke his horse, because he would speak we a farmer +that dwelte on the backe side of the sayde village, little aboue a quarter +of a myle from the place where he lighted, and had his man to waight vpon +hym, as it was mete for his callynge: espieng a priggar there standing, +thinkinge the same to dwel there, charging this prity prigginge person to +walke his horse well, and that they might not stande still for takynge of +colde, and at his returne (which he saide should not be longe,) he would +geue him a peny to drinke, and so wente about his busines. Thys peltynge +priggar, proude of his praye, walketh hys horses vp and downe, till he +sawe the gentleman out of sighte, and leapes him into the saddell, and +awaye be goeth a mayne. This gentleman returning, and findyng not his +horses, sente his man to the one ende of the village, & he went himselfe +vnto the other ende, and enquired as he went for hys horses that were +walked, and began somewhat to suspecte, because neither he nor his man +coulde neyther see nor fynde him. Then this gentleman diligently enquired +of three or foure towne dwellers there whether any such person, declaring +his stature, age, apparel, and so manye linamentes of his body as he +coulde call to remembraunce. And _vna voce_, all sayde that no such man +dwelte in their streate, neither in the parish that they knewe of, but +some did wel remember that suche a one they sawe there lyrkinge and +huggeringe[CL] two houres before the gentleman came thether and a +straunger to them. J had thought, quoth this gentleman, he had here +dwelled, and marched home mannerly in his botes: farre from the place he +dwelt not. J suppose at his comming home he sente such wayes as he +suspected or thought mete to search for this prigger, but hetherto he +neuer harde any tidinges againe of his palfreys. J had the best gelding +stolen out of my pasture that J had amogst others, while this boke was +first a printing." + +At the end of the several characters, the author gives a list of the names +of the most notorious thieves of his day, a collection of the cant phrases +used by them, with their significations; and a dialogue between an +_uprighte man_ and a _roge_, which I shall transcribe:-- + + "The vpright Cose canteth to the Roger. + _The vprighte man spaketh to the roge._ + +_Man._ Bene lyghtmans to thy quarromes in what lipk[=e] hast thou lipped + in this darkemanes; whether in a lybbege or in the strummell? + + _God morrowe to thy bodye, in what house hast thou lyne in all + night whether in a bed, or in the strawe?_ + +_Roge._ J couched a hogeshed in a skypper this darkemans. + + _I laye me down to sleepe in a barne this night._ + +_Man._ J towre ye strummell tryne vpon thy nabcher & togman. + + _I see the straw hange upon thy cap and coate._ + +_Roge._ J saye by the Salomon J wyll lage it of with a gage of bene bouse + then cut to my nose watch. + + _J sweare by the masse J wyll wash it of with a quart of drinke, + then saye to me what thou wilt._ + +_Man._ Why, hast thou any lowre in thy bouge to bouse? + + _Why, hast thou any money in thy purse to drinke?_ + +_Roge._ But a flagge, a wyn, and a make. + + _But a grot, a penny, and a halfe-penny._ + +_Man._ Why where is the kene that hath the bene bouse? + + _Where is the house that hath the good drinke?_ + +_Roge._ A bene mort hereby at the signe of the prauncer. + + _A good wyfe here by at the signe of the hors._ + +_Man._ J cutt it is quyer bouse J bousd a flagge the laste darkemans. + + _J saye it is small and naughtye drynke, J dranke a groate there + the last night._ + +_Roge._ But bouse there a bord, and thou shalt haue beneship. + + _But drinke there a shyllinge, and thou shalt haue very good._ + + Tower ye, yander is the kene, dup the gygger, and maund that is + beneshype. + + _Se you, yonder is the house, open the doore, and aske for the + best._ + +_Man._ This bouse is as benshyp as rome bouse. + + _This drinke is as good as wyne._ + + Now J tower that bene bouse makes nase nabes. + + _Now J se that good drynke makes a dronken heade._ + + Maunde of this morte what bene pecke is in her ken. + + _Aske of this wyfe what good meate shee hath in her house._ + +_Roge._ She hath a cacling chete, a grunting chete, ruff pecke, cassan, + and popplarr of yarum. + + _She hath a hen, a pyg, baken, chese and mylke porrage._ + +_Man._ That is beneshyp to oure watche. + + _That is very good for vs._ + + Now we haue well bousd, let vs strike some chete. + + _Nowe we haue well dronke, let vs steale some thinge._ + + Yonder dwelleth a quyere cuffen it were beneshype to myll hym. + + _Yonder dwelleth a hoggeshe and choyrlyshe man it weare very well + donne to robbe him._ + +_Roge._ Nowe, bynge we a waste to the hygh pad, the ruff-manes is by. + + _Naye, let vs go hence to the hygh waye, the wodes is at hande._ + +_Man._ So may we happen on the harmanes and cly the jarke, or to the + quyer ken and skower quyaer cramprings and so to tryning on the + chates. + + _So we maye chaunce to set in the stockes, eyther be whypped, + eyther had to prison-house, and there be shackeled with bolttes and + fetters, and then to hange on the gallowes._ + +[_Rogue._] Gerry gan the ruffian clye thee. + + _A corde in thy mouth, the deuyll take thee._ + +_Man._ What! stowe you bene cofe and cut benar whydds; and byng we to some + vyle to nyp a bong, so shall we haue lowre for the bousing ken and + when we byng back to the deuseauye, we wyll fylche some duddes of + the ruffemans, or myll the ken for a lagge of dudes. + + _What! holde your peace, good fellowe, and speake better wordes; + and go we to London to cut a purse, then shal we haue money for the + ale-house, and when we come backe agayne into the countrey, we wyll + steale some lynnen clothes of one hedges, or robbe some house for a + bucke of clothes._" + +I have been induced, from the curiosity and rarity of this tract, to +extend my account of it farther, perhaps, than many of my readers may +think reasonable, and shall, therefore, only add a specimen of Harman's +poetry, with which the original terminates. + + "--> Thus J conclude my bolde beggar's booke, + That all estates most playnely maye see; + As in a glasse well pollyshed to looke, + Their double demeaner in eche degree; + Their lyues, their language, their names as they be; + That with this warning their myndes may be warmed + To amende their mysdeedes, and so lyue vnharmed." + +Another tract of the same description is noticed in Herbert's Ames (p. +885.) as printed so early as in 1565. A copy of the second edition in the +Bodleian Library, possesses the following title:--"_The Fraternitye of +Uacabondes. As wel of ruflyng Vacabondes, as of beggerly, of women as of +men, of gyrles as of boyes, with their proper names and qualities. With a +description of the crafty company of Cousoners and Shifters. Whereunto +also is adioyned the xxv orders of Knaues, otherwyse called a Quartern of +Knaues. Confirmed for euer by Cocke Lorell[CM], &c. Imprinted at London by +Iohn Awdeley, dwellyng in little Britayne streete without Aldersgate. +1575._" This, although much shorter than Harman's, contains nearly the +same characters, and is therefore thus briefly dismissed. An account of +it, drawn up by the editor of the present volume, may be found in Brydges' +_British Bibliographer_, vol. ii. p. 12. + +It may not be amiss to notice in this place, that a considerable part of +_The Belman of London, bringing to light the most notorious villanies that +are now practised in the kingdom, &c._ 4to. 1608, is derived from Harman's +_Caveat_. Among the books bequeathed to the Bodleian, by Burton, (4to. +G.8. Art. BS.) is a copy of the _Belman_, with the several passages so +borrowed, marked in the hand-writing of the author of the _Anatomy of +Melancholy_, who has also copied the _canting dialogue_ just given, and +added several notes of his own on the margin. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[BV] In the epistle to the reader, the author terms it "this _second_ +impression." + +[BW] A _ruffler_ seems to have been a bully as well as a beggar, he is +thus described in the _Fraternitye of Vacabondes_; (see p. 228.) "A +ruffeler goeth wyth a weapon to seeke seruice, saying he hath bene a +seruitor in the wars, and beggeth for his reliefe. But his chiefest trade +is to robbe poore way-faring men and market-women." In _New Custome_ a +morality, 1573, Creweltie, one of the characters, is termed a _ruffler_. +See also Decker's _Belman of London_. Sign. C. iv. + +[BX] "An _upright man_ is one that goeth wyth the trunchion of a staffe, +which staffe they cal a Flitchm[=a]. This man is of so much authority, +that meeting with any of his profession, he may cal them to accompt, and +comaund a share or snap vnto himselfe of al that they have gained by their +trade in one moneth." _Fraternitye of Vacabondes._ + +[BY] This worthy character approaches somewhat near to a shop-lifter. +Decker tells us that "their apparele in which they walke is commonly +freize jerkins and gallye slops." _Belman._ Sign. C. iv. + +[BZ] A rogue, says Burton, in his MS. notes to Decker's _Belman of +London_, "is not so stoute and [hardy] as the vpright man." + +[CA] A person whose parents were rogues. + +[CB] "These be called also _clapperdogens_" and "go with patched clokes." +Sign. C. iv. + +[CC] A _Frater_ and a _Whipiacke_, are persons who travel with a +counterfeite license, the latter in the dress of a sailor. See +_Fraternitye, Belman_, &c. + +[CD] "An _Abraham-man_ is he that walketh bare-armed, and bare-legged, and +fayneth hymselfe mad, and caryeth a packe of wool, or a stycke with baken +on it, or such lyke toy, and nameth himselfe Poore Tom." _Fraternitye of +Vacabondes._ + +[CE] A person who asks charity, and feigns sickness and disease. + +[CF] One who pretends to be dumb. In Harman's time they were chiefly +Welsh-men. + +[CG] An artificer who mends one hole, and makes twenty. + +[CH] A _jarke man_ can read and write, and sometimes understands a little +Latin. A _patrico_ solemnizes their marriages. + +[CI] These are commonly women who ask assistance, feigning that they have +lost their property by fire. + +[CJ] A woman who cohabits with an _upright man_, and professes to sell +thread, &c. + +[CK] "These _antem mortes_ be maried wemen, as there be but a fewe: for +_antem_, in their language is a churche--" &c. _Harman_. Sign. E. iv. A +_walking morte_ is one unmarried: a _doxe_, a _dell_, and a _kynchin +morte_, are all females; and a _kynchen co_ is a young boy not thoroughly +instructed in the art of _canting_ and _prigging_. + +[CL] In Florio's _Italian Dictionary_, the word _dinascoso_ is explained +"secretly, hiddenly, in _hugger-mugger_." See also Reed's _Shakspeare_, +xviii. 284. _Old Plays_, 1780. viii. 48. + +[CM] Herbert notices _Cock Lorelles Bote_, which he describes to be a +satire in verse, in which the author enumerates all the most common trades +and callings then in being. It was printed, in black letter, Wynken de +Worde, 4to. without date. _History of Printing_ ii. 224, and Percy's +_Reliques_, i. 137, edit. 1794. + + + + +ii. _Picture of a Puritane, 8vo._ 1605. [Dr. Farmer's _Sale Catalogue_, +page 153, No. 3709.] + + + + +iii. _"A Wife novv the Widdow of Sir Thomas Overbvrye. Being a most +exquisite and singular Poem of the Choice of a Wife. Wherevnto are added +many witty Characters, and conceited Newes, written by himselfe and other +learned Gentlemen his friends. + + Dignum laude virum musa vetat mori, + Caelo musa beat. Hor. Car. lib. 3. + +London Printed for Lawrence Lisle, and are to bee sold at his shop in +Paule's Church-yard, at the signe of the Tiger's head. 1614."_[CN] + +[4to. pp. 64, not numbered.] + +Of Sir Thomas Overbury's life, and unhappy end, we have so full an account +in the _Biographia_, and the various historical productions, treating of +the period in which he lived, that nothing further will be expected in +this place. His _Wife_ and _Characters_ were printed, says Wood, several +times during his life, and the edition above noticed, was supposed, by the +Oxford biographer, to be the fourth or fifth[CO]. Having never seen a +copy of the early editions, I am unable to fix on any character +undoubtedly the production of Overbury, and the printer confesses some of +them were written by "other learned gentlemen." These were greatly +encreased in subsequent impressions, that of 1614 having only twenty-one +characters, and that in 1622 containing no less than eighty. + + +A COURTIER,--(_Sign. C. 4. b._) + +To all men's thinking is a man, and to most men the finest: all things +else are defined by the understanding, but this by the sences; but his +surest marke is, that hee is to bee found onely about princes. Hee smells; +and putteth away much of his judgement about the scituation of his +clothes. Hee knowes no man that is not generally knowne. His wit, like the +marigold, openeth with the sunne, and therefore he riseth not before ten +of the clocke. Hee puts more confidence in his words than meaning, and +more in his pronuntiation than his words. Occasion is his Cupid, and hee +hath but one receipt of making loue. Hee followes nothing but +inconstancie, admires nothing but beauty, honours nothing but fortune. +Loues nothing. The sustenance of his discourse his newes, and his censure +like a shot depends vpon the charging. Hee is not, if he be out of court, +but, fish-like, breathes destruction, if out of his owne element. Neither +his motion, or aspect are regular, but he mooues by the vpper spheres, and +is the reflexion of higher substances. If you finde him not heere, you +shall in Paules with a pick-tooth in his hat, a cape cloke, and a long +stocking. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[CN] In 1614 appeared _The Husband_, a _Poeme_, expressed in a compleat +man. See _Censura Literaria_, v. 365. John Davies, of Hereford, wrote _A +Select Second Hvsband for Sir Thomas Overbvries Wife, now a matchlesse +widow_. 8vo. Lond. 1616. And in 1673 was published, _The Illustrious Wife, +viz. That excellent Poem, Sir Thomas Overbvrie's Wife, illustrated by +Giles Oldisworth, Nephew to the same Sir T. O._ + +[CO] It was most probably the fifth, as Mr. Capel, who has printed the +_Wife_, in his very curious volume, entitled _Prolusions_, 8vo. Lond. +1760, notices two copies in 1614, one in 8vo. which I suppose to be the +third, and one in 4to. stated in the title to be the fourth edition: the +sixth was in the following year, 1615; the seventh, eighth, and ninth were +in 1616, the eleventh in 1622, twelfth in 1627, thirteenth 1628, +fourteenth, 1630, fifteenth, 1632, sixteenth, 1638, and Mr. Brand +possessed a copy, the specific edition of which I am unable to state, +printed in 1655. _Catalogue_, No. 4927. + + + + +iv. "_Satyrical Essayes, Characters, and others, or accurate and quick +Descriptions, fitted to the life of their Subiects._ [Greek: ton ethon de +phylattesthai mallon dei he tous hecheis]. Theophras. + + Aspice et haec, si forte aliquid decoctius audis, + Jude vaporata Lector mihi ferucat aure. IUUEN. + +_Plagosus minime Plagiarius._ + +_John Stephens. London, Printed by Nicholas Okes, and are to be sold by +Roger Barnes, at his Shop in St. Dunstane's Church-yard. 1615._" + +[8vo. pp. 321. title, preface, &c. 14 more.] + +In a subsequent impression of this volume, 8vo. in the same year, and with +a fresh title page, dated 1631[CP], we find the author to be "John +Stephens the younger, of Lincoln's Inn:" no other particulars of him +appear to exist at present, excepting that he was the author of a play +entitled, _Cinthia's Revenge; or, Maenander's Extasie_. Lond. for Barnes, +1613, 4to. "which," says Langbaine, "is one of the longest plays I ever +read, and withal the most tedious." Ben Jonson addressed some lines[CQ] +to the author, whom he calls "his much and worthily esteemed friend," as +did F. C. G. Rogers, and Thomas Danet. + +Stephens dedicates his book to Thomas Turner, Esq. For the sake of a +little variety I give one of his "three satyricall Essayes on +Cowardlinesse," which are written in verse. + + +ESSAY I. + + "Feare to resist good virtue's common foe, + And feare to loose some lucre, which doth grow + By a continued practise; makes our fate + Banish (with single combates) all the hate, + Which broad abuses challenge of our spleene. + For who in Vertue's troope was euer seene, + That did couragiously with mischiefes fight, + Without the publicke name of hipocrite? + Vaine-glorious, malapert, precise, deuout, + Be tearmes which threaten those that go about + To stand in opposition of our times + With true defiance, or satyricke rimes. + Cowards they be, branded among the worst, + Who (through contempt of Atheisme), neuer durst + Crowd neere a great man's elbow to suggest + Smooth tales with glosse, or Enuy well addrest. + These be the noted cowards of our age; + Who be not able to instruct the stage + With matter of new shamelesse impudence + Who cannot almost laugh at innocence; + And purchase high preferment by the waies, + Which had bene horrible in Nero's dayes. + They are the shamefull cowards, who contemne + Vices of state, or cannot flatter them; + Who can refuse advantage, or deny + Villanous courses, if they can espye + Some little purchase to inrich their chest + Though they become vncomfortably blest. + We still account those cowards, who forbeare + (Being possess'd with a religious feare) + To slip occasion, when they might erect + Hornes on a tradesman's noddle, or neglect + The violation of a virgin's bed + With promise to requite her maiden-head. + Basely low-minded we esteeme that man + Who cannot swagger well, or (if he can) + Who doth not with implacable desire, + Follow revenge with a consuming fire. + Extortious rascals, when they are alone, + Bethinke how closely they have pick'd each bone, + Nay, with a frolicke humour, they will brag, + How blancke they left their empty client's bag. + Which dealings if they did not giue delight, + Or not refresh their meetings in despight, + They would accounted be both weake, vnwise, + And, like a timorous coward, too precise. + Your handsome-bodied youth (whose comely face + May challenge all the store of Nature's grace,) + If, when a lustfull lady doth inuite, + By some lasciuious trickes his deere delight, + If then he doth abhorre such wanton ioy; + Whose is not almost ready to destroy + Ciuility with curses, when he heares + The tale recited? blaming much his years, + Or modest weaknesse, and with cheeks ful-blown + Each man will wish the case had beene his own. + Graue holy men, whose habite will imply + Nothing but honest zeale, or sanctity, + Nay so vprighteous will their actions seeme, + As you their thoughts religion will esteeme. + Yet these all-sacred men, who daily giue + Such vowes, wold think themselves vnfit to liue, + If they were artlesse in the flattering vice, + Euen as it were a daily sacrifice: + Children deceiue their parents with expence: + Charity layes aside her conscience, + And lookes vpon the fraile commodity + Of monstrous bargaines with a couetous eye: + And now the name of _generosity_, + Of _noble cariage_ or _braue dignity_, + Keepe such a common skirmish in our bloud, + As we direct the measure of things good, + By that, which reputation of estate, + Glory of rumor, or the present rate + Of sauing pollicy doth best admit. + We do employ materials of wit, + Knowledge, occasion, labour, dignity, + Among our spirits of audacity, + Nor in our gainefull proiects do we care + For what is pious, but for what we dare. + Good humble men, who haue sincerely layd + Saluation for their hope, we call _afraid_. + But if you will vouchsafe a patient eare, + You shall perceiue, men impious haue most feare." + +The second edition possesses the following title--"_New Essayes and +Characters, with a new Satyre in defence of the Common Law, and Lawyers: +mixt with reproofe against their Enemy Ignoramus, &c. London, 1631._" It +seems not improbable that some person had attacked Stephens's first +edition, although I am unable to discover the publication alluded to. I +suspect him to be the editor of, or one of the contributors to, the later +copies of Sir Thomas Overbury's _Wife_, &c.: since one of Stephens's +friends, (a Mr. I. Cocke) in a poetical address prefixed to his _New +Essayes_, says "I am heere enforced to claime 3 characters following the +Wife[CR]; viz. the _Tinker_, the _Apparatour_, and _Almanack-maker_, that +I may signify the ridiculous and bold dealing of an vnknowne botcher: but +I neede make no question what he is; for his hackney similitudes discouer +him to be the rayler above-mentioned, whosoeuer that rayler be." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[CP] Coxeter, in his MSS. notes to Gildon's _Lives of the Eng. Dram. +Poets_, in the Bodleian, says that the second edition was in 8vo. 1613, +"_Essays and Characters, Ironical and Instructive_," but this must be a +mistake. + +[CQ] + + "Who takes thy volume to his vertuous hand, + Must be intended still to vnderstand: + Who bluntly doth but looke vpon the same, + May aske, _what author would conceale his name?_ + Who reads may roaue, and call the passage darke, + Yet may, as blind men, sometimes hit the marke. + Who reads, who roaues, who hopes to vnderstand, + May take thy volume to his vertuous hand. + Who cannot reade, but onely doth desire + To vnderstand, hee may at length admire. + + B. I." + + + +[CR] These were added to the sixth edition of the _Wife_, in 1615. + + + + +v. _Caracters upon Essaies, morall and diuine, written for those good +spirits that will take them in good part, and make use of them to good +purpose. London: Printed by Edw. Griffin for John Guillim, and are to be +sold at his shop in Britaines Burse._ 1615. 