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diff --git a/26341.txt b/26341.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a617698 --- /dev/null +++ b/26341.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6337 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: +An Essay by Hugh E. Seebohm + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: An Essay + +Author: Hugh E. Seebohm + +Release Date: August 18, 2008 [Ebook #26341] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY*** + + + + + + ON THE STRUCTURE + + OF + + GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY + + AN ESSAY + + by + + Hugh E. Seebohm + + London + + MacMillan And Co. + + And New York + + 1895. + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +Preface +Chapter I. Introductory. +Chapter II. The Meaning Of The Bond Of Kinship. + § 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At + Their Tomb. + § 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession. + § 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only + Daughter. + § 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption: + Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen. + § 5. The Liability For Bloodshed. +Chapter III. The Extent Of The Bond Of Kinship. + § 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + § 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of + Descent. + § 3. Division Amongst Heirs. + § 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood. + § 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed. +Chapter IV. The Relation Of The Family To The Land. + § 1. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And Its Form. + § 2. The Relation Of The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} To The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + § 3. The Householder In India: The Guest. + § 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + § 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + § 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The + Chieftain. + § 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence. + § 8. Hesiod And His {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + § 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times. + § 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And + Semi-Servile Tenure. +Chapter V. Conclusion. +Index. +Footnotes + + + + + + +PREFACE + + +These notes, brief as they are, owe more than can be told to my father's +researches into the structure and methods of the Tribal System. They owe +their existence to his inspiration and encouragement. A suitable place for +them might possibly be found in an Appendix to his recently published +volume on the Structure of the Tribal System in Wales. + +In ascribing to the structure of Athenian Society a direct parentage +amongst tribal institutions, I am dealing with a subject which I feel to +be open to considerable criticism. And I am anxious that the matters +considered in this essay should be judged on their own merits, even +though, in pursuing the method adopted herein, I may have quite +inadequately laid the case before the reader. + +My thanks are due, for their ready help, to Professor W. Ridgeway, Mr. +James W. Headlam, and Mr. Henry Lee Warner, by means of whose kind +suggestions the following pages have been weeded of several of their +faults. + +It is impossible to say how much I have consciously or unconsciously +absorbed from the works of the late M. Fustel de Coulanges. His _La Cite +Antique_ and his _Nouvelles Recherches sur quelques Problemes d'Histoire_ +(1891) are stores of suggestive material for the student of Greek and +Roman customs. They are rendered all the more instructive by the charm of +his style and method. I have merely dipped a bucket into his well. + +In quoting from Homer, I have made free use of the translations of Messrs. +Lang, Leaf, and Myers of the _Iliad_, and of Messrs. Butcher and Lang of +the _Odyssey_; and I wish to make full acknowledgment here of the debt +that I owe to them. + +Some explanation seems to be needful of the method pursued in this essay +with regard to the comparison of Greek customs with those of other +countries. The selection for comparison has been entirely arbitrary. + +Wales has been chosen to bear the brunt of illustration, partly, as I have +said, because of my father's work on the Welsh Tribal System, partly +because the _Ancient Laws of Wales_ afford a peculiarly vivid glimpse into +the inner organisation of a tribal people, such as cannot be obtained +elsewhere. + +The _Ordinances of Manu_, on the other hand, are constantly quoted by +writers on Greek institutions; and, I suppose, in spite of the uncertainty +of their date, they can be taken as affording a very fair account of the +customs of a highly developed Eastern people. It would be hard, moreover, +to say where the connection of the Greeks with the East began or ended. + +The use made of the _Old Testament_ in these notes hardly needs further +remark. Of no people, in their true tribal condition before their +settlement, have we a more graphic account than of the Israelites. Their +proximity geographically to the Phoenicians, and the accounts of the +widespread fame of Solomon and the range of his commerce, at once suggest +comparison with the parallel and contemporaneous period of Achaian +history, immediately preceding the Dorian invasion, when, if we may trust +the accounts of Homer, the intercourse between the shores of the +Mediterranean must have been considerable. + +All reference to records of Roman customs has been omitted, not because +they are not related or analogous to the Greek, but because they could not +reasonably be brought within the scope of this essay. The ancestor-worship +among the Romans was so complete, and the organisation of their kindreds +so highly developed, that they deserve treatment on their own basis, and +are sufficient to form the subject of a separate volume. + +H. E. S. + +THE HERMITAGE, HITCHIN. +_July, 1895._ + +[Transcriber's Note: This e-book contains much Greek text which is often +relevant to the point of the book. In the ASCII versions of the e-book, +the Greek is transliterated into Roman letters, which do not perfectly +represent the Greek original; especially, accent and breathing marks do +not transliterate. The HTML and PDF versions contain the true Greek text +of the original book. In the ASCII e-book, the markings such as (M1) +indicate marginal notes, which were printed in the margins of the original +book, but in the e-book are transcribed at the end with the footnotes.] + + + + + +CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. + + +(M1) In trying to ascertain the course of social development among the +Greeks, the inquirer is met by an initial difficulty. The Greeks were not +one great people like the Israelites, migrating into and settling in a new +country, flowing with milk and honey. Their movements were erratic and +various, and took place at very different times. Several partial +migrations are described in Homer, and others are referred to as having +taken place only a few generations back. The continuation of unsettled +life must have had the effect of giving cohesion to the individual +sections into which the Greeks were divided, in proportion as the process +of settlement was protracted and difficult. + +But in spite of divergencies caused by natural surroundings, by the +hostility or subservience of previous occupants of the soil, there are +some features of the tribal system, wherever it is examined, so inherent +in its structure as to seem almost indelible. A new civilisation was not +formed to fit into the angles of city walls. Even modification could take +place only of those customs whose roots did not strike too deeply into the +essence of the composition of tribal society. + +(M2) It is the object of these notes to try to put back in their true +setting some of the conditions prevailing, sometimes incongruously with +city life, among the Greeks in historical times, and by comparison with +analogous survivals in known tribal communities, of whose condition we +have fuller records, to establish their real historical continuity from an +earlier stage of habit and belief. + +(M3) There were three important public places necessary to every Greek +community and symbolical to the Greek mind of the very foundations of +their institutions. These were:--the _Agora_ or place of assembly, the +place of justice, and the place of religious sacrifice. From these three +sacred precincts the man who stirred up civil strife, who was at war with +his own people, cut himself off. Such an one is described in Homer as +being, by his very act, "clanless" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}), "out-law" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and +"hearthless" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(1) In the camp of the Greeks before Troy the +ships and huts of his followers were congregated by the hut of their chief +or leader. Each sacrificed or poured libation to his favourite or familiar +god at his own hut door.(2) But in front of Odysseus' ships, which, we are +told, were drawn up at the very centre of the camp, stood the great altar +of Zeus Panomphaios--lord of _all_ oracles--"exceeding fair."(3) "Here," +says the poet, "were _Agora_, _Themis_, and the altars of the gods." + +The Trojans held _agora_ at Priam's doors,(4) and it is noticeable that +the space in front of the chief's hut or palace was generally considered +available for such purposes as assembly, games, and so forth, just as it +was with the ancient Irish. + +(M4) In the centre of most towns of Greece(5) stood the Prytaneum or +magistrates' hall, and in the Prytaneum was the sacred hearth to which +attached such reverence that in the most solemn oaths the name of Hestia +was invoked even before that of Zeus.(6) Thucydides states that each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} +or village of Attica had its hearth or Prytaneum of its own, but looked up +to the Hestia and Prytaneum in the city of Athens as the great centre of +their larger polity. In just the same way the lesser kindreds of a tribe +would have their sacred hearths and rites, but would look to the hearth +and person of their chief as symbolical of their tribal unity. Thucydides +also mentions how great a wrench it seemed to the Athenians to be +compelled to leave their "sacred" homes, to take refuge within the walls +of Athens from the impending invasion by the Spartans.(7) + +The word _Prytanis_ means "chieftain." It is probable that, as the duties +sacred and magisterial of the chief became disseminated among the other +officers of later civilisation, the chief's dwelling, called the +Prytaneum, acquiring vitality from the indelible superstition attaching to +the hearth within its precincts, maintained thereby its political +importance, when nothing but certain religious functions remained to its +lord and master in the office of Archon Basileus. + +(M5) Mr. Frazer, in his article in the _Journal of Philology_(8) upon the +resemblance of the Prytaneum in Greece to the Temple of Vesta in Rome, +shows that both had a direct connection with, if not an absolute origin in +the domestic hearth of the chieftain. The Lares and Penates worshipped in +the Temple of Vesta, he says, were originally the Lares and Penates of the +king, and were worshipped at his hearth, the only difference between the +hearth in the temple and the hearth in the king's house being the absence +of the royal householder.(9) + +Mr. Frazer also maintains that the reverence for the hearth and the +concentration of such reverence on the hearth of the chieftain was the +result of the difficulty of kindling a fire from rubbing sticks together, +and of the responsibility thus devolving upon the chieftain unfailingly to +provide fire for his people. Whether this was the origin or not, before +the times that come within the scope of this inquiry, the hearth had +acquired a real sanctity which had become involved in the larger idea of +it as the centre of a kindred, including on occasion the mysterious +presence also of long dead ancestors. + +(M6) The basis of tribal coherence was community of blood, actual or +supposed; the visible evidence of the possession of tribal blood was the +undisputed participation, as _one of a kindred_, in the common religious +ceremonies, from which the blood-polluted and the stranger-in-blood were +so strictly shut out.(10) It is therefore in the incidence of religious +duties, and in the qualifications of the participants, that it is +reasonable to seek survivals of true tribal sentiment. + +Although the religious life of the Greeks was always complex, there is not +to be found in Homer the broad distinction drawn afterwards between public +and private gods. It is noticeable that the later Greeks sought to draw +into their homes the beneficent influence of one or other of the greater +gods, whose protection and guidance were claimed in times of need by all +members of the household. Secondary influences, though none the less +strongly felt, were those of the past heroes of the house, sometimes only +just dead, to be propitiated at the family tombs or hearth. Anxiety on +this head, and the deeply-rooted belief in the real need to the dead of +attentions from the living, were, it will be seen, most powerful factors +in the development of Greek society. + +(M7) The worship of ancestors or household gods as such is not evident in +the visible religious exercises of the Homeric poems. But this can hardly +be a matter of surprise. The Greek chieftains mentioned in the poems are +so nearly descended from the gods themselves, are in such immediate +relation each with his guardian deity, and are so indefatigable in their +attentions thereto, that it would surely be extremely irrelevant if any of +the libations or hecatombs were perverted to any intermediate, however +heroic, ancestor from the all-powerful and ever ready divinity who was so +often also himself the boasted founder of the family.(11) + +(M8) The libations and hecatombs themselves, however, seem to serve much +the same purpose as the offerings to the _manes_ or household gods, and +relieved the luxurious craving for sustenance in the immortals, left +unsatisfied by their ethereal diet of nectar and ambrosia.(12) + +(M9) Yet it is strange that if libations and sacrifices were paid to the +dead _periodically_ at their tombs, no mention of the occurrence is to be +found in Homer. That the dead were believed to appreciate such attentions +may be gathered from the directions given by Circe to Odysseus. + + + "Then pour a drink-offering to all the dead, first with mead + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), and thereafter with sweet wine, and for the third + time with water, and sprinkle white meal thereon.... and promise + thou wilt offer _in thy halls_(13) a barren heifer, the best thou + hast, and fill the pyre with treasure, and wilt sacrifice apart to + Teiresias alone a black sheep without spot, the fairest of your + flock." + + +(M10) This done, the ghosts flock up to drink of the blood of the victim. +But the ghost of Elpenor, who met his death at the house of Circe by +falling from the roof in his drunken haste to join his already departed +comrades, and who had therefore received no burial at their hands, demands +no libations or sacrifices for the refreshment of his thirsty soul, but +merely burial with tears and a barrow upon the shore of the gray sea, that +his name may be remembered by men to come. + +Nestor's son elsewhere is made to remark that one must not grudge the dead +their meed of tears; for the times are so out of joint, "this is now the +only due we pay to miserable men, to cut the hair and let the tear fall +from the cheek."(14) + +Is the right conclusion then that the Homeric Greeks did not sacrifice at +the tombs of their fathers, and that the so-called ancestor-worship +prevalent later was introduced or revived under their successors? Or is it +that the aristocratic tone of the poet did not permit him to bear witness +to the intercourse with any deity besides the one great family of Olympic +gods, less venerable than a river or other personification of nature?(15) + +There exists such close family relationship amongst Homer's gods, extended +as it is also to most of his chieftains, that taking into account the +conspicuous reverence displayed towards the hearth and the respect for +seniority in age, it may perhaps be justifiable to suppose that domestic +religious observances, other than those directed to the Olympic gods, were +thought by the poet to be as much beneath his notice as the swarms of +common tribesmen who shrink and shudder in the background of the poems. + +(M11) Ancestor-worship would be as much out of place in the Old Testament; +and yet there are references in the Bible to offerings to the dead which, +unless they are held to refer only to importations from outside religions +and not to relapses in the Israelites themselves to former superstitions +of their own people, imply that the great tribal religion of the +Israelites had superseded pre-existing ceremonies of ancestor-worship. + + + Deut. xxvi. 13. "And thou shalt say before the Lord thy God, I + have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also + have given them unto the Levite and the stranger, to the + fatherless and to the widow, according to all thy commandments + which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy + commandments, neither have I forgotten them: I have not eaten + thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof + for any unclean use, nor _given ought thereof for the dead_." + + +The transgressions of the Israelites in the wilderness are described in +the Psalms:--"They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor and _ate the +sacrifices of the dead_."(16) + +It was not necessary for an ancestor to become a god to be worthy of +worship, or to need the attentions of the living. If he was thought to +haunt tomb or hearth, and to keep his connection thus with his family in +the upper world, he required nourishment on his visits. He was also +considered to keep a jealous watch on the continuance of his fair fame +among the living. + +(M12) A close resemblance in this point lies between the Homeric poems and +the Old Testament. Though actual food and drink is not provided for the +dead, yet the stress laid on the permanence of the family, _lest the name +of the dead be cut off from his place_, is quite in keeping with the +request of Elpenor to Odysseus to insure the continuance of his name in +the memory of living men. + +It is quite possible that, as the story of the interview of Odysseus with +the dead reveals that the idea of the dead enjoying sacrifices of food and +drink was familiar at that time, even though the periodical supply of such +is not mentioned, so the existence of Laban's household gods and the +gathering of the kindred of Jesse to their family ceremony(17) may bear +witness to the presence of a survival of ancestor-worship in some +equivalent form, underlying the all-absorbing religion of the Israelites. +At this day the spirits of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are considered by the +Mohammedans of Hebron actually to inhabit the cave of Machpelah, and, in +the case of Isaac at any rate, to be extremely angered by any negligence +shown to their altars, either by omission of the customary ceremonies or +by admission within the sacred precinct of any stranger of alien faith. + +It must not therefore be inferred altogether that the regular +ancestor-worship so-called was of later origin amongst the Greeks, but +rather that the constitution of society did not afford it the same +prominence to the mind of Homer and perhaps his contemporaries, as it +acquired later. + +(M13) M. Fustel de Coulanges, in _La Cite Antique_, has so well +established the prevalence of ancestor-worship among the Greeks, drawing +illustration both from Indian and Roman sources, that no further instances +of its existence are needed here. + +The ceremonies however and offerings at the tombs of their fathers did not +supersede, amongst the Athenians at any rate, their worship of the Olympic +gods. The Olympic gods themselves moreover were clearly connected with +their family life. The protection of Zeus was specially claimed under the +title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or even {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(18) and as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} he received worship +upon the altar that stood in the court-yard of nearly every house in +Attica.(19) The permanent place of these gods in the homes of the people +is further denoted by the use of such epithets as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(20) and +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.(21) + +(M14) The tombs, on the other hand, were not approached with the purpose +of invoking powerful aid, but rather with the intent of soothing a +troubled spirit with care and attention, and of providing it with such +nourishing refreshment as could not be procured in the regions of the +starving dead. + + + "I come, bringing to my son's sire propitiating libations, such as + are soothing to the dead, from hallowed cow white milk, sweet to + drink; the flower distiller's dew--clear honey; the virgin spring's + refreshing draught; and undefiled from its wild mother, the liquid + gladness of the time-honoured vine; also from the ever-leafy + growth of the pale green olive fragrant fruit is here, and twined + flowers, children of the teeming earth."(22) + + +(M15) The same idea of nourishment of the dead, though shared with the +other gods, determines the offerings in the Egyptian _Book of the +Dead_.(23) + + + "I live upon loaves, white wheat, beer, red wheat.... Place me + with vases of milk and wine, with cakes and loaves, and plenty of + meat in the dwelling of Anubis."(24) + + + "Grant to me the funereal food, the drinks, the oxen, the geese, + the fabrics, the incense, the oil, and all the good and pure + things upon which the gods live."(25) + + +There is one passage that almost implies that the dead retained in idea a +claim upon the produce of the land which nourished them whilst alive, or +that they had a special allotment even in the other world:-- + + + "I sit down among the very great gods of Nut. A field extends for + me; the products of the ground are for me. I eat them; I am + favoured with them; I live in plenty by them.... I am given corn + and wheat for my mouth."(26) + + +Chapter cxliv. of the _Book of the Dead_ is to be said, + + + "at the gate of every room while offering to each of them thighs + and heads of red cows, the value of seven vases; while offering + blood extracted from the heart, the value of a hundred vases; + sixteen loaves of white bread, eight round cakes, eight oval + cakes, eight broad thin cakes, eight measures of beer, and eight + of wheat, a perfumed oil-basin full of milk from a white cow, + green grass, green figs, mestem and beads of incense to be burnt." + + +Chapter cxlviii. ordains that there + + + "shall be placed offerings before them of loaves, beer, meat, + incense, funereal dishes, bringing into favour with Ra and making + that the _deceased is fed in the netherworld_." + + +(M16) In the next chapters frequent reference will be made to the +offerings to ancestors, or _manes_, among the ancient Hindoos. With them +the cake-offering to the dead became a most important symbol, uniting in a +common duty all descendants from certain ancestors within fixed degrees, +and marking them off in the matter of responsibility thereto from more +distant relations, who owed similar duty elsewhere. + +(M17) Being thus surrounded by nations that believed intensely in the need +in the dead of nourishment at the hands of their relatives on earth, it +would indeed be surprising if the Greeks were found not to share in the +belief. But the fact remains that in the earliest Greek literature it is +least conspicuous, and the gulf seems widest between the living and the +dead. Can this be laid to the charge of the artificial superstitions of a +philosophical class of poets? Or is it due to the true evolution of such +beliefs, that as long as our search touches upon the unsettled periods of +semi-migratory life, the tombs of individual members of a family being +scattered here or there wherever they meet their deaths, the offering to +the dead takes a special form, inasmuch as the solidarity of the tribe +eclipses the importance of the family as a unit, and the religious +ceremonies of the chieftain absorb the attention of the lesser members of +the tribe? + +M. de Coulanges points out that the meaning of the Latin word _Lar_ is +lord, prince or master, and that _Hestia_ was sometimes designated by the +Greeks with the similar title of mistress of the house, or princess.(27) + +If, as long as the tribe was felt to be a real unit, the religious +instincts of the tribesmen were concentrated upon the worship of their +tribal deities--the great ancestors of the tribe, and more emphatically and +directly the ancestors of their chieftain--it would be quite natural, in +the weakening of the central worship, for the titles of honour and respect +to be used equally towards those meaner ancestors who henceforth occupied +the religious energies of the head of each family or household. In +fulfilment of a similar sentiment, the later Greeks commonly used the word +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in speaking of a dead friend, deeming that any one who departed this +life passed to the ranks of those princes of the community from whom all +were proud to trace descent. + +(M18) M. de Coulanges considers that the sacred rites of the family at the +hearth formed a more real tie than the belief in a common blood; and that +upon this religious basis was built up the greater hearth of the Prytaneum +as the centre of city life, to bind together the several families +composing the community. But without pretending to come to a final +decision on this the main tendency of social development, surely something +may yet be said in favour of the contrary theory; that the reverence that +centred in the hearth was in effect the expression of the sanctity of the +tie of blood, as felt by all members of the house, and that this feeling +drew its real importance for the community, not from the founding of the +city by the amalgamation of several families, but as a survival from an +earlier stage of life, when society circled round what was then in more +than name the Prytaneum of the tribal chieftain. + +Facts are wanting to justify a conclusion as to which of these theories +bears the closest resemblance to the truth, but it is easy to imagine what +might be the line of development if the latter hypothesis be maintained. + +(M19) During the wanderings and migrations of peoples in the search for +greener pastures or broader lands, each community or tribe would be +constantly under arms and subject to attack from the enemies they were +passing through or subjugating. This constant sojourning in a strange +land, surrounded by foes, would be a source of much solidarity to the +tribe itself, drawing its members closely together for mutual defence and +subsistence. + +But when once the tribe had found a country to its taste, and had made a +settlement with borders comparatively permanently established, emphasis +would be transferred to the petty quarrels and internal dissensions +arising between different sections within the community itself. The tie of +common blood, uniting all members of the tribe, would be gradually +disregarded and displaced by the less homely and more political relation +of fellow-citizenship, which, though retaining many of the characteristics +of the tribal bond, would necessarily be felt in a very different manner. + +In this disintegration of the larger unit, the existence of kinship by +blood would be acknowledged only where the relationship was obvious and +well known. And it would no longer be sufficient merely to prove +membership of a kindred; as those outside certain limits would claim +exemption from the responsibilities entailed by closer relationship. + +(M20) So, too, in the matter of religious observance: the reverence of the +individual for the Prytaneum and common hearth of the state would undergo +a change into a less personal sentiment; the rites connected therewith +would be delegated to an official priest; and it is with the head of each +family, surrounded by those who are really conscious of their connection +by blood in common descent from much more immediate ancestors, that the +true tribal feeling would longest survive, though, of course, on much +narrower lines. + +The privileges of citizenship were, it will be seen, as carefully guarded +as those of the tribe, but in a more perfunctory and arbitrary manner; +whilst the intimate connection of the members of the family with the +hearth and the graves of their ancestors stands out in strong relief. + +By the time of Hesiod, besides the violation of the universal sanctity of +a guest or suppliant, the chief sins are against members of the same +household, defrauding orphans, or insulting an aged parent.(28) Behaviour +to other than blood-relations is regulated by expediency, by what you may +expect in return from your neighbours.(29) + +Whether the family is to be regarded as the chief factor in the +composition of the city, or how much of its composition the city owes to +direct inheritance from the tribal system, must, as has been said, be left +unsolved. Some small light may perhaps be shed upon the problem as this +inquiry proceeds. + +(M21) At any rate, if the true basis of the organisation of the family and +the kindred, as found in historic times in Greece, could once be +established, material assistance ought to have been gained for rightly +understanding the structure of that earlier society, whatever it was, from +which the rules, that govern those within the bond of kinship, were +survivals. + + + + + +CHAPTER II. THE MEANING OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP. + + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. + _Aeschylus._ + + + + +§ 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At +Their Tomb. + + +(M22) As the hearth was the centre of the sanctity and reverence of the +family, so the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the customary term to signify the smaller +group of the composite {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, consisting of a man and his immediate +descendants. In the first place, the individual was absolutely committed +to sacrifice all his personal feelings for the sake of the continuity of +his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and this was his supreme duty. But whereas several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} traced +their descent from a common ancestor, a group of gradually diverging lines +of descent were formed, sharing mutually the responsibility of the +maintenance of continuity, and the privilege of inheritance and +protection. + +Before examining how far these parallel lines remained within the reach of +claims of kinship, or how soon the reverence for the more immediate +predecessors absorbed the memory of the more remote ancestor, it will be +well to have a clear understanding of what the claims of kindred were, and +how they affected the member of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in respect of his duties +thereto. + +(M23) Plato(30) declares that honour should be given to:-- + +1. Olympian Gods. + +2. Gods of the State. + +3. Gods below. + +4. Demons and Spirits. + +5. Heroes. + +6. Ancestral Gods. + +7. _Living Parents_, "to whom we have to pay the greatest and oldest of +all debts: in property, in person, in soul; paying the debts due to them +for the care and travail which they bestowed on us of old in the days of +our infancy, and which we are now to pay back to them when they are old +and in the extremity of their need." + +(M24) The candidates for the archonship were asked, among other things, +whether they treated their parents properly.(31) It was only in case of +some indelible stain, such as wife-murder, that the debt of maintenance of +the parent was cancelled.(32) Yet even when the father had lost his right +of maintenance by crime or foul treatment, the son was still bound to bury +him when he died and to perform all the customary rites at his tomb.(33) + +"Is it not," says Isaeus, "a most unholy thing, if a man, without having +done any of the customary rites due to the dead, yet expects to take the +inheritance of the dead man's property?"(34) + +(M25) The duty of maintenance of the parent thus extended even beyond the +tomb, and this retrospective attitude of the individual gives us the clue +to his position of responsibility also with regard to posterity. + +The strongest representation possible of this attitude is given in the +_Ordinances of Manu_, where it is stated that a man "goes to hell" who has +no son to offer at his death the funeral cake. + +(M26) "No world of heaven exists for one not possessed of a son." The +debt, owed by the living member of a family to his _manes_, was to provide +a successor to perform the rites necessary to them after his own death. + + + "By means of the eldest son, as soon as he is born, a man becomes + possessed of a son and is thus cleared of his debt to the _manes_" + + + "A husband is born again on earth in his son." + + + "If among many brothers born of one father, _one_ should have a + son, Manu said all those brothers would be possessed of sons by + means of that son." + + +_i.e._ one representative was sufficient as regards the duties to the +_manes_ in the house of the grandfather. + + + "Thro' a son one conquers worlds, thro' a son's son one attains + endlessness, and through the son's son of a son one attains the + world of the Sun." + + + "The sort of reward one gets on crossing the water by means of bad + boats is the sort of reward one gets on crossing the darkness (to + the next world) by means of bad sons."