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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society:
+An Essay by Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: An Essay
+
+Author: Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [Ebook #26341]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             ON THE STRUCTURE
+
+                                    OF
+
+                           GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY
+
+                                 AN ESSAY
+
+                                    by
+
+                             Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+                                  London
+
+                            MacMillan And Co.
+
+                               And New York
+
+                                  1895.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Preface
+Chapter I. Introductory.
+Chapter II. The Meaning Of The Bond Of Kinship.
+   § 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At
+   Their Tomb.
+   § 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.
+   § 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only
+   Daughter.
+   § 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption:
+   Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen.
+   § 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.
+Chapter III. The Extent Of The Bond Of Kinship.
+   § 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The Ἀγχιστεία.
+   § 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of
+   Descent.
+   § 3. Division Amongst Heirs.
+   § 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.
+   § 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.
+Chapter IV. The Relation Of The Family To The Land.
+   § 1. The Κλῆρος And Its Form.
+   § 2. The Relation Of The Κλῆρος To The Οἶκος.
+   § 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.
+   § 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The Κλῆρος And The Τέμενος.
+   § 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The Κλῆρος And The Maintenance Of The
+   οἶκος.
+   § 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The Τέμενος And The Maintenance Of The
+   Chieftain.
+   § 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.
+   § 8. Hesiod And His Κλήρος.
+   § 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.
+   § 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And
+   Semi-Servile Tenure.
+Chapter V. Conclusion.
+Index.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+These notes, brief as they are, owe more than can be told to my father’s
+researches into the structure and methods of the Tribal System. They owe
+their existence to his inspiration and encouragement. A suitable place for
+them might possibly be found in an Appendix to his recently published
+volume on the Structure of the Tribal System in Wales.
+
+In ascribing to the structure of Athenian Society a direct parentage
+amongst tribal institutions, I am dealing with a subject which I feel to
+be open to considerable criticism. And I am anxious that the matters
+considered in this essay should be judged on their own merits, even
+though, in pursuing the method adopted herein, I may have quite
+inadequately laid the case before the reader.
+
+My thanks are due, for their ready help, to Professor W. Ridgeway, Mr.
+James W. Headlam, and Mr. Henry Lee Warner, by means of whose kind
+suggestions the following pages have been weeded of several of their
+faults.
+
+It is impossible to say how much I have consciously or unconsciously
+absorbed from the works of the late M. Fustel de Coulanges. His _La Cité
+Antique_ and his _Nouvelles Recherches sur quelques Problèmes d’Histoire_
+(1891) are stores of suggestive material for the student of Greek and
+Roman customs. They are rendered all the more instructive by the charm of
+his style and method. I have merely dipped a bucket into his well.
+
+In quoting from Homer, I have made free use of the translations of Messrs.
+Lang, Leaf, and Myers of the _Iliad_, and of Messrs. Butcher and Lang of
+the _Odyssey_; and I wish to make full acknowledgment here of the debt
+that I owe to them.
+
+Some explanation seems to be needful of the method pursued in this essay
+with regard to the comparison of Greek customs with those of other
+countries. The selection for comparison has been entirely arbitrary.
+
+Wales has been chosen to bear the brunt of illustration, partly, as I have
+said, because of my father’s work on the Welsh Tribal System, partly
+because the _Ancient Laws of Wales_ afford a peculiarly vivid glimpse into
+the inner organisation of a tribal people, such as cannot be obtained
+elsewhere.
+
+The _Ordinances of Manu_, on the other hand, are constantly quoted by
+writers on Greek institutions; and, I suppose, in spite of the uncertainty
+of their date, they can be taken as affording a very fair account of the
+customs of a highly developed Eastern people. It would be hard, moreover,
+to say where the connection of the Greeks with the East began or ended.
+
+The use made of the _Old Testament_ in these notes hardly needs further
+remark. Of no people, in their true tribal condition before their
+settlement, have we a more graphic account than of the Israelites. Their
+proximity geographically to the Phœnicians, and the accounts of the
+widespread fame of Solomon and the range of his commerce, at once suggest
+comparison with the parallel and contemporaneous period of Achaian
+history, immediately preceding the Dorian invasion, when, if we may trust
+the accounts of Homer, the intercourse between the shores of the
+Mediterranean must have been considerable.
+
+All reference to records of Roman customs has been omitted, not because
+they are not related or analogous to the Greek, but because they could not
+reasonably be brought within the scope of this essay. The ancestor-worship
+among the Romans was so complete, and the organisation of their kindreds
+so highly developed, that they deserve treatment on their own basis, and
+are sufficient to form the subject of a separate volume.
+
+H. E. S.
+
+THE HERMITAGE, HITCHIN.
+_July, 1895._
+
+[Transcriber’s Note: This e-book contains much Greek text which is often
+relevant to the point of the book.  In the ASCII versions of the e-book,
+the Greek is transliterated into Roman letters, which do not perfectly
+represent the Greek original; especially, accent and breathing marks do
+not transliterate. The HTML and PDF versions contain the true Greek text
+of the original book. In the ASCII e-book, the markings such as (M1)
+indicate marginal notes, which were printed in the margins of the original
+book, but in the e-book are transcribed at the end with the footnotes.]
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+(M1) In trying to ascertain the course of social development among the
+Greeks, the inquirer is met by an initial difficulty. The Greeks were not
+one great people like the Israelites, migrating into and settling in a new
+country, flowing with milk and honey. Their movements were erratic and
+various, and took place at very different times. Several partial
+migrations are described in Homer, and others are referred to as having
+taken place only a few generations back. The continuation of unsettled
+life must have had the effect of giving cohesion to the individual
+sections into which the Greeks were divided, in proportion as the process
+of settlement was protracted and difficult.
+
+But in spite of divergencies caused by natural surroundings, by the
+hostility or subservience of previous occupants of the soil, there are
+some features of the tribal system, wherever it is examined, so inherent
+in its structure as to seem almost indelible. A new civilisation was not
+formed to fit into the angles of city walls. Even modification could take
+place only of those customs whose roots did not strike too deeply into the
+essence of the composition of tribal society.
+
+(M2) It is the object of these notes to try to put back in their true
+setting some of the conditions prevailing, sometimes incongruously with
+city life, among the Greeks in historical times, and by comparison with
+analogous survivals in known tribal communities, of whose condition we
+have fuller records, to establish their real historical continuity from an
+earlier stage of habit and belief.
+
+(M3) There were three important public places necessary to every Greek
+community and symbolical to the Greek mind of the very foundations of
+their institutions. These were:—the _Agora_ or place of assembly, the
+place of justice, and the place of religious sacrifice. From these three
+sacred precincts the man who stirred up civil strife, who was at war with
+his own people, cut himself off. Such an one is described in Homer as
+being, by his very act, “clanless” (ἀφρήτωρ), “out-law” (ἀθέμιστος), and
+“hearthless” (ἀνέστιος).(1) In the camp of the Greeks before Troy the
+ships and huts of his followers were congregated by the hut of their chief
+or leader. Each sacrificed or poured libation to his favourite or familiar
+god at his own hut door.(2) But in front of Odysseus’ ships, which, we are
+told, were drawn up at the very centre of the camp, stood the great altar
+of Zeus Panomphaios—lord of _all_ oracles—“exceeding fair.”(3) “Here,”
+says the poet, “were _Agora_, _Themis_, and the altars of the gods.”
+
+The Trojans held _agora_ at Priam’s doors,(4) and it is noticeable that
+the space in front of the chief’s hut or palace was generally considered
+available for such purposes as assembly, games, and so forth, just as it
+was with the ancient Irish.
+
+(M4) In the centre of most towns of Greece(5) stood the Prytaneum or
+magistrates’ hall, and in the Prytaneum was the sacred hearth to which
+attached such reverence that in the most solemn oaths the name of Hestia
+was invoked even before that of Zeus.(6) Thucydides states that each κώμη
+or village of Attica had its hearth or Prytaneum of its own, but looked up
+to the Hestia and Prytaneum in the city of Athens as the great centre of
+their larger polity. In just the same way the lesser kindreds of a tribe
+would have their sacred hearths and rites, but would look to the hearth
+and person of their chief as symbolical of their tribal unity. Thucydides
+also mentions how great a wrench it seemed to the Athenians to be
+compelled to leave their “sacred” homes, to take refuge within the walls
+of Athens from the impending invasion by the Spartans.(7)
+
+The word _Prytanis_ means “chieftain.” It is probable that, as the duties
+sacred and magisterial of the chief became disseminated among the other
+officers of later civilisation, the chief’s dwelling, called the
+Prytaneum, acquiring vitality from the indelible superstition attaching to
+the hearth within its precincts, maintained thereby its political
+importance, when nothing but certain religious functions remained to its
+lord and master in the office of Archon Basileus.
+
+(M5) Mr. Frazer, in his article in the _Journal of Philology_(8) upon the
+resemblance of the Prytaneum in Greece to the Temple of Vesta in Rome,
+shows that both had a direct connection with, if not an absolute origin in
+the domestic hearth of the chieftain. The Lares and Penates worshipped in
+the Temple of Vesta, he says, were originally the Lares and Penates of the
+king, and were worshipped at his hearth, the only difference between the
+hearth in the temple and the hearth in the king’s house being the absence
+of the royal householder.(9)
+
+Mr. Frazer also maintains that the reverence for the hearth and the
+concentration of such reverence on the hearth of the chieftain was the
+result of the difficulty of kindling a fire from rubbing sticks together,
+and of the responsibility thus devolving upon the chieftain unfailingly to
+provide fire for his people. Whether this was the origin or not, before
+the times that come within the scope of this inquiry, the hearth had
+acquired a real sanctity which had become involved in the larger idea of
+it as the centre of a kindred, including on occasion the mysterious
+presence also of long dead ancestors.
+
+(M6) The basis of tribal coherence was community of blood, actual or
+supposed; the visible evidence of the possession of tribal blood was the
+undisputed participation, as _one of a kindred_, in the common religious
+ceremonies, from which the blood-polluted and the stranger-in-blood were
+so strictly shut out.(10) It is therefore in the incidence of religious
+duties, and in the qualifications of the participants, that it is
+reasonable to seek survivals of true tribal sentiment.
+
+Although the religious life of the Greeks was always complex, there is not
+to be found in Homer the broad distinction drawn afterwards between public
+and private gods. It is noticeable that the later Greeks sought to draw
+into their homes the beneficent influence of one or other of the greater
+gods, whose protection and guidance were claimed in times of need by all
+members of the household. Secondary influences, though none the less
+strongly felt, were those of the past heroes of the house, sometimes only
+just dead, to be propitiated at the family tombs or hearth. Anxiety on
+this head, and the deeply-rooted belief in the real need to the dead of
+attentions from the living, were, it will be seen, most powerful factors
+in the development of Greek society.
+
+(M7) The worship of ancestors or household gods as such is not evident in
+the visible religious exercises of the Homeric poems. But this can hardly
+be a matter of surprise. The Greek chieftains mentioned in the poems are
+so nearly descended from the gods themselves, are in such immediate
+relation each with his guardian deity, and are so indefatigable in their
+attentions thereto, that it would surely be extremely irrelevant if any of
+the libations or hecatombs were perverted to any intermediate, however
+heroic, ancestor from the all-powerful and ever ready divinity who was so
+often also himself the boasted founder of the family.(11)
+
+(M8) The libations and hecatombs themselves, however, seem to serve much
+the same purpose as the offerings to the _manes_ or household gods, and
+relieved the luxurious craving for sustenance in the immortals, left
+unsatisfied by their ethereal diet of nectar and ambrosia.(12)
+
+(M9) Yet it is strange that if libations and sacrifices were paid to the
+dead _periodically_ at their tombs, no mention of the occurrence is to be
+found in Homer. That the dead were believed to appreciate such attentions
+may be gathered from the directions given by Circe to Odysseus.
+
+
+    “Then pour a drink-offering to all the dead, first with mead
+    (μελικρήτῳ), and thereafter with sweet wine, and for the third
+    time with water, and sprinkle white meal thereon.... and promise
+    thou wilt offer _in thy halls_(13) a barren heifer, the best thou
+    hast, and fill the pyre with treasure, and wilt sacrifice apart to
+    Teiresias alone a black sheep without spot, the fairest of your
+    flock.”
+
+
+(M10) This done, the ghosts flock up to drink of the blood of the victim.
+But the ghost of Elpenor, who met his death at the house of Circe by
+falling from the roof in his drunken haste to join his already departed
+comrades, and who had therefore received no burial at their hands, demands
+no libations or sacrifices for the refreshment of his thirsty soul, but
+merely burial with tears and a barrow upon the shore of the gray sea, that
+his name may be remembered by men to come.
+
+Nestor’s son elsewhere is made to remark that one must not grudge the dead
+their meed of tears; for the times are so out of joint, “this is now the
+only due we pay to miserable men, to cut the hair and let the tear fall
+from the cheek.”(14)
+
+Is the right conclusion then that the Homeric Greeks did not sacrifice at
+the tombs of their fathers, and that the so-called ancestor-worship
+prevalent later was introduced or revived under their successors? Or is it
+that the aristocratic tone of the poet did not permit him to bear witness
+to the intercourse with any deity besides the one great family of Olympic
+gods, less venerable than a river or other personification of nature?(15)
+
+There exists such close family relationship amongst Homer’s gods, extended
+as it is also to most of his chieftains, that taking into account the
+conspicuous reverence displayed towards the hearth and the respect for
+seniority in age, it may perhaps be justifiable to suppose that domestic
+religious observances, other than those directed to the Olympic gods, were
+thought by the poet to be as much beneath his notice as the swarms of
+common tribesmen who shrink and shudder in the background of the poems.
+
+(M11) Ancestor-worship would be as much out of place in the Old Testament;
+and yet there are references in the Bible to offerings to the dead which,
+unless they are held to refer only to importations from outside religions
+and not to relapses in the Israelites themselves to former superstitions
+of their own people, imply that the great tribal religion of the
+Israelites had superseded pre-existing ceremonies of ancestor-worship.
+
+
+    Deut. xxvi. 13. “And thou shalt say before the Lord thy God, I
+    have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also
+    have given them unto the Levite and the stranger, to the
+    fatherless and to the widow, according to all thy commandments
+    which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy
+    commandments, neither have I forgotten them: I have not eaten
+    thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof
+    for any unclean use, nor _given ought thereof for the dead_.”
+
+
+The transgressions of the Israelites in the wilderness are described in
+the Psalms:—“They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor and _ate the
+sacrifices of the dead_.”(16)
+
+It was not necessary for an ancestor to become a god to be worthy of
+worship, or to need the attentions of the living. If he was thought to
+haunt tomb or hearth, and to keep his connection thus with his family in
+the upper world, he required nourishment on his visits. He was also
+considered to keep a jealous watch on the continuance of his fair fame
+among the living.
+
+(M12) A close resemblance in this point lies between the Homeric poems and
+the Old Testament. Though actual food and drink is not provided for the
+dead, yet the stress laid on the permanence of the family, _lest the name
+of the dead be cut off from his place_, is quite in keeping with the
+request of Elpenor to Odysseus to insure the continuance of his name in
+the memory of living men.
+
+It is quite possible that, as the story of the interview of Odysseus with
+the dead reveals that the idea of the dead enjoying sacrifices of food and
+drink was familiar at that time, even though the periodical supply of such
+is not mentioned, so the existence of Laban’s household gods and the
+gathering of the kindred of Jesse to their family ceremony(17) may bear
+witness to the presence of a survival of ancestor-worship in some
+equivalent form, underlying the all-absorbing religion of the Israelites.
+At this day the spirits of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are considered by the
+Mohammedans of Hebron actually to inhabit the cave of Machpelah, and, in
+the case of Isaac at any rate, to be extremely angered by any negligence
+shown to their altars, either by omission of the customary ceremonies or
+by admission within the sacred precinct of any stranger of alien faith.
+
+It must not therefore be inferred altogether that the regular
+ancestor-worship so-called was of later origin amongst the Greeks, but
+rather that the constitution of society did not afford it the same
+prominence to the mind of Homer and perhaps his contemporaries, as it
+acquired later.
+
+(M13) M. Fustel de Coulanges, in _La Cité Antique_, has so well
+established the prevalence of ancestor-worship among the Greeks, drawing
+illustration both from Indian and Roman sources, that no further instances
+of its existence are needed here.
+
+The ceremonies however and offerings at the tombs of their fathers did not
+supersede, amongst the Athenians at any rate, their worship of the Olympic
+gods. The Olympic gods themselves moreover were clearly connected with
+their family life. The protection of Zeus was specially claimed under the
+title of γενέθλιος or even σύναιμος(18) and as ἑρκεῖος he received worship
+upon the altar that stood in the court-yard of nearly every house in
+Attica.(19) The permanent place of these gods in the homes of the people
+is further denoted by the use of such epithets as ἐγγενεῖς(20) and
+πατρῷοι.(21)
+
+(M14) The tombs, on the other hand, were not approached with the purpose
+of invoking powerful aid, but rather with the intent of soothing a
+troubled spirit with care and attention, and of providing it with such
+nourishing refreshment as could not be procured in the regions of the
+starving dead.
+
+
+    “I come, bringing to my son’s sire propitiating libations, such as
+    are soothing to the dead, from hallowed cow white milk, sweet to
+    drink; the flower distiller’s dew—clear honey; the virgin spring’s
+    refreshing draught; and undefiled from its wild mother, the liquid
+    gladness of the time-honoured vine; also from the ever-leafy
+    growth of the pale green olive fragrant fruit is here, and twined
+    flowers, children of the teeming earth.”(22)
+
+
+(M15) The same idea of nourishment of the dead, though shared with the
+other gods, determines the offerings in the Egyptian _Book of the
+Dead_.(23)
+
+
+    “I live upon loaves, white wheat, beer, red wheat.... Place me
+    with vases of milk and wine, with cakes and loaves, and plenty of
+    meat in the dwelling of Anubis.”(24)
+
+
+    “Grant to me the funereal food, the drinks, the oxen, the geese,
+    the fabrics, the incense, the oil, and all the good and pure
+    things upon which the gods live.”(25)
+
+
+There is one passage that almost implies that the dead retained in idea a
+claim upon the produce of the land which nourished them whilst alive, or
+that they had a special allotment even in the other world:—
+
+
+    “I sit down among the very great gods of Nut. A field extends for
+    me; the products of the ground are for me. I eat them; I am
+    favoured with them; I live in plenty by them.... I am given corn
+    and wheat for my mouth.”(26)
+
+
+Chapter cxliv. of the _Book of the Dead_ is to be said,
+
+
+    “at the gate of every room while offering to each of them thighs
+    and heads of red cows, the value of seven vases; while offering
+    blood extracted from the heart, the value of a hundred vases;
+    sixteen loaves of white bread, eight round cakes, eight oval
+    cakes, eight broad thin cakes, eight measures of beer, and eight
+    of wheat, a perfumed oil-basin full of milk from a white cow,
+    green grass, green figs, mestem and beads of incense to be burnt.”
+
+
+Chapter cxlviii. ordains that there
+
+
+    “shall be placed offerings before them of loaves, beer, meat,
+    incense, funereal dishes, bringing into favour with Râ and making
+    that the _deceased is fed in the netherworld_.”
+
+
+(M16) In the next chapters frequent reference will be made to the
+offerings to ancestors, or _manes_, among the ancient Hindoos. With them
+the cake-offering to the dead became a most important symbol, uniting in a
+common duty all descendants from certain ancestors within fixed degrees,
+and marking them off in the matter of responsibility thereto from more
+distant relations, who owed similar duty elsewhere.
+
+(M17) Being thus surrounded by nations that believed intensely in the need
+in the dead of nourishment at the hands of their relatives on earth, it
+would indeed be surprising if the Greeks were found not to share in the
+belief. But the fact remains that in the earliest Greek literature it is
+least conspicuous, and the gulf seems widest between the living and the
+dead. Can this be laid to the charge of the artificial superstitions of a
+philosophical class of poets? Or is it due to the true evolution of such
+beliefs, that as long as our search touches upon the unsettled periods of
+semi-migratory life, the tombs of individual members of a family being
+scattered here or there wherever they meet their deaths, the offering to
+the dead takes a special form, inasmuch as the solidarity of the tribe
+eclipses the importance of the family as a unit, and the religious
+ceremonies of the chieftain absorb the attention of the lesser members of
+the tribe?
+
+M. de Coulanges points out that the meaning of the Latin word _Lar_ is
+lord, prince or master, and that _Hestia_ was sometimes designated by the
+Greeks with the similar title of mistress of the house, or princess.(27)
+
+If, as long as the tribe was felt to be a real unit, the religious
+instincts of the tribesmen were concentrated upon the worship of their
+tribal deities—the great ancestors of the tribe, and more emphatically and
+directly the ancestors of their chieftain—it would be quite natural, in
+the weakening of the central worship, for the titles of honour and respect
+to be used equally towards those meaner ancestors who henceforth occupied
+the religious energies of the head of each family or household. In
+fulfilment of a similar sentiment, the later Greeks commonly used the word
+ἥρως in speaking of a dead friend, deeming that any one who departed this
+life passed to the ranks of those princes of the community from whom all
+were proud to trace descent.
+
+(M18) M. de Coulanges considers that the sacred rites of the family at the
+hearth formed a more real tie than the belief in a common blood; and that
+upon this religious basis was built up the greater hearth of the Prytaneum
+as the centre of city life, to bind together the several families
+composing the community. But without pretending to come to a final
+decision on this the main tendency of social development, surely something
+may yet be said in favour of the contrary theory; that the reverence that
+centred in the hearth was in effect the expression of the sanctity of the
+tie of blood, as felt by all members of the house, and that this feeling
+drew its real importance for the community, not from the founding of the
+city by the amalgamation of several families, but as a survival from an
+earlier stage of life, when society circled round what was then in more
+than name the Prytaneum of the tribal chieftain.
+
+Facts are wanting to justify a conclusion as to which of these theories
+bears the closest resemblance to the truth, but it is easy to imagine what
+might be the line of development if the latter hypothesis be maintained.
+
+(M19) During the wanderings and migrations of peoples in the search for
+greener pastures or broader lands, each community or tribe would be
+constantly under arms and subject to attack from the enemies they were
+passing through or subjugating. This constant sojourning in a strange
+land, surrounded by foes, would be a source of much solidarity to the
+tribe itself, drawing its members closely together for mutual defence and
+subsistence.
+
+But when once the tribe had found a country to its taste, and had made a
+settlement with borders comparatively permanently established, emphasis
+would be transferred to the petty quarrels and internal dissensions
+arising between different sections within the community itself. The tie of
+common blood, uniting all members of the tribe, would be gradually
+disregarded and displaced by the less homely and more political relation
+of fellow-citizenship, which, though retaining many of the characteristics
+of the tribal bond, would necessarily be felt in a very different manner.
+
+In this disintegration of the larger unit, the existence of kinship by
+blood would be acknowledged only where the relationship was obvious and
+well known. And it would no longer be sufficient merely to prove
+membership of a kindred; as those outside certain limits would claim
+exemption from the responsibilities entailed by closer relationship.
+
+(M20) So, too, in the matter of religious observance: the reverence of the
+individual for the Prytaneum and common hearth of the state would undergo
+a change into a less personal sentiment; the rites connected therewith
+would be delegated to an official priest; and it is with the head of each
+family, surrounded by those who are really conscious of their connection
+by blood in common descent from much more immediate ancestors, that the
+true tribal feeling would longest survive, though, of course, on much
+narrower lines.
+
+The privileges of citizenship were, it will be seen, as carefully guarded
+as those of the tribe, but in a more perfunctory and arbitrary manner;
+whilst the intimate connection of the members of the family with the
+hearth and the graves of their ancestors stands out in strong relief.
+
+By the time of Hesiod, besides the violation of the universal sanctity of
+a guest or suppliant, the chief sins are against members of the same
+household, defrauding orphans, or insulting an aged parent.(28) Behaviour
+to other than blood-relations is regulated by expediency, by what you may
+expect in return from your neighbours.(29)
+
+Whether the family is to be regarded as the chief factor in the
+composition of the city, or how much of its composition the city owes to
+direct inheritance from the tribal system, must, as has been said, be left
+unsolved. Some small light may perhaps be shed upon the problem as this
+inquiry proceeds.
+
+(M21) At any rate, if the true basis of the organisation of the family and
+the kindred, as found in historic times in Greece, could once be
+established, material assistance ought to have been gained for rightly
+understanding the structure of that earlier society, whatever it was, from
+which the rules, that govern those within the bond of kinship, were
+survivals.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II. THE MEANING OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP.
+
+
+παῖδες γὰρ ἀνδρὶ κληδόνες σωτήριοι
+θανόντι: φελλοὶ δ᾽ ὥς ἄγουσι δίκτυον,
+τὸν ἐκ βυθοῦ κλωστῆρα σώζοντες λίνου.
+          _Aeschylus._
+
+
+
+
+§ 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At
+Their Tomb.
+
+
+(M22) As the hearth was the centre of the sanctity and reverence of the
+family, so the word οἶκος was the customary term to signify the smaller
+group of the composite γένος, consisting of a man and his immediate
+descendants. In the first place, the individual was absolutely committed
+to sacrifice all his personal feelings for the sake of the continuity of
+his οἶκος, and this was his supreme duty. But whereas several οἶκοι traced
+their descent from a common ancestor, a group of gradually diverging lines
+of descent were formed, sharing mutually the responsibility of the
+maintenance of continuity, and the privilege of inheritance and
+protection.
+
+Before examining how far these parallel lines remained within the reach of
+claims of kinship, or how soon the reverence for the more immediate
+predecessors absorbed the memory of the more remote ancestor, it will be
+well to have a clear understanding of what the claims of kindred were, and
+how they affected the member of the οἶκος, in respect of his duties
+thereto.
+
+(M23) Plato(30) declares that honour should be given to:—
+
+1. Olympian Gods.
+
+2. Gods of the State.
+
+3. Gods below.
+
+4. Demons and Spirits.
+
+5. Heroes.
+
+6. Ancestral Gods.
+
+7. _Living Parents_, “to whom we have to pay the greatest and oldest of
+all debts: in property, in person, in soul; paying the debts due to them
+for the care and travail which they bestowed on us of old in the days of
+our infancy, and which we are now to pay back to them when they are old
+and in the extremity of their need.”
+
+(M24) The candidates for the archonship were asked, among other things,
+whether they treated their parents properly.(31) It was only in case of
+some indelible stain, such as wife-murder, that the debt of maintenance of
+the parent was cancelled.(32) Yet even when the father had lost his right
+of maintenance by crime or foul treatment, the son was still bound to bury
+him when he died and to perform all the customary rites at his tomb.(33)
+
+“Is it not,” says Isaeus, “a most unholy thing, if a man, without having
+done any of the customary rites due to the dead, yet expects to take the
+inheritance of the dead man’s property?”(34)
+
+(M25) The duty of maintenance of the parent thus extended even beyond the
+tomb, and this retrospective attitude of the individual gives us the clue
+to his position of responsibility also with regard to posterity.
+
+The strongest representation possible of this attitude is given in the
+_Ordinances of Manu_, where it is stated that a man “goes to hell” who has
+no son to offer at his death the funeral cake.
+
+(M26) “No world of heaven exists for one not possessed of a son.” The
+debt, owed by the living member of a family to his _manes_, was to provide
+a successor to perform the rites necessary to them after his own death.
+
+
+    “By means of the eldest son, as soon as he is born, a man becomes
+    possessed of a son and is thus cleared of his debt to the _manes_”
+
+
+    “A husband is born again on earth in his son.”
+
+
+    “If among many brothers born of one father, _one_ should have a
+    son, Manu said all those brothers would be possessed of sons by
+    means of that son.”
+
+
+_i.e._ one representative was sufficient as regards the duties to the
+_manes_ in the house of the grandfather.
+
+
+    “Thro’ a son one conquers worlds, thro’ a son’s son one attains
+    endlessness, and through the son’s son of a son one attains the
+    world of the Sun.”
+
+
+    “The sort of reward one gets on crossing the water by means of bad
+    boats is the sort of reward one gets on crossing the darkness (to
+    the next world) by means of bad sons.”(35)
+
+
+(M27) Plato expresses the same feeling in the _Laws_:(36)
+
+
+    “After a sort the human race naturally partakes of immortality, of
+    which all men have the greatest desire implanted in them; for the
+    desire of every man that he may become famous, and not lie in the
+    grave without a name, is only the love of continuance ... In this
+    way they are immortal leaving [children’s] children behind them,
+    with whom they are one in the unity of generation. And for a man
+    voluntarily to deprive himself of this gift of immortality, as he
+    deliberately does who will not have a wife and children, is
+    _impiety_.”
+
+
+The functions and duties of the individual towards his family and
+relations thus find their explanation in his position as link, between the
+past and the future, in the transmission to eternity of his family blood.
+
+His duties to his ancestors began with the death of his father. He had at
+Athens to carry out the corpse, provide for the cremation, gather the
+remains of the burnt bones, with the assistance of the rest of the
+kindred,(37) and show respect to the dead by the usual form of shaving the
+head, wearing mourning clothes, and so on. Nine days after the funeral he
+must perform certain sacrifices and periodically after that visit the
+tombs and altars of his family in the family burying-place.(38) If he had
+occasion to perform military service, he must serve in the tribe and the
+deme of his parent (στρατεύειν ἐν τῇ φυλῇ καὶ ἐν τῷ δήμῳ).(39) Before he
+can enter into his inheritance he must fulfil all the ordinances incumbent
+on one in his position, and in the Gortyn Laws it is stated that an
+adopted heir cannot partake of the property of his adoptive father unless
+he undertakes the sacred duties of the house of the deceased.(40) Thus the
+right of ownership of the family estate rested always with the possession
+of the blood of the former owners; and such a representative demonstrated
+his right by stepping into his predecessor’s shoes and by taking upon
+himself all responsibility for the fulfilment of the rites, thereafter to
+be performed to him also when he shall have been gathered to the majority
+of his family.
+
+
+
+
+§ 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.
+
+
+But however piously and carefully he performed his many duties to his
+ancestors, his work was only transitory and incomplete, unless he provided
+a successor to continue them after him into further generations.
+
+(M28) The procreation of children was held to be of such importance at
+Sparta(41) that if a wife had no children, with the full knowledge of her
+husband she admitted some other citizen to her, and children born from
+such a union were reckoned as born to the continuation of her husband’s
+family, without breach of the former relations of husband and wife.(42)
+This is the exact custom stated in the _Ordinances of Manu_ (ix. 59),
+where it is laid down that a wife can be “commissioned” by her husband to
+bear him a son, but she must only take a kinsman within certain degrees,
+whose connection with her ceases on the birth of one son.(43) Otherwise it
+was a man’s duty to divorce a barren wife and take another. But he must
+divorce the first, and could not have two hearths or two wives.(44)
+
+A curious instance of how this sentiment worked in practice in directly
+the opposite direction to our modern ideas, is mentioned in Herodotus.
+Leaders of forlorn hopes nowadays would be inclined to pick out as
+comrades the unmarried men, as having least to sacrifice and fewest duties
+to forego. Whereas Leonidas, in choosing the 300 men to make their famous
+and fatal stand at Thermopylae, is stated to have selected all _fathers
+with sons living_.(45)
+
+Hector is made to use this idea in somewhat similar manner. He encourages
+his soldiers with:—
+
+
+    “If a man fall fighting for his fatherland, it is no dishonourable
+    thing: and his wife and his children left behind, and his οἶκος
+    and κλῆρος are unharmed, if the Achaians go but back to their own
+    country.”(46)
+
+
+If the enemy are driven out, though he be killed himself, yet if he leave
+children behind, his household and their property will remain unharmed.
+
+All about to die, says Isaeus, take thought not to leave their οἶκος
+desolate (ἔρημος),(47) but that there shall be some one to carry the name
+of their house down to posterity, who shall perform all the customary
+rites at the tomb due to them also when they shall have joined the ranks
+of ancestors.(48)
+
+Where children were reckoned of the tribe of their father and not of their
+mother, and where a woman was incapable of performing sacred rites, a male
+heir was necessary for the direct transmission of blood and property. Sons
+entered upon their inheritance immediately on the death of their father,
+nor had he the power to dispossess them in favour of others, whilst
+brothers, cousins, legatees, had always to prove their title and procure
+judgment from the court in their favour.(49)
+
+(M29) Failing sons however, the next descent lay through a daughter. Nor
+were her qualifications in herself complete or sufficient in theory to
+form the necessary link in the chain of succession. The next of kin male
+had to marry her with the property of which she was ἐπίκληρος;(50) but
+neither she nor he really possessed the property, and the sons born from
+the marriage succeeded thereto directly on attaining a certain age. The
+next of kin had in the meantime of course to represent his wife’s father
+in all the religious observances, and was said to have power to live with
+the woman (κύριος συνοικῆσαι τῇ γυναικί), but not to dispose of the
+property (κύριος τῶν χρημάτων);(51) the sons becoming κύριοι τῶν χρημάτων
+at sixteen years old, and owing thence only maintenance (τρέφειν) to their
+mother from the property.(52) The heiress was compelled to marry at a
+certain age and was adjudicated by law to the proper kinsman.(53)
+
+Again an exact parallel is to be found in the _Ordinances of Manu_:—
+
+
+    “One who is without a son should, by the following rule, make his
+    daughter provide him a son:—‘The offspring which may be hers shall
+    be for me the giver of offerings to the _manes_.’ ”
+
+
+The whole property of a man is taken by this daughter’s son,(54) and, by
+her bearing a son, _her father_ “becomes possessed of a son, who should
+give the funeral cake and take the property.”(55)
+
+If she die without a son, her husband would take (presumably by a sort of
+adoption).(56) But this would be perfectly natural, if, as in Greece, her
+husband was bound to be the next of kin and therefore heir failing issue
+from her.
+
+(M30) At Athens it was part of the office of the archon to see that no
+οἶκος failed for want of representatives, to constrain a reluctant heiress
+to marry or to compel the next of kin to perform his duty. Plato(57) asks
+pardon for his imaginary legislator, if he shall be found to give the
+daughter of a man in marriage having regard only to the two
+conditions—nearness of kin, and the preservation of the property;
+disregarding, in his zeal for these, the further considerations, which the
+father himself might be expected to have had, with regard to the
+suitability of the match.(58)
+
+(M31) A certain leniency was however allowed to the heiress who was
+unwilling to marry an obnoxious kinsman, and to the kinsman who had
+counterclaims upon him in his own house. Nevertheless the rules remained
+very strict. Isaeus states emphatically,(59) “Often have men been
+compelled by law to give up their properly wedded wives, owing to their
+becoming ἐπίκληροι through the death of their brother to their father’s
+property and having to marry the next of kin (τοῖς ἐγγυτάτα γένους),” to
+prevent the extinction of their father’s house.
+
+Manu warns those about to marry to be careful that their children shall
+not be required to continue their wives’ father’s family, to the
+desolation of their own.
+
+
+    “She who has not a brother ... let not a wise man marry her,
+    through fear of the law about a daughter’s son.”(60)
+
+
+Again Isaeus:—
+
+
+    “We, because of our nearness of kin, would have been compelled to
+    maintain (γηροτροφεῖν) our aged grandfather and either ourselves
+    marry Cleonymos’ (our uncle’s) daughters or give them away with
+    their portions to others and all this our kinship, the laws, and
+    _our shame_ would have compelled us to perform or incur the
+    greatest penalties and the _utmost disgrace_.”(61)
+
+
+(M32) In the laws of Gortyn very clear rules are laid down to be followed
+where there were difficulties in the way of the heiress marrying the next
+of kin.
+
+
+    “The heiress shall marry the eldest brother of her father that is
+    alive. If there are more heiresses and uncles, they shall ever
+    marry the eldest. If there are no uncles but sons of uncles, she
+    shall marry the son of her father’s eldest brother. If there are
+    more than one heiress and sons of uncles, they shall ever marry
+    the son of the eldest in order: but a man shall not marry more
+    than one heiress”(62)
+
+
+There is also a statement made by Demosthenes(63) that sounds as if it
+might have come from the _Ordinances of Manu_. It is there stated that if
+there were more than one heiress, _only one_ need be dealt with in respect
+to _providing succession_, though all shared in the property.
+
+The law of Gortyn goes on:—
+
+
+    “If the man will not marry her, though of age and wishing to
+    marry, the guardians of the heiress shall sue, and the judge shall
+    condemn him to marry her in two months. If he will not marry her,
+    according to the law, she shall have all the property and shall
+    marry the next of kin (after him) if there is one....
+
+
+    “If she is of age and does not wish to marry the next of kin or if
+    he is a minor and she does not wish to wait, she ... can marry
+    whom she will of those who claim her of the tribe. But she shall
+    apportion off his share of the property to the first of kin.
+
+
+    “If there are no kin to her, she shall have all the property and
+    marry whom she will of the tribe.
+
+
+    “If no one of the tribe will marry her, her guardians shall ask
+    throughout the tribe, ‘ Will any marry her?’ And if any one then
+    marries her, he shall do it in thirty days after the ‘asking.’ But
+    if there is still no one, she shall marry any one else she can.”
+
+
+Such pains were taken to find a representative for the deceased in his
+family, or at any rate in his _tribe_.(64)
+
+(M33) The same questions seem to have arisen amongst the Israelites in the
+time of Moses.
+
+
+    Numbers xxxvi. 8. “And every daughter that possesseth an
+    inheritance (LXX. ἀγχιστεύουσα κληρονομίαν) in any tribe of the
+    children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the
+    tribe of her father (ἐνὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς), that
+    the children of Israel may enjoy (ἀγχιστεύειν) every man the
+    inheritance of his fathers.
+
+
+    “Even as the Lord commanded Moses, so did the daughters of
+    Zelophehad.
+
+
+    “For Mahlah, Tirzah and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the
+    daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father’s
+    brother’s sons (LXX. τοῖς ἀνεψιοῖς αὐτῶν).”
+
+
+
+
+§ 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only
+Daughter.
+
+
+(M34) The _levirate_, or marriage with deceased husband’s brother, seems
+to have had no place in Greek family law. The wife was of no _kin_
+necessarily to the husband; and so it would not tend to strengthen the
+transmission of blood if the next of kin married the widow on taking the
+inheritance of his relative deceased without issue. The wife in Greek law
+could not inherit from her husband, whose property went to his father’s or
+mother’s relations; and only when it became a question of finding an heir
+to her _son_, and failing all near paternal kinsmen, could the inheritance
+pass through her, and then as the mother of her dead son, not as widow of
+her dead husband. Even then, being a woman, she had no right of enjoyment,
+only of transmission. She could only inherit on behalf of her issue by a
+second husband, and failing her issue the inheritance would pass to her
+brothers and so on. In Greece the claim upon the δαήρ (Latin _levir_) for
+marriage seems to have begun with his brother’s daughter, not his
+brother’s widow.
+
+(M35) The childless widow on the death of her husband had to return to her
+own family or whoever of her kindred was guardian (κύριος) of her, and if
+she wished, be given again in marriage by him.(65)
+
+The woman at Athens even after marriage always retained her κύριος or
+guardian,(66) who was at once her protector and trustee. He was probably
+the head of the οἶκος to which she originally belonged—her next of kin—and
+had great power over her.(67)
+
+A case there is(68) where the heir to the property also takes the wife of
+the previous owner; but in this case the husband may have been κύριος of
+his own wife, and so could bequeath, or give her away to whomever he
+liked.(69)
+
+In the _Ordinances of Manu_, the limitations of the levirate are very
+strictly defined.(70) In the case of a man leaving a widow, she must not
+marry again, or she lost her place in heaven by his side.
+
+But if she was childless, the next of kin of her husband must beget one
+son by her; he did not _marry_ her, and his connection with her _ceased on
+the birth of a son_.
+
+(M36) The laws of Manu otherwise are strict against the marriage of close
+relations; a restriction not found in Greece.
+
+Isaeus(71) mentions that it was thought quite natural for a man to marry
+his first cousin in order to concentrate the family blood, and prevent her
+dowry or whatever property might come to her from going outside his οἶκος,
+and we know that even marriage with a half-sister (not born of the same
+mother) was not forbidden.
+
+There are more instances than one in Homer of a man marrying his aunt, or
+niece.
+
+The nearest resemblance to the levirate in Greece is the occasional custom
+at Sparta, mentioned already, of a wife being “commissioned” to bear
+children by another man into the family of her husband. But this exists in
+Manu, side by side with the above-mentioned custom of levirate proper.
+
+(M37) Among the Israelites, the levirate was in full force; the craving
+for continuance was the same as among the followers of Manu and the
+Greeks; and the custom with regard to heiresses is so vividly told that it
+is worth quoting at some length.
+
+
+    Deut. xxv. 5. “If brethren dwell together and one of them die and
+    have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a
+    stranger: her husband’s brother [_i.e._ next of kin] shall go in
+    unto her and take her to him to wife and perform the duty of an
+    husband’s brother to her.
+
+
+    “And it shall be that the firstborn which she beareth shall
+    _succeed in the name of his brother that is dead_, that his name
+    be not put out of Israel.
+
+
+    “And if the man like not to take his brother’s wife, then let his
+    brother’s wife go up to the gate unto the elders and say, ‘My
+    husband’s brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in
+    Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband’s brother.’
+
+
+    “Then the elders of his city shall call him and speak unto him:
+    and if he stand to it and say, ‘I like not to take her,’ then
+    shall his brother’s wife come unto him in the presence of the
+    elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his
+    face, and shall answer and say: ‘So shall it be done unto that man
+    that will not build up his brother’s house (LXX. οἶκος).’
+
+
+    “And his name shall be called in Israel, ‘The house (οἶκος) of him
+    that hath his shoe loosed.’ ”
+
+
+(M38) Such was the scorn felt for the man who refused to perform the
+duties of nearest kinsman. In the thirty-eighth chapter of Genesis is told
+the story of Tamar, the wife of Judah’s eldest son who died childless. The
+second son’s refusal to raise up seed to his brother because he knows that
+_his own name will not be perpetuated thereby, but his brother’s_, meets
+with summary punishment. “And the thing that he did was evil in the sight
+of the Lord, and He slew him also.”(72) Afterwards, when it was reported
+to her father-in-law that Tamar had a child by some one not of his family,
+he was exceedingly wroth, and said, “Bring her forth and let her be
+burnt.” Accordingly, after he had received his own “tokens” from her hand,
+his approval of her action, in her desire to perpetuate the name of her
+dead husband, is all the more striking, and shows how real such a claim as
+Tamar’s was in the practice of those days, extreme though her action was
+felt to be. And Judah acknowledged his tokens and said, “She hath been
+more righteous than I: because that I gave her not to Shelah my [youngest]
+son.”
+
+(M39) The statement of the customary procedure in Deuteronomy is very
+picturesquely illustrated and fulfilled in detail in the story of Ruth,
+who though only a daughter-in-law takes the position of heiress through a
+sort of adoption by her mother-in-law Naomi, on her refusal to go back to
+her own people. “Where thou goest, I will go: where thou lodgest, I will
+lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God, my God. Where thou
+diest will I die, and there will I be buried.” She accepts Naomi’s hearth
+her kin, her religion, and finally her tomb.
+
+Elimelech and his two sons dying in Moab, Naomi and both her
+daughters-in-law are left widows in a strange land. If Naomi had other
+sons, upon them would have devolved the duty of taking Orpah and Ruth to
+wife. But Naomi declares herself(73) too old to marry again and be the
+mother of sons, and implores her daughters-in-law to return to their own
+people in Moab, where she hopes they will start afresh with new husbands,
+a course which seems always to have been open to wives in tribal
+communities. Orpah does so, but Ruth elects to remain with Naomi, and
+returning with her to Bethlehem takes her chance among the kindred of
+Elimelech. Happening to arrive at Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley
+harvest, it so chances that Ruth goes forth to glean upon that part of the
+open field which belonged to Boaz—a rich man of the συγγενία of Elimelech,
+who, having heard of her devotion to Naomi and the house of his late
+kinsmen, protects her from possible insult from strangers and treats her
+richly. On her return home Naomi informs her that Boaz is of their next of
+kin (τῶν ἀγχιστευόντων)(74) whose place it was to redeem property sold or
+lost by a kinsman. This duty is thus set forth in Leviticus:—
+
+
+    (M40) Lev. xxv. 25. “And if thy brother be waxen poor and sell
+    some of his possession, then shall his kinsman (ἀγχιστεύων) that
+    is next to him come and shall redeem that which his brother hath
+    sold.”
+
+
+An instance of it in practice is given in Jeremiah.
+
+
+    Jerem. xxxii. 8. “So Hanameel mine uncle’s son came to me in the
+    court of the guard according to the word of the Lord and said unto
+    me, ‘Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth which is in
+    the land of Bethlehem: for the right of inheritance is thine, and
+    the redemption is thine: buy it for thyself.’ ”
+
+
+But on Ruth’s applying to Boaz, he informs her that though he is
+ἀγχιστεύς, _i.e._ within the reach of the claim on the next of kin, yet is
+there one ἀγχιστεύς who is nearer than he, and who must first be asked.
+
+
+    “Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there, and behold the
+    near kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by, unto whom he said, ‘Ho,
+    such an one! turn, aside, sit down here,’ and he turned aside and
+    sat down. And he took ten men of the elders of the city and said,
+    ‘Sit ye down here,’ and they sat down. And he said unto the near
+    kinsman, ‘Naomi that is come again out of the country of Moab
+    selleth the parcel of land which was our brother Ehmelech’s: and I
+    thought to disclose it to thee, saying, “Buy it before them that
+    sit here and before the elders of my people.” If thou wilt redeem
+    it, redeem it; but if thou wilt not redeem it, tell me that I may
+    know; for there is none to redeem it beside thee, and I am after
+    thee.’ And he said, ‘I will redeem it.’ Then said Boaz, ‘What day
+    thou buyest the field of the hand of Naomi thou must buy it also
+    of Ruth the Moabitess, _the wife of the dead, to raise up the name
+    of the dead upon his inheritance_.’ And the near kinsman said, ‘I
+    cannot redeem it for myself _lest I mar my own inheritance_; take
+    thou my right of redemption on thee; for I cannot redeem it.’ ”
+
+
+The rendering of the Vulgate of the kinsman’s reply is more easily
+understood:—“I yield up my right of near kinship: for neither ought I to
+blot out the continuance (_posteritas_) of my family: do thou use my
+privilege, which I declare that I freely renounce.”
+
+
+    “And he drew off his shoe. And Boaz said unto the elders and unto
+    all the people, ‘Ye are witnesses this day that I have bought all
+    that was Elimelech’s ... Chilion’s and Mahlon’s of the hand of
+    Naomi. Moreover Ruth, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to be
+    my wife to _raise up the name of the dead_ upon his inheritance,
+    that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his brethren
+    and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this day.’ And
+    all the people that were in the gate and the elders said, ‘We are
+    witnesses ... May thy house be like the house of Perez whom Tamar
+    bare unto Judah’ &c.”
+
+
+Now Boaz was sixth in descent from this Perez whose mother Tamar, as
+quoted above, had been in much the same position as Ruth.
+
+It is interesting to read further that the son born of this marriage of
+Ruth and Boaz is taken by the women of Bethlehem to Naomi, saying, “_There
+is a son born to Naomi_,” emphasising the duty of the heiress to bear a
+son, not into her husband’s family, but to that of her father.
+
+The story of Ruth is not, therefore, an exact example of the custom of
+levirate. But it illustrates incidentally the unity of the family. The
+sons of Elimelech died before the family division had taken place, and the
+house of Elimelech their father was thus in jeopardy of extinction. If
+Naomi had come within the proper operation of the levirate, the next of
+kin ought to have married _her_, but by her adoption of Ruth as her
+daughter, she gave Ruth the position of heiress or ἐπίκληρος, whilst the
+heir born to Ruth was called son, not of Ruth’s former or present husband,
+but of Elimelech and (by courtesy) of Naomi, Elimelech’s widow, through
+whom the issue ought otherwise to have been found.
+
+
+
+
+§ 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption:
+Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen.
+
+
+(M41) But if the heiress was already married and had sons, she need not be
+divorced and marry the next of kin, though that still lay in her power. It
+was considered sufficient if she set apart one of her sons to be heir to
+her father’s house. But she must do this absolutely: her son must entirely
+leave her husband’s house and be enfranchised into the house of her
+father. If she did not do this with all the necessary ceremonies, the
+house of her father would become extinct, which would be a lasting shame
+upon her.
+
+Isaeus(75) mentions a case where a wife inherits from her deceased brother
+a farm and persuades her husband to emancipate their second son in order
+that he may carry on the family of her brother and take the property.
+
+(M42) In another passage(76) the conduct of married sisters in not
+appointing one of their own sons to take his place as son in the house of
+their deceased brother, and in absorbing the property into that of their
+husbands, whereby the οἶκος of their brother became ἔρημος, is described
+as shameful (αἰσχρῶς).
+
+In Demosthenes(77) a man behaving in similar wise is stigmatised as
+ὑβριστής.
+
+(M43) Herein lay the reason that adoption became so favourite a means in
+classical times of securing an heir. It became almost a habit among the
+Athenians who had no sons, to adopt an heir—often even the next of kin who
+would naturally have succeeded to the inheritance.(78)
+
+The transfer of the adopted son from the οἶκος of his father to the οἶκος
+he was chosen to represent was so real that he lost all claim to
+inheritance in his original family, and henceforth based his relationship
+and rights of kinship from his new position as son of his adoptive father.
+This absolutely insured the childless man that his successor would not
+merge the inheritance in that of another οἶκος, and made it extremely
+unlikely that he would neglect his religious duties as they would be
+henceforth his own ancestral rites.
+
+Sometimes, it seems,(79) sons of an unfortunate father were adopted into
+another οἶκος so as not to share in the disgrace brought upon their
+family. In such a case presumably their father’s house would be allowed to
+become extinct.
+
+(M44) The inheritance of property being only an accessory to the
+heirship,(80) the ceremony of adoption consisted of an introduction to the
+kindred and to the ancestral altars, and an assumption of the
+responsibilities connected therewith.
+
+(M45) The process was the same as for the proclamation of the true blood
+of a son, and was exactly in accordance with tribal instincts.
+
+Whatever the history of the φρατρία at Athens, in it seems to have been
+accumulated a great number of the survivals of tribal sentiment.
+
+(M46) The adoption at Athens took place at the gathering of the phratores
+in order that all the kin might be present (παρόντων τῶν συγγενῶν).(81)
+The adopter must lead his son to the sacrifices on the altars(82) and must
+show him to the kinsmen (συγγενεῖς or γεννῆται) and phratores: he must
+give assurance on the sacrifices that the young man was born in lawful
+wedlock from free citizens. This done, and no one questioning his rights,
+the assembly proceeded to vote(83) and if the vote was in his favour, then
+and not till then he was enrolled in the common register (εἰς τὸ κοινὸν
+γραμματεῖον) of the phratria in the name of son of his adopted father. As
+a father could not without reason disinherit his true-born sons, so the
+phratores could not without reason refuse to accept them to the
+kinship.(84)
+
+If any of the phratores objected to the admission of the new kinsman, he
+must stop the sacrifices and remove the victim from the altar.(85) He
+would have to state the grounds of his objection, and if he could not
+produce good reasons, he incurred a fine. If there was no objection, the
+unsacrificial parts of the victim were divided up and each member took
+home with him his share,(86) or joined in a feast provided by the father
+of the admitted son.(87)
+
+(M47) The ceremonial given in the Gortyn laws is similar:—
+
+
+    x. 33. “The adoption shall take place in the agora when all the
+    citizens have assembled, from the stone from which speeches are
+    made. And the adopter shall give to his own brotherhood (ἑταιρεία)
+    a victim-for-sacrifice and a vessel of wine (πρόκοος).”