12mo. + +[Censura Literaria, v. 51. Monthly Mirror, xi. 16.] + + + + +vi. _The Good and the Badde, or Descriptions of the Worthies and +Vnworthies of this Age. Where the Best may see their Graces, and the Worst +discerne their Basenesse. London, Printed by George Purslowe for Iohn +Budge, and are to be sold at the great South-dore of Paules, and at +Brittaines Bursse._ 1616. + +[4to. containing pp. 40, title, dedication "to Sir Gilbert Houghton, +Knight," and preface six more. A second edition appeared in 1643, under +the title of _England's Selected Characters_, &c.] + +The author of these characters[CS] was Nicholas Breton, who dedicates them +to Sir Gilbert Houghton, of Houghton, Knight. Of Breton no particulars +are now known, excepting what may be gained from an epitaph in Norton +church, Northamptonshire[CT], by which we learn that he was the son of +Captain Breton, of Tamworth, in Staffordshire, and served himself in the +Low Countries, under the command of the Earl of Leicester. He married +Anne, daughter of Sir Edward Legh, or Leigh, of Rushell, Staffordshire, by +whom he had five sons and four daughters, and having purchased the manor +of Norton, died there June 22, 1624[CU]. + +Breton appears to have been a poet of considerable reputation among his +contemporaries, as he is noticed with commendation by Puttenhem and Meres: +Sir Samuel Egerton Brydges declares that his poetical powers were +distinguished by a simplicity, at once easy and elegant. Specimens of his +productions in verse, may be found in Percy's _Reliques_, Ellis's +_Specimens_, Cooper's _Muses' Library, Censura Literaria_; and an +imperfect list of his publications is given by Ritson, in the +_Bibliographia Poetica_, which is augmented by Mr. Park, in the _Cens. +Lit._ ix. 163[CV]. + + +A WORTHIE PRIUIE COUNCELLER. + + +A worthy priuie counceller is the pillar of a realme, in whose wisedome +and care, vnder God and the king, stands the safety of a kingdome; he is +the watch-towre to giue warning of the enemy, and a hand of prouision for +the preseruation of the state: hee is an oracle in the king's eare, and a +sword in the king's hand, an euen weight in the ballance of justice, and a +light of grace in the loue of truth: he is an eye of care in the course of +lawe, a heart of loue in the seruice of his soueraigne, a mind of honour +in the order of his seruice, and a braine of inuention for the good of the +common-wealth; his place is powerful, while his seruice is faithfull, and +his honour due in the desert of his employment. In summe, he is as a fixed +planet mong the starres of the firmament, which through the clouds in the +ayre, shewes the nature of his light. + + +AN VNWORTHIE COUNCELLER. + + +An vnworthie counceller is the hurt of a king, and the danger of a state, +when the weaknes of judgement may commit an error, or the lacke of care +may give way to vnhappinesse: he is a wicked charme in the king's eare, a +sword of terror in the aduice of tyranny: his power is perillous in the +partiality of will, and his heart full of hollownesse in the protestation +of loue: hypocrisie is the couer of his counterfaite religion, and +traiterous inu[=e]tion is the agent of his ambition: he is the cloud of +darknesse, that threatneth foule weather, and if it growe to a storme, it +is feareful where it falls: hee is an enemy to God in the hate of grace, +and worthie of death in disloyalty to his soueraigne. In summe, he is an +vnfit person for the place of a counceller, and an vnworthy subject to +looke a king in the face. + + +AN EFFEMINATE FOOL. + +An effeminate foole is the figure of a baby: he loues nothing but gay, to +look in a glasse, to keepe among wenches, and to play with trifles; to +feed on sweet meats, and to be daunced in laps, to be inbraced in armes, +and to be kissed on the cheeke: to talke idlely, to looke demurely, to goe +nicely, and to laugh continually: to be his mistresse' servant, and her +mayd's master, his father's love, and his mother's none-child: to play on +a fiddle, and sing a loue-song, to weare sweet gloues, and look on fine +things: to make purposes and write verses, deuise riddles, and tell lies: +to follow plaies, and study daunces, to heare newes, and buy trifles: to +sigh for loue, and weepe for kindnesse, and mourne for company, and bee +sicke for fashion: to ride in a coach, and gallop a hackney, to watch all +night, and sleepe out the morning: to lie on a bed, and take tobacco, and +to send his page of an idle message to his mistresse; to go vpon gigges, +to haue his ruffes set in print, to picke his teeth, and play with a +puppet. In summe, hee is a man-childe, and a woman's man, a gaze of +folly, and wisedome's griefe[CW]. + + +"THE CHESSE PLAY." + +Very aptly deuised by N. B. Gent. + +[From "_The Phoenix Nest. Built vp with the most rare and refined workes +of Noble men, woorthy Knights, gallant Gentlemen, Masters of Arts, and +braue Schollers," &c. "Set foorth by R. S. of the Inner Temple, +Gentleman." 4to. London, by Iohn Iackson, 1593, page 28._] + + A secret many yeeres vnseene, + In play at chesse, who knowes the game, + First of the King, and then the Queene, + Knight, Bishop, Rooke, and so by name, + Of euerie Pawne I will descrie, + The nature with the qualitie. + +THE KING. + + The King himselfe is haughtie care, + Which ouerlooketh all his men, + And when he seeth how they fare + He steps among them now and then, + Whom, when his foe presumes to checke, + His seruants stand, to giue the necke. + +THE QUEENE. + + The Queene is queint, and quicke conceit, + Which makes hir walke which way she list, + And rootes them vp, that lie in wait + To worke hir treason, ere she wist: + Hir force is such against hir foes + That whom she meetes, she ouerthrowes. + +THE KNIGHT. + + The Knight is knowledge how to fight + Against his prince's enimies, + He neuer makes his walke outright, + But leaps and skips, in wilie wise, + To take by sleight a traitrous foe, + Might slilie seeke their ouerthrowe. + +THE BISHOP. + + The Bishop he is wittie braine, + That chooseth crossest pathes to pace, + And euermore he pries with paine, + To see who seekes him most disgrace: + Such straglers when he findes astraie + He takes them vp, and throwes awaie. + +THE ROOKES. + + The Rookes are reason on both sides, + Which keepe the corner houses still, + And warily stand to watch their tides, + By secret art to worke their will, + To take sometime a theefe vnseene, + Might mischiefe meane to King or Queene. + +THE PAWNES. + + The Pawne before the King, is peace, + Which he desires to keepe at home, + Practise, the Queene's, which doth not cease + Amid the world abroad to roame, + To finde, and fall upon each foe, + Whereas his mistres meanes to goe. + + Before the Knight, is perill plast, + Which he, by skipping ouergoes, + And yet that Pawne can worke a cast, + To ouerthrow his greatest foes; + The Bishop's prudence, prieng still + Which way to worke his master's will. + + The Rooke's poore Pawnes, are sillie swaines, + Which seeldome serue, except by hap, + And yet those Pawnes, can lay their traines, + To catch a great man, in a trap: + So that I see, sometime a groome + May not be spared from his roome. + +THE NATURE OF THE CHESSE MEN. + + The King is stately, looking hie; + The Queene doth beare like maiestie: + The Knight is hardie, valiant, wise: + The Bishop prudent and precise. + The Rookes no raungers out of raie[CX], + The Pawnes the pages in the plaie. + +LENVOY. + + Then rule with care, and quicke conceit, + And fight with knowledge, as with force; + So beare a braine, to dash deceit, + And worke with reason and remorse. + Forgive a fault when young men plaie, + So giue a mate, and go your way. + + And when you plaie beware of checke, + Know how to saue and giue a necke: + And with a checke beware of mate; + But cheefe, ware had I wist too late: + Loose not the Queene, for ten to one, + If she be lost, the game is gone." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[CS] These are a king; a queen; a prince; a privy-counsellor; a noble man; +a bishop; a judge; a knight; a gentleman; a lawyer; a soldier; a +physician; a merchant (their good and bad characters); a good man, and an +atheist or most bad man; a wise man and a fool; an honest man and a knave; +an usurer; a beggar; a virgin and a wanton woman; a quiet woman; an +unquiet woman; a good wife; an effeminate fool; a parasite; a bawd; a +drunkard; a coward; an honest poor man; a just man; a repentant sinner; a +reprobate; an old man; a young man, and a holy man. + +[CT] It is by no means certain that this may not be intended to perpetuate +the memory of some other person of the same names, although Mr. Gough, in +a note to the second volume of _Queen Elizabeth's Progresses_, seems to +think it belongs to our author. + +[CU] Bridges' _Northamptonshire_, vol. ii. page 78, s. Shaw's +_Staffordshire_, vol. i. page 422. + +[CV] To these lists of Breton's productions may be added, 1. _A Solemne +Passion of the Soule's Loue._ 4to. Lond. 1598. 2. _The Mother's Blessing_, +4to. Lond. 1602. 3. _A True Description of vnthankfulnesse; or an enemie +to Ingratitude._ 4to. Lond. 1602. 4. _Breton's Longing_, 4to. title lost +in the Bodleian copy; prefixed are verses by H. T. gent. 5. _A Poste with +a packet of Mad Letters_, 4to. 1633, dedicated by Nicholas Breton to +Maximilian Dallison of Hawlin, Kent. The last tract excepted, all the +above are in a volume bequeathed by Bishop Tanner to the university of +Oxford, which contains many of the pieces noticed by Ritson, and, in +addition, _The Passion of a discontented Minde._ 4to. Lond. 1602, which I +should have no hesitation in placing to Breton. At the end of the volume +are _The Passions of the Spirit_, and _Excellent Vercis worthey imitation +of euery Christian in thier Conuersiation_, both in manuscript, and, if we +may judge from the style, evidently by the author before-mentioned. For +the _Figures_, in the composition of which he had certainly a share, see +page 198. + +[CW] I am not aware that the following specimen of his versification, +which is curious, has been reprinted. + +[CX] _Raie_, for _array_; order, rank. So Spencer. + + "And all the damzels of that towne in _ray_, + Came dauncing forth, and ioyous carrols song:" + +_Faerie Queene_, book v. canto xi. 34. + + + + +vii. _Essayes and Characters of a Prison and Prisoners. Written by G. M. +of Grayes'-Inne, Gent._ (Woodcut of a keeper standing with the hatch of a +prison open, in his left hand a staff, the following lines at the side; + + "Those that keepe mee, I keepe; if can, will still: + Hee's a true Iaylor strips the Diuell in ill.") + +_Printed at London for Mathew Walbancke and are to be solde at his shops +at the new and old Gate of Grayes-Inne._ 1618. + +[4to. pp. 48. title, dedication, &c. eight more.] + +A second edition appeared in 1638, and, as the title informs us, "with +some new additions:" what these were I am not able to state, as my copy, +although it appears perfect, contains precisely the same with that of +1618. + +Of Geffray Mynshul, as he signs his name to the dedication, I can learn +no particulars, but I have reason to suppose him descended from an ancient +and highly respectable family, residing at Minshull, in the county of +Chester[CY], during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By what +mishap he became an inmate of the King's-bench prison, from when he +dates[CZ] his _Essayes_, it is impossible to conjecture, but as he talks +of usury and extortion, as well as of severe creditors; and advises those +who are compelled to borrow, to pay as soon as they can, we may suppose +that imprudence and extravagance assisted in reducing him to the situation +he attempts to describe. + +In the dedication to his uncle, "Mr. Matthew Mainwaring[DA], of Namptwich, +in Cheshire," he says:--"Since my comming into this prison, what with the +strangenesse of the place, and strictnesse of my liberty, I am so +transported that I could not follow that study wherein I tooke great +delight and cheife pleasure, and to spend my time idley would but adde +more discontentments to my troubled brest, and being in this chaos of +discontentments, fantasies must arise, which will bring forth the fruits +of an idle braine, for _e malis minimum_. It is farre better to giue some +accompt of time, though to little purpose, than none at all. To which end +I gathered a handfull of essayes, and few characters of such things as by +my owne experience I could say _Probatum est_: not that thereby I should +either please the reader, or shew exquisitenes of inuention, or curious +stile; seeing what I write of is but the child of sorrow, bred by +discontentments, and nourisht vp with misfortunes, to whosc help +melancholly Saturne gaue his iudgement, the night-bird her inuention, and +the ominous rauen brought a quill taken from his owne wing, dipt in the +inke of misery, as chiefe ayders in this architect of sorrow." + + +"CHARACTER OF A PRISONER. + +A prisoner is an impatient patient, lingring vnder the rough hands of a +cruell phisitian: his creditor hauing cast his water knowes his disease, +and hath power to cure him, but takes more pleasure to kill him. He is +like Tantalus, who hath freedome running by his doore, yet cannot enioy +the least benefit thereof. His greatest griefe is that his credit was so +good and now no better. His land is drawne within the compasse of a +sheepe's skin, and his owne hand the fortification that barres him of +entrance: hee is fortunes tossing-bal, an obiect that would make mirth +melancholy: to his friends an abiect, and a subiect of nine dayes' wonder +in euery barber's shop, and a mouthfull of pitty (that he had no better +fortune) to midwiues and talkatiue gossips; and all the content that this +transitory life can giue him seemes but to flout him, in respect the +restraint of liberty barres the true vse. To his familiars hee is like a +plague, whom they dare scarce come nigh for feare of infection, he is a +monument ruined by those which raysed him, he spends the day with a _hei +mihi! ve miserum_! and the night with a _nullis est medicabilis herbis_." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[CY] In the church of St. Mary, at Nantwich, in that county, is a monument +erected by Geofry Minshull, of Stoke, Esq. to the memory of his ancestors. +_Historical Account of Nantwich_, 8vo. 1774, page 33. King, in his _Vale +Royal of England_, folio, _Lond._ 1656, page 74, speaks of Minshall-hall, +"a very ancient seat, which hath continued the successions of a +worshipfull race in its own name"--&c. + +[CZ] This place of residence was omitted in the second edition. + +[DA] The Mainwarings were an old family of repute, being mentioned as +residing near Nantwich, by Leland, _Itin._ vol. 7. pt. i. fol. 43. See +also the list of escheators of Cheshire, in Leycester's _Historical +Antiquities_, folio, Lond. 1673, p. 186. + + + + +viii. _Cvres for the Itch. Characters. Epigrams. Epitaphs. By H. P. +Scalpat qui tangitur. London, Printed for Thomas Iones, at the signs of +the Blacke Rauen in the Strand._ 1626. [8vo. containing pp. 142, not +numbered.] + +I have little doubt but that the initials H. P. may be attributed with +justice to _Henry Parrot_, author of _Laquei ridiculosi: or, Springes for +Woodcocks_, a collection of epigrams, printed at London in 1613[DB], 8vo. +and commended by Mr. Warton, who says, that "many of them are worthy to be +revived in modern collections"[DC]. To the same person I would also give +_The Mastive, or Young Whelpe of the Old Dogge. Epigrams and Satyrs._ +Lond. (Date cut off in the Bodleian copy,) 4to.--_The Mouse Trap, +consisting of 100 Epigrams_, 4to. 1606.--_Epigrams by H. P._ 4to. +1608.--and _The More the Merrier: containing three-score and odde +headlesse Epigrams, shot (like the Fooles bolt) amongst you, light where +they will_, 4to. 1608[DD]. + +It appears from the Preface to _Cvres for the Itch_, that the _Epigrams +and Epitaphs_ were written in 1624, during the author's residence in the +country, at the "_long vacation_," and the _Characters_[DE], which are +"not so fully perfected as was meant," were composed "of later times." +The following afford as fair a specimen of this part of the volume as can +be produced. + + +"A SCOLD. (B. 5.) + +Is a much more heard of, then least desired to bee seene or knowne, +she-kinde of serpent; the venom'd sting of whose poysonous tongue, worse +then the biting of a scorpion, proues more infectious farre then can be +cured. Shee's of all other creatures most vntameablest, and couets more +the last word in scoulding, then doth a Combater the last stroke for +victorie. She lowdest lifts it standing at her door, bidding, w^{th} +exclamation, flat defiance to any one sayes blacke's her eye. She dares +appeare before any iustice, nor is least daunted with the sight of +counstable, nor at worst threatnings of a cucking-stoole. There's nothing +mads or moues her more to outrage, then but the very naming of a wispe, or +if you sing or whistle when she is scoulding. If any in the interim chance +to come within her reach, twenty to one she scratcheth him by the face; or +doe but offer to hold her hands, sheel presently begin to cry out murder. +There's nothing pacifies her but a cup of sacke, which taking in full +measure of digestion, shee presently forgets all wrongs that's done her, +and thereupon falls streight a weeping. Doe but intreat her with faire +words, or flatter her, she then confesseth all her imperfections, and +layes the guilt vpon the whore her mayd. Her manner is to talke much in +her sleepe, what wrongs she hath indured of that rogue her husband whose +hap may be in time to dye a martyr; and so I leaue them." + + +"A GOOD WIFE, + +Is a world of happiness, that brings with it a kingdom in conceit, and +makes a perfect adiunct in societie; shee's such a comfort as exceeds +content, and proues so precious as canot be paralleld, yea more +inestimable then may be valued. Shee's any good man's better second selfe, +the very mirror of true constant modesty, the carefull huswife of +frugalitie, and dearest obiect of man's heart's felicitie. She commands +with mildnesse, rules with discretion, liues in repute, and ordereth all +things that are good or necessarie. Shee's her husband's solace, her +house's ornament, her children's succor, and her seruant's comfort. Shee's +(to be briefe) the eye of warinesse, the tongue of silence, the hand of +labour, and the heart of loue. Her voice is musicke, her countenance +meeknesse; her minde vertuous, and her soule gratious. Shee's a blessing +giuen from God to man, a sweet companion in his affliction, and ioynt +co-partner upon all occasions. Shee's (to conclude) earth's chiefest +paragon, and will bee, when shee dyes, heauen's dearest creature." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DB] Mr. Steevens quotes an edition in 1606, but the preface expressly +states, that they were composed in 1611.--"_Duo propemodum anni elapsi +sunt, ex quo primum Epigrammata haec (qualiacunque) raptim et festinanter +perficiebam_"--&c. + +[DC] _History of English Poetry_, iv. 73. + +[DD] _Censura Literaria_, iii. 387, 388. + +[DE] These consist of a ballad-maker; a tapster; a drunkard; a rectified +young man; a young nouice's new yonger wife; a common fidler; a broker; a +iouiall good fellow; a humourist; a malepart yong upstart; a scold; a good +wife, and a selfe-conceited parcell-witty old dotard. + + + + +ix. _Characters of Vertves and Vices. In two Bookes. By Ios. Hall. +Imprinted at London, 1627._ + +The above is copied from a separate title in the collected works of Bishop +Hall, printed in folio, and dedicated to James the First. The book, I +believe, originally appeared in 8vo. 1608[DF]. Of this edition I have in +vain endeavoured to procure some information, although I cannot fancy it +to be of any peculiar rarity. + +The volume contains a dedication to Edward Lord Denny, and James Lord Hay, +a premonition of the title and use of characters, the proemes, eleven +virtuous characters, and fifteen of a different discription. As Bishop +Hall's collected works have so lately appeared in a new edition, and as +Mr. Pratt[DG] proposes to add a life of the author in a subsequent volume, +I shall forbear giving any specimen from the works or biographical notices +of this amiable prelate, recommending the perusal of his excellent +productions, to all who admire the combination of sound sense with +unaffected devotion. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DF] See Brand's _Sale Catalogue_, 8vo. 1807, page 115, No. 3147. + +[DG] See the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for October, 1810, LXXXI. 317. + + + + +x. _Micrologia. Characters, or Essayes, of Persons, Trades, and Places, +offered to the City and Country. By R. M. Printed at London by T. C. for +Michael Sparke, dwelling at the blue Bible, in Greene Arbor. 1629._ + +[8vo. containing 56 pages, not numbered.] + +The characters in this volume are "A fantasticke taylor; a player; a +shooe-maker; a rope-maker; a smith; a tobacconist; a cunning woman; a +cobler; a tooth-drawer; a tinker; a fidler; a cunning horse-courser; +Bethlem; Ludgate; Bridewell; (and) Newgate."-- + + +"A PLAYER.--(_Sign. B._ iii.) + +Is a volume of various conceits or epitome of time, who by his +representation and appearance makes things long past seeme present. He is +much like the compters in arithmeticke, and may stand one while for a +king, another while a begger, many times as a mute or cypher. Sometimes +hee represents that which in his life he scarse practises--to be an honest +man. To the point, hee oft personates a rover, and therein comes neerest +to himselfe. If his action prefigure passion, he raues, rages, and +protests much by his painted heauens, and seemes in the heighth of this +fit ready to pull Ioue out of the garret, where pershance hee lies leaning +on his elbowes, or is imployed to make squips and crackers to grace the +play. His audience are often-times iudicious, but his chiefe admirers are +commonly young wanton chamber-maids, who are so taken with his posture and +gay clothes, they neuer come to be their owne women after. Hee exasperates +men's enormities in publike view, and tels them their faults on the stage, +not as being sorry for them, but rather wishes still hee might finde more +occasions to worke on. He is the generall corrupter of spirits, yet +vntainted, inducing them by gradation to much lasciuious deprauity. He is +a perspicuity of vanity in variety, and suggests youth to perpetrate such +vices, as otherwise they had haply nere heard of. He is (for the most +part) a notable hypocrite, seeming what he is not, and is indeed what hee +seemes not. And if hee lose one of his fellow stroules, in the summer he +turnes king of the gipsies: if not, some great man's protection is a +sufficient warrant for his peregrination, and a meanes to procure him the +town-hall, where hee may long exercise his qualities, with clown-claps of +great admiration, in a tone sutable to the large eares of his illiterate +auditorie. Hee is one seldome takes care for old age, because ill diet and +disorder, together with a consumption, or some worse disease, taken vp in +his full careere, haue onely chalked out his catastrophe but to a colon: +and he scarsely suruiues to his naturall period of dayes." + + + + +xi. _Whimzies: Or, A new Cast of Characters. Nova, non nota delectant. +London, Printed by F. K. and are to be sold by Ambrose Rithirdon, at the +signe of the Bull's-head, in Paul's Church-yard. 1631._ + +[12mo. containing in all, pp. 280.] + +The dedication to this volume, which is inscribed to sir _Alexander +Radcliffe_, is signed "_Clitus--Alexandrinus_;" the author's real name I +am unable to discover. It contains twenty-four characters[DH], besides "_A +cater-character, throwne out of a boxe by an experienced gamester_[DI];" +and some lines "vpon the birth-day of his sonne Iohn," of which the +first-will be sufficient to satisfy all curiosity. + + "God blesse thee, Iohn, + And make thee such an one + That I may ioy + in calling thee my son. + + Thou art my ninth, + and by it I divine + That thou shalt live + to love the Muses nine."