(35) + + +(M27) Plato expresses the same feeling in the _Laws_:(36) + + + "After a sort the human race naturally partakes of immortality, of + which all men have the greatest desire implanted in them; for the + desire of every man that he may become famous, and not lie in the + grave without a name, is only the love of continuance ... In this + way they are immortal leaving [children's] children behind them, + with whom they are one in the unity of generation. And for a man + voluntarily to deprive himself of this gift of immortality, as he + deliberately does who will not have a wife and children, is + _impiety_." + + +The functions and duties of the individual towards his family and +relations thus find their explanation in his position as link, between the +past and the future, in the transmission to eternity of his family blood. + +His duties to his ancestors began with the death of his father. He had at +Athens to carry out the corpse, provide for the cremation, gather the +remains of the burnt bones, with the assistance of the rest of the +kindred,(37) and show respect to the dead by the usual form of shaving the +head, wearing mourning clothes, and so on. Nine days after the funeral he +must perform certain sacrifices and periodically after that visit the +tombs and altars of his family in the family burying-place.(38) If he had +occasion to perform military service, he must serve in the tribe and the +deme of his parent ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}).(39) Before he +can enter into his inheritance he must fulfil all the ordinances incumbent +on one in his position, and in the Gortyn Laws it is stated that an +adopted heir cannot partake of the property of his adoptive father unless +he undertakes the sacred duties of the house of the deceased.(40) Thus the +right of ownership of the family estate rested always with the possession +of the blood of the former owners; and such a representative demonstrated +his right by stepping into his predecessor's shoes and by taking upon +himself all responsibility for the fulfilment of the rites, thereafter to +be performed to him also when he shall have been gathered to the majority +of his family. + + + + +§ 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession. + + +But however piously and carefully he performed his many duties to his +ancestors, his work was only transitory and incomplete, unless he provided +a successor to continue them after him into further generations. + +(M28) The procreation of children was held to be of such importance at +Sparta(41) that if a wife had no children, with the full knowledge of her +husband she admitted some other citizen to her, and children born from +such a union were reckoned as born to the continuation of her husband's +family, without breach of the former relations of husband and wife.(42) +This is the exact custom stated in the _Ordinances of Manu_ (ix. 59), +where it is laid down that a wife can be "commissioned" by her husband to +bear him a son, but she must only take a kinsman within certain degrees, +whose connection with her ceases on the birth of one son.(43) Otherwise it +was a man's duty to divorce a barren wife and take another. But he must +divorce the first, and could not have two hearths or two wives.(44) + +A curious instance of how this sentiment worked in practice in directly +the opposite direction to our modern ideas, is mentioned in Herodotus. +Leaders of forlorn hopes nowadays would be inclined to pick out as +comrades the unmarried men, as having least to sacrifice and fewest duties +to forego. Whereas Leonidas, in choosing the 300 men to make their famous +and fatal stand at Thermopylae, is stated to have selected all _fathers +with sons living_.(45) + +Hector is made to use this idea in somewhat similar manner. He encourages +his soldiers with:-- + + + "If a man fall fighting for his fatherland, it is no dishonourable + thing: and his wife and his children left behind, and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} are unharmed, if the Achaians go but back to their own + country."(46) + + +If the enemy are driven out, though he be killed himself, yet if he leave +children behind, his household and their property will remain unharmed. + +All about to die, says Isaeus, take thought not to leave their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +desolate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),(47) but that there shall be some one to carry the name +of their house down to posterity, who shall perform all the customary +rites at the tomb due to them also when they shall have joined the ranks +of ancestors.(48) + +Where children were reckoned of the tribe of their father and not of their +mother, and where a woman was incapable of performing sacred rites, a male +heir was necessary for the direct transmission of blood and property. Sons +entered upon their inheritance immediately on the death of their father, +nor had he the power to dispossess them in favour of others, whilst +brothers, cousins, legatees, had always to prove their title and procure +judgment from the court in their favour.(49) + +(M29) Failing sons however, the next descent lay through a daughter. Nor +were her qualifications in herself complete or sufficient in theory to +form the necessary link in the chain of succession. The next of kin male +had to marry her with the property of which she was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~};(50) but +neither she nor he really possessed the property, and the sons born from +the marriage succeeded thereto directly on attaining a certain age. The +next of kin had in the meantime of course to represent his wife's father +in all the religious observances, and was said to have power to live with +the woman ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}), but not to dispose of the +property ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~});(51) the sons becoming {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +at sixteen years old, and owing thence only maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to their +mother from the property.(52) The heiress was compelled to marry at a +certain age and was adjudicated by law to the proper kinsman.(53) + +Again an exact parallel is to be found in the _Ordinances of Manu_:-- + + + "One who is without a son should, by the following rule, make his + daughter provide him a son:--'The offspring which may be hers shall + be for me the giver of offerings to the _manes_.' " + + +The whole property of a man is taken by this daughter's son,(54) and, by +her bearing a son, _her father_ "becomes possessed of a son, who should +give the funeral cake and take the property."(55) + +If she die without a son, her husband would take (presumably by a sort of +adoption).(56) But this would be perfectly natural, if, as in Greece, her +husband was bound to be the next of kin and therefore heir failing issue +from her. + +(M30) At Athens it was part of the office of the archon to see that no +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} failed for want of representatives, to constrain a reluctant heiress +to marry or to compel the next of kin to perform his duty. Plato(57) asks +pardon for his imaginary legislator, if he shall be found to give the +daughter of a man in marriage having regard only to the two +conditions--nearness of kin, and the preservation of the property; +disregarding, in his zeal for these, the further considerations, which the +father himself might be expected to have had, with regard to the +suitability of the match.(58) + +(M31) A certain leniency was however allowed to the heiress who was +unwilling to marry an obnoxious kinsman, and to the kinsman who had +counterclaims upon him in his own house. Nevertheless the rules remained +very strict. Isaeus states emphatically,(59) "Often have men been +compelled by law to give up their properly wedded wives, owing to their +becoming {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} through the death of their brother to their father's +property and having to marry the next of kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})," to +prevent the extinction of their father's house. + +Manu warns those about to marry to be careful that their children shall +not be required to continue their wives' father's family, to the +desolation of their own. + + + "She who has not a brother ... let not a wise man marry her, + through fear of the law about a daughter's son."(60) + + +Again Isaeus:-- + + + "We, because of our nearness of kin, would have been compelled to + maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our aged grandfather and either ourselves + marry Cleonymos' (our uncle's) daughters or give them away with + their portions to others and all this our kinship, the laws, and + _our shame_ would have compelled us to perform or incur the + greatest penalties and the _utmost disgrace_."(61) + + +(M32) In the laws of Gortyn very clear rules are laid down to be followed +where there were difficulties in the way of the heiress marrying the next +of kin. + + + "The heiress shall marry the eldest brother of her father that is + alive. If there are more heiresses and uncles, they shall ever + marry the eldest. If there are no uncles but sons of uncles, she + shall marry the son of her father's eldest brother. If there are + more than one heiress and sons of uncles, they shall ever marry + the son of the eldest in order: but a man shall not marry more + than one heiress"(62) + + +There is also a statement made by Demosthenes(63) that sounds as if it +might have come from the _Ordinances of Manu_. It is there stated that if +there were more than one heiress, _only one_ need be dealt with in respect +to _providing succession_, though all shared in the property. + +The law of Gortyn goes on:-- + + + "If the man will not marry her, though of age and wishing to + marry, the guardians of the heiress shall sue, and the judge shall + condemn him to marry her in two months. If he will not marry her, + according to the law, she shall have all the property and shall + marry the next of kin (after him) if there is one.... + + + "If she is of age and does not wish to marry the next of kin or if + he is a minor and she does not wish to wait, she ... can marry + whom she will of those who claim her of the tribe. But she shall + apportion off his share of the property to the first of kin. + + + "If there are no kin to her, she shall have all the property and + marry whom she will of the tribe. + + + "If no one of the tribe will marry her, her guardians shall ask + throughout the tribe, ' Will any marry her?' And if any one then + marries her, he shall do it in thirty days after the 'asking.' But + if there is still no one, she shall marry any one else she can." + + +Such pains were taken to find a representative for the deceased in his +family, or at any rate in his _tribe_.(64) + +(M33) The same questions seem to have arisen amongst the Israelites in the +time of Moses. + + + Numbers xxxvi. 8. "And every daughter that possesseth an + inheritance (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) in any tribe of the + children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the + tribe of her father ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), that + the children of Israel may enjoy ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) every man the + inheritance of his fathers. + + + "Even as the Lord commanded Moses, so did the daughters of + Zelophehad. + + + "For Mahlah, Tirzah and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the + daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's + brother's sons (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})." + + + + +§ 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only +Daughter. + + +(M34) The _levirate_, or marriage with deceased husband's brother, seems +to have had no place in Greek family law. The wife was of no _kin_ +necessarily to the husband; and so it would not tend to strengthen the +transmission of blood if the next of kin married the widow on taking the +inheritance of his relative deceased without issue. The wife in Greek law +could not inherit from her husband, whose property went to his father's or +mother's relations; and only when it became a question of finding an heir +to her _son_, and failing all near paternal kinsmen, could the inheritance +pass through her, and then as the mother of her dead son, not as widow of +her dead husband. Even then, being a woman, she had no right of enjoyment, +only of transmission. She could only inherit on behalf of her issue by a +second husband, and failing her issue the inheritance would pass to her +brothers and so on. In Greece the claim upon the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} (Latin _levir_) for +marriage seems to have begun with his brother's daughter, not his +brother's widow. + +(M35) The childless widow on the death of her husband had to return to her +own family or whoever of her kindred was guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of her, and if +she wished, be given again in marriage by him.(65) + +The woman at Athens even after marriage always retained her {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or +guardian,(66) who was at once her protector and trustee. He was probably +the head of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to which she originally belonged--her next of kin--and +had great power over her.(67) + +A case there is(68) where the heir to the property also takes the wife of +the previous owner; but in this case the husband may have been {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of +his own wife, and so could bequeath, or give her away to whomever he +liked.(69) + +In the _Ordinances of Manu_, the limitations of the levirate are very +strictly defined.(70) In the case of a man leaving a widow, she must not +marry again, or she lost her place in heaven by his side. + +But if she was childless, the next of kin of her husband must beget one +son by her; he did not _marry_ her, and his connection with her _ceased on +the birth of a son_. + +(M36) The laws of Manu otherwise are strict against the marriage of close +relations; a restriction not found in Greece. + +Isaeus(71) mentions that it was thought quite natural for a man to marry +his first cousin in order to concentrate the family blood, and prevent her +dowry or whatever property might come to her from going outside his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, +and we know that even marriage with a half-sister (not born of the same +mother) was not forbidden. + +There are more instances than one in Homer of a man marrying his aunt, or +niece. + +The nearest resemblance to the levirate in Greece is the occasional custom +at Sparta, mentioned already, of a wife being "commissioned" to bear +children by another man into the family of her husband. But this exists in +Manu, side by side with the above-mentioned custom of levirate proper. + +(M37) Among the Israelites, the levirate was in full force; the craving +for continuance was the same as among the followers of Manu and the +Greeks; and the custom with regard to heiresses is so vividly told that it +is worth quoting at some length. + + + Deut. xxv. 5. "If brethren dwell together and one of them die and + have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a + stranger: her husband's brother [_i.e._ next of kin] shall go in + unto her and take her to him to wife and perform the duty of an + husband's brother to her. + + + "And it shall be that the firstborn which she beareth shall + _succeed in the name of his brother that is dead_, that his name + be not put out of Israel. + + + "And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his + brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders and say, 'My + husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in + Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.' + + + "Then the elders of his city shall call him and speak unto him: + and if he stand to it and say, 'I like not to take her,' then + shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the + elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his + face, and shall answer and say: 'So shall it be done unto that man + that will not build up his brother's house (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).' + + + "And his name shall be called in Israel, 'The house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of him + that hath his shoe loosed.' " + + +(M38) Such was the scorn felt for the man who refused to perform the +duties of nearest kinsman. In the thirty-eighth chapter of Genesis is told +the story of Tamar, the wife of Judah's eldest son who died childless. The +second son's refusal to raise up seed to his brother because he knows that +_his own name will not be perpetuated thereby, but his brother's_, meets +with summary punishment. "And the thing that he did was evil in the sight +of the Lord, and He slew him also."(72) Afterwards, when it was reported +to her father-in-law that Tamar had a child by some one not of his family, +he was exceedingly wroth, and said, "Bring her forth and let her be +burnt." Accordingly, after he had received his own "tokens" from her hand, +his approval of her action, in her desire to perpetuate the name of her +dead husband, is all the more striking, and shows how real such a claim as +Tamar's was in the practice of those days, extreme though her action was +felt to be. And Judah acknowledged his tokens and said, "She hath been +more righteous than I: because that I gave her not to Shelah my [youngest] +son." + +(M39) The statement of the customary procedure in Deuteronomy is very +picturesquely illustrated and fulfilled in detail in the story of Ruth, +who though only a daughter-in-law takes the position of heiress through a +sort of adoption by her mother-in-law Naomi, on her refusal to go back to +her own people. "Where thou goest, I will go: where thou lodgest, I will +lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God, my God. Where thou +diest will I die, and there will I be buried." She accepts Naomi's hearth +her kin, her religion, and finally her tomb. + +Elimelech and his two sons dying in Moab, Naomi and both her +daughters-in-law are left widows in a strange land. If Naomi had other +sons, upon them would have devolved the duty of taking Orpah and Ruth to +wife. But Naomi declares herself(73) too old to marry again and be the +mother of sons, and implores her daughters-in-law to return to their own +people in Moab, where she hopes they will start afresh with new husbands, +a course which seems always to have been open to wives in tribal +communities. Orpah does so, but Ruth elects to remain with Naomi, and +returning with her to Bethlehem takes her chance among the kindred of +Elimelech. Happening to arrive at Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley +harvest, it so chances that Ruth goes forth to glean upon that part of the +open field which belonged to Boaz--a rich man of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of Elimelech, +who, having heard of her devotion to Naomi and the house of his late +kinsmen, protects her from possible insult from strangers and treats her +richly. On her return home Naomi informs her that Boaz is of their next of +kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})(74) whose place it was to redeem property sold or +lost by a kinsman. This duty is thus set forth in Leviticus:-- + + + (M40) Lev. xxv. 25. "And if thy brother be waxen poor and sell + some of his possession, then shall his kinsman ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) that + is next to him come and shall redeem that which his brother hath + sold." + + +An instance of it in practice is given in Jeremiah. + + + Jerem. xxxii. 8. "So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me in the + court of the guard according to the word of the Lord and said unto + me, 'Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth which is in + the land of Bethlehem: for the right of inheritance is thine, and + the redemption is thine: buy it for thyself.' " + + +But on Ruth's applying to Boaz, he informs her that though he is +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ within the reach of the claim on the next of kin, yet is +there one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} who is nearer than he, and who must first be asked. + + + "Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there, and behold the + near kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by, unto whom he said, 'Ho, + such an one! turn, aside, sit down here,' and he turned aside and + sat down. And he took ten men of the elders of the city and said, + 'Sit ye down here,' and they sat down. And he said unto the near + kinsman, 'Naomi that is come again out of the country of Moab + selleth the parcel of land which was our brother Ehmelech's: and I + thought to disclose it to thee, saying, "Buy it before them that + sit here and before the elders of my people." If thou wilt redeem + it, redeem it; but if thou wilt not redeem it, tell me that I may + know; for there is none to redeem it beside thee, and I am after + thee.' And he said, 'I will redeem it.' Then said Boaz, 'What day + thou buyest the field of the hand of Naomi thou must buy it also + of Ruth the Moabitess, _the wife of the dead, to raise up the name + of the dead upon his inheritance_.' And the near kinsman said, 'I + cannot redeem it for myself _lest I mar my own inheritance_; take + thou my right of redemption on thee; for I cannot redeem it.' " + + +The rendering of the Vulgate of the kinsman's reply is more easily +understood:--"I yield up my right of near kinship: for neither ought I to +blot out the continuance (_posteritas_) of my family: do thou use my +privilege, which I declare that I freely renounce." + + + "And he drew off his shoe. And Boaz said unto the elders and unto + all the people, 'Ye are witnesses this day that I have bought all + that was Elimelech's ... Chilion's and Mahlon's of the hand of + Naomi. Moreover Ruth, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to be + my wife to _raise up the name of the dead_ upon his inheritance, + that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his brethren + and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this day.' And + all the people that were in the gate and the elders said, 'We are + witnesses ... May thy house be like the house of Perez whom Tamar + bare unto Judah' &c." + + +Now Boaz was sixth in descent from this Perez whose mother Tamar, as +quoted above, had been in much the same position as Ruth. + +It is interesting to read further that the son born of this marriage of +Ruth and Boaz is taken by the women of Bethlehem to Naomi, saying, "_There +is a son born to Naomi_," emphasising the duty of the heiress to bear a +son, not into her husband's family, but to that of her father. + +The story of Ruth is not, therefore, an exact example of the custom of +levirate. But it illustrates incidentally the unity of the family. The +sons of Elimelech died before the family division had taken place, and the +house of Elimelech their father was thus in jeopardy of extinction. If +Naomi had come within the proper operation of the levirate, the next of +kin ought to have married _her_, but by her adoption of Ruth as her +daughter, she gave Ruth the position of heiress or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whilst the +heir born to Ruth was called son, not of Ruth's former or present husband, +but of Elimelech and (by courtesy) of Naomi, Elimelech's widow, through +whom the issue ought otherwise to have been found. + + + + +§ 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption: +Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen. + + +(M41) But if the heiress was already married and had sons, she need not be +divorced and marry the next of kin, though that still lay in her power. It +was considered sufficient if she set apart one of her sons to be heir to +her father's house. But she must do this absolutely: her son must entirely +leave her husband's house and be enfranchised into the house of her +father. If she did not do this with all the necessary ceremonies, the +house of her father would become extinct, which would be a lasting shame +upon her. + +Isaeus(75) mentions a case where a wife inherits from her deceased brother +a farm and persuades her husband to emancipate their second son in order +that he may carry on the family of her brother and take the property. + +(M42) In another passage(76) the conduct of married sisters in not +appointing one of their own sons to take his place as son in the house of +their deceased brother, and in absorbing the property into that of their +husbands, whereby the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of their brother became {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, is described +as shameful ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). + +In Demosthenes(77) a man behaving in similar wise is stigmatised as +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +(M43) Herein lay the reason that adoption became so favourite a means in +classical times of securing an heir. It became almost a habit among the +Athenians who had no sons, to adopt an heir--often even the next of kin who +would naturally have succeeded to the inheritance.(78) + +The transfer of the adopted son from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his father to the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +he was chosen to represent was so real that he lost all claim to +inheritance in his original family, and henceforth based his relationship +and rights of kinship from his new position as son of his adoptive father. +This absolutely insured the childless man that his successor would not +merge the inheritance in that of another {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and made it extremely +unlikely that he would neglect his religious duties as they would be +henceforth his own ancestral rites. + +Sometimes, it seems,(79) sons of an unfortunate father were adopted into +another {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so as not to share in the disgrace brought upon their +family. In such a case presumably their father's house would be allowed to +become extinct. + +(M44) The inheritance of property being only an accessory to the +heirship,(80) the ceremony of adoption consisted of an introduction to the +kindred and to the ancestral altars, and an assumption of the +responsibilities connected therewith. + +(M45) The process was the same as for the proclamation of the true blood +of a son, and was exactly in accordance with tribal instincts. + +Whatever the history of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens, in it seems to have been +accumulated a great number of the survivals of tribal sentiment. + +(M46) The adoption at Athens took place at the gathering of the phratores +in order that all the kin might be present ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).(81) +The adopter must lead his son to the sacrifices on the altars(82) and must +show him to the kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and phratores: he must +give assurance on the sacrifices that the young man was born in lawful +wedlock from free citizens. This done, and no one questioning his rights, +the assembly proceeded to vote(83) and if the vote was in his favour, then +and not till then he was enrolled in the common register ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) of the phratria in the name of son of his adopted father. As +a father could not without reason disinherit his true-born sons, so the +phratores could not without reason refuse to accept them to the +kinship.(84) + +If any of the phratores objected to the admission of the new kinsman, he +must stop the sacrifices and remove the victim from the altar.(85) He +would have to state the grounds of his objection, and if he could not +produce good reasons, he incurred a fine. If there was no objection, the +unsacrificial parts of the victim were divided up and each member took +home with him his share,(86) or joined in a feast provided by the father +of the admitted son.(87) + +(M47) The ceremonial given in the Gortyn laws is similar:-- + + + x. 33. "The adoption shall take place in the agora when all the + citizens have assembled, from the stone from which speeches are + made. And the adopter shall give to his own brotherhood ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) + a victim-for-sacrifice and a vessel of wine ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})." + + +The adopted son gets all the property and shall fulfil the divine and +human duties of his adoptive father(88) and shall inherit as in the law +for true-born sons. But if he does not fulfil them according to law, the +next of kin shall take the property. He can only renounce his adoption by +paying a fine. + +The adopted son thus introduced was considered to have become of the blood +of his adoptive father, and was unable to leave his new family and return +to his original home unless he left in the adoptive house a son to carry +on the name to posterity. As long as he remained in the other {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, +_i.e._ had not provided for his succession and by certain legal ceremonies +been readmitted to his former family, he was considered of no relationship +to them and had no right of inheritance in their goods.(89) + +An adopted son could not adopt or devise by will, and if he did not +provide for the succession by leaving a son to follow him, the property +went back into the family and to the next of kin of his adopted +father.(90) + +If he did return to his former {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, leaving a son in his place and that +son died, he could not return and take the property thus left without heir +direct.(91) + +(M48) Adoption amongst the Hindoos took place in like manner before the +convened kindred. The adopting father offered a burnt-offering, and with +recitation of holy words in the middle of his dwelling completed the +adoption with these words:-- + + + "I take thee for the fulfilment of my religious duties; I take + thee to continue the line of my ancestors."(92) + + +The adopted son should be as near a relation as possible, and when once +the ceremony had taken place, was considered to have as completely lost +his position in his former family as if he had never been born +therein.(93) + +(M49) The introduction into the deme which took place at the age of +eighteen at Athens, including the enrolment in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, seems to have been a registration of rights of property and +an assumption of the full status of citizen. The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is +defined by Harpocration as meaning "capable of managing the ancestral +estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})." The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is used by Isaeus for the +application, by others than direct descendants, to the Archon for the +necessary powers to take their property. + +It appears to have been at this period that the young man left the ranks +of boyhood and dedicated himself to the responsibilities of his life. + +(M50) Plutarch(94) states that it was the custom at coming of age to +tonsure the head and offer the hair to some god, and describes the young +Theseus as adopting what we know as the Celtic tonsure, thenceforth called +after his name. + + + "The custom still being in existence at that time for those + quitting childhood to go to Delphi and dedicate(95) their hair to + the god, Theseus also went to Delphi (and the place is still + called after him the Theseia, so they say) and _shaved the hair of + his head in front only_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) Homer says the + Abantes do:(96) and this kind of tonsure ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}) is called + 'Theseis' because of him. Now the Abantes first shaved themselves + in this manner, not in imitation of the Arabs(97) as some have it, + nor even in emulation of the Mysians, but being a warlike people + and fighting hand to hand, ... as Archilochos testifies. For this + reason Alexander is said to have ordered his Macedonians to shave + their beards...." + + +This cutting the hair as token of dedication to any particular object or +deity was of common occurrence. Achilles' hair was dedicated as an +offering to the river Spercheios in case of his safe return.(98) Knowing +that this is impossible, in his grief at the death of Patroklos, with +apologies to the god he cuts his flowing locks and lays them in the hand +of his dead friend. + +Pausanias declares that it was the custom with all the Greeks to dedicate +their hair to rivers.(99) + +Theophrastus(100) mentions as a characteristic of the man of Petty +Ambition that he will "take his son away to Delphi to have his hair cut +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})," showing that this venerable custom had by that time become +pedantic and an object of ridicule. + +According to Athenaeus,(101) when the young men cut their hair they +brought a large cup of wine to Herakles and, pouring a libation, offered +it to the assembled people to drink. + +The age at which the hair was cut seems to have varied. The _Ordinances of +Manu_(102) give the following instructions:-- + + + "The Kecanta (tonsure-rite) is ordered in the sixteenth year(103) + of a Brahman, in the twenty-second of a Ksatriya, and in two years + more after that for a Vaicya." + + +But whenever the actual tonsure was performed, it seems to have been a +very widely spread custom, symbolical in some way of devotion to a deity +or kindred, or to some particular course of life. + +Its importance in this place, however, lies in its being one of the +special acts relating to the admission to tribal status, and to the +devotion, so to speak, of the services of the individual to the corporate +needs of his tribe or kindred. + +The public introduction to the kindred, combined with publicity of +marriage and of the birth of children would, it is obvious, be a very +important protection for the preservation of the jealously guarded purity +of the tribal blood. Isaeus(104) says that all relations ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), +all the phratores, and most ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}) of the demesmen would know whom a +man married, and what children he had. This, in addition to the oath +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of the father or of the mother(105) of the legitimacy of the son +introduced to his kin, would seem a very sufficient safeguard.