+
+
+The adopted son gets all the property and shall fulfil the divine and
+human duties of his adoptive father(88) and shall inherit as in the law
+for true-born sons. But if he does not fulfil them according to law, the
+next of kin shall take the property. He can only renounce his adoption by
+paying a fine.
+
+The adopted son thus introduced was considered to have become of the blood
+of his adoptive father, and was unable to leave his new family and return
+to his original home unless he left in the adoptive house a son to carry
+on the name to posterity. As long as he remained in the other οἶκος,
+_i.e._ had not provided for his succession and by certain legal ceremonies
+been readmitted to his former family, he was considered of no relationship
+to them and had no right of inheritance in their goods.(89)
+
+An adopted son could not adopt or devise by will, and if he did not
+provide for the succession by leaving a son to follow him, the property
+went back into the family and to the next of kin of his adopted
+father.(90)
+
+If he did return to his former οἶκος, leaving a son in his place and that
+son died, he could not return and take the property thus left without heir
+direct.(91)
+
+(M48) Adoption amongst the Hindoos took place in like manner before the
+convened kindred. The adopting father offered a burnt-offering, and with
+recitation of holy words in the middle of his dwelling completed the
+adoption with these words:—
+
+
+    “I take thee for the fulfilment of my religious duties; I take
+    thee to continue the line of my ancestors.”(92)
+
+
+The adopted son should be as near a relation as possible, and when once
+the ceremony had taken place, was considered to have as completely lost
+his position in his former family as if he had never been born
+therein.(93)
+
+(M49) The introduction into the deme which took place at the age of
+eighteen at Athens, including the enrolment in the ληξιαρχικόν
+γραμματεῖον, seems to have been a registration of rights of property and
+an assumption of the full status of citizen. The word ληξιαρχικός is
+defined by Harpocration as meaning “capable of managing the ancestral
+estate (τὰ πατρῷα οἰκονομεῖν).” The word λῆξις is used by Isaeus for the
+application, by others than direct descendants, to the Archon for the
+necessary powers to take their property.
+
+It appears to have been at this period that the young man left the ranks
+of boyhood and dedicated himself to the responsibilities of his life.
+
+(M50) Plutarch(94) states that it was the custom at coming of age to
+tonsure the head and offer the hair to some god, and describes the young
+Theseus as adopting what we know as the Celtic tonsure, thenceforth called
+after his name.
+
+
+    “The custom still being in existence at that time for those
+    quitting childhood to go to Delphi and dedicate(95) their hair to
+    the god, Theseus also went to Delphi (and the place is still
+    called after him the Theseia, so they say) and _shaved the hair of
+    his head in front only_ (ἐκείρατο τὰ πρόσθεν μόνον) Homer says the
+    Abantes do:(96) and this kind of tonsure (κουρά) is called
+    ‘Theseis’ because of him. Now the Abantes first shaved themselves
+    in this manner, not in imitation of the Arabs(97) as some have it,
+    nor even in emulation of the Mysians, but being a warlike people
+    and fighting hand to hand, ... as Archilochos testifies. For this
+    reason Alexander is said to have ordered his Macedonians to shave
+    their beards....”
+
+
+This cutting the hair as token of dedication to any particular object or
+deity was of common occurrence. Achilles’ hair was dedicated as an
+offering to the river Spercheios in case of his safe return.(98) Knowing
+that this is impossible, in his grief at the death of Patroklos, with
+apologies to the god he cuts his flowing locks and lays them in the hand
+of his dead friend.
+
+Pausanias declares that it was the custom with all the Greeks to dedicate
+their hair to rivers.(99)
+
+Theophrastus(100) mentions as a characteristic of the man of Petty
+Ambition that he will “take his son away to Delphi to have his hair cut
+(ἀποκεῖραι),” showing that this venerable custom had by that time become
+pedantic and an object of ridicule.
+
+According to Athenaeus,(101) when the young men cut their hair they
+brought a large cup of wine to Herakles and, pouring a libation, offered
+it to the assembled people to drink.
+
+The age at which the hair was cut seems to have varied. The _Ordinances of
+Manu_(102) give the following instructions:—
+
+
+    “The Keçanta (tonsure-rite) is ordered in the sixteenth year(103)
+    of a Brahman, in the twenty-second of a Ksatriya, and in two years
+    more after that for a Vaiçya.”
+
+
+But whenever the actual tonsure was performed, it seems to have been a
+very widely spread custom, symbolical in some way of devotion to a deity
+or kindred, or to some particular course of life.
+
+Its importance in this place, however, lies in its being one of the
+special acts relating to the admission to tribal status, and to the
+devotion, so to speak, of the services of the individual to the corporate
+needs of his tribe or kindred.
+
+The public introduction to the kindred, combined with publicity of
+marriage and of the birth of children would, it is obvious, be a very
+important protection for the preservation of the jealously guarded purity
+of the tribal blood. Isaeus(104) says that all relations (προσήκοντες),
+all the phratores, and most (οἱ πολλοί) of the demesmen would know whom a
+man married, and what children he had. This, in addition to the oath
+(πίστις) of the father or of the mother(105) of the legitimacy of the son
+introduced to his kin, would seem a very sufficient safeguard.(106)
+
+If a child was not introduced to the phratores, it was considered
+illegitimate,(107) and could have no share in the rites of kindred and
+property.(108)
+
+
+
+
+§ 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.
+
+
+(M51) A notable feature of the tribal system all over the world was the
+_blood-feud_, wiped out only by the death of the manslayer or by the
+payment of a sufficient recompense. The incidence of the responsibility
+for murder and for payment of the recompense upon a group instead of only
+on the guilty individual was of remarkable tenacity, and survived to
+comparatively late days.
+
+In Arabia the whole tribe of the murderer subscribed to the blood-money,
+which went to all the males in the tribe of the murdered man.(109)
+
+But in Greece the responsibility fell upon the next of kin, with the help
+and under the supervision of the rest of the immediate kindred. He had to
+see that a spear was carried in front of the funeral of the slain man and
+planted in his grave, which must be watched for three days.(110) He must
+make proclamation of the foul deed at the tomb, and must undergo
+purificatory rites, himself and his whole house (οἰκία). If the dead body
+be found in the country and no cause of death known, the demarch must
+compel the relatives to bury the corpse and to purify the deme on the same
+day.(111)
+
+The subject is a familiar one in Homer. The wanderer (μετανάστης) is said
+to have no value (he is ἀτίμητος), no fine is exacted for his death.
+
+
+    _Il._ xiv. 483. “That my brother’s price (κασιγνήτοιο ποινή) be
+    not unpaid: even for this it is that a man may well pray to have
+    some kinsman in his halls (γνωτὸν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν) to avenge
+    (ἀλκτήρ) his fall.”
+
+
+    _Il._ ix. 634. “Yet doth a man accept recompense of his brother’s
+    murderer: or for his dead son: and so the manslayer for a great
+    price abideth in his own land (ἐν δήμῳ) and the other’s heart is
+    appeased and his proud soul, when he hath taken the
+    recompense.”(112)
+
+
+(M52) There are many men told of in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ who were in
+the position of refugees at the court of some chief. As many of them were
+wealthy—chiefs’ sons or even chiefs—and well able to pay large
+recompenses, it seems probable that (as is definitely stated in some
+instances), if the murder was committed on a member of the same family or
+tribe as the murderer, the only way to wipe out the stain was by death or
+perpetual exile, as in the case of the typical fratricide Cain. The
+blood-price was then only between tribe and tribe or city and city. Within
+the kindred there would be no ransom allowed.(113)
+
+Medon had slain the brother of his step-mother and was a fugitive from his
+country.(114)
+
+Epeigeus _ruled_ (ἤνασσε) fairest Boudeion of old, but having slain a good
+man of his kin (ανεψιόν), to Peleus fled, a suppliant.(115)
+
+Tlepolemos slew his own father’s maternal uncle, gathered much folk
+together and fled across the sea, because the other sons and grandsons of
+his father threatened him.(116)
+
+
+    _Il._ xxiv. 479. “And as when a grievous curse cometh upon a man
+    who in his own country (ἐνὶ πάτρη) hath slain another and escapeth
+    to a land of other folk (δῆμον ἄλλων) to the house of some rich
+    man, and wonder possesseth them that look on him....”(117)
+
+
+    _Od._ xv. 272. “Having slain a man of my tribe (ἔμφυλον): and many
+    are his relations (κασίγνητοι) and kinsmen (ἔται) in Argos: at
+    their hands do I shun death and black fate and am in exile.”
+
+
+    _Od._ xxiii. 118. “For whoso hath slain but one man in his country
+    (ἐνὶ δήμῳ) for whom there be not many avengers (ἀοσσητῆρες)
+    behind, he fleeth leaving his kin (πηούς) and his fatherland, how
+    then we who have slain the pillar of the state!”
+
+
+(M53) If ransom there was none for the murderer within the tribe, there
+was equally none for murders between citizen and citizen,—in this point
+also the inheritors of the sentiments of tribesmen. In the law of
+Solon(118) it was forbidden to take payment in compensation from the
+murderer:—
+
+
+    “The murderer can be slain in our land, not tortured, not held to
+    ransom (μηδὲ ἀποινᾷν).”
+
+
+Plato(119) describes the soul of the deceased as troubled with a great
+anger against the murderer, so that even the innocent and unintentional
+homicide must needs flee at any rate for a year. The presence too of a man
+thus denied with bloodshed at the sacred altars was held to be a gross
+impiety and source of divine anger. Plato(120) says:—
+
+
+    “The murderer shall be slain, but not buried in the country (χώρα)
+    of the deceased, which would be a disgrace and impiety.”(121)
+
+
+In the case of a suicide, the hand that committed the crime was to be cut
+off and buried separately.
+
+In Isacus(122) it is related how Euthukrates in a quarrel over a
+boundary-stone was so flogged by his _brother_ Thoudippos that, dying some
+days after, he charged his friends (οἱκεῖοι) not to allow any of
+Thoudippos’ people (τῶν Θουδίππου) to approach his tomb. But if the
+murdered man before his death forgave his murderer, the relatives could
+not proceed against him.
+
+If the murderer escaped fleeing he must go forever: if he returned he
+could be killed at sight by any one and with impunity.(123) The pollution
+rested on the whole kindred of the murdered man.
+
+
+    “Whosoever _being related to the deceased_ on the male or female
+    side of those within the cousinship shall not prosecute the
+    murderer when he ought or proclaim him outlaw, he shall _take upon
+    himself __ the pollution_ and the hatred of the gods ... and he
+    shall be in the power of any who is willing to avenge the
+    dead.”(124)
+
+
+The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul has given life
+for life and has laid to sleep the wrath of the whole family
+(ξυγγένια).(125)
+
+If it is a beast that has killed the man, it shall be slain to propitiate
+the kin and atone for the blood shed.
+
+If it is a lifeless thing that has caused death, it shall solemnly be cast
+out before witnesses to acquit the whole family from guilt.(126)
+
+Amongst the Israelites, treating of homicides _amongst themselves_,
+compensation was forbidden in like manner.
+
+
+    Numbers xxxv. 31. “Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the
+    life of a murderer which is guilty of death: but he shall surely
+    be put to death.
+
+
+    “... The land cannot be cleansed of blood that is shed therein but
+    by the blood of him that shed it.”
+
+
+Let us complete this subject with the following story told by
+Herodotus:(127)—Adrastus, having slain his brother, flees to the court of
+Croesus. There he becomes as a son to Croesus and a brother to Atys,
+Croesus’ son. This Atys Adrastus has the terrible misfortune to slay,
+thereby incurring a three-fold pollution. He has brought down upon himself
+the triple wrath of Zeus Katharsios, Ephestios, and Hetaireios: he has
+violated his own innocence, his protector’s hearth, and the comradeship of
+his friend.
+
+In despair he commits suicide.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III. THE EXTENT OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP.
+
+
+    Arctior vero colligatio est societatis propinquorum: ab illa enim
+    immensa societate humani generis in exiguam angustumque
+    concluditur.
+
+
+    _Cicero_.
+
+
+
+
+§ 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The Ἀγχιστεία.
+
+
+(M54) Such being the character of the burden of mutual responsibility
+borne by members of kindred blood, it remains, if possible, to obtain some
+idea of how this responsibility became narrowed and limited to the nearest
+relations, and what was the meaning underlying the distinction drawn
+between certain degrees of relationship.
+
+When examining the more detailed structure of the organisation of the
+kindred, considerable light seems to be thrown upon survivals in Athens by
+comparison with the customs of other communities, which were undergoing
+earlier stages of the same process of crystallisation from the condition
+of semi-nomadic tribes into that of settled provinces or kingdoms.
+
+(M55) In the Gortyn Laws we read:—
+
+
+    iv. 24. “The father shall have power over the children and the
+    property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the
+    parents) are alive, _there is no necessity for division_.... If a
+    man or woman die their children, or grandchildren, or
+    great-grandchildren, shall have the property....”
+
+
+The headship of the οἶκος and the ownership of the property vested in the
+parent as long as he lived and wished to maintain his power. Even after
+his death, unless they wished it, the sons need not divide up amongst
+themselves, but could live on with joint ownership in the one οἶκος of
+their deceased father. The eldest son would probably take the house
+itself, _i.e._ the hearth, with the duties to the family altars which
+devolved upon him as head of the family.(128)
+
+An example of this joint ownership occurs in the speech of Demosthenes
+against Leochares.(129) The two sons of Euthumachos after his death gave
+their sister in marriage (no doubt with her proper portion), and lived
+separately but _without dividing_ their inheritance (τὴν οὐσίαν ἀνέμητον).
+Even after the marriage of one brother, they still left the property
+undivided, each living on his share of the income, one in Athens, the
+other in Salamis.
+
+The possibility of thus living in one οἶκος and on an undivided patrimony
+is implied in another passage in Demosthenes, where, however, the exact
+opposite is described as actually having taken place.(130)
+
+Bouselos had five sons. He divided (διένειμεν τὴν οὐσίαν) his substance
+amongst them all as was fair and right, and they married wives and begat
+children and children’s children. Thus _five_ οἶκοι sprang up out of the
+one of Bouselos, and _each brother dwelt apart_, having his own οἶκος and
+bringing up his own offspring (ἔκγονοι) himself (χωρὶς ἕκαστος ᾤκει).
+
+Whilst the parents were alive the family naturally held very closely
+together, and often probably lived in one patriarchal household like
+Priam’s at Troy.
+
+Isaeus declares:—The law commands that we maintain (τρέφειν) our parents
+(γονεῖς): these are—parents, grandparents and _their parents_, if they are
+still alive:
+
+
+    “For they are the beginning (ἀρχή) of the family (γένος) and their
+    estate descends to their offspring (ἔκγονοι): wherefore it is
+    necessary to maintain them even if they leave nothing.”(131)
+
+
+The duty of maintenance (τρέφειν) owed to the ancestor would follow the
+same relationship as the right of inheritance from him, and this common
+debt towards their living forebears could not help further consolidating
+the group of descendants already bound together by common rites at the
+tombs of the dead.
+
+But granted this community of rights and debts, is it possible to
+formulate for the Greeks anything of the same limitations in the incidence
+of responsibility amongst blood-relations that is to be found elsewhere?
+
+(M56) In western Europe, owing perhaps to the influence of Christianity,
+the rites of ancestor-worship have no prominence. Ecclesiastical influence
+however was unable to prevent an exceedingly complex subdivision of the
+kindred existing in Wales and elsewhere. Whether this subdivision finds
+its _raison d’être_ in the worship of ancestors or not, the groups thus
+formed serve as units for sustaining the responsibilities incident to
+tribal life, and being, as will be seen, governed by similar
+considerations to those existing among the Greeks, they afford very
+suitable material for comparison, and throw considerable light upon one
+another.
+
+(M57) As the various departments affected by blood-relationship or purity
+of descent come under notice, it will be seen that the position of
+_great-grandson_ as at once limiting the immediate family of his parents
+and heading a new family of descendants is marked with peculiar emphasis.
+
+(M58) In the ancient laws of Wales it rests with great-grandsons to make
+the final division of their inheritance and start new households.
+
+Second cousins may demand redivision of the heritage descending (and
+perhaps already divided up in each generation between) from their
+great-grandfather. After second cousins no redivision or co-equation can
+be claimed.(132)
+
+In the meanwhile the oldest living parents maintained their influence in
+family matters. In the story of Kilhwch and Olwen, in the _Mabinogion_,
+the father of Olwen, before betrothing her to Kilhwch, declares that “her
+four great-grandmothers and her four great-grandsires are yet alive; it is
+needful that I take counsel of them.”(133)
+
+(M59) Even when feudalism refused to acknowledge other than an individual
+responsibility for a fief, it was unable to overcome the tribal theory of
+the indivisibility of the family, which maintained its unity in some
+places even under a feudal exterior. But as generations proceeded, and the
+relationships within the family diverged beyond the degree of second
+cousin, a natural breaking up seems to have taken place, though in the
+direction of subinfeudation under the feudal enforcement of the rule of
+primogeniture, instead of the practice, more in accordance with tribal
+instincts, of equal division and enfranchisement. It may however be
+surmised that the subdivision and subinfeudation of a holding in the
+occupation of such a group of kinsmen would be carried out by the
+formation of further similar groups.
+
+(M60) In the _Coustumes du Pais de Normandie_ mention is made of such a
+method of land-holding, called _parage_. It consists of an undivided
+tenure of brothers and relations _within the degree of second cousins_.
+
+The eldest does homage to the capital lord for all the _paragers_. The
+younger and their descendants hold of the eldest without homage, until the
+relationship comes to the _sixth degree inclusive_ (_i.e._ second
+cousins). When the lineage is beyond the sixth degree, the heirs of the
+cadets have to do homage to the heirs of the eldest or to whomsoever has
+acquired the fief. Then _parage_ ceases.(134)
+
+The tenure then becomes one of subinfeudation. As long as the _parage_
+continued, the share of a deceased _parager_ would be dealt with by
+redivision of rights, and no question would arise of finding heirs. But
+when it became a question of finding an heir to the group, failing heirs
+in the seventh degree inclusive, that is, son of second cousins—looked
+upon as son to the group—failing such an heir, the estate escheated to the
+lord.
+
+(M61) There is an interesting passage in the Ancient Laws of Wales
+ordaining that the next-of-kin shall not inherit as heir to his deceased
+kinsman, but as heir to the ancestor, who, apart from himself, would be
+without direct heir, _i.e._ presumably their common ancestor.
+
+
+    “No person is to obtain the land of a _co-heir_, as of a brother,
+    or of a cousin, or of a second cousin, by claiming it as heir to
+    that one co-heir who shall have died without leaving an heir of
+    his body: but by claiming it as heir _to one of his own parents_,
+    who had been owner of that land until his death without heir,
+    whether a father, or grandfather, or great-grandfather: that land
+    he is to have, if he be the nearest of kin to the deceased.”(135)
+
+
+This of course refers to inheritance within the group of co-heirs, the
+members of which held their position by virtue of their common
+relationship within certain degrees to the founder. And we may infer that
+emphasis was thus laid on the proof of relationship by _direct descent_,
+in order to prevent shares in the inheritance passing from hand to hand
+unnoticed, beyond the strict limit where subdivision could be claimed _per
+capita_ by the individual representatives of the diverging _stirpes_.
+
+(M62) The kindred in the _Ordinances of Manu_ is divided into two groups:—
+
+1. Sapindas, who owe the _funeral cake_ at the tomb.
+
+2. Samānodakas, who pour the _water libation_ at the tomb.
+
+
+    “To _three ancestors_ the water libation must be made; for _three
+    ancestors_ the funeral cake is prepared; the fourth (descendant or
+    generation) is the giver (of the water and the cake); the _fifth
+    has properly nothing to do_ (with either gift).”(136)
+
+
+This may be put in tabular form:—
+
+Receivers of water.
+
+1. Great-grandfather’s great-grandfather.
+2. Great-grandfather’s grandfather.
+3. Great-grandfather’s father.
+
+Receivers of cake.
+
+1. Great-grandfather.
+2. Grandfather.
+3. Father.
+4. Giver of cake and water
+5. Excluded
+
+Or inversely:—
+
+Givers of cake or _Sapindas_.
+
+Householder
+Brothers
+1st cousins
+2nd cousins
+
+Pourers of water or _Samānodakas_.
+
+3rd cousins
+4th cousins
+5th cousins
+
+Within the _Sapinda_-ship of his mother, a “twice-born” man may not
+marry.(137) Outside the _Sapinda_-ship, a wife or widow, “commissioned” to
+bear children to the name of her husband, must not go.
+
+
+    “Now _Sapinda_-ship ceases with the seventh person, but the
+    relationship of a Samānodaka (ends) with the ignorance of birth
+    and name.”(138)
+
+
+All are Sapindas who offer the cake to the same ancestors.
+
+(M63) The head of the family would himself offer or share with all his
+descendants in the offering of the one cake to his great-grandfather, his
+grandfather, and his father. And if this passage is taken in conjunction
+with the one quoted just above, the number sharing in the cake-offering,
+limited as in the text at the seventh person from the first ancestor who
+receives the cake, is just sufficient to include the great-grandson of the
+head of the family, supposed to be making the offering.
+
+The group, thus sharing the same cake-offering, would in the natural
+course be moving continually downwards, generation by generation as the
+head of the family died, thereby causing the great-grandfather to pass
+from the receivers of the cake-offering to the receivers of the water
+libation, and admitting the great-grandson’s son into the number of
+Sapindas who shared the cake-offering. And at no time would more than four
+generations have a share in the same cake offered to the three nearest
+ancestors of the head of the family.
+
+(M64) The Samānodakas, or pourers of the water libation appear to have
+been similarly grouped.
+
+“Ignorance of birth and name” was in Wales considered to be equivalent to
+_beyond fifth cousins_. According to the Gwentian Code, “there is no
+proper name in kin further than that”—_i.e._ fifth cousins.(139) And this
+tallies exactly with the previous quotation from Manu limiting the water
+libation to three generations of ancestors beyond those to whom the cake
+is due, which, as has been seen, includes fifth cousins.
+
+And it must be borne in mind that fifth cousins are great-grandsons of the
+great-grandsons of their common ancestor, or two generations of groups of
+second cousins.
+
+(M65) It was extremely improbable that a man would see further than his
+great-grandchildren born to him before his death. And it might also
+occasionally occur in times of war or invasion that a man’s sons and
+grandsons might go out to serve as soldiers, leaving the old man and his
+young great-grandchildren at home.
+
+If the fighting members of the family were killed, the great-grandsons
+(who would be second cousins or nearer to each other) would have to
+inherit directly from their great-grandfather: and thus, especially in
+cases where the property was held undivided after the father’s death, we
+can easily see that second cousins (_i.e._ all who traced back to the
+common great-grandfather) might be looked upon as forming a natural limit
+to the immediate descendants in any one οἶκος, and as the furthest removed
+who could claim shares of the ancestral inheritance.
+
+After the death of the great-grandfather or head of the house, his
+descendants would probably wish to divide up the estate and start new
+houses of their own. The eldest son was generally named after his father’s
+father,(140) and would carry on the name of the eldest branch of his
+great-grandfather’s house, and would be responsible for the proper
+maintenance of the rites on that ancestor’s tomb. He would also be
+guardian of any brotherless woman or minor amongst his cousins, each of
+whom would be equally responsible to him and to each other for all the
+duties and privileges entailed upon blood-relationship.
+
+Thus seems naturally to spring up an inner group of blood-relations
+closely drawn together by ties which only indirectly reached other and
+outside members of the γένος.
+
+(M66) In the fourth century B.C. this compact group limited to second
+cousins still survived at Athens, responsible to each other for
+succession, by inheritance or by marriage of a daughter; for vengeance and
+purification after injury received by any member, and for all duties
+shared by kindred blood.
+
+This close relation was called ἀγχιστεία, and all its members were called
+ἀγχιστεῖς _i.e._ any one upon whom the claim upon the next-of-kin might at
+any time fall.
+
+The speech of Demosthenes against Makartatos affords considerable
+information as to the constitution of the family-group or οἶκος. The five
+sons of Bouselos,(141) we are told, on his death divided his substance
+amongst them, and each started a new οἶκος and begat children and
+children’s children.(142) The action, which was the occasion of the
+speech, lay between the great-grandsons of two of these five founders of
+οἶκοι, Stratios and Hagnias, and had reference to the disposal of the
+estate of the grandson of the latter, which had come into the hands of the
+great-grandson of Stratios.
+
+One might have supposed that the descendants of Bouselos, with their
+common burial ground(143) and so forth, would have ranked as all in the
+same οἶκος under their title of Bouselidai. But it is clear from this
+speech of Demosthenes, that too many generations had already passed to
+admit of Bouselos being considered as still head of an unbroken οἶκος, and
+that his _great_-great-grandsons were subdivided into separate οἶκοι under
+the names of their respective great-grandfathers, Stratios, Hagnias, &c.
+(οἵ εἰσιν ἐκ τοῦ Στρατίου οἴκου, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ Ἁγνίου οὐδεπώποτ᾽
+ἐγένοντο).(144)
+
+
+
+
+§ 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of
+Descent.
+
+
+(M67) The Gortyn law quoted above in the previous section goes on:—
+
+
+    v. “If (a man or woman die and) they have no children, the
+    deceased’s brothers and brother’s children or _grandchildren_
+    shall have the property. If there are none of these, the
+    deceased’s sisters, their children or _grandchildren_. If there
+    are none of these, to whom it descends of whatever grade they be,
+    they shall inherit the property.”
+
+
+This clause takes the evidence one step further, and it is noticeable how
+the right of inheritance is determined by the great-grandchild of the
+common ancestor. In the direct line, a man’s descendants down to his
+great-grandchildren inherited his estate. In dealing with inheritance
+through a brother of the deceased the heirship terminates with the
+_grandchild_ of the brother, who would be great-grandchild of the nearest
+common ancestor with the previous owner of the estate. If there is no
+brother, the child of the cousin limits the next branch, as will be seen.
+
+(M68) Isaeus(145) describes the working of the then-existing (c. 350 B.C.)
+law of inheritance at Athens as follows:—
+
+The law gives “brothers’ property” (i.e. property without lineal
+succession) to
+
+
+    1. _Brothers_ by the same father, or brother’s children, for these
+    are related to the deceased in the nearest degree;
+
+
+    2. _Sisters_ by the same father, or sister’s children;
+
+
+    3. _First cousins_ by the father’s side as far as _cousin’s
+    children_ (δίδωσι τὴν ἀγχιστείαν ἀνεψιοῖς πρὸς πατρὸς μέχρι
+    _ἀνεψιῶν παίδων_).
+
+
+    Failing these, recourse is had back again into the family (εἰς τὸ
+    γένος πάλιν ἐπανέρχεται) and the law makes those related through
+    the _mother_ of the deceased, masters (κύριοι) of the family (and
+    inheritance) in the same order as on the father’s side from the
+    beginning.
+
+
+That is to say, failing first cousins once removed, the inheritance goes
+back and begins again at the mother of the deceased, who however, being a
+woman, can only inherit on behalf of her issue, present or
+prospective.(146) If she has married again and has a son (half-brother to
+her deceased son) he would inherit. Failing her issue, her brother and so
+on to first cousin’s children of the deceased, through his mother, would
+have the inheritance.
+
+Failing these, the nearest kinsman to be found on the father’s side, of
+whatsoever degree, is to inherit.
+
+(M69) The law as stated by Demosthenes(147) coincides with this:—
+
+
+    “If there are no sons, brothers by the same father (shall
+    inherit): and their true born children, if there are any, shall
+    have the share of their father: if there are no brothers or
+    brother’s children the issue of the latter in the same way shall
+    partake: males and children of males shall have preference (over
+    females) if they are born of the same (parents), even if they are
+    further off by birth (γένει) [_i.e._ are a generation lower down].
+    If there are none on the father’s side as far as _cousin’s
+    children_ (μέχρι ἀνεψιῶν παίδων), the relations on the mother’s
+    side in the same way shall have possession (κυρίους εἶναι). But if
+    there are none on either side _within these degrees_, the nearest
+    of kin on the father’s side shall have possession.”
+
+
+Whenever this law is quoted the limit of relationship laid down therein
+for the immediate ἀγχιστεία is always that of ἀνεψιῶν παῖδες, or sons of
+first cousins, who inherit from their first cousins once removed (_oncle à
+la Brétagne_, or Welsh uncle as this relation has been called).
+Occasionally the patronymic form ἀνεψιαδοῖ is used, apparently with the
+same signification, though properly ἀνεψιαδοῖ would mean sons of two first
+cousins, _i.e._ second cousins.(148)
+
+(M70) It appears from the evidence reviewed hitherto, that any
+great-grandson could inherit from any grandson of a common ancestor, and
+the conclusion also seems to be justified, that the group of
+great-grandsons were considered to divide up their right to inherit once
+for all, and that having done so, with respect to that inheritance they
+were considered to have begun a new succession. To put it differently, in
+case of the death of one of these second cousins, after the final division
+of their inheritance had taken place, the rest of the second cousins would
+have no right to a share in his portion; an heir would have to be found
+within his nearer relations. Thus, they share responsibilities towards any
+of their relations within the group and higher up in their families, and
+also stand shoulder to shoulder in sharing such burdens as pollution and
+so on, but are outside the immediate ἀγχιστεία with respect to each
+other’s succession. The reason for this will perhaps be more apparent as
+the argument proceeds.
+
+That the grandson of a first cousin was outside the ἀγχιστεία is clear
+from the speech of Demosthenes already mentioned,(149) where the
+plaintiff, who originally stands in that relationship to the deceased
+whose inheritance is in dispute, is adopted as son of his grandfather
+(first cousin of the deceased), in order to come within the legal
+definition of ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς.
+
+That the son of a second cousin was also without the pale is directly
+stated in several passages in Isaeus.
+
+(M71) It must be remembered that by “inheritance” is meant the assumption
+of all the duties incumbent on the ἀγχιστεύς, and that the man who
+“inherited” took his place for the future as son of the deceased in the
+family pedigree, and reckoned his relationship to the rest of the γένος
+thenceforth from his new position, in the house into which he had
+come.(150)
+
+(M72) Now if it is true that to the great-grandson was the lowest in
+degree to which property could directly descend without entering a new
+οἶκος, and if that great-grandson was also looked upon as beginning with
+his acquired property a new portion of the continuous line of descent; any
+one, who “inherited” from him and ranked in the scale of relationship as
+HIS SON, would necessarily fall outside the former group and would be
+considered as forming the nearest relative in the next succeeding group.
+This, it seems, is the meaning of the language of the law which limits the
+ἀγχιστεία to the children of first cousins who could inherit from their
+parent’s first cousins, and still _retain their relationship as
+great-grandsons_ of the same ancestor. Whereas any one taking the place of
+son to his second cousin would be one degree lower down in descent, and
+pass outside the limit of the four generations. The law makes the kinsmen
+therefore exhaust all possible relationships _within the group_ by
+reverting to the mother’s kindred with the same limitation before allowing
+the inheritance to pass outside or lower down.
+
+(M73) In confirmation of this view the following passage may be quoted
+from _Plato’s Laws_:—
+
+
+    “He who in the sad disorder of his soul has a mind, justly or
+    unjustly, to expel from his family a son whom he has begotten and
+    brought up, shall not lightly or at once execute his purpose; but
+    first of all he shall collect together his own kinsmen, extending
+    to (_first_) _cousins_ (μέχρι ἀνεψιῶν), and in like manner his
+    son’s kinsmen by the mother’s side,(151) and in their presence he
+    shall accuse his son, setting forth that he deserves at the hands
+    of them all to be dismissed from the family (γένος).”(152)
+
+
+Before dishonouring one of the family and so bereaving it of a member
+owing duties which, by his disinheritance, may fall into abeyance or be
+neglected, the parent calls together all to whom his son might perhaps
+ultimately become the only living representative and heir, and who might
+at some future time be dependent on him for the performance of ancestral
+rites. That this was in Plato’s mind when he wrote is shown by the next
+sentence, in which he provides for the possibility of some relation
+already having need of the young man and being desirous to adopt him as
+his son, in which case he shall by no means be prevented. The concurrence
+of all relations in such a position was therefore necessary.
+
+In other cases where Plato mentions similar gatherings of the kin but for
+different purposes, he extends the summons to _cousin’s children_. But
+here it can be seen they would have no place. They would be second cousins
+to the disgraced youth; they might have to share privilege or pollution
+with him, but had no claim on him for duties towards themselves. He would
+be “cousin’s son” to his father’s first cousins—the limit of such a claim
+in the ἀγχιστεία.
+
+(M74) In the speech of Isaeus concerning the estate of Hagnias, a real
+second cousin is in possession of the estate. He won the case at the time
+and died in possession, and an action against his son Makartatos for the
+same property is the occasion of one of the speeches of Demosthenes. To
+fully understand the relationships referred to in these cases, the
+accompanying genealogical tree of the descendants of Bouselos may be of
+assistance. It will also serve as an example of how a kindred hung
+together, and how by intermarriage and adoption the name of the head of an
+οἶκος was carried on down a long line of male descendants.
+
+[Illustration: Family tree of Bouselos.]
+
+Theopompos, in the speech of Isaeus, had taken possession of the estate of
+his second cousin Hagnias, as his next of kin and heir. Throughout the
+speech he is styled ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς so as to bring him within the phraseology
+of the law, and he successfully defends himself from the claims of the
+next generation below—viz., his brother’s son. But in the speech of
+Demosthenes against his son Makartatos, who had taken possession at his
+father’s death of the disputed property, it is represented that his father
+had got possession only by defeating another claimant, Phylomache II., by
+“surprise,” as it was called, by stating that her grandmother through whom
+she traced her claim was only half-sister to Hagnias’ father. But
+Phylomache’s husband, having caused their son Euboulides III. to be
+adopted as the son of Euboulides II.—his wife’s father and Hagnias’ first
+cousin, a quite regular course for the grandson inheriting through his
+heiress mother—proved that his wife’s grandmother was whole sister to
+Hagnias father, and brought the action under the guidance of Demosthenes
+against Makartatos. This Euboulides III. sued as true ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς and
+οἰκεῖος ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου of Hagnias.(153) He is described as having “one of
+the titles mentioned in the law _as far as which_ the law bids the
+ἀγχιστεία go, for he is _cousin’s son_ to Hagnias.”
+
+On the other hand, Theopompos, father of Makartatos and second cousin of
+Hagnias, is mentioned(154) as “being of a different οἶκος altogether,” and
+not at all related in such a way as to be heir of Hagnias (μηδὲν
+προσηκόντων ὤστε κληρονομεῖν τῶν Ἁγνίου, ἀλλὰ γένει _ἀπωτέρω_ ὄντων),
+being too far off in the family (or by birth).
+
+That the title of Theopompos (viz., second cousinship) was not valid, may
+be inferred partly by the ruses he adopted to get possession, but more
+especially by the fact(155) that none of the other second cousins on a par
+with him, and with whom he ought to have shared, seem to have believed in
+the validity of their titles, or at any rate taken the trouble to sue for
+part of the estate.
+
+However this may be, there does not seem anything in these speeches other
+than confirmatory of the view stated above of the composition and
+limitation of the ἀγχιστεία.
+
+
+
+
+§ 3. Division Amongst Heirs.
+
+
+(M75) Succession to the inheritance of an estate was ordained by law in
+strict accordance with the ancient conception of the unity of the family.
+On the death of the head of a family, unless the paternal οἶκος was
+voluntarily continued unbroken by his descendants, the natural course was
+for each son ultimately to live apart and found a separate οἶκος
+consisting of himself and his offspring. Equal division amongst heirs was
+therefore the rule in Greece; equal division, that is to say, between all
+of equal grade.
+
+(M76) The Gortyn Laws have already been referred to as enforcing the
+principle.(156) If a man died, his heirs were either his sons, or his
+grandsons, or his greatgrandsons. If he had no children, his brothers, and
+their children, or their grandchildren succeeded.
+
+The Athenian law was conceived in the same spirit, but mentions a further
+point—viz., that in the division amongst sons, the οἶκος of any one of
+their number who had died before the division, could be represented by his
+sons or grandsons, who thus received their father’s share.
+
+This system of representation probably existed also among the Gortynians,
+though no mention of it is made in their laws, for it is inconceivable
+that any of the grandsons could be deprived of all share in their
+grandfather’s estate by the mere death of the intermediate generation.
+
+But the division _per stirpes_ was not maintained throughout. It is
+probable from the words of the Attic orators that equal division amongst
+all of the same grade, such as nephews or cousins, took place _per
+capita_, any deceased member of that grade being represented by his sons.
+Representation, of course, could not take place in the case of a division
+amongst cousins’ sons, owing to the strict limitation of the ἀγχιστεία to
+four generations from the common ancestor; any deceased relation in that
+degree therefore simply dropped out of the succession.
+
+(M77) It has generally been assumed that grandsons inheriting directly
+from their grandfather, all the intermediate generation being already
+dead, inherited none the less the shares of their respective fathers _per
+stirpes_. But if the foregoing account of the unity of the οἶκος and its
+resemblance in its composition to the household of the Welsh tribal system
+be correct, it seems more reasonable to suppose that, all the intermediate
+generation being dead, the grandsons, in virtue of being all equally
+related to their grandfather, would inherit in equal shares _per capita_.
+Any dead grandson would of course be represented, as before, by his son or
+sons.
+
+(M78) The evidence is not sufficient to justify more than a suggestion on
+either side with regard to divisions amongst lineal descendants. With
+regard to successions by relations outside of the direct line of descent,
+such as nephews or cousins, it is almost certain that all of the same
+degree took equal shares _per capita_.
+
+Following the law for daughters, quoted by Demosthenes(157)—viz., that
+though all shared the inheritance of the property, only one need be dealt
+with in view of securing the succession—the assumption can be made that,
+when there were several heirs related in the same degree to the former
+owner of the estate, one of their number would be set apart to continue
+the household of their kinsman as his son, whilst the others merely took
+their shares of the property divided to continue their own οἶκοι
+respectively.
+
+The equal division of inheritance amongst kinsmen of equal degree _per
+capita_, in combination with the system of representation above described,
+is entirely consistent with the tribal conception of the household as
+hanging closely together, its members always looking up to their venerable
+head, in whom the ownership of the property vested, until by the death of
+older generations and the consequent subdivision, each in his turn became
+head of an οἶκος and owner of its share in the ancestral property.
+
+
+
+
+§ 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.
+
+
+(M79) It has been remarked above with what jealousy the purity of the
+blood of the community was guarded. No child was admitted into the kindred
+of its father until all concerned were fully convinced of the
+blamelessness of its pedigree. In such circumstances it was no easy matter
+to acquire the privileges attached to the possession of tribal or citizen
+blood. It seems to have been considered that however great otherwise the
+claims of a stranger might be, time alone could really render the
+qualifications of his family complete.
+
+(M80) Under the ancient Laws of Wales no stranger’s family could acquire
+the full privileges of a Welsh tribesman or Cymro, as regards location on
+land, until after many generations. But if they married Welshwomen, and
+held land from generation to generation, the _greatgrandsons_ became fully
+privileged tribesmen.(158) Similarly if a stranger voluntarily assumed the
+position of serf to a Welshman, and his descendants did not choose to
+depart, but remained in that position to the descendants of the Welshman,
+the _greatgrandsons_ of the Welshman became proprietors of the
+greatgrandsons of the stranger.(159)
+
+(M81) But for the stranger who merely resided in Wales and did not marry
+into any Welsh tribe the period of probation was _three times as
+long_—viz., the greatgrandson of the greatgrandson of his greatgrandson
+was the first to attain to full tribal privilege—
+
+
+    “Strangers and their progeny are adjudged to be aillts; also a
+    reputed son who shall be denied and his progeny, and evildoers of
+    federate country and their progeny, _unto the end of the ninth
+    descent_.”(160)
+
+
+_i.e._, the tenth man would no longer be reckoned an _aillt_ but a free
+Cymro.
+
+The issue of a stranger obtains the privilege of a tribesman _in the
+fourth person_ by legitimate marriages.(161) But the aillt or stranger,
+who dwells in Cymru, does not attain until the _end of the ninth descent_.
+
+So too inversely:—
+
+The title to inherit by kin and descent in the tribal land and rights of
+his ancestors does not become extinct _till the ninth man_. The ninth man
+in descent from a banished tribesman coming home and finding his title as
+representative of his family seemingly extinguished, is to raise an outcry
+that from a proprietor he is becoming a nonproprietor, and the law will
+shelter him and adjudge him an equal share with the occupants he finds on
+the land. This is called the “outcry across the abyss.” The tenth man’s
+outcry cannot be heard. “Others say” that the ninth man is too late to
+raise the cry.(162)
+
+This is exactly parallel to the case of the stranger resident in Cymru.
+For _nine_ generations he is a stranger, and in _the tenth_ a Cymro. Here
+for _nine_ generations is the Cymro abroad a tribesman, and in _the tenth_
+he is a stranger.
+
+(M82) From a passage in Deuteronomy it would appear that the
+qualifications for admission as a full tribesman amongst the Israelites
+were identical with those just mentioned.
+
+The Israelites had purified themselves of the ancestor worship, that so
+long survived in Greece, and had, if one may say so, amalgamated all their
+minor deities and tribal superstitions in their one great monotheistic
+religion. Even then their tribal minds could not carry back their theology
+behind the known history of their own ancestors. Their God was the God of
+Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and was in their conception the greatest of
+Gods—_i.e._, greater than the Gods of other peoples, the existence of
+which their own beliefs did not preclude. Thus where in Attic writers we
+have mention of the religious rites of the family (which a stranger or
+polluted man might not approach), and of the partaking therein as proof of
+the whole admission and pure blood of those present, so in Deuteronomy the
+expression “the Congregation of the Lord,” is used to denote that sacred
+precinct, forbidden to all save pure tribesmen of Israel.
+
+It may be inferred from the following passage that if a stranger resided
+in Israel, and his family continued to do so for nine generations, the
+tenth generation would in any ordinary case be admitted to the
+Congregation of the Lord as full Israelites.
+
+
+    Deut. xxiii. 2 and 3. “A bastard, or an Ammonite, or Moabite shall
+    not enter into the congregation of the Lord _even to their tenth
+    generation_, for ever.”
+
+
+(M83) In special cases (exactly as was the rule in Wales)—such as the
+Edomite who was partly akin already, and the Egyptian who was united to
+the Israelites by the mysterious bonds of hospitality—a shorter sojourn in
+the land was held to qualify for full tribal privilege.
+
+
+    Deut. xxiii. 7 and 8. “Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite, for he is
+    thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, because thou wast a
+    stranger in his land. The _children_ that are begotten of them
+    shall enter into the congregation of the Lord _in their third
+    generation_.”
+
+
+The third generation of _children_ would be the _greatgrandchildren_ of
+the original settler, and this is just one third of the length of time
+implied as required from the ordinary stranger, who only attained the
+tribal privilege in the third succession of greatgrandchildren.
+
+It is worth notice in this connection that the land of Canaan was divided
+up in the names of the _greatgrandchildren_ of Abraham, to whom the
+promise was made; Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph, taking their
+place amongst the others by adoption as sons by their grandfather Jacob,
+on an equality with his other sons.(163)
+
+(M84) These rules are not to be found with the same distinctness surviving
+at Athens, but there is a good deal of evidence showing how jealously the
+introduction of strangers to citizenship—which retained much that made it
+the later equivalent of the tribal bond—was regarded.
+
+Strangers made citizens (formally, ceremoniously, and by public vote) by
+the Athenian people cannot hold office as archon or partake of a holy
+office (ἱεροσύνη); but their _children can_, if they are born from a
+citizen wife duly and lawfully betrothed.(164) That is to say, that the
+Athenians considered it necessary that there should be actually citizen
+blood in the veins of all who held office amongst them.(165)
+
+(M85) The abhorrence in which the introduction of alien blood was held is
+illustrated by the Athenian law concerning marriage with aliens, quoted by
+Demosthenes in his speech against Neaera.
+
+
+    _Law_: “If an alien shall live as husband with an Athenian woman
+    by any device or contrivance whatever, it shall be lawful for any
+    of the Athenians who are possessed of such right, to indict him
+    before the judges. And if he is convicted, he shall be sold for a
+    slave and his property confiscated, and the third part shall
+    belong to the person who has convicted him. And the like
+    proceedings shall be taken if an alien woman live as wife with an
+    Athenian citizen, and the citizen who lives as husband with an
+    alien woman so convicted shall incur the penalty of 1,000
+    drachmæ.”
+
+
+(M86) Citizenship was considered the highest of privileges, and was
+conferred only on persons worthy of great honour. Any citizen could bring
+an action against the newly-admitted stranger to test his real merits, and
+even after formal acceptance by the people of Athens, if he failed to
+justify his claims at such a trial, his new honours were stripped from him
+and he remained an alien. This being so, it cannot be expected in the
+comparison that he should rank with the ordinary resident in Cymru in the
+Welsh Laws, but rather as the chieftain whom the people wished to honour
+by admission to their tribe.
+
+It is stated in the Welsh Laws that the _son_ of a stranger chief, to whom
+honour was to be given, entered the whole privilege of the tribe.
+
+(M87) According to Aristotle,(166) candidates for archonship at Athens
+were asked their father’s name and his deme, their grandfather’s name and
+his deme, their mother’s and her father’s name and his deme;(167) whether
+the candidate had an Apollo Patroïos and Zeus Herkeios, and where these
+shrines were: also if he treated his parents well and paid his taxes.
+
+In order to be perfectly sure that the candidate was of full and pure
+blood, they investigated the condition of both his grandparents, and, as
+further proof, assured themselves that he had a house and property of his
+own, and that too inherited from his ancestors. Furthermore, he must be
+guilty of no impiety towards his parents or the State.
+
+If it were the case at Athens that the fourth generation from a stranger
+was considered as having attained to the rights of a citizen, it mattered
+little what a man’s _greatgrand_father was. He might have been an alien,
+yet if the intermediate ancestors were “in order,” the candidate would
+have acquired the full blood.(168)
+
+(M88) In the _Oedipus Tyrannus_,(169) Sophocles apparently uses the
+expression “slave from the _third_ mother” as implying that three descents
+were considered to confirm the position of the fourth generation as slave
+or citizen, or whatever the case might be. Oedipus assures Jokasta that
+_her_ pedigree and status will remain unimpugned, even though the enquiry
+he is prosecuting establish him thrice-born a slave from slave mother,
+slave grandmother, and slave greatgrandmother.
+
+In elections for sacred offices, which appear to have been about the last
+things laid open to the new citizen, the possession of three generations
+of privileged ancestors was in some places insisted on. There is an
+inscription to this effect belonging to Halikarnassos;(170) and some
+similar rule seems to have held good among the Jews.
+
+
+    “These sought their register among those that were reckoned by
+    genealogy, but it was not found; therefore were they, as polluted,
+    put from the priesthood (_ἠγχιστεύθησαν_ ἀπὸ τῆς ἱερατείας).”(171)
+
+
+The book of Nehemiah closes with the triumphant verse: “Thus I cleansed
+them from all strangers.”
+
+(M89) The rule in the _Ordinances of Manu_ for the recovery of Brahman
+caste is just halfway between the tenth and the fourth generations—namely,
+the seventh, or _greatgrandson of the greatgrandson_ of the first
+halfcaste. This is only the case when each generation marries a Brahman
+wife.
+
+
+    “If (the caste) produced from a Brahman by a Çudra woman keeps
+    reproducing itself by nobler (marriage) this ignoble attains a
+    noble family _at the seventh union_ (Yuga).”(172)
+
+
+Thus:—
+
+
+    If (1) the halfcaste marries a Brahman woman and
+    (2) his son do.
+    (3) his grandson do.
+    (4) his _greatgrandson_ do.
+    (5) _his_ son do.
+    (6) his grandson do.
+    (7) his _greatgrandson_ do.—at last his family is restored to
+    their lost high caste.
+
+
+
+
+§ 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.
+
+
+(M90) The ἀγχιστεία, limited to relations within the same degrees as for
+other purposes, seems to be the unit in the case of pollution of the
+kindred by the death—violent or natural—of one of their number.
+
+
+    “Whosoever(173) being related to the deceased on the male or
+    female side of those _within the cousinship_ (ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος),
+    shall not prosecute the murderer when he ought and proclaim him
+    outlaw, he shall take _upon himself_ the pollution and the hatred
+    of the gods ... and he shall be in the power of any who is willing
+    to avenge the dead....”(174)
+
+
+    “The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul which
+    did the deed has given life for life and has propitiated and laid
+    to sleep the wrath of the whole family” (ξυγγένεια).(175)
+
+
+    “If a brother wound a brother (ὁμόγονος) the parents (γεννῆται)
+    and the kinsmen (συγγενεῖς) to _cousins’ children_ on male and
+    female side shall meet and judge the case.”(176)
+
+
+Ransom was forbidden; citizen was bound to citizen with ties that had
+inherited too much of the tribal sanctity to admit of any extenuation of
+the extreme penalty.
+
+It was no doubt a wise policy on the part of the legislators, with the
+view to the preservation of respect for life and property, to make the
+responsibility for murder rest as widely as possible, and include as many
+relations and connections on both sides as might be. In order also that
+the wife, in case her husband was killed, and the daughter, in case her
+father was killed, might be fully protected and represented among the
+prosecuting kindred, the law of Draco seems to lay the necessity for
+action also on the father-in-law and the son-in-law. The _phratria_, being
+such a compact organisation and exacting such formal admission of its
+members, would naturally be concerned to see that justice was dealt to any
+of its number. Though we cannot include the _phratores_ amongst those
+directly responsible equally with the near kinsmen for crimes committed by
+one of their number, they would always have to take a certain part in
+whatever was necessary to bring him to justice, besides being generally
+concerned in all matters relating to kinship, which affected any member of
+their _phratria_.
+
+(M91) “Proclamation shall be made against the murderer in the agora within
+[? his] cousinship and (the degree) of a first cousin, and prosecution
+shall be made jointly by cousins and _cousins’ children and descendants of
+cousins_, and sons-in-law and fathers-in-law and _phratores_.”
+
+That Demosthenes here quotes a genuine law of Draco is proved by an
+inscription found at Athens belonging to the year 409 B.C., recording this
+sentence as part of the law of Draco about murder.(177)
+
+In another place Demosthenes thus refers to the action of this law:—
+
+“The law commands the relations to go forth and prosecute as far as
+descendants of cousins; and in the oath it is defined what the
+relationship actually is, etc.”(178)
+
+The use of ἀνεψιαδοῖ in addition to ἀνεψιῶν παῖδες in Draco’s law above is
+emphatic as implying that as regards pollution the group of relations to
+second cousins were treated _en masse_ as under the stain; they had not
+yet, so to speak, reached the point where they could divide up their
+responsibility.
+
+(M92) If the murder was committed within the narrow limits of the
+ἀγχιστεία itself, the double pollution of the bloodspilling and the blood
+spilled rested upon the whole group with overwhelming force.