--&c. &c. + + +"A CORRANTO-COINER--(p. 15.) + +Is a state newes-monger; and his owne genius is his intelligencer. His +mint goes weekely, and he coines monie by it. Howsoeuer, the more +intelligent merchants doe jeere him, the vulgar doe admire him, holding +his novels oracular: and these are usually sent for tokens or intermissiue +curtsies betwixt city and countrey. Hee holds most constantly one forme or +method of discourse. He retaines some militarie words of art, which hee +shootes at randome; no matter where they hitt, they cannot wound any. He +ever leaves some passages doubtfull, as if they were some more intimate +secrecies of state, clozing his sentence abruptly with--_heereafter you +shall heare more_. Which words, I conceive, he onely useth as baites, to +make the appetite of the reader more eager in his next week's pursuit for +a more satisfying labour. Some generall-erring relations he pickes up, as +crummes or fragments, from a frequented ordinarie: of which shreads he +shapes a cote to fit any credulous foole that will weare it. You shall +never observe him make any reply in places of publike concourse; hee +ingenuously acknowledges himselfe to bee more bounden to the happinesse of +a retentive memory, than eyther ability of tongue, or pregnancy of +conceite. He carryes his table-booke still about with him, but dares not +pull it out publikely. Yet no sooner is the table drawne, than he turnes +notarie; by which meanes hee recovers the charge of his ordinarie. Paules +is his walke in winter; Moorfields[DJ] in sommer. Where the whole +discipline, designes, projects, and exploits of the States, Netherlands, +Poland, Switzer, Crimchan and all, are within the compasse of one +quadrangle walke most judiciously and punctually discovered. But long he +must not walke, lest hee make his newes-presse stand. Thanks to his good +invention, he can collect much out of a very little: no matter though more +experienced judgements disprove him; hee is anonymos, and that wil secure +him. To make his reports more credible or, (which he and his stationer +onely aymes at,) more vendible, in the relation of every occurrent he +renders you the day of the moneth; and to approve himselfe a scholler, he +annexeth these Latine parcells, or parcell-gilt sentences, _veteri stylo, +novo stylo_. Palisados, parapets, counterscarfes, forts, fortresses, +rampiers, bulwarks, are his usual dialect. Hee writes as if he would doe +some mischiefe, yet the charge of his shot is but paper. Hee will +sometimes start in his sleepe, as one affrighted with visions, which I can +impute to no other cause but to the terrible skirmishes which he +discoursed of in the day-time. He has now tyed himselfe apprentice to the +trade of minting, and must weekly performe his taske, or (beside the losse +which accrues to himselfe,) he disappoints a number of no small fooles, +whose discourse, discipline, and discretion, is drilled from his +state-service. These you shall know by their Mondai's morning question, a +little before Exchange time; _Stationer, have you any newes?_ Which they +no sooner purchase than peruse; and, early by next morning, (lest their +countrey friend should be deprived of the benefit of so rich a prize,) +they freely vent the substance of it, with some illustrations, if their +understanding can furnish them that way. He would make you beleeve that +hee were knowne to some forraine intelligence, but I hold him the wisest +man that hath the least faith to beleeve him. For his relations he stands +resolute, whether they become approved, or evinced for untruths; which if +they bee, hee has contracted with his face never to blush for the matter. +Hee holds especiall concurrence with two philosophicall sects, though hee +bee ignorant of the tenets of either: in the collection of his +observations, he is _peripateticall_, for hee walkes circularly; in the +digestion of his relations he is _Stoicall_, and sits regularly. Hee has +an alphabeticall table of all the chiefe commanders, generals, leaders, +provinciall townes, rivers, ports, creekes, with other fitting materials +to furnish his imaginary building. Whisperings, muttrings, and bare +suppositions, are sufficient grounds for the authoritie of his relations. +It is strange to see with what greedinesse this ayrie Chameleon, being all +lungs and winde, will swallow a receite of newes, as if it were physicall: +yea, with what frontlesse insinuation he will scrue himselfe into the +acquaintance of some knowing _Intelligencers_, who, trying the cask by his +hollow sound, do familiarly gull him. I am of opinion, were all his +voluminous centuries of fabulous relations compiled, they would vye in +number with the Iliads of many forerunning ages. You shall many times +finde in his Gazettas, pasquils, and corrantos miserable distractions; +here a city taken by force long before it bee besieged; there a countrey +laid waste before ever the enemie entered. He many times tortures his +readers with impertinencies, yet are these the tolerablest passages +throughout all his discourse. He is the very landskip of our age. He is +all ayre; his eare alwayes open to all reports, which, how incredible +soever, must passe for currant, and find vent, purposely to get him +currant money, and delude the vulgar. Yet our best comfort is, his +chymeras live not long; a weeke is the longest in the citie, and after +their arrival, little longer in the countrey; which past, they melt like +_Butter_, or match a pipe, and so _Burne_[DK]. But indeede, most commonly +it is the height of their ambition to aspire to the imployment of stopping +mustard-pots, or wrapping up pepper, pouder, staves-aker, &c. which done, +they expire. Now for his habit, Wapping and Long-lane will give him his +character. Hee honours nothing with a more indeered observance, nor hugges +ought with more intimacie than antiquitie, which he expresseth even in his +cloathes. I have knowne some love fish best that smelled of the panyer; +and the like humour reignes in him, for hee loves that apparele best that +has a taste of the broker. Some have held him for a scholler, but trust +mee such are in a palpable errour, for hee never yet understood so much +Latine as to construe _Gallo-Belgicus_. For his librarie (his owne +continuations excepted,) it consists of very few or no bookes. He holds +himselfe highly engaged to his invention if it can purchase him victuals; +for authors hee never converseth with them, unlesse they walke in Paules. +For his discourse it is ordinarie, yet hee will make you a terrible +repetition of desperate commanders, unheard of exployts; intermixing +withall his owne personall service. But this is not in all companies, for +his experience hath sufficiently informed him in this principle--that as +nothing workes more on the simple than things strange and incredibly rare; +so nothing discovers his weaknesse more among the knowing and judicious +than to insist, by way of discourse, on reports above conceite. Amongst +these, therefore, hee is as mute as a fish. But now imagine his lampe (if +he be worth one,) to be neerely burnt out; his inventing genius wearied +and surfoote with raunging over so many unknowne regions; and himselfe, +wasted with the fruitlesse expence of much paper, resigning his place of +weekly collections to another, whom, in hope of some little share, hee has +to his stationer recommended, while he lives either poorely respected, or +dyes miserably suspended. The rest I end with his owne cloze:--_Next weeke +you shall heare more_." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DH] An almanack-maker; a ballad-monger; a corranto-coiner; a decoy; an +exchange man; a forrester; a gamester; an hospitall-man; a iayler; a +keeper; a launderer; a metall man; a neuter; an ostler; a post-master: a +quest-man; a ruffian; a sailor; a trauller; an vnder sheriffe; a +wine-soaker; a Xantippean; a yealous neighbour; a zealous brother. + +[DI] This _cater-character_, which possesses a separate title page, +contains delineations of an apparator; a painter; a pedler; and a piper. + +[DJ] _Moorfields_ were a general promenade for the citizens of London, +during the summer months. The ground was left to the city by Mary and +Catherine, daughters of sir William Fines, a Knight of Rhodes, in the +reign of Edward the Confessor. Richard Johnson, a poetaster of the +sixteenth century, published in 1607, _The Pleasant Walkes of +Moore-fields. Being the Guift of two Sisters, now beautified, to the +continuing fame of this worthy Citty_. 4to. black-letter, of which Mr. +Gough, (_Brit. Topog._) who was ignorant of the above, notices an +impression in 1617. + +[DK] This is certainly intended as a pun upon the names of two +news-venders or _corranto-coiners_ of the day. Nathaniel _Butter_, the +publisher of "_The certain Newes of this present Week_," lived at the +_Pyde-Bull_, St. Austin's-gate, and was the proprietor of several of the +_intelligencers_, from 1622 to about 1640. Nicholas _Bourne_ was a joint +partner with _Butter_ in _The Sweedish Intelligencer_, 4to. _Lond._ 1632. + + + + +xii. _Picturae loquentes: or Pictures drawne forth in Characters. With a +Poeme of a Maid. By Wye Saltonstall. Ne sutor ultra crepidam. London: +Printed by T. Coles, &c. 1631. 12mo._ + +I have copied the above title from an article in the _Censura +Literaria_[DL], communicated by Mr. Park, of whose copious information, +and constant accuracy on every subject connected with English literature, +the public have many specimens before them. + +Saltonstall's[DM] _Characters_, &c. reached a second edition in 1635. A +copy of this rare volume is in the possession of Mr. Douce, who, with his +accustomed liberality, permitted my able and excellent friend, Mr. John +James Park, to draw up the following account of it for the present volume. + +To "The Epistle dedicatory" of this impression, the initials (or such +like) of dedicatee's name only are given, for, says the dedicator, "I know +no fame can redound unto you by these meane essayes, which were written, +_Ocium magis foventes, quam studentes gloriae_, as sheapheards play upon +their oaten pipes, to recreate themselves, not to get credit." + +"To the Reader.--Since the title is the first leafe that cometh under +censure, some, perhaps, will dislike the name of pictures, and say, I have +no _colour_ for it, which I confesse, for these pictures are not drawne in +colours, but in characters, representing to the eye of the minde divers +severall professions, which, if they appeare more obscure than I coulde +wish, yet I would have you know that it is not the nature of a character, +to be as smooth as a bull-rush, but to have some fast and loose knots, +which the ingenious reader may easily untie. The first picture is the +description of a maide, which young men may read, and from thence learn to +know, that vertue is the truest beauty. The next follow in their order, +being set together in this _little_ book, that in winter you may reade +them _ad ignem_, by the fire-side, and in summer _ad umbram_, under some +shadie tree, and therewith passe away the tedious howres. So hoping of thy +favourable censure, knowing that the least judicious are most ready to +judge, I expose them to thy view, with Apelles motto, _Ne sutor, ultra +crepidam_. Lastly, whether you like them, or leave them, yet the author +bids you welcome. + + "Thine as mine, + + W.S." + +_The Original Characters are_, + + 1. The world. + 2. An old man. + 3. A woman. + 4. A widdow. + 5. A true lover. + 6. A countrey bride. + 7. A plowman. + 8. A melancholy man. + 9. A young heire. + 10. A scholler in the university. + 11. A lawyer's clarke. + 12. A townsman in Oxford. + 13. An usurer. + 14. A wandering rogue. + 15. A waterman. + 16. A shepheard. + 17. A jealous man. + 18. A chamberlaine. + 19. A mayde. + 20. A bayley. + 21. A countrey fayre. + 22. A countrey alehouse. + 23. A horse-race. + 24. A farmer's daughter. + 25. A keeper. + 26. A gentleman's house in the countrey. + +_The Additions to the second Edition are_, + + 27. A fine dame. + 28. A country dame. + 29. A gardiner. + 30. A captaine. + 31. A poore village. + 32. A merry man. + 33. A scrivener. + 34. The tearme. + 35. A mower. + 36. A happy man. + 37. An arrant knave. + 38. An old waiting gentlewoman. + + +"THE TEARME + +Is a time when Justice keeps open court for all commers, while her sister +Equity strives to mitigate the rigour of her positive sentence. It is +called the Tearme, because it does end and terminate busines, or else +because it is the _Terminus_ ad quem, that is, the end of the countrey +man's journey, who comes up to the Tearme, and with his hobnayle shooes +grindes the faces of the poore stones, and so returnes againe. It is the +soule of the yeare, and makes it quicke, which before was dead. Inkeepers +gape for it as earnestly as shelfish doe for salt water after a low ebbe. +It sends forth new bookes into the world, and replenishes Paul's walke +with fresh company, where _Quid novi?_ is their first salutation, and the +weekely newes their chiefe discourse. The tavernes are painted against the +tearme, and many a cause is argu'd there and try'd at that barre, where +you are adjudg'd to pay the costs and charges, and so dismist with +'welcome gentlemen.' Now the citty puts her best side outward, and a new +play at the Blackfryers is attended on with coaches. It keepes watermen +from sinking and helpes them with many a fare voyage to Westminster. Your +choyse beauties come up to it onely to see and be seene, and to learne the +newest fashion, and for some other recreations. Now monie that has beene +long sicke and crasie, begins to stirre and walke abroad, especially if +some young prodigalls come to towne, who bring more money than wit. +Lastly, the tearme is the joy of the citty, a deare friend to countrymen, +and is never more welcome than after a long vacation." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DL] Vol. 5, p. 372. Mr. Park says that the plan of the characters was +undoubtedly derived from that of Overbury, but, he adds, the execution is +greatly superior. Four stanzas from the poem entitled, _A Maid_, are +printed in the same volume. + +[DM] An account of the author may be found in the _Athenae Oxon._ Vol. 1. +col. 640. + + + + +xiii. _London and Country corbonadoed and quartered into seuerall +Characters. By Donald Lupton, 8vo. 1632._ + +[See British Bibliographer, i. 464; and Brand's Sale Catalogue, page 66, +No. 1754.] + + + + +xiv. _Character of a Gentleman_, appended to Brathwait's _English +Gentleman_, 4to. _London, by Felix Kyngston, &c. 1633._ + + + + +xv. "_A strange Metamorphosis of Man, transformed into a Wildernesse. +Deciphered in Characters. London, Printed by Thomas Harper, and are to be +sold by Lawrence Chapman at his shop in Holborne, 1634._" + +[12mo. containing pp. 296, not numbered.] + +This curious little volume has been noticed by Mr. Haslewood, in the +_Censura Literaria_ (vii. 284.) who says, with justice, that a rich vein +of humour and amusement runs through it, and that it is the apparent +lucubration of a pen able to perform better things. Of the author's name I +have been unable to procure the least intelligence. + + +"THE HORSE (No. 16.) + +Is a creature made, as it were, in waxe. When Nature first framed him, she +took a secret complacence in her worke. He is even her master-peece in +irracionall things, borrowing somewhat of all things to set him forth. For +example, his slicke bay coat hee tooke from the chesnut; his necke from +the rainbow, which perhaps make him rain so wel. His maine belike he took +from _Pegasus_, making him a hobbie to make this a compleat gennet[DN], +which main he weares so curld, much after the women's fashions now adayes; +this I am sure of howsoever, it becomes them, [and] it sets forth our +gennet well. His legges he borrowed of the hart, with his swiftnesse, +which makes him a true courser indeed. The starres in his forehead hee +fetcht from heaven, which will not be much mist, there being so many. The +little head he hath, broad breast, fat buttocke, and thicke tayle are +properly his owne, for he knew not where to get him better. If you tell +him of the hornes he wants to make him most compleat, he scornes the +motion, and sets them at his heele. He is well shod especially in the +upper leather, for as for his soles, they are much at reparation, and +often faine to be removed. Nature seems to have spent an apprentiship of +yeares to make you such a one, for it is full seven yeares ere hee comes +to this perfection, and be fit for the saddle: for then (as we,) it seemes +to come to the yeares of discretion, when he will shew a kinde of +rationall judgement with him, and if you set an expert rider on his backe, +you shall see how sensiblie they will talke together, as master and +scholler. When he shall be no sooner mounted and planted in the seat with +the reins in one hand, a switch in the other, and speaking with his +spurres in the horse's flankes, a language he wel understands, but he +shall prance, curvet, and dance the canaries[DO] halfe an houre together +in compasse of a bushell, and yet still, as he thinkes, get some ground, +shaking the goodly plume on his head with a comely pride. This will our +Bucephalus do in the lists: but when hee comes abroad into the fields, hee +will play the countrey gentleman as truly, as before the knight in +turnament. If the game be up once, and the hounds in chase, you shall see +how he will pricke up his eares streight, and tickle at the sport as much +as his rider shall, and laugh so loud, that if there be many of them, they +will even drowne the rurall harmony of the dogges. When he travels, of all +innes he loves best the signe of the silver bell, because likely there he +fares best, especially if hee come the first, and get the prize. He +carries his eares upright, nor seldome ever lets them fall till they be +cropt off, and after that, as in despight, will never weare them more. His +taile is so essentiall to him, that if he loose it once hee is no longer +an horse, but ever stiled a curtall. To conclude, he is a blade of +Vulcan's forging, made for Mars of the best metall, and the post of Fame +to carrie her tidings through the world, who, if he knew his own strength, +would shrewdly put for the monarchie of our wildernesse." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DN] Mr. Steevens, in a note to Othello, explains a jennet to be a Spanish +horse; but from the passage just given, I confess it appears to me to mean +somewhat more. Perhaps a jennet was a horse kept solely for pleasure, +whose mane was suffered to grow to a considerable length, and was then +ornamented with platting, &c.--A hobby might answer to what we now term a +_hogged_ poney. + +[DO] _The Canaries_ is the name of an old dance, freqnently alluded to in +our early English plays. Shakspeare uses it in _All's well that ends +well_-- + + ----"I have seen a medicine, + That's able to breathe life into a stone; + Quicken a rock, and make you _dance canary_ + With spritely fire and motion;" + +Sir John Hawkins, in his _History of Musick_, iv. 391. says that it occurs +in the opera of _Dioclesian_, set to music by Purcell, and explains it to +be "a very sprightly movement of two reprises, or strains, with eight bars +in each: the time three quarters in a bar, the first pointed." I take this +opportunity of mentioning, that among Dr. Rawlinson's MSS. in the +Bodleian, [_Poet._ 108.] is a volume which contains a variety of figures +of old dances, written, as I conjecture, between the years 1566 and 1580. +Besides several others are the _pavyan_; _my Lord of Essex measures_; +_tyntermell_; _the old allmayne_; _the longe pavian_; _quanto dyspayne_; +_the nyne muses_, &c. As the pavian is mentioned by Shakspeare, in the +_Merry Wives of Windsor_, and as the directions for dancing the figure +have not been before discovered, I shall make no apology for offering them +in the present note. + + +"THE LONGE PAVIAN, + +ij singles, a duble forward; ij singles syde, a duble forward; rep[=i]nce +backe once, ij singles syde, a duble forward, one single backe twyse, ij +singles, a duble forward, ij singles syde, prerince backe once; ij singles +syde, a duble forward, reprince backe twyse." + + + + +xvi. _The true Character of an untrue Bishop; with a Recipe at the end how +to recover a Bishop if hee were lost. London, printed in the yeare +1641[DP]._ + +[4to. pp. 10, besides title.] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DP] I have a faint recollection of a single character in a rare volume, +entitled "_A Boulster Lecture_," &c. Lond. 1640. + + + + +xvii. _Character of a Projector, by ---- Hogg. 4to. 1642._ + + + + +xviii. _Character of an Oxford Incendiary. Printed for Robert White in +1643._ 4to. + +[Reprinted in the Harleian Miscellany, V. 469. edit. 1744.] + + + + +xix. _The Reformado precisely charactered (with a frontispiece.)