(106) + +If a child was not introduced to the phratores, it was considered +illegitimate,(107) and could have no share in the rites of kindred and +property.(108) + + + + +§ 5. The Liability For Bloodshed. + + +(M51) A notable feature of the tribal system all over the world was the +_blood-feud_, wiped out only by the death of the manslayer or by the +payment of a sufficient recompense. The incidence of the responsibility +for murder and for payment of the recompense upon a group instead of only +on the guilty individual was of remarkable tenacity, and survived to +comparatively late days. + +In Arabia the whole tribe of the murderer subscribed to the blood-money, +which went to all the males in the tribe of the murdered man.(109) + +But in Greece the responsibility fell upon the next of kin, with the help +and under the supervision of the rest of the immediate kindred. He had to +see that a spear was carried in front of the funeral of the slain man and +planted in his grave, which must be watched for three days.(110) He must +make proclamation of the foul deed at the tomb, and must undergo +purificatory rites, himself and his whole house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). If the dead body +be found in the country and no cause of death known, the demarch must +compel the relatives to bury the corpse and to purify the deme on the same +day.(111) + +The subject is a familiar one in Homer. The wanderer ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is said +to have no value (he is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), no fine is exacted for his death. + + + _Il._ xiv. 483. "That my brother's price ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) be + not unpaid: even for this it is that a man may well pray to have + some kinsman in his halls ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to avenge + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}) his fall." + + + _Il._ ix. 634. "Yet doth a man accept recompense of his brother's + murderer: or for his dead son: and so the manslayer for a great + price abideth in his own land ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) and the other's heart is + appeased and his proud soul, when he hath taken the + recompense."(112) + + +(M52) There are many men told of in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ who were in +the position of refugees at the court of some chief. As many of them were +wealthy--chiefs' sons or even chiefs--and well able to pay large +recompenses, it seems probable that (as is definitely stated in some +instances), if the murder was committed on a member of the same family or +tribe as the murderer, the only way to wipe out the stain was by death or +perpetual exile, as in the case of the typical fratricide Cain. The +blood-price was then only between tribe and tribe or city and city. Within +the kindred there would be no ransom allowed.(113) + +Medon had slain the brother of his step-mother and was a fugitive from his +country.(114) + +Epeigeus _ruled_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}) fairest Boudeion of old, but having slain a good +man of his kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), to Peleus fled, a suppliant.(115) + +Tlepolemos slew his own father's maternal uncle, gathered much folk +together and fled across the sea, because the other sons and grandsons of +his father threatened him.(116) + + + _Il._ xxiv. 479. "And as when a grievous curse cometh upon a man + who in his own country ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) hath slain another and escapeth + to a land of other folk ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to the house of some rich + man, and wonder possesseth them that look on him...."(117) + + + _Od._ xv. 272. "Having slain a man of my tribe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): and many + are his relations ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) in Argos: at + their hands do I shun death and black fate and am in exile." + + + _Od._ xxiii. 118. "For whoso hath slain but one man in his country + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) for whom there be not many avengers ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) + behind, he fleeth leaving his kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and his fatherland, how + then we who have slain the pillar of the state!" + + +(M53) If ransom there was none for the murderer within the tribe, there +was equally none for murders between citizen and citizen,--in this point +also the inheritors of the sentiments of tribesmen. In the law of +Solon(118) it was forbidden to take payment in compensation from the +murderer:-- + + + "The murderer can be slain in our land, not tortured, not held to + ransom ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})." + + +Plato(119) describes the soul of the deceased as troubled with a great +anger against the murderer, so that even the innocent and unintentional +homicide must needs flee at any rate for a year. The presence too of a man +thus denied with bloodshed at the sacred altars was held to be a gross +impiety and source of divine anger. Plato(120) says:-- + + + "The murderer shall be slain, but not buried in the country ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) + of the deceased, which would be a disgrace and impiety."(121) + + +In the case of a suicide, the hand that committed the crime was to be cut +off and buried separately. + +In Isacus(122) it is related how Euthukrates in a quarrel over a +boundary-stone was so flogged by his _brother_ Thoudippos that, dying some +days after, he charged his friends ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) not to allow any of +Thoudippos' people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}) to approach his tomb. But if the +murdered man before his death forgave his murderer, the relatives could +not proceed against him. + +If the murderer escaped fleeing he must go forever: if he returned he +could be killed at sight by any one and with impunity.(123) The pollution +rested on the whole kindred of the murdered man. + + + "Whosoever _being related to the deceased_ on the male or female + side of those within the cousinship shall not prosecute the + murderer when he ought or proclaim him outlaw, he shall _take upon + himself __ the pollution_ and the hatred of the gods ... and he + shall be in the power of any who is willing to avenge the + dead."(124) + + +The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul has given life +for life and has laid to sleep the wrath of the whole family +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(125) + +If it is a beast that has killed the man, it shall be slain to propitiate +the kin and atone for the blood shed. + +If it is a lifeless thing that has caused death, it shall solemnly be cast +out before witnesses to acquit the whole family from guilt.(126) + +Amongst the Israelites, treating of homicides _amongst themselves_, +compensation was forbidden in like manner. + + + Numbers xxxv. 31. "Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the + life of a murderer which is guilty of death: but he shall surely + be put to death. + + + "... The land cannot be cleansed of blood that is shed therein but + by the blood of him that shed it." + + +Let us complete this subject with the following story told by +Herodotus:(127)--Adrastus, having slain his brother, flees to the court of +Croesus. There he becomes as a son to Croesus and a brother to Atys, +Croesus' son. This Atys Adrastus has the terrible misfortune to slay, +thereby incurring a three-fold pollution. He has brought down upon himself +the triple wrath of Zeus Katharsios, Ephestios, and Hetaireios: he has +violated his own innocence, his protector's hearth, and the comradeship of +his friend. + +In despair he commits suicide. + + + + + +CHAPTER III. THE EXTENT OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP. + + + Arctior vero colligatio est societatis propinquorum: ab illa enim + immensa societate humani generis in exiguam angustumque + concluditur. + + + _Cicero_. + + + + +§ 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + +(M54) Such being the character of the burden of mutual responsibility +borne by members of kindred blood, it remains, if possible, to obtain some +idea of how this responsibility became narrowed and limited to the nearest +relations, and what was the meaning underlying the distinction drawn +between certain degrees of relationship. + +When examining the more detailed structure of the organisation of the +kindred, considerable light seems to be thrown upon survivals in Athens by +comparison with the customs of other communities, which were undergoing +earlier stages of the same process of crystallisation from the condition +of semi-nomadic tribes into that of settled provinces or kingdoms. + +(M55) In the Gortyn Laws we read:-- + + + iv. 24. "The father shall have power over the children and the + property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the + parents) are alive, _there is no necessity for division_.... If a + man or woman die their children, or grandchildren, or + great-grandchildren, shall have the property...." + + +The headship of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the ownership of the property vested in the +parent as long as he lived and wished to maintain his power. Even after +his death, unless they wished it, the sons need not divide up amongst +themselves, but could live on with joint ownership in the one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of +their deceased father. The eldest son would probably take the house +itself, _i.e._ the hearth, with the duties to the family altars which +devolved upon him as head of the family.(128) + +An example of this joint ownership occurs in the speech of Demosthenes +against Leochares.(129) The two sons of Euthumachos after his death gave +their sister in marriage (no doubt with her proper portion), and lived +separately but _without dividing_ their inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). +Even after the marriage of one brother, they still left the property +undivided, each living on his share of the income, one in Athens, the +other in Salamis. + +The possibility of thus living in one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and on an undivided patrimony +is implied in another passage in Demosthenes, where, however, the exact +opposite is described as actually having taken place.(130) + +Bouselos had five sons. He divided ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) his substance +amongst them all as was fair and right, and they married wives and begat +children and children's children. Thus _five_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} sprang up out of the +one of Bouselos, and _each brother dwelt apart_, having his own {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and +bringing up his own offspring ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) himself ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}). + +Whilst the parents were alive the family naturally held very closely +together, and often probably lived in one patriarchal household like +Priam's at Troy. + +Isaeus declares:--The law commands that we maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our parents +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): these are--parents, grandparents and _their parents_, if they are +still alive: + + + "For they are the beginning ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) of the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and their + estate descends to their offspring ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}): wherefore it is + necessary to maintain them even if they leave nothing."(131) + + +The duty of maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) owed to the ancestor would follow the +same relationship as the right of inheritance from him, and this common +debt towards their living forebears could not help further consolidating +the group of descendants already bound together by common rites at the +tombs of the dead. + +But granted this community of rights and debts, is it possible to +formulate for the Greeks anything of the same limitations in the incidence +of responsibility amongst blood-relations that is to be found elsewhere? + +(M56) In western Europe, owing perhaps to the influence of Christianity, +the rites of ancestor-worship have no prominence. Ecclesiastical influence +however was unable to prevent an exceedingly complex subdivision of the +kindred existing in Wales and elsewhere. Whether this subdivision finds +its _raison d'etre_ in the worship of ancestors or not, the groups thus +formed serve as units for sustaining the responsibilities incident to +tribal life, and being, as will be seen, governed by similar +considerations to those existing among the Greeks, they afford very +suitable material for comparison, and throw considerable light upon one +another. + +(M57) As the various departments affected by blood-relationship or purity +of descent come under notice, it will be seen that the position of +_great-grandson_ as at once limiting the immediate family of his parents +and heading a new family of descendants is marked with peculiar emphasis. + +(M58) In the ancient laws of Wales it rests with great-grandsons to make +the final division of their inheritance and start new households. + +Second cousins may demand redivision of the heritage descending (and +perhaps already divided up in each generation between) from their +great-grandfather. After second cousins no redivision or co-equation can +be claimed.(132) + +In the meanwhile the oldest living parents maintained their influence in +family matters. In the story of Kilhwch and Olwen, in the _Mabinogion_, +the father of Olwen, before betrothing her to Kilhwch, declares that "her +four great-grandmothers and her four great-grandsires are yet alive; it is +needful that I take counsel of them."(133) + +(M59) Even when feudalism refused to acknowledge other than an individual +responsibility for a fief, it was unable to overcome the tribal theory of +the indivisibility of the family, which maintained its unity in some +places even under a feudal exterior. But as generations proceeded, and the +relationships within the family diverged beyond the degree of second +cousin, a natural breaking up seems to have taken place, though in the +direction of subinfeudation under the feudal enforcement of the rule of +primogeniture, instead of the practice, more in accordance with tribal +instincts, of equal division and enfranchisement. It may however be +surmised that the subdivision and subinfeudation of a holding in the +occupation of such a group of kinsmen would be carried out by the +formation of further similar groups. + +(M60) In the _Coustumes du Pais de Normandie_ mention is made of such a +method of land-holding, called _parage_. It consists of an undivided +tenure of brothers and relations _within the degree of second cousins_. + +The eldest does homage to the capital lord for all the _paragers_. The +younger and their descendants hold of the eldest without homage, until the +relationship comes to the _sixth degree inclusive_ (_i.e._ second +cousins). When the lineage is beyond the sixth degree, the heirs of the +cadets have to do homage to the heirs of the eldest or to whomsoever has +acquired the fief. Then _parage_ ceases.(134) + +The tenure then becomes one of subinfeudation. As long as the _parage_ +continued, the share of a deceased _parager_ would be dealt with by +redivision of rights, and no question would arise of finding heirs. But +when it became a question of finding an heir to the group, failing heirs +in the seventh degree inclusive, that is, son of second cousins--looked +upon as son to the group--failing such an heir, the estate escheated to the +lord. + +(M61) There is an interesting passage in the Ancient Laws of Wales +ordaining that the next-of-kin shall not inherit as heir to his deceased +kinsman, but as heir to the ancestor, who, apart from himself, would be +without direct heir, _i.e._ presumably their common ancestor. + + + "No person is to obtain the land of a _co-heir_, as of a brother, + or of a cousin, or of a second cousin, by claiming it as heir to + that one co-heir who shall have died without leaving an heir of + his body: but by claiming it as heir _to one of his own parents_, + who had been owner of that land until his death without heir, + whether a father, or grandfather, or great-grandfather: that land + he is to have, if he be the nearest of kin to the deceased."(135) + + +This of course refers to inheritance within the group of co-heirs, the +members of which held their position by virtue of their common +relationship within certain degrees to the founder. And we may infer that +emphasis was thus laid on the proof of relationship by _direct descent_, +in order to prevent shares in the inheritance passing from hand to hand +unnoticed, beyond the strict limit where subdivision could be claimed _per +capita_ by the individual representatives of the diverging _stirpes_. + +(M62) The kindred in the _Ordinances of Manu_ is divided into two groups:-- + +1. Sapindas, who owe the _funeral cake_ at the tomb. + +2. Samanodakas, who pour the _water libation_ at the tomb. + + + "To _three ancestors_ the water libation must be made; for _three + ancestors_ the funeral cake is prepared; the fourth (descendant or + generation) is the giver (of the water and the cake); the _fifth + has properly nothing to do_ (with either gift)."(136) + + +This may be put in tabular form:-- + +Receivers of water. + +1. Great-grandfather's great-grandfather. +2. Great-grandfather's grandfather. +3. Great-grandfather's father. + +Receivers of cake. + +1. Great-grandfather. +2. Grandfather. +3. Father. +4. Giver of cake and water +5. Excluded + +Or inversely:-- + +Givers of cake or _Sapindas_. + +Householder +Brothers +1st cousins +2nd cousins + +Pourers of water or _Samanodakas_. + +3rd cousins +4th cousins +5th cousins + +Within the _Sapinda_-ship of his mother, a "twice-born" man may not +marry.(137) Outside the _Sapinda_-ship, a wife or widow, "commissioned" to +bear children to the name of her husband, must not go. + + + "Now _Sapinda_-ship ceases with the seventh person, but the + relationship of a Samanodaka (ends) with the ignorance of birth + and name."(138) + + +All are Sapindas who offer the cake to the same ancestors. + +(M63) The head of the family would himself offer or share with all his +descendants in the offering of the one cake to his great-grandfather, his +grandfather, and his father. And if this passage is taken in conjunction +with the one quoted just above, the number sharing in the cake-offering, +limited as in the text at the seventh person from the first ancestor who +receives the cake, is just sufficient to include the great-grandson of the +head of the family, supposed to be making the offering. + +The group, thus sharing the same cake-offering, would in the natural +course be moving continually downwards, generation by generation as the +head of the family died, thereby causing the great-grandfather to pass +from the receivers of the cake-offering to the receivers of the water +libation, and admitting the great-grandson's son into the number of +Sapindas who shared the cake-offering. And at no time would more than four +generations have a share in the same cake offered to the three nearest +ancestors of the head of the family. + +(M64) The Samanodakas, or pourers of the water libation appear to have +been similarly grouped. + +"Ignorance of birth and name" was in Wales considered to be equivalent to +_beyond fifth cousins_. According to the Gwentian Code, "there is no +proper name in kin further than that"--_i.e._ fifth cousins.(139) And this +tallies exactly with the previous quotation from Manu limiting the water +libation to three generations of ancestors beyond those to whom the cake +is due, which, as has been seen, includes fifth cousins. + +And it must be borne in mind that fifth cousins are great-grandsons of the +great-grandsons of their common ancestor, or two generations of groups of +second cousins. + +(M65) It was extremely improbable that a man would see further than his +great-grandchildren born to him before his death. And it might also +occasionally occur in times of war or invasion that a man's sons and +grandsons might go out to serve as soldiers, leaving the old man and his +young great-grandchildren at home. + +If the fighting members of the family were killed, the great-grandsons +(who would be second cousins or nearer to each other) would have to +inherit directly from their great-grandfather: and thus, especially in +cases where the property was held undivided after the father's death, we +can easily see that second cousins (_i.e._ all who traced back to the +common great-grandfather) might be looked upon as forming a natural limit +to the immediate descendants in any one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and as the furthest removed +who could claim shares of the ancestral inheritance. + +After the death of the great-grandfather or head of the house, his +descendants would probably wish to divide up the estate and start new +houses of their own. The eldest son was generally named after his father's +father,(140) and would carry on the name of the eldest branch of his +great-grandfather's house, and would be responsible for the proper +maintenance of the rites on that ancestor's tomb. He would also be +guardian of any brotherless woman or minor amongst his cousins, each of +whom would be equally responsible to him and to each other for all the +duties and privileges entailed upon blood-relationship. + +Thus seems naturally to spring up an inner group of blood-relations +closely drawn together by ties which only indirectly reached other and +outside members of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +(M66) In the fourth century B.C. this compact group limited to second +cousins still survived at Athens, responsible to each other for +succession, by inheritance or by marriage of a daughter; for vengeance and +purification after injury received by any member, and for all duties +shared by kindred blood. + +This close relation was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, and all its members were called +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _i.e._ any one upon whom the claim upon the next-of-kin might at +any time fall. + +The speech of Demosthenes against Makartatos affords considerable +information as to the constitution of the family-group or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The five +sons of Bouselos,(141) we are told, on his death divided his substance +amongst them, and each started a new {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and begat children and +children's children.(142) The action, which was the occasion of the +speech, lay between the great-grandsons of two of these five founders of +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Stratios and Hagnias, and had reference to the disposal of the +estate of the grandson of the latter, which had come into the hands of the +great-grandson of Stratios. + +One might have supposed that the descendants of Bouselos, with their +common burial ground(143) and so forth, would have ranked as all in the +same {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} under their title of Bouselidai. But it is clear from this +speech of Demosthenes, that too many generations had already passed to +admit of Bouselos being considered as still head of an unbroken {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and +that his _great_-great-grandsons were subdivided into separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} under +the names of their respective great-grandfathers, Stratios, Hagnias, &c. +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}).(144) + + + + +§ 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of +Descent. + + +(M67) The Gortyn law quoted above in the previous section goes on:-- + + + v. "If (a man or woman die and) they have no children, the + deceased's brothers and brother's children or _grandchildren_ + shall have the property. If there are none of these, the + deceased's sisters, their children or _grandchildren_. If there + are none of these, to whom it descends of whatever grade they be, + they shall inherit the property." + + +This clause takes the evidence one step further, and it is noticeable how +the right of inheritance is determined by the great-grandchild of the +common ancestor. In the direct line, a man's descendants down to his +great-grandchildren inherited his estate. In dealing with inheritance +through a brother of the deceased the heirship terminates with the +_grandchild_ of the brother, who would be great-grandchild of the nearest +common ancestor with the previous owner of the estate. If there is no +brother, the child of the cousin limits the next branch, as will be seen. + +(M68) Isaeus(145) describes the working of the then-existing (c. 350 B.C.) +law of inheritance at Athens as follows:-- + +The law gives "brothers' property" (i.e. property without lineal +succession) to + + + 1. _Brothers_ by the same father, or brother's children, for these + are related to the deceased in the nearest degree; + + + 2. _Sisters_ by the same father, or sister's children; + + + 3. _First cousins_ by the father's side as far as _cousin's + children_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}_). + + + Failing these, recourse is had back again into the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and the law makes those related through + the _mother_ of the deceased, masters ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) of the family (and + inheritance) in the same order as on the father's side from the + beginning. + + +That is to say, failing first cousins once removed, the inheritance goes +back and begins again at the mother of the deceased, who however, being a +woman, can only inherit on behalf of her issue, present or +prospective.(146) If she has married again and has a son (half-brother to +her deceased son) he would inherit. Failing her issue, her brother and so +on to first cousin's children of the deceased, through his mother, would +have the inheritance. + +Failing these, the nearest kinsman to be found on the father's side, of +whatsoever degree, is to inherit. + +(M69) The law as stated by Demosthenes(147) coincides with this:-- + + + "If there are no sons, brothers by the same father (shall + inherit): and their true born children, if there are any, shall + have the share of their father: if there are no brothers or + brother's children the issue of the latter in the same way shall + partake: males and children of males shall have preference (over + females) if they are born of the same (parents), even if they are + further off by birth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) [_i.e._ are a generation lower down]. + If there are none on the father's side as far as _cousin's + children_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), the relations on the mother's + side in the same way shall have possession ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}). But if + there are none on either side _within these degrees_, the nearest + of kin on the father's side shall have possession." + + +Whenever this law is quoted the limit of relationship laid down therein +for the immediate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is always that of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or sons of +first cousins, who inherit from their first cousins once removed (_oncle a +la Bretagne_, or Welsh uncle as this relation has been called). +Occasionally the patronymic form {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} is used, apparently with the +same signification, though properly {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} would mean sons of two first +cousins, _i.e._ second cousins.(148) + +(M70) It appears from the evidence reviewed hitherto, that any +great-grandson could inherit from any grandson of a common ancestor, and +the conclusion also seems to be justified, that the group of +great-grandsons were considered to divide up their right to inherit once +for all, and that having done so, with respect to that inheritance they +were considered to have begun a new succession. To put it differently, in +case of the death of one of these second cousins, after the final division +of their inheritance had taken place, the rest of the second cousins would +have no right to a share in his portion; an heir would have to be found +within his nearer relations. Thus, they share responsibilities towards any +of their relations within the group and higher up in their families, and +also stand shoulder to shoulder in sharing such burdens as pollution and +so on, but are outside the immediate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} with respect to each +other's succession. The reason for this will perhaps be more apparent as +the argument proceeds. + +That the grandson of a first cousin was outside the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is clear +from the speech of Demosthenes already mentioned,(149) where the +plaintiff, who originally stands in that relationship to the deceased +whose inheritance is in dispute, is adopted as son of his grandfather +(first cousin of the deceased), in order to come within the legal +definition of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +That the son of a second cousin was also without the pale is directly +stated in several passages in Isaeus. + +(M71) It must be remembered that by "inheritance" is meant the assumption +of all the duties incumbent on the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and that the man who +"inherited" took his place for the future as son of the deceased in the +family pedigree, and reckoned his relationship to the rest of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +thenceforth from his new position, in the house into which he had +come.(150) + +(M72) Now if it is true that to the great-grandson was the lowest in +degree to which property could directly descend without entering a new +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and if that great-grandson was also looked upon as beginning with +his acquired property a new portion of the continuous line of descent; any +one, who "inherited" from him and ranked in the scale of relationship as +HIS SON, would necessarily fall outside the former group and would be +considered as forming the nearest relative in the next succeeding group. +This, it seems, is the meaning of the language of the law which limits the +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} to the children of first cousins who could inherit from their +parent's first cousins, and still _retain their relationship as +great-grandsons_ of the same ancestor. Whereas any one taking the place of +son to his second cousin would be one degree lower down in descent, and +pass outside the limit of the four generations. The law makes the kinsmen +therefore exhaust all possible relationships _within the group_ by +reverting to the mother's kindred with the same limitation before allowing +the inheritance to pass outside or lower down. + +(M73) In confirmation of this view the following passage may be quoted +from _Plato's Laws_:-- + + + "He who in the sad disorder of his soul has a mind, justly or + unjustly, to expel from his family a son whom he has begotten and + brought up, shall not lightly or at once execute his purpose; but + first of all he shall collect together his own kinsmen, extending + to (_first_) _cousins_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), and in like manner his + son's kinsmen by the mother's side,(151) and in their presence he + shall accuse his son, setting forth that he deserves at the hands + of them all to be dismissed from the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(152) + + +Before dishonouring one of the family and so bereaving it of a member +owing duties which, by his disinheritance, may fall into abeyance or be +neglected, the parent calls together all to whom his son might perhaps +ultimately become the only living representative and heir, and who might +at some future time be dependent on him for the performance of ancestral +rites. That this was in Plato's mind when he wrote is shown by the next +sentence, in which he provides for the possibility of some relation +already having need of the young man and being desirous to adopt him as +his son, in which case he shall by no means be prevented. The concurrence +of all relations in such a position was therefore necessary. + +In other cases where Plato mentions similar gatherings of the kin but for +different purposes, he extends the summons to _cousin's children_. But +here it can be seen they would have no place. They would be second cousins +to the disgraced youth; they might have to share privilege or pollution +with him, but had no claim on him for duties towards themselves. He would +be "cousin's son" to his father's first cousins--the limit of such a claim +in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + +(M74) In the speech of Isaeus concerning the estate of Hagnias, a real +second cousin is in possession of the estate. He won the case at the time +and died in possession, and an action against his son Makartatos for the +same property is the occasion of one of the speeches of Demosthenes. To +fully understand the relationships referred to in these cases, the +accompanying genealogical tree of the descendants of Bouselos may be of +assistance. It will also serve as an example of how a kindred hung +together, and how by intermarriage and adoption the name of the head of an +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was carried on down a long line of male descendants. + +[Illustration: Family tree of Bouselos.] + +Theopompos, in the speech of Isaeus, had taken possession of the estate of +his second cousin Hagnias, as his next of kin and heir. Throughout the +speech he is styled {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so as to bring him within the phraseology +of the law, and he successfully defends himself from the claims of the +next generation below--viz., his brother's son. But in the speech of +Demosthenes against his son Makartatos, who had taken possession at his +father's death of the disputed property, it is represented that his father +had got possession only by defeating another claimant, Phylomache II., by +"surprise," as it was called, by stating that her grandmother through whom +she traced her claim was only half-sister to Hagnias' father. But +Phylomache's husband, having caused their son Euboulides III. to be +adopted as the son of Euboulides II.