+
+Plato(179) treats of such a calamity and prescribes the remedy. If a man
+slay his wife, or she her husband, his children are orphans; their debt of
+maintenance to their parent is cancelled; he must flee; they possess his
+goods. If he is childless, his relations shall meet _to the children of
+his cousins_ on the male and female side (_i.e._ all his possible heirs)
+and shall elect not one of themselves, but a younger son of some other and
+pious family to bring in new blood with better fortune to counteract the
+curse, as heir to the house (κληρονόμος εἰς τὸν οἶκον), introducing him to
+the father of the banished (or deceased) man and to those further back in
+the family (τοῖς ἄνω τοῦ γένους), calling him their _son_, the continuer
+of their family (γεννήτωρ), their hearth-keeper (ἑστιοῦχος), and minister
+of their sacred rites.... But the guilty man they shall “let lie,”
+nameless, childless, portionless for ever.(180)
+
+(M93) In the ancient Laws of Wales the blood-fine takes a very important
+position. But whereas all the relations of the murderer are liable to be
+called upon to pay the “Spearpenny,” as it is called, only the inner
+kindred within fixed degrees contribute proportionally to the payment of
+the price. The group upon which this responsibility falls is twice as
+large in the Welsh Laws as at Athens, and includes _fifth_ cousins, or the
+greatgrandchildren of greatgrandchildren of a common ancestor.
+
+The Dimetian Code describes the relations who pay galanas as follows.(181)
+Those beyond only pay “spearpenny.”
+
+      Father and mother.
+      Grandfather.
+      Greatgrandfather.
+      Brother and sister.
+      First cousins.
+      Second cousins.
+      Third cousins.
+      Fourth cousins.
+      Fifth cousins.
+
+According to the Gwentian Code, _fifth_ cousins share. “There is no proper
+share, no proper name in kin further than that.”(182)
+
+The Venedotian Code states that galanas is paid by the kindred: two parts
+by the relations of the father, one part by the relations of the mother,
+to _sixth cousins_. All kindred after sixth cousins pay spearpenny.(183)
+
+The sixth cousin is also called “kinsman son of a fifth cousin, and then
+_the father (i.e. the fifth cousin) pays it_, because his relationship can
+be fixed, _but the relationship of his son to the murderer cannot_.”
+
+(M94) The defilement of carrying out a corpse and assisting at a funeral
+also covered the same area of relationship at Athens—_i.e._ the ἀγχιστεία.
+The house of the dead man was only to be entered by those naturally
+polluted.
+
+
+    “After the funeral no woman to enter the house save only _those
+    defiled_; to wit—mother, wife, sisters, and daughters; beside
+    these not more than five women and two girls, _daughters of first
+    cousins_: beyond these, none.”(184)
+
+
+Demosthenes quotes the law of Solon to the effect that—
+
+
+    “No woman under sixty years old to enter the house or follow the
+    corpse except those within ἀνεψιαδοῖ (πλὴν ὅσαι ἐντὸς ἀνεψιαδῶν
+    εἰσιν): no woman _at all_ may enter the house after the carrying
+    out of the corpse except _those within_ ἀνεψιαδοῖ.”(185)
+
+
+All those near of kin assist in the funeral.
+
+The payment of the blood-fine by the whole family of the murderer was
+considered necessary to allay the vengeance and anger of the family of the
+murdered man within the same area of relationship. In Wales the members of
+the family who received the galanas, did so in proportion to the
+importance of their position in the transmission of the kindred blood,
+according to a classification identical with their proximity in
+relationship to the dead man, and their expectation of inheritance from
+him or succession to his place.
+
+(M95) The inclusion of the mother’s relatives and their liability in these
+circumstances, in addition to the paternal relations, follow naturally
+enough in Wales as in Greece when once the transmission of inheritance
+through a woman, in default of male heirs, had become a recognised
+possibility. A woman’s sons might always be called upon under certain
+circumstances to take inheritance from _her_ father or next of kin. They
+therefore quite fairly shared in the claims as well as the privileges of
+their position. And _vice versa_, in exchange for the priceless guarantee
+of continuity provided by a woman’s offspring to her relations, they too
+would be prepared to undergo a part of the penalties incurred by any of
+those who might rank some day as their next of kin, or as their sons.
+
+This view of the source of their recognition as members of the kindred
+responsible for the blood-fine in Wales is confirmed by a statement in the
+Venedotian Code.(186) Those women and clerks who can swear that they will
+never have children, and so are useless for the preservation of continuity
+in the families to which they belong, are specially exempted from
+contribution to the galanas, inasmuch as they have forsworn the privilege
+of attaining through posterity a share in the immortality on earth of
+their kindred.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV. THE RELATION OF THE FAMILY TO THE LAND.
+
+
+Γαῖαν παμμήτειραν ἀείσομαι, ἠυθέμεθλον,
+πρεσβίστην, ἣ φέρβει ἐπὶ χθονὶ πάνθ᾽, ὁπός᾽ ἐστὶν, ...
+ἐκ σέο δ᾽ εὔπαιδές τε καὶ εὔκαρποι τελέθουσι,
+πότνια, σεῦ δ᾽ ἔχεται δοῦναι βίον ἠδ᾽ ἀφελέσθαι
+θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποισιν.
+
+Homeric Hymn.
+
+
+
+
+§ 1. The Κλῆρος And Its Form.
+
+
+In trying to realise the methods of land tenure amongst the Greeks, we are
+baffled by the indirectness of the evidence available.
+
+(M96) We know that the estate which descended from father to son, and was
+in theory inalienable from the family of its original possessors, was
+called a κλῆρος or “lot,” but the familiarity with which the poets,
+historians, and orators use the word does not afford information as to
+what the κλῆρος really was and how it was made use of in practice. The law
+concerning these family holdings, says Aristotle,(187) and concerning
+their possible transmission through daughters was not written. It was a
+typical example of customary law. This statement gives a hint as to the
+usual treatment of questions arising under this head. Methods of land
+tenure were not of rapid growth, nor were they easily changed; they had
+their source with the slow devotion to agriculture of pastoral tribes, and
+were dependent on a class unaffected by the growth of education and the
+arts.
+
+(M97) The intricate connection of the system of land tenure with the
+composition of the family removed the consideration of questions of
+ownership from the sphere of written law, and delegated them to the most
+conservative department of customary procedure, ranking them on a par with
+questions of family religious observances.(188) The deposit of some
+ancestor’s bones in a certain field was occasionally a valuable link in
+the title to possession of that piece of land as private property;(189)
+and the possession of land at all was in part a guarantee of the pure
+native blood in the veins of the possessor.(190) It is a striking
+illustration of the truth of this that, throughout all the extant speeches
+of Isaeus dealing with the disposal of κλῆροι of dead citizens, not a
+single case turns upon evidence for or against a sale or transfer of
+property. The speeches all deal exclusively with family matters; the line
+of argument always leads to the proof of near kinship by blood or adoption
+to the previous owner; and the right of possession of the inheritance
+seems taken for granted as following incontrovertibly the establishment of
+the required relationship.(191)
+
+
+    “It seems to me that all those who contend for the right of
+    succession to estates, when like us they have shown themselves to
+    be both nearest in blood to the person deceased, and most
+    connected with him in friendship (φιλίᾳ), are dispensed from
+    adding a superfluity of other arguments.”(192)
+
+
+(M98) In the early settlements, as Thucydides tells us, necessity was the
+ruling motive. Each man devoted his attention to providing the necessaries
+of life. There was superfluity neither of chattels nor of tilth. Men
+hesitate to sow when the harvest is to be reaped by their enemies.(193)
+The flocks and herds of the pastoral tribes could be driven for safety
+into the mountain strongholds; yet even they were liable to frequent
+losses. On one occasion Odysseus had to go to Messene “to recover a debt;
+which, to wit, the whole people owed him (πᾶς δῆμος): for the Messenians
+had lifted 300 sheep with their shepherds from Ithaka.”(194) As the
+newcomers increased in numbers and gained a reputation for ability to
+defend their own, sufficient to discourage the attacks of their
+neighbours, they would have leisure to devote some of their energies to
+the cultivation of the plains around them. Troy was founded first up in
+the hills,(195) and afterwards was moved down to a good position on the
+lower ground for the sake no doubt of the better pasture in the river
+meadows, and of the agriculture which had long been carried on over the
+“wheat-bearing plain” around the city,(196) before the ravages of the ten
+years’ war.
+
+It is not proposed to enter in detail into the _methods_ of cultivation of
+the soil in vogue at various times in Greece; but inasmuch as whilst
+studying the kernel, assistance may often be obtained from knowledge of
+the shell, mention may be made in passing of such few points of interest
+in the physical features of agriculture as may be available.
+
+(M99) In the Consular Reports on Land Tenure in Europe made in 1869,
+descriptions are given of the existing methods of tenure and cultivation
+in Greece and the Islands.
+
+In Greece the usual holding of a small proprietor is said to be of fifteen
+to twenty-five acres (or sometimes double that area), and is called a
+_zeugarion_.(197) Many have only a couple of acres.
+
+
+    “The greatest inconvenience and frequent lawsuits arise from the
+    manner in which these properties intersect each other. Moreover
+    none of the usual precautions are adopted to mark the limits of
+    the different properties, which, in the absence of any reliable
+    land survey, are often very vaguely described in the title
+    deeds.”(198)
+
+
+In cases of intestacy real property is divided equally among the children
+or nearest relatives. When there is a will the testator can only reserve
+for his disposal a share of the estate equivalent to that which, after an
+equal division, descends by right to each of the direct heirs.
+
+(M100) Professor Ansted, in his book on the Ionian Islands in the year
+1863, thus describes the management of an estate on the Island of Santa
+Maura:—(199)
+
+
+    “According to Ionian law, all the members of a family share
+    equally in the family property after the death of the father; but
+    it does not follow as a matter of course that the property is
+    divided. It is much more usual that the brothers and sisters, if
+    young, continue to live together till they either marry or
+    undertake some employment or business at a distance. If a sister
+    marries, she is dowered with a sum equivalent to her share. If a
+    brother however earns a separate income, from whatever source,
+    whether he be married or remain single, and whether he live in the
+    same or a different house, or even remove to another town or
+    island, he pays in all his income to a joint fund, _the foundation
+    of which is the income obtained from the paternal estate_. Those
+    who do nothing else manage the estate. One brother, perhaps,
+    remains in the village as cultivator, another lives in the town
+    acting as factor, or merchant to the estate, receiving and selling
+    the produce and managing the proceeds, whatever the case may be;
+    and in addition selling, exporting, and otherwise conducting a
+    general business in the same department. A third may perhaps
+    receive and sell the goods in a foreign country. A fourth may be a
+    member of the legislature, and a fifth a judge. Some marry and
+    have families, others remain single: but the incomes of all are
+    united, each draws out a reasonable share, according to his needs,
+    and a very close account is kept of all transactions. If one
+    brother dies, his children come into the partnership; and as time
+    goes on, these again will grow up and marry, the daughters
+    receiving a proportional and often large dower out of the joint
+    fund, entirely without reference to the special property of their
+    parents. This may go on indefinitely: but as family quarrels will
+    arise, _there are always means of terminating the arrangement_,
+    and closing accounts, either entirely as regards all, or partially
+    as with reference to a _mauvais sujet_, or troublesome member of
+    the partnership.... This curious patriarchal system, though
+    obtaining more perfectly and frequently in Santa Maura than in the
+    other islands, exists in Cephalonia and is said to be not quite
+    unknown in Zante, where the state of society approximates far more
+    to that common in the western countries of Europe. Santa Maura,
+    being the most isolated of all the islands and that which retains
+    all ancient customs most tenaciously, is naturally that in which
+    this sort of communism can exist with smallest risk of
+    interference.”
+
+
+According to the Consular Reports, the relations between landlord and
+tenant are governed more by local usage than by law, and the landlord
+generally takes on an average about 15 per cent. of the produce in kind on
+the threshing-floor, as rent, in cases where he does not supply more than
+the bare use of the land.(200)
+
+(M101) There is little manuring; the light plough barely turns the surface
+of the land. Land is usually allowed to lie fallow every other year,
+sometimes two years out of three. Sheep and goats are the chief stock;
+they of course graze in summer on the mountains; villages sometimes own
+forests and waste lands in common.
+
+(M102) In the islands of the Archipelago,(201) the holdings are frequently
+divided into separate plots consisting of a quarter or half acre apiece or
+even less, intersected by those belonging to other parties. Cattle are
+pastured on the fallow, roadsides, &c., near the village.
+
+In Cephalonia,(202) holdings consist of from five to twenty-five acres,
+seldom in a continuous piece, but “cut up into patches and intersected by
+other properties.”
+
+In Corfu,(203) the holdings are similar—infinitesimally small and
+intermixed pieces of land, especially in the olive groves, where however
+there are no divisions on the land and the “oldest inhabitant” has to be
+asked for evidence of ownership in disputed cases.
+
+Throughout the Greek nation, the peasants live in their houses in villages
+and not on separate estates. They help one another to avoid the expense of
+hired labour, and themselves work for hire on the estates of the large
+proprietors.
+
+(M103) Professor Ridgeway has drawn attention to the knowledge of this
+open field system in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_;(204) and indeed the
+division of the land tilled by occupants of villages into small pieces or
+strips, in such a way that the holding of each consists of a number of
+isolated pieces lying promiscuously amongst the strips of others, over the
+whole area under plough, is a world-wide custom and is the habit alike of
+the east as of the west.
+
+Though the assertion cannot yet be made that the κλῆρος was thus arranged
+on the soil, it can do no harm at any rate to bear in mind this ancient
+and still used method of dividing land, whilst considering the question of
+the relation of the ownership of the soil to the rank and status of the
+tribesman.
+
+
+
+
+§ 2. The Relation Of The Κλῆρος To The Οἶκος.
+
+
+(M104) The connection of the possession of land with the headship of the
+family finds its counterpart in the right of maintenance of those who had
+the true blood of that family. And in those countries where the sons
+remained until their father’s death under his _patria potestas_ they had
+to look to him for maintenance derived from the κλῆρος which descended to
+him as the means of sustenance for himself and his family. Where the head
+of the family alone was responsible for the rites to the dead at the
+family altars, the position of a son would always be incomplete if he
+tried to establish during his father’s lifetime a hearth and household of
+his own. And it has been already mentioned that it was necessary to
+emancipate a son from the family of his own father, before he could take
+property, passing on the death of his mother’s relations to her issue, and
+assume his rightful position as their representative and the living head
+of their household.(205)
+
+According to Harpocration, the initiation into the mysteries of the hearth
+only took place on the actual assumption of the inheritance.(206)
+
+(M105) Occasionally a father feeling the weight of years would be glad to
+pass on to his son during his lifetime some of his burden of
+responsibility by making him master of his estate (κύριος τῆς
+οὐσίας).(207) In this case, the son would be responsible for the
+maintenance of his parent, a duty much insisted on by Plato and Isaeus. In
+fact the conclusion is justified that the family, until final subdivision
+into separate οἶκοι, drew its supplies from the common inheritance, and
+that the subdivision of the means of subsistence was contemporaneous and
+co-extensive with the differentiation of the various branches of the
+original οἶκος along the lines of the rising generations.
+
+The same may be inferred from the words of Demosthenes describing the
+division of the property of Bouselos amongst his sons and the foundation
+of their several οἶκοι.
+
+
+    “And all these sons of Bouselos became men, and their father
+    divided his substance amongst them all, with perfect justice. And
+    they having shared the substance, each of them married a wife
+    according to your laws, and there were born children to them all,
+    and children’s children, and there grew up five οἶκοι from the one
+    οἶκος of Bouselos, and each dwelt apart, having his own house and
+    his own offspring.”(208)
+
+
+In the meanwhile, before division, all sons had equal right to participate
+in the family goods after the father’s death, and dowries had to be paid
+therefrom to the daughters. The eldest brother was guardian (κύριος) of
+his sisters and those of his brothers who were minors, inasmuch as he
+succeeded to his father’s position of head of his kindred at the altars of
+their ancestors. But in Greece at any rate his authority over his brothers
+when once a division had taken place seems to have been slight if it
+existed at all.
+
+(M106) Amongst the Gods, the three brothers Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades,
+sons of Rhea, shared their inheritance from their father Kronos. They
+divided everything in three, shaking lots thereover (παλλομένων). Each
+took equal share of honour (ἔμμορε τιμῆς), but earth and Olympos were
+common (ξυνή) to all.(209) But Zeus was the first-born and “knew more
+things”—Ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς πρότερος γεγόνει καὶ πμείονα ᾒδη(210)—and Poseidon
+therefore avoided open strife with him, however unwillingly. Though Zeus
+be the stronger, grumbles the Sea-god, let him keep to his third share and
+not interfere with his brothers’ pleasure on their common ground, the
+earth. Let him threaten his sons and daughters who needs _must_ listen to
+him (ἀκούσονται καὶ ἀνάγκῃ). Yet because the Erinnyes ever take the side
+of the eldest born—ὡς πρεσβυτέροισιν Ἐριννύες αἰὲν ἕπονται—it were good
+counsel to knock under, even though the division was made in perfect
+equality (ἰσόμορον καὶ ὁμῇ πεπρωμένον αἴσῃ).(211)
+
+(M107) This passage contrasts the recognised autocracy of the head of the
+family over his own household with the courteous deference of the younger
+brothers towards the eldest; and it is evidence, so far as it goes, that
+the eldest brother did not succeed to his father’s power over his grown-up
+brothers, but owed what influence he did not obtain from the superior
+advantages of his age and experience, to a superstitious feeling that
+something was due to him in his position of head of the eldest branch of
+the family.
+
+In the _Odyssey_,(212) Zeus gives Poseidon the title of “eldest and
+best”—πρεσβύτατον καὶ ἄριστον—and elsewhere Hera lays claim to the same
+birthright.(213)
+
+The power of the head of a household must have been something much more
+real. Telemachos declares that he is willing that some other _basileus_ in
+Ithaka should take the kingship, but he will be master over his own
+house—ἄναξ οὄκοιο ἡμετέροιο—“and over the slaves that the divine Odysseus
+won for me.”(214)
+
+In the Homeric Hymn to _Hestia_, that deity receives the title of honour
+of firstborn: the poet, by a fanciful blending of ideas, implying that the
+honour paid to the sacred hearth by the eldest of the family, fell to her
+share as the eldest born of the children of Kronos.(215)
+
+Aristotle says that every household is ruled (βασιλεύεται) by its oldest
+member,(216) and gives this prerogative of the household-_basileus_ as the
+type and origin of the kingship in the village and the State. Reference
+has already been made, in the section on the limitations of the ἀγχιστεία,
+to the passage in the Gortyn law, viz.—
+
+
+    “The father shall have power over the children and the property to
+    divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the parents) are alive
+    there is no necessity for division.”(217)
+
+
+(M108) But it must be borne in mind that though the κλῆρος was set apart
+in theory for the use and sustenance of a head of a family with all his
+descendants, and was supposed to be inalienable therefrom, there is no
+reason to suppose that there existed among the Greeks a system of joint
+holding between father and son. The ownership and management of the
+property vested in the head of the family. It is true that brothers did
+not always divide their inheritance on the death of their father, but
+their undivided right to their respective equal shares remained to each
+one and his descendants as an individual property, and they always seem to
+have had the expectation of an ultimate subdivision amongst the separate
+οἶκοι that had sprung into being.(218)
+
+(M109) The Gortyn Laws throw some light on the subject.
+
+As long as the father is alive, no man shall buy or receive in pledge from
+the son any of the father’s property. But what the son himself has earned,
+or inherited, he may sell if he like.
+
+So too the father may not dispose of the goods of the children which they
+have earned or inherited.
+
+Yet may a son’s prospective share in his paternal inheritance be sold to
+pay any legal fine he has incurred.(219)
+
+(M110) There is no joint holding here between father and son. The father
+is in undisputed possession, and nothing the son can do by private
+contract can affect his father’s occupation. But if the son had a right of
+maintenance from his father during the lifetime of both, his expectation
+of succession to an equal share with his brothers would give him, so to
+speak, a value in the public eye. In the event of his incurring a
+blood-fine, his father would presumably be obliged to pay it out of the
+patrimony; and when exaction of such penalties passed into the hands of a
+court, exception would hardly be made for long on behalf of the fine for
+murder over penalties for other crimes coming before the court. Although
+therefore for all ordinary purposes a son had no claim on the paternal
+estate beyond his maintenance, his right of succession might easily grow
+up in the eye of the law as an available asset capable of forfeiture with
+the theoretical assumption that the scapegrace was unfit to hold his
+position in the family.(220) His future portion, thus becoming deprived of
+a representative, might be wholly or in part confiscated to the State.
+There are many inscriptions confiscating to the State the goods of
+criminals who transgressed the laws therein; but Plato evidently
+contemplated the possibility of wiping out the individual without
+depriving his descendants of their inheritance.(221) In such a case as
+wife-murder, he says, the husband’s right of maintenance is extinguished
+from amongst his family, he should be banished and his name wiped out for
+ever, whilst his sons or relations enter upon the inheritance of his
+property _immediately_. No distinction is made by Plato, or in the Gortyn
+Laws in such a case between chattels and land. But inasmuch as all fines
+would be levied in the first instance upon the property of the guilty
+individual, it may be assumed that his own earnings went first, and that
+only in extreme cases would the ancestral land of the family be sold. Even
+then, in Israelite law, it was expected that the land would be _redeemed_
+by the nearest relative,(222) so that the result would be that the land
+would go out of the family only when no relative could be found rich
+enough to pay the fine out of his chattels.
+
+(M111) It is interesting to find analogous provisions in the customs of
+Gavelkind of ancient Kent. Under the system of Gavelkind equal division of
+property amongst sons obstinately held its own against the incursions of
+the right of primogeniture; and the connection of the family with their
+land seems to have been regarded as especially privileged in spite of the
+growth of Feudalism.
+
+
+    “If any tenant in Gauelkinde be attainted of felonie, for which he
+    suffereth execution of death, the king shall have all his _goods_,
+    and his heire forthwith after his death shall be inheritable to
+    all his _landes_ and tenements which he held in Gauelkinde in fee,
+    and in inheritance: and he shall hold them by the same services
+    and customes as his auncestors held them: whereupon, it is said in
+    Kentish:
+
+
+“The father to the boughe,
+“And the sonne to the ploughe.”(223)
+
+(M112) It had become customary to allot to a bastard son who was prevented
+by his birth from ranking with his brothers, and who had no place in the
+kindred, some smaller substance as a means of subsistence.
+
+(M113) Odysseus pretends he was in this position, and relates how his
+proud brothers allotted him but a small _gift_ (παῦρα δόσαν) and a house
+as his portion.(224)
+
+Isaeus mentions that, only on the acquiescence of the true son, was
+admission granted to a bastard into the phratria. Even then he was not
+apparently taken into his father’s family, but allotted a farm (χωρίον ἕν)
+by his brother and, as it were, launched into the world to start a family
+of his own, without any further claim upon the property of his
+father.(225)
+
+His introduction and admission to a phratria and deme, as a descendant of
+an old family, so far removed the stigma of his birth as to give him the
+title of citizen, and thus afforded him the qualification for holding
+land. Yet the knowledge of his real parentage bereft him of the right of
+sharing equally with the rest of his father’s sons, and compelled him to
+be satisfied with the bare means of subsistence wherewith to found and
+continue a house of his own.(226)
+
+(M114) When citizenship was conferred upon a beneficent stranger, it was
+the custom at the same time to assign him and his descendants a house and
+some land. We hear of grants on such occasions consisting of a κλῆρος in
+the plain, a house, and a garden free of taxes; a _half_-κλῆρος in the
+plain, a house and a garden of half the area of the preceding grant, &c.
+In the fourth century B.C. a similar grant takes the form of so many
+plethra as a patrimony or ever. Sometimes, as at Sparta in the second
+century B.C., the estate was allotted to the newly-made citizen only on
+condition of residence within the borders of the State.(227)
+
+
+
+
+§ 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.
+
+
+(M115) Sir Henry S. Maine in his _Early Law and Custom_(228) quotes Narada
+in illustration of the composition of the early Indian family. A son “is
+of age and independent in case his parents be dead: during their lifetime
+he is dependent, even though he be grown old.”
+
+Further information on this subject is afforded by the Ordinances of Manu,
+where the position of the first-born with regard to his younger brothers
+is given at some length.(229)
+
+
+    (M116) “After both the father and the mother (are dead), the
+    brothers, having come together, should divide the paternal
+    inheritance: for while the two (parents) are alive the (sons) have
+    no power (over the property).
+
+
+    “Now the eldest (or best) alone may take the paternal property
+    without leaving anything, and the remaining (brothers) may live
+    _supported by him_ just as (if he were their) father.”(230)
+
+
+    (M117) “By means of the eldest (son) as soon as he is born a man
+    becomes possessed of a son, and is thus cleared of his debts
+    towards the manes; therefore this (eldest son) deserves the whole
+    (inheritance).”
+
+
+Likewise: “If among brothers born of one father, one should have a son,
+Manu said _all those brothers_ would be possessed of sons by means of that
+son.”(231) But this seems to apply only to the son born to the eldest, for
+if a younger brother married before the eldest and performed the daily
+sacrifices, he sent himself, his brother, and his wife “to Hell.”(232)
+
+The eldest, if he performs his duty, “causes the family to flourish” and
+“is most honoured among men.” He alone is “duty-born,” through him his
+father “pays his debt”; other sons are only “born of desire.” As long as
+his conduct is befitting, he must be honoured “like a father, like a
+mother,” but if not, he only receives the respect of an ordinary
+relative.(233)
+
+The brothers may live together in this way,(234) but if they divide and
+live apart, the separate ceremonies necessitated by their separate
+households will multiply the performance of religious duties, to the
+advantage of all.
+
+(M118) The title of _Householder_, moreover, was more than a name.
+
+
+    “As all beings depend on air, so all orders depend on the
+    householder.”
+
+
+    “Because men of the three (other) orders are daily supported by
+    the householder alone with knowledge and with food, therefore the
+    householder (is) the chief order. That order must be upheld
+    strenuously by one desiring an imperishable heaven, and who here
+    desires perpetual happiness....”
+
+
+    “The seers, manes, gods, beings, and guests also make entreaty to
+    those heads of families for support. (This duty must, therefore,)
+    be done by a man of discernment.”(235)
+
+
+    “As all rivers, ... go to (their) resting-place in the ocean, so
+    men of all orders depend on the householder.”(236)
+
+
+    Let a householder perform the household rites according to rule
+    with the marriage fire and the accomplishment of the five
+    sacrifices and the daily cooking. The sacrifices are:—
+
+
+    Teaching the Veda is the Veda sacrifice:
+    Offering cakes and water is the sacrifice to the manes:
+    An offering to fire (is the sacrifice) to the gods:
+    Offering of food (is the sacrifice) to all beings:
+    Honour to guests is the sacrifice to men.
+
+
+    “Whoever presents not food to those five, the gods, guests,
+    dependents, the manes, and himself, though he breathe, lives
+    not.”(237)
+
+
+(M119) The guest takes a very high place, and his presence is a revered
+addition to the family sacrifices; so much so that it was thought
+necessary to state definitely that “if the guest appears after the
+offering to all the gods is finished, one should give him food as best one
+can, but should not make (another) offering.”(238)
+
+The same virtue seems to have been considered by the Greeks also to lie in
+the presence of the guest. In Euripides’ Elektra, Aigisthos, hearing from
+Orestes that he and his friend are strangers, promptly invites them to
+share as his ξυνέστιοι in his impending sacrifice of a bull to the nymphs,
+promising to send them on their way in the morning.(239)
+
+Earlier in the play during the plotting of Aigisthos’ death, it is taken
+for granted that directly he sees them he will call them thus to join him
+at the sacrifice and the feast.(240)
+
+Alkinoos expresses the feeling of the Homeric age when he says:
+
+
+    “In a brother’s place stand the stranger and the suppliant, to him
+    whose wits have even a little range.”(241)
+
+
+Nestor at Pylos, making sacrifice to Poseidon with his sons and company,
+welcomes the unknown Telemachos and Mentor to the sacrificial feast.(242)
+When the duty of feeding the guests has been satisfactorily accomplished,
+he then asks them whether they are merchants or _pirates_, that “wander
+over the brine at hazard of their own lives bringing bale to alien men!”
+
+It would appear that the virtue lay in the hospitality of the host and not
+in the worthiness of the guest, and that therefore it was worth while to
+run the risk of having invited the presence of a polluted man whose
+impiety in not refusing to partake would doubtless fall on his own head.
+
+(M120) To return to the organisation of the Indian inheritance:—The duty
+of maintenance(243) of the younger members of the family devolves upon the
+eldest son at the death of his father. If the brothers are all “perfect in
+their own occupations,” and they come to an equal division, “some trifle
+should be given to the elder (brother) to indicate an increased respect
+for him.”(244) Also if in division there remains over an odd goat or
+sheep, or animal, it goes to the eldest brother.
+
+If any brother has disgraced himself, he does not deserve a share in the
+property.(245)
+
+Sisters’ portions are allotted out of all the brothers’ shares
+equally.(246)
+
+Property is divided once only.(247) But if “on living together after being
+separated, they divide (the inheritance) a second time, in that case the
+division should be equal, (as) in that case no right of primogeniture
+occurs.”(248)
+
+The father’s wealth acquired during his lifetime is at his own disposal,
+and need not be divided amongst his sons.(249) Likewise with any property
+acquired by the sons.(250) If “any one of the brothers, being able (to
+support himself) by his own occupation, does not desire (his share of the)
+property,” he may be excluded from the division, but “something for his
+support” should be given him to discharge his claim of maintenance from
+the family at any future time.(251)
+
+
+
+
+§ 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The Κλῆρος And The Τέμενος.
+
+
+(M121) In the Homeric poems, written, as they are, from an aristocratic or
+heroic point of view, a great gulf always exists between the royal or
+princely class and the ordinary tribesmen.
+
+The βασιλεύς—the lion of his people(252)—has his select estate, his
+τέμενος, with orchards and gardens of considerable extent; while the
+swarms of tribesmen are allotted their κλῆροι in the open field, their
+share in the common pasture, and depend on each other for help in the
+vintage and harvest.
+
+(M122) The possession of large estates and of multitudinous flocks and
+herds was one of the privileges of the chieftain or tribesman of princely
+rank.
+
+
+    “For surely his livelihood (_i.e._ Odysseus’) was great past
+    telling, no lord in the dark mainland had so much, nor any in
+    Ithaka itself; nay, not twenty men together have wealth so great,
+    and I will tell thee the sum thereof. Twelve herds of kine upon
+    the mainland, as many flocks of sheep, as many droves of swine, as
+    many ranging herds of goats, that his own shepherds and strangers
+    pasture. And ranging herds of goats, eleven in all, graze here by
+    the extremity of the island with trusty men to watch them.”(253)
+
+
+Bellerophon migrated from his own country and settled under the patronage
+of the king of Lykia.(254) He married the king’s daughter, and to complete
+his qualification and to confirm his princely status as a βασιλεύς of
+Lykia, he was allotted by the Lykians an estate where the plain was
+fattest on the banks of the river, consisting half of arable, half of
+vineyard, the latter presumably on the slopes of the sides of the
+valley.(255) Besides these no doubt he had flocks and herds on the
+mountains, with steadings and slaves for their protection. It is
+improbable that the fattest of the plain was unoccupied before, and it
+must therefore be supposed that the system of agriculture was such as to
+admit of such a partition and the consequent readjustment, or that the
+dispossessed tribesmen had to compensate themselves with land out of the
+common waste.
+
+In somewhat similar wise Tydeus at Argos wedded one of the daughters of
+Adrastos, and dwelt in a house full of livelihood; and “wheatbearing
+ἄρουραι enough were his, and many were his orchards of trees apart, and
+many sheep were his.”(256)
+
+In the description of the Shield of Achilles in the _Iliad_ a vivid
+contrast is drawn between the rich harvest of the βασιλεύς and the busy
+toil of the tribesmen.
+
+
+    “Furthermore he set therein a τέμενος deep in corn(257) where
+    hinds (ἔριθοι) were reaping with sharp sickles in their hands ...
+    and among them the βασιλεύς in silence was standing at the swathe
+    with his staff, rejoicing in his heart.”
+
+
+Meanwhile henchmen are preparing apart a great feast for himself and his
+friends, and the women are strewing much white barley to be a supper for
+the hinds.(258)
+
+(M123) But in the great common field all was toil and action; many
+ploughers therein drave their yokes to and fro as they wheeled about.(259)
+The holding of the common tribesman was not an estate (τέμενος) cut out of
+the plain, but an allotment (κλῆρος), probably of strips as in Palestine
+to-day, in the open fields that lay around the town. On the wheatbearing
+plain round Troy(260) lay the stones that former men, before the ten
+years’ war, had used to mark the balk or boundary of their strips (οὖρον
+ἀρούρης).(261) One of these Athena uses to hurl against Ares, who, falling
+where he stood, covers seven of the _pelethra_ that the stones were used
+to divide. A pinnacle of stones is the only boundary to be seen to this
+day between the strips of cornland in Palestine. Easily dislodged as these
+landmarks were, they were specially protected by a curse against their
+removal, and were with the Greeks under the awful shadow of a special
+deity of boundaries.(262) They seem however to have been liable to
+considerable violation. The ass, according to Homer, being driven along
+the field-way, if his skin was thick enough, easily disregarded the
+expostulations of his attendants, and made free with the growing
+crop.(263) Homer also describes a fight between two men with measuring
+rods in the common field,(264) and Isaeus(265) relates how an Athenian
+citizen flogged his brother in a quarrel over their boundary so that he
+afterwards died, whilst the neighbours, working on their land around, were
+witnesses of what took place.
+
+Land was brought into cultivation, no doubt, as it was wanted. Achilles
+contemplates that some of the rich fields of his friends may be
+exceedingly remote, so that it would be a great thing to spare the
+ploughman a journey to the nearest blacksmith. And no doubt the powerful
+men of the community would, by means of their slaves or retainers, acquire
+additional wealth by reclaiming lands out of the way and therefore
+requiring a strong hand to protect them, which were profitable by reason
+of their very fatness.(266) Such acquisitions would not be included in the
+τέμενος of the prince, the very word τέμενος implying an area of land cut
+out of the cultivated land of the community, generally described as being
+in the plain (πέδιον).
+
+(M124) Such allotments of land seem only to have been made to princes and
+gods, but when once allotted, remained as far as can be seen the property
+of their descendants. It was a common fancy of the Homeric prince that he
+was worshipped as a god, and they often mistook each other for some deity.
+The godlike Sarpedon asks his cousin Glaukos, wherefore are they two
+honoured in Lykia as gods, with flesh and full cups and a great
+τέμενος.(267)
+
+As the possession of full tribal blood was necessary for the ownership of
+a κλῆρος, so princely blood was the qualification for the enjoyment of a
+τέμενος. The honoured individual need not be a king or overlord, but
+besides his valour he must have in his veins the all-potent blood royal,
+without which his privilege was no greater than that of other rich
+tribesmen.
+
+It was not till the king of Lykia had satisfied himself that Bellerophon
+was “the brave offspring of a god,” that he gave him honour, and the
+Lykians meted him out a τέμενος.(268) This great τέμενος on the banks of
+the Xanthos, half arable and half vineyard, remained in the possession of
+his grandchildren, Sarpedon and Glaukos, apparently still undivided,
+though they were not brothers but first cousins.(269)
+
+The king of the Phæakians had his τέμενος and fruitful orchard near but
+apart from the fields and tilled lands of his townsfolk.(270) Odysseus it
+seems had more than one τέμενος.(271)
+
+(M125) Once in the _Iliad_ the epithet πατρώιος is applied to a chief’s
+τέμενος.(272) According to Hesychius, πατρώιος means “handed down to one’s
+father from his ancestors,”(273) and Homer evidently uses the word in this
+sense.(274)
+
+The kingship itself in Ithaka was considered as part of Telemachos’
+patrimony: “Never may Kronion make thee king in sea-girt Ithaka, which is
+πατρώιον to thee by birth (γενεῇ).”(275)
+
+But though the τέμενος and the kingship were both equally πατρώια, they
+did not together constitute an indivisible inheritance. Any one of the
+blood could enjoy possession of the land, whilst the over-lordship must
+necessarily descend in the eldest or the most able line.
+
+In his answer to the malignant wish quoted above, Telemachos does not
+speak as if he contemplated giving up any tangible property. The bestowal
+of the kingship, though due to him by inheritance (πατρώιον) is in the
+hands of the gods; he means to be master (ἄναξ) of whatsoever Odysseus his
+father won for him.
+
+(M126) It is interesting to compare this choice of Telemachos with the
+exactly opposite choice made by Iason, as told by Pindar, when he came
+back to claim his inheritance which had been seized in the meantime by his
+second cousin, Pelias.
+
+He has come home, he tells Pelias, to seek his father’s ancient honour
+which Zeus had of old bestowed on his great-grandfather Aiolos and his
+sons. It is not for them now, being of the same stock (ὁμόγονοι), to
+divide the great honour of their forefathers with sword and javelin. He
+will give up all the sheep and herds of kine, and all the fields of late
+robbed from his sires, though they make fat beyond measure the house of
+Pelias (τεὸν οἶκον πορσύνοντ᾽ ἄγαν). But the kingly sceptre and throne of
+his father must be his without wrath between them. And Zeus, the ancestral
+god of them both (Ζεὺς ὁ γενέθλιος ἀμφοτέροις), is witness to their
+oath.(276)
+
+(M127) Property in land could also be accumulated in the hands of
+individuals not necessarily of princely station. Odysseus tells a tale of
+how he took a wife of “men with many κλῆροι” (πολυκλήρων ἀνθρώπων) by
+reason of his valour.(277) The κλῆρος must therefore at that time have
+been at any rate roughly of some recognised area. Perhaps the tendency, so
+fatal to Sparta, for the possession of the original shares or allotments
+of many families to accumulate in the hands of the powerful or rich, had
+already set in. In later colonisations and assignments of new land the
+κλῆροι were often equally divided,(278) and the gift of citizenship, as
+has been already mentioned, was sometimes accompanied by a grant of a
+_half-kleros_ (ἡμικλήριον). Did the κλῆρος then represent in theory an
+area of cultivated ground capable of sustaining a single household?
+
+
+
+
+§ 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The Κλῆρος And The Maintenance Of The
+οἶκος.
+
+
+(M128) There are signs in Homer of the existence, already insisted upon
+for later times, of the connection of the ownership of property with the
+headship of a household. It follows that if the head of a family was the
+only owner of land, the desire of establishing a family and thereby
+preserving at the same time the acquired property and the name of the
+possessor, made the acquisition of a wife a real necessity for the owner
+of land.
+
+Eumaios, the swineherd, says that Odysseus would have given him a property
+(κτῆσις), both an οἶκος and a κλῆρος and a shapely wife.(279) And Odysseus
+in one of his many autobiographies speaks of taking a wife as if it were
+the necessary sequel to coming into his inheritance.(280)
+
+Even Hesiod, the son of a poor settler, without much property to keep
+together, if we can take Aristotle’s reading of the line, gives the
+necessary outfit for a peasant farmer in occupation of a small κλῆρος, as
+a house, a wife, and a plough-ox.(281)
+
+Aristotle quotes this line of Hesiod, in his argument that the οἶκος was
+the association formed to supply the wants of each day,(282) its members
+being called by Charondas, he says, ὁμοσίπυοι (sharers in the mealbin),
+and by Epimenides the Cretan ὁμόκαποι (sharers of the same plot of
+ground).(283) And he might have added that Pindar uses the word ὁμόκλαροι
+to mean “twins.”(284)
+
+(M129) A household, according to Aristotle, consisted thus partly of human
+beings, partly of property.(285)
+
+So closely is the idea of livelihood bound up that of the house or οἶκος,
+that Telemachos can say without incongruity that his house is being
+_eaten_ by the wooers:—
+
+
+    ἐσθίεταί μοι οἶκος, ὄλωλε δὲ πίονα ἔργα.(286)
+
+
+The sanctity shared by the hearth and its sustenance may be illustrated by
+Odysseus’ oath, which occurs three times in the _Odyssey_: “Now be Zeus my
+witness before any god, and the hospitable board and the hearth of
+blameless Odysseus whereunto I am come.”(287)
+
+(M130) When once the hospitable board had laid its mysterious spell on the
+relations of host and guest, the bond was not easily dissolved. Glaukos
+and Diomedes meet “in the mid-space of the foes eager to do battle,”
+fighting on opposite sides. Nevertheless because the grandfather of one
+had entertained the grandfather of the other for twenty days and they had
+parted with gifts of friendship, their grandsons refrain from battle with
+each other, pledge their faith, and exchange armour as a witness to others
+that they are guest-friends by inheritance (ὄφρα καὶ οἵδε γνῶσιν, ὅτι
+ξεῖνοι πατρώιοι εὐχόμεθ᾽ εἶναι).(288)
+
+If such force lay in the entertainment of a guest for a few days, some
+idea can be formed of the virtue underlying the meaning of such words as
+ὁμοσίπυοι and ὁμόκαποι, and binding together those habitually nourished at
+the same board.
+
+(M131) If sons married during their father’s lifetime without any
+particular means of livelihood, they could live under his roof and
+authority, forming a great patriarchal household like that of Priam and
+his married sons and daughters at Troy. But when a household dispersed
+before the marriage of the sons and the inheritance was divided amongst
+them, it was deemed indispensable for them to take wives, and each provide
+for the establishment of his house and succession. This necessity is the
+underlying motive of the compulsion over the only daughter left as
+ἐπίκληρος to marry before a certain age, exercised by the Archon at
+Athens. There the idea of the need of a continuous family (as well as for
+other purposes), to keep together the property, had grown up apparently as
+a reflection, so to speak, of the obvious importance of the property to
+the family for the maintenance of itself and its ancestral rites.
+
+Though evidence is wanting for the _raison d’être_ of this sentiment in
+Homer, the existence of the feeling can hardly be denied.
+
+The κλῆρος, at any rate, continued to pass from father to son in the
+family of the tribesman or citizen. Hector encourages his soldiers by
+reminding them that though they themselves fall in the fight, their
+children, their house (οἶκος), and their κλῆρος will be unharmed, provided
+only that the enemy are driven back.(289)
+
+The sentiment that a man was not really “established,” according to the
+estimation of the Homeric Greeks, until the continuity of his house was
+provided for, seems to explain the two references to Telemachos in the
+_Iliad_. Odysseus is twice mentioned, as Mr. Leaf points out in his
+_Companion to the Iliad_,(290) as the father of Telemachos, simply because
+it was considered a title of honour to be named as sire of an established
+house. No other mention of Telemachos occurs in the _Iliad_.
+
+Failure of heirs was, as in later times, the great disintegrating factor
+and danger to the continuity of the family holdings. As long as a direct
+descendant was to be found, the property was safe.
+
+Eurykleia comforts Penelope in her fear for the absent Telemachos,
+saying:—
+
+
+    “For the seed of the son of Arkeisios is not, methinks, utterly
+    hated by the blessed gods, but someone will haply yet remain to
+    possess these lofty halls and the _fat fields_ far away.”(291)
+
+
+Is it by accident that she here chooses the name of Arkeisios to describe
+the head of the family of Laertes and Odysseus? He was Laertes’ father,
+and in Telemachos, if he was preserved alive, he would thus have a
+_great-grandson_ to represent his line in the succession to his property.
+
+(M132) The diversion of inheritance to any property from the direct line
+is spoken of in Homer as a lamentable circumstance greatly intensifying
+the natural grief at the death of the direct heir.
+
+
+    “Then went he after Nanthos and Thoon, sons of Phainops,
+    striplings both; but their father was outworn of grievous age, and
+    begat no other son for his possessions after him. Then Diomedes
+    slew them and bereft the twain of their dear life, and for their
+    father left only lamentation and sore distress, seeing he welcomed
+    them not alive returned from battle: _and kinsmen divided his
+    substance_ (κτῆσις).”(292)
+
+
+In the tumultuous times of the _Odyssey_ the right of succession must
+often have been interrupted by war and violence. Possessions, not only of
+land, had to be defended by the sword even during the lifetime of the
+acquirer. This prompts one of the wishes of Odysseus in his prayer at the
+knees of Arete:—
+
+
+    “And may each one leave to his children after him his possessions
+    in his halls and whatever dues of honour the people have rendered
+    unto him.”(293)
+
+
+The same anxiety prompts his question to his mother in Hades, to which he
+obtains answer:—
+
+
+    “The fair honour (γέρας) that is thine no man hath yet taken, but
+    Telemachos holdeth in safety (thy) demesnes (τεμένεα
+    νέμεται).”(294)
+
+
+(M133) The belief in the inseparability of the ancestral holding and the
+family was strong in Samaria at the time of Ahab. The King offered Naboth
+another vineyard better than his own in exchange for the one at Jezreel
+near the palace, or, should he prefer it, its worth in money. But Naboth
+said to Ahab, “The Lord forbid it me, that I should give _the inheritance
+of my fathers_ unto thee.”(295)
+
+Both the Hebrew narrators and the Greek translators describe Ahab finally
+as taking the vineyard at Naboth’s death _by inheritance_ (LXX.
+κληρονομεῖν), in spite of the violence of the means of acquiring it
+adopted by Jezebel.
+
+The limited right of the prince to alienate from his family any part of
+his possessions is thus alluded to by Ezekiel:—
+
+
+    “Thus saith the Lord God; If the prince give a gift unto any of
+    his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons’; it shall be
+    their possession by inheritance. But if he give a gift of his
+    inheritance to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the
+    year of liberty: after it shall return to the prince: but his
+    inheritance shall be his sons’ for them.”(296)
+
+
+
+
+§ 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The Τέμενος And The Maintenance Of The
+Chieftain.
+
+
+(M134) It must be borne in mind that the tribal idea of the chieftainship
+sanctioned the custom that the maintenance of the chieftain and his
+companions or retainers should be levied at will upon the property of the
+people. This privilege is very wide spread, and had its origin in the
+earliest times.
+
+The levies were claimed under the name of _gifts_, and earned for the
+princes the title of δωροφάγοι. As Telemachos declares, “it is no bad
+thing to be a βασιλεύς, and quickly does his house become rich and he
+himself most honoured.”(297)
+
+The royal family and nobles(298) levied contributions on their own or
+conquered peoples apparently at will in Homer. Agamemnon calls together
+the Greek chiefs:—
+
+
+    “Ye leaders and counsellors of the Argives ... who drink at the
+    public cost (δήμια πίνουσιν) and each command an host (σημαίνουσιν
+    ἕκαστος λαοῖς).”(299)
+
+
+Priam chides his sons:—
+
+
+    “Ye plunderers of your own people’s sheep and kids (ἀρνῶν ἠδ᾽
+    ἐρίφων ἐπιδήμιοι ἁρπακτῆρες).”(300)
+
+
+Telemachos declares that if the wooers eat up all his sheep and substance,
+he will go through the city (κατὰ ἅστυ) claiming chattels until all be
+restored.(301)
+
+Alkinoos proposes to give gifts to Odysseus, and they themselves going
+amongst the people (ἀγειρόμενοι κατὰ δῆμον) will recompense themselves:
+“for hard it were for one man to give without return.”(302)
+
+
+    “Then I led him to the house,” says Odysseus, “and gave him good
+    entertainment ... out of the plenty in my house, and for the rest
+    of his company ... I gathered and gave barley meal and dark wine
+    from the people (δημόθεν) and oxen to sacrifice to his heart’s
+    desire.”(303)
+
+
+(M135) These passages throw light on Agamemnon’s offer to Achilles of
+seven well-peopled towns, whose inhabitants would enrich him with
+plenteous gifts.(304) The proposal of Menelaos to empty a city _of Argos,_
+to accommodate Odysseus and his people, seems to be of quite a different
+order, and betrays to us that the tyranny of the tribal chieftain, so
+conspicuous in other nations, was no less a reality also amongst the
+Greeks under Achaian rule.(305)
+
+(M136) In the Indian society that was regulated in accordance with the
+_Ordinances of Manu_, the king appointed a chief of a town whose duty it
+was to report to the higher officials on any “evil arising in the town.”
+He likewise represented the king, and had the king’s right to receive
+supplies from those under his oversight.
+
+
+    “What food, drink, (and) fuel are to be _daily_ given by the
+    inhabitants of a town to the king let the head of a town
+    take,”(306)
+
+
+the line always being drawn between legitimate demands and tyrannical
+extortion.
+
+
+    “For those servants appointed by the king for protection (are)
+    mostly takers of the property of others (and) cheats; from them he
+    (_i.e._ the king) should protect these people.”(307)
+
+
+(M137) Under the rule of the Persians, all Asia was parcelled out in such
+a way as to supply maintenance (τροφή) for the Great King and his host
+throughout the whole year.(308) The satrap of Assyria kept at one time so
+great a number of Indian hounds, that four large villages of the plain
+were exempted from all other charges on condition of finding them
+food.(309)
+
+(M138) Solomon’s table was provided after the same method.
+
+
+    “And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel which provided
+    victuals for the king and his household; each man his month in a
+    year made provision.... And Solomon’s provision for one day was
+    thirty measures of fine flour and threescore measures of meal, ten
+    fat oxen and twenty oxen out of the pastures and an hundred sheep,
+    beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl....
+    And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land
+    of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt; they brought
+    presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life.... And
+    those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that
+    came unto king Solomon’s table, every man according to his
+    charge.”(310)
+
+
+(M139) Sesostris is said to have obtained his revenue from the holders of
+κλῆροι in Egypt in proportion to the amount of land in each man’s
+occupation;(311) and Pharaoh, having bought all the land at the time of
+the famine in Egypt except that which supported the priests, took
+one-fifth of all the produce, leaving the remainder “for seed of the
+field,” and for the food of the cultivators, and their households and
+little ones. “And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto this
+day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the
+priests only, which became not Pharaoh’s.”(312)
+
+In this case Pharaoh became proprietor by purchase of the land in Egypt.
+But it must not be supposed that by exacting a payment from the occupier,
+the overlord as a rule had any power over the ownership of the soil. He no
+doubt had proprietary rights over his own estate, and may or may not have
+had power to regulate any further distribution of the waste. But the right
+of receiving dues, or of appointing another to receive them, gave him no
+power over the actual tillage of the soil.
+
+(M140) The maintenance of the prince was a first charge apparently upon
+the property of his subjects; and it is easy to see how the lion’s share
+would always be allotted to him, alike of booty as of acquired territory.
+As long as the community was pastoral, it is also easy to imagine how the
+chief both increased his own wealth and admitted favoured companions or
+resident strangers to a share in the elastic area of the common pasturage.
+After agriculture had assumed equal importance in the economy of the tribe
+as the tending of flocks and herds, one is apt to forget that for
+centuries—perhaps for thousands of years—the system of agriculture that
+grew up, still possessed much of the elasticity of the old pastoral
+methods. Under the open field system, such a custom as that described by
+Tacitus and in the Welsh Laws, viz. of ploughing up out of the pasture or
+waste sufficient to admit of each tribesman having his due allotment, and
+letting it lie waste again the next year, admitted of considerable
+readjustment to meet the exigencies of declining population, as well as
+providing an easy means whereby any stranger prince, like Bellerophon, who
+might be admitted to the tribe, could be allotted either a τέμενος apart,
+or a κλῆρος in the open plain.