_ + +[See the Sale Catalogue of George Steevens, Esq. 8vo. Lond. 1800. page 66. +No. 1110.] + + + + +xx. "_A new Anatomie, or Character of a Christian or Round-head. +Expressing his Description, Excellencie, Happiness and Innocencie. Wherein +may appear how far this blind world is mistaken in their unjust Censures +of him. Virtus in Arduis. Proverbs xii. 26; and Jude 10_, quoted.) +_Imprimatur John Downame. London, Printed for Robert Leybourne, and are to +be sold at the Star, under Peter's Church in Corn-hill, 1645._ 8vo. pp. +13. + +[In Ashmole's Museum.] + + + + +xxi. In Lord North's _Forest of Varieties, London, Printed by Richard +Cotes_, 1645, are several _Characters_, as lord Orford informs us, "in the +manner of sir Thomas Overbury." _Royal and Noble Authors_, iii. 82. Of +this volume a second edition appeared in 1659, neither of these, however, +I have been able to meet with. For some account of the work, with +extracts, see Brydges' _Memoirs of the Peers of England_, 8vo. _London._ +1802. page 343. + + + + +xxii. _Characters and Elegies[DQ]. By Francis Wortley, Knight and Baronet. +Printed in the yeere 1646._" 4to. + +The characters are as follow: + +1. The character of his royall majestie; 2. The character of the queene's +majestie; 3. The hopeful prince; 4. A true character of the illustrious +James Duke of York; 5. The character of a noble general; 6. A true English +protestant; 7. An antinomian, or anabaptisticall independent; 8. A +jesuite; 9. The true character of a northerne lady, as she is wife, +mother, and sister; 10. The politique neuter; 11. The citie paragon; 12. A +sharking committee-man; 13. Britanicus his pedigree--a fatall prediction +of his end; 14. The Phoenix of the Court. + +_Britanicus his Pedigree--a fatall Prediction of his End._ + +I dare affirme him a Jew by descent, and of the tribe of Benjamin, +lineally descended from the first King of the Jewes, even Saul, or at best +he ownes him and his tribe, in most we reade of them. First, of our +English tribes, I conceive his father's the lowest, and the meanest of +that tribe, stocke, or generation, and the worst, how bad soever they be; +melancholy he is, as appeares by his sullen and dogged wit; malicious as +Saul to David, as is evident in his writings; he wants but Saul's javelin +to cast at him; he as little spares the king's friends with his pen, as +Saul did Jonathan his sonne in his reproach; and would be as free of his +javelin as his pen, were his power sutable to his will, as Ziba did to +Mephibosheth, so does he by the king, he belies him as much to the world, +as he his master to David, and in the day of adversitie is as free of his +tongue as Shimei was to his soveraigne, and would be as humble as he, and +as forward to meet the king as he was David, should the king returne in +peace. Abithaes there cannot want to cut off the dog's head, but David is +more mercifull then Shimei can be wicked; may he first consult with the +witch of Endor, but not worthy of so noble a death as his own sword, die +the death of Achitophel for feare of David, then may he be hang'd up as +the sonnes of Saul were against the sunne, or rather as the Amelekites who +slew Isbosheth, and brought tidings and the tokens of the treason to +David; may his hands and his feet be as sacrifices cut off, and so pay for +the treasons of his pen and tongue; may all heads that plot treasons, all +tongues that speake them, all pens that write them, be so punisht. If +Sheba paid his head for his tongue's fault, what deserves Britannicus to +pay for his pen and trumpet? Is there never a wise woman in London? we +have Abishaes. + + * * * * * + +Francis Wortley, was the son of Sir Richard Wortley, of Wortley, in +Yorkshire, knight. At the age of seventeen he became a commoner of +Magdalen College, Oxford; in 1610 he was knighted, and on the 29th of June +in the following year, was created a baronet; being then, as Wood says, +esteemed an ingenious gentleman. During the civil wars he assisted the +royal cause, by raising a troop of horse in the king's service; but at +their conclusion he was taken prisoner, and confined in the tower of +London, where it seems he composed the volume just noticed. In the +_Catalogue of Compounders_ his name appears as "of Carleton, Yorkshire," +and from thence we learn that he paid 500_l._ for his remaining property. +In the _Athenae Oxonienses_ may be found a list of his works, but I have +been unable to trace the date of his decease. Mr. Granger says that "Anne, +his daughter, married the second son of the first Earl of Sandwich, who +took the name of Wortley," and adds that the late Countess of Bute was +descended from him. _Biographical History_, ii. 310. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DQ] The Elegies, according to Wood, are upon the loyalists who lost their +lives in the king's service, at the end of which are epitaphs. + + + + +xxiii. _The Times anatomiz'd, in severall Characters. By T. F_[ord, +seruant to Mr. Sam. Man[DR].] _Difficile est Satyram non scribere. Juv. +Sat. 1. London, Printed for W. L. Anno 1647._" + +[12mo. in the British Museum.] + +_The Contents of the severall Characters._ + + 1. A good king. + 2. Rebelion. + 3. An honest subject. + 4. An hypocritical convert of the times. + 5. A souldier of fortune. + 6. A discontented person. + 7. An ambitious man. + 8. The vulgar. + 9. Errour. + 10. Truth. + 11. A selfe-seeker. + 12. Pamphlets. + 13. An envious man. + 14. True valour. + 15. Time. + 16. A newter. + 17. A turn-coat. + 18. A moderate man. + 19. A corrupt committee-man. + 20. A sectary. + 21. Warre. + 22. Peace. + 23. A drunkard. + 24. A novice-preacher. + 25. A scandalous preacher. + 26. A grave divine. + 27. A selfe-conceited man. + 29. Religion. + 30. Death. + + +"PAMPHLETS + +Are the weekly almanacks, shewing what weather is in the state, which, +like the doves of Aleppo, carry news to every part of the kingdom. They +are the silent traytors that affront majesty, and abuse all authority, +under the colour of an _Imprimatur_. Ubiquitary flies that have of late so +blistered the eares of all men, that they cannot endure any solid truth. +The ecchoes, whereby what is done in part of the kingdome, is heard all +over. They are like the mushromes, sprung up in a night, and dead in a +day; and such is the greedinesse of men's natures (in these Athenian +dayes) of new, that they will rather feigne then want it." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DR] (MS. interlineation in a copy among the King's pamphlets.) + + + + +xxiv. _Character of a London Diurnal_, 4to. 1647. [This was written by +Cleveland, and has been printed in the various editions of his poems.] + + + + +xxv. _Character of an Agitator. Printed in the Yeare 1647. 4to. pp. 7._ + +This concludes with the following epitome--"Hee was begotten of Lilburne +(with Overton's helpe) in Newgate, nursed up by Cromwell, at first by the +army, tutored by Mr. Peters, counselled by Mr. Walwin and Musgarve, +patronised by Mr. Martin, (who sometimes sits in counsell with them, +though a member) and is like to dye no where but at Tyburne, and that +speedily, if hee repent not and reforme his erronious judgement, and his +seditious treasonable practises against king, parliament, and martiall +discipline itselfe. Finis." + + + + +xxvi. In Mr. Brand's Sale Catalogue, No. 1754, we have _The Surfeit to +A.B.C._ 8vo. Lond. 1656, which is there represented to consist of +_Characters_. + + + + +xxvii. _Characters of a Temporizer and an Antiquary._ [In "_Naps upon +Parnassus_," 8vo. 1658. See the Censura Literaria, vol. vi. p. 225; vol. +vii. p. 341.] + + + + +xxviii. _Satyrical Characters, and handsom Descriptions, in Letters_, 8vo. +1658. [Catalogue of Thomas Britton the Small Coal Man, 4to, p. 19. No. +102.] + + + + +xxix. _A Character of England, as it was lately presented in a Letter to a +Noble-man of France. With Reflections upon Gallus Castratus. The third +Edition. London. Printed for John Crooke, and are to be sold at the Ship +in St. Paul's Church-Yard, 1659._ + +(12mo. pp. 66, title and preface 20 more.) + +This very severe satire upon the English nation was replied to in the +following publication. + + + + +xxx. _A Character of France, to which is added Gallus Castratus, or an +Answer to a late slanderous Pamphlet, called the Character of England. Si +talia nefanda et facinora quis non Democritus? London, Printed for Nath. +Brooke, at the Angel in Cornhill, 1659._ + + + + +xxxi. _A perfect Description of the People and Country of Scotland. +London. Printed for J. S. 1659._ + +(12mo. pp. 21. besides the title.) + + + + +xxxii. _A brief Character of the Low Countries under the States, being +Three Weeks Observation of the Vices and Vertues of the Inhabitants. Non +seria semper. London, printed for H. S. and are to be sold by H. Lowndes, +at the White Lion in St. Paul's Church Yard, neer the little North Door, +1659._ + +(12mo. pp. 500. title, &c. 6 more.) + +Written by Owen Feltham, and appended to the several folio editions of his +_Resolves_. + + + + +xxxiii. _The Character of Italy: Or, The Italian Anatomiz'd by an English +Chirurgion. Difficile est Satyram non scribere. London: Printed for Nath. +Brooke, at the Angel in Cornhil. 1660._ + +[12mo. pp. 93, title and preface 12 more.] + + + + +xxxiv. _The Character of Spain: Or, An Epitome of Their Virtues and +Vices._ + + ---- _Adeo sunt multa, loquacem + Ut lassare queant Fabium._ + +_London: Printed for Nath. Brooke, at the Angel in Cornhil. 1660._ + +[12mo. pp. 93, title, &c. 12 more.] + + + + +xxxv. _Essayes and Characters, by L. G._ 8vo. 1661. + +[See Brand's _Sale Catalogue_, No. 1754.] + + + + +xxxvi. _The Assembly-man. Written in the Year 1647. London: Printed for +Richard Marriot, and are to be sold at his shop under St. Dunstan's +Church, in Fleet-street, 1662-3[DS]._ + +[4to. pp. 22.] + +Sir John Birkenhead was the author of this character, which was printed +again in 1681, and in 1704 with the following title, "_The Assembly-man. +Written in the Year 1647; but proves the true character of (Cerberus) the +observator_, MDCCIV." It was also reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_, +v. 93. For an account of the author, see the _Biographia Britannica_, +edit. Kippis, ii. 324. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DS] With a very curious and rare frontispiece. + + + + +xxxvii. _Fifty-five[DT] Enigmatical Characters, all very exactly drawn to +the Life, from several Persons, Humours, Dispositions. Pleasant and full +of Delight. By R. F. Esq.; London: Printed for William Crook, at the sign +of the Three Bibles on Fleet-bridge. 1665[DU]._" + +[8vo. pp. 135, title, index, &c. not numbered, 11 more.] + +Richard Flecknoe, the author of these characters, is more known from +having his name affixed to one of the severest satires ever written by +Dryden, than from any excellence of his own as a poet or dramatic writer. +Mr. Reed conceives him to have been a Jesuit, and Pope terms him an Irish +priest. Langbaine says, that "his acquaintance with the nobility was more +than with the muses, and he had a greater propensity to rhyming, than a +genius to poetry." As a proof of the former assertion the Duke of +Newcastle prefixed two copies of verses to his characters, in which he +calls Flecknoe "his worthy friend," and says: + + "Flecknoe, thy characters are so full of wit + And fancy, as each word is throng'd with it. + Each line's a volume, and who reads would swear + Whole libraries were in each character. + Nor arrows in a quiver stuck, nor yet + Lights in the starry skies are thicker set, + Nor quills upon the armed porcupine, + Than wit and fancy in this work of thine. + + W. Newcastle." + +To confirm the latter, requires only the perusal of his verses, which were +published in 1653, under the title of _Miscellania_. Besides these, he +wrote five[DV] dramatic pieces, the titles of which may be found in the +_Biographia Dramatica_; a collection of _Epigrams_, 8vo. 1670; _Ten Years +Travels in Europe.--A short Discourse of the English Stage_, affixed to +_Love's Dominion_, 8vo. 1654; _The Idea of his Highness Oliver, late Lord +Protector, &c._ 8vo. 1659. &c. &c.[DW] + + +"CHARACTER OF A VALIANT MAN."--(page 61.) + +"He is onely a man; your coward and rash being but tame and savage beasts. +His courage is still the same, and drink cannot make him more valiant, nor +danger lesse. His valour is enough to leaven whole armies, he is an army +himself worth an army of other men. His sword is not alwayes out like +children's daggers, but he is alwayes last in beginning quarrels, though +first in ending them. He holds honour (though delicate as chrystall) yet +not so slight and brittle to be broak and crackt with every touch; +therefore (though most wary of it,) is not querilous nor punctilious. He +is never troubled with passion, as knowing no degree beyond clear courage, +and is alwayes valiant, but never furious. He is the more gentle i' th' +chamber, more fierce he's in the field, holding boast (the coward's +valour,) and cruelty (the beast's,) unworthy a valiant man. He is only +coward in this, that he dares not do an unhandsome action. In fine, he can +onely be evercome by discourtesie, and has but one deffect--he cannot talk +much--to recompence which he dos the more." + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DT] I omit to particularize these characters, as many of the titles are +extremely long--"of a lady of excellent conversation. Of one that is the +foyle of good conversation." &c. &c. + +[DU] Mr. Reed possessed a copy, dated in 1658. See his _Catalogue_, No. +2098. + +[DV] Langbaine notices a prologue intended for a play, called _The +Physician against his Will_, which he thinks was never published. A MS. +note in my copy of the _Dramatic Poets_, says it was printed in 1712. + +[DW] The Bodleian library contains "_The Affections of a pious Soule, unto +our Saviour-Christ. Expressed in a mixed treatise of verse and prose. By +Richard Flecknoe._" 8vo. 1640. This I can scarcely consent to give to +_Mac_ Flecknoe, as in the address "To the Town Reader," the author informs +us that, "ashamed of the many idle hours he has spent, and to avoid the +expence of more, he has retired from the town"--and we are certain that +_Mac_ resided there long after. + + + + +xxxviii. _The Character of a Coffee-house, with the symptoms of a +Town-witt. With Allowance. April 11, 1673. London, Printed for Jonathan +Edwin, at the Three Roses in Ludgate-street, 1673._ + +[Folio, reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_, with an answer to it, vol. +vi. 429-433.] + + + + +xxxix. _Essays of Love and Marriage: Being Letters written by two +Gentlemen, one dissuading from Love, the other an Answer thereunto. With +some Characters, and other Passages of Wit._ + + ---- _Si quando gravabere curis, + Haec lege, pro moestae medicamine mentis habeto._ + +_London, Printed for H. Brome, at the Gun in St. Paul's Church-yard, +1673._ + +[12mo. pp. 103, title, &c. 4 more.] + + + + +xl. _The Character of a Fanatick. By a Person of Quality. London. 1675._ + +[4to. pp. 8. Reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_, vii. 596.] + + xli. _Character of a Towne Gallant } + of a Towne Miss } + of an honest drunken Curr } + of a pilfering Taylor } + of an Exchange Wench } + of a Sollicitor } 1675. + of a Scold } + of an ill Husband } + of a Dutchman } + of a Pawnbroker } + of a Tally Man_ } + +[4to. See _Sale Catalogue_ of George Steevens, Esq. 8vo. London, 1800, +page 66, No. 1110.] + + + + +xlii. _A Whip for a Jockey: or, a Character of an Horse-courser. 1677. +London, Printed for R. H. 1677._ + +[8vo. pp. 29.] + + + + +xliii. _Four for a Penny, or Poor Robin's Character of an unconscionable +Pawnbroker, and Ear-mark of an oppressing Tally-man; with a friendly +Description of a Bum-bailey, and his merciless setting cur, or follower. +With Allowance. London, Printed for L. C. 1678._ + +[4to. reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_, vol. iv. p. 141.] + + + + +xliv. _Character of an ugly Woman: or, a Hue and Cry after Beauty_, in +prose, written (by the Duke of Buckingham) in 1678. See Lord Orford's +_Royal and Noble Authors_, by Park, iii. 309. + + + + +xlv. _Character of a disbanded Courtier. Ingenium Galbae male habitat. +1681._ + +[Folio, pp. 2. Reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_, i. 356.] + + + + +xlvi. _Character of a certain ugly old P----. London, Printed in the Year +1684._ + +[In Oldham's _Works_, 8vo. London, 1684.] + + + + +xlvii. _Twelve ingenious Characters: or pleasant Descriptions of the +Properties of sundry Persons and Things, viz._ + +_An importunate dunn; a serjeant or bailiff; a paunbroker; a prison; a +tavern; a scold; a bad husband; a town-fop; a bawd; a fair and happy +milk-maid; the quack's directory; a young enamourist._ + +_Licensed, June the 2d, 1681. R. P. London, printed for S. Norris, and are +to be sold by most booksellers, 1686._ + +[12mo. pp. 48.] + + + + +xlviii. _Character of a Trimmer. By Sir William Coventry. 1689._ + +[4to. See _Bibliotheca Harleiana_, v. 4278.] + +This was written long before publication, as is proved by the following. + + + + +xlix. _Character of a Tory in 1659, in answer to that of a Trimmer (never +published) both written in King Charles's reign._ + +[Reprinted in the _Works of George Villiers, second Duke of Buckingham_. +4to. Lond. 1721.] + + + + +l. _Characters addressed to Ladies of Age._ 8vo. _Lond._ 1689. + +[Brand's _Sale Catalogue_, p. 66, No. 1747.] + + + + +li. _The Ceremony-monger, his Character, in six Chapters, &c. &c. By E. +Hickeringill, Rector of the Rectory of All-Saints, in Colchester. London, +Printed and are to be sold by George Larkin, at the Two Swans, without +Bishopsgate. 1689._ + +[4to. pp. 66.] + + + + +lii. _Character of a Jacobite. 1690._ + +[4to. See _Bibl. Harl._ v. No. 4279.] + + * * * * * + +The following are without date, but were probably printed before 1700[DX]. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DX] In Butler's _Remains_, published by Thyer, 2 vols. 8vo. 1759, are +several _Characters_ by the author of _Hudibras_, and consequently written +previously to this date, but as they do not appear to have been printed so +early, they cannot, with propriety, be included in this list. + + + + +liii. _Character of an Ill-court-favourite, translated from the French._ + +[4to. reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_, ii. 50.] + + + + +liv. _Character of an honest and worthy Parliament-Man._ + +[Folio, reprinted in the _Harleian Miscellany_, ii. 336.] + + + + +lv. _Characterism, or the Modern Age displayed._ + +[Brand's _Sale Catalogue_, No. 1757.] + + +_Character of the Presbyterian Pastors and People of Scotland._ + +[_Bibl. Harleiana_, v. No. 4280.] + + + + +vii. _Character of a compleat Physician or Naturalist[DY]._ + +[_Bibl. Harleiana_, v. No. 4304.] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DY] In the extracts made from the foregoing series of _Characters_, the +original orthography has been most scrupulously attended to, in order to +assist in shewing the progress and variation of the English language. + + + + +ADDITIONAL NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. + + + Page 2, line 18, for _ports_ read _sports_. + + 4, line 9, "_table-book._" The custom of writing in + table-books, or, as it was then expressed, "in tables," + is noticed, and instances given in Reed's _Shakspeare_, + vi, 13. xii, 170. xviii, 88. Dr. Farmer adduces a + passage very applicable to the text, from Hall's + character of the _hypocrite_. "He will ever sit where he + may be seene best, and in the midst of the sermon pulles + out his _tables_ in haste, as if he feared to loose that + note," &c. Decker, in his _Guls Hornebooke_, page 8, + speaking to his readers, says, "out with your _tables_," + &c. + + 6, note 6.--This is also mentioned in _Whimzies_, 8vo. + 1631, p. 57. "Hee must now betake himself to prayer and + devotion; _remember the founder, benefactors, head, and + members of that famous foundation_: all which he + performes with as much zeale as an actor after the end + of a play, when hee prayes for his majestie, the lords + of his most honourable privie councell, and all that + love the king." + + 13, note 10.--From a subsequent edition, obligingly + pointed out to me by the rev. Mr. arch-deacon Nares, I + find that this also is a translation: _Regimen Sanitatis + Salerni. This booke teachyng all people to gouerne the + in health, is translated out of the Latine tongue into + Englishe, by Thomas Paynell, whiche booke is amended, + augmented, and diligently imprinted. 1575._ Colophon. [P] + _Jmprynted at London, by Wyllyam How, for Abraham + Ueale._ The preface says, that it was compiled for the + use "of the moste noble and victorious kynge of England, + and of Fraunce, by all the doctours in Phisicke of the + Uniuersitie of Salerne." + + 17, line 17, "_door-posts_."