--his wife's father and Hagnias' first +cousin, a quite regular course for the grandson inheriting through his +heiress mother--proved that his wife's grandmother was whole sister to +Hagnias father, and brought the action under the guidance of Demosthenes +against Makartatos. This Euboulides III. sued as true {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} of Hagnias.(153) He is described as having "one of +the titles mentioned in the law _as far as which_ the law bids the +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} go, for he is _cousin's son_ to Hagnias." + +On the other hand, Theopompos, father of Makartatos and second cousin of +Hagnias, is mentioned(154) as "being of a different {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} altogether," and +not at all related in such a way as to be heir of Hagnias ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), +being too far off in the family (or by birth). + +That the title of Theopompos (viz., second cousinship) was not valid, may +be inferred partly by the ruses he adopted to get possession, but more +especially by the fact(155) that none of the other second cousins on a par +with him, and with whom he ought to have shared, seem to have believed in +the validity of their titles, or at any rate taken the trouble to sue for +part of the estate. + +However this may be, there does not seem anything in these speeches other +than confirmatory of the view stated above of the composition and +limitation of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + + + +§ 3. Division Amongst Heirs. + + +(M75) Succession to the inheritance of an estate was ordained by law in +strict accordance with the ancient conception of the unity of the family. +On the death of the head of a family, unless the paternal {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was +voluntarily continued unbroken by his descendants, the natural course was +for each son ultimately to live apart and found a separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +consisting of himself and his offspring. Equal division amongst heirs was +therefore the rule in Greece; equal division, that is to say, between all +of equal grade. + +(M76) The Gortyn Laws have already been referred to as enforcing the +principle.(156) If a man died, his heirs were either his sons, or his +grandsons, or his greatgrandsons. If he had no children, his brothers, and +their children, or their grandchildren succeeded. + +The Athenian law was conceived in the same spirit, but mentions a further +point--viz., that in the division amongst sons, the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of any one of +their number who had died before the division, could be represented by his +sons or grandsons, who thus received their father's share. + +This system of representation probably existed also among the Gortynians, +though no mention of it is made in their laws, for it is inconceivable +that any of the grandsons could be deprived of all share in their +grandfather's estate by the mere death of the intermediate generation. + +But the division _per stirpes_ was not maintained throughout. It is +probable from the words of the Attic orators that equal division amongst +all of the same grade, such as nephews or cousins, took place _per +capita_, any deceased member of that grade being represented by his sons. +Representation, of course, could not take place in the case of a division +amongst cousins' sons, owing to the strict limitation of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} to +four generations from the common ancestor; any deceased relation in that +degree therefore simply dropped out of the succession. + +(M77) It has generally been assumed that grandsons inheriting directly +from their grandfather, all the intermediate generation being already +dead, inherited none the less the shares of their respective fathers _per +stirpes_. But if the foregoing account of the unity of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and its +resemblance in its composition to the household of the Welsh tribal system +be correct, it seems more reasonable to suppose that, all the intermediate +generation being dead, the grandsons, in virtue of being all equally +related to their grandfather, would inherit in equal shares _per capita_. +Any dead grandson would of course be represented, as before, by his son or +sons. + +(M78) The evidence is not sufficient to justify more than a suggestion on +either side with regard to divisions amongst lineal descendants. With +regard to successions by relations outside of the direct line of descent, +such as nephews or cousins, it is almost certain that all of the same +degree took equal shares _per capita_. + +Following the law for daughters, quoted by Demosthenes(157)--viz., that +though all shared the inheritance of the property, only one need be dealt +with in view of securing the succession--the assumption can be made that, +when there were several heirs related in the same degree to the former +owner of the estate, one of their number would be set apart to continue +the household of their kinsman as his son, whilst the others merely took +their shares of the property divided to continue their own {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +respectively. + +The equal division of inheritance amongst kinsmen of equal degree _per +capita_, in combination with the system of representation above described, +is entirely consistent with the tribal conception of the household as +hanging closely together, its members always looking up to their venerable +head, in whom the ownership of the property vested, until by the death of +older generations and the consequent subdivision, each in his turn became +head of an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and owner of its share in the ancestral property. + + + + +§ 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood. + + +(M79) It has been remarked above with what jealousy the purity of the +blood of the community was guarded. No child was admitted into the kindred +of its father until all concerned were fully convinced of the +blamelessness of its pedigree. In such circumstances it was no easy matter +to acquire the privileges attached to the possession of tribal or citizen +blood. It seems to have been considered that however great otherwise the +claims of a stranger might be, time alone could really render the +qualifications of his family complete. + +(M80) Under the ancient Laws of Wales no stranger's family could acquire +the full privileges of a Welsh tribesman or Cymro, as regards location on +land, until after many generations. But if they married Welshwomen, and +held land from generation to generation, the _greatgrandsons_ became fully +privileged tribesmen.(158) Similarly if a stranger voluntarily assumed the +position of serf to a Welshman, and his descendants did not choose to +depart, but remained in that position to the descendants of the Welshman, +the _greatgrandsons_ of the Welshman became proprietors of the +greatgrandsons of the stranger.(159) + +(M81) But for the stranger who merely resided in Wales and did not marry +into any Welsh tribe the period of probation was _three times as +long_--viz., the greatgrandson of the greatgrandson of his greatgrandson +was the first to attain to full tribal privilege-- + + + "Strangers and their progeny are adjudged to be aillts; also a + reputed son who shall be denied and his progeny, and evildoers of + federate country and their progeny, _unto the end of the ninth + descent_."(160) + + +_i.e._, the tenth man would no longer be reckoned an _aillt_ but a free +Cymro. + +The issue of a stranger obtains the privilege of a tribesman _in the +fourth person_ by legitimate marriages.(161) But the aillt or stranger, +who dwells in Cymru, does not attain until the _end of the ninth descent_. + +So too inversely:-- + +The title to inherit by kin and descent in the tribal land and rights of +his ancestors does not become extinct _till the ninth man_. The ninth man +in descent from a banished tribesman coming home and finding his title as +representative of his family seemingly extinguished, is to raise an outcry +that from a proprietor he is becoming a nonproprietor, and the law will +shelter him and adjudge him an equal share with the occupants he finds on +the land. This is called the "outcry across the abyss." The tenth man's +outcry cannot be heard. "Others say" that the ninth man is too late to +raise the cry.(162) + +This is exactly parallel to the case of the stranger resident in Cymru. +For _nine_ generations he is a stranger, and in _the tenth_ a Cymro. Here +for _nine_ generations is the Cymro abroad a tribesman, and in _the tenth_ +he is a stranger. + +(M82) From a passage in Deuteronomy it would appear that the +qualifications for admission as a full tribesman amongst the Israelites +were identical with those just mentioned. + +The Israelites had purified themselves of the ancestor worship, that so +long survived in Greece, and had, if one may say so, amalgamated all their +minor deities and tribal superstitions in their one great monotheistic +religion. Even then their tribal minds could not carry back their theology +behind the known history of their own ancestors. Their God was the God of +Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and was in their conception the greatest of +Gods--_i.e._, greater than the Gods of other peoples, the existence of +which their own beliefs did not preclude. Thus where in Attic writers we +have mention of the religious rites of the family (which a stranger or +polluted man might not approach), and of the partaking therein as proof of +the whole admission and pure blood of those present, so in Deuteronomy the +expression "the Congregation of the Lord," is used to denote that sacred +precinct, forbidden to all save pure tribesmen of Israel. + +It may be inferred from the following passage that if a stranger resided +in Israel, and his family continued to do so for nine generations, the +tenth generation would in any ordinary case be admitted to the +Congregation of the Lord as full Israelites. + + + Deut. xxiii. 2 and 3. "A bastard, or an Ammonite, or Moabite shall + not enter into the congregation of the Lord _even to their tenth + generation_, for ever." + + +(M83) In special cases (exactly as was the rule in Wales)--such as the +Edomite who was partly akin already, and the Egyptian who was united to +the Israelites by the mysterious bonds of hospitality--a shorter sojourn in +the land was held to qualify for full tribal privilege. + + + Deut. xxiii. 7 and 8. "Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite, for he is + thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, because thou wast a + stranger in his land. The _children_ that are begotten of them + shall enter into the congregation of the Lord _in their third + generation_." + + +The third generation of _children_ would be the _greatgrandchildren_ of +the original settler, and this is just one third of the length of time +implied as required from the ordinary stranger, who only attained the +tribal privilege in the third succession of greatgrandchildren. + +It is worth notice in this connection that the land of Canaan was divided +up in the names of the _greatgrandchildren_ of Abraham, to whom the +promise was made; Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph, taking their +place amongst the others by adoption as sons by their grandfather Jacob, +on an equality with his other sons.(163) + +(M84) These rules are not to be found with the same distinctness surviving +at Athens, but there is a good deal of evidence showing how jealously the +introduction of strangers to citizenship--which retained much that made it +the later equivalent of the tribal bond--was regarded. + +Strangers made citizens (formally, ceremoniously, and by public vote) by +the Athenian people cannot hold office as archon or partake of a holy +office ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}); but their _children can_, if they are born from a +citizen wife duly and lawfully betrothed.(164) That is to say, that the +Athenians considered it necessary that there should be actually citizen +blood in the veins of all who held office amongst them.(165) + +(M85) The abhorrence in which the introduction of alien blood was held is +illustrated by the Athenian law concerning marriage with aliens, quoted by +Demosthenes in his speech against Neaera. + + + _Law_: "If an alien shall live as husband with an Athenian woman + by any device or contrivance whatever, it shall be lawful for any + of the Athenians who are possessed of such right, to indict him + before the judges. And if he is convicted, he shall be sold for a + slave and his property confiscated, and the third part shall + belong to the person who has convicted him. And the like + proceedings shall be taken if an alien woman live as wife with an + Athenian citizen, and the citizen who lives as husband with an + alien woman so convicted shall incur the penalty of 1,000 + drachmae." + + +(M86) Citizenship was considered the highest of privileges, and was +conferred only on persons worthy of great honour. Any citizen could bring +an action against the newly-admitted stranger to test his real merits, and +even after formal acceptance by the people of Athens, if he failed to +justify his claims at such a trial, his new honours were stripped from him +and he remained an alien. This being so, it cannot be expected in the +comparison that he should rank with the ordinary resident in Cymru in the +Welsh Laws, but rather as the chieftain whom the people wished to honour +by admission to their tribe. + +It is stated in the Welsh Laws that the _son_ of a stranger chief, to whom +honour was to be given, entered the whole privilege of the tribe. + +(M87) According to Aristotle,(166) candidates for archonship at Athens +were asked their father's name and his deme, their grandfather's name and +his deme, their mother's and her father's name and his deme;(167) whether +the candidate had an Apollo Patroios and Zeus Herkeios, and where these +shrines were: also if he treated his parents well and paid his taxes. + +In order to be perfectly sure that the candidate was of full and pure +blood, they investigated the condition of both his grandparents, and, as +further proof, assured themselves that he had a house and property of his +own, and that too inherited from his ancestors. Furthermore, he must be +guilty of no impiety towards his parents or the State. + +If it were the case at Athens that the fourth generation from a stranger +was considered as having attained to the rights of a citizen, it mattered +little what a man's _greatgrand_father was. He might have been an alien, +yet if the intermediate ancestors were "in order," the candidate would +have acquired the full blood.(168) + +(M88) In the _Oedipus Tyrannus_,(169) Sophocles apparently uses the +expression "slave from the _third_ mother" as implying that three descents +were considered to confirm the position of the fourth generation as slave +or citizen, or whatever the case might be. Oedipus assures Jokasta that +_her_ pedigree and status will remain unimpugned, even though the enquiry +he is prosecuting establish him thrice-born a slave from slave mother, +slave grandmother, and slave greatgrandmother. + +In elections for sacred offices, which appear to have been about the last +things laid open to the new citizen, the possession of three generations +of privileged ancestors was in some places insisted on. There is an +inscription to this effect belonging to Halikarnassos;(170) and some +similar rule seems to have held good among the Jews. + + + "These sought their register among those that were reckoned by + genealogy, but it was not found; therefore were they, as polluted, + put from the priesthood (_{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(171) + + +The book of Nehemiah closes with the triumphant verse: "Thus I cleansed +them from all strangers." + +(M89) The rule in the _Ordinances of Manu_ for the recovery of Brahman +caste is just halfway between the tenth and the fourth generations--namely, +the seventh, or _greatgrandson of the greatgrandson_ of the first +halfcaste. This is only the case when each generation marries a Brahman +wife. + + + "If (the caste) produced from a Brahman by a Cudra woman keeps + reproducing itself by nobler (marriage) this ignoble attains a + noble family _at the seventh union_ (Yuga)."(172) + + +Thus:-- + + + If (1) the halfcaste marries a Brahman woman and + (2) his son do. + (3) his grandson do. + (4) his _greatgrandson_ do. + (5) _his_ son do. + (6) his grandson do. + (7) his _greatgrandson_ do.--at last his family is restored to + their lost high caste. + + + + +§ 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed. + + +(M90) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, limited to relations within the same degrees as for +other purposes, seems to be the unit in the case of pollution of the +kindred by the death--violent or natural--of one of their number. + + + "Whosoever(173) being related to the deceased on the male or + female side of those _within the cousinship_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), + shall not prosecute the murderer when he ought and proclaim him + outlaw, he shall take _upon himself_ the pollution and the hatred + of the gods ... and he shall be in the power of any who is willing + to avenge the dead...."(174) + + + "The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul which + did the deed has given life for life and has propitiated and laid + to sleep the wrath of the whole family" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(175) + + + "If a brother wound a brother ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) the parents ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) + and the kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) to _cousins' children_ on male and + female side shall meet and judge the case."(176) + + +Ransom was forbidden; citizen was bound to citizen with ties that had +inherited too much of the tribal sanctity to admit of any extenuation of +the extreme penalty. + +It was no doubt a wise policy on the part of the legislators, with the +view to the preservation of respect for life and property, to make the +responsibility for murder rest as widely as possible, and include as many +relations and connections on both sides as might be. In order also that +the wife, in case her husband was killed, and the daughter, in case her +father was killed, might be fully protected and represented among the +prosecuting kindred, the law of Draco seems to lay the necessity for +action also on the father-in-law and the son-in-law. The _phratria_, being +such a compact organisation and exacting such formal admission of its +members, would naturally be concerned to see that justice was dealt to any +of its number. Though we cannot include the _phratores_ amongst those +directly responsible equally with the near kinsmen for crimes committed by +one of their number, they would always have to take a certain part in +whatever was necessary to bring him to justice, besides being generally +concerned in all matters relating to kinship, which affected any member of +their _phratria_. + +(M91) "Proclamation shall be made against the murderer in the agora within +[? his] cousinship and (the degree) of a first cousin, and prosecution +shall be made jointly by cousins and _cousins' children and descendants of +cousins_, and sons-in-law and fathers-in-law and _phratores_." + +That Demosthenes here quotes a genuine law of Draco is proved by an +inscription found at Athens belonging to the year 409 B.C., recording this +sentence as part of the law of Draco about murder.(177) + +In another place Demosthenes thus refers to the action of this law:-- + +"The law commands the relations to go forth and prosecute as far as +descendants of cousins; and in the oath it is defined what the +relationship actually is, etc."(178) + +The use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} in addition to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Draco's law above is +emphatic as implying that as regards pollution the group of relations to +second cousins were treated _en masse_ as under the stain; they had not +yet, so to speak, reached the point where they could divide up their +responsibility. + +(M92) If the murder was committed within the narrow limits of the +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} itself, the double pollution of the bloodspilling and the blood +spilled rested upon the whole group with overwhelming force. + +Plato(179) treats of such a calamity and prescribes the remedy. If a man +slay his wife, or she her husband, his children are orphans; their debt of +maintenance to their parent is cancelled; he must flee; they possess his +goods. If he is childless, his relations shall meet _to the children of +his cousins_ on the male and female side (_i.e._ all his possible heirs) +and shall elect not one of themselves, but a younger son of some other and +pious family to bring in new blood with better fortune to counteract the +curse, as heir to the house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), introducing him to +the father of the banished (or deceased) man and to those further back in +the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), calling him their _son_, the continuer +of their family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}), their hearth-keeper ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and minister +of their sacred rites.... But the guilty man they shall "let lie," +nameless, childless, portionless for ever.(180) + +(M93) In the ancient Laws of Wales the blood-fine takes a very important +position. But whereas all the relations of the murderer are liable to be +called upon to pay the "Spearpenny," as it is called, only the inner +kindred within fixed degrees contribute proportionally to the payment of +the price. The group upon which this responsibility falls is twice as +large in the Welsh Laws as at Athens, and includes _fifth_ cousins, or the +greatgrandchildren of greatgrandchildren of a common ancestor. + +The Dimetian Code describes the relations who pay galanas as follows.(181) +Those beyond only pay "spearpenny." + + Father and mother. + Grandfather. + Greatgrandfather. + Brother and sister. + First cousins. + Second cousins. + Third cousins. + Fourth cousins. + Fifth cousins. + +According to the Gwentian Code, _fifth_ cousins share. "There is no proper +share, no proper name in kin further than that."(182) + +The Venedotian Code states that galanas is paid by the kindred: two parts +by the relations of the father, one part by the relations of the mother, +to _sixth cousins_. All kindred after sixth cousins pay spearpenny.(183) + +The sixth cousin is also called "kinsman son of a fifth cousin, and then +_the father (i.e. the fifth cousin) pays it_, because his relationship can +be fixed, _but the relationship of his son to the murderer cannot_." + +(M94) The defilement of carrying out a corpse and assisting at a funeral +also covered the same area of relationship at Athens--_i.e._ the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. +The house of the dead man was only to be entered by those naturally +polluted. + + + "After the funeral no woman to enter the house save only _those + defiled_; to wit--mother, wife, sisters, and daughters; beside + these not more than five women and two girls, _daughters of first + cousins_: beyond these, none."(184) + + +Demosthenes quotes the law of Solon to the effect that-- + + + "No woman under sixty years old to enter the house or follow the + corpse except those within {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): no woman _at all_ may enter the house after the carrying + out of the corpse except _those within_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}."(185) + + +All those near of kin assist in the funeral. + +The payment of the blood-fine by the whole family of the murderer was +considered necessary to allay the vengeance and anger of the family of the +murdered man within the same area of relationship. In Wales the members of +the family who received the galanas, did so in proportion to the +importance of their position in the transmission of the kindred blood, +according to a classification identical with their proximity in +relationship to the dead man, and their expectation of inheritance from +him or succession to his place. + +(M95) The inclusion of the mother's relatives and their liability in these +circumstances, in addition to the paternal relations, follow naturally +enough in Wales as in Greece when once the transmission of inheritance +through a woman, in default of male heirs, had become a recognised +possibility. A woman's sons might always be called upon under certain +circumstances to take inheritance from _her_ father or next of kin. They +therefore quite fairly shared in the claims as well as the privileges of +their position. And _vice versa_, in exchange for the priceless guarantee +of continuity provided by a woman's offspring to her relations, they too +would be prepared to undergo a part of the penalties incurred by any of +those who might rank some day as their next of kin, or as their sons. + +This view of the source of their recognition as members of the kindred +responsible for the blood-fine in Wales is confirmed by a statement in the +Venedotian Code.(186) Those women and clerks who can swear that they will +never have children, and so are useless for the preservation of continuity +in the families to which they belong, are specially exempted from +contribution to the galanas, inasmuch as they have forsworn the privilege +of attaining through posterity a share in the immortality on earth of +their kindred. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV. THE RELATION OF THE FAMILY TO THE LAND. + + +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, ... +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +Homeric Hymn. + + + + +§ 1. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And Its Form. + + +In trying to realise the methods of land tenure amongst the Greeks, we are +baffled by the indirectness of the evidence available. + +(M96) We know that the estate which descended from father to son, and was +in theory inalienable from the family of its original possessors, was +called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or "lot," but the familiarity with which the poets, +historians, and orators use the word does not afford information as to +what the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} really was and how it was made use of in practice. The law +concerning these family holdings, says Aristotle,(187) and concerning +their possible transmission through daughters was not written. It was a +typical example of customary law. This statement gives a hint as to the +usual treatment of questions arising under this head. Methods of land +tenure were not of rapid growth, nor were they easily changed; they had +their source with the slow devotion to agriculture of pastoral tribes, and +were dependent on a class unaffected by the growth of education and the +arts. + +(M97) The intricate connection of the system of land tenure with the +composition of the family removed the consideration of questions of +ownership from the sphere of written law, and delegated them to the most +conservative department of customary procedure, ranking them on a par with +questions of family religious observances.(188) The deposit of some +ancestor's bones in a certain field was occasionally a valuable link in +the title to possession of that piece of land as private property;(189) +and the possession of land at all was in part a guarantee of the pure +native blood in the veins of the possessor.(190) It is a striking +illustration of the truth of this that, throughout all the extant speeches +of Isaeus dealing with the disposal of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of dead citizens, not a +single case turns upon evidence for or against a sale or transfer of +property. The speeches all deal exclusively with family matters; the line +of argument always leads to the proof of near kinship by blood or adoption +to the previous owner; and the right of possession of the inheritance +seems taken for granted as following incontrovertibly the establishment of +the required relationship.(191) + + + "It seems to me that all those who contend for the right of + succession to estates, when like us they have shown themselves to + be both nearest in blood to the person deceased, and most + connected with him in friendship ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), are dispensed from + adding a superfluity of other arguments."(192) + + +(M98) In the early settlements, as Thucydides tells us, necessity was the +ruling motive. Each man devoted his attention to providing the necessaries +of life. There was superfluity neither of chattels nor of tilth. Men +hesitate to sow when the harvest is to be reaped by their enemies.(193) +The flocks and herds of the pastoral tribes could be driven for safety +into the mountain strongholds; yet even they were liable to frequent +losses. On one occasion Odysseus had to go to Messene "to recover a debt; +which, to wit, the whole people owed him ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): for the Messenians +had lifted 300 sheep with their shepherds from Ithaka."(194) As the +newcomers increased in numbers and gained a reputation for ability to +defend their own, sufficient to discourage the attacks of their +neighbours, they would have leisure to devote some of their energies to +the cultivation of the plains around them. Troy was founded first up in +the hills,(195) and afterwards was moved down to a good position on the +lower ground for the sake no doubt of the better pasture in the river +meadows, and of the agriculture which had long been carried on over the +"wheat-bearing plain" around the city,(196) before the ravages of the ten +years' war. + +It is not proposed to enter in detail into the _methods_ of cultivation of +the soil in vogue at various times in Greece; but inasmuch as whilst +studying the kernel, assistance may often be obtained from knowledge of +the shell, mention may be made in passing of such few points of interest +in the physical features of agriculture as may be available. + +(M99) In the Consular Reports on Land Tenure in Europe made in 1869, +descriptions are given of the existing methods of tenure and cultivation +in Greece and the Islands. + +In Greece the usual holding of a small proprietor is said to be of fifteen +to twenty-five acres (or sometimes double that area), and is called a +_zeugarion_.(197) Many have only a couple of acres. + + + "The greatest inconvenience and frequent lawsuits arise from the + manner in which these properties intersect each other. Moreover + none of the usual precautions are adopted to mark the limits of + the different properties, which, in the absence of any reliable + land survey, are often very vaguely described in the title + deeds."(198) + + +In cases of intestacy real property is divided equally among the children +or nearest relatives. When there is a will the testator can only reserve +for his disposal a share of the estate equivalent to that which, after an +equal division, descends by right to each of the direct heirs. + +(M100) Professor Ansted, in his book on the Ionian Islands in the year +1863, thus describes the management of an estate on the Island of Santa +Maura:--(199) + + + "According to Ionian law, all the members of a family share + equally in the family property after the death of the father; but + it does not follow as a matter of course that the property is + divided. It is much more usual that the brothers and sisters, if + young, continue to live together till they either marry or + undertake some employment or business at a distance. If a sister + marries, she is dowered with a sum equivalent to her share. If a + brother however earns a separate income, from whatever source, + whether he be married or remain single, and whether he live in the + same or a different house, or even remove to another town or + island, he pays in all his income to a joint fund, _the foundation + of which is the income obtained from the paternal estate_. Those + who do nothing else manage the estate. One brother, perhaps, + remains in the village as cultivator, another lives in the town + acting as factor, or merchant to the estate, receiving and selling + the produce and managing the proceeds, whatever the case may be; + and in addition selling, exporting, and otherwise conducting a + general business in the same department. A third may perhaps + receive and sell the goods in a foreign country. A fourth may be a + member of the legislature, and a fifth a judge. Some marry and + have families, others remain single: but the incomes of all are + united, each draws out a reasonable share, according to his needs, + and a very close account is kept of all transactions. If one + brother dies, his children come into the partnership; and as time + goes on, these again will grow up and marry, the daughters + receiving a proportional and often large dower out of the joint + fund, entirely without reference to the special property of their + parents. This may go on indefinitely: but as family quarrels will + arise, _there are always means of terminating the arrangement_, + and closing accounts, either entirely as regards all, or partially + as with reference to a _mauvais sujet_, or troublesome member of + the partnership.... This curious patriarchal system, though + obtaining more perfectly and frequently in Santa Maura than in the + other islands, exists in Cephalonia and is said to be not quite + unknown in Zante, where the state of society approximates far more + to that common in the western countries of Europe. Santa Maura, + being the most isolated of all the islands and that which retains + all ancient customs most tenaciously, is naturally that in which + this sort of communism can exist with smallest risk of + interference." + + +According to the Consular Reports, the relations between landlord and +tenant are governed more by local usage than by law, and the landlord +generally takes on an average about 15 per cent. of the produce in kind on +the threshing-floor, as rent, in cases where he does not supply more than +the bare use of the land.