+
+Pindar describes this method of cultivation when he says:—
+
+
+    “Fruitful fields in turn now yield to man his yearly bread upon
+    the plains, and now again they pause and gather back their
+    strength.”(313)
+
+
+(M141) It is noticeable that the Aetolians offered Meleagros a τέμενος in
+the fattest part of the plain, wherever he might choose, as a _gift_
+(δῶρον); and as the τέμενος would certainly be cultivated by slave or
+hired labour, what they really gave him was the right of receiving the
+produce from the 50 _guai_ composing the τέμενος. But this gift was meant
+as a special honour or bribe, and took a special form in being in land as
+a means of permanent enrichment.
+
+In similar wise Ezekiel suggested the capitalisation, as it were, by a
+gift of land of the contributions to the princes, which no doubt were felt
+to be very irksome. In the division of the land, a portion was to be set
+aside first for the use of the temple and priests, then a portion for the
+prince.
+
+
+    “In the land shall be his possession in Israel, and my princes
+    shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall
+    they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. Thus
+    saith the Lord God, Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel;
+    remove violence and spoil and execute judgment and justice, and
+    take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord God.”(314)
+
+
+And again:—
+
+
+    “Moreover the prince shall not take of the people’s inheritance by
+    oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he shall
+    give his sons inheritance out of his own possession; that my
+    people be not scattered every man from his possession.”(315)
+
+
+But there can be no doubt, that although the prince may have had no power
+to dislodge any of the free tribesmen of his own people from their
+holdings, yet no one could gainsay him if he chose to enrich himself by
+planting or reclaiming any part of his domains, as Laertes is represented
+as having done.(316)
+
+(M142) The modern usage in Boeotia and in the island of Euboea may very
+well represent the procedure of ancient times, and if it can be imagined
+that some method of the same sort was in vogue in Boeotia in the time of
+Hesiod, it will be understood how possible it was for Hesiod’s father to
+settle at Askra and gradually to acquire possession of a house and κλῆρος.
+
+
+    “There is some cultivation from Plataea to Thebes, but strangely
+    alternating with wilderness. We were told that the people have
+    plenty of spare land, and not caring to labour for its artificial
+    improvement, till a piece of ground once, and then let it lie
+    fallow for a season or two. The natural richness of the Boeotian
+    soil thus supplies them with ample crops. But it is strange to
+    think how impossible it is, even in these rich and favoured
+    plains, to induce a fuller population.”(317)
+
+
+At Achmetaga, in Euboea,
+
+
+    “The folk pay for their houses a nominal rental of a bushel of
+    wheat per annum, in order to secure the owner’s proprietary claim,
+    which would otherwise pass to the occupier by squatter’s right
+    after thirty years of unmolested occupation. They are at liberty
+    to cultivate pretty well as much land as they care to, paying to
+    the landlord one-third in kind.... The produce here is almost
+    exclusively wheat or maize, but every family maintains a plot of
+    vineyard for home consumption.”(318)
+
+
+(M143) Whether the free tribesman ever looked upon the contribution he
+made to the maintenance of the princes, under whose protection he had the
+privilege of living, as a condition of tenure of his land, is open to
+doubt; but from the right to demand indiscriminate gifts, to confiscate or
+eject in case of refusal, it is only one step to the exaction of a regular
+food-rent as a return for the occupation of land.
+
+
+
+
+§ 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.
+
+
+It may be useful here briefly to summarise the results of the inquiry of
+the last three sections into the relation of the ownership of land to the
+structure of society in Homer and in early times.
+
+(M144) the princes had their compact estates divided off from the other
+land of the community, so that a passer-by could point and say, “There is
+the king’s τέμενος.”(319) The ordinary tribesman on the other hand had a
+share in the common fields under cultivation, probably consisting of a
+number of scattered pieces of land lying mixed up with those of others,
+and therefore only referred to on the face of the land, under the
+comprehensive terms ἀγροὶ καὶ ἔργα ἀνθρώπων.(320)
+
+This share of the tribesman was, as in later times, called a κλῆρος, it
+being possible for a man to enjoy several such holdings and deserve the
+epithet πολύκληρος, whilst the lowest class of freemen consisted of those
+who possessed no land, under the ignominious title of ἄκληρος.
+
+(M145) The κλῆρος, descending from father to son, was apparently connected
+with the οἶκος or household, and supplied its maintenance. The οἶκος grew
+fat or was consumed in accordance with the capacity of its head, and its
+continuity was regarded as a matter of the utmost importance. Its members
+were bound together at their ancestral hearth by mutual ties of common
+maintenance. The sanctity of thus sharing the same loaf extended also to
+guests, whose relations to their hosts might last for several generations.
+It is the necessity of supplying the οἶκος and its dependents with the
+means of sustenance and hospitality among a pastoral people gradually
+adapting themselves to agriculture, that regulates the tenure of land and
+the duties of the householder.
+
+(M146) The power of the chieftain to draw upon the resources of his people
+for the entertainment of his household and his guests by exactions payable
+in kind, supplemented by the power he also seems to have possessed to
+transfer at will the right of receiving these “gifts” to any one he chose,
+seems to contain the germs of the more complicated system of food-rents as
+a condition of land tenure, which is so important a feature of the Celtic
+tribal arrangements.
+
+(M147) Inasmuch as the prince was a member of the tribe, he was entitled
+to an allotment in the land under cultivation, the very word κλῆρος
+implying the equal right of all members of the tribe to a share in the
+soil. But inasmuch as the prince possessed blood royal and claimed his
+descent from the very gods that the tribesmen worshipped, his dignity was
+above partaking with his tribesmen of a κλῆρος in the common fields. He
+was therefore allotted a τέμενος apart, and worthy of his divine
+parentage. Besides the bare single allotment of the τέμενος, land was set
+apart for him as a gift of honour by the people, from whom honour and
+gifts to their prince were due. Gifts in land formed a special mark of
+honour, and may at the same time have served another purpose from the
+giver’s point of view by way of a permanent source of income or endowment,
+as it were, whereby the continuous exactions towards the maintenance of
+the prince from the lands of the people might tend to be alleviated. Thus
+much of power over the property of his inferiors he undoubtedly retained,
+and he probably cultivated what he liked of the outlying lands under his
+sway.
+
+(M148) But the evidence does not show that he ever had the right of coming
+between the οἶκος of his tribesmen and their κλῆρος: the only means at his
+disposal of severing the link between the family and the land, were those
+employed by Ahab and Jezebel to acquire the “inheritance” of the ancestral
+vineyard of Naboth at Jezreel.
+
+
+
+
+§ 8. Hesiod And His Κλήρος.
+
+
+In the time of Hesiod, the κλῆρος(321) could be sold in case of need and
+added to the possession of another.
+
+(M149) But the case of Hesiod is in itself somewhat exceptional. His
+father had fled from his own country by stress of poverty, and settled on
+the barren land of Askra in Boeotia, where he was allowed to acquire some
+land.(322) He was therefore somewhat of a sojourner (the μετανάστης of
+Homer),(323) and, true to the Homeric doctrine, was unencumbered by the
+claims of kindred. Hesiod contrasts the ready help of the neighbour with
+the perfunctory slowness of the kinsman, duty-bound. The neighbour, he
+says, is prompted by the need of mutual protection of material property,
+the kinsman stays to bind on his sandals and gird his loins for the labour
+he is forbidden to shirk.(324)
+
+Hesiod and his brother Perses had divided the κλῆρος of their father into
+two, and lived apart. Perses had squandered his half, and spent his time
+and his livelihood in the gay life of the town, but none the less seems to
+have expected to be allowed to draw still further on the resources of the
+paternal property, to the distress of his industrious brother.
+
+Hesiod does not contemplate any possible means of making a living other
+than by tilling the soil; and his quaint ideas may be taken as typical of
+the small Boeotian peasant-farmer, allowance being made for the short time
+that his family had held land at Askra.
+
+
+
+
+§ 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.
+
+
+(M150) In later Greek writers it is several times stated that the κλῆροι
+or ἀρχαῖαι μοῖραι were inalienable. Yet all remark to what a deplorable
+extent the alienation and accumulation of land into few hands had been
+carried. Aristotle comments on the excellence of the ancient law, at one
+time prevalent in many cities, against the sale of the original κλῆροι,
+and the good purpose therein of making every one cultivate his own
+moderate-sized holding.(325)
+
+Innumerable passages could be quoted from the speeches of Isaeus,
+referring to the law that forbade any one to alienate by will his landed
+estate from his lawful sons. Plato warns his friends that buying and
+selling is desecration to the god-given κλῆρος.(326)
+
+
+    “Now I, as the legislator, regard you and your possessions, not as
+    belonging to yourselves, but as belonging to your whole family,
+    both past and present.”(327)
+
+
+Plutarch and Heraclides say that the same law against the sale of the
+κλῆρος existed anciently at Sparta.
+
+(M151) Plutarch’s evidence, late as it is, of the ancient customs among
+the Spartans is worthy of further consideration.
+
+In his _Life of Agis_ he states that the κλῆρος passed in succession from
+father to son—ἐν διαδοχαῖς πατρὸς παιδὶ τὸν κλῆρον ἀπολείποντος—until the
+Peloponnesian war.
+
+In his _Life of Lycurgus_ he says that—
+
+
+    “When a child was born, the father was not entitled to maintain it
+    (τρέφειν), but he took and carried it to a place called ‘lesche,’
+    where the _elders of his tribesmen_ were sitting, who, if they
+    found the child pretty well grown and healthy, ordered its
+    maintenance (τρέφειν), allotting to it one of the 9,000 kleroi
+    (κλήρων αὐτῷ τῶν ἐνακισχιλίων προσνείμαντες).”(328)
+
+
+Elsewhere in Greece at the introduction of the new-born child to the
+relations and friends a few days after its birth, symbolical gifts of food
+were made as the child was carried round the hearth.(329)
+
+(M152) The important part of this ceremony at Sparta, described by
+Plutarch, seems to be the introduction of the infant to the elders of the
+tribe, and the recognition by them of its right to maintenance, if it
+appeared to them physically worthy of admission to the tribe. It cannot be
+supposed that Plutarch believed that vacant κλῆροι escheated, so to speak,
+to the community, because he elsewhere describes the lamentable tendency
+of estates to get into few hands, which the community would in that case
+surely have been able somewhat to prevent. Nor is it likely that a κλῆρος
+was actually set apart for the maintenance of each infant, who was
+apparently still nourished in its father’s house until seven years old,
+when its education and occupations were regulated by the State.
+
+Reading this passage with the other in the _Life of Agis_, a natural
+inference is, that the child’s right to succeed to the property of his
+father only was thereby assured to him by the elders, _i.e._ the right on
+his attaining manhood to enjoy the possession of land. This is the view
+taken by M. de Coulanges;(330) but surely there is more underlying the
+account of the ceremony. What actually took place with regard to the
+allotment of a κλῆρος to the infant member of the tribe, cannot be decided
+here. The State at Sparta undertook to educate all her sons after a
+certain age, and gave the parent no further rights over the child. Is
+there in this ceremony a transfer of the claim for maintenance from
+against the head of the household to the larger unit represented by the
+elders of the tribe, irrespective of the inheritance of the son from his
+father?
+
+It would be necessary for the adult Spartan citizen, of the class of
+ὁμοιοι at any rate, to have a right to the produce of some land, as
+otherwise it is difficult to see how he could contribute the necessary
+provisions that formed his share of maintenance at the joint table of his
+_syssition_; unless indeed he drew his allowance from his father’s estate.
+
+(M153) In any case the idea of the dependence of a member of the tribe for
+sustenance upon his right to a κλῆρος is striking; and at the same time
+the evidence goes to show that his maintenance was a claim upon a group of
+kinsmen at Sparta, comprising more than the nearest relations, and was
+recognised as such by them.
+
+(M154) The link that bound the cultivators to their land was so strong in
+early times at Athens, that mortgages could apparently not be paid off by
+mere transfer of the land itself; but the whole family of the debtor went
+with their mortgaged property and became enslaved to the creditor, having
+in future to work the land for him at a fixed charge.
+
+This was the state of affairs that Solon set himself to mend, and it is
+instructive that the method, he seems to have chosen, was to loosen the
+tie between the owner and his land, and, by facilitating the transfer of
+land from one to another, to obviate the necessity of taking the debtor’s
+person with his family into slavery on account of the debt.(331)
+
+Nevertheless, in spite of the radical legislation of Solon, the sentiment
+that bound the family to the soil remained long after his time.
+
+(M155) Besides the prohibition to sell the family land which Aristotle
+speaks of as prevailing in Lokris, the Hypoknemidian Lokrians insisted on
+actual residence on that land in the case of their colony at Naupaktos.
+Though unable apparently wholly to forbid the participation of the
+colonists in the ancestral rites of their kin in Lokris, they took
+advantage of the prevailing sentiment with regard to the permanence of the
+family, and insisted that the continuance of the hearth of the colonist at
+Naupaktos should at any rate be considered of equal importance.
+
+According to an inscription of the fifth century B.C.:—
+
+
+    “The colonist has the right to return to Lokris and sacrifice with
+    his γένος both in the rites of his δᾶμος and his φοίνανοι for
+    ever. He can only return permanently without paying the
+    re-establishment tax if he has left ἐν τᾷ ἱστίᾳ at Naupaktos a
+    grown-up son or a brother. If a γένος of the colonists is left
+    without a representative (ἐχέπαμον) ἐν τᾷ ἱστίᾳ, the nearest of
+    kin (ἐπάγχιστος) in Lokris shall take the property, provided he go
+    himself, be he man or boy, within three months to Naupaktos. A
+    colonist can inherit his share of his Lokrian father’s or
+    brother’s property....”
+
+
+    “If a magistrate deals unfairly and refuses justice, he shall be
+    ἄτιμος and shall lose his μέρος μετὰ οἰκιατᾶν.”(332)
+
+
+(M156) Though the sale of estates could be effected at Athens in the
+fourth century B.C., yet, when the owner died without having sold, the
+succession was regulated by the ancient custom. If there were legitimate
+children, the inheritance to the land could not be diverted from them,
+even by will;(333) provided only that the children had gone through the
+ceremony of being accepted and enrolled by the phratria. If the descendant
+had neglected this formality, and had failed to be recognised as a legal
+member of the kindred or clan, he or she lost all rights to the property,
+which went to the devisee or next of kin.(334) The right to possess land
+was thus at Athens, as at Sparta, intimately connected with the tribal
+organisation; and the claim for maintenance from the paternal estate could
+only lie, after full acknowledgment of the necessary qualification had
+been granted by the larger unit of relationship.
+
+
+
+
+§ 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And Semi-Servile
+Tenure.
+
+
+(M157) Attention has been drawn to the reciprocal relations that existed
+between the family and its land, and their inseparability in the minds and
+phraseology of the Greeks at different times. There is a further
+development however arising from this point of view, without some notice
+of which the subject of the tenure of the κλῆρος would be incomplete, and
+which serves to confirm the method with which this subject has been
+treated.
+
+Though alike in their estimation of the possession of land as a means of
+livelihood and for the accumulation of wealth, the Greeks had very
+different views with respect to the place of agriculture as a worthy
+occupation for a citizen. Sparta regarded it as entirely beneath the
+dignity of her sons and forbade their personal application to the
+cultivation of their κλῆροι. There was at Athens, on the other hand, a
+large class of citizens whose energies were entirely devoted to the
+production of fruits of the earth, whilst the life of a country gentleman,
+combined with that of the farmer, was by no means despicable in their
+eyes.
+
+(M158) There were mainly two methods of enjoying the possession of a
+landed estate. Either the land was cultivated by the owner himself with
+the help of bought slaves or hired servants, few or many, as described in
+Hesiod and the _Oeconomics_ of Xenophon;(335) or the owner resided in the
+city or a neighbouring town, and the land was tilled by aliens or serfs
+(called sometimes κλαρῶται), like the Helots of Sparta, who paid an annual
+contribution from the produce to their landlord. The serf was often
+attached hereditarily to the soil in the sense of being unable to give up
+his holding, but also had certain rights as against his master, both in
+the matter of his own possessions and in that he could not be sold out of
+the country.(336)
+
+(M159) There is a passage in the Gortyn Laws that states:—that if there
+are no rightful successors to inherit the property of a deceased
+Gortynian, his household’s κλῆρος, _i.e._ the persons composing it, shall
+inherit his property. That is to say, if a Gortynian family died out and
+no legal representative could be found, their proprietary rights were
+extinguished and the κλαρῶται who lived upon the land took all their
+property. This provision favours the idea that at Gortyn also the
+citizen-population came of a race of conquerors, who were not exactly
+looked upon as ground landlords upon whose land a subject family was
+settled or had been allowed to remain, but that, whilst the relation of
+the κλαρῶται to their land was of the closest if not an absolute bondage
+to the soil, the proprietary rights of their superiors and masters
+consisted of the conqueror’s overlordship and the power to derive their
+maintenance from the joint produce of their serfs’ labour and the
+land.(337)
+
+This comprehensive use of the word κλῆρος, as meaning both the allotment
+of land and the family who were bound to occupy it, whose labour also
+created its value to its lord and master, is quite consistent with the use
+of the word in reference to the holdings of the Spartan citizens. The
+allotment of a κλῆρος at Sparta evidently meant also a transference of
+rights over the Helots that worked it; and even if this further
+implication was not actually included in the meaning of the word, it was
+so inseparable in thought that no explanation was necessary of the
+composite significance of the allotment.
+
+(M160) The Athenians in their κληρουχίαι seem instinctively to have
+combined these two methods of agriculture. The κληροῦχοι were not
+colonists, who became citizens of a new city, but they remained citizens
+of Athens, holding however their κλῆροι in a remote district. But the
+chief feature of this method of landholding was that the owner, though
+remaining a citizen of Athens and liable to the same claims from the
+mother city in respect of military service, &c, as before, was yet
+supposed to reside in the neighbourhood of his new κλῆρος. This was the
+case, even when the land itself was left in the hands of the conquered
+population at a fixed annual charge.
+
+(M161) An inscription found on the Acropolis of Athens, and relating to
+some date about 560 or 570 B.C., defines the legal status of the first
+κληροῦχοι sent to Salamis. They were assimilated to Athenian citizens as
+to taxes and military service; but they must reside on their land under
+pain of an absentee’s tax to the State.(338)
+
+(M162) In the year 427 B.C. the Athenians conquered the island of Lesbos.
+They imposed no tribute on the subjugated islanders, but, making the land
+into three thousand κλῆροι “except the Methymnian land,” they first set
+apart three hundred κλῆροι as sacred to the gods, and on to the others
+they sent off κληροῦχοι chosen by lot from themselves; to these the
+Lesbians paid annually for each κλῆροι two minae, and _themselves worked
+the land_.(339)
+
+According to the account of Aelian, the same method of procedure was
+adopted after the conquest of Euboea in about 510 B.C. The Athenians,
+having conquered the Chalkidians, apportioned their land to κληροῦχοι(340)
+in two thousand κλῆροι, _i.e._ the country called Hippobotos; and, setting
+aside τεμένη to Athena in the place called Lelantos, they let out(341) the
+rest according to the pillars that stand in the King’s Stoa, which thus
+bear record of the leases.(342)
+
+(M163) The holding of each κληροῦχος may have varied in size according to
+the character of the soil and features of the country; but it may safely
+be asserted that it must have been of sufficient dimensions, not only to
+provide subsistence for the native population left on the soil, but also
+to pay a considerable portion towards the keep of the κληροῦχος himself,
+during his enforced residence in the conquered country.
+
+The class of citizen from amongst whom the κληροῦχοι were chosen by lot,
+did not consist of families with much property in Athens.(343) Younger
+sons without occupation, whom their fathers had not been quite callous
+enough to “expose” in infancy,(344) and restless individuals without
+property in the mother country, would be most likely to offer themselves.
+And to such the two minae per annum, paid by the Lesbians from the produce
+of each κλῆρος, would appear a reasonable if not a sumptuous provision of
+livelihood. There were a hundred drachmae in the mina, and if it is true,
+as asserted by Plutarch,(345) that in the time of Solon one drachma was
+the price of a sheep, a yearly income of two hundred sheep, or their
+equivalent, would be forthcoming to each κληροῦχος—surely a considerable
+contribution to the maintenance of his family.(346)
+
+Under these circumstances each κλῆρος served to provide maintenance for
+two households—both of whom had hereditary rights therein, though
+themselves in different strata of society. Both households also were in a
+sort attached to the soil, the one in practical bondage, the other bound
+by law to reside in the country wherein lay its substance, and (if we may
+use the common expression of the Welsh Laws) its privilege.
+
+(M164) This double and continuous ownership was not confined to the
+semi-servile tenure of lands annexed by Athenian conquests.
+
+Leases to be handed down from father to son _for ever_—τὸν πάντα
+χρόνον—subject of course to the regular payment of the rent, seem to have
+been quite usual.
+
+What is said to be the oldest Greek contract we have, is of this
+nature.(347) It was found in Elis at Olympia, and runs as follows:—
+
+
+    “Contract with Theron and Aichmanor with regard to the land in
+    Salamona of eighteen plethra. Rent, twenty-two manasioi of barley
+    in the month Alphioios; if he omits, let them pay double. _They
+    shall hold for ever._”(348)
+
+
+There is an instance of a proprietor of land at Mylasa, in Karia,
+deliberately selling his estates to a sacred community for the benefit of
+the god, and receiving them again (like the Roman _precaria_) from the
+trustees on perpetual lease—εἰς πατρικά—as the patrimonial substance of
+his family, for himself and his issue or whosoever should take inheritance
+from him. He thus obtained a money value down in return for his property,
+but bound himself and his descendants to an annual rent of so many
+drachmae, to form part of the revenues of the god. Moreover his
+“family-land” in this case was apparently more inalienable now than
+before; for he might neither divide the land henceforth, nor share the
+responsibility for the rent with another.(349)
+
+(M165) Do not these instances show that even leases were included in the
+same category with actual ownership of land, being embraced within the
+characteristic idea that the land that contributed to the maintenance of
+the family and had come to be regarded almost as giving that family its
+social if not its political status, should descend unintermittently from
+generation to generation in that family, though its occupation was subject
+to providing support likewise to a superior owner and his family, whose
+descendants in their turn also would demand their share in the produce?
+
+Is the conclusion justified that the basis of this indomitable feeling was
+that the peculiar view of the family, as consisting of a long line of past
+and future representatives, precluded the individual, who happened to be
+the living representative at any given time, from taking an irresponsible
+position as absolute master of the property, upon which his family had
+been, was, and would be dependent?
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION.
+
+
+(M166) In weighing the results of this essay, it would be absurd to
+pretend that anything of the nature of a last word can be said on the
+subject. The process of the early development of Greek society cannot be
+ascertained merely from the study of a few survivals in historic times.
+The comparative method must be carried much further than has been
+attempted here, before the secrets of antiquity can be laid bare and an
+authoritative statement made.
+
+There would seem, however, to be at any rate some points, of those that
+have come under notice, worthy of further investigation, in so far as they
+indicate that Greek society was no isolated growth, but must be given a
+place in the general development of the systems of Europe.
+
+(M167) It is suggested that in the continuity of city life from an earlier
+stage of society under some form of the Tribal System, can be found the
+only natural explanation of the structure of the kindred at Athens in the
+fourth and fifth centuries B.C. Comparison with the customs of other
+nations,—the Hindoos, the Welsh, and the Israelites, the last two being
+the most typical examples of peoples of which we have written records
+whilst still living under the tribal system—has shown remarkable analogies
+in the organisation of their inner society.
+
+(M168) The actual similarity in the sentiment which surrounded the
+possession of the privileges of tribal blood and the title to citizenship
+at Athens, can hardly be exaggerated.
+
+(M169) The foundation of the bond in either case has a threefold aspect.
+The bond is one of blood, of religion, and of maintenance.
+
+(M170) The qualification for citizenship, as much as for the tribal
+privilege, was a question of parentage; and the citizen equally inherited,
+with his blood, responsibilities towards the community into which he was
+born, as to a larger kindred.
+
+(M171) Membership of the tribe or of the city was the only qualification,
+that admitted to the privilege and duty of partaking in the public
+religious observances. Tribesmen and citizens, by virtue of their
+privilege, shared in the worship of the greater gods, of Hestia in the
+Prytaneum, of Zeus Agoraios, and of the Heroes or special guardians of
+their community; in like manner as the member of the smaller group of a
+kindred, by virtue of his blood, shared in the worship of the Apollo
+Patroïos, the Zeus Herkeios or Ktesios, and the heroes or ancestors of his
+family. Inasmuch as citizenship depended upon purity of descent, the
+possession of the latter qualification carried with it the right to share
+in the greater ceremonies. But the converse was equally stringent, in that
+the possession of shrines of Apollo Patroïos and Zeus Herkeios was
+impossible, unless the family was one of those who had for many
+generations been recognised as belonging to the true stock of the
+community.
+
+(M172) Inasmuch as the worship of private or public gods consisted mainly
+of offerings of food, of beasts or produce of the earth, and wine, every
+tribesman or citizen must have had the means of providing his share in the
+offerings, besides supporting himself and his family. Those devoted to
+handicraft or merchandise were often despised by the regular tribesman or
+citizen, and sometimes therefore formed separate clans by themselves, like
+the smiths in Arabia. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that the
+membership of the tribe or city should have carried with it the right to
+the possession of some portion of the arable land and of the pasture, upon
+which all were regarded as being dependent. In this way the possession of
+land was intimately related to the status and the duties of the owner. It
+was the visible mark of his full tribal privilege, and was the practical
+means of his fulfilling his duty towards his fellows and the public
+religion, as well as to the needs of his ancestors and household. It seems
+also to have been believed that, in partaking of the hospitality or
+sharing in the sacrificial feast of any family, a bond was for the time
+being created which was in most respects practically equivalent to
+relationship by blood to the members of that family.(350)
+
+(M173) Apart from the tribal character of the qualification for
+citizenship, the most conservative organisation wherein had been
+stereotyped the most precious of tribal customs, was that of the kindred.
+
+It is suggested that the vitality of the customs surrounding the bond of
+family relationship was due to the importance attached to the religious
+and social functions incumbent on all members of a household united by
+kindred blood. The actions of the individual members were constrained by
+their weighty responsibilities towards the continuance and prosperity of
+the composite household, in which they moved, and apart from which their
+existence could not but be altogether incomplete.
+
+The worship of ancestors occupied a prominent place in the needs of the
+Athenian household, and, no doubt, had a corresponding influence in the
+preservation of its unity. The same of course cannot be said for Wales,
+where Christianity had replaced, in the records at any rate, whatever
+religious beliefs may have existed earlier. But the grouping of the
+kindred according to grades of relationship was adhered to by the Welsh as
+an intrinsic part of their very conception of a kindred; and this would
+point to the conclusion that such subdivisions were due to wider needs
+than can be found in any particular form of religious belief or worship.
+
+(M174) If, as has been suggested, in adhering to these customs, the Greeks
+were still treading in the tracks of their tribal ancestors, how is it
+that the most convincing evidence comes from as late as the fifth and
+fourth centuries B.C. and mainly from the most highly civilised of the
+cities of Greece?
+
+The _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_ may perhaps be trusted as truly portraying,
+so far as they go, the manners and customs of the great period of Achaian
+civilisation, known as Mycenean, which may be said to have culminated just
+before the Dorian invasion. Whence then came the public recognition of
+those household ceremonies of ancestor-worship, which filled such a large
+place in the life of the Athenian citizen, and which, it has been
+suggested, were consciously or unconsciously slurred over by the Homeric
+poets?
+
+(M175) Mr. Walter Leaf has already found an answer to this question,(351)
+viz. that these ceremonies were the long cherished customs of the ancient
+Ionian or Pelasgian inhabitants of Greece, who had formed the substratum
+of society under Achaian rule, and who only came into prominence on the
+removal of their superiors at the time of the Dorian invasion. And this
+continuity, underlying the superficial rule of the Achaians, seems to be
+borne out by recent research and discovery.(352)
+
+The Athenians always boasted their Ionian descent, and may well have
+inherited their habits with the traditions of their origin.
+
+(M176) But the customs reviewed in the foregoing pages seem to have a
+wider parentage than can be attributed to the Pelasgians alone. Spartan
+customs at any rate cannot thus be accounted for.
+
+(M177) In the course of argument reference has often been made to the
+Jewish records in the Books of the Old Testament, and indeed a remarkable
+parallel is presented in the history of the two peoples. Both peoples
+apparently reached their greatest period about the same time. The reign of
+Solomon with its gold and costly workmanship must have resembled that of
+the Mycenean kings in more than similarity of date, and outward splendour.
+Taking Homer again as the courtly chronicler of the Achaian age of gold,
+the Books of the Kings of both peoples are curiously conscious of their
+former tribal conditions, through which they easily trace back to the very
+fountain-head of their race.
+
+(M178) In the period of the decay of the Jewish people under the stress of
+invasion by foreign kings, strenuous efforts were made by their prophet
+leaders to purge them from the alien blood and alien influences contracted
+in the careless days of their prosperity. Their aim was to restore once
+more those strict tribal habits which had served them so well at the time
+of their own victorious invasion, and which still lay dormant in their
+constitution. In similar wise, the period of Achaian prosperity seems to
+have been followed by a rise into prominence at any rate, if not an actual
+resuscitation, of old tribal customs.
+
+(M179) The actual traces of tribal institutions in Homer need not be
+underrated. There is much that is of a tribal character in the Homeric
+chieftain in his relations to his tribesmen and to their gods. Survivals
+of tribal custom may also be seen in the reverence for the guest, and the
+sacredness of the bond of hospitality lasting as it did for generations;
+and in the blood-feud with its deadly consequences, especially when
+occurring within the tribe or kindred. Indeed if only the Pentateuch of
+the Achaians could be found in the ruins of Mycenae and added to the
+Homeric Book of the Kings, would it not then probably be evident that
+there was much more of a tribal nature in the organisation of the kindreds
+of the Achaians and surviving throughout the whole period of their
+splendour than the aristocratic poets of the Homeric schools allowed
+themselves to record?
+
+(M180) Although therefore nearly all our evidence of the internal
+structure of the kindred among the Greeks dates from the fifth century
+B.C., the ἀγχιστεία at Athens must not be put down as belonging merely to
+that period. In the light of the close analogies to be found in the
+structure of other tribal systems, it is probable that such subdivisions
+of the kindred belong to an extremely early period in the history of the
+Greeks, whether as Achaians or Ionians or Dorians. Are they not indeed
+necessary features of tribal society itself wherever it is examined?
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Adoption, object of, 35;
+  out of unfortunate home, 36;
+  ceremony of, 36-7
+
+_Agora_, 2, 3
+
+ἀγχιστεία, 32;
+  its meaning, 55;
+  its limits, 58-9;
+  all within it liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._;
+  its tribal origin, 143
+
+Ancestor-worship, 10, 140;
+  in Homer, 5, 7;
+  in Israel, 8, 9;
+  in Egypt, 11;
+  pre-Homeric, 141, _note_
+
+ἀνεψιός see ἀγχιστεία
+
+βασιλεύς, one of a class, 107, 114;
+  honoured like a god, 105-6, 122;
+  owned τέμενος, 102, 106, 122;
+  influenced the seasons, 105, _note_;
+  over-lordship not altogether hereditary, 107;
+  levied maintenance on their people, 115, 122;
+  Solomon, 116;
+  household βασιλεύς 92
+
+Bastard, no place in family, 95-6;
+  allotment or gift for his maintenance, 95-6
+
+Blood, as basis of family, 13;
+  of tribe, &c., 4-5, 138;
+  its purity jealously guarded, 67 _et seq._;
+  acquisition of, 68 _et seq._
+
+Blood-fine, not within the tribe or kindred, 42-4, 77;
+  in Wales, the _galanas_, 78 _et seq._;
+  paid by whole family, 79 _et seq._
+
+Bloodshed, responsibility for, 42;
+  rested on ἀγχιστεία, 75 _et seq._;
+  within the kindred, 44, 77
+
+Citizenship, admission to, 71, 96;
+  qualification for, by three descents, 73;
+  basis of, 138;
+  confirmed to son of stranger, 71, _note_
+
+ἔγκτησις, grant of, to new citizen, 97, _note_; 123, _note_
+
+ἐπίκληρος, succession found through her, 23;
+  she must marry next-of-kin, 23-7;
+  in Gortyn laws, 26;
+  where more than one, 26;
+  inherited for her issue, 28;
+  Ruth as, 31, 34;
+  had right of maintenance from property, 23-4
+
+Family (_see_ οἶκος), bound to the land, 127 _et seq._;
+  family estate in Santa Maura, 86;
+  head of family, 91
+
+Funeral, _see_ Sacrifices
+
+Gavelkind, in Kent, 95
+
+Guest, importance at sacrifice, 99-100;
+  hereditary guestship, 110
+
+Hearth, 3, 4;
+  as basis of the family, 13, 17;
+  in Prytaneum, 4, 15;
+  initiation of heir to, 89
+
+Heir, duties of, 18-19, 20;
+  importance of male heir, 21-3, 98 _et seq._;
+  daughter’s son, 23-7;
+  always ranks as _son_ of deceased, 34 _et seq._, 59 _et seq._;
+  initiated to hearth, 89;
+  introduced to kindred, 36;
+  and to the deme, 38-9;
+  importance of introduction of, 41, 125-8;
+  co-heir in Wales, 51;
+  law of succession, 57 _et seq._;
+  disinheritance, 61;
+  division among heirs, 64 _et seq._, 101;
+  Ahab’s ’inheritance’ of Naboth’s vineyard, 114
+
+Hesiod, his κλῆρος, 123;
+  the needs of a farmer, 109
+
+_Hestia_, 3, 4, 138;
+  called “princess,” 13
+
+Inheritance, see κλῆρος, and Heir
+
+Kinship, grades of, 48 _et seq._;
+  in India, 52;
+  in Wales, 49, 67 _et seq._;
+  the fourth degree, 73, 112;
+  the seventh, 78 et _seq._;
+  the ninth, 68 _et seq._;
+  wife’s relations no kin to husband but are to son, 61, _note_
+
+Kinsmen, duties of, 18, 42;
+  next of kin marries “heiress,” 23-7, 35;
+  his duty to redeem property in Israel, 32, 95;
+  kinsmen accept heir, 36, 41, 125-7;
+  sanction disinheritance, 61;
+  liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._;
+  Hesiod’s idea of, 123
+
+κλαρῶται, 130
+
+κλῆρος, its form, 85 _et seq._;
+  supported the οἶκος, 88 _et seq._, 110, 121, 127;
+  need not be divided, 47, 89, 93, 97;
+  no joint holding between father and sons, 93;
+  sold in case of need, 94;
+  in theory inalienable, 94, 113, 124, 127;
+  allotted to new citizen, 96;
+  in Homer, 102;
+  held by tribesmen, 108;
+  of Hesiod, 123
+
+κληροῦχοι, 131 _et seq._
+
+Land, ownership of, proof of civic rights, 83, 96 (_see_ κλῆρος and
+            τέμενος)
+
+_Lar_ = “lord,” 12;
+  _lares_ of king, 4
+
+Leases, for ever, 134-6
+
+Levirate, not in Greece, 27;
+  in India, 29;
+  in Israel, 30 _et seq._
+
+Maintenance of parents (_see_ Parents);
+  of οἶκος, 110;
+  the bond of, 110, 139;
+  of the chief, 114 _et seq._; 122;
+  in Ezekiel, 119;
+  of children at Sparta, 125;
+  gift of food to babe, 125;
+  derived from κλῆρος, 127
+
+_Manes_, duties to, in India, 19
+
+Marriage, of heiress, 23-6;
+  of near relations, 29;
+  of widow (_see_ Levirate)
+
+_Octopus_, 125 _note_
+
+οἶκος, part of γένος, 17;
+  importance of continuity of, 9, 19-20, 30, 35, 111, 128;
+  the unit of ownership of property, 47, 109;
+  extent of, 54-6, 88-9;
+  the householder in India, 99;
+  supported by its land, 110, 113, 121;
+  of Bouselos, 55, 62;
+  power of head of, 91-2
+
+Open field system, in Greece, 85;
+  in the islands, 87;
+  in Homer, 88, 104;
+  its elasticity, 118-9
+
+_Parage_, in Normandy, an undivided tenure, 50
+
+Parents, maintenance of, 18, 48;
+  after death, 19
+
+_Phratria_, enrols legitimate sons, 36-7;
+  partly responsible for bloodshed, 76
+
+Primogeniture, not the rule in Greece, 90;
+  nor in India, 97 _et seq._;
+  eldest son had certain rights or dignity, 90 _et seq._, 97 _et seq._;
+  called ἠθεῖος, 91, _note_
+
+_Prytaneum_, 3, 4, 15, 138
+
+Register, of phratria, 36;
+  of deme, 38
+
+Ruth, as widow and ἐπίκληρος, 31-4
+
+Sacrifices, object of, 6, 139, _note_;
+  to the dead, 8, 9-12;
+  of funeral cake in India, 51 _et seq._;
+  funeral rites at Athens, 20;
+  of householder in India, 99;
+  bond of common religion, 13, 53, 138
+
+Stranger, abhorrence of, 5, 71, 74;
+  as guest, 99 (_see_ Guest);
+  admission to tribe, 67 _et seq._, 96
+
+τέμενος, in Homer, 103, 113;
+  allotted to princes and gods, 102, 106, 118, 122;
+  called πατρώιος, 106;
+  helped to support prince, 118-9
+
+Tonsure, in Greece, 39;
+  in India, 40
+
+Tribe, its basis one of blood, 4-5, 138;
+  possible development of, 14-15;
+  admission to, 68 _et seq._, 96 (_and see_ Citizenship)
+
+Widow, could not inherit from husband, 27-8;
+  returned to her kin or guardian, 28;
+  when allowed to remain, 28, _note_;
+  the case of Tamar, 30;
+  of Ruth, 31 _et seq._
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+   M1 Vitality of the tribal system.
+   M2 Its survivals form the subject of this inquiry.
+   M3 The centres of political and tribal society.
+
+_    1 Il._ ix. 63.
+
+_    2 Il._ ii. 400.
+
+_    3 Il._ xi. 807.
+
+_    4 Il._ ii. 788.
+
+   M4 The Prytaneum and Hestia.
+
+_    5 Journal of Philology_, xiv. 145 (1885), Mr. Frazer on Prytaneum.
+
+    6 Cauer, _Delect. Inser. Graec._ § 121. (Crete, c. 200 B.C.) “I swear
+      by Hestia in the Prytaneum (τὰν ἐμ πρυτανείῳ), by Zeus of the Agora,
+      Zeus Tallaios, Apellon Delphinios, Athanaia Poliouchos, Apellon
+      Poitios, and Lato, and Artemis, and Ares, and Aphordite, and Hermes,
+      and Halios ... and all gods and goddesses.” _Cf._ also § 116, and
+      _Od._ xiv. 158.
+
+      Plato, in _Laws_ § 848, says Hestia, Zeus and Athena shall have
+      temples everywhere.
+
+_    7 Thuc._ ii. 16.
+
+   M5 Their origin.
+
+_    8 Journal of Philol._ xiv. 145.
+
+_    9 Op. cit._ p. 153.
+
+   M6 Qualification for share in religious rites one of blood.
+
+   10 Exception, however, was sometimes made in the case of the stranger
+      as a favoured guest, _v. infra_, p. 99.
+
+   M7 Ancestor-worship not obvious in Homer.
+
+   11 Plato (_Laws_ 948) remarks that at the time of Rhadamanthos the
+      belief in the existence of the gods was a reasonable one, seeing
+      that at that time most men were sons of gods.
+
+   M8 Offerings of food to the gods,
+
+_   12 Il._ xxiii. 206. It is clear from _Il._ i. 466 _et seq._ that the
+      sacrifice was held to be a feast at which the choice portions were
+      devoured by the god by means of the fire on his altar. _Cf._ p. 139,
+      note.
+
+   M9 and to the dead.
+
+   13 It was not therefore only at the mouth of Hades that the dead could
+      benefit by such offerings.
+
+  M10 The continuance of his name quite as important as offerings of food.
+
+_   14 Od._ iv. 197. _Cf._ _Il._ xvi. 455.
+      ἔνδα ἑ ταρχύσουσι κασίγνητοι τε ἔται τε
+      τύμβῳ τε στήλῃ τε: τὸ γὰρ γέρας ἐστὶ θανόντων.
+
+   15 The speculative state of mind displayed in the _Iliad_ may be
+      illustrated from the effect on Achilles of the apparition of
+      Patroklos after death in a dream. As he wakes suddenly the
+      conviction comes upon him:—“Ay me, there remaineth then even in the
+      house of Hades a spirit and phantom of the dead, albeit the life be
+      not anywise therein: for all night long hath the spirit of hapless
+      Patroklos stood over me, wailing and making moan, and charged me
+      everything that I should do, and wondrous like his living self it
+      seemed.” _Il._ xxiii, 113 &c.
+
+  M11 Offerings to the dead in the Old Testament.
+
+   16 Ps. cvi. 28. _v._ Maine’s _Early Law and Custom_, p. 59.
+
+  M12 Resemblance between Homer and the Old Testament.
+
+   17 1 Sam. xx. 6. Θυσία τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκεῖ ὅλῃ τῇ φυλῇ.
+
+  M13 Ancestor-worship in India and Rome.
+
+   18 Soph. _Antig._ 659.
+
+   19 Coulanges, _Cité Antique_, p. 65.
+
+   20 Soph. _Antig._ 199.
+
+   21 Soph. _Phil._ 933. Soph. _Elekt._ 411.
+
+  M14 The need of food for the dead;
+
+   22 Aesch. _Pers._ 609-618. The speaker in this case is a Persian and a
+      woman; but many passages might be quoted from the Greek poets. _Cf._
+      Lucian, _De Luctu_, 9. Τρέφονται δὲ ἄρα ταῖς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν χοαῖς καὶ
+      τοῖς καθαγιζομένοις ἐπὶ τῶν τάφων: ὡς εἴ τῳ μὴ εἴη καταλελειμμένος
+      ὑπὲρ γῆς φίλος ἥ συγγενὴς, ἄσιτος οὗτος νεκρὸς καὶ λιμώττων ἐν
+      αὐτοῖς πολιτεύεται.
+
+  M15 the same in Egypt,
+
+   23 Edited by C. H. S. Davis (Putnam, 1894).
+
+_   24 Id._ chap. liii.
+
+_   25 Id._ chap. lxxii.
+
+_   26 Id._ chap. lxxvii.
+
+  M16 and in India.
+  M17 Ancestor-worship not necessarily post-Homeric.
+
+_   27 Cité Antique_, p. 93, ἑστία δέσποινα.
+
+  M18 The hearth and the tie of common blood.
+  M19 Possible course of social development.
+  M20 The change of tribesmen into citizens.
+
+_   28 Wks. & Days_, 327-332.
+
+_   29 Id._ 353-5.
+
+  M21 The study of the family introductory to the history of the tribe.
+  M22 The duties of the individual to his οἶκος,
+  M23 began with his living parents;
+
+_   30 Laws_ § 717, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 729 C and 931 A.
+
+  M24 and extended to their tomb.
+
+   31 Arist, _Ath. Pol._ lv. 3. Isaeus, viii. 32. “The law commands us to
+      maintain (τρέφειν) our parents even if they have nothing to leave
+      us.” _Cf._ Ruth iv. 15 διαθρέψαι τὴν πολιάν σου.
+
+      _Iliad_ iv. 477 and xvii. 302.
+
+      ... οὐδὲ τοκεῦσιν
+      θρέπτα φίλοις ἀπέδωκε...
+
+      Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 118.
+
+      οὐδέ κεν οἵγε
+      γηράντεσσι τοκεῦσιν ἀπὸ θρεπτήρια δοῖεν
+      χειροδίκαι.
+
+   32 Plato, _Laws_, 877 C.
+
+   33 Aeschin. _c. Timarch._ § 13.
+
+   34 Isaeus, iv. 19 (_Nicostrat._).
+
+  M25 Continuity of the family;
+  M26 in the _Ordinances of Manu_;
+
+_   35 Ordinances of Manu_, translated by A. C. Burnell, edited by E. W.
+      Hopkins. London: 1884. Bk. ix. 106, 8, 182, 137, 161.
+
+  M27 and according to Plato.
+
+_   36 Laws_, 721 B, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 923 A.
+
+   37 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1090, and _Il._ xxiii. 163, xvi. 455, xxiv. 793.
+
+   38 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1077.
+
+   39 Isaeus, ii. 36 and 42.
+
+   40 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4, Ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.
+
+  M28 The importance of male succession.
+
+   41 Plut. _Lycurg. and Numa_ 4. Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 7 to 9.
+
+   42 From Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 9, it would seem that such children, born
+      into a family where there were already children of both father and
+      mother, had no share in the family property.
+
+   43 This was the practice also in Arabia (Rob. Smith, _Kinship &c._, p.
+      110).
+
+   44 Herod. v. 40.
+
+   45 Herod. vii. 205. Quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p. 71.
+
+_   46 Iliad_ xv. 497.
+
+   47 Is. vii. 30.
+
+   48 Is. ii. 36.
+
+   49 Is. iii. 59 and 60, vi. 28.
+
+  M29 Succession through a daughter.
+
+   50 For want of a better translation implying “going with the property”
+      this word will be rendered by “heiress.”
+
+   51 Is. viii. 31. _Cf._ συνουκεῖν in Dem. _in Neaeram_ 1386.
+
+   52 Demosth. _Steph_. ii. 1134. Son. of ἐπίκληρος inherits (κρατεῖν τῶν
+      χρημάτων) ἐπὶ δίετες; τὸν δὲ σῖτον μετρεῖν τῇ μητρί.
+
+   53 Is. vi. 14. _Cf._ Ar. _Vesp_. 583 _et seq._
+
+_   54 Manu_ ix. 131 and 132.
+
+_   55 Ib._ 136.
+
+_   56 Ib._ 135.
+
+  M30 She must marry the next of kin.
+
+_   57 Laws_, 924.
+
+_   58 Cf._ Terence, _Phormio_ 125-6.
+
+      Lex est ut orbae, qui sunt genere proxumi,
+      Eis nubant, et illos ducere cadem haec lex jubet.
+
+      and Diod. Sic. xii. 18: ὁ δὲ ἀγχιστεὺς πλούσιος ὦν ἠναγκάσθη γῆμαι
+      γυναῖκα πενιχρὰν ἐπίκληρον ἄνευ προικός.
+
+  M31 even though already married.
+
+   59 Isaeus, iii. 64.
+
+_   60 Ordinances_ iii. 11.
+
+   61 Isaeus, i. 39.
+
+  M32 Similar rules in the laws of Gortyn,
+
+   62 vii. 15-ix. 24. We may compare this with _Odyssey_ vii. 60 _et seq._
+      where Alkinoos marries his _niece_, Arete, the only child and
+      therefore ἐπίκληρος of his brother Rhexenor.
+
+_   63 c. Macart._ 1068 (_Law_)
+
+   64 (Plut. _Solon_ 21. ἐν τῷ γένει τοῦ τεθηκότος ἔδει τὰ χρήματα
+      καταμένειν. Plato, _Laws_ 925. A heiress _must_ marry a citizen. In
+      the Gortyn laws, if any one marry the heiress contrary to law, the
+      next of kin shall have the property).
+
+  M33 and amongst the Israelites.
+  M34 The levirate proper not found in Greece.
+  M35 The widow returned to her guardian.
+
+   65 Dem. _c._ _Macart_. 1076. Widow only allowed to remain in her
+      deceased husband’s house on plea of pregnancy and under the
+      guardianship of the archon.
+
+      Dem. _c._ _Boeot_. 1010. Wife leaves her husband’s house and is
+      portioned out again by her brothers.
+
+   66 Cf. _Ord. of Manu_ v. 147-8. “No act is to be done according to
+      (her) own will by a young girl, a young woman, or even by an old
+      woman, though in (their own) houses.
+
+      “In her childhood (a girl) should be under the will of her father;
+      in her youth, of her husband; her husband being dead, of her sons; a
+      woman should never enjoy her own will.”
+
+   67 Dem. _c._ _Spoud_. 1029. Father takes away daughter and gives her to
+      another.
+
+      _Cf._ also Dem. _c._ _Eubulid_. 1311.
+
+      Isaeus, v. 10. By coming into an inheritance from his first cousin,
+      a man also becomes guardian (ἐπίτροπος καὶ κύριος) of his three
+      female first cousins, though all married.
+
+   68 Dem. _pro Phormio._ 953.
+
+   69 As in Isaeus, ii. 7 and 8.
+
+   70 ix. 70. &c.
+
+  M36 Marriage of near relations.
+
+   71 vii. 11 and 12.
+
+  M37 The levirate among the Israelites.
+  M38 The case of Tamar.
+
+   72 Gen. xxxviii. 10.
+
+  M39 The case of Ruth.
+
+   73 Ruth i. 8-12.
+
+   74 For the meaning of ἀγχιστεύς see below p. 55.
+
+  M40 Dependence on the next of kin.
+  M41 The son of the heiress must leave his father’s house,
+
+   75 xi. 49.
+
+  M42 and enter that of the deceased relative
+
+   76 Isaeus, vii. 31.
+
+_   77 c. Macart._ 1077.
+
+  M43 Hence the custom of adoption.
+
+   78 Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1093. ἐκ τῶν κατὰ γένος ἐγγυτάτω εἰσποιεῖν υἱὸν
+      τῷ τετελευτηκότι ὅπως ἄν ὁ οἶκος μὴ ἐξερημωθῇ.
+
+   79 Is. x. 17.
+
+  M44 The introduction of the heir to the kindred.
+
+   80 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4 Ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.
+
+  M45 The same for true as for adopted son.
+  M46 The ceremony at Athens;
+
+   81 Is. ii. 14.
+
+   82 Is. vii. 1, 16, 13 and 27.
+
+   83 Dem. _c. Eubulid._ 1315.
+
+   84 Is. vi. 25.
+
+   85 Andoc. _de Myst._ 126.
+
+   86 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1054 and 1078.
+
+   87 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1091. Isaeus iii. 80 and viii. 18.
+
+  M47 and at Gortyn;
+
+   88 Isaeus ix. 7 (_Astyph._) τελευτήσαντι αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνου
+      προγόνοις τά νομιζόμενα ποισει.
+
+   89 Isaeus vi. 44; ix. 2 and 33; x. 2 and 4. Dem. _c. Leoch._ passim.
+      _Cf. Manu_, ix. 142.
+
+   90 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1094, 1099, and (_lex Solonis_) 1100.
+
+_   91 Ib._ 1090.
+
+  M48 and also in India.
+
+   92 Mayne on _Hindu Law_ (1892), p. 105 and 162.
+
+_   93 Op. cit._ p. 141-2 and 189. _Manu_ ix. 142. He offers no cake to
+      his original ancestors.
+
+  M49 The introduction to the deme.
+  M50 The custom of tonsure.
+
+_   94 Thes._ 5.
+
+   95 ἀπάρχεσθαι: in Homer to “begin” a sacrifice by offering the _hair_
+      of the victim. Later, to “dedicate.”
+
+_   96 Il._ ii. 542 ὄπιθεν κομόωντες.
+
+   97 Herod, iii. 8. The Arabs cut their hair in a ring away from the
+      temples.
+
+_   98 Il._ xxiii. 141-6.
+
+   99 Paus. i. 37, 3.
+
+_  100 Char._ 21.
+
+_  101 Deipnosoph._ xi. 88.
+
+_  102 Manu_ ii. 65.
+
+_  103 Cf._ ii. 38. This was the last year that a Brahman could receive
+      investiture.
+
+  104 Isaeus, vi. 10.