--It was usual for public + officers to have painted or gilded posts at their doors, + on which proclamations, and other documents of that + description, were placed, in order to be read by the + populace. See various allusions to this custom, in + Reed's _Shakspeare_, v. 267. _Old Plays_, iii. 303. The + _reformation_ means that they were, in the language of + our modern churchwardens, "repaired and beautified," + during the reign of our alderman. + + 45, line 11, for _Gollobelgicus_ read _Gallobelgicus_. + + 47, line 15. "_post and pair_" was a game at cards, of + which I can give no description. The author of the + _Compleat Gamester_ notices it as "very much played in + the West of England." See Dodsley's _Old Plays_, 1780. + vii. 296. + + 48, line 12--"_guarded with more gold lace_." The word + _guarded_ is continually used by the writers of the + sixteenth century for _fringed_ or _adorned_. See Reed's + _Shakspeare_, vii. 272. _Old Plays_, iv. 36. + + 59, line 15, "_clout_." Shakspeare (Cymbeline, act iv. + scene 2.) uses the expression of _clouted brogues_, + which Mr. Steevens explains to be "shoes strengthened + with _clout_ or _hob-nails_." + + 63, line 9, "_dragon that pursued the woman._" Evidently + an allusion to _Revelations_, xii. 15. + + 91, note 8, line 15, for _Styla_ read _Hyla_ in both + instances. + + 92, note 10, line 5, for _Leiden_ read _Leyden_. + + 117, line 3, "Their humanity is a _leg to the + residencer_." A _leg_ here signifies a _bow_. Decker + says, "a jewe neuer weares his cap threedbare with + putting it off; neuer bends i' th' hammes with _casting + away a leg_, &c." _Guls Hornebooke._ p. 11. + + 182, note 1, for _spunge_ read _sponge_. + + 208, line 4, for _spera_ read _spero_. + + ib. line 30, for _conjesta_ read _congesta_. + + ib. line 31, for _susuperavit_ read _superavit_. + + 231, line 11, for _Jude_ read _Inde_: for _ferucat_ read + _ferueat_. + + 245, line 7, for _whosc_ read _whose_. + +Several errors and inaccuracies of less consequence than those here +pointed out, will probably be discovered. These were occasioned by the +editor's distance from the press, and he requests the gentle reader to +pardon and correct them. + +[Transcriber's note: +Despite a valiant effort to the contrary some additional transcription +errors may have slipped through during the preparation of this e-text. +We can't blame the distance between the editor and the press. +Please forward any corrections to Project Gutenberg errata.] + + +The _Inscription_, No. x. of the _Appendix_, should have been entirely +omitted. The following extract from Guillim's _Heraldry_, shews that +Bishop Earle could not have been connected with the Streglethorp family, +since, if he had, there would have been no occasion for a new grant of +armorial bearings. + + "He beareth _ermine_, on a chief indented sable, three + eastern crowns or, by the name of _Earles_. This coat + was granted by _Sir Edward Walker_, garter, the 1st of + August, 1660, to the Reverend Dr. _John Earles_, son of + _Thomas Earles_, gent, sometime Register of the + Archbishop's Court at York. He was Dean of + _Westminster_, and Clerk of the Closet to his Majesty + King _Charles_ the Second; and in the year 1663, made + Bishop of _Salisbury_." + + Guillim's _Heraldry_, folio. Lond. 1724. p. 282. + +It is almost unnecessary to add that I was not aware of this grant, when I +compiled the short account of Earle, at page 186, and spoke of my +inability to give any information relative to his parents. + + + + +INDEX. + + + Abishaes, 266. + + Abithaes, 266. + + Abraham-man, 221. + + Achitophel, 266. + + Acquaintance, Character of, 144. + + Aeneas, 147. + + Affected man, character of, 169. + + _Affections of a pious Soule_, by Richard Flecknoe, 273. + + Alderman, character of, 16. + + Aleppo, 268. + + Alexis of Piedmont, 12. + + Alfred, king, 4. + + Allmayne, 262. + + _All's well that ends well_, by Shakspeare, 262. + + Allot, Robert, li. + + Almanack in the bones, 37. + + Alresford, Hampshire, 211. + + Ames, Mr. lx, 220, 228. + + Amsterdam, 90. + + _Anatomy of Melancholly_, by Burton, 46, 73, 228. + + Angglear, 221. + + Antem-morte, 222. + + Antiquary, character of, 20. + + Aristophanes, 205. + + Aristotle, 9, 30. + + Arminian, 30. + + Arminius, 114. + + Ashmole's Museum, Oxford, 198, 264. + + Atkinson, Mr. 211. + + Atkyns, Sir Robert, 40. + + _Athenae Oxonienses_, by Wood, l, 212, 257, 267. + + Attorney, character of, 93. + + Austin, 113. + + Awdeley, John, 228. + + + Baal, priests of, 87. + + Babel, tower of, 21, 104. + + Bagster, Richard, 213. + + Baker, character of a, 111. + + Bales, Peter, 5. + + Bardolph, 105. + + Barnes, John, 74. + + Barnes, Juliana, 50. + + Barrington, Daines, 32. + + Barton, Elizabeth, 109. + + Barwick, Dr. 191. _Life of_, 191. + + Bawdy-basket, 222. + + Bayle, 91. + + Beaumont, Francis, 197, 203, 204, 205. + + _Beau's Duel_, by Mrs. Centlivre, 82. + + Bedford, Earl of, 12. + + Bellarmine, Cardinal, 6, 90. + + _Belman of London_, by Decker, 221. + Copy, with Burton's MS. notes, 228. + + Benar, 227. + + Bene, 225. + + Benjamin, 265. + + Benjamin's mess, 109. + + Bessus, 205. + + Bethlem, 249. + + _Bible_, printed at Geneva, 3. + + _Bibliographia Poetica_, by Ritson, 237. + + _Bibliotheca Harleiana_, 276, 277, 278. + + _Biographia Britannica_, 271. + + _Biographia Dramatica_, 272. + + Birkenhead, Sir John, 271. + + Bishopstone, 188, 190. + + Blackfriar's, play at, 259. + + Blomefield's _History of Norfolk_, 217. + + Blount, Edward, xlix, l, li, lx. + + Blount, Ralph, lx. + + Blunt man, character of, 119. + + Bobadil, 105. + + Bodleian Library, Oxford, 73, 198, 199, 228, 231, 262, 273. + + _Boke of hawkynge, huntynge, and fysshinge_, 50. + + Bold forward man, character of, 108. + + Bong, 227. + + Books, mode of placing them in old libraries, 66. + + Bord, 226. + + Borgia, 79. + + Bouge, 225. + + _Boulster, Lecture_, 263. + + Bourne, Nicholas, 255. + + Bouse, 225, 226. + + Bousing-ken, 227. + + Bowl-alley, character of, 76. + + Brachigraphy, 5. + + Brand, Mr. 230, 260, 269, 271, 277, 278. + + Bread used in England in the sixteenth century, 47. + + Breeches, 3. + + Breton, captain, 237. + + Breton, Nicholas, 14, 198, 236, 237. + _Life of_, 237 + + _Breton's Longing_, 237. + + Bridewell, 249. + + Britannicus, his pedigree, 265. + + _British Bibliographer_, by Brydges, 228, 260. + + British Museum, li, 267. + + _British Topography_, by Gough, an addition to, 253. + + Britton, Thomas, 269. + + Brownist, 87. + + Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton, 228, 237, 264. + + Bucephalus, 262. + + Bukingham, duke of, 199, 276, 277. + + Bullen, earl of, 163. + + Burford, Oxfordshire, 211. + + Burroughs, Sir John, 197. + _Lines on_, 199, 200. + + Burton, Robert, 46, 73, 228. + + Butler, Samuel, 277. + + Butter, Nathaniel, 255. + + Buttery, 127. + + Byng, 227. + + + C. F. 232. + + + Caeling cheat, 226. + + Caesar, 20. + + Caesars, the, 124. + + Calais sands, 81, 82. + + Cambridge, 161. + + Camden, 72. + + Canaries, a dance, 262. + + Canary, 36, 37. + + Cant phrases, 221, 222, 225, 226, 227. + + Capel, Mr. 229. + + Carrier, character of a, 40. + + Carte, 199. + + Casaubon, 114. + + Cassan, 226. + + Cassel, siege of, 28. + + _Catalogue of Compounders for their Estates_, 266. + + Cato, 62, 154. + + _Caveat for Commen Cursetors_, 219. + + _Censura Literaria_, 229, 236, 237, 256, 260, 269. + + Centlivre, Mrs. 82. + + Centoes, 72. + + _Century of Inventions_, by the Marquis of Worcester, 33. + + Cerberus, 271. + + Chalmers, Mr. 46. + + Cham, 136. + + Chandler, R. lii. + + _Character of an agitator_, 268. + + _Character of an antiquary_, 269. + + _Character of an assemblyman_, 271. + + _Character of an untrue bishop_, 263. + + _Character of a ceremony-monger_, 277. + + _Character of a coffee-house_, 274. + + _Character of a disbanded courtier_, 276. + + _Character of an ill-court-favourite_, 277. + + _Character of an honest drunken cur_, 275. + + _Character of a Dutchman_, 275. + + _Character of England_, 269. + + _Character of an exchange-wench_, 275. + + _Character of a fanatic_, 274. + + _Character of France_, 269. + + _Character of a town-gallant_, 275. + + _Character of a horse-courser_, 275. + + _Character of an ill husband_, 275. + + _Character of the hypocrite_, 279. + + _Character of a Jacobite_, 277. + + _Character of Italy_, 270. + + _Character of a London diurnal_, 268. + + _Character of the Low Countries_, 270. + + _Character of an Oxford incendiary_, 263. + + _Character of a certain ugly old P----_, 276. + + _Character of an honest and worthy parliament man_, 278. + + _Character of a pawn-broker_, 275. + + _Character of a complete physician, or naturalist_, 278. + + _Character of the Presbyterian pastors and people of Scotland_, 278. + + _Character of a projector_, 263. + + _Character of a scold_, 275. + + _Character of Scotland_, 270. + + _Character of a solicitor_, 275. + + _Character of Spain_, 270. + + _Character of a tally-man_, 275. + + _Character of a pilfering taylor_, 275. + + _Character of a temporizer_, 269. + + _Character of a tory_, 277. + + _Character of a town miss_, 275. + + _Character of a trimmer_, 276. + + _Character of an ugly woman_, 276. + + Characters: List of books containing characters, 219. + + Characters, by Butler, 277. + + _Characters and Elegies_, by Wortley, 265. + + _Characters upon Essaies_, 236. + + _Characters addressed to Ladies_, 277. + + _Characters of virtues and vices, by bishop Hall_, 248. + + _Characterism, or the modern age displayed_, 278. + + _Characters, twelve ingenious; or pleasant descriptions_, 276. + + Charles I. 190, 191, 193, 218, 277. + + Charles II. 190, 191, 193, 207, 282. + + Charles, Prince, 189. + + Chates, 227. + + Chaucer, 12, 99, 137, 206. + + Cheap, cross in, 163. + + Chess-play, verses on, by Breton, 240. + + Chete, 226. + + Child, character of, 1. + + Christ-church, Oxford, 187, 191. + + Christmas, 150. + + Chuck, 162. + + Church-papist, character of, 27. + + _Cinthia's Revenge_, by Stephens, 231. + + Citizen, character of a mere gull, 160. + + _City Match_, by Mayne, 85, 105. + + Clarendon, Lord, 189, 191. + His character of Earle, 194. + + _Clerke's Tale_, by Chaucer, 137. + + Cleveland, 268. + + Cliff, Lord, 37. + + Clitus-Alexandrinus, 251. + + Clout, 59, 281. + + Clye, 227. + + Cocke, J. 235. + + Cocke Lorell, 228. + + _Cocke Lorelles Bote_, 228. + + Cofe, 225, 227. + + Colchester, 277. + + College butler, character of, 45. + + Comments on books, 124. + + _Compleat gamester_, 280. + + Complimental man, character of, 147. + + Conceited man, character of, 29. + + _Conceited pedlar_, by Randolph, 161. + + Constable, character of, 53. + + Constantinople, 28. + + Contemplative man, character of, 82. + + Cook, character of a, 106. + + Cooper, Mrs. 237. + + Corranto-coiner, character of, 252. + + Couched, 225. + + Coventry, Sir William, 276. + + Councellor, character of a worthy, 238. + + Councellor, character of an unworthy, 238. + + Counterfet cranke, 222. + + Country knight, character of, 48. + + Courtier, character of, 230. + + Coward, character of, 173. + + Cowardliness, essay on, in verse, 232. + + Coxeter, 231. + + Cranke, 222. + + Cressey, Hugh, his character of Earle, 196. + + Cramprings, 227. + + Crimchan, 253. + + Critic, character of, 123. + + Cromwell, 268. + + Crooke, Andrew, lii. + + Cuffen, 226. + + Cupid, 230. + + _Cure for the itch_, by H. P. 246. + + Cut, 225, 227. + + + Dallison, Maximilian, 238. + + Dances, old, 262. + + Danet, Thomas, 232. + + Danvers, Lord, 211. + + Darius, 107. + + Darkemans, 225. + + David, 265, 266. + + Davies of Hereford, 229. + + Dear year, 175. + + Deboshments, 181. + + Decker, 33, 34, 98, 221, 279, 281. + + Dele, 222. + + Demaunder for glymmar, 222. + + Demetrius, Charles, 73. + + Denny, Lord Edward, 249. + + _Description of unthankfulnesse_, by Breton, 237. + + Detractor, character of a, 63. + + Deuseauyel, 227. + + Digby, Sir Kenelm, 15. + + Dinascoso, 224. + + Dining in Pauls, 105. + + Dinners given by the sheriff, 39. + + Dioclesian, 262. + + Discontented man, character of, 18. + + _Discourse of the English stage_, by Flecknoe, 273. + + Divine, character of a grave, 8. + + Dole, 111. + + Dommerar, 222. + + Door-posts, 17, 280. + + Douce, Mr. 257. + + Doves of Aleppo, 268. + + Doxe, 222. + + Dragon that pursued the woman, 63. + + _Dramatic Poets_, by Langbaine, xlix. + + Drugger, 14. + + Drunkard, character of, 136. + + Dryden, 272. + + Dudes, 227. + + Dunton, John, 131. + + Duppa, Dr. 189. + + Dutchmen, their love for rotten cheese, 20. + + + Earle, Bishop, xlviii, l, lii: + Life of, 186, &c. + Characters of, 194, 195, 196, 282: + list of his works, 197: + name of Earle, lvii. + + Earle, Sir Richard, 218. + + Earle, Thomas, 282. + + Earthquake in Germany, 73. + + _Ecclesiastical Polity_, by Hooker, 190, 193, 197, + translated into Latin, 190. + + Edward I. 163. + + Effeminate fool, character of, 239. + + [Greek: Eikon Basilike] 190, 193, 197, + dedication to the Latin translation, 207. + + Eleven of the clock, 39. + + Elizabeth, queen, 20, 39, 103, 163. + + Ellinor, queen, 163. + + Ellis, 237. + + Ellis, Henry, li. + + Empty wit, character of an, 134. + + Endor, witch of, 266. + + England, 96, 116. + + _England's selected characters_, 236. + + _English Gentleman_, by Brathwait, 260. + + _Epigrams_, by Flecknoe, 272. + + _Epigrams_, by H. P. 246. + + Esau, 22. + + _Essayes and Characters_, by L. G. 271. + + _Essays and characters of a prison_, by Mynshul, 138, 243. + + _Essays of Love and Marriage_, 274. + + Essex, Lord, 262, + "lord of Essex' measures," a dance, 262. + + _Every Man in his Humour_, by Ben Jonson, 105, 142. + + Euphormio, 67. + + _Excellent vercis worthey Imitation_, supposed by Breton, 238. + + Eyes upon noses, 37. + + Elyot, Sir Thomas, 49. + + + F. R. 271. + + F. T. 267. + + Fabricius, 46. + + Falcons, 49. + + Falstaff, 19, 105. + + Farley, William, 40. + + Farmer, Dr. 229. + + Feltham, Owen, 270. + + Fiddler, character of a poor, 149. + + _Fifty-five enigmatical characters_, by R. F. 271. + + _Figures_, by Breton, 198, 238. + + _Figure of foure_, by Breton, 198. + + Fines, Catherine, 252. + + Fines, Mary, 252. + + Fines, Sir William, 252. + + Finical, 160. + + Fires, 28. + + _Fishing_, treatise on, 50. + + Flagge, 225. + + Flatterer, character of a, 155. + + Flecknoe, Richard, 271, 272, 273. + + Fleming, 176. + + Fletcher, John, 203. + + Flitchman, 221. + + Florio, 224. + + Ford, T. 267. + + Formal man, character of, 25. + + Four of the clock, 107. + + _Four for a penny; or poor Robin's characters_, 275. + + _Four prentises of London_, by Heywood, 98, 163. + + France, 269. + + Frater, 221. + + _Fraternitye of Vacabondes_, 221, 228. + + Fresh-water Mariner, 221. + + Freze, white, 223. + + Frieze jerkins, 221. + + Frost, great, 175, 176. + + _Funeral Monuments_, by Weever, 103. + + + G. L. 271. + + Gage, 225. + + Galen, 12, 30. + + Gallant, character of an idle, 51. + + Gallobelgicus, 255. + + _Gallus Castratus_, 269. + + Gallye slops, 221. + + Gavel-kind, 24. + + Gee and ree, 58. + + Geneva bible, 3. + + Geneva print, 84. + + Gennet, 261. + + Germany, 24, 73. + + Gerry, 227. + + Gigges, 239. + + Gilding of the cross, 163. + + Gildon's _Lives of the English Dramatic poets_, 231. + + Giles's, St. Church, Oxford, 4. + + Girding, 19. + + _Glossographia Anglicana Nova_, 141. + + Gloucester cathedral, 40. + + _Gloucestershire, History of_, by Atkyns, 41. + + Goddard, author of the _Mastif-whelp_, 15. + + God's judgments, 73. + + Gold hat-bands, 67. + + Gold tassels, worn by noblemen at the University, 67. + + _Good and the bad_, by Breton, 14, 236. + + _Governour_, by Sir Thomas Elyot, 49. + + Gough, Mr. 237, 253. + + Gown of an alderman, 18. + + Granger, Mr. 267. + + Great man, character of a meer, 177. + + Greek's collections, 72. + + Grunting chete, 226. + + Gryffith, William, 219. + + Guarded with gold lace, 280. + + Guillim, John, 282. + + Gull in plush, 163. + + _Gul's Hornebooke_, by Decker, 33, 34, 98, 279, 281. + + Gygger, 226. + + + Hall, Bishop, 248, 279. + + _Harleian Miscellany_, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277. + + Harman, Thomas, 219. + + Harmanes, 226. + + Harrison, William, 24, 39, 47. + + Hart-hall, Oxford, 211. + + Haslewood, Mr. 260. + + Hawking, 49, 142. + + Hawkins, Sir John, 111, 262. + + Hay, James Lord, 249. + + Hederby, 163. + + Hemingford, Huntingdonshire, 211. + + _Henry the Fourth_, by Shakspeare, 105. + + Henry VI. 15. + + Henry VII. 4. + + Henry VIII. 33. + + Herald, character of an, 115. + + _Heraldry_, Treatise on, by Guillim, 282. + + Herbert, Mr. 220, 228. + + Heylin, Peter, account of, 211 + --inscription on his monument, 211. + + Heyne, 148. + + Heywood, 98, 163. + + Hickeringill, E. 277. + + High-spirited man, character of, 158. + + Hill, Mr. lii. + + Hippocrates, 12. + + _History of England_, by Carte, 199. + + _Histrio-mastix_, by Prynne, 62. + + Hobby, 261. + + Hogeshed, 225. + + Hogg, 263. + + Hogged poney, 261. + + Hoker, 221. + + Holinshed, Raphael, 5, 15, 24, 39, 47, 109, 175, 176. + + Holt, in Germany, 73. + + Honest man, character of an ordinary, 181. + + Hooker, Richard, 190, 193, 196, 197. + + Hool, Samuel, 131. + + _Horae Subsecivae_, xlix. + + Horse-race terms, 142. + + _Hortus Mertonensis_, a poem by Earle, 197. + + _Hospitall of Incurable Fooles_, lx. + + Hostess, character of a handsome, 122. + + Houghton, Sir Gilbert, 236. + + Houghton in the Spring, 211. + + Howell, James, 37. + + _Hudibras_, 277. + + Huggeringe, 224. + + Hugger-mugger, 224. + + Hungarian, 125. + + Hunting, 142. + + _Husband_, a poem, 229. + + Hygh-pad, 226. + + Hypocrite, character of a she precise, 84. + + + Jacob, 22. + + Jail-bird, 100. + + James I. 20, 62, 92, 103. + + James II. 191. + + Jarke, 227. + + Jarke-man, 222. + + _Idea of his highness Oliver_, by Flecknoe, 273. + + Jealous man, character of, 183. + + Jennet, 261. + + Jerusalem, 164. + + Jesses, 50. + + Jesuits, 99, 114. + + Ignoramus, 235. + + _Illustrious wife_, by Giles Oldisworth, 229. + + Imputation, 143, 161. + + Inquisition, 31. + + Insolent man, character of, 142. + + John Dory, 150. + + John's, St. College, Oxford, 211. + + Johnson, Richard, 252. + + Jonathan, 265. + + Jonson, Ben, 105: + Lines by, 232. + + Jordans, 36. + + Isbosheth, 266. + + Islip, Oxfordshire, 212. + + Juliana Barnes, or Berners, 50. + + Jump, 156. + + + Keckerman, Bartholomew, 46. + + Keep, 118. + + Ken or Kene, 225, 226, 227. + + Kennett, White, 195: + his character of Earle, 195. + + Kent, 24, 25. + + Kent, maid of, 109. + + King's bench prison, 244. + + Kippis, Dr. 271. + + Knight, character of a country, 48. + + Kynchin-co, 222. + + Kynchin-morte, 222. + + + Lage, 225. + + Lagge, 227. + + Lambarde, 25. + + Lambeth-palace, 111. + + Langbaine, xlix, 231, 272. + + _Laquei ridiculosi_, by H. P. 246. + + Lascivious man, character of, 165. + + Laud, Bishop, 211. + + Laurence, St. 107. + + Leg to the residencer, 117, 281. + + Legs in hands, 37. + + Legerdemain, 182. + + Legh, Anne, 237. + + Legh, Sir Edward, 237. + + Leicester, Earl of, 237. + + Leigh, see Legh. + + Le Neve, 217. + + Lent, 61. + + _Letters_, by Howell, 37. + + _Life and Errors of John Dunton_, by himself, 131. + + _Life of Ruddiman_, by Chalmers, 45. + + Lilburne, 268. + + Lilly, xlix. + + Lipken, 225. + + Lipped, 225. + + Lipsius, 30. + + London, 41, 175. + + London-bridge, 176. + + _London and country carbonadoed_, by Lupton, 260. + + _London Spy_, by Ward, 162. + + Long-lane, 255. + + Long pavian, a dance, 262. + + _Love's Dominion_, by Flecknoe, 273. + + Low Countries, 23, 237, 270: + _Brief Character of_, by _Felltham_, 23. + + Lowre, 225, 227. + + Lucian, 138. + + Ludgate, 249. + + Lupton, Donald, 260. + + Lybbege, 225. + + Lycosthenes, 102. + + Lyghtmans, 225. + + + M. G. 243. + + M. R. 249. + + _Macbeth_, by Shakspeare, 162. + + Mac-Flecknoe, 273. + + Machiavel, 31. + + Magdalen College, Oxford, 211, 266. + + _Maid, a Poem of_, by Salstonstall, 256. + + _Maid's Tragedy_, by Beaumont and Fletcher, 205. + + Mainwaring, Matthew, 244: + family of, ib. + + Make, 225. + + Malaga wine, 37. + + Malone, Mr. 86. + + Man, Samuel, 267. + + Manchet, 47. + + Mars, 263. + + Martial, 135. + + Martin, 268. + + Mary's, St. Church, Oxford, 4, 109. + + _Mastif Whelp_, 15. + + _Mastive or young whelpe of the old dogge_, 246. + + Maund, 226. + + Maurice of Nassau, 28. + + Mayne, 85, 105. + + Meddling-man, character of, 151. + + Medicis, Francis de, 91. + + Melpomene, 72. + + _Memoirs of the Peers of England_, by Brydges, 264. + + Menander, 204. + + Menippus, 138. + + Mephibosheth, 265. + + Meres, 237. + + _Merry Devil of Edmonton_, a Comedy, 84. + + Merton-College, Oxford, 187, 192, 194, 197. + + _Microcosmography_, 197. + Editions of, li. + + _Micrologia_, by R. M. 249. + + Minshall-hall, 244. + + Minshew, 32, 94, 181. + + _Miraculous Newes from the Cittie of Holt_, 73. + + _Miscellania_, by Flecknoe, 272. + + Modest man, character of, 131. + + Monson, Sir Thomas, 49. + + Monster out of Germany, 73. + + _Monthly Mirror_, 236. + + Monument of Earle, 193. + + _Monumenta Anglicana_, by Le Neve, 217. + + Moorfields, 252. + + Mooted, 94. + + _More the Merrier_, 246. + + Morley, Dr. 191. + + Mort, 225. + + _Mother's Blessing_, by Breton, 237. + + _Mouse-trap_, by H. P. 246. + + Munster, 73. + + Murdered bodies supposed to bleed at the approach of the murderer, 15. + + Musgarve, 268. + + _Musick, history of_, by Sir John Hawkins, 262. + + Myll, 226, 227. + + Mynshul, 84, 138. + + Mynshul, Geffray, 243, 244. + + + Nabeker, 225. + + Nabes, 226. + + Namptwich, Cheshire, 244. + + _Naps upon Parnassus_, 269. + + Nares, Mr. 279. + + Nase, 226. + + Navy of England, 72. + + Nero, 233. + + Netherlands, 253. + + _New Anatomie, or character of a Christian or round-head_, 264. + + Newcastle, Duke of, 272: + lines by, ib. + + _New Custome_, 221. + + _Newes of this present week_, 255. + + Newgate, 249, 268. + + Newman, Sir Thomas, 109. + + Nine Muses, a dance, 262. + + _Nine Worthies_, 164. + + Nireus, 138. + + Noah's flood, 60. + + Nonconformist, 84. + + _Norfolk, History of_, by Blomefield, 217. + + North, Lord, 264. + + Northern nations, 15. + + Norton, Northamptonshire, 237. + + Nose, 225. + + Nyp, 227. + + + Oldham, Mr. 276. + + Oldisworth Giles, 229. + + Old man, character of a good, 153. + + One and thirty, 56. + + Orford, Lord, 264, 276. + + Osborne, Francis, 103. + + Overbury, Sir Thomas, 229, 230, 235, 264. + + Overton, 268. + + Oxford, 4, 96, 187, 201, 211, 238, 266. + + + P. H. 246. + + Pad, 226. + + Painted cloth, 74. + + Pallyarde, 221. + + Pamphlets, character of, 268. + + Paracelsus, 30. + + Park, Mr. lii. 237, 256, 276. + + Park, Mr. John James, 257. + + Parrot, Henry, 246. + + Parson, character of a poor, from Chaucer, 10. + + Partial man, character of, 95. + + _Passion of a discontented minde_, supposed by Breton, 238. + + _Passions of the Spirit_, supposed by Breton, 238. + + Patrico, 222. + + Pavian, 262. + + Paul V. pope, 91. + + Paul's, St. Church, 103, 231, 252, 255, 259. + + Paul's-cross, 109; + penance at, 109. + + Paul's man, 105. + + Paul's walk, character of, 103. + + Paul's walk, xlviii: + time of walking there, 103. + + Paynell, Thomas, 13, 280. + + Pecke, 226. + + Pegasus, 261. + + Pembroke, Henry, earl of, 201. + + Pembroke, Philip, earl of, 187, 188. + + Pembroke, William, earl of, 197: + lines on, 201. + + Percy, bishop, 237. + + Peters, 268. + + Peter's, St. Church, Oxford, 4. + + Pharoah, 22. + + _Philaster_, by Beaumont and Fletcher, 205. + + Philip II. of Spain, 32. + + _Phoenix Nest_, by R. S. 240. + + _Physician against his will_, by Flecknoe, 272. + + Physician, character of a dull, 11. + + Pick-thank, 168. + + _Picturae Loquentes_, by Saltonstall, 