(200) + +(M101) There is little manuring; the light plough barely turns the surface +of the land. Land is usually allowed to lie fallow every other year, +sometimes two years out of three. Sheep and goats are the chief stock; +they of course graze in summer on the mountains; villages sometimes own +forests and waste lands in common. + +(M102) In the islands of the Archipelago,(201) the holdings are frequently +divided into separate plots consisting of a quarter or half acre apiece or +even less, intersected by those belonging to other parties. Cattle are +pastured on the fallow, roadsides, &c., near the village. + +In Cephalonia,(202) holdings consist of from five to twenty-five acres, +seldom in a continuous piece, but "cut up into patches and intersected by +other properties." + +In Corfu,(203) the holdings are similar--infinitesimally small and +intermixed pieces of land, especially in the olive groves, where however +there are no divisions on the land and the "oldest inhabitant" has to be +asked for evidence of ownership in disputed cases. + +Throughout the Greek nation, the peasants live in their houses in villages +and not on separate estates. They help one another to avoid the expense of +hired labour, and themselves work for hire on the estates of the large +proprietors. + +(M103) Professor Ridgeway has drawn attention to the knowledge of this +open field system in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_;(204) and indeed the +division of the land tilled by occupants of villages into small pieces or +strips, in such a way that the holding of each consists of a number of +isolated pieces lying promiscuously amongst the strips of others, over the +whole area under plough, is a world-wide custom and is the habit alike of +the east as of the west. + +Though the assertion cannot yet be made that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was thus arranged +on the soil, it can do no harm at any rate to bear in mind this ancient +and still used method of dividing land, whilst considering the question of +the relation of the ownership of the soil to the rank and status of the +tribesman. + + + + +§ 2. The Relation Of The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} To The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + +(M104) The connection of the possession of land with the headship of the +family finds its counterpart in the right of maintenance of those who had +the true blood of that family. And in those countries where the sons +remained until their father's death under his _patria potestas_ they had +to look to him for maintenance derived from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} which descended to +him as the means of sustenance for himself and his family. Where the head +of the family alone was responsible for the rites to the dead at the +family altars, the position of a son would always be incomplete if he +tried to establish during his father's lifetime a hearth and household of +his own. And it has been already mentioned that it was necessary to +emancipate a son from the family of his own father, before he could take +property, passing on the death of his mother's relations to her issue, and +assume his rightful position as their representative and the living head +of their household.(205) + +According to Harpocration, the initiation into the mysteries of the hearth +only took place on the actual assumption of the inheritance.(206) + +(M105) Occasionally a father feeling the weight of years would be glad to +pass on to his son during his lifetime some of his burden of +responsibility by making him master of his estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(207) In this case, the son would be responsible for the +maintenance of his parent, a duty much insisted on by Plato and Isaeus. In +fact the conclusion is justified that the family, until final subdivision +into separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, drew its supplies from the common inheritance, and +that the subdivision of the means of subsistence was contemporaneous and +co-extensive with the differentiation of the various branches of the +original {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} along the lines of the rising generations. + +The same may be inferred from the words of Demosthenes describing the +division of the property of Bouselos amongst his sons and the foundation +of their several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + + "And all these sons of Bouselos became men, and their father + divided his substance amongst them all, with perfect justice. And + they having shared the substance, each of them married a wife + according to your laws, and there were born children to them all, + and children's children, and there grew up five {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} from the one + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of Bouselos, and each dwelt apart, having his own house and + his own offspring."(208) + + +In the meanwhile, before division, all sons had equal right to participate +in the family goods after the father's death, and dowries had to be paid +therefrom to the daughters. The eldest brother was guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of +his sisters and those of his brothers who were minors, inasmuch as he +succeeded to his father's position of head of his kindred at the altars of +their ancestors. But in Greece at any rate his authority over his brothers +when once a division had taken place seems to have been slight if it +existed at all. + +(M106) Amongst the Gods, the three brothers Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades, +sons of Rhea, shared their inheritance from their father Kronos. They +divided everything in three, shaking lots thereover ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Each +took equal share of honour ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), but earth and Olympos were +common ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) to all.(209) But Zeus was the first-born and "knew more +things"--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}(210)--and Poseidon +therefore avoided open strife with him, however unwillingly. Though Zeus +be the stronger, grumbles the Sea-god, let him keep to his third share and +not interfere with his brothers' pleasure on their common ground, the +earth. Let him threaten his sons and daughters who needs _must_ listen to +him ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}). Yet because the Erinnyes ever take the side +of the eldest born--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}--it were good +counsel to knock under, even though the division was made in perfect +equality ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}).(211) + +(M107) This passage contrasts the recognised autocracy of the head of the +family over his own household with the courteous deference of the younger +brothers towards the eldest; and it is evidence, so far as it goes, that +the eldest brother did not succeed to his father's power over his grown-up +brothers, but owed what influence he did not obtain from the superior +advantages of his age and experience, to a superstitious feeling that +something was due to him in his position of head of the eldest branch of +the family. + +In the _Odyssey_,(212) Zeus gives Poseidon the title of "eldest and +best"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--and elsewhere Hera lays claim to the same +birthright.(213) + +The power of the head of a household must have been something much more +real. Telemachos declares that he is willing that some other _basileus_ in +Ithaka should take the kingship, but he will be master over his own +house--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}--"and over the slaves that the divine Odysseus +won for me."(214) + +In the Homeric Hymn to _Hestia_, that deity receives the title of honour +of firstborn: the poet, by a fanciful blending of ideas, implying that the +honour paid to the sacred hearth by the eldest of the family, fell to her +share as the eldest born of the children of Kronos.(215) + +Aristotle says that every household is ruled ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) by its oldest +member,(216) and gives this prerogative of the household-_basileus_ as the +type and origin of the kingship in the village and the State. Reference +has already been made, in the section on the limitations of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, +to the passage in the Gortyn law, viz.-- + + + "The father shall have power over the children and the property to + divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the parents) are alive + there is no necessity for division."(217) + + +(M108) But it must be borne in mind that though the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was set apart +in theory for the use and sustenance of a head of a family with all his +descendants, and was supposed to be inalienable therefrom, there is no +reason to suppose that there existed among the Greeks a system of joint +holding between father and son. The ownership and management of the +property vested in the head of the family. It is true that brothers did +not always divide their inheritance on the death of their father, but +their undivided right to their respective equal shares remained to each +one and his descendants as an individual property, and they always seem to +have had the expectation of an ultimate subdivision amongst the separate +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} that had sprung into being.(218) + +(M109) The Gortyn Laws throw some light on the subject. + +As long as the father is alive, no man shall buy or receive in pledge from +the son any of the father's property. But what the son himself has earned, +or inherited, he may sell if he like. + +So too the father may not dispose of the goods of the children which they +have earned or inherited. + +Yet may a son's prospective share in his paternal inheritance be sold to +pay any legal fine he has incurred.(219) + +(M110) There is no joint holding here between father and son. The father +is in undisputed possession, and nothing the son can do by private +contract can affect his father's occupation. But if the son had a right of +maintenance from his father during the lifetime of both, his expectation +of succession to an equal share with his brothers would give him, so to +speak, a value in the public eye. In the event of his incurring a +blood-fine, his father would presumably be obliged to pay it out of the +patrimony; and when exaction of such penalties passed into the hands of a +court, exception would hardly be made for long on behalf of the fine for +murder over penalties for other crimes coming before the court. Although +therefore for all ordinary purposes a son had no claim on the paternal +estate beyond his maintenance, his right of succession might easily grow +up in the eye of the law as an available asset capable of forfeiture with +the theoretical assumption that the scapegrace was unfit to hold his +position in the family.(220) His future portion, thus becoming deprived of +a representative, might be wholly or in part confiscated to the State. +There are many inscriptions confiscating to the State the goods of +criminals who transgressed the laws therein; but Plato evidently +contemplated the possibility of wiping out the individual without +depriving his descendants of their inheritance.(221) In such a case as +wife-murder, he says, the husband's right of maintenance is extinguished +from amongst his family, he should be banished and his name wiped out for +ever, whilst his sons or relations enter upon the inheritance of his +property _immediately_. No distinction is made by Plato, or in the Gortyn +Laws in such a case between chattels and land. But inasmuch as all fines +would be levied in the first instance upon the property of the guilty +individual, it may be assumed that his own earnings went first, and that +only in extreme cases would the ancestral land of the family be sold. Even +then, in Israelite law, it was expected that the land would be _redeemed_ +by the nearest relative,(222) so that the result would be that the land +would go out of the family only when no relative could be found rich +enough to pay the fine out of his chattels. + +(M111) It is interesting to find analogous provisions in the customs of +Gavelkind of ancient Kent. Under the system of Gavelkind equal division of +property amongst sons obstinately held its own against the incursions of +the right of primogeniture; and the connection of the family with their +land seems to have been regarded as especially privileged in spite of the +growth of Feudalism. + + + "If any tenant in Gauelkinde be attainted of felonie, for which he + suffereth execution of death, the king shall have all his _goods_, + and his heire forthwith after his death shall be inheritable to + all his _landes_ and tenements which he held in Gauelkinde in fee, + and in inheritance: and he shall hold them by the same services + and customes as his auncestors held them: whereupon, it is said in + Kentish: + + +"The father to the boughe, +"And the sonne to the ploughe."(223) + +(M112) It had become customary to allot to a bastard son who was prevented +by his birth from ranking with his brothers, and who had no place in the +kindred, some smaller substance as a means of subsistence. + +(M113) Odysseus pretends he was in this position, and relates how his +proud brothers allotted him but a small _gift_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and a house +as his portion.(224) + +Isaeus mentions that, only on the acquiescence of the true son, was +admission granted to a bastard into the phratria. Even then he was not +apparently taken into his father's family, but allotted a farm ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) +by his brother and, as it were, launched into the world to start a family +of his own, without any further claim upon the property of his +father.(225) + +His introduction and admission to a phratria and deme, as a descendant of +an old family, so far removed the stigma of his birth as to give him the +title of citizen, and thus afforded him the qualification for holding +land. Yet the knowledge of his real parentage bereft him of the right of +sharing equally with the rest of his father's sons, and compelled him to +be satisfied with the bare means of subsistence wherewith to found and +continue a house of his own.(226) + +(M114) When citizenship was conferred upon a beneficent stranger, it was +the custom at the same time to assign him and his descendants a house and +some land. We hear of grants on such occasions consisting of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in +the plain, a house, and a garden free of taxes; a _half_-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the +plain, a house and a garden of half the area of the preceding grant, &c. +In the fourth century B.C. a similar grant takes the form of so many +plethra as a patrimony or ever. Sometimes, as at Sparta in the second +century B.C., the estate was allotted to the newly-made citizen only on +condition of residence within the borders of the State.(227) + + + + +§ 3. The Householder In India: The Guest. + + +(M115) Sir Henry S. Maine in his _Early Law and Custom_(228) quotes Narada +in illustration of the composition of the early Indian family. A son "is +of age and independent in case his parents be dead: during their lifetime +he is dependent, even though he be grown old." + +Further information on this subject is afforded by the Ordinances of Manu, +where the position of the first-born with regard to his younger brothers +is given at some length.(229) + + + (M116) "After both the father and the mother (are dead), the + brothers, having come together, should divide the paternal + inheritance: for while the two (parents) are alive the (sons) have + no power (over the property). + + + "Now the eldest (or best) alone may take the paternal property + without leaving anything, and the remaining (brothers) may live + _supported by him_ just as (if he were their) father."(230) + + + (M117) "By means of the eldest (son) as soon as he is born a man + becomes possessed of a son, and is thus cleared of his debts + towards the manes; therefore this (eldest son) deserves the whole + (inheritance)." + + +Likewise: "If among brothers born of one father, one should have a son, +Manu said _all those brothers_ would be possessed of sons by means of that +son."(231) But this seems to apply only to the son born to the eldest, for +if a younger brother married before the eldest and performed the daily +sacrifices, he sent himself, his brother, and his wife "to Hell."(232) + +The eldest, if he performs his duty, "causes the family to flourish" and +"is most honoured among men." He alone is "duty-born," through him his +father "pays his debt"; other sons are only "born of desire." As long as +his conduct is befitting, he must be honoured "like a father, like a +mother," but if not, he only receives the respect of an ordinary +relative.(233) + +The brothers may live together in this way,(234) but if they divide and +live apart, the separate ceremonies necessitated by their separate +households will multiply the performance of religious duties, to the +advantage of all. + +(M118) The title of _Householder_, moreover, was more than a name. + + + "As all beings depend on air, so all orders depend on the + householder." + + + "Because men of the three (other) orders are daily supported by + the householder alone with knowledge and with food, therefore the + householder (is) the chief order. That order must be upheld + strenuously by one desiring an imperishable heaven, and who here + desires perpetual happiness...." + + + "The seers, manes, gods, beings, and guests also make entreaty to + those heads of families for support. (This duty must, therefore,) + be done by a man of discernment."(235) + + + "As all rivers, ... go to (their) resting-place in the ocean, so + men of all orders depend on the householder."(236) + + + Let a householder perform the household rites according to rule + with the marriage fire and the accomplishment of the five + sacrifices and the daily cooking. The sacrifices are:-- + + + Teaching the Veda is the Veda sacrifice: + Offering cakes and water is the sacrifice to the manes: + An offering to fire (is the sacrifice) to the gods: + Offering of food (is the sacrifice) to all beings: + Honour to guests is the sacrifice to men. + + + "Whoever presents not food to those five, the gods, guests, + dependents, the manes, and himself, though he breathe, lives + not."(237) + + +(M119) The guest takes a very high place, and his presence is a revered +addition to the family sacrifices; so much so that it was thought +necessary to state definitely that "if the guest appears after the +offering to all the gods is finished, one should give him food as best one +can, but should not make (another) offering."(238) + +The same virtue seems to have been considered by the Greeks also to lie in +the presence of the guest. In Euripides' Elektra, Aigisthos, hearing from +Orestes that he and his friend are strangers, promptly invites them to +share as his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in his impending sacrifice of a bull to the nymphs, +promising to send them on their way in the morning.(239) + +Earlier in the play during the plotting of Aigisthos' death, it is taken +for granted that directly he sees them he will call them thus to join him +at the sacrifice and the feast.(240) + +Alkinoos expresses the feeling of the Homeric age when he says: + + + "In a brother's place stand the stranger and the suppliant, to him + whose wits have even a little range."(241) + + +Nestor at Pylos, making sacrifice to Poseidon with his sons and company, +welcomes the unknown Telemachos and Mentor to the sacrificial feast.(242) +When the duty of feeding the guests has been satisfactorily accomplished, +he then asks them whether they are merchants or _pirates_, that "wander +over the brine at hazard of their own lives bringing bale to alien men!" + +It would appear that the virtue lay in the hospitality of the host and not +in the worthiness of the guest, and that therefore it was worth while to +run the risk of having invited the presence of a polluted man whose +impiety in not refusing to partake would doubtless fall on his own head. + +(M120) To return to the organisation of the Indian inheritance:--The duty +of maintenance(243) of the younger members of the family devolves upon the +eldest son at the death of his father. If the brothers are all "perfect in +their own occupations," and they come to an equal division, "some trifle +should be given to the elder (brother) to indicate an increased respect +for him."(244) Also if in division there remains over an odd goat or +sheep, or animal, it goes to the eldest brother. + +If any brother has disgraced himself, he does not deserve a share in the +property.(245) + +Sisters' portions are allotted out of all the brothers' shares +equally.(246) + +Property is divided once only.(247) But if "on living together after being +separated, they divide (the inheritance) a second time, in that case the +division should be equal, (as) in that case no right of primogeniture +occurs."(248) + +The father's wealth acquired during his lifetime is at his own disposal, +and need not be divided amongst his sons.(249) Likewise with any property +acquired by the sons.(250) If "any one of the brothers, being able (to +support himself) by his own occupation, does not desire (his share of the) +property," he may be excluded from the division, but "something for his +support" should be given him to discharge his claim of maintenance from +the family at any future time.(251) + + + + +§ 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + +(M121) In the Homeric poems, written, as they are, from an aristocratic or +heroic point of view, a great gulf always exists between the royal or +princely class and the ordinary tribesmen. + +The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--the lion of his people(252)--has his select estate, his +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, with orchards and gardens of considerable extent; while the +swarms of tribesmen are allotted their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in the open field, their +share in the common pasture, and depend on each other for help in the +vintage and harvest. + +(M122) The possession of large estates and of multitudinous flocks and +herds was one of the privileges of the chieftain or tribesman of princely +rank. + + + "For surely his livelihood (_i.e._ Odysseus') was great past + telling, no lord in the dark mainland had so much, nor any in + Ithaka itself; nay, not twenty men together have wealth so great, + and I will tell thee the sum thereof. Twelve herds of kine upon + the mainland, as many flocks of sheep, as many droves of swine, as + many ranging herds of goats, that his own shepherds and strangers + pasture. And ranging herds of goats, eleven in all, graze here by + the extremity of the island with trusty men to watch them."(253) + + +Bellerophon migrated from his own country and settled under the patronage +of the king of Lykia.(254) He married the king's daughter, and to complete +his qualification and to confirm his princely status as a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of +Lykia, he was allotted by the Lykians an estate where the plain was +fattest on the banks of the river, consisting half of arable, half of +vineyard, the latter presumably on the slopes of the sides of the +valley.(255) Besides these no doubt he had flocks and herds on the +mountains, with steadings and slaves for their protection. It is +improbable that the fattest of the plain was unoccupied before, and it +must therefore be supposed that the system of agriculture was such as to +admit of such a partition and the consequent readjustment, or that the +dispossessed tribesmen had to compensate themselves with land out of the +common waste. + +In somewhat similar wise Tydeus at Argos wedded one of the daughters of +Adrastos, and dwelt in a house full of livelihood; and "wheatbearing +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} enough were his, and many were his orchards of trees apart, and +many sheep were his."(256) + +In the description of the Shield of Achilles in the _Iliad_ a vivid +contrast is drawn between the rich harvest of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the busy +toil of the tribesmen. + + + "Furthermore he set therein a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} deep in corn(257) where + hinds ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) were reaping with sharp sickles in their hands ... + and among them the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in silence was standing at the swathe + with his staff, rejoicing in his heart." + + +Meanwhile henchmen are preparing apart a great feast for himself and his +friends, and the women are strewing much white barley to be a supper for +the hinds.(258) + +(M123) But in the great common field all was toil and action; many +ploughers therein drave their yokes to and fro as they wheeled about.(259) +The holding of the common tribesman was not an estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) cut out of +the plain, but an allotment ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), probably of strips as in Palestine +to-day, in the open fields that lay around the town. On the wheatbearing +plain round Troy(260) lay the stones that former men, before the ten +years' war, had used to mark the balk or boundary of their strips ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(261) One of these Athena uses to hurl against Ares, who, falling +where he stood, covers seven of the _pelethra_ that the stones were used +to divide. A pinnacle of stones is the only boundary to be seen to this +day between the strips of cornland in Palestine. Easily dislodged as these +landmarks were, they were specially protected by a curse against their +removal, and were with the Greeks under the awful shadow of a special +deity of boundaries.(262) They seem however to have been liable to +considerable violation. The ass, according to Homer, being driven along +the field-way, if his skin was thick enough, easily disregarded the +expostulations of his attendants, and made free with the growing +crop.(263) Homer also describes a fight between two men with measuring +rods in the common field,(264) and Isaeus(265) relates how an Athenian +citizen flogged his brother in a quarrel over their boundary so that he +afterwards died, whilst the neighbours, working on their land around, were +witnesses of what took place. + +Land was brought into cultivation, no doubt, as it was wanted. Achilles +contemplates that some of the rich fields of his friends may be +exceedingly remote, so that it would be a great thing to spare the +ploughman a journey to the nearest blacksmith. And no doubt the powerful +men of the community would, by means of their slaves or retainers, acquire +additional wealth by reclaiming lands out of the way and therefore +requiring a strong hand to protect them, which were profitable by reason +of their very fatness.(266) Such acquisitions would not be included in the +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the prince, the very word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} implying an area of land cut +out of the cultivated land of the community, generally described as being +in the plain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). + +(M124) Such allotments of land seem only to have been made to princes and +gods, but when once allotted, remained as far as can be seen the property +of their descendants. It was a common fancy of the Homeric prince that he +was worshipped as a god, and they often mistook each other for some deity. +The godlike Sarpedon asks his cousin Glaukos, wherefore are they two +honoured in Lykia as gods, with flesh and full cups and a great +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(267) + +As the possession of full tribal blood was necessary for the ownership of +a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, so princely blood was the qualification for the enjoyment of a +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The honoured individual need not be a king or overlord, but +besides his valour he must have in his veins the all-potent blood royal, +without which his privilege was no greater than that of other rich +tribesmen. + +It was not till the king of Lykia had satisfied himself that Bellerophon +was "the brave offspring of a god," that he gave him honour, and the +Lykians meted him out a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(268) This great {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} on the banks of +the Xanthos, half arable and half vineyard, remained in the possession of +his grandchildren, Sarpedon and Glaukos, apparently still undivided, +though they were not brothers but first cousins.(269) + +The king of the Phaeakians had his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and fruitful orchard near but +apart from the fields and tilled lands of his townsfolk.(270) Odysseus it +seems had more than one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(271) + +(M125) Once in the _Iliad_ the epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is applied to a chief's +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(272) According to Hesychius, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means "handed down to one's +father from his ancestors,"(273) and Homer evidently uses the word in this +sense.(274) + +The kingship itself in Ithaka was considered as part of Telemachos' +patrimony: "Never may Kronion make thee king in sea-girt Ithaka, which is +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} to thee by birth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~})."(275) + +But though the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the kingship were both equally {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, they +did not together constitute an indivisible inheritance. Any one of the +blood could enjoy possession of the land, whilst the over-lordship must +necessarily descend in the eldest or the most able line. + +In his answer to the malignant wish quoted above, Telemachos does not +speak as if he contemplated giving up any tangible property. The bestowal +of the kingship, though due to him by inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) is in the +hands of the gods; he means to be master ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}) of whatsoever Odysseus his +father won for him. + +(M126) It is interesting to compare this choice of Telemachos with the +exactly opposite choice made by Iason, as told by Pindar, when he came +back to claim his inheritance which had been seized in the meantime by his +second cousin, Pelias. + +He has come home, he tells Pelias, to seek his father's ancient honour +which Zeus had of old bestowed on his great-grandfather Aiolos and his +sons. It is not for them now, being of the same stock ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), to +divide the great honour of their forefathers with sword and javelin. He +will give up all the sheep and herds of kine, and all the fields of late +robbed from his sires, though they make fat beyond measure the house of +Pelias ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). But the kingly sceptre and throne of +his father must be his without wrath between them. And Zeus, the ancestral +god of them both ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), is witness to their +oath.(276) + +(M127) Property in land could also be accumulated in the hands of +individuals not necessarily of princely station. Odysseus tells a tale of +how he took a wife of "men with many {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) by +reason of his valour.