+
+_  105 Anc. Grk. Inscr._ Brit. Mus. cccxv. cccxvii. and cccxviii. Oath of
+      mother required before legitimacy registered, in the island of
+      Kalymna.
+
+_  106 Cf._ Aristot. _Ath. Pol._ xlii.
+
+  107 Isaeus, iii. 75.
+
+_  108 Ib._ vi. 47. _Cf._ Deuteronomy xxiii. i.
+
+  M51 Liability for bloodshed rested on a group of kinsmen.
+
+  109 Robertson Smith, _Kinship, &c. in Arabia_, p. 262.
+
+  110 Dem. _in Euerg._ and _Mnesib._ 1160.
+
+  111 Dem. _Macart._ 1069. _Cf._ Deut. xxi. 1-9.
+
+_  112 Cf. Od._ iii. 195.
+
+  M52 No ransom for murders within the tribe;
+
+_  113 Il._ ix. 63.
+      ἀφρήτωρ, ἀθέμιστος, ἀνέστιός ἐστιν ἐκεῖνος,
+      ὅς πολέμου ἔραται ἐπιδημίου ὀκρυόεντος.
+
+  114 Il. xiii. 695. _Cf._ xv. 335.
+
+_  115 Il._ xvi. 572.
+
+_  116 Il._ ii. 662.
+
+_  117 Cf. Od._ xiii. 259, xiv. 380.
+
+  M53 or between citizen and citizen.
+
+  118 Quoted in Dem. _c. Aristocrat._ 629.
+
+_  119 Laws_ 865 d.
+
+_  120 Ib._ 871. Soph. O.C. 407. Oedipus could not be buried on Theban
+      soil, because he had shed ἔμφυλον αἷμα.
+
+_  121 Cf_. Aeschines in _Ctesiph._ 244.
+
+  122 ix. 17-19. _Cf._ Dem. _c. Pantaen._ 983, 59.
+
+  123 Plato, _Laws_ 871 D.
+
+  124 Plato, _Laws_ 871 B. _Cf._868.
+
+_  125 Ib._ 872 E. _Cf._ Tacitus, _Germania_, 21. Suscipere tam
+      inimicitias seu patris seu propinqui quam amicitias necesse est. Nec
+      implacabiles durant: luitur enim etiam homicidium certo armentorum
+      ac pecorum numero, _recipitque satisfactionem universa domus_,
+      utiliter in publicum, quia periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta
+      libertatem.
+
+_  126 Ib._ 873 E.
+
+  127 Herod. i. 44.
+
+  M54 All kinsmen were not equally responsible.
+  M55 The unity of the οἶκος.
+
+  128 v. _infra_ p. 90 _et seq._
+
+_  129 c. Leoch._ 1083.
+
+  130 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1055-6.
+
+  131 Isaeus, viii. 32.
+
+  M56 Grades of kinship in Western Europe.
+  M57 The position of the great-grandson,
+  M58 in Wales,
+
+_  132 Venedotian Code_, ii. xii.
+
+  133 Lady Charlotte Guest’s _Mabinogion_, p. 234.
+
+  M59 and in feudal Normandy.
+  M60 The custom of _parage_.
+
+  134 cxxviii-cxxxi.
+
+  M61 Co-heritage in Wales.
+
+_  135 Dimetian Code_, ii. xxiii.
+
+  M62 Degrees of relationship in India.
+
+_  136 Manu_, ix. 186.
+
+_  137 Manu_, iii. 5.
+
+_  138 Manu_ v. 60.
+
+  M63 Four generations share in the cake-offering.
+  M64 Similar grouping of the pourers of the water libation.
+
+_  139 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii.
+
+  M65 The οἶκος includes four generations.
+
+  140 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1076.
+
+  M66 The ἀγχιστεία at Athens.
+
+  141 Cf. _infra_, tree on p. 62.
+
+  142 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1055-6.
+
+  143 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1077.
+
+_  144 Id._ 1078 _et seq._
+
+  M67 The right of succession limited to the great-grandchild of the
+      common ancestor.
+  M68 The law according to Isaeus.
+
+  145 Isaeus, vii. 22, and xi. i.
+
+  146 Isaeus, xi. 30.
+
+  M69 The law according to Demosthenes.
+
+_  147 c. Makart._ 1067.
+
+  148 In Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1088. ἀνεψιαδοῦς is used to denote the
+      relationship of a man to the adopted son of his great-uncle, or, as
+      we should say, first cousin once removed.
+
+  M70 No ἀγχιστεία beyond great-grandsons.
+
+_  149 c. Makart._ 1053.
+
+  M71 The heir always ranked as _son_.
+
+  150 Dem. _c. Makart._ and _c. Leoch._ 1100, &c.
+
+  M72 Hence the limit of the inheritance at cousin’s children.
+  M73 Disinheritance must be sanctioned by kinsmen.
+
+  151 The wife’s kin are no kin to her husband, but _are_ to her son.
+
+  152 Plato, _Laws_, 929 c. Trans. Jowett.
+
+  M74 The case of the estate of Hagnias in Isaeus and Demosthenes.
+
+  153 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1058.
+
+_  154 Id._ 1070.
+
+  155 Mentioned in Dem. _c. Makart._ 1056.
+
+  M75 Equal division amongst heirs of the same grade.
+  M76 The share of a dead son taken by his children.
+
+_  156 Supra_, p. 56.
+
+  M77 If sons all dead, grandsons probably divided _per capita_,
+  M78 as in the case of nephews and cousins.
+
+_  157 c. Makart._ 1068, _supra_, p. 26.
+
+  M79 Purity of tribal blood jealously guarded.
+  M80 In Wales, privileges attained in the fourth generation by
+      intermarriages.
+
+_  158 Welsh Laws_, iv. i. and x. vii. Exception is made for the _son of a
+      stranger chieftain_.
+
+_  159 Welsh Laws_, v. ii. and _Vened. Code_, ii. xvi. and elsewhere.
+
+  M81 Otherwise not until the tenth generation.
+
+_  160 Welsh Laws_, v. ii.
+
+_  161 Welsh Laws_, xiii. ii.
+
+_  162 Venedotian Code_, ii. xiv. and _Gwentian Code_, ii. xxx. _Cf._ the
+      Shunammite’s _cry unto the King_ for restoration of her house and
+      fields after an absence of seven years. 2 Kings viii. 3.
+
+  M82 The same rule amongst the Israelites.
+  M83 Shorter time in special cases.
+
+  163 Gen. xlviii. 5. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ viii. 46. Troy to be subdued by
+      children of Aeacus in first and fourth generations.
+
+  M84 The privilege of citizenship jealously guarded at Athens.
+
+  164 Dem. _in Neaer._ 1376.
+
+_  165 Anc. Inscrip._ Brit. Mus. ccxxxviii. Citizenship had to be
+      confirmed on son of foreigner admitted to citizenship.
+
+  M85 Abhorrence of alien blood.
+  M86 Citizenship only conferred as the highest honour.
+  M87 Qualification dependent on ancestry and status of family.
+
+_  166 Ath. Pol._ lv. 3.
+
+_  167 Cf._ Pollux, viii. 85: εἰ Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσιν ἑκατερωθεν ἐκ τριγονίας.
+
+_  168 Cf._ Aristot. _Pol._ iii. 2: ὁρίζονται δὲ πρὸς τὴν χρῆσιν πολίτην
+      τὸν ἔξ ἀμφοτέρων πολιτῶν καὶ μὴ θατέρου μόνον, οἷον πατρὸς ἢ μητρός,
+      οἳ δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐπὶ πλέον ζητοῦσιν, οἷον ἐπὶ πάππους δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἢ
+      πλείους.
+
+  M88 Fourth generation acquired new privilege or status.
+
+_  169 Oed. Tyr._ 742 and 1063 quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p.
+      206.
+
+      θάρσει; σὺ μὲν γὰρ οὐδ᾽ ἐὰν τρίτης ἐγὼ
+      μητρὸς φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανεῖ κακή ...
+
+      _Cf._ Demosth. 1327. πονηρὸς ἐκ τριγονίας.
+
+_  170 Handbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterthümer_, von G. Gilbert, ii.
+      p. 298, quotation from Dittenberger 371, 4 ff.:—(ὁ) πριάμε(νος τ)ὴν
+      ἱερητείαν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος τῆς Περ(γα)ίας π(αρ)έξετα(ι ἱ)έρειαν ἀστὴν
+      ἐξ ἀστῶν ἀμφοτέρων ἐπὶ (τ)ρεῖς γενεὰς γεγενημένην καὶ πρὸς πατρὸς
+      καὶ πρὸς μητρός.
+
+  171 Nehemiah vii. 64.
+
+  M89 Seventh generation in the Ordinances of Manu.
+
+_  172 Manu_, x. 64.
+
+  M90 All within the ἀγχιστεία were liable.
+
+  173 Plato’s _Laws_, ix. 871 B.
+
+_  174 Cf._ 868.
+
+  175 872 E.
+
+  176 878 D.
+
+  M91 The Law of Draco.
+
+  177 Dem. _c. Makart_, 1069.
+
+      There is some uncertainty in the text of this passage, but the
+      following is Blass’ reading adopted by Kohler:—προειπεῖν τῷ
+      κτείναντι ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος καὶ ἀνεψιοῦ συνδίωκειν δὲ καὶ
+      ἀνεψιοὺς καὶ ἀνεψιῶν παῖδας καὶ ἀνεψιαδοῦς καὶ γαμβροὺς καὶ
+      πενθέρους καὶ φράτορας.
+
+      I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Headlam for this information, and also
+      for the fact of the discovery of the confirmatory inscription.
+
+  178 Dem. _c. Euerg. et Mnesib._ 1161. κελεύει ὁ νόμος τοὺς προσήκοντας
+      ἐπεξιέναι μέχρι ἀνεψιαδῶν; καὶ ἐν τῷ ὅρκῳ διορίζεται ὅτι προσήκων
+      ἐστι etc.... _Cf._ Pollux, viii. 118 (obviously quoting this
+      passage).
+
+  M92 The case of murder within the ἀγχιστεία.
+
+_  179 Laws_, 877 c.
+
+_  180 Cf._ 2 Sam. xiv. 7. House extinguished for fratricide.
+
+  M93 The blood-fine or galanas in Wales.
+
+_  181 Dimetian Code_, ii. i.
+
+_  182 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii. _Cf._ Sapinda and Samānodaka: both owe
+      rites at death of kinsman. Manu, ix. 186, and v. 60, quoted above.
+
+_  183 Venedotian Code_, iii. i.
+
+  M94 Defilement rested upon the group of kinsmen.
+
+_  184 Inscript. Jurid. Grecques_ par Dareste, &c., 1891, p. 10.
+      Inscription found at Iulis in Keos. _Fifth century_ B.C. _Cf._
+      Numbers xix. 14.
+
+_  185 c. Makart._ 1071.
+
+  M95 The mother’s relations included in Greece and in Wales.
+
+_  186 Welsh Laws_, vol. i. 229. Cf. _Ord. of Manu_, ix. 201, where list
+      of those incapable of receiving inheritance includes eunuchs.
+
+  M96 The usual holding of a citizen was called a κλῆρος or “lot.”
+
+  187 ὁ περὶ τῶν κλήρων καὶ ἐπικλήρων. _Pol. Ath._ 9.
+
+  M97 The relation of ownership of land to the structure of the family.
+
+  188 Cf. _Cic. de Legibus_ ii. 21. Nam sacra cum pecunia pontificum
+      auctoritate, nulla lege conjuncta sunt.
+
+  189 Dem. _in Calliclem_, 13-14. Coulanges, _Problèmes d’Histoire_, p.
+      19.
+
+  190 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ lv. 3; Harpocration, ὅτι δὲ τούτοις μετῆν τῆς
+      πολιτείας οἷς εἴη Ζεὺς ἑρκεῖος, δεδήλωκε καὶ Ὑπερείδης ...
+
+  191 In other words, the devisee could not possess the property devised
+      to him until his place as heir in the succession by blood or
+      adoption was legally established.
+
+  192 Isaeus, i. 17. The “friendship” insured that his presence and
+      officiating at the tomb would be acceptable to the soul of the
+      deceased—always an important consideration.
+
+  M98 Early semi-pastoral habits.
+
+  193 Thuc. i. 2. Νεμόμενοί τε τὰ αὑτῶν ἔκαστοι ὅσον ἀποζῇν, καὶ
+      περιουσίαν χρημάτων οὐκ ἔχοντες οὐδὲ γῆν φυτεύοντες, ἄδηλον ὃν ὁπότε
+      τις ἐπελθὼν καὶ ἀτειχίστων ἅμα ὄντων ἄλλος ἀφαιρήσεται.
+
+_  194 Od._ 21. 16. Cf. _Il._ xi. 682 _sq._ where the booty consists of 50
+      herds of kine, 50 flocks of sheep, 50 droves of swine, 50 flocks of
+      goats, and 150 chestnut mares, many with foals at foot.
+
+_  195 Il._ xx. 216-8.
+
+_  196 Il._ xxi. 602. Cf. _Od._ iii. 495.
+
+  M99 Modern methods of land-tenure in Greece and the islands.
+
+_  197 Consular Reports_, p. 20.
+
+_  198 Ibid._
+
+ M100 Family-holdings in Santa Maura.
+
+  199 P. 199.
+
+_  200 Consular Reports_, pp. 23 and 30.
+
+ M101 The open field system in Greece,
+ M102 and in the islands.
+
+_  201 Ibid._ p. 26.
+
+_  202 Ibid._ p. 40.
+
+_  203 Ibid._ p. 49.
+
+ M103 The open field system in Homer.
+
+  204 “The Homeric Land System,” _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885.
+
+ M104 Ownership of the κλῆρος vested in the head of the οἶκος.
+
+  205 Isaeus, xi. 49 (Hagnias).
+
+  206 Harp. _s. v._ ἀφ᾽ Ἑστίας μυεῖσθαι; Ἰσαῖος ἐν τῷ πρὸς Καλυδῶνα. ὁ ἀφ᾽
+      Ἑστίας μυούμενος Ἀθηναῖος ἦν πάντως. κλήρῳ δὲ λαχὼν ἐμυεῖτο.
+
+ M105 Dependence of other members of the οἶκος.
+
+  207 Isaeus, vii. 15 and 27, (Apollod.)
+
+  208 1055 _et seq._ _Cf._ 1149 where one brother lives with his father
+      after the division, whilst his brother has a house of his own: and
+      1086 where two brothers live apart but with undivided estate.
+
+ M106 The prerogative of the eldest brother,
+
+_  209 Il._ xv. 187 _sq._
+
+_  210 Ib._ xiii. 355.
+
+_  211 Cf._ the use of ἠθεῖος (“revered”) as the stock epithet of the
+      _eldest_ brother in Homer _Il._ vi. 518, and elsewhere. Pollux,
+      _On._ 3, 24, states that this is the right use of the word.
+
+ M107 contrasted with the power of the head of the household.
+
+_  212 Od._ xiii. 142.
+
+_  213 Il._ iv. 59 _sq._
+
+      Καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ θεός εἰμι, γένος δὲ μοι ἔνθεν, ὅθεν σοι;
+      καὶ με πρεσβυτάτην τέκετο Κρόνος ἀγκυλομήτης,
+      ἀμφότερον, γενεῇ τε καὶ οὕνεκα σὴ παράκοιτις
+      κέκλημαι; σὺ δὲ πᾶσι μετ᾽ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσεις.
+
+_  214 Od._ i. 397, _cf._ ix. 115.
+
+  215 xxix. Εἰς Ἑστίαν.
+
+      Ἑστιη, ἣ πάντων ἐν δώμασιν ὑψηλοῖσιν
+      ἀθανάτων τε θεῶν χαμαὶ ἐρχομένων τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων
+      ἕδρην ἀίδιον ἔλαχε, πρεσβηίδα τιμὴν,
+      καλὸν ἔχουσα γέρας καὶ τίμιον; οὐ γὰρ ἄτερ σοῦ
+      εἰλαπίναι θνητοῖσιν, ἵν᾽ οὐ πρώτῃ πυμάτῃ τε
+      Ἑστίῃ ἀρχόμενος σπένδει μελιηδέα οἶνον.
+
+  216 Pol. I. 2, 6. πᾶσα γὰρ οἰκία βασιλεύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ πρεσβυτάτου. _Cf._
+      use of πρεσβεύεσθαι in _Aesch. Ag._ 1300, _Choeph._ 486 and 631.
+
+_  217 Gortyn Law_, iv. 24, _supra_ p. 47.
+
+ M108 No joint holding between a father and his sons.
+
+  218 In the island of Tenos, according to an inscription of the second or
+      third century B.C., the transfer of undivided fractions of houses
+      and property was of exceedingly common occurrence. Sales are
+      recorded of a fourth part of a tower and cistern; half a house,
+      lands, tower, &c. _Inscr. Jurid. Gr._: Dareste, &c. p. 63.
+
+ M109 Confirmatory evidence of the Gortyn Laws.
+
+_  219 Gortyn Laws_, iv. 29-31.
+
+ M110 But the land was in theory inalienable from the family.
+
+  220 Cf. _Ordinances of Manu_, ix. 213-4. “If an eldest (brother),
+      through avarice, commit an injury against his younger (brothers), he
+      should be made a not-eldest and _shareless_, and be put under
+      restraint by kings.”
+
+      “None of the brothers who perform wrong acts _deserve_ (share in)
+      _the property_, ...”
+
+_  221 Laws_, 877 c.
+
+  222 Lev. xxv. 25; Jerem. xxxii. 8.
+
+ M111 Close analogy in the custom of Gavelkind in Kent.
+
+  223 Another version runs:
+      “The fader to the bonde
+      And the son to the londe.”
+
+      Sandys, _History of Gavelkind_, 1851, pp. 5 and 150.
+
+ M112 Allotment or “gift” to a bastard son.
+ M113 But he was not admitted to his father’s family.
+
+_  224 Od._ xiv. 209. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ ix. 95-100. Bastard prince named
+      after his mother’s father and given one πόλιν λαόν τε διαιτᾶν.
+
+  225 Is. vi. 23.
+
+  226 Cf. _Eur. Ion_ 1541.
+
+      ... τοῦ θεοῦ δὲ λεγόμενος
+      οὐκ ἔσχες ἄν ποτ᾽ οὔτε παγκλήρους δόμους
+      οὔτ᾽ ὄνομα πατρός.
+
+ M114 Gifts of land to new citizens.
+
+  227 See inscriptions quoted in _Mittheilungen Athen._ vol. 9, pt. 1, p.
+      60. εὐεργέτῃ γενομενῳ τῆς πόλεως δοῦναι πολιτείαν, κλῆρον ἐν τῷ
+      πεδίῳ, οἰκίην, κῆπον κυάμων διηκοσίων ἀμφορέων, ἀτέλειαν ... αὐτῷ
+      καὶ ἐκγόνοις.
+
+      ... δοῦναι ἡμικλήριον δασείης κτήνειον (?) ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, οἰκίην,
+      κῆπον κυάμων ἀμφορέων ἑκατὸν, &c. ... αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις.
+
+      Cf. _Cauer Delect._ § 221. αὐτοῖ καὶ ἐκγόνοις, καὶ ἔγκτησιν γᾶς καὶ
+      οἰκίας καὶ ἐπινομίας, &c. ... and § 232.
+
+      _Do._ § 395 (4th cent. B.C.). So many plethra each ἔχειν πατρουέαν
+      τὸμ πάντα χρόνον.
+
+      _Do._ § 27. The importance of the grant of ἔγκτησις must lie in its
+      being the evidence of admission to full privilege. _V. infra_, p.
+      139.
+
+ M115 Dependence of sons during their father’s life.
+
+  228 p. 122, note A.
+
+_  229 Manu_, ix. 104-106.
+
+ M116 His property divided amongst them at his death.
+
+  230 iv. 184. “An elder brother is equal to a father.”
+
+ M117 But special respect shown to the eldest son.
+
+  231 ix. 182.
+
+  232 iii. 171-2.
+
+  233 ix. 110 and 213.
+
+  234 ix. 111.
+
+ M118 The duties of the householder.
+
+  235 iii. 77 _et seq._
+
+  236 vi. 90.
+
+  237 iii. 67, 70, and 72.
+
+ M119 Honour paid to the guest.
+
+  238 iii. 108.
+
+_  239 Elektra_, 784.
+
+_  240 Elektra_, 637.
+
+_  241 Od._ viii. 546. ἀντὶ κασιγνήτου ξεῖνός θ᾽ ἱκέτης τε τέτυκται ἀνέρι,
+      ὅς τ᾽ ὀλίγον περ ἐπιψαύῃ πραπίδεσσιν.
+
+_  242 Od._ iii. 30-80.
+
+ M120 Right of maintenance of the younger members of the family.
+
+_  243 Cf. Manu_, ix. 163. “The son of the body is the one and only lord
+      of the paternal wealth: but to do the others no harm he should
+      afford (them something) to support life.”
+
+_  244 Manu_, ix. 115.
+
+  245 ix. 214.
+
+  246 ix. 118.
+
+  247 ix. 47.
+
+  248 ix. 210.
+
+  249 ix. 209.
+
+  250 ix. 208. Though viii. 416 states the contrary. “A wife, _son_, and
+      slave are said to be without property: whatever property they
+      acquire is his to whom they (belong).”
+
+  251 ix. 207.
+
+ M121 The βασιλεύς and his τέμενος contrasted with the tribesman and his
+      κλῆρος.
+
+_  252 Il._ xx. 165.
+
+ M122 The possessions of the βασιλεύς.
+
+_  253 Od._ xiv. 96.
+
+_  254 Il._ vi. 194.
+
+_  255 Il._ ix. 574; _cf._ xx. 184.
+
+_  256 Il._ xiv. 121.
+
+  257 Or “belonging to a _basileus_.”
+
+  258 Cf. _Il._ xi. 67. “As when reapers over against each other drive
+      their swaths through the ploughland of a rich man of wheat and
+      barley, and thick fall the handfuls”...
+
+      This contrast is drawn by Professor Ridgeway: _op. cit._ p. 19
+      _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885.
+
+ M123 The κλῆρος of the tribesman probably in the open fields in the
+      plain.
+
+_  259 Il._ xviii. 541.
+
+_  260 Il._ xxi. 602.
+
+  261 Ridgeway, _op. cit._
+
+  262 Plato, _Laws_, 842. E. Διὸς ὁρίου πρῶτος νόμος ὅδε εἰρήσθω; μὴ
+      κινείτω γῆς ὅρια μηδεὶς ... νομίσας τὸ τἀκίνητα κινεῖν τοῦτο εἶναι
+      ... καταφρονήσας δὲ, διτταῖς δίκαις ἔνοχος ἔστω, μιᾷ μὲν παρὰ θεῶν,
+      δευτέρᾳ δὲ ὑπὸ νόμου.
+
+_  263 Il._ xi. 558.
+
+_  264 Il._ xii. 421; _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._
+
+  265 Isaeus, ix. 17-19.
+
+  266 πίονες ἀγροί. _Il._ xxiii. 832. _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 16.
+
+ M124 The βασιλεύς “honoured like a god with gift of a τέμενος.”
+
+_  267 Il._ xii. 313. Cf. _Il._ ix. 297. A good king also has power over
+      the crops, etc., to bring plenty. See _Od._ xix. 110-5. Frazer,
+      Golden Bough, i. 8 _et seq._
+
+_  268 Il._ vi. 191.
+
+_  269 Il._ xii. 313. καὶ τέμενος νεμόμεσθα μέγα (_not_ τεμένεα).
+
+_  270 Od._ vi. 291-3. Xenophon states that choice portions of land in the
+      territory of many neighbouring towns were set apart for the king of
+      Sparta. _Rep. Laced._ xv. 3.
+
+_  271 Od._ xi. 184.
+
+ M125 The τέμενος descended from father to son.
+
+_  272 Il._ xx. 391, ὅθι τοι τέμενος πατρώιόν ἐστιν.
+
+  273 τὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἀπὸ προγόνων.
+
+  274 Vide _Il._ ii. 46 and 101-8. Agamemnon’s σκῆπτρον πατρῴιον had been
+      handed down to him in succession from Thyestes, Atreus, Pelops,
+      Hermes, and Zeus, for whom it had been made by Hephaistos.
+
+_  275 Od._ i. 386. Cf. _Od._ ii. 22. δύο δ᾽ αἰὲν ἔχον πατρώια ἔργα.
+
+      Cf. _Od._ i. 407. ποῦ δέ νύ οἱ γενεὴ καὶ πατρὶς ἄρουρα?
+
+      Cf. _Od._ xi. 185. Telemachos νέμεται τεμένεα of Odysseus.
+
+      Cf. _Od._ xx. 336. πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.
+
+ M126 Iason’s claim upon his great-grandfather’s estate.
+
+  276 Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 255 _et seq._
+
+ M127 Rich tribesman might hold several κλῆροι.
+
+_  277 Od._ xiv. 211.
+
+  278 Cf. _Il._ xii. 421. περὶ ἴσης.
+
+ M128 The κλῆρος was the holding of the head of an οἶκος.
+
+_  279 Od._ xiv. 62.
+
+_  280 Od._ xiv. 211.
+
+  281 Wks. and Dys. 405. The next line which explains that the woman is to
+      be slave and _not_ a wife is evidently a later addition. Aristotle
+      did not know it, and interpreted γυνη as wife.
+
+_  282 Pol._ i. 2, 5-7.
+
+  283 I am indebted to Professor Ridgeway for the right meaning and
+      derivation of this word, which stands for ὁμόκηποι, having the α
+      long and not short as stated in Liddell and Scott’s Dictionary.
+      Another reading is ὁμόκαπνοι which would mean sharers of the smoke
+      or hearth.
+
+  284 Pindar, _Nem._ ix. 11.
+
+ M129 and supplied the maintenance the house.
+
+_  285 Œcon._ i. 2. μέρη δὲ οἰκίας ἄνθρωπός τε καὶ κτῆσίς ἐστιν. Pol. i.
+      4, 1. ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.
+
+_  286 Od._ iv. 318.
+
+_  287 Od._ xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx 230. ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα θεῶν ξενίν τε
+      τράπεζα ἱστίν τ᾽ Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ἥν ἀφικάνω.
+
+ M130 Force of the bond of food.
+
+_  288 Il._ vi. 230.
+
+ M131 The need of an established household strongly felt.
+
+_  289 Il._ xv. 497.
+
+  290 p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions other countries where the father takes a
+      new name as father of his eldest son.
+
+_  291 Od._ iv. 754-7
+
+      οὐ γὰρ ὀίω
+      πάγχυ θεοῖς μακάρεσσι γονὴν Ἀρκεισιάδαο
+      ἔχθεσθ᾽, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι πού τις ἐπέσσεται, ὅς κεν ἔχῃσιν
+      δώματα θ᾽ ὑψερεφέα καὶ ἀπόπροθι πίονας ἀγρούς.
+
+      “Far away” implies width of sway and extent of influence; and the
+      protection of outlying properties would necessitate a great name and
+      a strong hand.
+
+ M132 Diversion of inheritance by death of heir a sore evil.
+
+_  292 Il._ v. 151 _et seq._
+
+_  293 Od._ vii. 150.
+
+_  294 Od._ xi. 184. _Cf._ xx. 336. ὄφρα σὺ μὲν (= Telemachos) χαίρων
+      πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.
+
+ M133 Naboth’s vineyard bound to his family and heir.
+
+  295 1 Kings xxi 3.
+
+  296 Ezekiel xlvi. 16.
+
+ M134 The maintenance of the chiefs levied upon the people under the name
+      of gifts.
+
+_  297 Od._ i. 392.
+
+  298 βασιλεύς in Homer means “prince” and is applied to a class, not a
+      single chieftain. _Il._ xii. 319 of Sarpedon and Glaukos. _Il._ iv.
+      96 of Paris. _Od._ i. 394 of the Ithakans. _Od._ viii. 41 and 390 of
+      the Phaeakians. _Cf._
+
+_  299 Il._ xvii. 250.
+
+_  300 Il._ xxiv. 262.
+
+_  301 Od._ ii. 74.
+
+_  302 Od._ xiii. 13.
+
+_  303 Od_. xix. 195.
+
+ M135 The right to receive such “gifts” could be transferred to another.
+
+_  304 Il._ ix. 291. Cf. _Il._ ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave
+      him much people (πολὺν λαόν) to be ἄναξ over.
+
+_  305 Od._ iv. 174.
+
+ M136 In India the chief of a town might receive the king’s supplies.
+
+_  306 Manu_, vii. 118.
+
+  307 vii. 123.
+
+ M137 The maintenance of the Great King,
+
+  308 Herod, i. 192.
+
+_  309 Ibid._
+
+ M138 and of Solomon.
+
+  310 1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of these officers was over “threescore great
+      cities with walls and brazen bars.”
+
+ M139 Revenue from land in ancient Egypt.
+
+  311 Herod. ii. 109.
+
+  312 Genes. xlvii. 26.
+
+ M140 Grants of land to the prince easily made, in their elastic system of
+      agriculture.
+
+  313 Pind. _Nem._ vi. 11 (Trans. Myers), _cf._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p.
+      20.
+
+ M141 Such grants were a special honour, and served to relieve other
+      contributions.
+
+  314 Ezekiel xlv. 8, 9.
+
+  315 Ez. xlvi. 18.
+
+_  316 Od._ xxiv. 207.
+
+ M142 Modern specimens of the elasticity of Greek methods.
+
+  317 Mahaffy, _Rambles in Greece_, 3rd ed. p. 200.
+
+  318 Rennell Rodd’s _Customs and Lore of Modern Greece_, p. 58.
+
+ M143 The gifts to the prince not actually food-rents for the land.
+ M144 The chief’s land apart from the tribesmen’s.
+
+_  319 Od._ vi. 293.
+
+_  320 Ib._ 259.
+
+ M145 The land sustained the householder in his duties to other members
+      and guests.
+ M146 The chief had the right to demand gifts from the people;
+ M147 he had tribal right to a τέμενος, as the tribesman to a κλῆρος,
+ M148 but could not deprive the tribesman of his land.
+
+  321 The κλῆρος is spoken of as capable of good cultivation by means of a
+      yoke of oxen.
+
+ M149 Hesiod an immigrant: not a typical case of a family.
+
+_  322 Works and Days_ 637. Possession of land would presuppose admission
+      to full civic rights. _V. supra_, p. 97.
+
+_  323 Il._ ix. 648; xvi. 59.
+
+_  324 W. and D._ 345 &c. γείτονες ἄζωστοι ἔκιον, ζώσαντο δὲ πηοί.
+
+ M150 Land was in theory inalienable from the family.
+
+  325 Arist. _Pol._ VIII. ii. 5. ἦν δὲ τό γε ἀρχαῖον ἐν πολλαῖς πόλεσι
+      νενομοθετημένον μηδὲ πωλεῖν ἐχεῖναι τοὺς πρώτους κλήρους; ἔστι δὲ
+      καὶ ὅν λέγουσι Ὀξύλου νόμον εἶναι τοιοῦτόν τι δυνάμενος, τὸ μὴ
+      δανείζειν εἴς τι μέρος τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ἑκάστῳ γῆς. Cf. _Id._ iv. 4
+      ὥσπερ ἐν Λοκροῖς νόμος ἐστὶ μὴ πωλεῖν.... ἔτι δὲ τοὺς παλαιοὺς
+      κλήρους διασῴζειν.
+
+_  326 Laws_ 741.
+
+_  327 Laws_ 923.
+
+ M151 In Sparta child must be accepted by its father’s tribesmen,
+
+_  328 Lycurg._ xvi.
+
+  329 Suidas; and Harpocration _s.v._ ἀμφιδρόμια:—Λυσίας ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς
+      ἀμβλώσεωσ, εἰ γνήσιος ὁ λόγος. ἡμέρα τις ἤγετο ἐπὶ τοῖς νεογνοῖς
+      παιδίοις, ἐν ᾗ τὸ βρέφος περὶ τὴν ἑστίαν ἔφερον τρέχοντες, καὶ ὑπὸ
+      τῶν οἰκείων καὶ φίλων πουλύποδας καὶ σηπίας ἐλάμβανον. Octopus is
+      still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean.
+
+ M152 who decided as to its maintenance.
+
+_  330 Nouvelles Recherches_, 1891, p. 63.
+
+ M153 Maintenance derived from the κλῆρος.
+ M154 The family bound to their land at Athens;
+
+  331 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ 2 and 5.
+
+ M155 and in Lokris.
+
+  332 Dareste, &c, _Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr._ xi.
+
+ M156 But heirs at Athens also must first be accepted by group of kinsmen.
+
+  333 Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42; vi. 48.
+
+  334 Isaeus, iii. 73 and 80.
+
+ M157 Further application of the idea of family land.
+ M158 Two methods of occupation of land: (1) by owner himself; (2) by
+      subject population.
+
+  335 Cf. _Thuc._ ii. 16 for Attica. Such are the numerous small farmers
+      who appear in the plays of Aristophanes.
+
+_  336 Athen._ vi. 85. Βοιωτῶν (φησὶν Ἀρχέμαχος) τῶν τὴν Ἀρναίαν
+      κατοικισάντων οἱ μὴ ἀπάραντες εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἀλλ᾽
+      ἐμφιλοχωρήσαντες παρέδωκαν ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς Θετταλοῖς δουλεύειν καθ᾽
+      ὁμολογίας, ἐφ᾽ ῴ οὔτε ἐξάξουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς χώρας οὔτε
+      ἀποκτενοῦσιν, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὴν χώραν αὐτοῖς ἐργαζόμενοι τὰς συντάξεις
+      ἀποδώσουσιν. _Cf._ Strabo, xii. 3, 4.
+
+ M159 At Gortyn on extinction of citizen-family the κλαρῶται inherited.
+
+  337 Gortyn. v. 25. αἱ δὲ μὴ εἶεν ἐπιβάλλοντες τᾶς ϝοικίας οἵτινες κ᾽
+      ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος, τούτονς ἔκεν τὰ κρήματα. The words τᾶς ϝοικίας
+      should be taken with οἵτινες, &c, rather than with the preceding
+      words. οἵτινες κ᾽ ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος is equivalent to οἱ κλαρῶται.
+
+      See Dareste, &c, _Inscript. Jurid. Gr._ p. 463.
+
+ M160 Similar twofold tenure in the Athenian κληρουχίαι.
+ M161 Examples in Salamis,
+
+_  338 Mittheil. Inst. Ath._ ix. p. 117. The original number of κληροῦχοι
+      in this case was apparently five hundred.
+
+ M162 in Lesbos,
+
+  339 Thuc. iii. 50.
+
+  340 κατεκληρούχησαν.
+
+  341 ἐμίσθωσαν.
+
+  342 Aelian, _V. II._ vi. I. _Cf._ Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100.
+
+ M163 Each κλῆρος therefore supported two families.
+
+  343 Smith’s _Dicty. of Antiquities_, s.v. _colonia_.
+
+  344 Bekker, _Charicles_, p. 218.
+
+  345 Ridgeway, _Origin of Currency_, &c., p. 324.
+
+  346 The ordinary Athenian dicast is supposed to have subsisted largely
+      upon his pay of three obols or a half-drachma _per diem_.
+
+ M164 The same double ownership in leases “for ever.”
+
+  347 Dareste, &c, _Recueil Inscr. Grec._ p. 256 xiii.
+
+  348 Cauer, _Delectus_, § 263.
+
+      Συνθέκα[ι] Θέρον[ι κ]αἰχμάνορι πὰρ τᾶρ γᾶρ τᾶρ ἐν Σαλαμόναι, πλέθρον
+      ὀπτὸ καὶ δέκα. Φάρεν κριθᾶν μανασίος δύο ταὶ ϝίκατι Ἀλφιόιο μενόρ;
+      αἰ δὲ λίποι, λυσάστο τό διφυίο. Πεπάστο τόν πάντα χρόνον.
+
+  349 Dareste, &c, _Inscr. Jurid. Grec._ xiii. quater. (Mylasa in Karia.
+      Second century B.C.) _summarised:_—
+
+      A. The tribe (φυλή) of the Otorkondeis at the advice of their
+      treasurers and led by the priest of Artemis, decide to purchase from
+      Thraseas, son of Polites son of Melas of Grab ... and adopted son of
+      Heracleitos son of Heracleides of Ogonda, lands (γέας) in the Ombian
+      plain with the sixty-two ranks of vines, three olive trees, and all
+      the other trees without reserve, also lands elsewhere with the trees
+      without reserve for 5,000 drachmae of light Rhodian silver, provided
+      that Thraseas has the sale registered with sureties. Moreover,
+      Thraseas coming to the ekklesia declared that he was ready to manage
+      these things: and the sale having taken place of the said
+      (properties) to the trustees in the name of the god. Thraseas
+      himself then and there took on lease all the said (properties) from
+      the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them (εἰς πατρικά)
+      for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whomsoever the
+      inheritance of his goods passes, and he shall pay annually to the
+      treasurers of the tribe 100 and ... drachmae, without fail or fraud.
+
+      B. ... all the land and trees which Thraseas has bought from
+      Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios of Ketambissos, without exception
+      in these places either in the matter of the share he took in the
+      division with his brother or of what he bought from Artemisia, all
+      for 7,000 drachmae of light silver of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas
+      register the sale and give sureties. And coming before the ekklesia
+      Thraseas declared that he was prepared to manage this; and the sale
+      of the foregoing having taken place to the trustees in the name of
+      the god, Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the
+      foregoing from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them
+      (εἰς πατρικά) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to
+      whom the inheritance passes, and he shall pay annually to the
+      treasurers of the tribe 300 drachmae.
+
+      The rent forms part of the revenues of the god. If Thraseas gets
+      more than two years in arrear, the contract is annulled.
+
+      He shall not divide the land or share the rent (οὐ παραχωρήσει δὲ
+      Θρασέας ἑτέρῳ οὐδενὶ.... καταμερίζων τὰς γέας οὐδὲ καταδιελεῖ τὸν
+      φόρον).
+
+ M165 Perhaps due to the prevailing idea of the family as a continuing
+      unit.
+ M166 No final word can yet be said.
+ M167 Explanation of the structure of the kindred to be found in the
+      descent of city life from earlier stage of tribal society.
+ M168 Similarity between the bond of tribal blood and that of citizenship.
+ M169 The threefold bond:—
+ M170 (1) the bond of blood;
+ M171 (2) the bond of religion;
+ M172 (3) the bond of maintenance.
+
+  350 Robertson Smith (_The Religion of the Semites_) holds that the
+      object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship
+      between the deity and the worshippers.
+
+ M173 Many tribal customs survived in the kindred and the household.
+ M174 But these survivals mostly found in post-Homeric records.
+ M175 They perhaps belonged to the pre-Achaian inhabitants of Greece.
+
+_  351 Companion to the Iliad_, pp. 6-7.
+
+  352 Since the foregoing chapters were in print, I have had the benefit
+      of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde’s admirable work, entitled _Psyche_
+      (Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes
+      had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being
+      buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground, death
+      made no break in the membership of the family. And he claims that
+      the _Seelencult_ or ancestor-worship of the later Greeks must have
+      been continuous from pre-Homeric times.
+
+ M176 But many were probably of wider parentage.
+ M177 Comparison with the history of the Jews.
+ M178 Reaction in times of distress to earlier tribal habits by the Jews,
+      and perhaps by the Achaians.
+ M179 These tribal habits probably only dormant throughout and common to
+      all Greeks,
+ M180 if not practically even to all tribal systems.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
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+***FINIS***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society:
+An Essay by Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: An Essay
+
+Author: Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [Ebook #26341]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             ON THE STRUCTURE
+
+                                    OF
+
+                           GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY
+
+                                 AN ESSAY
+
+                                    by
+
+                             Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+                                  London
+
+                            MacMillan And Co.
+
+                               And New York
+
+                                  1895.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Preface
+Chapter I. Introductory.
+Chapter II. The Meaning Of The Bond Of Kinship.
+   � 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At
+   Their Tomb.
+   � 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.
+   � 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only
+   Daughter.
+   � 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption:
+   Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen.
+   � 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.
+Chapter III. The Extent Of The Bond Of Kinship.
+   � 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+   � 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of
+   Descent.
+   � 3. Division Amongst Heirs.
+   � 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.
+   � 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.
+Chapter IV. The Relation Of The Family To The Land.
+   � 1. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And Its Form.
+   � 2. The Relation Of The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} To The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.
+   � 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+   {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+   Chieftain.
+   � 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.
+   � 8. Hesiod And His {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.
+   � 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And
+   Semi-Servile Tenure.
+Chapter V. Conclusion.
+Index.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+These notes, brief as they are, owe more than can be told to my father's
+researches into the structure and methods of the Tribal System. They owe
+their existence to his inspiration and encouragement. A suitable place for
+them might possibly be found in an Appendix to his recently published
+volume on the Structure of the Tribal System in Wales.
+
+In ascribing to the structure of Athenian Society a direct parentage
+amongst tribal institutions, I am dealing with a subject which I feel to
+be open to considerable criticism. And I am anxious that the matters
+considered in this essay should be judged on their own merits, even
+though, in pursuing the method adopted herein, I may have quite
+inadequately laid the case before the reader.
+
+My thanks are due, for their ready help, to Professor W. Ridgeway, Mr.
+James W. Headlam, and Mr. Henry Lee Warner, by means of whose kind
+suggestions the following pages have been weeded of several of their
+faults.
+
+It is impossible to say how much I have consciously or unconsciously
+absorbed from the works of the late M. Fustel de Coulanges. His _La Cit�
+Antique_ and his _Nouvelles Recherches sur quelques Probl�mes d'Histoire_
+(1891) are stores of suggestive material for the student of Greek and
+Roman customs. They are rendered all the more instructive by the charm of
+his style and method. I have merely dipped a bucket into his well.
+
+In quoting from Homer, I have made free use of the translations of Messrs.
+Lang, Leaf, and Myers of the _Iliad_, and of Messrs. Butcher and Lang of
+the _Odyssey_; and I wish to make full acknowledgment here of the debt
+that I owe to them.
+
+Some explanation seems to be needful of the method pursued in this essay
+with regard to the comparison of Greek customs with those of other
+countries. The selection for comparison has been entirely arbitrary.
+
+Wales has been chosen to bear the brunt of illustration, partly, as I have
+said, because of my father's work on the Welsh Tribal System, partly
+because the _Ancient Laws of Wales_ afford a peculiarly vivid glimpse into
+the inner organisation of a tribal people, such as cannot be obtained
+elsewhere.
+
+The _Ordinances of Manu_, on the other hand, are constantly quoted by
+writers on Greek institutions; and, I suppose, in spite of the uncertainty
+of their date, they can be taken as affording a very fair account of the
+customs of a highly developed Eastern people. It would be hard, moreover,
+to say where the connection of the Greeks with the East began or ended.
+
+The use made of the _Old Testament_ in these notes hardly needs further
+remark. Of no people, in their true tribal condition before their
+settlement, have we a more graphic account than of the Israelites. Their
+proximity geographically to the Phoenicians, and the accounts of the
+widespread fame of Solomon and the range of his commerce, at once suggest
+comparison with the parallel and contemporaneous period of Achaian
+history, immediately preceding the Dorian invasion, when, if we may trust
+the accounts of Homer, the intercourse between the shores of the
+Mediterranean must have been considerable.
+
+All reference to records of Roman customs has been omitted, not because
+they are not related or analogous to the Greek, but because they could not
+reasonably be brought within the scope of this essay. The ancestor-worship
+among the Romans was so complete, and the organisation of their kindreds
+so highly developed, that they deserve treatment on their own basis, and
+are sufficient to form the subject of a separate volume.
+
+H. E. S.
+
+THE HERMITAGE, HITCHIN.
+_July, 1895._
+
+[Transcriber's Note: This e-book contains much Greek text which is often
+relevant to the point of the book.  In the ASCII versions of the e-book,
+the Greek is transliterated into Roman letters, which do not perfectly
+represent the Greek original; especially, accent and breathing marks do
+not transliterate. The HTML and PDF versions contain the true Greek text
+of the original book. In the ASCII e-book, the markings such as (M1)
+indicate marginal notes, which were printed in the margins of the original
+book, but in the e-book are transcribed at the end with the footnotes.]
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+(M1) In trying to ascertain the course of social development among the
+Greeks, the inquirer is met by an initial difficulty. The Greeks were not
+one great people like the Israelites, migrating into and settling in a new
+country, flowing with milk and honey. Their movements were erratic and
+various, and took place at very different times. Several partial
+migrations are described in Homer, and others are referred to as having
+taken place only a few generations back. The continuation of unsettled
+life must have had the effect of giving cohesion to the individual
+sections into which the Greeks were divided, in proportion as the process
+of settlement was protracted and difficult.
+
+But in spite of divergencies caused by natural surroundings, by the
+hostility or subservience of previous occupants of the soil, there are
+some features of the tribal system, wherever it is examined, so inherent
+in its structure as to seem almost indelible. A new civilisation was not
+formed to fit into the angles of city walls. Even modification could take
+place only of those customs whose roots did not strike too deeply into the
+essence of the composition of tribal society.
+
+(M2) It is the object of these notes to try to put back in their true
+setting some of the conditions prevailing, sometimes incongruously with
+city life, among the Greeks in historical times, and by comparison with
+analogous survivals in known tribal communities, of whose condition we
+have fuller records, to establish their real historical continuity from an
+earlier stage of habit and belief.
+
+(M3) There were three important public places necessary to every Greek
+community and symbolical to the Greek mind of the very foundations of
+their institutions. These were:--the _Agora_ or place of assembly, the
+place of justice, and the place of religious sacrifice. From these three
+sacred precincts the man who stirred up civil strife, who was at war with
+his own people, cut himself off. Such an one is described in Homer as
+being, by his very act, "clanless" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}), "out-law" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and
+"hearthless" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(1) In the camp of the Greeks before Troy the
+ships and huts of his followers were congregated by the hut of their chief
+or leader. Each sacrificed or poured libation to his favourite or familiar
+god at his own hut door.(2) But in front of Odysseus' ships, which, we are
+told, were drawn up at the very centre of the camp, stood the great altar
+of Zeus Panomphaios--lord of _all_ oracles--"exceeding fair."(3) "Here,"
+says the poet, "were _Agora_, _Themis_, and the altars of the gods."
+
+The Trojans held _agora_ at Priam's doors,(4) and it is noticeable that
+the space in front of the chief's hut or palace was generally considered
+available for such purposes as assembly, games, and so forth, just as it
+was with the ancient Irish.
+
+(M4) In the centre of most towns of Greece(5) stood the Prytaneum or
+magistrates' hall, and in the Prytaneum was the sacred hearth to which
+attached such reverence that in the most solemn oaths the name of Hestia
+was invoked even before that of Zeus.(6) Thucydides states that each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}
+or village of Attica had its hearth or Prytaneum of its own, but looked up
+to the Hestia and Prytaneum in the city of Athens as the great centre of
+their larger polity. In just the same way the lesser kindreds of a tribe
+would have their sacred hearths and rites, but would look to the hearth
+and person of their chief as symbolical of their tribal unity. Thucydides
+also mentions how great a wrench it seemed to the Athenians to be
+compelled to leave their "sacred" homes, to take refuge within the walls
+of Athens from the impending invasion by the Spartans.(7)
+
+The word _Prytanis_ means "chieftain." It is probable that, as the duties
+sacred and magisterial of the chief became disseminated among the other
+officers of later civilisation, the chief's dwelling, called the
+Prytaneum, acquiring vitality from the indelible superstition attaching to
+the hearth within its precincts, maintained thereby its political
+importance, when nothing but certain religious functions remained to its
+lord and master in the office of Archon Basileus.
+
+(M5) Mr. Frazer, in his article in the _Journal of Philology_(8) upon the
+resemblance of the Prytaneum in Greece to the Temple of Vesta in Rome,
+shows that both had a direct connection with, if not an absolute origin in
+the domestic hearth of the chieftain. The Lares and Penates worshipped in
+the Temple of Vesta, he says, were originally the Lares and Penates of the
+king, and were worshipped at his hearth, the only difference between the
+hearth in the temple and the hearth in the king's house being the absence
+of the royal householder.(9)
+
+Mr. Frazer also maintains that the reverence for the hearth and the
+concentration of such reverence on the hearth of the chieftain was the
+result of the difficulty of kindling a fire from rubbing sticks together,
+and of the responsibility thus devolving upon the chieftain unfailingly to
+provide fire for his people. Whether this was the origin or not, before
+the times that come within the scope of this inquiry, the hearth had
+acquired a real sanctity which had become involved in the larger idea of
+it as the centre of a kindred, including on occasion the mysterious
+presence also of long dead ancestors.
+
+(M6) The basis of tribal coherence was community of blood, actual or
+supposed; the visible evidence of the possession of tribal blood was the
+undisputed participation, as _one of a kindred_, in the common religious
+ceremonies, from which the blood-polluted and the stranger-in-blood were
+so strictly shut out.(10) It is therefore in the incidence of religious
+duties, and in the qualifications of the participants, that it is
+reasonable to seek survivals of true tribal sentiment.
+
+Although the religious life of the Greeks was always complex, there is not
+to be found in Homer the broad distinction drawn afterwards between public
+and private gods. It is noticeable that the later Greeks sought to draw
+into their homes the beneficent influence of one or other of the greater
+gods, whose protection and guidance were claimed in times of need by all
+members of the household. Secondary influences, though none the less
+strongly felt, were those of the past heroes of the house, sometimes only
+just dead, to be propitiated at the family tombs or hearth. Anxiety on
+this head, and the deeply-rooted belief in the real need to the dead of
+attentions from the living, were, it will be seen, most powerful factors
+in the development of Greek society.
+
+(M7) The worship of ancestors or household gods as such is not evident in
+the visible religious exercises of the Homeric poems. But this can hardly
+be a matter of surprise. The Greek chieftains mentioned in the poems are
+so nearly descended from the gods themselves, are in such immediate
+relation each with his guardian deity, and are so indefatigable in their
+attentions thereto, that it would surely be extremely irrelevant if any of
+the libations or hecatombs were perverted to any intermediate, however
+heroic, ancestor from the all-powerful and ever ready divinity who was so
+often also himself the boasted founder of the family.(11)
+
+(M8) The libations and hecatombs themselves, however, seem to serve much
+the same purpose as the offerings to the _manes_ or household gods, and
+relieved the luxurious craving for sustenance in the immortals, left
+unsatisfied by their ethereal diet of nectar and ambrosia.(12)
+
+(M9) Yet it is strange that if libations and sacrifices were paid to the
+dead _periodically_ at their tombs, no mention of the occurrence is to be
+found in Homer. That the dead were believed to appreciate such attentions
+may be gathered from the directions given by Circe to Odysseus.
+
+
+    "Then pour a drink-offering to all the dead, first with mead
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), and thereafter with sweet wine, and for the third
+    time with water, and sprinkle white meal thereon.... and promise
+    thou wilt offer _in thy halls_(13) a barren heifer, the best thou
+    hast, and fill the pyre with treasure, and wilt sacrifice apart to
+    Teiresias alone a black sheep without spot, the fairest of your
+    flock."
+
+
+(M10) This done, the ghosts flock up to drink of the blood of the victim.
+But the ghost of Elpenor, who met his death at the house of Circe by
+falling from the roof in his drunken haste to join his already departed
+comrades, and who had therefore received no burial at their hands, demands
+no libations or sacrifices for the refreshment of his thirsty soul, but
+merely burial with tears and a barrow upon the shore of the gray sea, that
+his name may be remembered by men to come.