256. + + Pierce, character of Earle, 196. + + _Pierce Penilesse_, 156. + + Pineda, 140. + + Plausible man, character of, 74. + + Plautus, 124, 205. + + Player, characters of, 60, 249. + + _Pleasant walkes of Moorefields_, 253. + + Plodding student, character of, 101. + + Plutarch, 35. + + Pluto, 138. + + Points, 38. + + Poland, 253. + + Ponsonby, William, lx. + + Poor man, character of, 179. + + Poor Tom, 221. + + Pope, A. 272. + + Popplar of Yarum, 226. + + _Poste_, by Breton, 237. + + Post and pair, 280. + + Pot-poet, character of, 71. + + _Practice of Piety_, 87. + + Pratt, Mr. 249. + + Prauncer, 225. + + Prayer for the college, 279. + + Prayer at the end of a play, 279. + + Prayer used before the university, 6. + + Preacher, character of a young raw, 4. + + Pretender to learning, character of, 112. + + Prigger, see Prygger. + + Primero, 32, 33. + + Primivist, 32. + + Print, set in, 239. + + Prison, character of a, 138. + + Prisoner, character of a, 245. + + Privy councellor, character of a worthy, 238. + + Profane man, character of, 171. + + _Progresses of Queen Elizabeth_, 237. + + Prologue, 97. + + _Prolusions_, by Capel, 229. + + Prygger of prauncers, character of a, 222. + + Prynne, 62. + + Puritan, 120, 150. + + _Puritan, picture of a_, 229. + + Puttenham, 237. + + + Quanto Dyspayne, a dance, 262. + + Quarromes, 225. + + Querpo, 140. + + Quintilian, 30. + + Quyer, or quyaer, 225, 227. + + + Radcliffe, Sir Alexander, 251. + + Raie, 242. + + Ramus, 30. + + Randolph, Dr. 161. + + Rash man, character of, 167. + + Rat, black-coat, terms of contempt towards the clergy, 172. + + Rawlinson, Dr. 262. + + Re, isle of, 199: + expedition to, ib. + + _Rebellion, History of_, by Clarendon, 189. + + Reed, Isaac, 45, 272, 279, 280. + + _Reformado precisely charactered_, 264. + + _Regiment of Health_, 13. + + _Regimen Sanitatis Salerni_, 279. + + _Remains_, Butler's, 277. + + _Remains_, Camden's, 72. + + Reserved man, character of, 31. + + _Resolves_, by Feltham, 270. + + Retchlessly, 137. + + Richard III. 79. + + Rich man, character of a sordid, 174. + + Ritson, Mr. 237. + + Robert of Normandy, 164. + + Roge, 221. + + Roger, 225. + + Rogers, G. 232. + + Rogue, see Roge. + + Rome, 10, 27, 90. + + Rome-bouse, 226. + + Round breeches, 129. + + _Royal and noble Authors_, by Lord Orford, 264. + + _Ruddiman, Life of_, by Chalmers, 45. + + Ruff of Geneva, print, 84. + + Ruffs, 239. + + Ruffian, 227. + + Ruffler, 221. + + Ruffmanes, 226. + + Ruffe-pecke, 226. + + Russell, Earl of Bedford, 12. + + Rutland, Lady, 203. + + + S. R. 240. + + Sack, 36, 37, 38, 122. + + Salerne, 280. + + Salisbury, 282. + + Salomon, 225. + + Saltonstall, Wye, 256. + + Sandwich, Earl of, 267. + + _Satyrical characters_, 269. + + _Satyrical Essayes_, by Stephens, 231, 235. + + Saul, 265. + + Saxons, 24. + + Say, E. xlvii. + + Saye, 225. + + Scaliger, 114. + + Sceptick in religion, character of, 88. + + Scholar, character of a, 54. + + Scold, character of a, 247. + + Scotus, 87. + + Sejanus, 96. + + _Select second husband for Sir Thomas Overburie's wife_, + by Davies of Hereford, 229. + + Seneca, 113. + + Sergeant, or catchpole, character of, 124. + + Serving-man, character of, 140. + + Sforza, 79. + + Shakspeare, lx, 2, 15, 33, 74, 103, 111, 162, 224, 262, 279, 280, 281. + + Shark, character of a, 37. + + Shark to, 182. + + Sharking, 180. + + Sheba, 266. + + Sheriff's hospitality, and table, 39. + + Sherry wine, 36, 37. + + Shimei, 266. + + Ship, 226. + + Shop-keeper, character of, 118. + + Short-hand, 5. + + Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Countess of, 220. + + Shrove Tuesday, 61. + + Sidney, Sir Philip, 201, 204. + + Silk strings to books, 66. + + Singing-men in cathedral churches, character of, 116. + + Skower, 227. + + Skypper, 225. + + Socinus, Faustus, 91. + + _Solemne Passion of the Soule's Love_, by Breton, 237. + + _Soliman and Perseda_, 156. + + Sordid rich man, character of, 174. + + Spaniards, 99. + + _Specimens of early English Poets_, by Ellis, 237. + + Spelman, Sir Henry, 24. + + Spinola, 99. + + _Sports and Pastimes_, by Strutt, 32, 49, 56. + + _Springes for Woodcocks_, by H. P. 246. + + Squeazy, 121. + + Stanley, Richard, 40. + + Stayed-man, character of a, 128. + + Steevens, George, 15, 111, 181, 246, 275, 281. + + Stephen, Master, 142. + + Stephens, John, 231, 235. + + Stews, 80. + + Stowe, 227. + + Stow's _Survey of London_, 163. + + _Strange Metamorphosis of Man_, 260. + + Streglethorp Church, 217: + family, 282. + + Strike, 226. + + Strummell, 225. + + Strutt, Mr. 32, 49, 56. + + Strype, Mr. 163. + + Sturbridge-fair, 161. + + Suetonius, 13. + + _Sufferings of the Clergy_, by Walker, 190. + + _Surfeit to A. B. C._ 269. + + Surgeon, character of a, 80. + + Suspicious or jealous man, character of, 183. + + Swadder, 222. + + Swedes, 15. + + _Sweedish Intelligencer_, 255. + + Switzer, 253. + + + Table-book, 279. + + Tables, 56. + + Tacitus, 113. + + Talbot, Sir John, 200. + + Tamworth, Staffordshire, 237. + + Tanner, Bishop, 238. + + Tantalus, 245. + + Tavern, character of a, 34. + + Telephus, 35. + + _Tempest_, by Shakspeare, 181. + + Tennis, 66. + + _Ten Years' Travel_, by Flecknoe, 272. + + Term, character of the, 259. + + Thersites, 138. + + Thyer, Mr. 277. + + Tiberius, 96. + + _Times anatomized_, 267. + + Tinckar, or tinker, 222. + + Tiring-house, 61. + + Titus, 13. + + Tobacco, 35. + + Tobacco-seller, character of, 70: + called a smoak-seller, ib. + + Togman, 225. + + Tower, 226. + + Town-precisian, 7. + + _Traditional Memoires_, by Osborne, 103. + + Trumpeter, character of a, 97. + + Tryne, 225. + + Tryning, 227. + + Tuft-hunter, 67. + + Tully (see Cicero), 21, 30. + + Turk, 125. + + Turner, Thomas, 232. + + Tyburn, 23, 73, 268. + + Tyntermell, a dance, 262. + + + Valiant man, character of, 273. + + Varro, 124. + + Vault at Gloucester, 40. + + Velvet of a gown, 66. + + Venner, 36. + + Vespatian, 13. + + Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 277. + + Virgil, 147. + + Virginals, 86. + + University College, Oxford, 192. + + University dun, character of a, 126. + + University, character of a young gentleman of the, 65. + + University statutes, 12. + + Vorstius, Conrade, 91. + + Upright man, 221, 225. + + Urinal, 11. + + Urine, custom of examining it by physicians, 14: + tax on, 13. + + Vulcan, 263. + + Vulgar-spirited man, character of, 98. + + Vyle, 227. + + + Wales, 116. + + Walker, Dr. 190. + + Walker, Sir Edward, 282. + + Walton, Isaac, l: + his character of Earle, 196. + + Walwin, 268. + + Wapping, 255. + + Ward, C. lii. + + Ward, Edward, 162. + + Warde, William, 12. + + Warnborough, South, 211. + + Warton, Thomas, 220, 246. + + Washbourne, R. his _Divine Poems_, 1. + + Waste, 226. + + Watch, 225, 226. + + Weak man, character of, 68. + + Weever, 103. + + Westminster, 138, 163, 177, 211, 259, 282. + + Westminster, the fellow of, 177. + + _Whimzies; or a new cast of Characters_, 251, 279. + + _Whip for a jockey_, 275. + + _Whipjacke_, 221. + + Whitson ale, 150. + + Whydds, 227. + + _Widow_, a comedy, 39. + + Wife, character of a good, 248. + + _Wife, now the Widdow, of Sir Thomas Overbury_, 229, 235, + editions of, 229. + + William I. 163. + + Wood, Anthony a, l, 187, 188, 191, 197, 212, 229, 266. + + Worcester, Marquis of, 33. + + _World displayed_, lii. + + World's wise man, character of, 78. + + Wortley, Anne, 267. + + Wortley, Sir Francis, 265, 266. + + Wortley, Sir Richard, 266. + + _Writing school-master_, by Bales, 5. + + Wyn, 225. + + + Yarum, 226. + + York, 41, 186, 282. + + York, James, Duke of, afterwards James II. 191, 265. + + Young gentleman of the university, character of, 65. + + Young man, character of, 42. + + Younger brother, character of, 22. + + + Ziba, 265. + + +THE END. + + +ERRATUM. + +Page li. line 10, for _first_, read _fift_. + + + + +SUPPLEMENTARY APPENDIX. + +VARIOUS READINGS AND VERSIONS FROM THE DURHAM MS. + + +A CHILDE. + +1. "His soul is yet a white _page_" (paper). + + +AN ORDINARY PHYSITIAN. + +4. After the words "take Physicke." "He drives away ye time if he cannot +ye maladie, and is furnished with an hundred merrie tales for the purpose. +He is no faithful friend for he leaves a man gasping, and his pretence is, +death and he are enemies." + + +A SELFE-CONCEITED MAN. + +10 (_11 in Bliss_). "A parasite is a stale to him," for "_a flatterer is a +dunce to him_." + + +A RESERVED MAN. + +26 (_12 in Bliss_). "Never speaks above the audit of a whisper," for +"_whispers you in the ear acts_." + + +A DOUNE-RIGHT SCHOLLER. + +20 (21 in _Bliss_). After "language of a falconer." "He is frigging up and +doune, and composeth not his body to a settled posture. Gallants mock him +for ushering Gentlewomen and indeed he hath not squired it in their +Allies." + + +A POTT POET. + +22 (_28 in Bliss_). After "patches," "yet their footemanshippe is not +altogether shuffling." After "His other poems are but briefs." "At more +leisur'd times he makes disticks on noblemen which are put under their +twopenny pictures that hang in the bookbinders' shops." + + +A FORWARD, BOLD MAN. + +30 (_43 in Bliss_). _For_ "like a desperate soldier," read "like our +north-west merchants, will venture where he cannot goe." Also "Saint +_Laurence_" _for_ "St. Maries." + + +A PLAINE COUNTRIE FELLOWE. + +23 (_22 in Bliss_). After "sallets." "He will talk with his oxen very +soberly and expostulates with his hindes, and then in the same language he +guides the plow, and the plough guides his thoughts, and his bounde or +landmarke is the very limitts of his cogitation." + + +A SERGEANT, (SERIEANT). + +32 (_52 in Bliss_). After "Attempted and atchieved," "clubbes out of +charity knocke him doune; next an hereticke he is the worst man to follow +for he leads by the arme to destruction; his most dangerous place is +Chancery Lane's end where he hansells now and then." + + +A PARTIALL MAN. + +33 (_37 in Bliss_). After "colledge." "The Puritane is most guilty of this +humour, for he takes the opinion of one Dutch commentatour before a legion +of fathers; and, which is worse, his own before them both." + + +A TRUMPETTER. + +34 (_38 in Bliss_). "In short he is a bubble _and his life a blast_." + + +A PAULES WALKE. + +43 (_41 in Bliss_). "Properest," for "_perfectest_ motion." After +"a-foot." "It hath its tempests like the sea, and as violent, and men are +ship-wrack't upon pillars like great rocks." And _at the end_ after "could +not"--"ffinally it is used for a church of these two only, sharkes and cut +purses, the one comes thither to fast, the other to prey." + + +A DUN. + +42 (_53 in Bliss_). After "shift in the world," comes "He is like a +frivlous suitor, _haunting_, _haunting_ (sic) those ..." (in place of the +sentence in Bliss beginning "some chuse," which is transposed in MS. with +very slight changes so as to follow the sentence ending with "find them +within.") + + +A PLAUSIBLE MAN. + +45 (_29 in Bliss_). "He supples all and discommends none, except where his +commendations might crosse the company, and then he holds his +peace,"--after the words "what is civil." + + +A BAKER. + +_16 in MS._ (_44 in Bliss_). "His condition is the same with all other +men, for he lives by bread which from a rude and undigested heape he putts +into lumpe and forme. His kneading tub and his pavin are the two misteries +of his occupation and he is a filcher by his trade, but the miller is +before him. Thrive he cannot much in the world, for his cake is oft dow +bak't and will never be a man of valour he is still so meall-mouth'd, he +is observed for a great lyer for he is seldome true in his tale, though +the score be many times on his pate for better reckoning, one vertue he +hath that he is charitable, for his bread is often given to the poore. A +clarke of the market he abhorres, and a pair of weight scales over-throwes +him, yet he finds mercy in his offences, and his basket only is sent to +prison. Many a pillery is his deadly enemie, and they never meete but they +goe together by the eares." + +_The additional matter in the "Bright MS." is found here also._ + + +AN HERAULD.[DZ] + +(_Almost identical with the version in the "Bright MS."_) + +_40 in MS._ (_46 in Bliss_). "He gives armes himselfe though he be no +Gentleman, and therefore hath good reason to dispence with other; his +trade and profession is honour, and doth that which few noble can doe, +thrive by the Title. You would think he had the Indian mines, for he tells +of the fesse[EA] of gold and silver, but believe him not for they are but +devises to get money: he seemes only to deale with Gentry, but his +chiefest purchases are on them that are none, whose bounty he conceales +yet blazons: his bribes are like those of a corrupt judge, for they are +the prizes[EB] of blood. His traffiques are like children's gew-gawes, +pendants, and scutchions and little daggars, and his penniworths are +extraordinary deare ffor he holdes three Boares heads higher than three +Brawnes in the market. He was sometime the coate of Mars, but is now for +more mercifull battailes in the tilt yard where whosoever is victorious +the spoyles are his. His is an art in England but nature in Wales, where +they are borne with Herauldry in their mouthes, and each name is a +pedigree." + + +A YOUNG RAW PREACHER. + +2. "_Till ye clocke stop him._" "Little instructions shall you have though +great store of doctrines and many uses to small purpose; he putts much +zeale into his booke, and belabours his tongue exceedingly. The only thing +he makes himselfe in his sermons is faces, his action is all passions, and +his speach interiections. He hath an excellent faculty in crying 'ah!' and +spits with a very good grace." "_He will not, etc._" "He cites Pastills +for authors, Perkins for fathers, and some catechisme is his schoole +divinity." + + +A GRAVE DIVINE. + +3. "Arts his way." "He thinks he ought to become learned to learne so high +a mystery, w^{ch} like ye dye of scarlet is not set well upon a raw +cloath, but requires a former tincture."[EC] "_He accounts, etc._" For +"ballast" read "_last blast_" (in the first sentence). + + +AN ANTIQUARY. + +_9 in MS._ (_7 in Bliss_). "His life was in this age, his conversation +long before, and his acquaintance of some thousand yeares before he was +borne. He is a great enemy to the man of time, and fetches many a morsell +againe out of his stomacke, when it is now all rotten and stinking. Old +women should like him very well for he is much enamoured of wrinckles, and +loves all things, as Dutchmen doe cheese, ye better for being mouldy and +worm-eaten." "_He is of our Religion, etc._" + + +A PLAYER. + +_19 in MS._ (_23 in Bliss_). "_Upon him._" "He hath reason to be +experienced in the world, for he hath passed through more shapes then +Pythagoras his soule, and knows all conditions from y^e King to the +Cobler, he is qualified and hath many good parts, but he is condemned for +one boasting humour, that he will speake them himselfe." "_He hath one, +etc._" "_Never con'd._" "A true man he can hardly be, for he pleaseth the +better he counterfeits, except only when he is disguised with straw for +gold lace. His comings in are tollerable, yet in small money, and like +Halifax great viccaridge most of it in two pences." "_The waisting woman, +etc._" "_Gentlemen_," "and may become the bench in time as well they. He +neadeth not feare death, for killing is but his sport, and his chiefe +practice hath beene to dye bravely." + + +A YOUNG GENTLEMAN IN THE UNIVERSITY. + +_18 in MS._ (_25 in Bliss_). "_Spend next day._" "If you speake to him as +a Schooler, he telleth you you mistake him he is a gentleman and loath to +marre his stile with that title. Sometime upon intreaty he vouchsafeth to +be a Batchelour, and thinks he hath done the degree great grace in taking +it." "_His companion, etc._" Above this, and after the word "misplacing." +"He comes often to his bookes but seldome to his study, unless he be taken +with Stepheus or Paris printe, which endeares the booke unto him. Yet +sometimes he will...." + + + { VICCARS (MS.) + { SINGING MEN. + +_6 in MS._ (_47 in Bliss_). "_To sing catches._" "In their election of a +brother they are respectfull of his gifts, that is, of his bottles of +sacke, and he that is most liberall to them heere makes them sure. If they +get a church their faces are the richer, and they are men of more +reckoning at the bush or read lattice." "Long lived, etc." + + +A SHOP-KEEPER. + +_39 in MS._ (_48 in Bliss_). "He examines the necessity of passengers, and +beggs in the phrase of the giver 'with what do you lacke?'" "... _abuse +his brother_. His prizes are like new playes, very dear at first view, but +after you goe over them they still fall lower, and he is one who of all +men you shoulde not take of his worde." "_He is your slave, etc._" + + +A BOWL ALLEY. + +_38 in MS._ (_30 in Bliss_). "Say nothing." "It is their as it is at +skirmishes the first man doth much, and no victory without a good +leader." "_It is, etc._" After the first sentence comes in MS. "fortune is +never pox't louder nor the Deuill oftener sent about errands; he is the +companion that goes with every bowle, and with him the bowlers." + + +A SHE PRECISE HYPOCRITE. + +(The Shee Puritane _in the MS._) + +_36 in MS._ (_34 in Bliss_). "Owne Parish." "And if her husband be so +profaine that he will not carrie her on horsebacke to heare another preach +shee will goe as far on foote to heare her selfe pray." "_She doubts, +etc._" "Scruples." "Shee dareth not give a penny to a beggar for feare he +be a reprobate, but shee thinkes usury lawfull upon strangers that be not +her brethren." "_Shee is more fierce, etc._" "Shee is discovered though +shee weare a vaile," after "_Geneva Print_." "Reads that shee hath noted, +and applauds herselfe for a noble woman of Berea," after "_comes home_." +After "_gossippings_," "unlesse to exercises." After "_sampler_," "save +that once a year she workes a black-wrought night-cap for some reverend +good man to weare, because it is against the cannon, and then she thinkes +him a bishop's fellow." After "_weapons_" (weapon), "is the Practice of +Piety, or else shee is armed with the sixt to the Ephesians." For "the +Brownist" read "thinks that Amsterdam is erroneous." + + +THE WEAK MAN. + +In the Bright MS. there are some important additions and variations in +"_The Weak Man_." After the words "his brain stays behind," it goes on "He +is for wit as your young travellers for languages, as much as will call +for necessities and hardly that. He is not crafty enough to be a knave, +nor wise enough to be honest, but the midway betwixt; a kind of harmless +man. His whole vice is his indiscretion, and yet this makes him seem +guilty of all." After the word "reserved" in Bliss, the MS. goes on: "He +will part with anything in a humour, but in a good cause with nothing, and +you may better entice him than persuade him. He is often perverse, never +resolute and inexorable to nothing so much as reason. He loves wits and +scholars to his cost, for he never has their company but invited. His +friendships commonly are begun in a supper and lost in lending money. The +way to gain his regard is to neglect him, for if he once be in good +estimation, he grows proud upon it and contemns you." After the words +"laid to his charge." "He puts in his verdict at all discourses, and +whatsoever reason you urge, he holds his conclusion." Again, after the +words "breaks forth with all." "His fear is his most violent persuader, +which makes him do more upon the authority of one he hates, than the suit +of his friend. He is one not to live in this world, for each man is his +ambush, and his friend to abuse him. He has been long in contempt, and at +last out of money, and then men cry 'alas!' and forget him." + + +A SCEPTICK IN RELIGION. + +P. 99. This Character also is so varied from the printed copies in the +Bright MS. that it is given from the latter entire. "He is defined by a +genus without a difference; for he is a Christian at large, and no more. +He uses the land's religion because it is next him; yet he sees not why he +may not take the other yet he chooses this not as better, but because +there is not a pin to choose. He is wondrous loth to hazard his credulity, +and whilst he fears to believe amiss, believes nothing. The opinion of an +over judgment wrongs him, which makes him too wise for the truth. He +finds doubts and scruples better than resolves them, and has always some +argument to nonplus himself. The least religion is enough to perplex him, +and the best will not satisfy him. He hammers too much in general upon our +opinion's incertainty, and the possibility of erring makes him not venture +on what is true. He cannot drive into his fancy the circumscription of +religion into our corner, and yet, the absurdity of Popery staggers him +again. He could like the Protestant better were it not for the puritan, +and the papist but for the Jesuit. He thinks we are more rational, and +likes the life of the other. He thinks so many wise men would not believe +but on good ground, and so many honest men cannot be on the wrong side; +yet he sees not their reason notwithstanding, nor assents to their honesty +without it. He is taken with their miracles yet doubts an imposture; he +conceives of our doctrine better, yet it seems too empty and naked. He +prefers their charity, and commends our zeal, yet suspects that for +blindness, and this but humour. He sees rather what to fly than to follow, +and wishes there were no sides that he might take one. He will sometimes +propend to us upon the reading a good writer, and at Bellarmine recoils as +far back again; and the fathers justle him from one side to another. His +conscience interposes itself betwixt two duellers, and whilst it would +part both, is by both wounded. He hates authority as the tyrant of reason, +and you cannot anger him worse than with a Luther or Calvin's dixit, yet +that wise men are not persuaded with reason, shall authorize his doubt. In +sum, his whole life is a question, and his salvation a greater, wherein he +is so long a disputing, till death make the conclusion, and then he is +resolved." + +[From Bliss's annotated copy of Earle's Microcosmography.] + + +A GALLANT. + +P. 57. (_In the Bodleian, 2699, E. 21._) [This version is almost identical +with that in the Durham MS. till the last few sentences.] The variations +between the printed copy and Dr. Bright's MS. are so considerable, that +the latter text is here given entire. "A Gallant is a heavy loader of +himself, for he lays more upon his back than it is able to bear, and so at +last breaks it. His first care is his clothes, and the next his body, and +in the uniting of these two lyes his judgment. He is no singular man, for +he is altogether in the fashion, and his very look and beard are squared +to a figure conformable. His face and his boot are ruffled much alike, and +he takes great delight in his walk to hear his spurs gingle. Though his +life pass somewhat slidingly, yet he seems very carefull of the tyme, for +he is always drawing his watch out of his pocket, and spends part of his +hours in numbering them. His chiefest toil is how to spin out the day, and +get a match for cards or the bowl alley, and his worst companion is +himself, for then he is desperate and knows not what to do. The labour of +doing nothing had made him long since weary of his life, if tobacco and +drink did not out of charity employ him. He is furnished with jests, as +some wanderer with sermons, some three for all companies, and when these +are expired, his discourse survives in oaths and laughter. He addresses +himself to ladies with the wagging of his lock, and complements like +Euphues or the knights of the Sun; yet his phrase is the worst apparalled +thing about him, for it is plain fustian.