(277) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must therefore at that time have +been at any rate roughly of some recognised area. Perhaps the tendency, so +fatal to Sparta, for the possession of the original shares or allotments +of many families to accumulate in the hands of the powerful or rich, had +already set in. In later colonisations and assignments of new land the +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were often equally divided,(278) and the gift of citizenship, as +has been already mentioned, was sometimes accompanied by a grant of a +_half-kleros_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Did the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} then represent in theory an +area of cultivated ground capable of sustaining a single household? + + + + +§ 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + +(M128) There are signs in Homer of the existence, already insisted upon +for later times, of the connection of the ownership of property with the +headship of a household. It follows that if the head of a family was the +only owner of land, the desire of establishing a family and thereby +preserving at the same time the acquired property and the name of the +possessor, made the acquisition of a wife a real necessity for the owner +of land. + +Eumaios, the swineherd, says that Odysseus would have given him a property +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), both an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and a shapely wife.(279) And Odysseus +in one of his many autobiographies speaks of taking a wife as if it were +the necessary sequel to coming into his inheritance.(280) + +Even Hesiod, the son of a poor settler, without much property to keep +together, if we can take Aristotle's reading of the line, gives the +necessary outfit for a peasant farmer in occupation of a small {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as +a house, a wife, and a plough-ox.(281) + +Aristotle quotes this line of Hesiod, in his argument that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was +the association formed to supply the wants of each day,(282) its members +being called by Charondas, he says, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (sharers in the mealbin), +and by Epimenides the Cretan {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (sharers of the same plot of +ground).(283) And he might have added that Pindar uses the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +to mean "twins."(284) + +(M129) A household, according to Aristotle, consisted thus partly of human +beings, partly of property.(285) + +So closely is the idea of livelihood bound up that of the house or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, +that Telemachos can say without incongruity that his house is being +_eaten_ by the wooers:-- + + + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.(286) + + +The sanctity shared by the hearth and its sustenance may be illustrated by +Odysseus' oath, which occurs three times in the _Odyssey_: "Now be Zeus my +witness before any god, and the hospitable board and the hearth of +blameless Odysseus whereunto I am come."(287) + +(M130) When once the hospitable board had laid its mysterious spell on the +relations of host and guest, the bond was not easily dissolved. Glaukos +and Diomedes meet "in the mid-space of the foes eager to do battle," +fighting on opposite sides. Nevertheless because the grandfather of one +had entertained the grandfather of the other for twenty days and they had +parted with gifts of friendship, their grandsons refrain from battle with +each other, pledge their faith, and exchange armour as a witness to others +that they are guest-friends by inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}).(288) + +If such force lay in the entertainment of a guest for a few days, some +idea can be formed of the virtue underlying the meaning of such words as +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and binding together those habitually nourished at +the same board. + +(M131) If sons married during their father's lifetime without any +particular means of livelihood, they could live under his roof and +authority, forming a great patriarchal household like that of Priam and +his married sons and daughters at Troy. But when a household dispersed +before the marriage of the sons and the inheritance was divided amongst +them, it was deemed indispensable for them to take wives, and each provide +for the establishment of his house and succession. This necessity is the +underlying motive of the compulsion over the only daughter left as +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to marry before a certain age, exercised by the Archon at +Athens. There the idea of the need of a continuous family (as well as for +other purposes), to keep together the property, had grown up apparently as +a reflection, so to speak, of the obvious importance of the property to +the family for the maintenance of itself and its ancestral rites. + +Though evidence is wanting for the _raison d'etre_ of this sentiment in +Homer, the existence of the feeling can hardly be denied. + +The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, at any rate, continued to pass from father to son in the +family of the tribesman or citizen. Hector encourages his soldiers by +reminding them that though they themselves fall in the fight, their +children, their house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} will be unharmed, provided +only that the enemy are driven back.(289) + +The sentiment that a man was not really "established," according to the +estimation of the Homeric Greeks, until the continuity of his house was +provided for, seems to explain the two references to Telemachos in the +_Iliad_. Odysseus is twice mentioned, as Mr. Leaf points out in his +_Companion to the Iliad_,(290) as the father of Telemachos, simply because +it was considered a title of honour to be named as sire of an established +house. No other mention of Telemachos occurs in the _Iliad_. + +Failure of heirs was, as in later times, the great disintegrating factor +and danger to the continuity of the family holdings. As long as a direct +descendant was to be found, the property was safe. + +Eurykleia comforts Penelope in her fear for the absent Telemachos, +saying:-- + + + "For the seed of the son of Arkeisios is not, methinks, utterly + hated by the blessed gods, but someone will haply yet remain to + possess these lofty halls and the _fat fields_ far away."(291) + + +Is it by accident that she here chooses the name of Arkeisios to describe +the head of the family of Laertes and Odysseus? He was Laertes' father, +and in Telemachos, if he was preserved alive, he would thus have a +_great-grandson_ to represent his line in the succession to his property. + +(M132) The diversion of inheritance to any property from the direct line +is spoken of in Homer as a lamentable circumstance greatly intensifying +the natural grief at the death of the direct heir. + + + "Then went he after Nanthos and Thoon, sons of Phainops, + striplings both; but their father was outworn of grievous age, and + begat no other son for his possessions after him. Then Diomedes + slew them and bereft the twain of their dear life, and for their + father left only lamentation and sore distress, seeing he welcomed + them not alive returned from battle: _and kinsmen divided his + substance_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(292) + + +In the tumultuous times of the _Odyssey_ the right of succession must +often have been interrupted by war and violence. Possessions, not only of +land, had to be defended by the sword even during the lifetime of the +acquirer. This prompts one of the wishes of Odysseus in his prayer at the +knees of Arete:-- + + + "And may each one leave to his children after him his possessions + in his halls and whatever dues of honour the people have rendered + unto him."(293) + + +The same anxiety prompts his question to his mother in Hades, to which he +obtains answer:-- + + + "The fair honour ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) that is thine no man hath yet taken, but + Telemachos holdeth in safety (thy) demesnes ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})."(294) + + +(M133) The belief in the inseparability of the ancestral holding and the +family was strong in Samaria at the time of Ahab. The King offered Naboth +another vineyard better than his own in exchange for the one at Jezreel +near the palace, or, should he prefer it, its worth in money. But Naboth +said to Ahab, "The Lord forbid it me, that I should give _the inheritance +of my fathers_ unto thee."(295) + +Both the Hebrew narrators and the Greek translators describe Ahab finally +as taking the vineyard at Naboth's death _by inheritance_ (LXX. +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), in spite of the violence of the means of acquiring it +adopted by Jezebel. + +The limited right of the prince to alienate from his family any part of +his possessions is thus alluded to by Ezekiel:-- + + + "Thus saith the Lord God; If the prince give a gift unto any of + his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be + their possession by inheritance. But if he give a gift of his + inheritance to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the + year of liberty: after it shall return to the prince: but his + inheritance shall be his sons' for them."(296) + + + + +§ 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The +Chieftain. + + +(M134) It must be borne in mind that the tribal idea of the chieftainship +sanctioned the custom that the maintenance of the chieftain and his +companions or retainers should be levied at will upon the property of the +people. This privilege is very wide spread, and had its origin in the +earliest times. + +The levies were claimed under the name of _gifts_, and earned for the +princes the title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. As Telemachos declares, "it is no bad +thing to be a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and quickly does his house become rich and he +himself most honoured."(297) + +The royal family and nobles(298) levied contributions on their own or +conquered peoples apparently at will in Homer. Agamemnon calls together +the Greek chiefs:-- + + + "Ye leaders and counsellors of the Argives ... who drink at the + public cost ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and each command an host ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(299) + + +Priam chides his sons:-- + + + "Ye plunderers of your own people's sheep and kids ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(300) + + +Telemachos declares that if the wooers eat up all his sheep and substance, +he will go through the city ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}) claiming chattels until all be +restored.(301) + +Alkinoos proposes to give gifts to Odysseus, and they themselves going +amongst the people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) will recompense themselves: +"for hard it were for one man to give without return."(302) + + + "Then I led him to the house," says Odysseus, "and gave him good + entertainment ... out of the plenty in my house, and for the rest + of his company ... I gathered and gave barley meal and dark wine + from the people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and oxen to sacrifice to his heart's + desire."(303) + + +(M135) These passages throw light on Agamemnon's offer to Achilles of +seven well-peopled towns, whose inhabitants would enrich him with +plenteous gifts.(304) The proposal of Menelaos to empty a city _of Argos,_ +to accommodate Odysseus and his people, seems to be of quite a different +order, and betrays to us that the tyranny of the tribal chieftain, so +conspicuous in other nations, was no less a reality also amongst the +Greeks under Achaian rule.(305) + +(M136) In the Indian society that was regulated in accordance with the +_Ordinances of Manu_, the king appointed a chief of a town whose duty it +was to report to the higher officials on any "evil arising in the town." +He likewise represented the king, and had the king's right to receive +supplies from those under his oversight. + + + "What food, drink, (and) fuel are to be _daily_ given by the + inhabitants of a town to the king let the head of a town + take,"(306) + + +the line always being drawn between legitimate demands and tyrannical +extortion. + + + "For those servants appointed by the king for protection (are) + mostly takers of the property of others (and) cheats; from them he + (_i.e._ the king) should protect these people."(307) + + +(M137) Under the rule of the Persians, all Asia was parcelled out in such +a way as to supply maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) for the Great King and his host +throughout the whole year.(308) The satrap of Assyria kept at one time so +great a number of Indian hounds, that four large villages of the plain +were exempted from all other charges on condition of finding them +food.(309) + +(M138) Solomon's table was provided after the same method. + + + "And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel which provided + victuals for the king and his household; each man his month in a + year made provision.... And Solomon's provision for one day was + thirty measures of fine flour and threescore measures of meal, ten + fat oxen and twenty oxen out of the pastures and an hundred sheep, + beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl.... + And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land + of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt; they brought + presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life.... And + those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that + came unto king Solomon's table, every man according to his + charge."(310) + + +(M139) Sesostris is said to have obtained his revenue from the holders of +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Egypt in proportion to the amount of land in each man's +occupation;(311) and Pharaoh, having bought all the land at the time of +the famine in Egypt except that which supported the priests, took +one-fifth of all the produce, leaving the remainder "for seed of the +field," and for the food of the cultivators, and their households and +little ones. "And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto this +day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the +priests only, which became not Pharaoh's."(312) + +In this case Pharaoh became proprietor by purchase of the land in Egypt. +But it must not be supposed that by exacting a payment from the occupier, +the overlord as a rule had any power over the ownership of the soil. He no +doubt had proprietary rights over his own estate, and may or may not have +had power to regulate any further distribution of the waste. But the right +of receiving dues, or of appointing another to receive them, gave him no +power over the actual tillage of the soil. + +(M140) The maintenance of the prince was a first charge apparently upon +the property of his subjects; and it is easy to see how the lion's share +would always be allotted to him, alike of booty as of acquired territory. +As long as the community was pastoral, it is also easy to imagine how the +chief both increased his own wealth and admitted favoured companions or +resident strangers to a share in the elastic area of the common pasturage. +After agriculture had assumed equal importance in the economy of the tribe +as the tending of flocks and herds, one is apt to forget that for +centuries--perhaps for thousands of years--the system of agriculture that +grew up, still possessed much of the elasticity of the old pastoral +methods. Under the open field system, such a custom as that described by +Tacitus and in the Welsh Laws, viz. of ploughing up out of the pasture or +waste sufficient to admit of each tribesman having his due allotment, and +letting it lie waste again the next year, admitted of considerable +readjustment to meet the exigencies of declining population, as well as +providing an easy means whereby any stranger prince, like Bellerophon, who +might be admitted to the tribe, could be allotted either a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} apart, +or a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the open plain. + +Pindar describes this method of cultivation when he says:-- + + + "Fruitful fields in turn now yield to man his yearly bread upon + the plains, and now again they pause and gather back their + strength."(313) + + +(M141) It is noticeable that the Aetolians offered Meleagros a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in +the fattest part of the plain, wherever he might choose, as a _gift_ +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}); and as the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} would certainly be cultivated by slave or +hired labour, what they really gave him was the right of receiving the +produce from the 50 _guai_ composing the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. But this gift was meant +as a special honour or bribe, and took a special form in being in land as +a means of permanent enrichment. + +In similar wise Ezekiel suggested the capitalisation, as it were, by a +gift of land of the contributions to the princes, which no doubt were felt +to be very irksome. In the division of the land, a portion was to be set +aside first for the use of the temple and priests, then a portion for the +prince. + + + "In the land shall be his possession in Israel, and my princes + shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall + they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. Thus + saith the Lord God, Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel; + remove violence and spoil and execute judgment and justice, and + take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord God."(314) + + +And again:-- + + + "Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance by + oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he shall + give his sons inheritance out of his own possession; that my + people be not scattered every man from his possession."(315) + + +But there can be no doubt, that although the prince may have had no power +to dislodge any of the free tribesmen of his own people from their +holdings, yet no one could gainsay him if he chose to enrich himself by +planting or reclaiming any part of his domains, as Laertes is represented +as having done.(316) + +(M142) The modern usage in Boeotia and in the island of Euboea may very +well represent the procedure of ancient times, and if it can be imagined +that some method of the same sort was in vogue in Boeotia in the time of +Hesiod, it will be understood how possible it was for Hesiod's father to +settle at Askra and gradually to acquire possession of a house and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + + "There is some cultivation from Plataea to Thebes, but strangely + alternating with wilderness. We were told that the people have + plenty of spare land, and not caring to labour for its artificial + improvement, till a piece of ground once, and then let it lie + fallow for a season or two. The natural richness of the Boeotian + soil thus supplies them with ample crops. But it is strange to + think how impossible it is, even in these rich and favoured + plains, to induce a fuller population."(317) + + +At Achmetaga, in Euboea, + + + "The folk pay for their houses a nominal rental of a bushel of + wheat per annum, in order to secure the owner's proprietary claim, + which would otherwise pass to the occupier by squatter's right + after thirty years of unmolested occupation. They are at liberty + to cultivate pretty well as much land as they care to, paying to + the landlord one-third in kind.... The produce here is almost + exclusively wheat or maize, but every family maintains a plot of + vineyard for home consumption."(318) + + +(M143) Whether the free tribesman ever looked upon the contribution he +made to the maintenance of the princes, under whose protection he had the +privilege of living, as a condition of tenure of his land, is open to +doubt; but from the right to demand indiscriminate gifts, to confiscate or +eject in case of refusal, it is only one step to the exaction of a regular +food-rent as a return for the occupation of land. + + + + +§ 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence. + + +It may be useful here briefly to summarise the results of the inquiry of +the last three sections into the relation of the ownership of land to the +structure of society in Homer and in early times. + +(M144) the princes had their compact estates divided off from the other +land of the community, so that a passer-by could point and say, "There is +the king's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."(319) The ordinary tribesman on the other hand had a +share in the common fields under cultivation, probably consisting of a +number of scattered pieces of land lying mixed up with those of others, +and therefore only referred to on the face of the land, under the +comprehensive terms {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.(320) + +This share of the tribesman was, as in later times, called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, it +being possible for a man to enjoy several such holdings and deserve the +epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whilst the lowest class of freemen consisted of those +who possessed no land, under the ignominious title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +(M145) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, descending from father to son, was apparently connected +with the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or household, and supplied its maintenance. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} grew +fat or was consumed in accordance with the capacity of its head, and its +continuity was regarded as a matter of the utmost importance. Its members +were bound together at their ancestral hearth by mutual ties of common +maintenance. The sanctity of thus sharing the same loaf extended also to +guests, whose relations to their hosts might last for several generations. +It is the necessity of supplying the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and its dependents with the +means of sustenance and hospitality among a pastoral people gradually +adapting themselves to agriculture, that regulates the tenure of land and +the duties of the householder. + +(M146) The power of the chieftain to draw upon the resources of his people +for the entertainment of his household and his guests by exactions payable +in kind, supplemented by the power he also seems to have possessed to +transfer at will the right of receiving these "gifts" to any one he chose, +seems to contain the germs of the more complicated system of food-rents as +a condition of land tenure, which is so important a feature of the Celtic +tribal arrangements. + +(M147) Inasmuch as the prince was a member of the tribe, he was entitled +to an allotment in the land under cultivation, the very word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +implying the equal right of all members of the tribe to a share in the +soil. But inasmuch as the prince possessed blood royal and claimed his +descent from the very gods that the tribesmen worshipped, his dignity was +above partaking with his tribesmen of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the common fields. He +was therefore allotted a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} apart, and worthy of his divine +parentage. Besides the bare single allotment of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, land was set +apart for him as a gift of honour by the people, from whom honour and +gifts to their prince were due. Gifts in land formed a special mark of +honour, and may at the same time have served another purpose from the +giver's point of view by way of a permanent source of income or endowment, +as it were, whereby the continuous exactions towards the maintenance of +the prince from the lands of the people might tend to be alleviated. Thus +much of power over the property of his inferiors he undoubtedly retained, +and he probably cultivated what he liked of the outlying lands under his +sway. + +(M148) But the evidence does not show that he ever had the right of coming +between the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his tribesmen and their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: the only means at his +disposal of severing the link between the family and the land, were those +employed by Ahab and Jezebel to acquire the "inheritance" of the ancestral +vineyard of Naboth at Jezreel. + + + + +§ 8. Hesiod And His {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + +In the time of Hesiod, the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(321) could be sold in case of need and +added to the possession of another. + +(M149) But the case of Hesiod is in itself somewhat exceptional. His +father had fled from his own country by stress of poverty, and settled on +the barren land of Askra in Boeotia, where he was allowed to acquire some +land.(322) He was therefore somewhat of a sojourner (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of +Homer),(323) and, true to the Homeric doctrine, was unencumbered by the +claims of kindred. Hesiod contrasts the ready help of the neighbour with +the perfunctory slowness of the kinsman, duty-bound. The neighbour, he +says, is prompted by the need of mutual protection of material property, +the kinsman stays to bind on his sandals and gird his loins for the labour +he is forbidden to shirk.(324) + +Hesiod and his brother Perses had divided the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of their father into +two, and lived apart. Perses had squandered his half, and spent his time +and his livelihood in the gay life of the town, but none the less seems to +have expected to be allowed to draw still further on the resources of the +paternal property, to the distress of his industrious brother. + +Hesiod does not contemplate any possible means of making a living other +than by tilling the soil; and his quaint ideas may be taken as typical of +the small Boeotian peasant-farmer, allowance being made for the short time +that his family had held land at Askra. + + + + +§ 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times. + + +(M150) In later Greek writers it is several times stated that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were inalienable. Yet all remark to what a deplorable +extent the alienation and accumulation of land into few hands had been +carried. Aristotle comments on the excellence of the ancient law, at one +time prevalent in many cities, against the sale of the original {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, +and the good purpose therein of making every one cultivate his own +moderate-sized holding.(325) + +Innumerable passages could be quoted from the speeches of Isaeus, +referring to the law that forbade any one to alienate by will his landed +estate from his lawful sons. Plato warns his friends that buying and +selling is desecration to the god-given {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(326) + + + "Now I, as the legislator, regard you and your possessions, not as + belonging to yourselves, but as belonging to your whole family, + both past and present."(327) + + +Plutarch and Heraclides say that the same law against the sale of the +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} existed anciently at Sparta. + +(M151) Plutarch's evidence, late as it is, of the ancient customs among +the Spartans is worthy of further consideration. + +In his _Life of Agis_ he states that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} passed in succession from +father to son--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--until the +Peloponnesian war. + +In his _Life of Lycurgus_ he says that-- + + + "When a child was born, the father was not entitled to maintain it + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), but he took and carried it to a place called 'lesche,' + where the _elders of his tribesmen_ were sitting, who, if they + found the child pretty well grown and healthy, ordered its + maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), allotting to it one of the 9,000 kleroi + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(328) + + +Elsewhere in Greece at the introduction of the new-born child to the +relations and friends a few days after its birth, symbolical gifts of food +were made as the child was carried round the hearth.(329) + +(M152) The important part of this ceremony at Sparta, described by +Plutarch, seems to be the introduction of the infant to the elders of the +tribe, and the recognition by them of its right to maintenance, if it +appeared to them physically worthy of admission to the tribe. It cannot be +supposed that Plutarch believed that vacant {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} escheated, so to speak, +to the community, because he elsewhere describes the lamentable tendency +of estates to get into few hands, which the community would in that case +surely have been able somewhat to prevent. Nor is it likely that a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +was actually set apart for the maintenance of each infant, who was +apparently still nourished in its father's house until seven years old, +when its education and occupations were regulated by the State. + +Reading this passage with the other in the _Life of Agis_, a natural +inference is, that the child's right to succeed to the property of his +father only was thereby assured to him by the elders, _i.e._ the right on +his attaining manhood to enjoy the possession of land. This is the view +taken by M. de Coulanges;(330) but surely there is more underlying the +account of the ceremony. What actually took place with regard to the +allotment of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to the infant member of the tribe, cannot be decided +here. The State at Sparta undertook to educate all her sons after a +certain age, and gave the parent no further rights over the child. Is +there in this ceremony a transfer of the claim for maintenance from +against the head of the household to the larger unit represented by the +elders of the tribe, irrespective of the inheritance of the son from his +father? + +It would be necessary for the adult Spartan citizen, of the class of +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at any rate, to have a right to the produce of some land, as +otherwise it is difficult to see how he could contribute the necessary +provisions that formed his share of maintenance at the joint table of his +_syssition_; unless indeed he drew his allowance from his father's estate. + +(M153) In any case the idea of the dependence of a member of the tribe for +sustenance upon his right to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is striking; and at the same time +the evidence goes to show that his maintenance was a claim upon a group of +kinsmen at Sparta, comprising more than the nearest relations, and was +recognised as such by them. + +(M154) The link that bound the cultivators to their land was so strong in +early times at Athens, that mortgages could apparently not be paid off by +mere transfer of the land itself; but the whole family of the debtor went +with their mortgaged property and became enslaved to the creditor, having +in future to work the land for him at a fixed charge. + +This was the state of affairs that Solon set himself to mend, and it is +instructive that the method, he seems to have chosen, was to loosen the +tie between the owner and his land, and, by facilitating the transfer of +land from one to another, to obviate the necessity of taking the debtor's +person with his family into slavery on account of the debt.(331) + +Nevertheless, in spite of the radical legislation of Solon, the sentiment +that bound the family to the soil remained long after his time. + +(M155) Besides the prohibition to sell the family land which Aristotle +speaks of as prevailing in Lokris, the Hypoknemidian Lokrians insisted on +actual residence on that land in the case of their colony at Naupaktos. +Though unable apparently wholly to forbid the participation of the +colonists in the ancestral rites of their kin in Lokris, they took +advantage of the prevailing sentiment with regard to the permanence of the +family, and insisted that the continuance of the hearth of the colonist at +Naupaktos should at any rate be considered of equal importance. + +According to an inscription of the fifth century B.C.:-- + + + "The colonist has the right to return to Lokris and sacrifice with + his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} both in the rites of his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for + ever. He can only return permanently without paying the + re-establishment tax if he has left {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} at Naupaktos a + grown-up son or a brother. If a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the colonists is left + without a representative ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, the nearest of + kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in Lokris shall take the property, provided he go + himself, be he man or boy, within three months to Naupaktos. A + colonist can inherit his share of his Lokrian father's or + brother's property...." + + + "If a magistrate deals unfairly and refuses justice, he shall be + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and shall lose his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}."(332) + + +(M156) Though the sale of estates could be effected at Athens in the +fourth century B.C., yet, when the owner died without having sold, the +succession was regulated by the ancient custom. If there were legitimate +children, the inheritance to the land could not be diverted from them, +even by will;(333) provided only that the children had gone through the +ceremony of being accepted and enrolled by the phratria. If the descendant +had neglected this formality, and had failed to be recognised as a legal +member of the kindred or clan, he or she lost all rights to the property, +which went to the devisee or next of kin.