+
+Nestor's son elsewhere is made to remark that one must not grudge the dead
+their meed of tears; for the times are so out of joint, "this is now the
+only due we pay to miserable men, to cut the hair and let the tear fall
+from the cheek."(14)
+
+Is the right conclusion then that the Homeric Greeks did not sacrifice at
+the tombs of their fathers, and that the so-called ancestor-worship
+prevalent later was introduced or revived under their successors? Or is it
+that the aristocratic tone of the poet did not permit him to bear witness
+to the intercourse with any deity besides the one great family of Olympic
+gods, less venerable than a river or other personification of nature?(15)
+
+There exists such close family relationship amongst Homer's gods, extended
+as it is also to most of his chieftains, that taking into account the
+conspicuous reverence displayed towards the hearth and the respect for
+seniority in age, it may perhaps be justifiable to suppose that domestic
+religious observances, other than those directed to the Olympic gods, were
+thought by the poet to be as much beneath his notice as the swarms of
+common tribesmen who shrink and shudder in the background of the poems.
+
+(M11) Ancestor-worship would be as much out of place in the Old Testament;
+and yet there are references in the Bible to offerings to the dead which,
+unless they are held to refer only to importations from outside religions
+and not to relapses in the Israelites themselves to former superstitions
+of their own people, imply that the great tribal religion of the
+Israelites had superseded pre-existing ceremonies of ancestor-worship.
+
+
+    Deut. xxvi. 13. "And thou shalt say before the Lord thy God, I
+    have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also
+    have given them unto the Levite and the stranger, to the
+    fatherless and to the widow, according to all thy commandments
+    which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy
+    commandments, neither have I forgotten them: I have not eaten
+    thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof
+    for any unclean use, nor _given ought thereof for the dead_."
+
+
+The transgressions of the Israelites in the wilderness are described in
+the Psalms:--"They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor and _ate the
+sacrifices of the dead_."(16)
+
+It was not necessary for an ancestor to become a god to be worthy of
+worship, or to need the attentions of the living. If he was thought to
+haunt tomb or hearth, and to keep his connection thus with his family in
+the upper world, he required nourishment on his visits. He was also
+considered to keep a jealous watch on the continuance of his fair fame
+among the living.
+
+(M12) A close resemblance in this point lies between the Homeric poems and
+the Old Testament. Though actual food and drink is not provided for the
+dead, yet the stress laid on the permanence of the family, _lest the name
+of the dead be cut off from his place_, is quite in keeping with the
+request of Elpenor to Odysseus to insure the continuance of his name in
+the memory of living men.
+
+It is quite possible that, as the story of the interview of Odysseus with
+the dead reveals that the idea of the dead enjoying sacrifices of food and
+drink was familiar at that time, even though the periodical supply of such
+is not mentioned, so the existence of Laban's household gods and the
+gathering of the kindred of Jesse to their family ceremony(17) may bear
+witness to the presence of a survival of ancestor-worship in some
+equivalent form, underlying the all-absorbing religion of the Israelites.
+At this day the spirits of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are considered by the
+Mohammedans of Hebron actually to inhabit the cave of Machpelah, and, in
+the case of Isaac at any rate, to be extremely angered by any negligence
+shown to their altars, either by omission of the customary ceremonies or
+by admission within the sacred precinct of any stranger of alien faith.
+
+It must not therefore be inferred altogether that the regular
+ancestor-worship so-called was of later origin amongst the Greeks, but
+rather that the constitution of society did not afford it the same
+prominence to the mind of Homer and perhaps his contemporaries, as it
+acquired later.
+
+(M13) M. Fustel de Coulanges, in _La Cit� Antique_, has so well
+established the prevalence of ancestor-worship among the Greeks, drawing
+illustration both from Indian and Roman sources, that no further instances
+of its existence are needed here.
+
+The ceremonies however and offerings at the tombs of their fathers did not
+supersede, amongst the Athenians at any rate, their worship of the Olympic
+gods. The Olympic gods themselves moreover were clearly connected with
+their family life. The protection of Zeus was specially claimed under the
+title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or even {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(18) and as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} he received worship
+upon the altar that stood in the court-yard of nearly every house in
+Attica.(19) The permanent place of these gods in the homes of the people
+is further denoted by the use of such epithets as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(20) and
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.(21)
+
+(M14) The tombs, on the other hand, were not approached with the purpose
+of invoking powerful aid, but rather with the intent of soothing a
+troubled spirit with care and attention, and of providing it with such
+nourishing refreshment as could not be procured in the regions of the
+starving dead.
+
+
+    "I come, bringing to my son's sire propitiating libations, such as
+    are soothing to the dead, from hallowed cow white milk, sweet to
+    drink; the flower distiller's dew--clear honey; the virgin spring's
+    refreshing draught; and undefiled from its wild mother, the liquid
+    gladness of the time-honoured vine; also from the ever-leafy
+    growth of the pale green olive fragrant fruit is here, and twined
+    flowers, children of the teeming earth."(22)
+
+
+(M15) The same idea of nourishment of the dead, though shared with the
+other gods, determines the offerings in the Egyptian _Book of the
+Dead_.(23)
+
+
+    "I live upon loaves, white wheat, beer, red wheat.... Place me
+    with vases of milk and wine, with cakes and loaves, and plenty of
+    meat in the dwelling of Anubis."(24)
+
+
+    "Grant to me the funereal food, the drinks, the oxen, the geese,
+    the fabrics, the incense, the oil, and all the good and pure
+    things upon which the gods live."(25)
+
+
+There is one passage that almost implies that the dead retained in idea a
+claim upon the produce of the land which nourished them whilst alive, or
+that they had a special allotment even in the other world:--
+
+
+    "I sit down among the very great gods of Nut. A field extends for
+    me; the products of the ground are for me. I eat them; I am
+    favoured with them; I live in plenty by them.... I am given corn
+    and wheat for my mouth."(26)
+
+
+Chapter cxliv. of the _Book of the Dead_ is to be said,
+
+
+    "at the gate of every room while offering to each of them thighs
+    and heads of red cows, the value of seven vases; while offering
+    blood extracted from the heart, the value of a hundred vases;
+    sixteen loaves of white bread, eight round cakes, eight oval
+    cakes, eight broad thin cakes, eight measures of beer, and eight
+    of wheat, a perfumed oil-basin full of milk from a white cow,
+    green grass, green figs, mestem and beads of incense to be burnt."
+
+
+Chapter cxlviii. ordains that there
+
+
+    "shall be placed offerings before them of loaves, beer, meat,
+    incense, funereal dishes, bringing into favour with R� and making
+    that the _deceased is fed in the netherworld_."
+
+
+(M16) In the next chapters frequent reference will be made to the
+offerings to ancestors, or _manes_, among the ancient Hindoos. With them
+the cake-offering to the dead became a most important symbol, uniting in a
+common duty all descendants from certain ancestors within fixed degrees,
+and marking them off in the matter of responsibility thereto from more
+distant relations, who owed similar duty elsewhere.
+
+(M17) Being thus surrounded by nations that believed intensely in the need
+in the dead of nourishment at the hands of their relatives on earth, it
+would indeed be surprising if the Greeks were found not to share in the
+belief. But the fact remains that in the earliest Greek literature it is
+least conspicuous, and the gulf seems widest between the living and the
+dead. Can this be laid to the charge of the artificial superstitions of a
+philosophical class of poets? Or is it due to the true evolution of such
+beliefs, that as long as our search touches upon the unsettled periods of
+semi-migratory life, the tombs of individual members of a family being
+scattered here or there wherever they meet their deaths, the offering to
+the dead takes a special form, inasmuch as the solidarity of the tribe
+eclipses the importance of the family as a unit, and the religious
+ceremonies of the chieftain absorb the attention of the lesser members of
+the tribe?
+
+M. de Coulanges points out that the meaning of the Latin word _Lar_ is
+lord, prince or master, and that _Hestia_ was sometimes designated by the
+Greeks with the similar title of mistress of the house, or princess.(27)
+
+If, as long as the tribe was felt to be a real unit, the religious
+instincts of the tribesmen were concentrated upon the worship of their
+tribal deities--the great ancestors of the tribe, and more emphatically and
+directly the ancestors of their chieftain--it would be quite natural, in
+the weakening of the central worship, for the titles of honour and respect
+to be used equally towards those meaner ancestors who henceforth occupied
+the religious energies of the head of each family or household. In
+fulfilment of a similar sentiment, the later Greeks commonly used the word
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in speaking of a dead friend, deeming that any one who departed this
+life passed to the ranks of those princes of the community from whom all
+were proud to trace descent.
+
+(M18) M. de Coulanges considers that the sacred rites of the family at the
+hearth formed a more real tie than the belief in a common blood; and that
+upon this religious basis was built up the greater hearth of the Prytaneum
+as the centre of city life, to bind together the several families
+composing the community. But without pretending to come to a final
+decision on this the main tendency of social development, surely something
+may yet be said in favour of the contrary theory; that the reverence that
+centred in the hearth was in effect the expression of the sanctity of the
+tie of blood, as felt by all members of the house, and that this feeling
+drew its real importance for the community, not from the founding of the
+city by the amalgamation of several families, but as a survival from an
+earlier stage of life, when society circled round what was then in more
+than name the Prytaneum of the tribal chieftain.
+
+Facts are wanting to justify a conclusion as to which of these theories
+bears the closest resemblance to the truth, but it is easy to imagine what
+might be the line of development if the latter hypothesis be maintained.
+
+(M19) During the wanderings and migrations of peoples in the search for
+greener pastures or broader lands, each community or tribe would be
+constantly under arms and subject to attack from the enemies they were
+passing through or subjugating. This constant sojourning in a strange
+land, surrounded by foes, would be a source of much solidarity to the
+tribe itself, drawing its members closely together for mutual defence and
+subsistence.
+
+But when once the tribe had found a country to its taste, and had made a
+settlement with borders comparatively permanently established, emphasis
+would be transferred to the petty quarrels and internal dissensions
+arising between different sections within the community itself. The tie of
+common blood, uniting all members of the tribe, would be gradually
+disregarded and displaced by the less homely and more political relation
+of fellow-citizenship, which, though retaining many of the characteristics
+of the tribal bond, would necessarily be felt in a very different manner.
+
+In this disintegration of the larger unit, the existence of kinship by
+blood would be acknowledged only where the relationship was obvious and
+well known. And it would no longer be sufficient merely to prove
+membership of a kindred; as those outside certain limits would claim
+exemption from the responsibilities entailed by closer relationship.
+
+(M20) So, too, in the matter of religious observance: the reverence of the
+individual for the Prytaneum and common hearth of the state would undergo
+a change into a less personal sentiment; the rites connected therewith
+would be delegated to an official priest; and it is with the head of each
+family, surrounded by those who are really conscious of their connection
+by blood in common descent from much more immediate ancestors, that the
+true tribal feeling would longest survive, though, of course, on much
+narrower lines.
+
+The privileges of citizenship were, it will be seen, as carefully guarded
+as those of the tribe, but in a more perfunctory and arbitrary manner;
+whilst the intimate connection of the members of the family with the
+hearth and the graves of their ancestors stands out in strong relief.
+
+By the time of Hesiod, besides the violation of the universal sanctity of
+a guest or suppliant, the chief sins are against members of the same
+household, defrauding orphans, or insulting an aged parent.(28) Behaviour
+to other than blood-relations is regulated by expediency, by what you may
+expect in return from your neighbours.(29)
+
+Whether the family is to be regarded as the chief factor in the
+composition of the city, or how much of its composition the city owes to
+direct inheritance from the tribal system, must, as has been said, be left
+unsolved. Some small light may perhaps be shed upon the problem as this
+inquiry proceeds.
+
+(M21) At any rate, if the true basis of the organisation of the family and
+the kindred, as found in historic times in Greece, could once be
+established, material assistance ought to have been gained for rightly
+understanding the structure of that earlier society, whatever it was, from
+which the rules, that govern those within the bond of kinship, were
+survivals.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II. THE MEANING OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP.
+
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+          _Aeschylus._
+
+
+
+
+� 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At
+Their Tomb.
+
+
+(M22) As the hearth was the centre of the sanctity and reverence of the
+family, so the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the customary term to signify the smaller
+group of the composite {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, consisting of a man and his immediate
+descendants. In the first place, the individual was absolutely committed
+to sacrifice all his personal feelings for the sake of the continuity of
+his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and this was his supreme duty. But whereas several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} traced
+their descent from a common ancestor, a group of gradually diverging lines
+of descent were formed, sharing mutually the responsibility of the
+maintenance of continuity, and the privilege of inheritance and
+protection.
+
+Before examining how far these parallel lines remained within the reach of
+claims of kinship, or how soon the reverence for the more immediate
+predecessors absorbed the memory of the more remote ancestor, it will be
+well to have a clear understanding of what the claims of kindred were, and
+how they affected the member of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in respect of his duties
+thereto.
+
+(M23) Plato(30) declares that honour should be given to:--
+
+1. Olympian Gods.
+
+2. Gods of the State.
+
+3. Gods below.
+
+4. Demons and Spirits.
+
+5. Heroes.
+
+6. Ancestral Gods.
+
+7. _Living Parents_, "to whom we have to pay the greatest and oldest of
+all debts: in property, in person, in soul; paying the debts due to them
+for the care and travail which they bestowed on us of old in the days of
+our infancy, and which we are now to pay back to them when they are old
+and in the extremity of their need."
+
+(M24) The candidates for the archonship were asked, among other things,
+whether they treated their parents properly.(31) It was only in case of
+some indelible stain, such as wife-murder, that the debt of maintenance of
+the parent was cancelled.(32) Yet even when the father had lost his right
+of maintenance by crime or foul treatment, the son was still bound to bury
+him when he died and to perform all the customary rites at his tomb.(33)
+
+"Is it not," says Isaeus, "a most unholy thing, if a man, without having
+done any of the customary rites due to the dead, yet expects to take the
+inheritance of the dead man's property?"(34)
+
+(M25) The duty of maintenance of the parent thus extended even beyond the
+tomb, and this retrospective attitude of the individual gives us the clue
+to his position of responsibility also with regard to posterity.
+
+The strongest representation possible of this attitude is given in the
+_Ordinances of Manu_, where it is stated that a man "goes to hell" who has
+no son to offer at his death the funeral cake.
+
+(M26) "No world of heaven exists for one not possessed of a son." The
+debt, owed by the living member of a family to his _manes_, was to provide
+a successor to perform the rites necessary to them after his own death.
+
+
+    "By means of the eldest son, as soon as he is born, a man becomes
+    possessed of a son and is thus cleared of his debt to the _manes_"
+
+
+    "A husband is born again on earth in his son."
+
+
+    "If among many brothers born of one father, _one_ should have a
+    son, Manu said all those brothers would be possessed of sons by
+    means of that son."
+
+
+_i.e._ one representative was sufficient as regards the duties to the
+_manes_ in the house of the grandfather.
+
+
+    "Thro' a son one conquers worlds, thro' a son's son one attains
+    endlessness, and through the son's son of a son one attains the
+    world of the Sun."
+
+
+    "The sort of reward one gets on crossing the water by means of bad
+    boats is the sort of reward one gets on crossing the darkness (to
+    the next world) by means of bad sons."(35)
+
+
+(M27) Plato expresses the same feeling in the _Laws_:(36)
+
+
+    "After a sort the human race naturally partakes of immortality, of
+    which all men have the greatest desire implanted in them; for the
+    desire of every man that he may become famous, and not lie in the
+    grave without a name, is only the love of continuance ... In this
+    way they are immortal leaving [children's] children behind them,
+    with whom they are one in the unity of generation. And for a man
+    voluntarily to deprive himself of this gift of immortality, as he
+    deliberately does who will not have a wife and children, is
+    _impiety_."
+
+
+The functions and duties of the individual towards his family and
+relations thus find their explanation in his position as link, between the
+past and the future, in the transmission to eternity of his family blood.
+
+His duties to his ancestors began with the death of his father. He had at
+Athens to carry out the corpse, provide for the cremation, gather the
+remains of the burnt bones, with the assistance of the rest of the
+kindred,(37) and show respect to the dead by the usual form of shaving the
+head, wearing mourning clothes, and so on. Nine days after the funeral he
+must perform certain sacrifices and periodically after that visit the
+tombs and altars of his family in the family burying-place.(38) If he had
+occasion to perform military service, he must serve in the tribe and the
+deme of his parent ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}).(39) Before he
+can enter into his inheritance he must fulfil all the ordinances incumbent
+on one in his position, and in the Gortyn Laws it is stated that an
+adopted heir cannot partake of the property of his adoptive father unless
+he undertakes the sacred duties of the house of the deceased.(40) Thus the
+right of ownership of the family estate rested always with the possession
+of the blood of the former owners; and such a representative demonstrated
+his right by stepping into his predecessor's shoes and by taking upon
+himself all responsibility for the fulfilment of the rites, thereafter to
+be performed to him also when he shall have been gathered to the majority
+of his family.
+
+
+
+
+� 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.
+
+
+But however piously and carefully he performed his many duties to his
+ancestors, his work was only transitory and incomplete, unless he provided
+a successor to continue them after him into further generations.
+
+(M28) The procreation of children was held to be of such importance at
+Sparta(41) that if a wife had no children, with the full knowledge of her
+husband she admitted some other citizen to her, and children born from
+such a union were reckoned as born to the continuation of her husband's
+family, without breach of the former relations of husband and wife.(42)
+This is the exact custom stated in the _Ordinances of Manu_ (ix. 59),
+where it is laid down that a wife can be "commissioned" by her husband to
+bear him a son, but she must only take a kinsman within certain degrees,
+whose connection with her ceases on the birth of one son.(43) Otherwise it
+was a man's duty to divorce a barren wife and take another. But he must
+divorce the first, and could not have two hearths or two wives.(44)
+
+A curious instance of how this sentiment worked in practice in directly
+the opposite direction to our modern ideas, is mentioned in Herodotus.
+Leaders of forlorn hopes nowadays would be inclined to pick out as
+comrades the unmarried men, as having least to sacrifice and fewest duties
+to forego. Whereas Leonidas, in choosing the 300 men to make their famous
+and fatal stand at Thermopylae, is stated to have selected all _fathers
+with sons living_.(45)
+
+Hector is made to use this idea in somewhat similar manner. He encourages
+his soldiers with:--
+
+
+    "If a man fall fighting for his fatherland, it is no dishonourable
+    thing: and his wife and his children left behind, and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+    and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} are unharmed, if the Achaians go but back to their own
+    country."(46)
+
+
+If the enemy are driven out, though he be killed himself, yet if he leave
+children behind, his household and their property will remain unharmed.
+
+All about to die, says Isaeus, take thought not to leave their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+desolate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),(47) but that there shall be some one to carry the name
+of their house down to posterity, who shall perform all the customary
+rites at the tomb due to them also when they shall have joined the ranks
+of ancestors.(48)
+
+Where children were reckoned of the tribe of their father and not of their
+mother, and where a woman was incapable of performing sacred rites, a male
+heir was necessary for the direct transmission of blood and property. Sons
+entered upon their inheritance immediately on the death of their father,
+nor had he the power to dispossess them in favour of others, whilst
+brothers, cousins, legatees, had always to prove their title and procure
+judgment from the court in their favour.(49)
+
+(M29) Failing sons however, the next descent lay through a daughter. Nor
+were her qualifications in herself complete or sufficient in theory to
+form the necessary link in the chain of succession. The next of kin male
+had to marry her with the property of which she was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~};(50) but
+neither she nor he really possessed the property, and the sons born from
+the marriage succeeded thereto directly on attaining a certain age. The
+next of kin had in the meantime of course to represent his wife's father
+in all the religious observances, and was said to have power to live with
+the woman ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}), but not to dispose of the
+property ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~});(51) the sons becoming {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+at sixteen years old, and owing thence only maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to their
+mother from the property.(52) The heiress was compelled to marry at a
+certain age and was adjudicated by law to the proper kinsman.(53)
+
+Again an exact parallel is to be found in the _Ordinances of Manu_:--
+
+
+    "One who is without a son should, by the following rule, make his
+    daughter provide him a son:--'The offspring which may be hers shall
+    be for me the giver of offerings to the _manes_.' "
+
+
+The whole property of a man is taken by this daughter's son,(54) and, by
+her bearing a son, _her father_ "becomes possessed of a son, who should
+give the funeral cake and take the property."(55)
+
+If she die without a son, her husband would take (presumably by a sort of
+adoption).(56) But this would be perfectly natural, if, as in Greece, her
+husband was bound to be the next of kin and therefore heir failing issue
+from her.
+
+(M30) At Athens it was part of the office of the archon to see that no
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} failed for want of representatives, to constrain a reluctant heiress
+to marry or to compel the next of kin to perform his duty. Plato(57) asks
+pardon for his imaginary legislator, if he shall be found to give the
+daughter of a man in marriage having regard only to the two
+conditions--nearness of kin, and the preservation of the property;
+disregarding, in his zeal for these, the further considerations, which the
+father himself might be expected to have had, with regard to the
+suitability of the match.(58)
+
+(M31) A certain leniency was however allowed to the heiress who was
+unwilling to marry an obnoxious kinsman, and to the kinsman who had
+counterclaims upon him in his own house. Nevertheless the rules remained
+very strict. Isaeus states emphatically,(59) "Often have men been
+compelled by law to give up their properly wedded wives, owing to their
+becoming {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} through the death of their brother to their father's
+property and having to marry the next of kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})," to
+prevent the extinction of their father's house.
+
+Manu warns those about to marry to be careful that their children shall
+not be required to continue their wives' father's family, to the
+desolation of their own.
+
+
+    "She who has not a brother ... let not a wise man marry her,
+    through fear of the law about a daughter's son."(60)
+
+
+Again Isaeus:--
+
+
+    "We, because of our nearness of kin, would have been compelled to
+    maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our aged grandfather and either ourselves
+    marry Cleonymos' (our uncle's) daughters or give them away with
+    their portions to others and all this our kinship, the laws, and
+    _our shame_ would have compelled us to perform or incur the
+    greatest penalties and the _utmost disgrace_."(61)
+
+
+(M32) In the laws of Gortyn very clear rules are laid down to be followed
+where there were difficulties in the way of the heiress marrying the next
+of kin.
+
+
+    "The heiress shall marry the eldest brother of her father that is
+    alive. If there are more heiresses and uncles, they shall ever
+    marry the eldest. If there are no uncles but sons of uncles, she
+    shall marry the son of her father's eldest brother. If there are
+    more than one heiress and sons of uncles, they shall ever marry
+    the son of the eldest in order: but a man shall not marry more
+    than one heiress"(62)
+
+
+There is also a statement made by Demosthenes(63) that sounds as if it
+might have come from the _Ordinances of Manu_. It is there stated that if
+there were more than one heiress, _only one_ need be dealt with in respect
+to _providing succession_, though all shared in the property.
+
+The law of Gortyn goes on:--
+
+
+    "If the man will not marry her, though of age and wishing to
+    marry, the guardians of the heiress shall sue, and the judge shall
+    condemn him to marry her in two months. If he will not marry her,
+    according to the law, she shall have all the property and shall
+    marry the next of kin (after him) if there is one....
+
+
+    "If she is of age and does not wish to marry the next of kin or if
+    he is a minor and she does not wish to wait, she ... can marry
+    whom she will of those who claim her of the tribe. But she shall
+    apportion off his share of the property to the first of kin.
+
+
+    "If there are no kin to her, she shall have all the property and
+    marry whom she will of the tribe.
+
+
+    "If no one of the tribe will marry her, her guardians shall ask
+    throughout the tribe, ' Will any marry her?' And if any one then
+    marries her, he shall do it in thirty days after the 'asking.' But
+    if there is still no one, she shall marry any one else she can."
+
+
+Such pains were taken to find a representative for the deceased in his
+family, or at any rate in his _tribe_.(64)
+
+(M33) The same questions seem to have arisen amongst the Israelites in the
+time of Moses.
+
+
+    Numbers xxxvi. 8. "And every daughter that possesseth an
+    inheritance (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) in any tribe of the
+    children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the
+    tribe of her father ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), that
+    the children of Israel may enjoy ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) every man the
+    inheritance of his fathers.
+
+
+    "Even as the Lord commanded Moses, so did the daughters of
+    Zelophehad.
+
+
+    "For Mahlah, Tirzah and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the
+    daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's
+    brother's sons (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})."
+
+
+
+
+� 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only
+Daughter.
+
+
+(M34) The _levirate_, or marriage with deceased husband's brother, seems
+to have had no place in Greek family law. The wife was of no _kin_
+necessarily to the husband; and so it would not tend to strengthen the
+transmission of blood if the next of kin married the widow on taking the
+inheritance of his relative deceased without issue. The wife in Greek law
+could not inherit from her husband, whose property went to his father's or
+mother's relations; and only when it became a question of finding an heir
+to her _son_, and failing all near paternal kinsmen, could the inheritance
+pass through her, and then as the mother of her dead son, not as widow of
+her dead husband. Even then, being a woman, she had no right of enjoyment,
+only of transmission. She could only inherit on behalf of her issue by a
+second husband, and failing her issue the inheritance would pass to her
+brothers and so on. In Greece the claim upon the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} (Latin _levir_) for
+marriage seems to have begun with his brother's daughter, not his
+brother's widow.
+
+(M35) The childless widow on the death of her husband had to return to her
+own family or whoever of her kindred was guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of her, and if
+she wished, be given again in marriage by him.(65)
+
+The woman at Athens even after marriage always retained her {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or
+guardian,(66) who was at once her protector and trustee. He was probably
+the head of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to which she originally belonged--her next of kin--and
+had great power over her.(67)
+
+A case there is(68) where the heir to the property also takes the wife of
+the previous owner; but in this case the husband may have been {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+his own wife, and so could bequeath, or give her away to whomever he
+liked.(69)
+
+In the _Ordinances of Manu_, the limitations of the levirate are very
+strictly defined.(70) In the case of a man leaving a widow, she must not
+marry again, or she lost her place in heaven by his side.
+
+But if she was childless, the next of kin of her husband must beget one
+son by her; he did not _marry_ her, and his connection with her _ceased on
+the birth of a son_.
+
+(M36) The laws of Manu otherwise are strict against the marriage of close
+relations; a restriction not found in Greece.
+
+Isaeus(71) mentions that it was thought quite natural for a man to marry
+his first cousin in order to concentrate the family blood, and prevent her
+dowry or whatever property might come to her from going outside his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+and we know that even marriage with a half-sister (not born of the same
+mother) was not forbidden.
+
+There are more instances than one in Homer of a man marrying his aunt, or
+niece.
+
+The nearest resemblance to the levirate in Greece is the occasional custom
+at Sparta, mentioned already, of a wife being "commissioned" to bear
+children by another man into the family of her husband. But this exists in
+Manu, side by side with the above-mentioned custom of levirate proper.
+
+(M37) Among the Israelites, the levirate was in full force; the craving
+for continuance was the same as among the followers of Manu and the
+Greeks; and the custom with regard to heiresses is so vividly told that it
+is worth quoting at some length.
+
+
+    Deut. xxv. 5. "If brethren dwell together and one of them die and
+    have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a
+    stranger: her husband's brother [_i.e._ next of kin] shall go in
+    unto her and take her to him to wife and perform the duty of an
+    husband's brother to her.
+
+
+    "And it shall be that the firstborn which she beareth shall
+    _succeed in the name of his brother that is dead_, that his name
+    be not put out of Israel.
+
+
+    "And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his
+    brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders and say, 'My
+    husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in
+    Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.'
+
+
+    "Then the elders of his city shall call him and speak unto him:
+    and if he stand to it and say, 'I like not to take her,' then
+    shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the
+    elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his
+    face, and shall answer and say: 'So shall it be done unto that man
+    that will not build up his brother's house (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).'
+
+
+    "And his name shall be called in Israel, 'The house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of him
+    that hath his shoe loosed.' "
+
+
+(M38) Such was the scorn felt for the man who refused to perform the
+duties of nearest kinsman. In the thirty-eighth chapter of Genesis is told
+the story of Tamar, the wife of Judah's eldest son who died childless. The
+second son's refusal to raise up seed to his brother because he knows that
+_his own name will not be perpetuated thereby, but his brother's_, meets
+with summary punishment. "And the thing that he did was evil in the sight
+of the Lord, and He slew him also."(72) Afterwards, when it was reported
+to her father-in-law that Tamar had a child by some one not of his family,
+he was exceedingly wroth, and said, "Bring her forth and let her be
+burnt." Accordingly, after he had received his own "tokens" from her hand,
+his approval of her action, in her desire to perpetuate the name of her
+dead husband, is all the more striking, and shows how real such a claim as
+Tamar's was in the practice of those days, extreme though her action was
+felt to be. And Judah acknowledged his tokens and said, "She hath been
+more righteous than I: because that I gave her not to Shelah my [youngest]
+son."
+
+(M39) The statement of the customary procedure in Deuteronomy is very
+picturesquely illustrated and fulfilled in detail in the story of Ruth,
+who though only a daughter-in-law takes the position of heiress through a
+sort of adoption by her mother-in-law Naomi, on her refusal to go back to
+her own people. "Where thou goest, I will go: where thou lodgest, I will
+lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God, my God. Where thou
+diest will I die, and there will I be buried." She accepts Naomi's hearth
+her kin, her religion, and finally her tomb.
+
+Elimelech and his two sons dying in Moab, Naomi and both her
+daughters-in-law are left widows in a strange land. If Naomi had other
+sons, upon them would have devolved the duty of taking Orpah and Ruth to
+wife. But Naomi declares herself(73) too old to marry again and be the
+mother of sons, and implores her daughters-in-law to return to their own
+people in Moab, where she hopes they will start afresh with new husbands,
+a course which seems always to have been open to wives in tribal
+communities. Orpah does so, but Ruth elects to remain with Naomi, and
+returning with her to Bethlehem takes her chance among the kindred of
+Elimelech. Happening to arrive at Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley
+harvest, it so chances that Ruth goes forth to glean upon that part of the
+open field which belonged to Boaz--a rich man of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of Elimelech,
+who, having heard of her devotion to Naomi and the house of his late
+kinsmen, protects her from possible insult from strangers and treats her
+richly. On her return home Naomi informs her that Boaz is of their next of
+kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})(74) whose place it was to redeem property sold or
+lost by a kinsman. This duty is thus set forth in Leviticus:--
+
+
+    (M40) Lev. xxv. 25. "And if thy brother be waxen poor and sell
+    some of his possession, then shall his kinsman ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) that
+    is next to him come and shall redeem that which his brother hath
+    sold."
+
+
+An instance of it in practice is given in Jeremiah.
+
+
+    Jerem. xxxii. 8. "So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me in the
+    court of the guard according to the word of the Lord and said unto
+    me, 'Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth which is in
+    the land of Bethlehem: for the right of inheritance is thine, and
+    the redemption is thine: buy it for thyself.' "
+
+
+But on Ruth's applying to Boaz, he informs her that though he is
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ within the reach of the claim on the next of kin, yet is
+there one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} who is nearer than he, and who must first be asked.
+
+
+    "Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there, and behold the
+    near kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by, unto whom he said, 'Ho,
+    such an one! turn, aside, sit down here,' and he turned aside and
+    sat down. And he took ten men of the elders of the city and said,
+    'Sit ye down here,' and they sat down. And he said unto the near
+    kinsman, 'Naomi that is come again out of the country of Moab
+    selleth the parcel of land which was our brother Ehmelech's: and I
+    thought to disclose it to thee, saying, "Buy it before them that
+    sit here and before the elders of my people." If thou wilt redeem
+    it, redeem it; but if thou wilt not redeem it, tell me that I may
+    know; for there is none to redeem it beside thee, and I am after
+    thee.' And he said, 'I will redeem it.' Then said Boaz, 'What day
+    thou buyest the field of the hand of Naomi thou must buy it also
+    of Ruth the Moabitess, _the wife of the dead, to raise up the name
+    of the dead upon his inheritance_.' And the near kinsman said, 'I
+    cannot redeem it for myself _lest I mar my own inheritance_; take
+    thou my right of redemption on thee; for I cannot redeem it.' "
+
+
+The rendering of the Vulgate of the kinsman's reply is more easily
+understood:--"I yield up my right of near kinship: for neither ought I to
+blot out the continuance (_posteritas_) of my family: do thou use my
+privilege, which I declare that I freely renounce."
+
+
+    "And he drew off his shoe. And Boaz said unto the elders and unto
+    all the people, 'Ye are witnesses this day that I have bought all
+    that was Elimelech's ... Chilion's and Mahlon's of the hand of
+    Naomi. Moreover Ruth, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to be
+    my wife to _raise up the name of the dead_ upon his inheritance,
+    that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his brethren
+    and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this day.' And
+    all the people that were in the gate and the elders said, 'We are
+    witnesses ... May thy house be like the house of Perez whom Tamar
+    bare unto Judah' &c."
+
+
+Now Boaz was sixth in descent from this Perez whose mother Tamar, as
+quoted above, had been in much the same position as Ruth.
+
+It is interesting to read further that the son born of this marriage of
+Ruth and Boaz is taken by the women of Bethlehem to Naomi, saying, "_There
+is a son born to Naomi_," emphasising the duty of the heiress to bear a
+son, not into her husband's family, but to that of her father.
+
+The story of Ruth is not, therefore, an exact example of the custom of
+levirate. But it illustrates incidentally the unity of the family. The
+sons of Elimelech died before the family division had taken place, and the
+house of Elimelech their father was thus in jeopardy of extinction. If
+Naomi had come within the proper operation of the levirate, the next of
+kin ought to have married _her_, but by her adoption of Ruth as her
+daughter, she gave Ruth the position of heiress or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whilst the
+heir born to Ruth was called son, not of Ruth's former or present husband,
+but of Elimelech and (by courtesy) of Naomi, Elimelech's widow, through
+whom the issue ought otherwise to have been found.
+
+
+
+
+� 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption:
+Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen.
+
+
+(M41) But if the heiress was already married and had sons, she need not be
+divorced and marry the next of kin, though that still lay in her power. It
+was considered sufficient if she set apart one of her sons to be heir to
+her father's house. But she must do this absolutely: her son must entirely
+leave her husband's house and be enfranchised into the house of her
+father. If she did not do this with all the necessary ceremonies, the
+house of her father would become extinct, which would be a lasting shame
+upon her.
+
+Isaeus(75) mentions a case where a wife inherits from her deceased brother
+a farm and persuades her husband to emancipate their second son in order
+that he may carry on the family of her brother and take the property.
+
+(M42) In another passage(76) the conduct of married sisters in not
+appointing one of their own sons to take his place as son in the house of
+their deceased brother, and in absorbing the property into that of their
+husbands, whereby the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of their brother became {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, is described
+as shameful ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).
+
+In Demosthenes(77) a man behaving in similar wise is stigmatised as
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+(M43) Herein lay the reason that adoption became so favourite a means in
+classical times of securing an heir. It became almost a habit among the
+Athenians who had no sons, to adopt an heir--often even the next of kin who
+would naturally have succeeded to the inheritance.(78)
+
+The transfer of the adopted son from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his father to the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+he was chosen to represent was so real that he lost all claim to
+inheritance in his original family, and henceforth based his relationship
+and rights of kinship from his new position as son of his adoptive father.
+This absolutely insured the childless man that his successor would not
+merge the inheritance in that of another {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and made it extremely
+unlikely that he would neglect his religious duties as they would be
+henceforth his own ancestral rites.
+
+Sometimes, it seems,(79) sons of an unfortunate father were adopted into
+another {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so as not to share in the disgrace brought upon their
+family. In such a case presumably their father's house would be allowed to
+become extinct.
+
+(M44) The inheritance of property being only an accessory to the
+heirship,(80) the ceremony of adoption consisted of an introduction to the
+kindred and to the ancestral altars, and an assumption of the
+responsibilities connected therewith.
+
+(M45) The process was the same as for the proclamation of the true blood
+of a son, and was exactly in accordance with tribal instincts.
+
+Whatever the history of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens, in it seems to have been
+accumulated a great number of the survivals of tribal sentiment.
+
+(M46) The adoption at Athens took place at the gathering of the phratores
+in order that all the kin might be present ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).(81)
+The adopter must lead his son to the sacrifices on the altars(82) and must
+show him to the kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and phratores: he must
+give assurance on the sacrifices that the young man was born in lawful
+wedlock from free citizens. This done, and no one questioning his rights,
+the assembly proceeded to vote(83) and if the vote was in his favour, then
+and not till then he was enrolled in the common register ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) of the phratria in the name of son of his adopted father. As
+a father could not without reason disinherit his true-born sons, so the
+phratores could not without reason refuse to accept them to the
+kinship.(84)
+
+If any of the phratores objected to the admission of the new kinsman, he
+must stop the sacrifices and remove the victim from the altar.(85) He
+would have to state the grounds of his objection, and if he could not
+produce good reasons, he incurred a fine. If there was no objection, the
+unsacrificial parts of the victim were divided up and each member took
+home with him his share,(86) or joined in a feast provided by the father
+of the admitted son.(87)
+
+(M47) The ceremonial given in the Gortyn laws is similar:--
+
+
+    x. 33. "The adoption shall take place in the agora when all the
+    citizens have assembled, from the stone from which speeches are
+    made. And the adopter shall give to his own brotherhood ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~})
+    a victim-for-sacrifice and a vessel of wine ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."
+
+
+The adopted son gets all the property and shall fulfil the divine and
+human duties of his adoptive father(88) and shall inherit as in the law
+for true-born sons. But if he does not fulfil them according to law, the
+next of kin shall take the property. He can only renounce his adoption by
+paying a fine.
+
+The adopted son thus introduced was considered to have become of the blood
+of his adoptive father, and was unable to leave his new family and return
+to his original home unless he left in the adoptive house a son to carry
+on the name to posterity. As long as he remained in the other {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+_i.e._ had not provided for his succession and by certain legal ceremonies
+been readmitted to his former family, he was considered of no relationship
+to them and had no right of inheritance in their goods.(89)
+
+An adopted son could not adopt or devise by will, and if he did not
+provide for the succession by leaving a son to follow him, the property
+went back into the family and to the next of kin of his adopted
+father.(90)
+
+If he did return to his former {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, leaving a son in his place and that
+son died, he could not return and take the property thus left without heir
+direct.(91)
+
+(M48) Adoption amongst the Hindoos took place in like manner before the
+convened kindred. The adopting father offered a burnt-offering, and with
+recitation of holy words in the middle of his dwelling completed the
+adoption with these words:--
+
+
+    "I take thee for the fulfilment of my religious duties; I take
+    thee to continue the line of my ancestors."(92)
+
+
+The adopted son should be as near a relation as possible, and when once
+the ceremony had taken place, was considered to have as completely lost
+his position in his former family as if he had never been born
+therein.(93)
+
+(M49) The introduction into the deme which took place at the age of
+eighteen at Athens, including the enrolment in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, seems to have been a registration of rights of property and
+an assumption of the full status of citizen. The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is
+defined by Harpocration as meaning "capable of managing the ancestral
+estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})." The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is used by Isaeus for the
+application, by others than direct descendants, to the Archon for the
+necessary powers to take their property.
+
+It appears to have been at this period that the young man left the ranks
+of boyhood and dedicated himself to the responsibilities of his life.
+
+(M50) Plutarch(94) states that it was the custom at coming of age to
+tonsure the head and offer the hair to some god, and describes the young
+Theseus as adopting what we know as the Celtic tonsure, thenceforth called
+after his name.
+
+
+    "The custom still being in existence at that time for those
+    quitting childhood to go to Delphi and dedicate(95) their hair to
+    the god, Theseus also went to Delphi (and the place is still
+    called after him the Theseia, so they say) and _shaved the hair of
+    his head in front only_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) Homer says the
+    Abantes do:(96) and this kind of tonsure ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}) is called
+    'Theseis' because of him. Now the Abantes first shaved themselves
+    in this manner, not in imitation of the Arabs(97) as some have it,
+    nor even in emulation of the Mysians, but being a warlike people
+    and fighting hand to hand, ... as Archilochos testifies. For this
+    reason Alexander is said to have ordered his Macedonians to shave
+    their beards...."
+
+
+This cutting the hair as token of dedication to any particular object or
+deity was of common occurrence. Achilles' hair was dedicated as an
+offering to the river Spercheios in case of his safe return.(98) Knowing
+that this is impossible, in his grief at the death of Patroklos, with
+apologies to the god he cuts his flowing locks and lays them in the hand
+of his dead friend.
+
+Pausanias declares that it was the custom with all the Greeks to dedicate
+their hair to rivers.(99)
+
+Theophrastus(100) mentions as a characteristic of the man of Petty
+Ambition that he will "take his son away to Delphi to have his hair cut
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})," showing that this venerable custom had by that time become
+pedantic and an object of ridicule.
+
+According to Athenaeus,(101) when the young men cut their hair they
+brought a large cup of wine to Herakles and, pouring a libation, offered
+it to the assembled people to drink.
+
+The age at which the hair was cut seems to have varied. The _Ordinances of
+Manu_(102) give the following instructions:--
+
+
+    "The Ke�anta (tonsure-rite) is ordered in the sixteenth year(103)
+    of a Brahman, in the twenty-second of a Ksatriya, and in two years
+    more after that for a Vai�ya."
+
+
+But whenever the actual tonsure was performed, it seems to have been a
+very widely spread custom, symbolical in some way of devotion to a deity
+or kindred, or to some particular course of life.
+
+Its importance in this place, however, lies in its being one of the
+special acts relating to the admission to tribal status, and to the
+devotion, so to speak, of the services of the individual to the corporate
+needs of his tribe or kindred.
+
+The public introduction to the kindred, combined with publicity of
+marriage and of the birth of children would, it is obvious, be a very
+important protection for the preservation of the jealously guarded purity
+of the tribal blood. Isaeus(104) says that all relations ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),
+all the phratores, and most ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}) of the demesmen would know whom a
+man married, and what children he had. This, in addition to the oath
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of the father or of the mother(105) of the legitimacy of the son
+introduced to his kin, would seem a very sufficient safeguard.(106)
+
+If a child was not introduced to the phratores, it was considered
+illegitimate,(107) and could have no share in the rites of kindred and
+property.(108)
+
+
+
+
+� 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.
+
+
+(M51) A notable feature of the tribal system all over the world was the
+_blood-feud_, wiped out only by the death of the manslayer or by the
+payment of a sufficient recompense. The incidence of the responsibility
+for murder and for payment of the recompense upon a group instead of only
+on the guilty individual was of remarkable tenacity, and survived to
+comparatively late days.
+
+In Arabia the whole tribe of the murderer subscribed to the blood-money,
+which went to all the males in the tribe of the murdered man.(109)
+
+But in Greece the responsibility fell upon the next of kin, with the help
+and under the supervision of the rest of the immediate kindred. He had to
+see that a spear was carried in front of the funeral of the slain man and
+planted in his grave, which must be watched for three days.(110) He must
+make proclamation of the foul deed at the tomb, and must undergo
+purificatory rites, himself and his whole house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). If the dead body
+be found in the country and no cause of death known, the demarch must
+compel the relatives to bury the corpse and to purify the deme on the same
+day.(111)
+
+The subject is a familiar one in Homer. The wanderer ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is said
+to have no value (he is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), no fine is exacted for his death.
+
+
+    _Il._ xiv. 483. "That my brother's price ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) be
+    not unpaid: even for this it is that a man may well pray to have
+    some kinsman in his halls ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to avenge
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}) his fall."
+
+
+    _Il._ ix. 634. "Yet doth a man accept recompense of his brother's
+    murderer: or for his dead son: and so the manslayer for a great
+    price abideth in his own land ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) and the other's heart is
+    appeased and his proud soul, when he hath taken the
+    recompense."(112)
+
+
+(M52) There are many men told of in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ who were in
+the position of refugees at the court of some chief. As many of them were
+wealthy--chiefs' sons or even chiefs--and well able to pay large
+recompenses, it seems probable that (as is definitely stated in some
+instances), if the murder was committed on a member of the same family or
+tribe as the murderer, the only way to wipe out the stain was by death or
+perpetual exile, as in the case of the typical fratricide Cain. The
+blood-price was then only between tribe and tribe or city and city. Within
+the kindred there would be no ransom allowed.(113)
+
+Medon had slain the brother of his step-mother and was a fugitive from his
+country.(114)
+
+Epeigeus _ruled_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}) fairest Boudeion of old, but having slain a good
+man of his kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), to Peleus fled, a suppliant.(115)
+
+Tlepolemos slew his own father's maternal uncle, gathered much folk
+together and fled across the sea, because the other sons and grandsons of
+his father threatened him.(116)
+
+
+    _Il._ xxiv. 479. "And as when a grievous curse cometh upon a man
+    who in his own country ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) hath slain another and escapeth
+    to a land of other folk ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to the house of some rich
+    man, and wonder possesseth them that look on him...."(117)
+
+
+    _Od._ xv. 272. "Having slain a man of my tribe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): and many
+    are his relations ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) in Argos: at
+    their hands do I shun death and black fate and am in exile."
+
+
+    _Od._ xxiii. 118. "For whoso hath slain but one man in his country
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) for whom there be not many avengers ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})
+    behind, he fleeth leaving his kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and his fatherland, how
+    then we who have slain the pillar of the state!"
+
+
+(M53) If ransom there was none for the murderer within the tribe, there
+was equally none for murders between citizen and citizen,--in this point
+also the inheritors of the sentiments of tribesmen. In the law of
+Solon(118) it was forbidden to take payment in compensation from the
+murderer:--
+
+
+    "The murderer can be slain in our land, not tortured, not held to
+    ransom ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})."
+
+
+Plato(119) describes the soul of the deceased as troubled with a great
+anger against the murderer, so that even the innocent and unintentional
+homicide must needs flee at any rate for a year. The presence too of a man
+thus denied with bloodshed at the sacred altars was held to be a gross
+impiety and source of divine anger. Plato(120) says:--
+
+
+    "The murderer shall be slain, but not buried in the country ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~})
+    of the deceased, which would be a disgrace and impiety."(121)
+
+
+In the case of a suicide, the hand that committed the crime was to be cut
+off and buried separately.
+
+In Isacus(122) it is related how Euthukrates in a quarrel over a
+boundary-stone was so flogged by his _brother_ Thoudippos that, dying some
+days after, he charged his friends ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) not to allow any of
+Thoudippos' people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}) to approach his tomb. But if the
+murdered man before his death forgave his murderer, the relatives could
+not proceed against him.
+
+If the murderer escaped fleeing he must go forever: if he returned he
+could be killed at sight by any one and with impunity.(123) The pollution
+rested on the whole kindred of the murdered man.
+
+
+    "Whosoever _being related to the deceased_ on the male or female
+    side of those within the cousinship shall not prosecute the
+    murderer when he ought or proclaim him outlaw, he shall _take upon
+    himself __ the pollution_ and the hatred of the gods ... and he
+    shall be in the power of any who is willing to avenge the
+    dead."(124)
+
+
+The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul has given life
+for life and has laid to sleep the wrath of the whole family
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(125)
+
+If it is a beast that has killed the man, it shall be slain to propitiate
+the kin and atone for the blood shed.
+
+If it is a lifeless thing that has caused death, it shall solemnly be cast
+out before witnesses to acquit the whole family from guilt.(126)
+
+Amongst the Israelites, treating of homicides _amongst themselves_,
+compensation was forbidden in like manner.
+
+
+    Numbers xxxv. 31. "Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the
+    life of a murderer which is guilty of death: but he shall surely
+    be put to death.
+
+
+    "... The land cannot be cleansed of blood that is shed therein but
+    by the blood of him that shed it."
+
+
+Let us complete this subject with the following story told by
+Herodotus:(127)--Adrastus, having slain his brother, flees to the court of
+Croesus. There he becomes as a son to Croesus and a brother to Atys,
+Croesus' son. This Atys Adrastus has the terrible misfortune to slay,
+thereby incurring a three-fold pollution. He has brought down upon himself
+the triple wrath of Zeus Katharsios, Ephestios, and Hetaireios: he has
+violated his own innocence, his protector's hearth, and the comradeship of
+his friend.
+
+In despair he commits suicide.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III. THE EXTENT OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP.
+
+
+    Arctior vero colligatio est societatis propinquorum: ab illa enim
+    immensa societate humani generis in exiguam angustumque
+    concluditur.
+
+
+    _Cicero_.
+
+
+
+
+� 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+
+(M54) Such being the character of the burden of mutual responsibility
+borne by members of kindred blood, it remains, if possible, to obtain some
+idea of how this responsibility became narrowed and limited to the nearest
+relations, and what was the meaning underlying the distinction drawn
+between certain degrees of relationship.
+
+When examining the more detailed structure of the organisation of the
+kindred, considerable light seems to be thrown upon survivals in Athens by
+comparison with the customs of other communities, which were undergoing
+earlier stages of the same process of crystallisation from the condition
+of semi-nomadic tribes into that of settled provinces or kingdoms.
+
+(M55) In the Gortyn Laws we read:--
+
+
+    iv. 24. "The father shall have power over the children and the
+    property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the
+    parents) are alive, _there is no necessity for division_.... If a
+    man or woman die their children, or grandchildren, or
+    great-grandchildren, shall have the property...."
+
+
+The headship of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the ownership of the property vested in the
+parent as long as he lived and wished to maintain his power. Even after
+his death, unless they wished it, the sons need not divide up amongst
+themselves, but could live on with joint ownership in the one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+their deceased father. The eldest son would probably take the house
+itself, _i.e._ the hearth, with the duties to the family altars which
+devolved upon him as head of the family.(128)
+
+An example of this joint ownership occurs in the speech of Demosthenes
+against Leochares.(129) The two sons of Euthumachos after his death gave
+their sister in marriage (no doubt with her proper portion), and lived
+separately but _without dividing_ their inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).
+Even after the marriage of one brother, they still left the property
+undivided, each living on his share of the income, one in Athens, the
+other in Salamis.
+
+The possibility of thus living in one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and on an undivided patrimony
+is implied in another passage in Demosthenes, where, however, the exact
+opposite is described as actually having taken place.(130)
+
+Bouselos had five sons. He divided ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) his substance
+amongst them all as was fair and right, and they married wives and begat
+children and children's children. Thus _five_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} sprang up out of the
+one of Bouselos, and _each brother dwelt apart_, having his own {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and
+bringing up his own offspring ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) himself ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}).
+
+Whilst the parents were alive the family naturally held very closely
+together, and often probably lived in one patriarchal household like
+Priam's at Troy.
+
+Isaeus declares:--The law commands that we maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our parents
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): these are--parents, grandparents and _their parents_, if they are
+still alive:
+
+
+    "For they are the beginning ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) of the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and their
+    estate descends to their offspring ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}): wherefore it is
+    necessary to maintain them even if they leave nothing."(131)
+
+
+The duty of maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) owed to the ancestor would follow the
+same relationship as the right of inheritance from him, and this common
+debt towards their living forebears could not help further consolidating
+the group of descendants already bound together by common rites at the
+tombs of the dead.
+
+But granted this community of rights and debts, is it possible to
+formulate for the Greeks anything of the same limitations in the incidence
+of responsibility amongst blood-relations that is to be found elsewhere?
+
+(M56) In western Europe, owing perhaps to the influence of Christianity,
+the rites of ancestor-worship have no prominence. Ecclesiastical influence
+however was unable to prevent an exceedingly complex subdivision of the
+kindred existing in Wales and elsewhere. Whether this subdivision finds
+its _raison d'�tre_ in the worship of ancestors or not, the groups thus
+formed serve as units for sustaining the responsibilities incident to
+tribal life, and being, as will be seen, governed by similar
+considerations to those existing among the Greeks, they afford very
+suitable material for comparison, and throw considerable light upon one
+another.