[ED] His thigh is always well +apointed with a rapier, yet peaceable enough, and makes[EE] a wound in +nothing but the scabard, yet[EF] rather than point the field, hee'l pull +it out in the street. He is weaponed rather in the street, than the +highway, for he fears not a thief, but a serjeant. His clothes and himself +grow stale together, and the last act of his life is invisible, for he is +buried commonly before he dies, in the jail or the[EG] country." + + +The following Character may serve as an illustrative commentary on part of +Earle's character of an Attorney. + + +THE CHARACTER OF AN ATTORNEY. + +P. 211. (_From a MS. in the Bodleian, Sheldon Papers_), circa 1642. An MS. +Notebook of Bliss's in my possession, containing some 50 pages filled with +the titles of books of characters, has this one among them, in 17th +century hand-writing (pasted on to the page). When this was acquired he +does not say. "An Atturney is a Broker at Law for hee sels wordes and +counsell at the second hand, studies but one language that hee may not bee +thought double tonged, and when vpon necessitie hee reades Latin, 'tis +with a quaking hast soe feare fully you wold thinke him a fellon at his +miserere. Hee speakes nothing but reports, statutes and obligations, and +'tis to bee thought wooes soe too; Lady I hold of you in capite and was by +the fates enacted yours in decimo of the Ringe; his prayers are +soloecismes for peace, and yet for contention; hee beleeues in Littleton +or the present Cheefe-Justice and against this fayth hee thinkes the +Chancery Hoeerticall, especially if he speake in a Rocket; his degrees are +to proceed either a Court-keeper or an Under-shrieue and then a Judges nod +qualifies him; hee may hold two or three Clyents the more; to conclude hee +is a very noune adiectiue whom noe man dares trust to stand by himselfe, +but requires a Counsellour to bee ioyned with him."--DEANE. + + +TWO LETTERS OF EARLE'S. + +[TANNER MS., vol. 48, No. 46.] + + + Saru[(m] Sept. 25. 1662. + + "MY LORD + + "I recyvd your Lordshipp's letter this day from my Lord + of Sarum and give you my most humble and harty thankes + for the great favour you intended me, as likewise for + your good opinion of me! as well as your affection, that + you thinke me capable of such a place in the Church. But + my Lord I that understand my self better, though all + things els worse, then any other frend, find those + causes within me why I should not accept this offer, + that I can no way answer, but must absolutely decline + it. Your Lordshipp may remember when you were pleas'd to + propose it to me before the last Bishop had it, what I + said to you then, how unfitted I was for it in many + respects. The same reasons hold good still and the + rather, as I am now both elder and infirmer, and I am + afraid more desperately so, then I beleevd my self to be + at that time. When I come to London, as I hope to doe + with in little more then a fortnight, I shall satisfy + you more particularly, as I conceyve I have done + already my Lord of Saru[(m], whose judgement as I should + submitt to assoone as any mans, and sooner then my owne + if it were different from mine. So I am more confirm'd + in my owne opinion, when I find it conformable to his, + being satisfyed with these reasons I had to refuse it. + Seriously if I thought I could doe that service to the + Church, which many hundreds could not doe better, I + would preferre the doing it with trouble before any ease + or convenience of my owne but in the condition that I + am, and the many imperfections upon me, I do not speak + it modestly, I cannot have such a thought. I am hartily + sorry for the death of that Bishop,[EH] he was a man of + excellent parts and though there was something to be + desired in him, yett take him alltogether he was both + able and likely to good service in that place which I + pray God may loose nothing by his successor! + + My Lord I beseech your Lordship to present my most + humble duty and thankes to my gracious Master, the + thinking me worthy of such a preferment, and that + frankness and kindness which you speak of in his + expressing it, was worth to me a great deale more then + any thing els he could give me. I pray for him daylie, + and most hartily, as I doe likewise for your Lordship to + whom I am a moste affectionate servant + + My Lord + JO: EARLES." + + [_Addressed_] "For the Right Reverend Father in God + Gilbert Lord Bishopp of London these at + Whitehall." + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[DZ] It is curious to find this Character in the Durham MS. Bliss, in his +account of the editions, speaks of the 6th edition (1633) as having two +_additional_ Characters, one of them being "The Herald." The edition of +1630, also called "the 6th edition augmented," I possess. It contains +seventy-six characters (numbered as seventy-seven by mistake), but neither +of the two "additional ones." Bliss's knowledge of editions, as well as +his acquisition of them was increased largely in the years that followed +the publication of his book. When he had acquired the 1st edition he wrote +pathetically in his annotated copy, "I have been more than fifty years +looking for this book!" By that time too he knew that what he here calls +the _2nd_ edition of 1629 was really the _fifth_. (See _Arber's Reprint_, +where a table of the editions is given.) + +[EA] "Fields."--_Bright MS._ + +[EB] "Prices."--_Bright MS._ + +[EC] This sentence by itself would make the Durham MS. a treasure. + +[ED] "He is of great account with his mercer and in no man's books so +much: who is so sure a friend to him that he will not lose him."--_Durham +MS._ + +[EE] "He is a great derider of schollers and censures their steeple hats +for not being set on so good a blocke as his."--_Durham MS._ + +[EF] "He will pull it out in the streets."--_Durham MS._ + +[EG] "Counter."--_Durham MS._ + +[EH] Bp. Gauden, of Worcester, died in the beg. of Sept., 1662. + + + + +[CLARENDON STATE PAPERS, No. 1465.] + +MR. EARLES TO MR. HYDE.[EI] + + "Well Sir! I will grumble no more, since you have + vouchsaft to answer me at last, I was afraid you had + thought you could not be enimy to the Court of Honour + enough, except you renounc'd all civilitye. I could be + verie angry with Mr. Vaughan for defrauding me of your + punctuale letter, by not taking his leave of you, but he + tells me, he was at your chamber in the Temple every + day, and not finding you there, knew not where to seek + you. Well I hope one day you will meet with some trustye + messenger whose pockett may be capable of the great + _arcana_[EJ] of your letter. I am not altogether without + some intelligence how things passe, though by no such + authenticall men as you are, yet such as G. Morley, who + though he was not a man of such imployment, yet was one + of less leasure then you for this fortnight, being to + make a much longer speech then you, and in as good + companye, for which I heare he is not thankd, as + perchance nor you neyther. May you not trust with a + carier, the telling me how he did, or how my Lord of + Falkland does, since he is resolved I shall understand + nothing of him by himselfe. I will not unthriftily spill + my letters any more there, where they returne me no + fruit. My father is your servant, for Sir _Cph_[EK] + Widington, I hope he will compose this quarell without a + suite. Is T. Triplett at London yett, or have you any + great occasion to draw him up. These are all safe things + to be convey'd by a porter to a carier, and by him to + me, though my Lord Marshalls himself had feed them to + intercept, or brake open your letters. Well when you are + most idle, for I must confesse the thinking of me is not + worth any time, wherein you may doe any thing els, say + something to me. I that have leasure for us both, (as + indeed what business here can fill a man's leasure that + does not hunt nor drinke nor play at cardes) am content + with so much patience from you as to read me when you + will not write to + + Your most humble servant + JO. EARLES." + [EL] "Bishopston." + "Bish. Dec. 9." + + "Pray remember my service to Mrs. Hyde and Mr. Harding." + + _An Original endorsed by Mr. Hyde._[EM] + + [Addressed] To my most honor'd frend Mr. Edward Hyde at + Sir Thomas Aylesburies house in Westminster in the Deans + yard. + + [Endorsed by Hyde] Mr. Earles 10ber. 1640. + + +LETTERS OF CLARENDON TO EARLE, A.D. 1647. + +SIR EDWARD HYDE TO DR. JOHN EARLES. + + "Sir, + + "Though I believe you have received two or three letters + from me since you writ any, yet since your's of your new + year's eve came to my hands since I writ last, I reckon + it my turn to write againe; and shall either convert you + to a more sedulous correspondence, or make you so much + ashamed (which is a modesty lazy men are very inclinable + to), that you shall give over writing at all. I always + send you word of the date of those which I receive from + you, so that you can only tell whether I have had that + which you say was pretty long and troublesome; for I + have not thought any one half long enough, nor + troublesome; otherwise than (which on my conscience was + not your sense) under the notion of the vile caracters, + which is almost cipher without a key: besides that + commonly the ink and paper do so throughly incorporate, + that the letters are hardly discernable. It is possible + the Scots may take their money, if the other will pay + it; but if upon that consideration they leave the + Kingdom, or suffer the King to leave them, I will no + more pretend to divination. Let not those apprehensions + startle you nor be troubled that they seem sometimes to + make Propositions which you do not like; it being safe + and profitable to them to offer anything which they + foresee must be denied by their jealous brethren. Look + upon their Covenant, their avowed gloss upon that + Covenant published to the world, and tell me if any + contradications in Philosophy be more diametrically + opposite and impossible to be reconciled to the ends of + the Independents than those extremes. I wish I were as + sure that the King would not desert himself and his + pious and honourable principles (of which, truly I have + a great confidence) as that the Scots will stick to him, + when they are fully convinced that he is not to be + removed. + + "Must I believe _H. Cressy's_[EN] resolution to be + peremptory whilst he remains in such company? Truly I am + exceedingly troubled for it. + + "What scruples or scandals could work this odious + alteration (for methinks, apostacy is too cholerick a + word towards a friend) which you could not remove? It is + a great loss to the Church, but a greater to his + friends, dead and alive; for the dead suffer where their + memory and reputation is objected to question and + reproach. + + "Is it a necessary consequence to the conscience, that + if a man turn to that Church, he must take orders in it? + Methinks there is a duty incumbent to the function, that + might well terrify a man that feels not a very strong + impulsion, though he were never so well satisfied in the + religion itself. + + "If we can not keep him a Minister of our Church, I wish + he would continue a layman in their's, which would + somewhat lessen the defection, and it may be, preserve a + _greater proportion of his innocence_. + + "I am very glad (for my own sake) that you have the + happiness to be known to my Lord Newcastle. I commit the + managing what concerns me, both in substance and + circumstance, wholly to your direction and dexterity: I + told you how far I was advanced by my Lord Withrington. + I pray remember my service to Mr. Hobbs by the same + token that Sydney Godolphin hath left to him by his + Will, a legacy of L200, and desire him for old + aquaintance sake, and for your intercession, to bestow + one of his books upon me, which I have never seen since + it was printed, and therefore know not how much it is + the same, which I had the favour to read in English. I + thank you for your wishing your self here. I am sure I + would purchase you at any price I could pay or promise, + if it were as fit for the prince, as it would be for me. + In the mean time I pray God he thinks your company as + good as they know it to be who cannot get it. But will + the good Bishop of Salisbury never come to relieve you? + What does he? Where is he? What do you answer to the + other thousand questions I have asked you? + + "God send you a good New Year that may yield you a + decent plenty, till it may give you an honest peace, and + me meat enough against hunger, and cloathes enough + against cold. + + "And then if the Stationers do not sue out a commission + of Bankruptcy against me for their arrears for paper and + ink, I shall not fear any other creditors, nor the + exception in the first where I will not give my place + for the best amongst the compounders, nor the worst + (that is the greatest) amongst the committee: less the + title of being. + + Sir, yours, etc." + "Jersey, the 1st of January." + A Copy of Mr. Edgeman, 1646-1649. + + +SIR EDWARD HYDE TO DR. JOHN EARLES. + + "Well, admit you do spend three hours every day, that + you may spend one with the prince, allow two hours to + your dinner, and two hours in the projecting where to + get one, you have still a fair time to yourself, and one + half hour in a week, without question, to tell me that + you are alive, and that in this dismal time of mutation, + you are so far from change, that you continue even the + same to me. + + "I am not willing to tell you, that though you owe me no + letters, you have three or four of mine unanswered, but + I must tell you the last packet from Paris brought me + none from you though I found by some I received, that + mine thither had not miscarried; so you were not without + provocation. + + "Indeed you are to blame to trust me so much with myself + in this terrible conflict; with which most men are so + unworthily appalled: for truly your advice and + approbation is of singular comfort and encouragement to + me. And now I pray tell me what is that '_Charitas + Patriae_' which all moral and divine authors have so + much magnified. That I must not concur in the acts of + impiety and injustice of my country, though never so + generally practised, or do a thing in itself wicked to + save or preserve my country from any suffering, is I + doubt not very clear. But is that Charitas Patriae + utterly to be abolished and extinguished, for its + practise of that impiety and injustice? Should I wish + their irreligion destroyed by an army of Turks, or their + licence subdued by a power that would make them slaves? + Was it well said of Alcibiades, that he is truly a lover + of his country, not that refuseth to invade the country + he hath wrongfully lost but desires so much to be in it, + as by any means he can he will attempt to recover it? + Was not Jocasta more Christian to her Son Polynices; + _Petendo patriam perdis; ut fiat tua, vis esse nullam_. + + "I pray, say somewhat to me of this argument; that I may + really know how far I may comply with passion and + provocation; and whether as no infirmity or impiety in + my prince can warrant or excuse my declension of + allegiance towards him, there be not some candour and + kindness to remain towards a man's country, though + infected with the most raging rebellion." + + God preserve you! + + 8th of January 1646. + A rough Draught, corrected, and endorsed by himself. + + + +SIR EDWARD HYDE TO DR. JOHN EARLES. + + "SIR, + + "I told you long since that when I came to speak of that + unhappy battle of Newbury, I would enlarge upon the + memory of our dear friend that perished there: to which + I concieve myself obliged, not more by the rights of + friendship than of history, which ought to transmit the + virtue of excellent persons to posterity: and therefore + I am careful to do justice to every man that hath fallen + in the quarrel, on which side soever, as you will find + by what I have said of Mr. Hambden himself. + + "I am now past that point, and being quickened by your + most elegant and ([EO]political) commemoration of him + and from hints there, thinking it necessary to say + somewhat for his vindication in such particulars as may + possibly have made impression in good men, it may be I + have insisted longer upon the argument than may be + agreeable to the rules to be observed in such a work, + though it be not much longer than Livy is in + recollecting the virtues of one of the Scipio's after + his death. I wish it were with you that you might read + it, for if you thought it unproportionable for the place + where it is I could be willingly diverted to make it a + piece by itself, and inlarge it into the whole size of + his life; and that way it would sooner be communicated + to the world. And you know Tacitus published the life of + Julius Agricola before either his annals or his history. + + "I am contented you should laugh at me for a fop in + talking of Livy and Tacitus; when all I can hope for is + to side Hollingshead, and Stow, or (because he is a poor + knight too, and worse than either of them) Sir Richard + Baker. But if I had not hooked them in this way, how + should I have been able to tell you, that I have this + year read over Livy and Tacitus; which will never be + found by the language and less by the Latin. We have had + no boat out of Normandy these ten days, so that we have + heard nothing from the Isle of Wight since the Kings + first message thence. God send us good news that we may + again (in what condition soever) enjoy one another; + which will be a very great satisfaction to; your most + affectionate humble servant." + + "Jersey this 14 Dec. St. vet." + + A Copy, endorsed by himself. + + * * * * * + +There are two very long letters of Feb. 12th and March 16th, 1647--too +long to quote in full--from which I have thought it worth while to make +extracts. + +Concerning the subject of the Charitas Patriae, "I cannot" he says, +"rejoice at foreign powers being at peace" that there might be "forces +vacant for the reduction of England,"--but he appeals to Earle for "advice +and direction; upon whose judgment, discretion, and conscience I do so +much depend that I do really suspect my own when I find it at all differ +from yours." He speaks too of Earle's company being so comforting to his +fellow-exiles. Jersey Feb. 12th. + +In the letter of March 16th, speaking of possible deterioration of +character--of "innocence destroyed," of "wiping out the old loved prints," +he adds that the "shame of communicating his thoughts" to Earle [in case +of his (the writer's) falling away] will, he hopes, keep him from any +"alteration." In the same letter there is another reference to what Earle +had written about Lord Falkland--no such work I understand survives--"I +would desire you at your leisure to send me that discourse of your own +which you read to me in the end of your _Contemplations upon the Proverbs_ +in memory of my Lord Falkland: of whom, in its place, I intend to speak +largely--"so far from being an indecorum (it will be) no less the business +of history than the truth of things." + +Anthony Wood's opinion [Bliss's reference to Wood is very brief] of Earle +may be added to Clarendon's testimonies: "This Dr. Earl was a [EP]_very +genteel man_, a contemner of the world, religious, and most worthy of the +office of a Bishop." He is elsewhere styled by him "learned and +godly,"--but the epithet "genteel" gives an extra touch that we should be +loth to lose. In reference to his Latin Translation of Hooker's +Ecclesiastical Polity he adds: "He was only the fit man to make the +learned of all nations happy." Of the Hortus Mertonensis he tells us that +it was one "of several copies of his ingenuity and poetry that were +greedily gathered up" at the University. + +I have said in the Preface that nothing is known to Earle's disparagement. +It is true that Ludlow says[EQ]: "Dr. Earle told me that by abolishing +episcopacy we took away all the encouragement to learning; for that men +would not send their sons to the University had they not some hopes that +they would attain preferment." And he is very severe on "this sordid +principle and consideration." That it was not the recommendation of +learning to Earle is abundantly proved by the Microcosmography--but he +might well think the University ought not to lose the advantage of any +material inducements such as might appeal to ordinary men. + +Earle, moreover, was a humourist, and may have amused himself with +arguments which seemed good enough for his audience. Lord Macaulay must +not be supposed indifferent to learning because he told his nephew to "get +a good degree at College and become a Fellow--_for then_ he would have +almonds and raisins for the rest of his life for nothing!" + +My interleaved copy of Bliss has on the fly-leaf the words "the castrated +title and leaf are preserved, with the addition of a proof title page with +Dr. Bliss's name omitted." The copy is announced in a catalogue slip +pasted in at the end of the book as containing[ER] MS. notes by Joseph +Haslewood and Dr. Bliss. The words above the title--Ex dono _editoris_ +(altered to _impressoris_)--have the initials J. H. below them. There are +also three advertisements of Bliss's book, "published this day," two of +them on coloured paper pasted in the beginning; the third is supplemented +by a notice from the Monthly Review, Feb. 1812, which runs as +follows:--"We recommend the perusal of this work to every class of +readers, since it is in truth a store house of wit and wisdom ... The old +fashioned dress in which these acute strictures on human life appear, +while it takes little or nothing from their intelligibility, adds much to +their force and liveliness. The lovers of proverbial wit, for many of +these characters are strings of judicious adages, are therefore greatly +obliged to Mr. Bliss for his pleasing republication of so pregnant a +volume. The notes are instructive without prolixity: the index is +extremely useful, for it is really astonishing[ES] _how large a quantity +of good matter_ is scattered up and down the present _duodecimo_ (the +advt. calls it _octavo_), and the appendix contains an ample store of +black-letter information, and will introduce almost every reader to some +new acquaintances, who have singularity at least, if nothing else to +recommend them. The Life of the Bishop, and the list of his works are +particularly interesting." + +All readers of Cowper will remember what a weight of authority the +criticism of the Monthly Review carried with it, and the pathetic appeal +of the Author to the Editor--"but oh!, dear Mr. Griffith, let me pass for +a genius at Olney."