(334) The right to possess land +was thus at Athens, as at Sparta, intimately connected with the tribal +organisation; and the claim for maintenance from the paternal estate could +only lie, after full acknowledgment of the necessary qualification had +been granted by the larger unit of relationship. + + + + +§ 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And Semi-Servile +Tenure. + + +(M157) Attention has been drawn to the reciprocal relations that existed +between the family and its land, and their inseparability in the minds and +phraseology of the Greeks at different times. There is a further +development however arising from this point of view, without some notice +of which the subject of the tenure of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} would be incomplete, and +which serves to confirm the method with which this subject has been +treated. + +Though alike in their estimation of the possession of land as a means of +livelihood and for the accumulation of wealth, the Greeks had very +different views with respect to the place of agriculture as a worthy +occupation for a citizen. Sparta regarded it as entirely beneath the +dignity of her sons and forbade their personal application to the +cultivation of their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. There was at Athens, on the other hand, a +large class of citizens whose energies were entirely devoted to the +production of fruits of the earth, whilst the life of a country gentleman, +combined with that of the farmer, was by no means despicable in their +eyes. + +(M158) There were mainly two methods of enjoying the possession of a +landed estate. Either the land was cultivated by the owner himself with +the help of bought slaves or hired servants, few or many, as described in +Hesiod and the _Oeconomics_ of Xenophon;(335) or the owner resided in the +city or a neighbouring town, and the land was tilled by aliens or serfs +(called sometimes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), like the Helots of Sparta, who paid an annual +contribution from the produce to their landlord. The serf was often +attached hereditarily to the soil in the sense of being unable to give up +his holding, but also had certain rights as against his master, both in +the matter of his own possessions and in that he could not be sold out of +the country.(336) + +(M159) There is a passage in the Gortyn Laws that states:--that if there +are no rightful successors to inherit the property of a deceased +Gortynian, his household's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ the persons composing it, shall +inherit his property. That is to say, if a Gortynian family died out and +no legal representative could be found, their proprietary rights were +extinguished and the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} who lived upon the land took all their +property. This provision favours the idea that at Gortyn also the +citizen-population came of a race of conquerors, who were not exactly +looked upon as ground landlords upon whose land a subject family was +settled or had been allowed to remain, but that, whilst the relation of +the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} to their land was of the closest if not an absolute bondage +to the soil, the proprietary rights of their superiors and masters +consisted of the conqueror's overlordship and the power to derive their +maintenance from the joint produce of their serfs' labour and the +land.(337) + +This comprehensive use of the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as meaning both the allotment +of land and the family who were bound to occupy it, whose labour also +created its value to its lord and master, is quite consistent with the use +of the word in reference to the holdings of the Spartan citizens. The +allotment of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Sparta evidently meant also a transference of +rights over the Helots that worked it; and even if this further +implication was not actually included in the meaning of the word, it was +so inseparable in thought that no explanation was necessary of the +composite significance of the allotment. + +(M160) The Athenians in their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} seem instinctively to have +combined these two methods of agriculture. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were not +colonists, who became citizens of a new city, but they remained citizens +of Athens, holding however their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in a remote district. But the +chief feature of this method of landholding was that the owner, though +remaining a citizen of Athens and liable to the same claims from the +mother city in respect of military service, &c, as before, was yet +supposed to reside in the neighbourhood of his new {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. This was the +case, even when the land itself was left in the hands of the conquered +population at a fixed annual charge. + +(M161) An inscription found on the Acropolis of Athens, and relating to +some date about 560 or 570 B.C., defines the legal status of the first +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} sent to Salamis. They were assimilated to Athenian citizens as +to taxes and military service; but they must reside on their land under +pain of an absentee's tax to the State.(338) + +(M162) In the year 427 B.C. the Athenians conquered the island of Lesbos. +They imposed no tribute on the subjugated islanders, but, making the land +into three thousand {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} "except the Methymnian land," they first set +apart three hundred {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} as sacred to the gods, and on to the others +they sent off {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} chosen by lot from themselves; to these the +Lesbians paid annually for each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} two minae, and _themselves worked +the land_.(339) + +According to the account of Aelian, the same method of procedure was +adopted after the conquest of Euboea in about 510 B.C. The Athenians, +having conquered the Chalkidians, apportioned their land to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}(340) +in two thousand {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, _i.e._ the country called Hippobotos; and, setting +aside {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} to Athena in the place called Lelantos, they let out(341) the +rest according to the pillars that stand in the King's Stoa, which thus +bear record of the leases.(342) + +(M163) The holding of each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} may have varied in size according to +the character of the soil and features of the country; but it may safely +be asserted that it must have been of sufficient dimensions, not only to +provide subsistence for the native population left on the soil, but also +to pay a considerable portion towards the keep of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} himself, +during his enforced residence in the conquered country. + +The class of citizen from amongst whom the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were chosen by lot, +did not consist of families with much property in Athens.(343) Younger +sons without occupation, whom their fathers had not been quite callous +enough to "expose" in infancy,(344) and restless individuals without +property in the mother country, would be most likely to offer themselves. +And to such the two minae per annum, paid by the Lesbians from the produce +of each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, would appear a reasonable if not a sumptuous provision of +livelihood. There were a hundred drachmae in the mina, and if it is true, +as asserted by Plutarch,(345) that in the time of Solon one drachma was +the price of a sheep, a yearly income of two hundred sheep, or their +equivalent, would be forthcoming to each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--surely a considerable +contribution to the maintenance of his family.(346) + +Under these circumstances each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} served to provide maintenance for +two households--both of whom had hereditary rights therein, though +themselves in different strata of society. Both households also were in a +sort attached to the soil, the one in practical bondage, the other bound +by law to reside in the country wherein lay its substance, and (if we may +use the common expression of the Welsh Laws) its privilege. + +(M164) This double and continuous ownership was not confined to the +semi-servile tenure of lands annexed by Athenian conquests. + +Leases to be handed down from father to son _for ever_--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--subject of course to the regular payment of the rent, seem to have +been quite usual. + +What is said to be the oldest Greek contract we have, is of this +nature.(347) It was found in Elis at Olympia, and runs as follows:-- + + + "Contract with Theron and Aichmanor with regard to the land in + Salamona of eighteen plethra. Rent, twenty-two manasioi of barley + in the month Alphioios; if he omits, let them pay double. _They + shall hold for ever._"(348) + + +There is an instance of a proprietor of land at Mylasa, in Karia, +deliberately selling his estates to a sacred community for the benefit of +the god, and receiving them again (like the Roman _precaria_) from the +trustees on perpetual lease--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}--as the patrimonial substance of +his family, for himself and his issue or whosoever should take inheritance +from him. He thus obtained a money value down in return for his property, +but bound himself and his descendants to an annual rent of so many +drachmae, to form part of the revenues of the god. Moreover his +"family-land" in this case was apparently more inalienable now than +before; for he might neither divide the land henceforth, nor share the +responsibility for the rent with another.(349) + +(M165) Do not these instances show that even leases were included in the +same category with actual ownership of land, being embraced within the +characteristic idea that the land that contributed to the maintenance of +the family and had come to be regarded almost as giving that family its +social if not its political status, should descend unintermittently from +generation to generation in that family, though its occupation was subject +to providing support likewise to a superior owner and his family, whose +descendants in their turn also would demand their share in the produce? + +Is the conclusion justified that the basis of this indomitable feeling was +that the peculiar view of the family, as consisting of a long line of past +and future representatives, precluded the individual, who happened to be +the living representative at any given time, from taking an irresponsible +position as absolute master of the property, upon which his family had +been, was, and would be dependent? + + + + + +CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION. + + +(M166) In weighing the results of this essay, it would be absurd to +pretend that anything of the nature of a last word can be said on the +subject. The process of the early development of Greek society cannot be +ascertained merely from the study of a few survivals in historic times. +The comparative method must be carried much further than has been +attempted here, before the secrets of antiquity can be laid bare and an +authoritative statement made. + +There would seem, however, to be at any rate some points, of those that +have come under notice, worthy of further investigation, in so far as they +indicate that Greek society was no isolated growth, but must be given a +place in the general development of the systems of Europe. + +(M167) It is suggested that in the continuity of city life from an earlier +stage of society under some form of the Tribal System, can be found the +only natural explanation of the structure of the kindred at Athens in the +fourth and fifth centuries B.C. Comparison with the customs of other +nations,--the Hindoos, the Welsh, and the Israelites, the last two being +the most typical examples of peoples of which we have written records +whilst still living under the tribal system--has shown remarkable analogies +in the organisation of their inner society. + +(M168) The actual similarity in the sentiment which surrounded the +possession of the privileges of tribal blood and the title to citizenship +at Athens, can hardly be exaggerated. + +(M169) The foundation of the bond in either case has a threefold aspect. +The bond is one of blood, of religion, and of maintenance. + +(M170) The qualification for citizenship, as much as for the tribal +privilege, was a question of parentage; and the citizen equally inherited, +with his blood, responsibilities towards the community into which he was +born, as to a larger kindred. + +(M171) Membership of the tribe or of the city was the only qualification, +that admitted to the privilege and duty of partaking in the public +religious observances. Tribesmen and citizens, by virtue of their +privilege, shared in the worship of the greater gods, of Hestia in the +Prytaneum, of Zeus Agoraios, and of the Heroes or special guardians of +their community; in like manner as the member of the smaller group of a +kindred, by virtue of his blood, shared in the worship of the Apollo +Patroios, the Zeus Herkeios or Ktesios, and the heroes or ancestors of his +family. Inasmuch as citizenship depended upon purity of descent, the +possession of the latter qualification carried with it the right to share +in the greater ceremonies. But the converse was equally stringent, in that +the possession of shrines of Apollo Patroios and Zeus Herkeios was +impossible, unless the family was one of those who had for many +generations been recognised as belonging to the true stock of the +community. + +(M172) Inasmuch as the worship of private or public gods consisted mainly +of offerings of food, of beasts or produce of the earth, and wine, every +tribesman or citizen must have had the means of providing his share in the +offerings, besides supporting himself and his family. Those devoted to +handicraft or merchandise were often despised by the regular tribesman or +citizen, and sometimes therefore formed separate clans by themselves, like +the smiths in Arabia. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that the +membership of the tribe or city should have carried with it the right to +the possession of some portion of the arable land and of the pasture, upon +which all were regarded as being dependent. In this way the possession of +land was intimately related to the status and the duties of the owner. It +was the visible mark of his full tribal privilege, and was the practical +means of his fulfilling his duty towards his fellows and the public +religion, as well as to the needs of his ancestors and household. It seems +also to have been believed that, in partaking of the hospitality or +sharing in the sacrificial feast of any family, a bond was for the time +being created which was in most respects practically equivalent to +relationship by blood to the members of that family.(350) + +(M173) Apart from the tribal character of the qualification for +citizenship, the most conservative organisation wherein had been +stereotyped the most precious of tribal customs, was that of the kindred. + +It is suggested that the vitality of the customs surrounding the bond of +family relationship was due to the importance attached to the religious +and social functions incumbent on all members of a household united by +kindred blood. The actions of the individual members were constrained by +their weighty responsibilities towards the continuance and prosperity of +the composite household, in which they moved, and apart from which their +existence could not but be altogether incomplete. + +The worship of ancestors occupied a prominent place in the needs of the +Athenian household, and, no doubt, had a corresponding influence in the +preservation of its unity. The same of course cannot be said for Wales, +where Christianity had replaced, in the records at any rate, whatever +religious beliefs may have existed earlier. But the grouping of the +kindred according to grades of relationship was adhered to by the Welsh as +an intrinsic part of their very conception of a kindred; and this would +point to the conclusion that such subdivisions were due to wider needs +than can be found in any particular form of religious belief or worship. + +(M174) If, as has been suggested, in adhering to these customs, the Greeks +were still treading in the tracks of their tribal ancestors, how is it +that the most convincing evidence comes from as late as the fifth and +fourth centuries B.C. and mainly from the most highly civilised of the +cities of Greece? + +The _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_ may perhaps be trusted as truly portraying, +so far as they go, the manners and customs of the great period of Achaian +civilisation, known as Mycenean, which may be said to have culminated just +before the Dorian invasion. Whence then came the public recognition of +those household ceremonies of ancestor-worship, which filled such a large +place in the life of the Athenian citizen, and which, it has been +suggested, were consciously or unconsciously slurred over by the Homeric +poets? + +(M175) Mr. Walter Leaf has already found an answer to this question,(351) +viz. that these ceremonies were the long cherished customs of the ancient +Ionian or Pelasgian inhabitants of Greece, who had formed the substratum +of society under Achaian rule, and who only came into prominence on the +removal of their superiors at the time of the Dorian invasion. And this +continuity, underlying the superficial rule of the Achaians, seems to be +borne out by recent research and discovery.(352) + +The Athenians always boasted their Ionian descent, and may well have +inherited their habits with the traditions of their origin. + +(M176) But the customs reviewed in the foregoing pages seem to have a +wider parentage than can be attributed to the Pelasgians alone. Spartan +customs at any rate cannot thus be accounted for. + +(M177) In the course of argument reference has often been made to the +Jewish records in the Books of the Old Testament, and indeed a remarkable +parallel is presented in the history of the two peoples. Both peoples +apparently reached their greatest period about the same time. The reign of +Solomon with its gold and costly workmanship must have resembled that of +the Mycenean kings in more than similarity of date, and outward splendour. +Taking Homer again as the courtly chronicler of the Achaian age of gold, +the Books of the Kings of both peoples are curiously conscious of their +former tribal conditions, through which they easily trace back to the very +fountain-head of their race. + +(M178) In the period of the decay of the Jewish people under the stress of +invasion by foreign kings, strenuous efforts were made by their prophet +leaders to purge them from the alien blood and alien influences contracted +in the careless days of their prosperity. Their aim was to restore once +more those strict tribal habits which had served them so well at the time +of their own victorious invasion, and which still lay dormant in their +constitution. In similar wise, the period of Achaian prosperity seems to +have been followed by a rise into prominence at any rate, if not an actual +resuscitation, of old tribal customs. + +(M179) The actual traces of tribal institutions in Homer need not be +underrated. There is much that is of a tribal character in the Homeric +chieftain in his relations to his tribesmen and to their gods. Survivals +of tribal custom may also be seen in the reverence for the guest, and the +sacredness of the bond of hospitality lasting as it did for generations; +and in the blood-feud with its deadly consequences, especially when +occurring within the tribe or kindred. Indeed if only the Pentateuch of +the Achaians could be found in the ruins of Mycenae and added to the +Homeric Book of the Kings, would it not then probably be evident that +there was much more of a tribal nature in the organisation of the kindreds +of the Achaians and surviving throughout the whole period of their +splendour than the aristocratic poets of the Homeric schools allowed +themselves to record? + +(M180) Although therefore nearly all our evidence of the internal +structure of the kindred among the Greeks dates from the fifth century +B.C., the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens must not be put down as belonging merely to +that period. In the light of the close analogies to be found in the +structure of other tribal systems, it is probable that such subdivisions +of the kindred belong to an extremely early period in the history of the +Greeks, whether as Achaians or Ionians or Dorians. Are they not indeed +necessary features of tribal society itself wherever it is examined? + + + + + +INDEX. + + +Adoption, object of, 35; + out of unfortunate home, 36; + ceremony of, 36-7 + +_Agora_, 2, 3 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 32; + its meaning, 55; + its limits, 58-9; + all within it liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._; + its tribal origin, 143 + +Ancestor-worship, 10, 140; + in Homer, 5, 7; + in Israel, 8, 9; + in Egypt, 11; + pre-Homeric, 141, _note_ + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, one of a class, 107, 114; + honoured like a god, 105-6, 122; + owned {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 102, 106, 122; + influenced the seasons, 105, _note_; + over-lordship not altogether hereditary, 107; + levied maintenance on their people, 115, 122; + Solomon, 116; + household {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} 92 + +Bastard, no place in family, 95-6; + allotment or gift for his maintenance, 95-6 + +Blood, as basis of family, 13; + of tribe, &c., 4-5, 138; + its purity jealously guarded, 67 _et seq._; + acquisition of, 68 _et seq._ + +Blood-fine, not within the tribe or kindred, 42-4, 77; + in Wales, the _galanas_, 78 _et seq._; + paid by whole family, 79 _et seq._ + +Bloodshed, responsibility for, 42; + rested on {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 75 _et seq._; + within the kindred, 44, 77 + +Citizenship, admission to, 71, 96; + qualification for, by three descents, 73; + basis of, 138; + confirmed to son of stranger, 71, _note_ + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, grant of, to new citizen, 97, _note_; 123, _note_ + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, succession found through her, 23; + she must marry next-of-kin, 23-7; + in Gortyn laws, 26; + where more than one, 26; + inherited for her issue, 28; + Ruth as, 31, 34; + had right of maintenance from property, 23-4 + +Family (_see_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), bound to the land, 127 _et seq._; + family estate in Santa Maura, 86; + head of family, 91 + +Funeral, _see_ Sacrifices + +Gavelkind, in Kent, 95 + +Guest, importance at sacrifice, 99-100; + hereditary guestship, 110 + +Hearth, 3, 4; + as basis of the family, 13, 17; + in Prytaneum, 4, 15; + initiation of heir to, 89 + +Heir, duties of, 18-19, 20; + importance of male heir, 21-3, 98 _et seq._; + daughter's son, 23-7; + always ranks as _son_ of deceased, 34 _et seq._, 59 _et seq._; + initiated to hearth, 89; + introduced to kindred, 36; + and to the deme, 38-9; + importance of introduction of, 41, 125-8; + co-heir in Wales, 51; + law of succession, 57 _et seq._; + disinheritance, 61; + division among heirs, 64 _et seq._, 101; + Ahab's 'inheritance' of Naboth's vineyard, 114 + +Hesiod, his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 123; + the needs of a farmer, 109 + +_Hestia_, 3, 4, 138; + called "princess," 13 + +Inheritance, see {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and Heir + +Kinship, grades of, 48 _et seq._; + in India, 52; + in Wales, 49, 67 _et seq._; + the fourth degree, 73, 112; + the seventh, 78 et _seq._; + the ninth, 68 _et seq._; + wife's relations no kin to husband but are to son, 61, _note_ + +Kinsmen, duties of, 18, 42; + next of kin marries "heiress," 23-7, 35; + his duty to redeem property in Israel, 32, 95; + kinsmen accept heir, 36, 41, 125-7; + sanction disinheritance, 61; + liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._; + Hesiod's idea of, 123 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 130 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, its form, 85 _et seq._; + supported the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 88 _et seq._, 110, 121, 127; + need not be divided, 47, 89, 93, 97; + no joint holding between father and sons, 93; + sold in case of need, 94; + in theory inalienable, 94, 113, 124, 127; + allotted to new citizen, 96; + in Homer, 102; + held by tribesmen, 108; + of Hesiod, 123 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 131 _et seq._ + +Land, ownership of, proof of civic rights, 83, 96 (_see_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) + +_Lar_ = "lord," 12; + _lares_ of king, 4 + +Leases, for ever, 134-6 + +Levirate, not in Greece, 27; + in India, 29; + in Israel, 30 _et seq._ + +Maintenance of parents (_see_ Parents); + of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 110; + the bond of, 110, 139; + of the chief, 114 _et seq._; 122; + in Ezekiel, 119; + of children at Sparta, 125; + gift of food to babe, 125; + derived from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 127 + +_Manes_, duties to, in India, 19 + +Marriage, of heiress, 23-6; + of near relations, 29; + of widow (_see_ Levirate) + +_Octopus_, 125 _note_ + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, part of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 17; + importance of continuity of, 9, 19-20, 30, 35, 111, 128; + the unit of ownership of property, 47, 109; + extent of, 54-6, 88-9; + the householder in India, 99; + supported by its land, 110, 113, 121; + of Bouselos, 55, 62; + power of head of, 91-2 + +Open field system, in Greece, 85; + in the islands, 87; + in Homer, 88, 104; + its elasticity, 118-9 + +_Parage_, in Normandy, an undivided tenure, 50 + +Parents, maintenance of, 18, 48; + after death, 19 + +_Phratria_, enrols legitimate sons, 36-7; + partly responsible for bloodshed, 76 + +Primogeniture, not the rule in Greece, 90; + nor in India, 97 _et seq._; + eldest son had certain rights or dignity, 90 _et seq._, 97 _et seq._; + called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 91, _note_ + +_Prytaneum_, 3, 4, 15, 138 + +Register, of phratria, 36; + of deme, 38 + +Ruth, as widow and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 31-4 + +Sacrifices, object of, 6, 139, _note_; + to the dead, 8, 9-12; + of funeral cake in India, 51 _et seq._; + funeral rites at Athens, 20; + of householder in India, 99; + bond of common religion, 13, 53, 138 + +Stranger, abhorrence of, 5, 71, 74; + as guest, 99 (_see_ Guest); + admission to tribe, 67 _et seq._, 96 + +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in Homer, 103, 113; + allotted to princes and gods, 102, 106, 118, 122; + called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 106; + helped to support prince, 118-9 + +Tonsure, in Greece, 39; + in India, 40 + +Tribe, its basis one of blood, 4-5, 138; + possible development of, 14-15; + admission to, 68 _et seq._, 96 (_and see_ Citizenship) + +Widow, could not inherit from husband, 27-8; + returned to her kin or guardian, 28; + when allowed to remain, 28, _note_; + the case of Tamar, 30; + of Ruth, 31 _et seq._ + +THE END. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + M1 Vitality of the tribal system. + M2 Its survivals form the subject of this inquiry. + M3 The centres of political and tribal society. + +_ 1 Il._ ix. 63. + +_ 2 Il._ ii. 400. + +_ 3 Il._ xi. 807. + +_ 4 Il._ ii. 788. + + M4 The Prytaneum and Hestia. + +_ 5 Journal of Philology_, xiv. 145 (1885), Mr. Frazer on Prytaneum. + + 6 Cauer, _Delect. Inser. Graec._ § 121. (Crete, c. 200 B.C.) "I swear + by Hestia in the Prytaneum ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), by Zeus of the Agora, + Zeus Tallaios, Apellon Delphinios, Athanaia Poliouchos, Apellon + Poitios, and Lato, and Artemis, and Ares, and Aphordite, and Hermes, + and Halios ... and all gods and goddesses." _Cf._ also § 116, and + _Od._ xiv. 158. + + Plato, in _Laws_ § 848, says Hestia, Zeus and Athena shall have + temples everywhere. + +_ 7 Thuc._ ii. 16. + + M5 Their origin. + +_ 8 Journal of Philol._ xiv. 145. + +_ 9 Op. cit._ p. 153. + + M6 Qualification for share in religious rites one of blood. + + 10 Exception, however, was sometimes made in the case of the stranger + as a favoured guest, _v. infra_, p. 99. + + M7 Ancestor-worship not obvious in Homer. + + 11 Plato (_Laws_ 948) remarks that at the time of Rhadamanthos the + belief in the existence of the gods was a reasonable one, seeing + that at that time most men were sons of gods. + + M8 Offerings of food to the gods, + +_ 12 Il._ xxiii. 206. It is clear from _Il._ i. 466 _et seq._ that the + sacrifice was held to be a feast at which the choice portions were + devoured by the god by means of the fire on his altar. _Cf._ p. 139, + note. + + M9 and to the dead. + + 13 It was not therefore only at the mouth of Hades that the dead could + benefit by such offerings. + + M10 The continuance of his name quite as important as offerings of food. + +_ 14 Od._ iv. 197. _Cf._ _Il._ xvi. 455. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 15 The speculative state of mind displayed in the _Iliad_ may be + illustrated from the effect on Achilles of the apparition of + Patroklos after death in a dream. As he wakes suddenly the + conviction comes upon him:--"Ay me, there remaineth then even in the + house of Hades a spirit and phantom of the dead, albeit the life be + not anywise therein: for all night long hath the spirit of hapless + Patroklos stood over me, wailing and making moan, and charged me + everything that I should do, and wondrous like his living self it + seemed." _Il._ xxiii, 113 &c. + + M11 Offerings to the dead in the Old Testament. + + 16 Ps. cvi. 28. _v._ Maine's _Early Law and Custom_, p. 59. + + M12 Resemblance between Homer and the Old Testament. + + 17 1 Sam. xx. 6. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + + M13 Ancestor-worship in India and Rome. + + 18 Soph. _Antig._ 659. + + 19 Coulanges, _Cite Antique_, p. 65. + + 20 Soph. _Antig._ 199. + + 21 Soph. _Phil._ 933. Soph. _Elekt._ 411. + + M14 The need of food for the dead; + + 22 Aesch. _Pers._ 609-618. The speaker in this case is a Persian and a + woman; but many passages might be quoted from the Greek poets. _Cf._ + Lucian, _De Luctu_, 9. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + M15 the same in Egypt, + + 23 Edited by C. H. S. Davis (Putnam, 1894). + +_ 24 Id._ chap. liii. + +_ 25 Id._ chap. lxxii. + +_ 26 Id._ chap. lxxvii. + + M16 and in India. + M17 Ancestor-worship not necessarily post-Homeric. + +_ 27 Cite Antique_, p. 93, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + M18 The hearth and the tie of common blood. + M19 Possible course of social development. + M20 The change of tribesmen into citizens. + +_ 28 Wks. & Days_, 327-332. + +_ 29 Id._ 353-5. + + M21 The study of the family introductory to the history of the tribe. + M22 The duties of the individual to his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + M23 began with his living parents; + +_ 30 Laws_ § 717, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 729 C and 931 A. + + M24 and extended to their tomb. + + 31 Arist, _Ath. Pol._ lv. 3. Isaeus, viii. 32. "The law commands us to + maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our parents even if they have nothing to leave + us." _Cf._ Ruth iv. 15 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. + + _Iliad_ iv. 477 and xvii. 302. + + ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}... + + Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 118. + + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 32 Plato, _Laws_, 877 C. + + 33 Aeschin. _c. Timarch._ § 13. + + 34 Isaeus, iv. 19 (_Nicostrat._). + + M25 Continuity of the family; + M26 in the _Ordinances of Manu_; + +_ 35 Ordinances of Manu_, translated by A. C. Burnell, edited by E. W. + Hopkins. London: 1884. Bk. ix. 106, 8, 182, 137, 161. + + M27 and according to Plato. + +_ 36 Laws_, 721 B, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 923 A. + + 37 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1090, and _Il._ xxiii. 163, xvi. 455, xxiv. 793. + + 38 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1077. + + 39 Isaeus, ii. 36 and 42. + + 40 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + M28 The importance of male succession. + + 41 Plut. _Lycurg. and Numa_ 4. Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 7 to 9. + + 42 From Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 9, it would seem that such children, born + into a family where there were already children of both father and + mother, had no share in the family property. + + 43 This was the practice also in Arabia (Rob. Smith, _Kinship &c._, p. + 110). + + 44 Herod. v. 40. + + 45 Herod. vii. 205. Quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p. 71. + +_ 46 Iliad_ xv. 497. + + 47 Is. vii. 30. + + 48 Is. ii. 36. + + 49 Is. iii. 59 and 60, vi. 28. + + M29 Succession through a daughter. + + 50 For want of a better translation implying "going with the property" + this word will be rendered by "heiress." + + 51 Is. viii. 31. _Cf._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Dem. _in Neaeram_ 1386. + + 52 Demosth. _Steph_. ii. 1134. Son. of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} inherits ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + 53 Is. vi. 14. _Cf._ Ar. _Vesp_. 583 _et seq._ + +_ 54 Manu_ ix. 131 and 132. + +_ 55 Ib._ 136. + +_ 56 Ib._ 135. + + M30 She must marry the next of kin. + +_ 57 Laws_, 924. + +_ 58 Cf._ Terence, _Phormio_ 125-6. + + Lex est ut orbae, qui sunt genere proxumi, + Eis nubant, et illos ducere cadem haec lex jubet. + + and Diod. Sic. xii. 18: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + M31 even though already married. + + 59 Isaeus, iii. 64. + +_ 60 Ordinances_ iii. 11. + + 61 Isaeus, i. 39. + + M32 Similar rules in the laws of Gortyn, + + 62 vii. 15-ix. 24. We may compare this with _Odyssey_ vii. 60 _et seq._ + where Alkinoos marries his _niece_, Arete, the only child and + therefore {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his brother Rhexenor. + +_ 63 c. Macart._ 1068 (_Law_) + + 64 (Plut. _Solon_ 21. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Plato, _Laws_ 925. A heiress _must_ marry a citizen. In + the Gortyn laws, if any one marry the heiress contrary to law, the + next of kin shall have the property). + + M33 and amongst the Israelites. + M34 The levirate proper not found in Greece. + M35 The widow returned to her guardian. + + 65 Dem. _c._ _Macart_. 1076. Widow only allowed to remain in her + deceased husband's house on plea of pregnancy and under the + guardianship of the archon. + + Dem. _c._ _Boeot_. 1010. Wife leaves her husband's house and is + portioned out again by her brothers. + + 66 Cf. _Ord. of Manu_ v. 147-8. "No act is to be done according to + (her) own will by a young girl, a young woman, or even by an old + woman, though in (their own) houses. + + "In her childhood (a girl) should be under the will of her father; + in her youth, of her husband; her husband being dead, of her sons; a + woman should never enjoy her own will." + + 67 Dem. _c._ _Spoud_. 1029. Father takes away daughter and gives her to + another. + + _Cf._ also Dem. _c._ _Eubulid_. 1311. + + Isaeus, v. 10. By coming into an inheritance from his first cousin, + a man also becomes guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of his three + female first cousins, though all married. + + 68 Dem. _pro Phormio._ 953. + + 69 As in Isaeus, ii. 7 and 8. + + 70 ix. 70. &c. + + M36 Marriage of near relations. + + 71 vii. 11 and 12. + + M37 The levirate among the Israelites. + M38 The case of Tamar. + + 72 Gen. xxxviii. 10. + + M39 The case of Ruth. + + 73 Ruth i. 8-12. + + 74 For the meaning of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see below p. 55. + + M40 Dependence on the next of kin. + M41 The son of the heiress must leave his father's house, + + 75 xi. 49. + + M42 and enter that of the deceased relative + + 76 Isaeus, vii. 31. + +_ 77 c. Macart._ 1077. + + M43 Hence the custom of adoption. + + 78 Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1093. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + + 79 Is. x. 17. + + M44 The introduction of the heir to the kindred. + + 80 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + M45 The same for true as for adopted son. + M46 The ceremony at Athens; + + 81 Is. ii. 14. + + 82 Is. vii. 1, 16, 13 and 27. + + 83 Dem. _c. Eubulid._ 1315. + + 84 Is. vi. 25. + + 85 Andoc. _de Myst._ 126. + + 86 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1054 and 1078. + + 87 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1091. Isaeus iii. 80 and viii. 18. + + M47 and at Gortyn; + + 88 Isaeus ix. 7 (_Astyph._) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 89 Isaeus vi. 44; ix. 2 and 33; x. 2 and 4. Dem. _c. Leoch._ passim. + _Cf. Manu_, ix. 142. + + 90 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1094, 1099, and (_lex Solonis_) 1100. + +_ 91 Ib._ 1090. + + M48 and also in India. + + 92 Mayne on _Hindu Law_ (1892), p. 105 and 162. + +_ 93 Op. cit._ p. 141-2 and 189. _Manu_ ix. 142. He offers no cake to + his original ancestors. + + M49 The introduction to the deme. + M50 The custom of tonsure. + +_ 94 Thes._ 5. + + 95 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: in Homer to "begin" a sacrifice by offering the _hair_ + of the victim. Later, to "dedicate." + +_ 96 Il._ ii. 542 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 97 Herod, iii. 8. The Arabs cut their hair in a ring away from the + temples. + +_ 98 Il._ xxiii. 141-6. + + 99 Paus. i. 37, 3. + +_ 100 Char._ 21. + +_ 101 Deipnosoph._ xi. 88. + +_ 102 Manu_ ii. 65. + +_ 103 Cf._ ii. 38. This was the last year that a Brahman could receive + investiture. + + 104 Isaeus, vi. 10. + +_ 105 Anc. Grk. Inscr._ Brit. Mus. cccxv. cccxvii. and cccxviii. Oath of + mother required before legitimacy registered, in the island of + Kalymna. + +_ 106 Cf._ Aristot. _Ath. Pol._ xlii. + + 107 Isaeus, iii. 75. + +_ 108 Ib._ vi. 47. _Cf._ Deuteronomy xxiii. i. + + M51 Liability for bloodshed rested on a group of kinsmen. + + 109 Robertson Smith, _Kinship, &c. in Arabia_, p. 262. + + 110 Dem. _in Euerg._ and _Mnesib._ 1160. + + 111 Dem. _Macart._ 1069. _Cf._ Deut. xxi. 1-9. + +_ 112 Cf. Od._ iii. 195. + + M52 No ransom for murders within the tribe; + +_ 113 Il._ ix. 63. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 114 Il. xiii. 695. _Cf._ xv. 335. + +_ 115 Il._ xvi. 572. + +_ 116 Il._ ii. 662. + +_ 117 Cf. Od._ xiii. 259, xiv. 380. + + M53 or between citizen and citizen. + + 118 Quoted in Dem. _c. Aristocrat._ 629. + +_ 119 Laws_ 865 d. + +_ 120 Ib._ 871. Soph. O.C. 407. Oedipus could not be buried on Theban + soil, because he had shed {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + +_ 121 Cf_. Aeschines in _Ctesiph._ 244. + + 122 ix. 17-19. _Cf._ Dem. _c. Pantaen._ 983, 59. + + 123 Plato, _Laws_ 871 D. + + 124 Plato, _Laws_ 871 B. _Cf._868. + +_ 125 Ib._ 872 E. _Cf._ Tacitus, _Germania_, 21. Suscipere tam + inimicitias seu patris seu propinqui quam amicitias necesse est. Nec + implacabiles durant: luitur enim etiam homicidium certo armentorum + ac pecorum numero, _recipitque satisfactionem universa domus_, + utiliter in publicum, quia periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta + libertatem. + +_ 126 Ib._ 873 E. + + 127 Herod. i. 44. + + M54 All kinsmen were not equally responsible. + M55 The unity of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 128 v. _infra_ p. 90 _et seq._ + +_ 129 c. Leoch._ 1083. + + 130 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1055-6. + + 131 Isaeus, viii. 32. + + M56 Grades of kinship in Western Europe. + M57 The position of the great-grandson, + M58 in Wales, + +_ 132 Venedotian Code_, ii. xii. + + 133 Lady Charlotte Guest's _Mabinogion_, p. 234. + + M59 and in feudal Normandy. + M60 The custom of _parage_. + + 134 cxxviii-cxxxi. + + M61 Co-heritage in Wales. + +_ 135 Dimetian Code_, ii. xxiii. + + M62 Degrees of relationship in India. + +_ 136 Manu_, ix. 186. + +_ 137 Manu_, iii. 5. + +_ 138 Manu_ v. 60. + + M63 Four generations share in the cake-offering. + M64 Similar grouping of the pourers of the water libation. + +_ 139 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii. + + M65 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} includes four generations. + + 140 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1076. + + M66 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens. + + 141 Cf. _infra_, tree on p. 62. + + 142 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1055-6. + + 143 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1077. + +_ 144 Id._ 1078 _et seq._ + + M67 The right of succession limited to the great-grandchild of the + common ancestor. + M68 The law according to Isaeus. + + 145 Isaeus, vii. 22, and xi. i. + + 146 Isaeus, xi. 30. + + M69 The law according to Demosthenes. + +_ 147 c. Makart._ 1067. + + 148 In Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1088. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is used to denote the + relationship of a man to the adopted son of his great-uncle, or, as + we should say, first cousin once removed. + + M70 No {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} beyond great-grandsons. + +_ 149 c. Makart._ 1053. + + M71 The heir always ranked as _son_. + + 150 Dem. _c. Makart._ and _c. Leoch._ 1100, &c. + + M72 Hence the limit of the inheritance at cousin's children. + M73 Disinheritance must be sanctioned by kinsmen. + + 151 The wife's kin are no kin to her husband, but _are_ to her son. + + 152 Plato, _Laws_, 929 c. Trans. Jowett. + + M74 The case of the estate of Hagnias in Isaeus and Demosthenes. + + 153 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1058. + +_ 154 Id._ 1070. + + 155 Mentioned in Dem. _c. Makart._ 1056. + + M75 Equal division amongst heirs of the same grade. + M76 The share of a dead son taken by his children. + +_ 156 Supra_, p. 56. + + M77 If sons all dead, grandsons probably divided _per capita_, + M78 as in the case of nephews and cousins. + +_ 157 c. Makart._ 1068, _supra_, p. 26. + + M79 Purity of tribal blood jealously guarded. + M80 In Wales, privileges attained in the fourth generation by + intermarriages. + +_ 158 Welsh Laws_, iv. i. and x. vii. Exception is made for the _son of a + stranger chieftain_. + +_ 159 Welsh Laws_, v. ii. and _Vened. Code_, ii. xvi. and elsewhere. + + M81 Otherwise not until the tenth generation. + +_ 160 Welsh Laws_, v. ii. + +_ 161 Welsh Laws_, xiii. ii. + +_ 162 Venedotian Code_, ii. xiv. and _Gwentian Code_, ii. xxx. _Cf._ the + Shunammite's _cry unto the King_ for restoration of her house and + fields after an absence of seven years. 2 Kings viii. 3. + + M82 The same rule amongst the Israelites. + M83 Shorter time in special cases. + + 163 Gen. xlviii. 5. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ viii. 46. Troy to be subdued by + children of Aeacus in first and fourth generations. + + M84 The privilege of citizenship jealously guarded at Athens. + + 164 Dem. _in Neaer._ 1376. + +_ 165 Anc. Inscrip._ Brit. Mus. ccxxxviii. Citizenship had to be + confirmed on son of foreigner admitted to citizenship. + + M85 Abhorrence of alien blood. + M86 Citizenship only conferred as the highest honour. + M87 Qualification dependent on ancestry and status of family. + +_ 166 Ath. Pol._ lv. 3. + +_ 167 Cf._ Pollux, viii. 85: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 168 Cf._ Aristot. _Pol._ iii. 2: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + M88 Fourth generation acquired new privilege or status. + +_ 169 Oed. Tyr._ 742 and 1063 quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p. + 206. + + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} ... + + _Cf._ Demosth. 1327. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 170 Handbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterthuemer_, von G. Gilbert, ii. + p. 298, quotation from Dittenberger 371, 4 ff.:--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 171 Nehemiah vii. 64. + + M89 Seventh generation in the Ordinances of Manu. + +_ 172 Manu_, x. 64. + + M90 All within the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} were liable. + + 173 Plato's _Laws_, ix. 871 B. + +_ 174 Cf._ 868. + + 175 872 E. + + 176 878 D. + + M91 The Law of Draco. + + 177 Dem. _c. Makart_, 1069. + + There is some uncertainty in the text of this passage, but the + following is Blass' reading adopted by Kohler:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Headlam for this information, and also + for the fact of the discovery of the confirmatory inscription. + + 178 Dem. _c. Euerg. et Mnesib._ 1161. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} etc.... _Cf._ Pollux, viii. 118 (obviously quoting this + passage). + + M92 The case of murder within the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + +_ 179 Laws_, 877 c. + +_ 180 Cf._ 2 Sam. xiv. 7. House extinguished for fratricide. + + M93 The blood-fine or galanas in Wales. + +_ 181 Dimetian Code_, ii. i. + +_ 182 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii. _Cf._ Sapinda and Samanodaka: both owe + rites at death of kinsman. Manu, ix. 186, and v. 60, quoted above. + +_ 183 Venedotian Code_, iii. i. + + M94 Defilement rested upon the group of kinsmen. + +_ 184 Inscript. Jurid. Grecques_ par Dareste, &c., 1891, p. 10. + Inscription found at Iulis in Keos. _Fifth century_ B.C. _Cf._ + Numbers xix. 14. + +_ 185 c. Makart._ 1071. + + M95 The mother's relations included in Greece and in Wales. + +_ 186 Welsh Laws_, vol. i. 229. Cf. _Ord. of Manu_, ix. 201, where list + of those incapable of receiving inheritance includes eunuchs. + + M96 The usual holding of a citizen was called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or "lot." + + 187 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. _Pol. Ath._ 9. + + M97 The relation of ownership of land to the structure of the family. + + 188 Cf. _Cic. de Legibus_ ii. 21. Nam sacra cum pecunia pontificum + auctoritate, nulla lege conjuncta sunt. + + 189 Dem. _in Calliclem_, 13-14. Coulanges, _Problemes d'Histoire_, p. + 19. + + 190 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ lv. 3; Harpocration, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... + + 191 In other words, the devisee could not possess the property devised + to him until his place as heir in the succession by blood or + adoption was legally established. + + 192 Isaeus, i. 17. The "friendship" insured that his presence and + officiating at the tomb would be acceptable to the soul of the + deceased--always an important consideration. + + M98 Early semi-pastoral habits. + + 193 Thuc. i. 2. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + +_ 194 Od._ 21. 16. Cf. _Il._ xi. 682 _sq._ where the booty consists of 50 + herds of kine, 50 flocks of sheep, 50 droves of swine, 50 flocks of + goats, and 150 chestnut mares, many with foals at foot. + +_ 195 Il._ xx. 216-8. + +_ 196 Il._ xxi. 602. Cf. _Od._ iii. 495. + + M99 Modern methods of land-tenure in Greece and the islands. + +_ 197 Consular Reports_, p. 20. + +_ 198 Ibid._ + + M100 Family-holdings in Santa Maura. + + 199 P. 199. + +_ 200 Consular Reports_, pp. 23 and 30. + + M101 The open field system in Greece, + M102 and in the islands. + +_ 201 Ibid._ p. 26. + +_ 202 Ibid._ p. 40. + +_ 203 Ibid._ p. 49. + + M103 The open field system in Homer. + + 204 "The Homeric Land System," _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885. + + M104 Ownership of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} vested in the head of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 205 Isaeus, xi. 49 (Hagnias). + + 206 Harp. _s. v._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. + + M105 Dependence of other members of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 207 Isaeus, vii. 15 and 27, (Apollod.) + + 208 1055 _et seq._ _Cf._ 1149 where one brother lives with his father + after the division, whilst his brother has a house of his own: and + 1086 where two brothers live apart but with undivided estate. + + M106 The prerogative of the eldest brother, + +_ 209 Il._ xv. 187 _sq._ + +_ 210 Ib._ xiii. 355. + +_ 211 Cf._ the use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("revered") as the stock epithet of the + _eldest_ brother in Homer _Il._ vi. 518, and elsewhere. Pollux, + _On._ 3, 24, states that this is the right use of the word. + + M107 contrasted with the power of the head of the household. + +_ 212 Od._ xiii. 142. + +_ 213 Il._ iv. 59 _sq._ + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 214 Od._ i. 397, _cf._ ix. 115. + + 215 xxix. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 216 Pol. I. 2, 6. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. _Cf._ + use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in _Aesch. Ag._ 1300, _Choeph._ 486 and 631. + +_ 217 Gortyn Law_, iv. 24, _supra_ p. 47. + + M108 No joint holding between a father and his sons. + + 218 In the island of Tenos, according to an inscription of the second or + third century B.C., the transfer of undivided fractions of houses + and property was of exceedingly common occurrence. Sales are + recorded of a fourth part of a tower and cistern; half a house, + lands, tower, &c. _Inscr. Jurid. Gr._: Dareste, &c. p. 63. + + M109 Confirmatory evidence of the Gortyn Laws. + +_ 219 Gortyn Laws_, iv. 29-31. + + M110 But the land was in theory inalienable from the family. + + 220 Cf. _Ordinances of Manu_, ix. 213-4. "If an eldest (brother), + through avarice, commit an injury against his younger (brothers), he + should be made a not-eldest and _shareless_, and be put under + restraint by kings." + + "None of the brothers who perform wrong acts _deserve_ (share in) + _the property_, ..." + +_ 221 Laws_, 877 c. + + 222 Lev. xxv. 25; Jerem. xxxii. 8. + + M111 Close analogy in the custom of Gavelkind in Kent. + + 223 Another version runs: + "The fader to the bonde + And the son to the londe." + + Sandys, _History of Gavelkind_, 1851, pp. 5 and 150. + + M112 Allotment or "gift" to a bastard son. + M113 But he was not admitted to his father's family. + +_ 224 Od._ xiv. 209. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ ix. 95-100. Bastard prince named + after his mother's father and given one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 225 Is. vi. 23. + + 226 Cf. _Eur. Ion_ 1541. + + ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + M114 Gifts of land to new citizens. + + 227 See inscriptions quoted in _Mittheilungen Athen._ vol. 9, pt. 1, p. + 60. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (?) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, &c. ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + Cf. _Cauer Delect._ § 221. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. ... and § 232. + + _Do._ § 395 (4th cent. B.C.). So many plethra each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + _Do._ § 27. The importance of the grant of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must lie in its + being the evidence of admission to full privilege. _V. infra_, p. + 139. + + M115 Dependence of sons during their father's life. + + 228 p. 122, note A. + +_ 229 Manu_, ix. 104-106. + + M116 His property divided amongst them at his death. + + 230 iv. 184. "An elder brother is equal to a father." + + M117 But special respect shown to the eldest son. + + 231 ix. 182. + + 232 iii. 171-2. + + 233 ix. 110 and 213. + + 234 ix. 111. + + M118 The duties of the householder. + + 235 iii. 77 _et seq._ + + 236 vi. 90. + + 237 iii. 67, 70, and 72. + + M119 Honour paid to the guest. + + 238 iii. 108. + +_ 239 Elektra_, 784. + +_ 240 Elektra_, 637. + +_ 241 Od._ viii. 546. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +_ 242 Od._ iii. 30-80. + + M120 Right of maintenance of the younger members of the family. + +_ 243 Cf. Manu_, ix. 163. "The son of the body is the one and only lord + of the paternal wealth: but to do the others no harm he should + afford (them something) to support life." + +_ 244 Manu_, ix. 115. + + 245 ix. 214. + + 246 ix. 118. + + 247 ix. 47. + + 248 ix. 210. + + 249 ix. 209. + + 250 ix. 208. Though viii. 416 states the contrary. "A wife, _son_, and + slave are said to be without property: whatever property they + acquire is his to whom they (belong)." + + 251 ix. 207. + + M121 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} contrasted with the tribesman and his + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 252 Il._ xx. 165. + + M122 The possessions of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 253 Od._ xiv. 96. + +_ 254 Il._ vi. 194. + +_ 255 Il._ ix. 574; _cf._ xx. 184. + +_ 256 Il._ xiv. 121. + + 257 Or "belonging to a _basileus_." + + 258 Cf. _Il._ xi. 67. "As when reapers over against each other drive + their swaths through the ploughland of a rich man of wheat and + barley, and thick fall the handfuls"... + + This contrast is drawn by Professor Ridgeway: _op. cit._ p. 19 + _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885. + + M123 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the tribesman probably in the open fields in the + plain. + +_ 259 Il._ xviii. 541. + +_ 260 Il._ xxi. 602. + + 261 Ridgeway, _op. cit._ + + 262 Plato, _Laws_, 842. E. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. + +_ 263 Il._ xi. 558. + +_ 264 Il._ xii. 421; _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ + + 265 Isaeus, ix. 17-19. + + 266 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. _Il._ xxiii. 832. _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 16. + + M124 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} "honoured like a god with gift of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}." + +_ 267 Il._ xii. 313. Cf. _Il._ ix. 297. A good king also has power over + the crops, etc., to bring plenty. See _Od._ xix. 110-5. Frazer, + Golden Bough, i. 8 _et seq._ + +_ 268 Il._ vi. 191. + +_ 269 Il._ xii. 313. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (_not_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). + +_ 270 Od._ vi. 291-3. Xenophon states that choice portions of land in the + territory of many neighbouring towns were set apart for the king of + Sparta. _Rep. Laced._ xv. 3. + +_ 271 Od._ xi. 184. + + M125 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} descended from father to son. + +_ 272 Il._ xx. 391, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 273 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 274 Vide _Il._ ii. 46 and 101-8. Agamemnon's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} had been + handed down to him in succession from Thyestes, Atreus, Pelops, + Hermes, and Zeus, for whom it had been made by Hephaistos. + +_ 275 Od._ i. 386. Cf. _Od._ ii. 22. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + Cf. _Od._ i. 407. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}? + + Cf. _Od._ xi. 185. Telemachos {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of Odysseus. + + Cf. _Od._ xx. 336. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + M126 Iason's claim upon his great-grandfather's estate. + + 276 Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 255 _et seq._ + + M127 Rich tribesman might hold several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + +_ 277 Od._ xiv. 211. + + 278 Cf. _Il._ xii. 421. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + M128 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the holding of the head of an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + +_ 279 Od._ xiv. 62. + +_ 280 Od._ xiv. 211. + + 281 Wks. and Dys. 405. The next line which explains that the woman is to + be slave and _not_ a wife is evidently a later addition. Aristotle + did not know it, and interpreted {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} as wife. + +_ 282 Pol._ i. 2, 5-7. + + 283 I am indebted to Professor Ridgeway for the right meaning and + derivation of this word, which stands for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, having the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + long and not short as stated in Liddell and Scott's Dictionary. + Another reading is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} which would mean sharers of the smoke + or hearth. + + 284 Pindar, _Nem._ ix. 11. + + M129 and supplied the maintenance the house. + +_ 285 OEcon._ i. 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Pol. i. + 4, 1. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + +_ 286 Od._ iv. 318. + +_ 287 Od._ xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx 230. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}. + + M130 Force of the bond of food. + +_ 288 Il._ vi. 230. + + M131 The need of an established household strongly felt. + +_ 289 Il._ xv. 497. + + 290 p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions other countries where the father takes a + new name as father of his eldest son. + +_ 291 Od._ iv. 754-7 + + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + "Far away" implies width of sway and extent of influence; and the + protection of outlying properties would necessitate a great name and + a strong hand. + + M132 Diversion of inheritance by death of heir a sore evil. + +_ 292 Il._ v. 151 _et seq._ + +_ 293 Od._ vii. 150. + +_ 294 Od._ xi. 184. _Cf._ xx. 336. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (= Telemachos) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + M133 Naboth's vineyard bound to his family and heir. + + 295 1 Kings xxi 3. + + 296 Ezekiel xlvi. 16. + + M134 The maintenance of the chiefs levied upon the people under the name + of gifts. + +_ 297 Od._ i. 392. + + 298 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Homer means "prince" and is applied to a class, not a + single chieftain. _Il._ xii. 319 of Sarpedon and Glaukos. _Il._ iv. + 96 of Paris. _Od._ i. 394 of the Ithakans. _Od._ viii. 41 and 390 of + the Phaeakians. _Cf._ + +_ 299 Il._ xvii. 250. + +_ 300 Il._ xxiv. 262. + +_ 301 Od._ ii. 74. + +_ 302 Od._ xiii. 13. + +_ 303 Od_. xix. 195. + + M135 The right to receive such "gifts" could be transferred to another. + +_ 304 Il._ ix. 291. Cf. _Il._ ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave + him much people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to be {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} over. + +_ 305 Od._ iv. 174. + + M136 In India the chief of a town might receive the king's supplies. + +_ 306 Manu_, vii. 118. + + 307 vii. 123. + + M137 The maintenance of the Great King, + + 308 Herod, i. 192. + +_ 309 Ibid._ + + M138 and of Solomon. + + 310 1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of these officers was over "threescore great + cities with walls and brazen bars." + + M139 Revenue from land in ancient Egypt. + + 311 Herod. ii. 109. + + 312 Genes. xlvii. 26. + + M140 Grants of land to the prince easily made, in their elastic system of + agriculture. + + 313 Pind. _Nem._ vi. 11 (Trans. Myers), _cf._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. + 20. + + M141 Such grants were a special honour, and served to relieve other + contributions. + + 314 Ezekiel xlv. 8, 9. + + 315 Ez. xlvi. 18. + +_ 316 Od._ xxiv. 207. + + M142 Modern specimens of the elasticity of Greek methods. + + 317 Mahaffy, _Rambles in Greece_, 3rd ed. p. 200. + + 318 Rennell Rodd's _Customs and Lore of Modern Greece_, p. 58. + + M143 The gifts to the prince not actually food-rents for the land. + M144 The chief's land apart from the tribesmen's. + +_ 319 Od._ vi. 293. + +_ 320 Ib._ 259. + + M145 The land sustained the householder in his duties to other members + and guests. + M146 The chief had the right to demand gifts from the people; + M147 he had tribal right to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as the tribesman to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + M148 but could not deprive the tribesman of his land. + + 321 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is spoken of as capable of good cultivation by means of a + yoke of oxen. + + M149 Hesiod an immigrant: not a typical case of a family. + +_ 322 Works and Days_ 637. Possession of land would presuppose admission + to full civic rights. _V. supra_, p. 97. + +_ 323 Il._ ix. 648; xvi. 59. + +_ 324 W. and D._ 345 &c. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + M150 Land was in theory inalienable from the family. + + 325 Arist. _Pol._ VIII. ii. 5. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Cf. _Id._ iv. 4 + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +_ 326 Laws_ 741. + +_ 327 Laws_ 923. + + M151 In Sparta child must be accepted by its father's tribesmen, + +_ 328 Lycurg._ xvi. + + 329 Suidas; and Harpocration _s.v._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Octopus is + still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean. + + M152 who decided as to its maintenance. + +_ 330 Nouvelles Recherches_, 1891, p. 63. + + M153 Maintenance derived from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + M154 The family bound to their land at Athens; + + 331 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ 2 and 5. + + M155 and in Lokris. + + 332 Dareste, &c, _Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr._ xi. + + M156 But heirs at Athens also must first be accepted by group of kinsmen. + + 333 Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42; vi. 48. + + 334 Isaeus, iii. 73 and 80. + + M157 Further application of the idea of family land. + M158 Two methods of occupation of land: (1) by owner himself; (2) by + subject population. + + 335 Cf. _Thuc._ ii. 16 for Attica. Such are the numerous small farmers + who appear in the plays of Aristophanes. + +_ 336 Athen._ vi. 85. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. _Cf._ Strabo, xii. 3, 4. + + M159 At Gortyn on extinction of citizen-family the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} inherited. + + 337 Gortyn. v. 25. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. The words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + should be taken with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c, rather than with the preceding + words. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is equivalent to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + See Dareste, &c, _Inscript. Jurid. Gr._ p. 463. + + M160 Similar twofold tenure in the Athenian {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + M161 Examples in Salamis, + +_ 338 Mittheil. Inst. Ath._ ix. p. 117. The original number of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + in this case was apparently five hundred. + + M162 in Lesbos, + + 339 Thuc. iii. 50. + + 340 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 341 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 342 Aelian, _V. II._ vi. I. _Cf._ Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100. + + M163 Each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} therefore supported two families. + + 343 Smith's _Dicty. of Antiquities_, s.v. _colonia_. + + 344 Bekker, _Charicles_, p. 218. + + 345 Ridgeway, _Origin of Currency_, &c., p. 324. + + 346 The ordinary Athenian dicast is supposed to have subsisted largely + upon his pay of three obols or a half-drachma _per diem_. + + M164 The same double ownership in leases "for ever." + + 347 Dareste, &c, _Recueil Inscr. Grec._ p. 256 xiii. + + 348 Cauer, _Delectus_, § 263. + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}]{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}; + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 349 Dareste, &c, _Inscr. Jurid. Grec._ xiii. quater. (Mylasa in Karia. + Second century B.C.) _summarised:_-- + + A. The tribe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) of the Otorkondeis at the advice of their + treasurers and led by the priest of Artemis, decide to purchase from + Thraseas, son of Polites son of Melas of Grab ... and adopted son of + Heracleitos son of Heracleides of Ogonda, lands ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in the Ombian + plain with the sixty-two ranks of vines, three olive trees, and all + the other trees without reserve, also lands elsewhere with the trees + without reserve for 5,000 drachmae of light Rhodian silver, provided + that Thraseas has the sale registered with sureties. Moreover, + Thraseas coming to the ekklesia declared that he was ready to manage + these things: and the sale having taken place of the said + (properties) to the trustees in the name of the god. Thraseas + himself then and there took on lease all the said (properties) from + the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}) + for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whomsoever the + inheritance of his goods passes, and he shall pay annually to the + treasurers of the tribe 100 and ... drachmae, without fail or fraud. + + B. ... all the land and trees which Thraseas has bought from + Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios of Ketambissos, without exception + in these places either in the matter of the share he took in the + division with his brother or of what he bought from Artemisia, all + for 7,000 drachmae of light silver of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas + register the sale and give sureties. And coming before the ekklesia + Thraseas declared that he was prepared to manage this; and the sale + of the foregoing having taken place to the trustees in the name of + the god, Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the + foregoing from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to + whom the inheritance passes, and he shall pay annually to the + treasurers of the tribe 300 drachmae. + + The rent forms part of the revenues of the god. If Thraseas gets + more than two years in arrear, the contract is annulled. + + He shall not divide the land or share the rent ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}.... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). + + M165 Perhaps due to the prevailing idea of the family as a continuing + unit. + M166 No final word can yet be said. + M167 Explanation of the structure of the kindred to be found in the + descent of city life from earlier stage of tribal society. + M168 Similarity between the bond of tribal blood and that of citizenship. + M169 The threefold bond:-- + M170 (1) the bond of blood; + M171 (2) the bond of religion; + M172 (3) the bond of maintenance. + + 350 Robertson Smith (_The Religion of the Semites_) holds that the + object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship + between the deity and the worshippers. + + M173 Many tribal customs survived in the kindred and the household. + M174 But these survivals mostly found in post-Homeric records. + M175 They perhaps belonged to the pre-Achaian inhabitants of Greece. + +_ 351 Companion to the Iliad_, pp. 6-7. + + 352 Since the foregoing chapters were in print, I have had the benefit + of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde's admirable work, entitled _Psyche_ + (Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes + had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being + buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground, death + made no break in the membership of the family. And he claims that + the _Seelencult_ or ancestor-worship of the later Greeks must have + been continuous from pre-Homeric times. + + M176 But many were probably of wider parentage. + M177 Comparison with the history of the Jews. + M178 Reaction in times of distress to earlier tribal habits by the Jews, + and perhaps by the Achaians. + M179 These tribal habits probably only dormant throughout and common to + all Greeks, + M180 if not practically even to all tribal systems. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY*** + + + +CREDITS + + +August 18, 2008 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Frank van Drogen, David King, and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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