+
+(M57) As the various departments affected by blood-relationship or purity
+of descent come under notice, it will be seen that the position of
+_great-grandson_ as at once limiting the immediate family of his parents
+and heading a new family of descendants is marked with peculiar emphasis.
+
+(M58) In the ancient laws of Wales it rests with great-grandsons to make
+the final division of their inheritance and start new households.
+
+Second cousins may demand redivision of the heritage descending (and
+perhaps already divided up in each generation between) from their
+great-grandfather. After second cousins no redivision or co-equation can
+be claimed.(132)
+
+In the meanwhile the oldest living parents maintained their influence in
+family matters. In the story of Kilhwch and Olwen, in the _Mabinogion_,
+the father of Olwen, before betrothing her to Kilhwch, declares that "her
+four great-grandmothers and her four great-grandsires are yet alive; it is
+needful that I take counsel of them."(133)
+
+(M59) Even when feudalism refused to acknowledge other than an individual
+responsibility for a fief, it was unable to overcome the tribal theory of
+the indivisibility of the family, which maintained its unity in some
+places even under a feudal exterior. But as generations proceeded, and the
+relationships within the family diverged beyond the degree of second
+cousin, a natural breaking up seems to have taken place, though in the
+direction of subinfeudation under the feudal enforcement of the rule of
+primogeniture, instead of the practice, more in accordance with tribal
+instincts, of equal division and enfranchisement. It may however be
+surmised that the subdivision and subinfeudation of a holding in the
+occupation of such a group of kinsmen would be carried out by the
+formation of further similar groups.
+
+(M60) In the _Coustumes du Pais de Normandie_ mention is made of such a
+method of land-holding, called _parage_. It consists of an undivided
+tenure of brothers and relations _within the degree of second cousins_.
+
+The eldest does homage to the capital lord for all the _paragers_. The
+younger and their descendants hold of the eldest without homage, until the
+relationship comes to the _sixth degree inclusive_ (_i.e._ second
+cousins). When the lineage is beyond the sixth degree, the heirs of the
+cadets have to do homage to the heirs of the eldest or to whomsoever has
+acquired the fief. Then _parage_ ceases.(134)
+
+The tenure then becomes one of subinfeudation. As long as the _parage_
+continued, the share of a deceased _parager_ would be dealt with by
+redivision of rights, and no question would arise of finding heirs. But
+when it became a question of finding an heir to the group, failing heirs
+in the seventh degree inclusive, that is, son of second cousins--looked
+upon as son to the group--failing such an heir, the estate escheated to the
+lord.
+
+(M61) There is an interesting passage in the Ancient Laws of Wales
+ordaining that the next-of-kin shall not inherit as heir to his deceased
+kinsman, but as heir to the ancestor, who, apart from himself, would be
+without direct heir, _i.e._ presumably their common ancestor.
+
+
+    "No person is to obtain the land of a _co-heir_, as of a brother,
+    or of a cousin, or of a second cousin, by claiming it as heir to
+    that one co-heir who shall have died without leaving an heir of
+    his body: but by claiming it as heir _to one of his own parents_,
+    who had been owner of that land until his death without heir,
+    whether a father, or grandfather, or great-grandfather: that land
+    he is to have, if he be the nearest of kin to the deceased."(135)
+
+
+This of course refers to inheritance within the group of co-heirs, the
+members of which held their position by virtue of their common
+relationship within certain degrees to the founder. And we may infer that
+emphasis was thus laid on the proof of relationship by _direct descent_,
+in order to prevent shares in the inheritance passing from hand to hand
+unnoticed, beyond the strict limit where subdivision could be claimed _per
+capita_ by the individual representatives of the diverging _stirpes_.
+
+(M62) The kindred in the _Ordinances of Manu_ is divided into two groups:--
+
+1. Sapindas, who owe the _funeral cake_ at the tomb.
+
+2. Samanodakas, who pour the _water libation_ at the tomb.
+
+
+    "To _three ancestors_ the water libation must be made; for _three
+    ancestors_ the funeral cake is prepared; the fourth (descendant or
+    generation) is the giver (of the water and the cake); the _fifth
+    has properly nothing to do_ (with either gift)."(136)
+
+
+This may be put in tabular form:--
+
+Receivers of water.
+
+1. Great-grandfather's great-grandfather.
+2. Great-grandfather's grandfather.
+3. Great-grandfather's father.
+
+Receivers of cake.
+
+1. Great-grandfather.
+2. Grandfather.
+3. Father.
+4. Giver of cake and water
+5. Excluded
+
+Or inversely:--
+
+Givers of cake or _Sapindas_.
+
+Householder
+Brothers
+1st cousins
+2nd cousins
+
+Pourers of water or _Samanodakas_.
+
+3rd cousins
+4th cousins
+5th cousins
+
+Within the _Sapinda_-ship of his mother, a "twice-born" man may not
+marry.(137) Outside the _Sapinda_-ship, a wife or widow, "commissioned" to
+bear children to the name of her husband, must not go.
+
+
+    "Now _Sapinda_-ship ceases with the seventh person, but the
+    relationship of a Samanodaka (ends) with the ignorance of birth
+    and name."(138)
+
+
+All are Sapindas who offer the cake to the same ancestors.
+
+(M63) The head of the family would himself offer or share with all his
+descendants in the offering of the one cake to his great-grandfather, his
+grandfather, and his father. And if this passage is taken in conjunction
+with the one quoted just above, the number sharing in the cake-offering,
+limited as in the text at the seventh person from the first ancestor who
+receives the cake, is just sufficient to include the great-grandson of the
+head of the family, supposed to be making the offering.
+
+The group, thus sharing the same cake-offering, would in the natural
+course be moving continually downwards, generation by generation as the
+head of the family died, thereby causing the great-grandfather to pass
+from the receivers of the cake-offering to the receivers of the water
+libation, and admitting the great-grandson's son into the number of
+Sapindas who shared the cake-offering. And at no time would more than four
+generations have a share in the same cake offered to the three nearest
+ancestors of the head of the family.
+
+(M64) The Samanodakas, or pourers of the water libation appear to have
+been similarly grouped.
+
+"Ignorance of birth and name" was in Wales considered to be equivalent to
+_beyond fifth cousins_. According to the Gwentian Code, "there is no
+proper name in kin further than that"--_i.e._ fifth cousins.(139) And this
+tallies exactly with the previous quotation from Manu limiting the water
+libation to three generations of ancestors beyond those to whom the cake
+is due, which, as has been seen, includes fifth cousins.
+
+And it must be borne in mind that fifth cousins are great-grandsons of the
+great-grandsons of their common ancestor, or two generations of groups of
+second cousins.
+
+(M65) It was extremely improbable that a man would see further than his
+great-grandchildren born to him before his death. And it might also
+occasionally occur in times of war or invasion that a man's sons and
+grandsons might go out to serve as soldiers, leaving the old man and his
+young great-grandchildren at home.
+
+If the fighting members of the family were killed, the great-grandsons
+(who would be second cousins or nearer to each other) would have to
+inherit directly from their great-grandfather: and thus, especially in
+cases where the property was held undivided after the father's death, we
+can easily see that second cousins (_i.e._ all who traced back to the
+common great-grandfather) might be looked upon as forming a natural limit
+to the immediate descendants in any one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and as the furthest removed
+who could claim shares of the ancestral inheritance.
+
+After the death of the great-grandfather or head of the house, his
+descendants would probably wish to divide up the estate and start new
+houses of their own. The eldest son was generally named after his father's
+father,(140) and would carry on the name of the eldest branch of his
+great-grandfather's house, and would be responsible for the proper
+maintenance of the rites on that ancestor's tomb. He would also be
+guardian of any brotherless woman or minor amongst his cousins, each of
+whom would be equally responsible to him and to each other for all the
+duties and privileges entailed upon blood-relationship.
+
+Thus seems naturally to spring up an inner group of blood-relations
+closely drawn together by ties which only indirectly reached other and
+outside members of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+(M66) In the fourth century B.C. this compact group limited to second
+cousins still survived at Athens, responsible to each other for
+succession, by inheritance or by marriage of a daughter; for vengeance and
+purification after injury received by any member, and for all duties
+shared by kindred blood.
+
+This close relation was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, and all its members were called
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _i.e._ any one upon whom the claim upon the next-of-kin might at
+any time fall.
+
+The speech of Demosthenes against Makartatos affords considerable
+information as to the constitution of the family-group or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The five
+sons of Bouselos,(141) we are told, on his death divided his substance
+amongst them, and each started a new {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and begat children and
+children's children.(142) The action, which was the occasion of the
+speech, lay between the great-grandsons of two of these five founders of
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Stratios and Hagnias, and had reference to the disposal of the
+estate of the grandson of the latter, which had come into the hands of the
+great-grandson of Stratios.
+
+One might have supposed that the descendants of Bouselos, with their
+common burial ground(143) and so forth, would have ranked as all in the
+same {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} under their title of Bouselidai. But it is clear from this
+speech of Demosthenes, that too many generations had already passed to
+admit of Bouselos being considered as still head of an unbroken {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and
+that his _great_-great-grandsons were subdivided into separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} under
+the names of their respective great-grandfathers, Stratios, Hagnias, &c.
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}).(144)
+
+
+
+
+� 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of
+Descent.
+
+
+(M67) The Gortyn law quoted above in the previous section goes on:--
+
+
+    v. "If (a man or woman die and) they have no children, the
+    deceased's brothers and brother's children or _grandchildren_
+    shall have the property. If there are none of these, the
+    deceased's sisters, their children or _grandchildren_. If there
+    are none of these, to whom it descends of whatever grade they be,
+    they shall inherit the property."
+
+
+This clause takes the evidence one step further, and it is noticeable how
+the right of inheritance is determined by the great-grandchild of the
+common ancestor. In the direct line, a man's descendants down to his
+great-grandchildren inherited his estate. In dealing with inheritance
+through a brother of the deceased the heirship terminates with the
+_grandchild_ of the brother, who would be great-grandchild of the nearest
+common ancestor with the previous owner of the estate. If there is no
+brother, the child of the cousin limits the next branch, as will be seen.
+
+(M68) Isaeus(145) describes the working of the then-existing (c. 350 B.C.)
+law of inheritance at Athens as follows:--
+
+The law gives "brothers' property" (i.e. property without lineal
+succession) to
+
+
+    1. _Brothers_ by the same father, or brother's children, for these
+    are related to the deceased in the nearest degree;
+
+
+    2. _Sisters_ by the same father, or sister's children;
+
+
+    3. _First cousins_ by the father's side as far as _cousin's
+    children_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+    _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}_).
+
+
+    Failing these, recourse is had back again into the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and the law makes those related through
+    the _mother_ of the deceased, masters ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) of the family (and
+    inheritance) in the same order as on the father's side from the
+    beginning.
+
+
+That is to say, failing first cousins once removed, the inheritance goes
+back and begins again at the mother of the deceased, who however, being a
+woman, can only inherit on behalf of her issue, present or
+prospective.(146) If she has married again and has a son (half-brother to
+her deceased son) he would inherit. Failing her issue, her brother and so
+on to first cousin's children of the deceased, through his mother, would
+have the inheritance.
+
+Failing these, the nearest kinsman to be found on the father's side, of
+whatsoever degree, is to inherit.
+
+(M69) The law as stated by Demosthenes(147) coincides with this:--
+
+
+    "If there are no sons, brothers by the same father (shall
+    inherit): and their true born children, if there are any, shall
+    have the share of their father: if there are no brothers or
+    brother's children the issue of the latter in the same way shall
+    partake: males and children of males shall have preference (over
+    females) if they are born of the same (parents), even if they are
+    further off by birth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) [_i.e._ are a generation lower down].
+    If there are none on the father's side as far as _cousin's
+    children_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), the relations on the mother's
+    side in the same way shall have possession ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}). But if
+    there are none on either side _within these degrees_, the nearest
+    of kin on the father's side shall have possession."
+
+
+Whenever this law is quoted the limit of relationship laid down therein
+for the immediate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is always that of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or sons of
+first cousins, who inherit from their first cousins once removed (_oncle �
+la Br�tagne_, or Welsh uncle as this relation has been called).
+Occasionally the patronymic form {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} is used, apparently with the
+same signification, though properly {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} would mean sons of two first
+cousins, _i.e._ second cousins.(148)
+
+(M70) It appears from the evidence reviewed hitherto, that any
+great-grandson could inherit from any grandson of a common ancestor, and
+the conclusion also seems to be justified, that the group of
+great-grandsons were considered to divide up their right to inherit once
+for all, and that having done so, with respect to that inheritance they
+were considered to have begun a new succession. To put it differently, in
+case of the death of one of these second cousins, after the final division
+of their inheritance had taken place, the rest of the second cousins would
+have no right to a share in his portion; an heir would have to be found
+within his nearer relations. Thus, they share responsibilities towards any
+of their relations within the group and higher up in their families, and
+also stand shoulder to shoulder in sharing such burdens as pollution and
+so on, but are outside the immediate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} with respect to each
+other's succession. The reason for this will perhaps be more apparent as
+the argument proceeds.
+
+That the grandson of a first cousin was outside the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is clear
+from the speech of Demosthenes already mentioned,(149) where the
+plaintiff, who originally stands in that relationship to the deceased
+whose inheritance is in dispute, is adopted as son of his grandfather
+(first cousin of the deceased), in order to come within the legal
+definition of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+That the son of a second cousin was also without the pale is directly
+stated in several passages in Isaeus.
+
+(M71) It must be remembered that by "inheritance" is meant the assumption
+of all the duties incumbent on the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and that the man who
+"inherited" took his place for the future as son of the deceased in the
+family pedigree, and reckoned his relationship to the rest of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+thenceforth from his new position, in the house into which he had
+come.(150)
+
+(M72) Now if it is true that to the great-grandson was the lowest in
+degree to which property could directly descend without entering a new
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and if that great-grandson was also looked upon as beginning with
+his acquired property a new portion of the continuous line of descent; any
+one, who "inherited" from him and ranked in the scale of relationship as
+HIS SON, would necessarily fall outside the former group and would be
+considered as forming the nearest relative in the next succeeding group.
+This, it seems, is the meaning of the language of the law which limits the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} to the children of first cousins who could inherit from their
+parent's first cousins, and still _retain their relationship as
+great-grandsons_ of the same ancestor. Whereas any one taking the place of
+son to his second cousin would be one degree lower down in descent, and
+pass outside the limit of the four generations. The law makes the kinsmen
+therefore exhaust all possible relationships _within the group_ by
+reverting to the mother's kindred with the same limitation before allowing
+the inheritance to pass outside or lower down.
+
+(M73) In confirmation of this view the following passage may be quoted
+from _Plato's Laws_:--
+
+
+    "He who in the sad disorder of his soul has a mind, justly or
+    unjustly, to expel from his family a son whom he has begotten and
+    brought up, shall not lightly or at once execute his purpose; but
+    first of all he shall collect together his own kinsmen, extending
+    to (_first_) _cousins_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), and in like manner his
+    son's kinsmen by the mother's side,(151) and in their presence he
+    shall accuse his son, setting forth that he deserves at the hands
+    of them all to be dismissed from the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(152)
+
+
+Before dishonouring one of the family and so bereaving it of a member
+owing duties which, by his disinheritance, may fall into abeyance or be
+neglected, the parent calls together all to whom his son might perhaps
+ultimately become the only living representative and heir, and who might
+at some future time be dependent on him for the performance of ancestral
+rites. That this was in Plato's mind when he wrote is shown by the next
+sentence, in which he provides for the possibility of some relation
+already having need of the young man and being desirous to adopt him as
+his son, in which case he shall by no means be prevented. The concurrence
+of all relations in such a position was therefore necessary.
+
+In other cases where Plato mentions similar gatherings of the kin but for
+different purposes, he extends the summons to _cousin's children_. But
+here it can be seen they would have no place. They would be second cousins
+to the disgraced youth; they might have to share privilege or pollution
+with him, but had no claim on him for duties towards themselves. He would
+be "cousin's son" to his father's first cousins--the limit of such a claim
+in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+(M74) In the speech of Isaeus concerning the estate of Hagnias, a real
+second cousin is in possession of the estate. He won the case at the time
+and died in possession, and an action against his son Makartatos for the
+same property is the occasion of one of the speeches of Demosthenes. To
+fully understand the relationships referred to in these cases, the
+accompanying genealogical tree of the descendants of Bouselos may be of
+assistance. It will also serve as an example of how a kindred hung
+together, and how by intermarriage and adoption the name of the head of an
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was carried on down a long line of male descendants.
+
+[Illustration: Family tree of Bouselos.]
+
+Theopompos, in the speech of Isaeus, had taken possession of the estate of
+his second cousin Hagnias, as his next of kin and heir. Throughout the
+speech he is styled {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so as to bring him within the phraseology
+of the law, and he successfully defends himself from the claims of the
+next generation below--viz., his brother's son. But in the speech of
+Demosthenes against his son Makartatos, who had taken possession at his
+father's death of the disputed property, it is represented that his father
+had got possession only by defeating another claimant, Phylomache II., by
+"surprise," as it was called, by stating that her grandmother through whom
+she traced her claim was only half-sister to Hagnias' father. But
+Phylomache's husband, having caused their son Euboulides III. to be
+adopted as the son of Euboulides II.--his wife's father and Hagnias' first
+cousin, a quite regular course for the grandson inheriting through his
+heiress mother--proved that his wife's grandmother was whole sister to
+Hagnias father, and brought the action under the guidance of Demosthenes
+against Makartatos. This Euboulides III. sued as true {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} of Hagnias.(153) He is described as having "one of
+the titles mentioned in the law _as far as which_ the law bids the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} go, for he is _cousin's son_ to Hagnias."
+
+On the other hand, Theopompos, father of Makartatos and second cousin of
+Hagnias, is mentioned(154) as "being of a different {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} altogether," and
+not at all related in such a way as to be heir of Hagnias ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}),
+being too far off in the family (or by birth).
+
+That the title of Theopompos (viz., second cousinship) was not valid, may
+be inferred partly by the ruses he adopted to get possession, but more
+especially by the fact(155) that none of the other second cousins on a par
+with him, and with whom he ought to have shared, seem to have believed in
+the validity of their titles, or at any rate taken the trouble to sue for
+part of the estate.
+
+However this may be, there does not seem anything in these speeches other
+than confirmatory of the view stated above of the composition and
+limitation of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+
+
+
+� 3. Division Amongst Heirs.
+
+
+(M75) Succession to the inheritance of an estate was ordained by law in
+strict accordance with the ancient conception of the unity of the family.
+On the death of the head of a family, unless the paternal {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was
+voluntarily continued unbroken by his descendants, the natural course was
+for each son ultimately to live apart and found a separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+consisting of himself and his offspring. Equal division amongst heirs was
+therefore the rule in Greece; equal division, that is to say, between all
+of equal grade.
+
+(M76) The Gortyn Laws have already been referred to as enforcing the
+principle.(156) If a man died, his heirs were either his sons, or his
+grandsons, or his greatgrandsons. If he had no children, his brothers, and
+their children, or their grandchildren succeeded.
+
+The Athenian law was conceived in the same spirit, but mentions a further
+point--viz., that in the division amongst sons, the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of any one of
+their number who had died before the division, could be represented by his
+sons or grandsons, who thus received their father's share.
+
+This system of representation probably existed also among the Gortynians,
+though no mention of it is made in their laws, for it is inconceivable
+that any of the grandsons could be deprived of all share in their
+grandfather's estate by the mere death of the intermediate generation.
+
+But the division _per stirpes_ was not maintained throughout. It is
+probable from the words of the Attic orators that equal division amongst
+all of the same grade, such as nephews or cousins, took place _per
+capita_, any deceased member of that grade being represented by his sons.
+Representation, of course, could not take place in the case of a division
+amongst cousins' sons, owing to the strict limitation of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} to
+four generations from the common ancestor; any deceased relation in that
+degree therefore simply dropped out of the succession.
+
+(M77) It has generally been assumed that grandsons inheriting directly
+from their grandfather, all the intermediate generation being already
+dead, inherited none the less the shares of their respective fathers _per
+stirpes_. But if the foregoing account of the unity of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and its
+resemblance in its composition to the household of the Welsh tribal system
+be correct, it seems more reasonable to suppose that, all the intermediate
+generation being dead, the grandsons, in virtue of being all equally
+related to their grandfather, would inherit in equal shares _per capita_.
+Any dead grandson would of course be represented, as before, by his son or
+sons.
+
+(M78) The evidence is not sufficient to justify more than a suggestion on
+either side with regard to divisions amongst lineal descendants. With
+regard to successions by relations outside of the direct line of descent,
+such as nephews or cousins, it is almost certain that all of the same
+degree took equal shares _per capita_.
+
+Following the law for daughters, quoted by Demosthenes(157)--viz., that
+though all shared the inheritance of the property, only one need be dealt
+with in view of securing the succession--the assumption can be made that,
+when there were several heirs related in the same degree to the former
+owner of the estate, one of their number would be set apart to continue
+the household of their kinsman as his son, whilst the others merely took
+their shares of the property divided to continue their own {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+respectively.
+
+The equal division of inheritance amongst kinsmen of equal degree _per
+capita_, in combination with the system of representation above described,
+is entirely consistent with the tribal conception of the household as
+hanging closely together, its members always looking up to their venerable
+head, in whom the ownership of the property vested, until by the death of
+older generations and the consequent subdivision, each in his turn became
+head of an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and owner of its share in the ancestral property.
+
+
+
+
+� 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.
+
+
+(M79) It has been remarked above with what jealousy the purity of the
+blood of the community was guarded. No child was admitted into the kindred
+of its father until all concerned were fully convinced of the
+blamelessness of its pedigree. In such circumstances it was no easy matter
+to acquire the privileges attached to the possession of tribal or citizen
+blood. It seems to have been considered that however great otherwise the
+claims of a stranger might be, time alone could really render the
+qualifications of his family complete.
+
+(M80) Under the ancient Laws of Wales no stranger's family could acquire
+the full privileges of a Welsh tribesman or Cymro, as regards location on
+land, until after many generations. But if they married Welshwomen, and
+held land from generation to generation, the _greatgrandsons_ became fully
+privileged tribesmen.(158) Similarly if a stranger voluntarily assumed the
+position of serf to a Welshman, and his descendants did not choose to
+depart, but remained in that position to the descendants of the Welshman,
+the _greatgrandsons_ of the Welshman became proprietors of the
+greatgrandsons of the stranger.(159)
+
+(M81) But for the stranger who merely resided in Wales and did not marry
+into any Welsh tribe the period of probation was _three times as
+long_--viz., the greatgrandson of the greatgrandson of his greatgrandson
+was the first to attain to full tribal privilege--
+
+
+    "Strangers and their progeny are adjudged to be aillts; also a
+    reputed son who shall be denied and his progeny, and evildoers of
+    federate country and their progeny, _unto the end of the ninth
+    descent_."(160)
+
+
+_i.e._, the tenth man would no longer be reckoned an _aillt_ but a free
+Cymro.
+
+The issue of a stranger obtains the privilege of a tribesman _in the
+fourth person_ by legitimate marriages.(161) But the aillt or stranger,
+who dwells in Cymru, does not attain until the _end of the ninth descent_.
+
+So too inversely:--
+
+The title to inherit by kin and descent in the tribal land and rights of
+his ancestors does not become extinct _till the ninth man_. The ninth man
+in descent from a banished tribesman coming home and finding his title as
+representative of his family seemingly extinguished, is to raise an outcry
+that from a proprietor he is becoming a nonproprietor, and the law will
+shelter him and adjudge him an equal share with the occupants he finds on
+the land. This is called the "outcry across the abyss." The tenth man's
+outcry cannot be heard. "Others say" that the ninth man is too late to
+raise the cry.(162)
+
+This is exactly parallel to the case of the stranger resident in Cymru.
+For _nine_ generations he is a stranger, and in _the tenth_ a Cymro. Here
+for _nine_ generations is the Cymro abroad a tribesman, and in _the tenth_
+he is a stranger.
+
+(M82) From a passage in Deuteronomy it would appear that the
+qualifications for admission as a full tribesman amongst the Israelites
+were identical with those just mentioned.
+
+The Israelites had purified themselves of the ancestor worship, that so
+long survived in Greece, and had, if one may say so, amalgamated all their
+minor deities and tribal superstitions in their one great monotheistic
+religion. Even then their tribal minds could not carry back their theology
+behind the known history of their own ancestors. Their God was the God of
+Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and was in their conception the greatest of
+Gods--_i.e._, greater than the Gods of other peoples, the existence of
+which their own beliefs did not preclude. Thus where in Attic writers we
+have mention of the religious rites of the family (which a stranger or
+polluted man might not approach), and of the partaking therein as proof of
+the whole admission and pure blood of those present, so in Deuteronomy the
+expression "the Congregation of the Lord," is used to denote that sacred
+precinct, forbidden to all save pure tribesmen of Israel.
+
+It may be inferred from the following passage that if a stranger resided
+in Israel, and his family continued to do so for nine generations, the
+tenth generation would in any ordinary case be admitted to the
+Congregation of the Lord as full Israelites.
+
+
+    Deut. xxiii. 2 and 3. "A bastard, or an Ammonite, or Moabite shall
+    not enter into the congregation of the Lord _even to their tenth
+    generation_, for ever."
+
+
+(M83) In special cases (exactly as was the rule in Wales)--such as the
+Edomite who was partly akin already, and the Egyptian who was united to
+the Israelites by the mysterious bonds of hospitality--a shorter sojourn in
+the land was held to qualify for full tribal privilege.
+
+
+    Deut. xxiii. 7 and 8. "Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite, for he is
+    thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, because thou wast a
+    stranger in his land. The _children_ that are begotten of them
+    shall enter into the congregation of the Lord _in their third
+    generation_."
+
+
+The third generation of _children_ would be the _greatgrandchildren_ of
+the original settler, and this is just one third of the length of time
+implied as required from the ordinary stranger, who only attained the
+tribal privilege in the third succession of greatgrandchildren.
+
+It is worth notice in this connection that the land of Canaan was divided
+up in the names of the _greatgrandchildren_ of Abraham, to whom the
+promise was made; Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph, taking their
+place amongst the others by adoption as sons by their grandfather Jacob,
+on an equality with his other sons.(163)
+
+(M84) These rules are not to be found with the same distinctness surviving
+at Athens, but there is a good deal of evidence showing how jealously the
+introduction of strangers to citizenship--which retained much that made it
+the later equivalent of the tribal bond--was regarded.
+
+Strangers made citizens (formally, ceremoniously, and by public vote) by
+the Athenian people cannot hold office as archon or partake of a holy
+office ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}); but their _children can_, if they are born from a
+citizen wife duly and lawfully betrothed.(164) That is to say, that the
+Athenians considered it necessary that there should be actually citizen
+blood in the veins of all who held office amongst them.(165)
+
+(M85) The abhorrence in which the introduction of alien blood was held is
+illustrated by the Athenian law concerning marriage with aliens, quoted by
+Demosthenes in his speech against Neaera.
+
+
+    _Law_: "If an alien shall live as husband with an Athenian woman
+    by any device or contrivance whatever, it shall be lawful for any
+    of the Athenians who are possessed of such right, to indict him
+    before the judges. And if he is convicted, he shall be sold for a
+    slave and his property confiscated, and the third part shall
+    belong to the person who has convicted him. And the like
+    proceedings shall be taken if an alien woman live as wife with an
+    Athenian citizen, and the citizen who lives as husband with an
+    alien woman so convicted shall incur the penalty of 1,000
+    drachm�."
+
+
+(M86) Citizenship was considered the highest of privileges, and was
+conferred only on persons worthy of great honour. Any citizen could bring
+an action against the newly-admitted stranger to test his real merits, and
+even after formal acceptance by the people of Athens, if he failed to
+justify his claims at such a trial, his new honours were stripped from him
+and he remained an alien. This being so, it cannot be expected in the
+comparison that he should rank with the ordinary resident in Cymru in the
+Welsh Laws, but rather as the chieftain whom the people wished to honour
+by admission to their tribe.
+
+It is stated in the Welsh Laws that the _son_ of a stranger chief, to whom
+honour was to be given, entered the whole privilege of the tribe.
+
+(M87) According to Aristotle,(166) candidates for archonship at Athens
+were asked their father's name and his deme, their grandfather's name and
+his deme, their mother's and her father's name and his deme;(167) whether
+the candidate had an Apollo Patro�os and Zeus Herkeios, and where these
+shrines were: also if he treated his parents well and paid his taxes.
+
+In order to be perfectly sure that the candidate was of full and pure
+blood, they investigated the condition of both his grandparents, and, as
+further proof, assured themselves that he had a house and property of his
+own, and that too inherited from his ancestors. Furthermore, he must be
+guilty of no impiety towards his parents or the State.
+
+If it were the case at Athens that the fourth generation from a stranger
+was considered as having attained to the rights of a citizen, it mattered
+little what a man's _greatgrand_father was. He might have been an alien,
+yet if the intermediate ancestors were "in order," the candidate would
+have acquired the full blood.(168)
+
+(M88) In the _Oedipus Tyrannus_,(169) Sophocles apparently uses the
+expression "slave from the _third_ mother" as implying that three descents
+were considered to confirm the position of the fourth generation as slave
+or citizen, or whatever the case might be. Oedipus assures Jokasta that
+_her_ pedigree and status will remain unimpugned, even though the enquiry
+he is prosecuting establish him thrice-born a slave from slave mother,
+slave grandmother, and slave greatgrandmother.
+
+In elections for sacred offices, which appear to have been about the last
+things laid open to the new citizen, the possession of three generations
+of privileged ancestors was in some places insisted on. There is an
+inscription to this effect belonging to Halikarnassos;(170) and some
+similar rule seems to have held good among the Jews.
+
+
+    "These sought their register among those that were reckoned by
+    genealogy, but it was not found; therefore were they, as polluted,
+    put from the priesthood (_{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(171)
+
+
+The book of Nehemiah closes with the triumphant verse: "Thus I cleansed
+them from all strangers."
+
+(M89) The rule in the _Ordinances of Manu_ for the recovery of Brahman
+caste is just halfway between the tenth and the fourth generations--namely,
+the seventh, or _greatgrandson of the greatgrandson_ of the first
+halfcaste. This is only the case when each generation marries a Brahman
+wife.
+
+
+    "If (the caste) produced from a Brahman by a �udra woman keeps
+    reproducing itself by nobler (marriage) this ignoble attains a
+    noble family _at the seventh union_ (Yuga)."(172)
+
+
+Thus:--
+
+
+    If (1) the halfcaste marries a Brahman woman and
+    (2) his son do.
+    (3) his grandson do.
+    (4) his _greatgrandson_ do.
+    (5) _his_ son do.
+    (6) his grandson do.
+    (7) his _greatgrandson_ do.--at last his family is restored to
+    their lost high caste.
+
+
+
+
+� 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.
+
+
+(M90) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, limited to relations within the same degrees as for
+other purposes, seems to be the unit in the case of pollution of the
+kindred by the death--violent or natural--of one of their number.
+
+
+    "Whosoever(173) being related to the deceased on the male or
+    female side of those _within the cousinship_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),
+    shall not prosecute the murderer when he ought and proclaim him
+    outlaw, he shall take _upon himself_ the pollution and the hatred
+    of the gods ... and he shall be in the power of any who is willing
+    to avenge the dead...."(174)
+
+
+    "The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul which
+    did the deed has given life for life and has propitiated and laid
+    to sleep the wrath of the whole family" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(175)
+
+
+    "If a brother wound a brother ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) the parents ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})
+    and the kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) to _cousins' children_ on male and
+    female side shall meet and judge the case."(176)
+
+
+Ransom was forbidden; citizen was bound to citizen with ties that had
+inherited too much of the tribal sanctity to admit of any extenuation of
+the extreme penalty.
+
+It was no doubt a wise policy on the part of the legislators, with the
+view to the preservation of respect for life and property, to make the
+responsibility for murder rest as widely as possible, and include as many
+relations and connections on both sides as might be. In order also that
+the wife, in case her husband was killed, and the daughter, in case her
+father was killed, might be fully protected and represented among the
+prosecuting kindred, the law of Draco seems to lay the necessity for
+action also on the father-in-law and the son-in-law. The _phratria_, being
+such a compact organisation and exacting such formal admission of its
+members, would naturally be concerned to see that justice was dealt to any
+of its number. Though we cannot include the _phratores_ amongst those
+directly responsible equally with the near kinsmen for crimes committed by
+one of their number, they would always have to take a certain part in
+whatever was necessary to bring him to justice, besides being generally
+concerned in all matters relating to kinship, which affected any member of
+their _phratria_.
+
+(M91) "Proclamation shall be made against the murderer in the agora within
+[? his] cousinship and (the degree) of a first cousin, and prosecution
+shall be made jointly by cousins and _cousins' children and descendants of
+cousins_, and sons-in-law and fathers-in-law and _phratores_."
+
+That Demosthenes here quotes a genuine law of Draco is proved by an
+inscription found at Athens belonging to the year 409 B.C., recording this
+sentence as part of the law of Draco about murder.(177)
+
+In another place Demosthenes thus refers to the action of this law:--
+
+"The law commands the relations to go forth and prosecute as far as
+descendants of cousins; and in the oath it is defined what the
+relationship actually is, etc."(178)
+
+The use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} in addition to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Draco's law above is
+emphatic as implying that as regards pollution the group of relations to
+second cousins were treated _en masse_ as under the stain; they had not
+yet, so to speak, reached the point where they could divide up their
+responsibility.
+
+(M92) If the murder was committed within the narrow limits of the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} itself, the double pollution of the bloodspilling and the blood
+spilled rested upon the whole group with overwhelming force.
+
+Plato(179) treats of such a calamity and prescribes the remedy. If a man
+slay his wife, or she her husband, his children are orphans; their debt of
+maintenance to their parent is cancelled; he must flee; they possess his
+goods. If he is childless, his relations shall meet _to the children of
+his cousins_ on the male and female side (_i.e._ all his possible heirs)
+and shall elect not one of themselves, but a younger son of some other and
+pious family to bring in new blood with better fortune to counteract the
+curse, as heir to the house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), introducing him to
+the father of the banished (or deceased) man and to those further back in
+the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), calling him their _son_, the continuer
+of their family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}), their hearth-keeper ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and minister
+of their sacred rites.... But the guilty man they shall "let lie,"
+nameless, childless, portionless for ever.(180)
+
+(M93) In the ancient Laws of Wales the blood-fine takes a very important
+position. But whereas all the relations of the murderer are liable to be
+called upon to pay the "Spearpenny," as it is called, only the inner
+kindred within fixed degrees contribute proportionally to the payment of
+the price. The group upon which this responsibility falls is twice as
+large in the Welsh Laws as at Athens, and includes _fifth_ cousins, or the
+greatgrandchildren of greatgrandchildren of a common ancestor.
+
+The Dimetian Code describes the relations who pay galanas as follows.(181)
+Those beyond only pay "spearpenny."
+
+      Father and mother.
+      Grandfather.
+      Greatgrandfather.
+      Brother and sister.
+      First cousins.
+      Second cousins.
+      Third cousins.
+      Fourth cousins.
+      Fifth cousins.
+
+According to the Gwentian Code, _fifth_ cousins share. "There is no proper
+share, no proper name in kin further than that."(182)
+
+The Venedotian Code states that galanas is paid by the kindred: two parts
+by the relations of the father, one part by the relations of the mother,
+to _sixth cousins_. All kindred after sixth cousins pay spearpenny.(183)
+
+The sixth cousin is also called "kinsman son of a fifth cousin, and then
+_the father (i.e. the fifth cousin) pays it_, because his relationship can
+be fixed, _but the relationship of his son to the murderer cannot_."
+
+(M94) The defilement of carrying out a corpse and assisting at a funeral
+also covered the same area of relationship at Athens--_i.e._ the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+The house of the dead man was only to be entered by those naturally
+polluted.
+
+
+    "After the funeral no woman to enter the house save only _those
+    defiled_; to wit--mother, wife, sisters, and daughters; beside
+    these not more than five women and two girls, _daughters of first
+    cousins_: beyond these, none."(184)
+
+
+Demosthenes quotes the law of Solon to the effect that--
+
+
+    "No woman under sixty years old to enter the house or follow the
+    corpse except those within {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): no woman _at all_ may enter the house after the carrying
+    out of the corpse except _those within_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}."(185)
+
+
+All those near of kin assist in the funeral.
+
+The payment of the blood-fine by the whole family of the murderer was
+considered necessary to allay the vengeance and anger of the family of the
+murdered man within the same area of relationship. In Wales the members of
+the family who received the galanas, did so in proportion to the
+importance of their position in the transmission of the kindred blood,
+according to a classification identical with their proximity in
+relationship to the dead man, and their expectation of inheritance from
+him or succession to his place.
+
+(M95) The inclusion of the mother's relatives and their liability in these
+circumstances, in addition to the paternal relations, follow naturally
+enough in Wales as in Greece when once the transmission of inheritance
+through a woman, in default of male heirs, had become a recognised
+possibility. A woman's sons might always be called upon under certain
+circumstances to take inheritance from _her_ father or next of kin. They
+therefore quite fairly shared in the claims as well as the privileges of
+their position. And _vice versa_, in exchange for the priceless guarantee
+of continuity provided by a woman's offspring to her relations, they too
+would be prepared to undergo a part of the penalties incurred by any of
+those who might rank some day as their next of kin, or as their sons.
+
+This view of the source of their recognition as members of the kindred
+responsible for the blood-fine in Wales is confirmed by a statement in the
+Venedotian Code.(186) Those women and clerks who can swear that they will
+never have children, and so are useless for the preservation of continuity
+in the families to which they belong, are specially exempted from
+contribution to the galanas, inasmuch as they have forsworn the privilege
+of attaining through posterity a share in the immortality on earth of
+their kindred.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV. THE RELATION OF THE FAMILY TO THE LAND.
+
+
+{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, ...
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+Homeric Hymn.
+
+
+
+
+� 1. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And Its Form.
+
+
+In trying to realise the methods of land tenure amongst the Greeks, we are
+baffled by the indirectness of the evidence available.
+
+(M96) We know that the estate which descended from father to son, and was
+in theory inalienable from the family of its original possessors, was
+called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or "lot," but the familiarity with which the poets,
+historians, and orators use the word does not afford information as to
+what the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} really was and how it was made use of in practice. The law
+concerning these family holdings, says Aristotle,(187) and concerning
+their possible transmission through daughters was not written. It was a
+typical example of customary law. This statement gives a hint as to the
+usual treatment of questions arising under this head. Methods of land
+tenure were not of rapid growth, nor were they easily changed; they had
+their source with the slow devotion to agriculture of pastoral tribes, and
+were dependent on a class unaffected by the growth of education and the
+arts.
+
+(M97) The intricate connection of the system of land tenure with the
+composition of the family removed the consideration of questions of
+ownership from the sphere of written law, and delegated them to the most
+conservative department of customary procedure, ranking them on a par with
+questions of family religious observances.(188) The deposit of some
+ancestor's bones in a certain field was occasionally a valuable link in
+the title to possession of that piece of land as private property;(189)
+and the possession of land at all was in part a guarantee of the pure
+native blood in the veins of the possessor.(190) It is a striking
+illustration of the truth of this that, throughout all the extant speeches
+of Isaeus dealing with the disposal of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of dead citizens, not a
+single case turns upon evidence for or against a sale or transfer of
+property. The speeches all deal exclusively with family matters; the line
+of argument always leads to the proof of near kinship by blood or adoption
+to the previous owner; and the right of possession of the inheritance
+seems taken for granted as following incontrovertibly the establishment of
+the required relationship.(191)
+
+
+    "It seems to me that all those who contend for the right of
+    succession to estates, when like us they have shown themselves to
+    be both nearest in blood to the person deceased, and most
+    connected with him in friendship ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), are dispensed from
+    adding a superfluity of other arguments."(192)
+
+
+(M98) In the early settlements, as Thucydides tells us, necessity was the
+ruling motive. Each man devoted his attention to providing the necessaries
+of life. There was superfluity neither of chattels nor of tilth. Men
+hesitate to sow when the harvest is to be reaped by their enemies.(193)
+The flocks and herds of the pastoral tribes could be driven for safety
+into the mountain strongholds; yet even they were liable to frequent
+losses. On one occasion Odysseus had to go to Messene "to recover a debt;
+which, to wit, the whole people owed him ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): for the Messenians
+had lifted 300 sheep with their shepherds from Ithaka."(194) As the
+newcomers increased in numbers and gained a reputation for ability to
+defend their own, sufficient to discourage the attacks of their
+neighbours, they would have leisure to devote some of their energies to
+the cultivation of the plains around them. Troy was founded first up in
+the hills,(195) and afterwards was moved down to a good position on the
+lower ground for the sake no doubt of the better pasture in the river
+meadows, and of the agriculture which had long been carried on over the
+"wheat-bearing plain" around the city,(196) before the ravages of the ten
+years' war.
+
+It is not proposed to enter in detail into the _methods_ of cultivation of
+the soil in vogue at various times in Greece; but inasmuch as whilst
+studying the kernel, assistance may often be obtained from knowledge of
+the shell, mention may be made in passing of such few points of interest
+in the physical features of agriculture as may be available.
+
+(M99) In the Consular Reports on Land Tenure in Europe made in 1869,
+descriptions are given of the existing methods of tenure and cultivation
+in Greece and the Islands.
+
+In Greece the usual holding of a small proprietor is said to be of fifteen
+to twenty-five acres (or sometimes double that area), and is called a
+_zeugarion_.(197) Many have only a couple of acres.
+
+
+    "The greatest inconvenience and frequent lawsuits arise from the
+    manner in which these properties intersect each other. Moreover
+    none of the usual precautions are adopted to mark the limits of
+    the different properties, which, in the absence of any reliable
+    land survey, are often very vaguely described in the title
+    deeds."(198)
+
+
+In cases of intestacy real property is divided equally among the children
+or nearest relatives. When there is a will the testator can only reserve
+for his disposal a share of the estate equivalent to that which, after an
+equal division, descends by right to each of the direct heirs.
+
+(M100) Professor Ansted, in his book on the Ionian Islands in the year
+1863, thus describes the management of an estate on the Island of Santa
+Maura:--(199)
+
+
+    "According to Ionian law, all the members of a family share
+    equally in the family property after the death of the father; but
+    it does not follow as a matter of course that the property is
+    divided. It is much more usual that the brothers and sisters, if
+    young, continue to live together till they either marry or
+    undertake some employment or business at a distance. If a sister
+    marries, she is dowered with a sum equivalent to her share. If a
+    brother however earns a separate income, from whatever source,
+    whether he be married or remain single, and whether he live in the
+    same or a different house, or even remove to another town or
+    island, he pays in all his income to a joint fund, _the foundation
+    of which is the income obtained from the paternal estate_. Those
+    who do nothing else manage the estate. One brother, perhaps,
+    remains in the village as cultivator, another lives in the town
+    acting as factor, or merchant to the estate, receiving and selling
+    the produce and managing the proceeds, whatever the case may be;
+    and in addition selling, exporting, and otherwise conducting a
+    general business in the same department. A third may perhaps
+    receive and sell the goods in a foreign country. A fourth may be a
+    member of the legislature, and a fifth a judge. Some marry and
+    have families, others remain single: but the incomes of all are
+    united, each draws out a reasonable share, according to his needs,
+    and a very close account is kept of all transactions. If one
+    brother dies, his children come into the partnership; and as time
+    goes on, these again will grow up and marry, the daughters
+    receiving a proportional and often large dower out of the joint
+    fund, entirely without reference to the special property of their
+    parents. This may go on indefinitely: but as family quarrels will
+    arise, _there are always means of terminating the arrangement_,
+    and closing accounts, either entirely as regards all, or partially
+    as with reference to a _mauvais sujet_, or troublesome member of
+    the partnership.... This curious patriarchal system, though
+    obtaining more perfectly and frequently in Santa Maura than in the
+    other islands, exists in Cephalonia and is said to be not quite
+    unknown in Zante, where the state of society approximates far more
+    to that common in the western countries of Europe. Santa Maura,
+    being the most isolated of all the islands and that which retains
+    all ancient customs most tenaciously, is naturally that in which
+    this sort of communism can exist with smallest risk of
+    interference."
+
+
+According to the Consular Reports, the relations between landlord and
+tenant are governed more by local usage than by law, and the landlord
+generally takes on an average about 15 per cent. of the produce in kind on
+the threshing-floor, as rent, in cases where he does not supply more than
+the bare use of the land.(200)
+
+(M101) There is little manuring; the light plough barely turns the surface
+of the land. Land is usually allowed to lie fallow every other year,
+sometimes two years out of three. Sheep and goats are the chief stock;
+they of course graze in summer on the mountains; villages sometimes own
+forests and waste lands in common.
+
+(M102) In the islands of the Archipelago,(201) the holdings are frequently
+divided into separate plots consisting of a quarter or half acre apiece or
+even less, intersected by those belonging to other parties. Cattle are
+pastured on the fallow, roadsides, &c., near the village.
+
+In Cephalonia,(202) holdings consist of from five to twenty-five acres,
+seldom in a continuous piece, but "cut up into patches and intersected by
+other properties."
+
+In Corfu,(203) the holdings are similar--infinitesimally small and
+intermixed pieces of land, especially in the olive groves, where however
+there are no divisions on the land and the "oldest inhabitant" has to be
+asked for evidence of ownership in disputed cases.
+
+Throughout the Greek nation, the peasants live in their houses in villages
+and not on separate estates. They help one another to avoid the expense of
+hired labour, and themselves work for hire on the estates of the large
+proprietors.
+
+(M103) Professor Ridgeway has drawn attention to the knowledge of this
+open field system in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_;(204) and indeed the
+division of the land tilled by occupants of villages into small pieces or
+strips, in such a way that the holding of each consists of a number of
+isolated pieces lying promiscuously amongst the strips of others, over the
+whole area under plough, is a world-wide custom and is the habit alike of
+the east as of the west.
+
+Though the assertion cannot yet be made that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was thus arranged
+on the soil, it can do no harm at any rate to bear in mind this ancient
+and still used method of dividing land, whilst considering the question of
+the relation of the ownership of the soil to the rank and status of the
+tribesman.
+
+
+
+
+� 2. The Relation Of The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} To The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+(M104) The connection of the possession of land with the headship of the
+family finds its counterpart in the right of maintenance of those who had
+the true blood of that family. And in those countries where the sons
+remained until their father's death under his _patria potestas_ they had
+to look to him for maintenance derived from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} which descended to
+him as the means of sustenance for himself and his family. Where the head
+of the family alone was responsible for the rites to the dead at the
+family altars, the position of a son would always be incomplete if he
+tried to establish during his father's lifetime a hearth and household of
+his own. And it has been already mentioned that it was necessary to
+emancipate a son from the family of his own father, before he could take
+property, passing on the death of his mother's relations to her issue, and
+assume his rightful position as their representative and the living head
+of their household.(205)
+
+According to Harpocration, the initiation into the mysteries of the hearth
+only took place on the actual assumption of the inheritance.(206)
+
+(M105) Occasionally a father feeling the weight of years would be glad to
+pass on to his son during his lifetime some of his burden of
+responsibility by making him master of his estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(207) In this case, the son would be responsible for the
+maintenance of his parent, a duty much insisted on by Plato and Isaeus. In
+fact the conclusion is justified that the family, until final subdivision
+into separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, drew its supplies from the common inheritance, and
+that the subdivision of the means of subsistence was contemporaneous and
+co-extensive with the differentiation of the various branches of the
+original {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} along the lines of the rising generations.
+
+The same may be inferred from the words of Demosthenes describing the
+division of the property of Bouselos amongst his sons and the foundation
+of their several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+
+    "And all these sons of Bouselos became men, and their father
+    divided his substance amongst them all, with perfect justice. And
+    they having shared the substance, each of them married a wife
+    according to your laws, and there were born children to them all,
+    and children's children, and there grew up five {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} from the one
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of Bouselos, and each dwelt apart, having his own house and
+    his own offspring."(208)
+
+
+In the meanwhile, before division, all sons had equal right to participate
+in the family goods after the father's death, and dowries had to be paid
+therefrom to the daughters. The eldest brother was guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of
+his sisters and those of his brothers who were minors, inasmuch as he
+succeeded to his father's position of head of his kindred at the altars of
+their ancestors. But in Greece at any rate his authority over his brothers
+when once a division had taken place seems to have been slight if it
+existed at all.
+
+(M106) Amongst the Gods, the three brothers Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades,
+sons of Rhea, shared their inheritance from their father Kronos. They
+divided everything in three, shaking lots thereover ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Each
+took equal share of honour ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), but earth and Olympos were
+common ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) to all.(209) But Zeus was the first-born and "knew more
+things"--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}(210)--and Poseidon
+therefore avoided open strife with him, however unwillingly. Though Zeus
+be the stronger, grumbles the Sea-god, let him keep to his third share and
+not interfere with his brothers' pleasure on their common ground, the
+earth. Let him threaten his sons and daughters who needs _must_ listen to
+him ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}). Yet because the Erinnyes ever take the side
+of the eldest born--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}--it were good
+counsel to knock under, even though the division was made in perfect
+equality ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}).(211)
+
+(M107) This passage contrasts the recognised autocracy of the head of the
+family over his own household with the courteous deference of the younger
+brothers towards the eldest; and it is evidence, so far as it goes, that
+the eldest brother did not succeed to his father's power over his grown-up
+brothers, but owed what influence he did not obtain from the superior
+advantages of his age and experience, to a superstitious feeling that
+something was due to him in his position of head of the eldest branch of
+the family.
+
+In the _Odyssey_,(212) Zeus gives Poseidon the title of "eldest and
+best"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--and elsewhere Hera lays claim to the same
+birthright.(213)
+
+The power of the head of a household must have been something much more
+real. Telemachos declares that he is willing that some other _basileus_ in
+Ithaka should take the kingship, but he will be master over his own
+house--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}--"and over the slaves that the divine Odysseus
+won for me."(214)
+
+In the Homeric Hymn to _Hestia_, that deity receives the title of honour
+of firstborn: the poet, by a fanciful blending of ideas, implying that the
+honour paid to the sacred hearth by the eldest of the family, fell to her
+share as the eldest born of the children of Kronos.(215)
+
+Aristotle says that every household is ruled ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) by its oldest
+member,(216) and gives this prerogative of the household-_basileus_ as the
+type and origin of the kingship in the village and the State. Reference
+has already been made, in the section on the limitations of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~},
+to the passage in the Gortyn law, viz.--
+
+
+    "The father shall have power over the children and the property to
+    divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the parents) are alive
+    there is no necessity for division."(217)
+
+
+(M108) But it must be borne in mind that though the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was set apart
+in theory for the use and sustenance of a head of a family with all his
+descendants, and was supposed to be inalienable therefrom, there is no
+reason to suppose that there existed among the Greeks a system of joint
+holding between father and son. The ownership and management of the
+property vested in the head of the family. It is true that brothers did
+not always divide their inheritance on the death of their father, but
+their undivided right to their respective equal shares remained to each
+one and his descendants as an individual property, and they always seem to
+have had the expectation of an ultimate subdivision amongst the separate
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} that had sprung into being.(218)
+
+(M109) The Gortyn Laws throw some light on the subject.