[ET] + +The notes and illustrations which Dr. Bliss did _not_ make use of in his +edition are as follows.[EU] + +Two are on the serving-man, 'In querpo.' + + "I am borne sweet lady + To a poore fortune that will keep myself + And Footman, as you see, to bear my sword + In Cuerpo after me." + + --_Mayne's City Match, a Comedy, 4to, 1658._ + +"You shall see him in the morning in the gallery--first, at noon in the +Bullion, in the evening in Quirpo."--Massinger's Fatal Dowry. + +"Dr. Johnson explains querpo, which he says is corrupted from cuerpo +(Spanish), as a dress close to the body. Dryden uses it." + +On the same character he has a quotation from Religio Regis, 12mo, 1715: +King James in his advice to his son Henry, Prince of Wales, says "hawking +is not to be condemned, but nevertheless, give me leave to say, it is more +uncertain than the others (hunting), and subject to mischances." + +On the "She-precise Hypocrite" he has a note--on "Geneva." + + Like a Geneva weaver in black, who left + The loom and entered into the ministry + For Conscience Sake.--_Mayne's City Match._ + +On 'door-posts' in 'The Aldermen' he quotes, "a pair of such brothers were +fitter for posts without dore indeed, to make a shew at a new-chosen +magistrate's gate."--_The Widow_, 4to, 1652. + +Of 'Paul's Walk' there is yet one more illustration. "Walk in the middle +Ile in Paul's, and gentlemen's teeth walk not faster at ordinaries than +there a whole day togeather about inquirie after newes."--Theeves falling +out true men come by their good, or the Belman wanted a clapper, _4to, +Lond., 1615._ + +On the Pot-Poet he has a quotation from _Whimzies, a new cast of +Characters_, 8vo, Lond., 1633, an illustration of the "_strange monster +out of Germany_." "Nor comes his invention farre short of his imagination: +for want of truer relations, for a neede he can find a Sussex dragone, +some sea or Inland monster, drawn out by some Shoe Lane man in a +gorgon-like feature, to enforce more horror in the beholder." + +At the end of the Characters there is an extract from a letter of +Clarendon which mentions that the deanery of Westminster "was designed to +a person of very known and confessed merit," (most probably Dr. John +Earle) _written below_. He quotes Anthony Wood on the other side of this +leaf for Earle's friendships, with Henry Cary, first Earle of +Monmouth--with George Morley, afterwards Bishop of Winchester. Morley and +Earle lived together at Antwerp till they were called to attend on the +Duke of York in France. Two passages of Anthony Wood, which he does not +quote, are worth recalling. Morley was sent by Charles II. to "thank +Salmasius for his Apology for his Martyrd father, but not with a purse of +gold as Joh. Milton, the impudent lyer, reported." Henry Cary was "well +skill'd in the modern languages, and a general scholar"; and thus "was +capacitated [by a forced retiredness in the troublesome times of +Rebellion] to exercise himself in studies, while others of the nobility +were fain to truckle to their inferiors for company sake." + +I have only given two title-pages of editions in the year of publication. +A table of editions is given on the next page. + + +[_Title-page of first edition of 1628._] + + Micro-cosmographie; + + or, + + A Peece of + The World + discovered; + In Essayes and + Characters. + + [Here is inserted in MS.--"Written by John Earles + of Merton Coll."] + + _Newly composed for the Northerne parts + of this Kingdome._ + + AT LONDON: + PRINTED BY W. S., FOR ED. BLOUNT. + 1628. + + +[_Title-page of 3rd edition of 1628._] + + Micro-cosmographie; + + or, + + A Peece of + + The World + + discovered; + + In Essayes and + + Characters. + + + LONDON: + + PRINTED BY WILLIAM STANSBURY, FOR + ROBERT ALLOT, 1628. + + [W. H. Allnutt, in a MS. note inserted in the Bodleian + copy of Arber's Reprint of the Characters, states + that Arber has mistaken the order of priority of the + three 1628 edd. Arber places the ed. with the above + title-page second, and that of which the title is copied + on p. 330, third. The second ed., called by Arber + the first, is not in the Bodleian.] + +The last written page of the Durham MS. has by way of Colophon + +Finis. + + December anno Do + This 14th mini + day 1627. + +"This little volume in calf binding, about 12mo size, is doubtless one of +those referred to by Ed. Blount in his address to the Reader. The MS. is +written in an exceedingly neat and small hand on the pages of the +previously bound book, with margin lines ruled in red. At the top of the +first page is written in a different hand, 'Edw. Blunt, Author.' The MS. +contains 46 Characters in all, and is free from some evident blunders in +the first printed copies, as if they had been done from dictation." + +This MS. in the Durham Cathedral Library is entered in the catalogue (of +the Hunter MSS.) as "Characters by Edward Blunt," and dated "about 1636," +the date _in the MS._ having been overlooked. + +Dr. Fowler in _Notes and Queries_, Nov. 4th, 1871. + +EARLE'S MICROCOSMOGRAPHY. + + --------------------------------------+------+----------+-----+-------+-------- + | | |Bliss| | + |Bliss,| Bliss, |Sale,|British| + EDITION. |1811 .| 1812-57. |1858.|Museum |Bodleian + --------------------------------------+------+----------+-----+-------+-------- + "W. Stansby for Edward Blount,"[EV] | | | | | + 1628(_a_) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes + "W. Stansby for Robert Allot," 1628 | | | | | + (_b_)[EW] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No + "W. S. for Ed. Blount," 1628 (_c_)[EX]| Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes + 4th | No | No | No | No | No + 5th 1629 | Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes + 6th 1630 | No | No | No | Yes | No + "6th" 1633 | Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes + 7th 1638 | Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes + (A reprint of one of the | | | | | + first four) 1650 | Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes + (Very doubtful) 1659 | No |"Mr. | No | No | No + | |Gilchrist"| | | + | |told him | | | + | |he possessed a | | + | |copy by the same| | + | |printers as in | | + | |1669 but with | | + | |"1659." | | | + 8th 1664 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No + 9th 1669 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No + (1669 edition, with new title) 1676 | No | Yes | Yes | No | No + (Reprint of 1633 edition) 1732 | Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes + (1732 edition, with new title | | | | | + and small changes) 1740 | Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes + (Reprint of 1650 edition) 1786 | Yes | | Yes | Yes | No + (Bliss's edition) 1811 | | | Yes | Yes | Yes + (Arber's edition) 1868 or 1869 | | | | Yes | Yes + --------------------------------------+------+----------+-----+-------+-------- + + _British + Museum._ _Bodleian._ _Bliss._ + _As to the three 1628 editions_-- + A is regarded as 1st 2nd 3rd + B " " 2nd 3rd 2nd + C " " 3rd 1st 1st + +C has "Newly composed for the Northerne parts of this Kingdome." + + F. MADAN, _Sub-Librarian Bodleian Library_, + _February 11th, 1897._ + +This table was compiled for me most kindly by Mr. MADAN. It answers the +question, what editions Bliss knew of at _various times_. + +The following passage from Evelyn's Diary adds one more testimony to +Earle. _Nov. 30th, 1662._ "Invited by the Deane of Westminster (Dr. Earle) +to his consecration dinner and ceremony on his being made Bishop of +Worcester. Dr. Bolton preached in the Abbey Church--then followed the +consecration.... After this was one of the most plentiful and magnificent +dinners that in my life I ever saw. It cost neere L600.... Here were the +Judges, Nobility, Clergy, and gentlemen innumerable, this Bishop being +universally belov'd for his sweete and gentle disposition. He was author +of those characters which go under the name of Blount. He translated his +late Majesty's Icon into Latine, was Clerk of his Closet, Chaplaine, Deane +of Westminster, and yet a most humble, meeke, but cheerful man, an +_excellent scholar_,[EY] and rare preacher. I had the honour to be loved +by him. He married me at Paris, during his Majesties and the Churches +exile. When I tooke leave of him he brought me to the Cloysters in his +episcopal habit." He elsewhere speaks of "going to St. Germans to desire +of Dr. Earle," then in attendance at the Prince of Wales' Court, that he +would marry him "at the chapel of his Majesty's Resident at the Court of +France," June 10th, 1647. A sermon of Earle's, "my deare friend now Deane +of Westminster" is mentioned on Christmas Day 1660. It was one "condoling +the breache made in the public joy by the lamented death of the Princess +of Orange." My attention was drawn to these passages by a friend who +claims descent from Bishop Earle--Mr. W. B. Alt, of New College, Oxford. + +A testimony from another _hand_[EZ] is quoted in Bliss's annotated copy. +"How well he understood the world in his younger days appears by his smart +characters; how little he valued it was seen in the careless indifference +of his holy contemplative life." + +In Burnet's History of his own Times we are told that Charles II. "who had +a secret pleasure in finding out anything that lessened a man esteemed +eminent for piety, yet had a value for him (Earle) beyond all the men of +his order." (See Arber's Reprint.) On the other hand the Parliament in +1645 had named him as one to be summoned to the Assembly of Divines, but +he declined to come.[FA] + +In 1654 there was printed at the Hague an Elzevir volume--"morum +exemplar," _Latin_ characters by one Louis du Moulin. He aspires he says +in the preface to be the Virgil or Seneca to Earle's Theocritus or +Menander. + +This is his testimony to the characters. + +"Et sane salivam primum mihi movit vester Earles cujus characteribus, non +puto quicquam exstare vel severius ubi seria tractat, vel festivius quands +_innoxie_ jocatur: ant pictorem unquam penicillo propius ad nativam +speciem expressisse hominis vultus, quam ille ejus mores patria lingua +descripserit." + +It may be of interest to mention in connection with the title of Earle's +book that the phrase of Menenius Agrippa in Coriolanus.--"The _Map_ of my +Microcosm" actually occurs as a title of a book of characters by H. +Broune, 1642, the alternative description being "a morall description of +man newly compiled into Essays. + +Bliss's MS. book illustrates what I have said in the preface of the change +in the character-sketch. The essay and the pamphlet gradually usurp the +place of social studies. The great mass of the "characters" of the last +half of the seventeenth century are political or religious. On the other +hand, while the only _prose_ character in Bliss of the sixteenth century +deals with the criminal classes, "a discoverie of ten English leapers +verie noisome and hurtfull to the Church and Commonwealth," quoted in his +MS. notebook, mixes such characters with "the Simoniacke," "the murmurer," +"the covetous man." The date is 1592. (The Tincker of Torvey (1630) also +exhibits this mixture.) + +It may be worth while to add a few titles of books of characters, as +illustrating the range of this class of literature, or as being in +themselves interesting. They are from Bliss's own notes in his own copy of +his book or in the MS. note book before referred to. + +1. "The Coffee-House--a character." + + {When coffee once was vended here, + Prefatory {The Alc'ran shortly did appear, + verses. {... reformers were such widgeons, + {New liquors brought in new religions. + +2. Also a character of coffee and coffee-houses. "It was first brought +into England when the palats of the English were as fanaticall as their +brains.... The Englishman will be a la mode de France. With the barbarous +Indian he smooks tobacco: with the Turk he drinks coffee." + +3. News from the new Exchange. The commonwealth of ladies. Printed in the +_year of women with out Grace_, 1650. + +4. There are many countries characterized--Italy, Spain, Holland, +Scotland. 'Holland' is in verse. It bears out Earle's contemptuous +references to the Dutch. It is here called "The offscouring of the British +land." + + "This indigested vomit of the sea + Fell to the Dutch by just propriety." + +1672. [It will be found among Marvell's satires, but Bliss does not +mention this.] + +5. "Scotland characteriz'd: in a letter to a young gentleman to dissuade +him from an intended journey thither, 1701." + +6. "The noble cavalier characterized," "& a rebellious caviller +cauterized," 1644 _or_ 5. An answer to Wither's Campo Musae. A vigorous +preface says--"To begin roundly, soundly, and profoundly, the Cavalier is +a gentleman." By John Taylor. + +7. Lucifer's Lacky: the true character of a dissembling Brownist, 1641. + +8. "The Tincker of Torvey: a scholler, a cobler, a tincker, a smith; with +Bluster, a seaman, travel from Billingsgate to Gravesend." 1650. + +9. "The interpreter," 1622, deals with "three principall terms of state--a +puritan, a Protestant, a papist." + +10. "The Joviall Crew; or the Devill turn'd Ranter." 1651. + +11. [Greek: ta diapheronta]; or divine characters, in two parts, will have +an interest for Bristol readers; it is "by that late burning and shining +lamp, Master Samuel Crook, B.D., late Pastor of Wrington in Somerset, who +being dead yet speaketh." 1658. + +12. "A character of the Religion and manners of Phanatiques in Generall," +1660, includes in the list "Seekers and Enthusiasts." The last sounds +strange as _a species_. + +13. "The character of an Ignoramus Doctor," 1681, recalls The +Microcosmography. + +14. The captive Captain, or the restrained Cavalier," 1665, also, in part, +suggests Earle. "Of a Prison," "The anatomy of a Jayler," "The lean +Prisoner," "The restrained Cavalier and his melancholy." + +15. Bliss also mentions "The character of a learned man," and gives some +choice extracts. "Our sottish and idle enthusiasts are to be reproved who +call learning but a _splendidum peccatum_." "Alexander commanded his +soldiers neither to damnify Pindarus, the poet, nor any of his family." + +16. "A wandering Jew telling fortunes to Englishmen." 1640. + +17. "The spiritual navigators bound for the Holy Land." 1615. + +18. "The picture of a modern Whig: a dialogue between Whiglove and Double, +at Tom's Coffee-House." 1715. + +19. In 1671 "Le vice ridicule" appeared. A sort of translation of Earle's +characters. + +20. Pictures of Passions, Fancies, and Affections, poetically deciphered +in variety of characters (no date). + +21. Characters of gentlemen that have put in to the Ladies Invention. This +begins--"A little Beau of the city strain." + +22. Characters of several ingenious designing gentlewomen, who have lately +put in to the Ladies Invention, which is intended to be drawn as soon as +full. (There is no date to either of these.) + +One or two extracts may be added from Anthony Wood. + +"Lord Falkland, when he became one of the gentlemen of His Majesty's Privy +Chamber, had frequent retirements to Great Tew and sometimes to Oxon, for +the company of and conversation with learned and witty men. William +Chillingworth (author of the Religion of Protestants), Joh. Earle,[FB] +Charles Gataker (son of Thomas Gataker [the Editor of Marcus Aurelius] and +Anthony Wood thinks Chaplain to Lord Falkland); Thomas Triplet, a very +witty man of Christ Church; Hugh Cressey, and others.[FC] Cressey wrote a +number of theological works, and in one of them occurs the testimony to +Earle given in Bliss." + +The saturnine Anthony Wood is amusingly illustrated in two passages from +his notice of Earle. "John Earle received his first being in this vain and +transitory world within the city of York.... His elegy on Beaumont was +printed at the end of the quarto edition of Beaumont's poems--put out with +a poetical epistle before them, subscribed by a _Presbyterian +bookbinder_--afterwards an informer to the Court of Sequestration ... _and +a beggar defunct in prison_"! In the notice of Morley he tells us that +"his banishment was made less tedious to him by the company of Dr. Joh. +Earle, his dearest friend." It is sad to find that the translation of +Hooker which was "to make the learned of all nations happy" was "utterly +destroyed"--the loose papers being taken by the servants after Earle's +death "to light their fires or else to put under their bread and pies." +This translation "was Earle's entertainment during a part of his exile at +Cologne." See the Bodleian letters quoted in Arber's Reprint. To that +Reprint I have been much indebted for help of various kinds. + +My warmest thanks are due to Professor Rowley, of University College, +Bristol, whom I have constantly consulted while preparing this issue of +Dr. Bliss's edition. If one may be allowed a slight twist of a +Shakspearian phrase, I would say of such help as his--"Ripeness is all." +It is this quality that makes one at least of Professor Rowley's friends +so grateful and so importunate. + + S. T. I. + Clifton, April, 1897. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[EI] In a later hand. + +[EJ] Arcana in margin. + +[EK] Th. in margin, _i.e._, Th[omas]. + +[EL] In a later hand. + +[EM] In the later hand. + +[EN] A fellow of Merton with Earle. His testimony to Earle is quoted by +Bliss. Anthony Wood says of him, "that when he lost his most beloved Lord +Falkland, at Newbury Fight, he travelled as a tutor, and upon a freight +that the Church of England would terminate through the endeavours of the +peevish and restless Presbyterians, began to think of settling himself in +the Church of Rome." He recanted his errors publicly at Rome in 1646. + +[EO] Poetical? + +[EP] This epithet with Clarendon's "wary and cultivated" must be set +against what Clarendon tells us of his "negligence in dress, habit and +mien." Earle can never have been awkward. His courtesy was born with him, +and he can never have needed (like "the downright scholar") "brushing over +with good company." + +[EQ] Memoirs, vol. I, p. 81, ed. C. Firth. + +[ER] I ought to say that Mr. Madan, who was kind enough to look at my +copy, does not think many of the notes are in Bliss's hand-writing. + +[ES] "More care, attention, accuracy and valuable enlargement from an +inexhaustible stock of materials has rarely been witnessed than in the +editorial labours of Dr. Bliss."--Dibdin, speaking of Bliss's edition of +the Athenae Oxonienses. + +[ET] Cowper's Letters, June 12th, 1782. + +[EU] Some of the MS. notes in my copy are the same as those in the printed +volume. + +[EV] To Bliss's notice of {Blount Blunt}; it may be added that "Pericles" +was printed for him in 1609; and the first edition of Marlow's "Hero and +Leander" in 1598 ["printed for Edward Blunt by Adam Islip" (Philemon +Holland's printer)]. Marlow's "First Book of Lucan" (1600) has a humorous +and complimentary dedication to Blunt from another bookseller, Thomas +Thorpe. See "Earlier History of English Bookselling." (Sampson and Low.) + +[EW] The second folio Shakespeare (1632) was printed for him. + +[EX] The 1613 edition of Hero and Leander was printed by W. Stansby for +Ed. Blunt. He also published some of Ben Jonson's works. + +[EY] Sir Henry Savile, Provost of Eton, and editor of the famous +Chrysostom, recognised Earle's scholarship. "When a young scholar was +recommended to him for a good witt,--Out upon him! I'll have nothing to do +with him--he would say, give me the plodding student. If I would look for +witts, I would go to Newgate--There be the witts! and John Earle was the +only scholar that ever he took as recommended for a witt."--_Aubrey._ + +[EZ] David Lloyd, "Memoirs," 1668, folio. + +[FA] "The very Parliament naming him as worthy ... though he thought not +it worthy of him."--_Ib._ + +[FB] Aubrey calls him "an ingeniose young gent, but no writer." + +[FC] "Ben Jonson, Edmund Waller, Esq., Mr. Th. Hobbes, and all the +excellent witts of that peaceable time."--_Aubrey._ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Microcosmography, by John Earle + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MICROCOSMOGRAPHY *** + +***** This file should be named 26425.txt or 26425.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/4/2/26425/ + +Produced by Irma Spehar, Christine D. and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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