+
+As long as the father is alive, no man shall buy or receive in pledge from
+the son any of the father's property. But what the son himself has earned,
+or inherited, he may sell if he like.
+
+So too the father may not dispose of the goods of the children which they
+have earned or inherited.
+
+Yet may a son's prospective share in his paternal inheritance be sold to
+pay any legal fine he has incurred.(219)
+
+(M110) There is no joint holding here between father and son. The father
+is in undisputed possession, and nothing the son can do by private
+contract can affect his father's occupation. But if the son had a right of
+maintenance from his father during the lifetime of both, his expectation
+of succession to an equal share with his brothers would give him, so to
+speak, a value in the public eye. In the event of his incurring a
+blood-fine, his father would presumably be obliged to pay it out of the
+patrimony; and when exaction of such penalties passed into the hands of a
+court, exception would hardly be made for long on behalf of the fine for
+murder over penalties for other crimes coming before the court. Although
+therefore for all ordinary purposes a son had no claim on the paternal
+estate beyond his maintenance, his right of succession might easily grow
+up in the eye of the law as an available asset capable of forfeiture with
+the theoretical assumption that the scapegrace was unfit to hold his
+position in the family.(220) His future portion, thus becoming deprived of
+a representative, might be wholly or in part confiscated to the State.
+There are many inscriptions confiscating to the State the goods of
+criminals who transgressed the laws therein; but Plato evidently
+contemplated the possibility of wiping out the individual without
+depriving his descendants of their inheritance.(221) In such a case as
+wife-murder, he says, the husband's right of maintenance is extinguished
+from amongst his family, he should be banished and his name wiped out for
+ever, whilst his sons or relations enter upon the inheritance of his
+property _immediately_. No distinction is made by Plato, or in the Gortyn
+Laws in such a case between chattels and land. But inasmuch as all fines
+would be levied in the first instance upon the property of the guilty
+individual, it may be assumed that his own earnings went first, and that
+only in extreme cases would the ancestral land of the family be sold. Even
+then, in Israelite law, it was expected that the land would be _redeemed_
+by the nearest relative,(222) so that the result would be that the land
+would go out of the family only when no relative could be found rich
+enough to pay the fine out of his chattels.
+
+(M111) It is interesting to find analogous provisions in the customs of
+Gavelkind of ancient Kent. Under the system of Gavelkind equal division of
+property amongst sons obstinately held its own against the incursions of
+the right of primogeniture; and the connection of the family with their
+land seems to have been regarded as especially privileged in spite of the
+growth of Feudalism.
+
+
+    "If any tenant in Gauelkinde be attainted of felonie, for which he
+    suffereth execution of death, the king shall have all his _goods_,
+    and his heire forthwith after his death shall be inheritable to
+    all his _landes_ and tenements which he held in Gauelkinde in fee,
+    and in inheritance: and he shall hold them by the same services
+    and customes as his auncestors held them: whereupon, it is said in
+    Kentish:
+
+
+"The father to the boughe,
+"And the sonne to the ploughe."(223)
+
+(M112) It had become customary to allot to a bastard son who was prevented
+by his birth from ranking with his brothers, and who had no place in the
+kindred, some smaller substance as a means of subsistence.
+
+(M113) Odysseus pretends he was in this position, and relates how his
+proud brothers allotted him but a small _gift_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and a house
+as his portion.(224)
+
+Isaeus mentions that, only on the acquiescence of the true son, was
+admission granted to a bastard into the phratria. Even then he was not
+apparently taken into his father's family, but allotted a farm ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})
+by his brother and, as it were, launched into the world to start a family
+of his own, without any further claim upon the property of his
+father.(225)
+
+His introduction and admission to a phratria and deme, as a descendant of
+an old family, so far removed the stigma of his birth as to give him the
+title of citizen, and thus afforded him the qualification for holding
+land. Yet the knowledge of his real parentage bereft him of the right of
+sharing equally with the rest of his father's sons, and compelled him to
+be satisfied with the bare means of subsistence wherewith to found and
+continue a house of his own.(226)
+
+(M114) When citizenship was conferred upon a beneficent stranger, it was
+the custom at the same time to assign him and his descendants a house and
+some land. We hear of grants on such occasions consisting of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in
+the plain, a house, and a garden free of taxes; a _half_-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the
+plain, a house and a garden of half the area of the preceding grant, &c.
+In the fourth century B.C. a similar grant takes the form of so many
+plethra as a patrimony or ever. Sometimes, as at Sparta in the second
+century B.C., the estate was allotted to the newly-made citizen only on
+condition of residence within the borders of the State.(227)
+
+
+
+
+� 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.
+
+
+(M115) Sir Henry S. Maine in his _Early Law and Custom_(228) quotes Narada
+in illustration of the composition of the early Indian family. A son "is
+of age and independent in case his parents be dead: during their lifetime
+he is dependent, even though he be grown old."
+
+Further information on this subject is afforded by the Ordinances of Manu,
+where the position of the first-born with regard to his younger brothers
+is given at some length.(229)
+
+
+    (M116) "After both the father and the mother (are dead), the
+    brothers, having come together, should divide the paternal
+    inheritance: for while the two (parents) are alive the (sons) have
+    no power (over the property).
+
+
+    "Now the eldest (or best) alone may take the paternal property
+    without leaving anything, and the remaining (brothers) may live
+    _supported by him_ just as (if he were their) father."(230)
+
+
+    (M117) "By means of the eldest (son) as soon as he is born a man
+    becomes possessed of a son, and is thus cleared of his debts
+    towards the manes; therefore this (eldest son) deserves the whole
+    (inheritance)."
+
+
+Likewise: "If among brothers born of one father, one should have a son,
+Manu said _all those brothers_ would be possessed of sons by means of that
+son."(231) But this seems to apply only to the son born to the eldest, for
+if a younger brother married before the eldest and performed the daily
+sacrifices, he sent himself, his brother, and his wife "to Hell."(232)
+
+The eldest, if he performs his duty, "causes the family to flourish" and
+"is most honoured among men." He alone is "duty-born," through him his
+father "pays his debt"; other sons are only "born of desire." As long as
+his conduct is befitting, he must be honoured "like a father, like a
+mother," but if not, he only receives the respect of an ordinary
+relative.(233)
+
+The brothers may live together in this way,(234) but if they divide and
+live apart, the separate ceremonies necessitated by their separate
+households will multiply the performance of religious duties, to the
+advantage of all.
+
+(M118) The title of _Householder_, moreover, was more than a name.
+
+
+    "As all beings depend on air, so all orders depend on the
+    householder."
+
+
+    "Because men of the three (other) orders are daily supported by
+    the householder alone with knowledge and with food, therefore the
+    householder (is) the chief order. That order must be upheld
+    strenuously by one desiring an imperishable heaven, and who here
+    desires perpetual happiness...."
+
+
+    "The seers, manes, gods, beings, and guests also make entreaty to
+    those heads of families for support. (This duty must, therefore,)
+    be done by a man of discernment."(235)
+
+
+    "As all rivers, ... go to (their) resting-place in the ocean, so
+    men of all orders depend on the householder."(236)
+
+
+    Let a householder perform the household rites according to rule
+    with the marriage fire and the accomplishment of the five
+    sacrifices and the daily cooking. The sacrifices are:--
+
+
+    Teaching the Veda is the Veda sacrifice:
+    Offering cakes and water is the sacrifice to the manes:
+    An offering to fire (is the sacrifice) to the gods:
+    Offering of food (is the sacrifice) to all beings:
+    Honour to guests is the sacrifice to men.
+
+
+    "Whoever presents not food to those five, the gods, guests,
+    dependents, the manes, and himself, though he breathe, lives
+    not."(237)
+
+
+(M119) The guest takes a very high place, and his presence is a revered
+addition to the family sacrifices; so much so that it was thought
+necessary to state definitely that "if the guest appears after the
+offering to all the gods is finished, one should give him food as best one
+can, but should not make (another) offering."(238)
+
+The same virtue seems to have been considered by the Greeks also to lie in
+the presence of the guest. In Euripides' Elektra, Aigisthos, hearing from
+Orestes that he and his friend are strangers, promptly invites them to
+share as his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in his impending sacrifice of a bull to the nymphs,
+promising to send them on their way in the morning.(239)
+
+Earlier in the play during the plotting of Aigisthos' death, it is taken
+for granted that directly he sees them he will call them thus to join him
+at the sacrifice and the feast.(240)
+
+Alkinoos expresses the feeling of the Homeric age when he says:
+
+
+    "In a brother's place stand the stranger and the suppliant, to him
+    whose wits have even a little range."(241)
+
+
+Nestor at Pylos, making sacrifice to Poseidon with his sons and company,
+welcomes the unknown Telemachos and Mentor to the sacrificial feast.(242)
+When the duty of feeding the guests has been satisfactorily accomplished,
+he then asks them whether they are merchants or _pirates_, that "wander
+over the brine at hazard of their own lives bringing bale to alien men!"
+
+It would appear that the virtue lay in the hospitality of the host and not
+in the worthiness of the guest, and that therefore it was worth while to
+run the risk of having invited the presence of a polluted man whose
+impiety in not refusing to partake would doubtless fall on his own head.
+
+(M120) To return to the organisation of the Indian inheritance:--The duty
+of maintenance(243) of the younger members of the family devolves upon the
+eldest son at the death of his father. If the brothers are all "perfect in
+their own occupations," and they come to an equal division, "some trifle
+should be given to the elder (brother) to indicate an increased respect
+for him."(244) Also if in division there remains over an odd goat or
+sheep, or animal, it goes to the eldest brother.
+
+If any brother has disgraced himself, he does not deserve a share in the
+property.(245)
+
+Sisters' portions are allotted out of all the brothers' shares
+equally.(246)
+
+Property is divided once only.(247) But if "on living together after being
+separated, they divide (the inheritance) a second time, in that case the
+division should be equal, (as) in that case no right of primogeniture
+occurs."(248)
+
+The father's wealth acquired during his lifetime is at his own disposal,
+and need not be divided amongst his sons.(249) Likewise with any property
+acquired by the sons.(250) If "any one of the brothers, being able (to
+support himself) by his own occupation, does not desire (his share of the)
+property," he may be excluded from the division, but "something for his
+support" should be given him to discharge his claim of maintenance from
+the family at any future time.(251)
+
+
+
+
+� 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+(M121) In the Homeric poems, written, as they are, from an aristocratic or
+heroic point of view, a great gulf always exists between the royal or
+princely class and the ordinary tribesmen.
+
+The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--the lion of his people(252)--has his select estate, his
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, with orchards and gardens of considerable extent; while the
+swarms of tribesmen are allotted their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in the open field, their
+share in the common pasture, and depend on each other for help in the
+vintage and harvest.
+
+(M122) The possession of large estates and of multitudinous flocks and
+herds was one of the privileges of the chieftain or tribesman of princely
+rank.
+
+
+    "For surely his livelihood (_i.e._ Odysseus') was great past
+    telling, no lord in the dark mainland had so much, nor any in
+    Ithaka itself; nay, not twenty men together have wealth so great,
+    and I will tell thee the sum thereof. Twelve herds of kine upon
+    the mainland, as many flocks of sheep, as many droves of swine, as
+    many ranging herds of goats, that his own shepherds and strangers
+    pasture. And ranging herds of goats, eleven in all, graze here by
+    the extremity of the island with trusty men to watch them."(253)
+
+
+Bellerophon migrated from his own country and settled under the patronage
+of the king of Lykia.(254) He married the king's daughter, and to complete
+his qualification and to confirm his princely status as a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+Lykia, he was allotted by the Lykians an estate where the plain was
+fattest on the banks of the river, consisting half of arable, half of
+vineyard, the latter presumably on the slopes of the sides of the
+valley.(255) Besides these no doubt he had flocks and herds on the
+mountains, with steadings and slaves for their protection. It is
+improbable that the fattest of the plain was unoccupied before, and it
+must therefore be supposed that the system of agriculture was such as to
+admit of such a partition and the consequent readjustment, or that the
+dispossessed tribesmen had to compensate themselves with land out of the
+common waste.
+
+In somewhat similar wise Tydeus at Argos wedded one of the daughters of
+Adrastos, and dwelt in a house full of livelihood; and "wheatbearing
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} enough were his, and many were his orchards of trees apart, and
+many sheep were his."(256)
+
+In the description of the Shield of Achilles in the _Iliad_ a vivid
+contrast is drawn between the rich harvest of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the busy
+toil of the tribesmen.
+
+
+    "Furthermore he set therein a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} deep in corn(257) where
+    hinds ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) were reaping with sharp sickles in their hands ...
+    and among them the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in silence was standing at the swathe
+    with his staff, rejoicing in his heart."
+
+
+Meanwhile henchmen are preparing apart a great feast for himself and his
+friends, and the women are strewing much white barley to be a supper for
+the hinds.(258)
+
+(M123) But in the great common field all was toil and action; many
+ploughers therein drave their yokes to and fro as they wheeled about.(259)
+The holding of the common tribesman was not an estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) cut out of
+the plain, but an allotment ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), probably of strips as in Palestine
+to-day, in the open fields that lay around the town. On the wheatbearing
+plain round Troy(260) lay the stones that former men, before the ten
+years' war, had used to mark the balk or boundary of their strips ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(261) One of these Athena uses to hurl against Ares, who, falling
+where he stood, covers seven of the _pelethra_ that the stones were used
+to divide. A pinnacle of stones is the only boundary to be seen to this
+day between the strips of cornland in Palestine. Easily dislodged as these
+landmarks were, they were specially protected by a curse against their
+removal, and were with the Greeks under the awful shadow of a special
+deity of boundaries.(262) They seem however to have been liable to
+considerable violation. The ass, according to Homer, being driven along
+the field-way, if his skin was thick enough, easily disregarded the
+expostulations of his attendants, and made free with the growing
+crop.(263) Homer also describes a fight between two men with measuring
+rods in the common field,(264) and Isaeus(265) relates how an Athenian
+citizen flogged his brother in a quarrel over their boundary so that he
+afterwards died, whilst the neighbours, working on their land around, were
+witnesses of what took place.
+
+Land was brought into cultivation, no doubt, as it was wanted. Achilles
+contemplates that some of the rich fields of his friends may be
+exceedingly remote, so that it would be a great thing to spare the
+ploughman a journey to the nearest blacksmith. And no doubt the powerful
+men of the community would, by means of their slaves or retainers, acquire
+additional wealth by reclaiming lands out of the way and therefore
+requiring a strong hand to protect them, which were profitable by reason
+of their very fatness.(266) Such acquisitions would not be included in the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the prince, the very word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} implying an area of land cut
+out of the cultivated land of the community, generally described as being
+in the plain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).
+
+(M124) Such allotments of land seem only to have been made to princes and
+gods, but when once allotted, remained as far as can be seen the property
+of their descendants. It was a common fancy of the Homeric prince that he
+was worshipped as a god, and they often mistook each other for some deity.
+The godlike Sarpedon asks his cousin Glaukos, wherefore are they two
+honoured in Lykia as gods, with flesh and full cups and a great
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(267)
+
+As the possession of full tribal blood was necessary for the ownership of
+a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, so princely blood was the qualification for the enjoyment of a
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The honoured individual need not be a king or overlord, but
+besides his valour he must have in his veins the all-potent blood royal,
+without which his privilege was no greater than that of other rich
+tribesmen.
+
+It was not till the king of Lykia had satisfied himself that Bellerophon
+was "the brave offspring of a god," that he gave him honour, and the
+Lykians meted him out a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(268) This great {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} on the banks of
+the Xanthos, half arable and half vineyard, remained in the possession of
+his grandchildren, Sarpedon and Glaukos, apparently still undivided,
+though they were not brothers but first cousins.(269)
+
+The king of the Ph�akians had his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and fruitful orchard near but
+apart from the fields and tilled lands of his townsfolk.(270) Odysseus it
+seems had more than one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(271)
+
+(M125) Once in the _Iliad_ the epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is applied to a chief's
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(272) According to Hesychius, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means "handed down to one's
+father from his ancestors,"(273) and Homer evidently uses the word in this
+sense.(274)
+
+The kingship itself in Ithaka was considered as part of Telemachos'
+patrimony: "Never may Kronion make thee king in sea-girt Ithaka, which is
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} to thee by birth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~})."(275)
+
+But though the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the kingship were both equally {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, they
+did not together constitute an indivisible inheritance. Any one of the
+blood could enjoy possession of the land, whilst the over-lordship must
+necessarily descend in the eldest or the most able line.
+
+In his answer to the malignant wish quoted above, Telemachos does not
+speak as if he contemplated giving up any tangible property. The bestowal
+of the kingship, though due to him by inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) is in the
+hands of the gods; he means to be master ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}) of whatsoever Odysseus his
+father won for him.
+
+(M126) It is interesting to compare this choice of Telemachos with the
+exactly opposite choice made by Iason, as told by Pindar, when he came
+back to claim his inheritance which had been seized in the meantime by his
+second cousin, Pelias.
+
+He has come home, he tells Pelias, to seek his father's ancient honour
+which Zeus had of old bestowed on his great-grandfather Aiolos and his
+sons. It is not for them now, being of the same stock ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), to
+divide the great honour of their forefathers with sword and javelin. He
+will give up all the sheep and herds of kine, and all the fields of late
+robbed from his sires, though they make fat beyond measure the house of
+Pelias ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). But the kingly sceptre and throne of
+his father must be his without wrath between them. And Zeus, the ancestral
+god of them both ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), is witness to their
+oath.(276)
+
+(M127) Property in land could also be accumulated in the hands of
+individuals not necessarily of princely station. Odysseus tells a tale of
+how he took a wife of "men with many {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) by
+reason of his valour.(277) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must therefore at that time have
+been at any rate roughly of some recognised area. Perhaps the tendency, so
+fatal to Sparta, for the possession of the original shares or allotments
+of many families to accumulate in the hands of the powerful or rich, had
+already set in. In later colonisations and assignments of new land the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were often equally divided,(278) and the gift of citizenship, as
+has been already mentioned, was sometimes accompanied by a grant of a
+_half-kleros_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Did the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} then represent in theory an
+area of cultivated ground capable of sustaining a single household?
+
+
+
+
+� 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+(M128) There are signs in Homer of the existence, already insisted upon
+for later times, of the connection of the ownership of property with the
+headship of a household. It follows that if the head of a family was the
+only owner of land, the desire of establishing a family and thereby
+preserving at the same time the acquired property and the name of the
+possessor, made the acquisition of a wife a real necessity for the owner
+of land.
+
+Eumaios, the swineherd, says that Odysseus would have given him a property
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), both an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and a shapely wife.(279) And Odysseus
+in one of his many autobiographies speaks of taking a wife as if it were
+the necessary sequel to coming into his inheritance.(280)
+
+Even Hesiod, the son of a poor settler, without much property to keep
+together, if we can take Aristotle's reading of the line, gives the
+necessary outfit for a peasant farmer in occupation of a small {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as
+a house, a wife, and a plough-ox.(281)
+
+Aristotle quotes this line of Hesiod, in his argument that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was
+the association formed to supply the wants of each day,(282) its members
+being called by Charondas, he says, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (sharers in the mealbin),
+and by Epimenides the Cretan {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (sharers of the same plot of
+ground).(283) And he might have added that Pindar uses the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+to mean "twins."(284)
+
+(M129) A household, according to Aristotle, consisted thus partly of human
+beings, partly of property.(285)
+
+So closely is the idea of livelihood bound up that of the house or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+that Telemachos can say without incongruity that his house is being
+_eaten_ by the wooers:--
+
+
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.(286)
+
+
+The sanctity shared by the hearth and its sustenance may be illustrated by
+Odysseus' oath, which occurs three times in the _Odyssey_: "Now be Zeus my
+witness before any god, and the hospitable board and the hearth of
+blameless Odysseus whereunto I am come."(287)
+
+(M130) When once the hospitable board had laid its mysterious spell on the
+relations of host and guest, the bond was not easily dissolved. Glaukos
+and Diomedes meet "in the mid-space of the foes eager to do battle,"
+fighting on opposite sides. Nevertheless because the grandfather of one
+had entertained the grandfather of the other for twenty days and they had
+parted with gifts of friendship, their grandsons refrain from battle with
+each other, pledge their faith, and exchange armour as a witness to others
+that they are guest-friends by inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}).(288)
+
+If such force lay in the entertainment of a guest for a few days, some
+idea can be formed of the virtue underlying the meaning of such words as
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and binding together those habitually nourished at
+the same board.
+
+(M131) If sons married during their father's lifetime without any
+particular means of livelihood, they could live under his roof and
+authority, forming a great patriarchal household like that of Priam and
+his married sons and daughters at Troy. But when a household dispersed
+before the marriage of the sons and the inheritance was divided amongst
+them, it was deemed indispensable for them to take wives, and each provide
+for the establishment of his house and succession. This necessity is the
+underlying motive of the compulsion over the only daughter left as
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to marry before a certain age, exercised by the Archon at
+Athens. There the idea of the need of a continuous family (as well as for
+other purposes), to keep together the property, had grown up apparently as
+a reflection, so to speak, of the obvious importance of the property to
+the family for the maintenance of itself and its ancestral rites.
+
+Though evidence is wanting for the _raison d'�tre_ of this sentiment in
+Homer, the existence of the feeling can hardly be denied.
+
+The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, at any rate, continued to pass from father to son in the
+family of the tribesman or citizen. Hector encourages his soldiers by
+reminding them that though they themselves fall in the fight, their
+children, their house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} will be unharmed, provided
+only that the enemy are driven back.(289)
+
+The sentiment that a man was not really "established," according to the
+estimation of the Homeric Greeks, until the continuity of his house was
+provided for, seems to explain the two references to Telemachos in the
+_Iliad_. Odysseus is twice mentioned, as Mr. Leaf points out in his
+_Companion to the Iliad_,(290) as the father of Telemachos, simply because
+it was considered a title of honour to be named as sire of an established
+house. No other mention of Telemachos occurs in the _Iliad_.
+
+Failure of heirs was, as in later times, the great disintegrating factor
+and danger to the continuity of the family holdings. As long as a direct
+descendant was to be found, the property was safe.
+
+Eurykleia comforts Penelope in her fear for the absent Telemachos,
+saying:--
+
+
+    "For the seed of the son of Arkeisios is not, methinks, utterly
+    hated by the blessed gods, but someone will haply yet remain to
+    possess these lofty halls and the _fat fields_ far away."(291)
+
+
+Is it by accident that she here chooses the name of Arkeisios to describe
+the head of the family of Laertes and Odysseus? He was Laertes' father,
+and in Telemachos, if he was preserved alive, he would thus have a
+_great-grandson_ to represent his line in the succession to his property.
+
+(M132) The diversion of inheritance to any property from the direct line
+is spoken of in Homer as a lamentable circumstance greatly intensifying
+the natural grief at the death of the direct heir.
+
+
+    "Then went he after Nanthos and Thoon, sons of Phainops,
+    striplings both; but their father was outworn of grievous age, and
+    begat no other son for his possessions after him. Then Diomedes
+    slew them and bereft the twain of their dear life, and for their
+    father left only lamentation and sore distress, seeing he welcomed
+    them not alive returned from battle: _and kinsmen divided his
+    substance_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(292)
+
+
+In the tumultuous times of the _Odyssey_ the right of succession must
+often have been interrupted by war and violence. Possessions, not only of
+land, had to be defended by the sword even during the lifetime of the
+acquirer. This prompts one of the wishes of Odysseus in his prayer at the
+knees of Arete:--
+
+
+    "And may each one leave to his children after him his possessions
+    in his halls and whatever dues of honour the people have rendered
+    unto him."(293)
+
+
+The same anxiety prompts his question to his mother in Hades, to which he
+obtains answer:--
+
+
+    "The fair honour ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) that is thine no man hath yet taken, but
+    Telemachos holdeth in safety (thy) demesnes ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})."(294)
+
+
+(M133) The belief in the inseparability of the ancestral holding and the
+family was strong in Samaria at the time of Ahab. The King offered Naboth
+another vineyard better than his own in exchange for the one at Jezreel
+near the palace, or, should he prefer it, its worth in money. But Naboth
+said to Ahab, "The Lord forbid it me, that I should give _the inheritance
+of my fathers_ unto thee."(295)
+
+Both the Hebrew narrators and the Greek translators describe Ahab finally
+as taking the vineyard at Naboth's death _by inheritance_ (LXX.
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), in spite of the violence of the means of acquiring it
+adopted by Jezebel.
+
+The limited right of the prince to alienate from his family any part of
+his possessions is thus alluded to by Ezekiel:--
+
+
+    "Thus saith the Lord God; If the prince give a gift unto any of
+    his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be
+    their possession by inheritance. But if he give a gift of his
+    inheritance to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the
+    year of liberty: after it shall return to the prince: but his
+    inheritance shall be his sons' for them."(296)
+
+
+
+
+� 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+Chieftain.
+
+
+(M134) It must be borne in mind that the tribal idea of the chieftainship
+sanctioned the custom that the maintenance of the chieftain and his
+companions or retainers should be levied at will upon the property of the
+people. This privilege is very wide spread, and had its origin in the
+earliest times.
+
+The levies were claimed under the name of _gifts_, and earned for the
+princes the title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. As Telemachos declares, "it is no bad
+thing to be a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and quickly does his house become rich and he
+himself most honoured."(297)
+
+The royal family and nobles(298) levied contributions on their own or
+conquered peoples apparently at will in Homer. Agamemnon calls together
+the Greek chiefs:--
+
+
+    "Ye leaders and counsellors of the Argives ... who drink at the
+    public cost ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and each command an host ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(299)
+
+
+Priam chides his sons:--
+
+
+    "Ye plunderers of your own people's sheep and kids ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(300)
+
+
+Telemachos declares that if the wooers eat up all his sheep and substance,
+he will go through the city ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}) claiming chattels until all be
+restored.(301)
+
+Alkinoos proposes to give gifts to Odysseus, and they themselves going
+amongst the people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) will recompense themselves:
+"for hard it were for one man to give without return."(302)
+
+
+    "Then I led him to the house," says Odysseus, "and gave him good
+    entertainment ... out of the plenty in my house, and for the rest
+    of his company ... I gathered and gave barley meal and dark wine
+    from the people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and oxen to sacrifice to his heart's
+    desire."(303)
+
+
+(M135) These passages throw light on Agamemnon's offer to Achilles of
+seven well-peopled towns, whose inhabitants would enrich him with
+plenteous gifts.(304) The proposal of Menelaos to empty a city _of Argos,_
+to accommodate Odysseus and his people, seems to be of quite a different
+order, and betrays to us that the tyranny of the tribal chieftain, so
+conspicuous in other nations, was no less a reality also amongst the
+Greeks under Achaian rule.(305)
+
+(M136) In the Indian society that was regulated in accordance with the
+_Ordinances of Manu_, the king appointed a chief of a town whose duty it
+was to report to the higher officials on any "evil arising in the town."
+He likewise represented the king, and had the king's right to receive
+supplies from those under his oversight.
+
+
+    "What food, drink, (and) fuel are to be _daily_ given by the
+    inhabitants of a town to the king let the head of a town
+    take,"(306)
+
+
+the line always being drawn between legitimate demands and tyrannical
+extortion.
+
+
+    "For those servants appointed by the king for protection (are)
+    mostly takers of the property of others (and) cheats; from them he
+    (_i.e._ the king) should protect these people."(307)
+
+
+(M137) Under the rule of the Persians, all Asia was parcelled out in such
+a way as to supply maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) for the Great King and his host
+throughout the whole year.(308) The satrap of Assyria kept at one time so
+great a number of Indian hounds, that four large villages of the plain
+were exempted from all other charges on condition of finding them
+food.(309)
+
+(M138) Solomon's table was provided after the same method.
+
+
+    "And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel which provided
+    victuals for the king and his household; each man his month in a
+    year made provision.... And Solomon's provision for one day was
+    thirty measures of fine flour and threescore measures of meal, ten
+    fat oxen and twenty oxen out of the pastures and an hundred sheep,
+    beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl....
+    And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land
+    of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt; they brought
+    presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life.... And
+    those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that
+    came unto king Solomon's table, every man according to his
+    charge."(310)
+
+
+(M139) Sesostris is said to have obtained his revenue from the holders of
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Egypt in proportion to the amount of land in each man's
+occupation;(311) and Pharaoh, having bought all the land at the time of
+the famine in Egypt except that which supported the priests, took
+one-fifth of all the produce, leaving the remainder "for seed of the
+field," and for the food of the cultivators, and their households and
+little ones. "And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto this
+day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the
+priests only, which became not Pharaoh's."(312)
+
+In this case Pharaoh became proprietor by purchase of the land in Egypt.
+But it must not be supposed that by exacting a payment from the occupier,
+the overlord as a rule had any power over the ownership of the soil. He no
+doubt had proprietary rights over his own estate, and may or may not have
+had power to regulate any further distribution of the waste. But the right
+of receiving dues, or of appointing another to receive them, gave him no
+power over the actual tillage of the soil.
+
+(M140) The maintenance of the prince was a first charge apparently upon
+the property of his subjects; and it is easy to see how the lion's share
+would always be allotted to him, alike of booty as of acquired territory.
+As long as the community was pastoral, it is also easy to imagine how the
+chief both increased his own wealth and admitted favoured companions or
+resident strangers to a share in the elastic area of the common pasturage.
+After agriculture had assumed equal importance in the economy of the tribe
+as the tending of flocks and herds, one is apt to forget that for
+centuries--perhaps for thousands of years--the system of agriculture that
+grew up, still possessed much of the elasticity of the old pastoral
+methods. Under the open field system, such a custom as that described by
+Tacitus and in the Welsh Laws, viz. of ploughing up out of the pasture or
+waste sufficient to admit of each tribesman having his due allotment, and
+letting it lie waste again the next year, admitted of considerable
+readjustment to meet the exigencies of declining population, as well as
+providing an easy means whereby any stranger prince, like Bellerophon, who
+might be admitted to the tribe, could be allotted either a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} apart,
+or a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the open plain.
+
+Pindar describes this method of cultivation when he says:--
+
+
+    "Fruitful fields in turn now yield to man his yearly bread upon
+    the plains, and now again they pause and gather back their
+    strength."(313)
+
+
+(M141) It is noticeable that the Aetolians offered Meleagros a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in
+the fattest part of the plain, wherever he might choose, as a _gift_
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}); and as the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} would certainly be cultivated by slave or
+hired labour, what they really gave him was the right of receiving the
+produce from the 50 _guai_ composing the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. But this gift was meant
+as a special honour or bribe, and took a special form in being in land as
+a means of permanent enrichment.
+
+In similar wise Ezekiel suggested the capitalisation, as it were, by a
+gift of land of the contributions to the princes, which no doubt were felt
+to be very irksome. In the division of the land, a portion was to be set
+aside first for the use of the temple and priests, then a portion for the
+prince.
+
+
+    "In the land shall be his possession in Israel, and my princes
+    shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall
+    they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. Thus
+    saith the Lord God, Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel;
+    remove violence and spoil and execute judgment and justice, and
+    take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord God."(314)
+
+
+And again:--
+
+
+    "Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance by
+    oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he shall
+    give his sons inheritance out of his own possession; that my
+    people be not scattered every man from his possession."(315)
+
+
+But there can be no doubt, that although the prince may have had no power
+to dislodge any of the free tribesmen of his own people from their
+holdings, yet no one could gainsay him if he chose to enrich himself by
+planting or reclaiming any part of his domains, as Laertes is represented
+as having done.(316)
+
+(M142) The modern usage in Boeotia and in the island of Euboea may very
+well represent the procedure of ancient times, and if it can be imagined
+that some method of the same sort was in vogue in Boeotia in the time of
+Hesiod, it will be understood how possible it was for Hesiod's father to
+settle at Askra and gradually to acquire possession of a house and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+    "There is some cultivation from Plataea to Thebes, but strangely
+    alternating with wilderness. We were told that the people have
+    plenty of spare land, and not caring to labour for its artificial
+    improvement, till a piece of ground once, and then let it lie
+    fallow for a season or two. The natural richness of the Boeotian
+    soil thus supplies them with ample crops. But it is strange to
+    think how impossible it is, even in these rich and favoured
+    plains, to induce a fuller population."(317)
+
+
+At Achmetaga, in Euboea,
+
+
+    "The folk pay for their houses a nominal rental of a bushel of
+    wheat per annum, in order to secure the owner's proprietary claim,
+    which would otherwise pass to the occupier by squatter's right
+    after thirty years of unmolested occupation. They are at liberty
+    to cultivate pretty well as much land as they care to, paying to
+    the landlord one-third in kind.... The produce here is almost
+    exclusively wheat or maize, but every family maintains a plot of
+    vineyard for home consumption."(318)
+
+
+(M143) Whether the free tribesman ever looked upon the contribution he
+made to the maintenance of the princes, under whose protection he had the
+privilege of living, as a condition of tenure of his land, is open to
+doubt; but from the right to demand indiscriminate gifts, to confiscate or
+eject in case of refusal, it is only one step to the exaction of a regular
+food-rent as a return for the occupation of land.
+
+
+
+
+� 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.
+
+
+It may be useful here briefly to summarise the results of the inquiry of
+the last three sections into the relation of the ownership of land to the
+structure of society in Homer and in early times.
+
+(M144) the princes had their compact estates divided off from the other
+land of the community, so that a passer-by could point and say, "There is
+the king's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."(319) The ordinary tribesman on the other hand had a
+share in the common fields under cultivation, probably consisting of a
+number of scattered pieces of land lying mixed up with those of others,
+and therefore only referred to on the face of the land, under the
+comprehensive terms {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.(320)
+
+This share of the tribesman was, as in later times, called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, it
+being possible for a man to enjoy several such holdings and deserve the
+epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whilst the lowest class of freemen consisted of those
+who possessed no land, under the ignominious title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+(M145) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, descending from father to son, was apparently connected
+with the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or household, and supplied its maintenance. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} grew
+fat or was consumed in accordance with the capacity of its head, and its
+continuity was regarded as a matter of the utmost importance. Its members
+were bound together at their ancestral hearth by mutual ties of common
+maintenance. The sanctity of thus sharing the same loaf extended also to
+guests, whose relations to their hosts might last for several generations.
+It is the necessity of supplying the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and its dependents with the
+means of sustenance and hospitality among a pastoral people gradually
+adapting themselves to agriculture, that regulates the tenure of land and
+the duties of the householder.
+
+(M146) The power of the chieftain to draw upon the resources of his people
+for the entertainment of his household and his guests by exactions payable
+in kind, supplemented by the power he also seems to have possessed to
+transfer at will the right of receiving these "gifts" to any one he chose,
+seems to contain the germs of the more complicated system of food-rents as
+a condition of land tenure, which is so important a feature of the Celtic
+tribal arrangements.
+
+(M147) Inasmuch as the prince was a member of the tribe, he was entitled
+to an allotment in the land under cultivation, the very word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+implying the equal right of all members of the tribe to a share in the
+soil. But inasmuch as the prince possessed blood royal and claimed his
+descent from the very gods that the tribesmen worshipped, his dignity was
+above partaking with his tribesmen of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the common fields. He
+was therefore allotted a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} apart, and worthy of his divine
+parentage. Besides the bare single allotment of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, land was set
+apart for him as a gift of honour by the people, from whom honour and
+gifts to their prince were due. Gifts in land formed a special mark of
+honour, and may at the same time have served another purpose from the
+giver's point of view by way of a permanent source of income or endowment,
+as it were, whereby the continuous exactions towards the maintenance of
+the prince from the lands of the people might tend to be alleviated. Thus
+much of power over the property of his inferiors he undoubtedly retained,
+and he probably cultivated what he liked of the outlying lands under his
+sway.
+
+(M148) But the evidence does not show that he ever had the right of coming
+between the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his tribesmen and their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: the only means at his
+disposal of severing the link between the family and the land, were those
+employed by Ahab and Jezebel to acquire the "inheritance" of the ancestral
+vineyard of Naboth at Jezreel.
+
+
+
+
+� 8. Hesiod And His {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+In the time of Hesiod, the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(321) could be sold in case of need and
+added to the possession of another.
+
+(M149) But the case of Hesiod is in itself somewhat exceptional. His
+father had fled from his own country by stress of poverty, and settled on
+the barren land of Askra in Boeotia, where he was allowed to acquire some
+land.(322) He was therefore somewhat of a sojourner (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+Homer),(323) and, true to the Homeric doctrine, was unencumbered by the
+claims of kindred. Hesiod contrasts the ready help of the neighbour with
+the perfunctory slowness of the kinsman, duty-bound. The neighbour, he
+says, is prompted by the need of mutual protection of material property,
+the kinsman stays to bind on his sandals and gird his loins for the labour
+he is forbidden to shirk.(324)
+
+Hesiod and his brother Perses had divided the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of their father into
+two, and lived apart. Perses had squandered his half, and spent his time
+and his livelihood in the gay life of the town, but none the less seems to
+have expected to be allowed to draw still further on the resources of the
+paternal property, to the distress of his industrious brother.
+
+Hesiod does not contemplate any possible means of making a living other
+than by tilling the soil; and his quaint ideas may be taken as typical of
+the small Boeotian peasant-farmer, allowance being made for the short time
+that his family had held land at Askra.
+
+
+
+
+� 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.
+
+
+(M150) In later Greek writers it is several times stated that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were inalienable. Yet all remark to what a deplorable
+extent the alienation and accumulation of land into few hands had been
+carried. Aristotle comments on the excellence of the ancient law, at one
+time prevalent in many cities, against the sale of the original {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},
+and the good purpose therein of making every one cultivate his own
+moderate-sized holding.(325)
+
+Innumerable passages could be quoted from the speeches of Isaeus,
+referring to the law that forbade any one to alienate by will his landed
+estate from his lawful sons. Plato warns his friends that buying and
+selling is desecration to the god-given {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(326)
+
+
+    "Now I, as the legislator, regard you and your possessions, not as
+    belonging to yourselves, but as belonging to your whole family,
+    both past and present."(327)
+
+
+Plutarch and Heraclides say that the same law against the sale of the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} existed anciently at Sparta.
+
+(M151) Plutarch's evidence, late as it is, of the ancient customs among
+the Spartans is worthy of further consideration.
+
+In his _Life of Agis_ he states that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} passed in succession from
+father to son--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--until the
+Peloponnesian war.
+
+In his _Life of Lycurgus_ he says that--
+
+
+    "When a child was born, the father was not entitled to maintain it
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), but he took and carried it to a place called 'lesche,'
+    where the _elders of his tribesmen_ were sitting, who, if they
+    found the child pretty well grown and healthy, ordered its
+    maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), allotting to it one of the 9,000 kleroi
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(328)
+
+
+Elsewhere in Greece at the introduction of the new-born child to the
+relations and friends a few days after its birth, symbolical gifts of food
+were made as the child was carried round the hearth.(329)
+
+(M152) The important part of this ceremony at Sparta, described by
+Plutarch, seems to be the introduction of the infant to the elders of the
+tribe, and the recognition by them of its right to maintenance, if it
+appeared to them physically worthy of admission to the tribe. It cannot be
+supposed that Plutarch believed that vacant {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} escheated, so to speak,
+to the community, because he elsewhere describes the lamentable tendency
+of estates to get into few hands, which the community would in that case
+surely have been able somewhat to prevent. Nor is it likely that a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+was actually set apart for the maintenance of each infant, who was
+apparently still nourished in its father's house until seven years old,
+when its education and occupations were regulated by the State.
+
+Reading this passage with the other in the _Life of Agis_, a natural
+inference is, that the child's right to succeed to the property of his
+father only was thereby assured to him by the elders, _i.e._ the right on
+his attaining manhood to enjoy the possession of land. This is the view
+taken by M. de Coulanges;(330) but surely there is more underlying the
+account of the ceremony. What actually took place with regard to the
+allotment of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to the infant member of the tribe, cannot be decided
+here. The State at Sparta undertook to educate all her sons after a
+certain age, and gave the parent no further rights over the child. Is
+there in this ceremony a transfer of the claim for maintenance from
+against the head of the household to the larger unit represented by the
+elders of the tribe, irrespective of the inheritance of the son from his
+father?
+
+It would be necessary for the adult Spartan citizen, of the class of
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at any rate, to have a right to the produce of some land, as
+otherwise it is difficult to see how he could contribute the necessary
+provisions that formed his share of maintenance at the joint table of his
+_syssition_; unless indeed he drew his allowance from his father's estate.
+
+(M153) In any case the idea of the dependence of a member of the tribe for
+sustenance upon his right to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is striking; and at the same time
+the evidence goes to show that his maintenance was a claim upon a group of
+kinsmen at Sparta, comprising more than the nearest relations, and was
+recognised as such by them.
+
+(M154) The link that bound the cultivators to their land was so strong in
+early times at Athens, that mortgages could apparently not be paid off by
+mere transfer of the land itself; but the whole family of the debtor went
+with their mortgaged property and became enslaved to the creditor, having
+in future to work the land for him at a fixed charge.
+
+This was the state of affairs that Solon set himself to mend, and it is
+instructive that the method, he seems to have chosen, was to loosen the
+tie between the owner and his land, and, by facilitating the transfer of
+land from one to another, to obviate the necessity of taking the debtor's
+person with his family into slavery on account of the debt.(331)
+
+Nevertheless, in spite of the radical legislation of Solon, the sentiment
+that bound the family to the soil remained long after his time.
+
+(M155) Besides the prohibition to sell the family land which Aristotle
+speaks of as prevailing in Lokris, the Hypoknemidian Lokrians insisted on
+actual residence on that land in the case of their colony at Naupaktos.
+Though unable apparently wholly to forbid the participation of the
+colonists in the ancestral rites of their kin in Lokris, they took
+advantage of the prevailing sentiment with regard to the permanence of the
+family, and insisted that the continuance of the hearth of the colonist at
+Naupaktos should at any rate be considered of equal importance.
+
+According to an inscription of the fifth century B.C.:--
+
+
+    "The colonist has the right to return to Lokris and sacrifice with
+    his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} both in the rites of his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for
+    ever. He can only return permanently without paying the
+    re-establishment tax if he has left {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} at Naupaktos a
+    grown-up son or a brother. If a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the colonists is left
+    without a representative ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, the nearest of
+    kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in Lokris shall take the property, provided he go
+    himself, be he man or boy, within three months to Naupaktos. A
+    colonist can inherit his share of his Lokrian father's or
+    brother's property...."
+
+
+    "If a magistrate deals unfairly and refuses justice, he shall be
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and shall lose his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}."(332)
+
+
+(M156) Though the sale of estates could be effected at Athens in the
+fourth century B.C., yet, when the owner died without having sold, the
+succession was regulated by the ancient custom. If there were legitimate
+children, the inheritance to the land could not be diverted from them,
+even by will;(333) provided only that the children had gone through the
+ceremony of being accepted and enrolled by the phratria. If the descendant
+had neglected this formality, and had failed to be recognised as a legal
+member of the kindred or clan, he or she lost all rights to the property,
+which went to the devisee or next of kin.(334) The right to possess land
+was thus at Athens, as at Sparta, intimately connected with the tribal
+organisation; and the claim for maintenance from the paternal estate could
+only lie, after full acknowledgment of the necessary qualification had
+been granted by the larger unit of relationship.
+
+
+
+
+� 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And Semi-Servile
+Tenure.
+
+
+(M157) Attention has been drawn to the reciprocal relations that existed
+between the family and its land, and their inseparability in the minds and
+phraseology of the Greeks at different times. There is a further
+development however arising from this point of view, without some notice
+of which the subject of the tenure of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} would be incomplete, and
+which serves to confirm the method with which this subject has been
+treated.
+
+Though alike in their estimation of the possession of land as a means of
+livelihood and for the accumulation of wealth, the Greeks had very
+different views with respect to the place of agriculture as a worthy
+occupation for a citizen. Sparta regarded it as entirely beneath the
+dignity of her sons and forbade their personal application to the
+cultivation of their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. There was at Athens, on the other hand, a
+large class of citizens whose energies were entirely devoted to the
+production of fruits of the earth, whilst the life of a country gentleman,
+combined with that of the farmer, was by no means despicable in their
+eyes.
+
+(M158) There were mainly two methods of enjoying the possession of a
+landed estate. Either the land was cultivated by the owner himself with
+the help of bought slaves or hired servants, few or many, as described in
+Hesiod and the _Oeconomics_ of Xenophon;(335) or the owner resided in the
+city or a neighbouring town, and the land was tilled by aliens or serfs
+(called sometimes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), like the Helots of Sparta, who paid an annual
+contribution from the produce to their landlord. The serf was often
+attached hereditarily to the soil in the sense of being unable to give up
+his holding, but also had certain rights as against his master, both in
+the matter of his own possessions and in that he could not be sold out of
+the country.(336)
+
+(M159) There is a passage in the Gortyn Laws that states:--that if there
+are no rightful successors to inherit the property of a deceased
+Gortynian, his household's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ the persons composing it, shall
+inherit his property. That is to say, if a Gortynian family died out and
+no legal representative could be found, their proprietary rights were
+extinguished and the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} who lived upon the land took all their
+property. This provision favours the idea that at Gortyn also the
+citizen-population came of a race of conquerors, who were not exactly
+looked upon as ground landlords upon whose land a subject family was
+settled or had been allowed to remain, but that, whilst the relation of
+the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} to their land was of the closest if not an absolute bondage
+to the soil, the proprietary rights of their superiors and masters
+consisted of the conqueror's overlordship and the power to derive their
+maintenance from the joint produce of their serfs' labour and the
+land.(337)
+
+This comprehensive use of the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as meaning both the allotment
+of land and the family who were bound to occupy it, whose labour also
+created its value to its lord and master, is quite consistent with the use
+of the word in reference to the holdings of the Spartan citizens. The
+allotment of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Sparta evidently meant also a transference of
+rights over the Helots that worked it; and even if this further
+implication was not actually included in the meaning of the word, it was
+so inseparable in thought that no explanation was necessary of the
+composite significance of the allotment.
+
+(M160) The Athenians in their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} seem instinctively to have
+combined these two methods of agriculture. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were not
+colonists, who became citizens of a new city, but they remained citizens
+of Athens, holding however their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in a remote district. But the
+chief feature of this method of landholding was that the owner, though
+remaining a citizen of Athens and liable to the same claims from the
+mother city in respect of military service, &c, as before, was yet
+supposed to reside in the neighbourhood of his new {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. This was the
+case, even when the land itself was left in the hands of the conquered
+population at a fixed annual charge.
+
+(M161) An inscription found on the Acropolis of Athens, and relating to
+some date about 560 or 570 B.C., defines the legal status of the first
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} sent to Salamis. They were assimilated to Athenian citizens as
+to taxes and military service; but they must reside on their land under
+pain of an absentee's tax to the State.(338)
+
+(M162) In the year 427 B.C. the Athenians conquered the island of Lesbos.
+They imposed no tribute on the subjugated islanders, but, making the land
+into three thousand {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} "except the Methymnian land," they first set
+apart three hundred {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} as sacred to the gods, and on to the others
+they sent off {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} chosen by lot from themselves; to these the
+Lesbians paid annually for each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} two minae, and _themselves worked
+the land_.(339)
+
+According to the account of Aelian, the same method of procedure was
+adopted after the conquest of Euboea in about 510 B.C. The Athenians,
+having conquered the Chalkidians, apportioned their land to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}(340)
+in two thousand {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, _i.e._ the country called Hippobotos; and, setting
+aside {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} to Athena in the place called Lelantos, they let out(341) the
+rest according to the pillars that stand in the King's Stoa, which thus
+bear record of the leases.(342)
+
+(M163) The holding of each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} may have varied in size according to
+the character of the soil and features of the country; but it may safely
+be asserted that it must have been of sufficient dimensions, not only to
+provide subsistence for the native population left on the soil, but also
+to pay a considerable portion towards the keep of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} himself,
+during his enforced residence in the conquered country.
+
+The class of citizen from amongst whom the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were chosen by lot,
+did not consist of families with much property in Athens.(343) Younger
+sons without occupation, whom their fathers had not been quite callous
+enough to "expose" in infancy,(344) and restless individuals without
+property in the mother country, would be most likely to offer themselves.
+And to such the two minae per annum, paid by the Lesbians from the produce
+of each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, would appear a reasonable if not a sumptuous provision of
+livelihood. There were a hundred drachmae in the mina, and if it is true,
+as asserted by Plutarch,(345) that in the time of Solon one drachma was
+the price of a sheep, a yearly income of two hundred sheep, or their
+equivalent, would be forthcoming to each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--surely a considerable
+contribution to the maintenance of his family.(346)
+
+Under these circumstances each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} served to provide maintenance for
+two households--both of whom had hereditary rights therein, though
+themselves in different strata of society. Both households also were in a
+sort attached to the soil, the one in practical bondage, the other bound
+by law to reside in the country wherein lay its substance, and (if we may
+use the common expression of the Welsh Laws) its privilege.
+
+(M164) This double and continuous ownership was not confined to the
+semi-servile tenure of lands annexed by Athenian conquests.
+
+Leases to be handed down from father to son _for ever_--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--subject of course to the regular payment of the rent, seem to have
+been quite usual.
+
+What is said to be the oldest Greek contract we have, is of this
+nature.(347) It was found in Elis at Olympia, and runs as follows:--
+
+
+    "Contract with Theron and Aichmanor with regard to the land in
+    Salamona of eighteen plethra. Rent, twenty-two manasioi of barley
+    in the month Alphioios; if he omits, let them pay double. _They
+    shall hold for ever._"(348)
+
+
+There is an instance of a proprietor of land at Mylasa, in Karia,
+deliberately selling his estates to a sacred community for the benefit of
+the god, and receiving them again (like the Roman _precaria_) from the
+trustees on perpetual lease--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}--as the patrimonial substance of
+his family, for himself and his issue or whosoever should take inheritance
+from him. He thus obtained a money value down in return for his property,
+but bound himself and his descendants to an annual rent of so many
+drachmae, to form part of the revenues of the god. Moreover his
+"family-land" in this case was apparently more inalienable now than
+before; for he might neither divide the land henceforth, nor share the
+responsibility for the rent with another.(349)
+
+(M165) Do not these instances show that even leases were included in the
+same category with actual ownership of land, being embraced within the
+characteristic idea that the land that contributed to the maintenance of
+the family and had come to be regarded almost as giving that family its
+social if not its political status, should descend unintermittently from
+generation to generation in that family, though its occupation was subject
+to providing support likewise to a superior owner and his family, whose
+descendants in their turn also would demand their share in the produce?
+
+Is the conclusion justified that the basis of this indomitable feeling was
+that the peculiar view of the family, as consisting of a long line of past
+and future representatives, precluded the individual, who happened to be
+the living representative at any given time, from taking an irresponsible
+position as absolute master of the property, upon which his family had
+been, was, and would be dependent?
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION.
+
+
+(M166) In weighing the results of this essay, it would be absurd to
+pretend that anything of the nature of a last word can be said on the
+subject. The process of the early development of Greek society cannot be
+ascertained merely from the study of a few survivals in historic times.
+The comparative method must be carried much further than has been
+attempted here, before the secrets of antiquity can be laid bare and an
+authoritative statement made.
+
+There would seem, however, to be at any rate some points, of those that
+have come under notice, worthy of further investigation, in so far as they
+indicate that Greek society was no isolated growth, but must be given a
+place in the general development of the systems of Europe.
+
+(M167) It is suggested that in the continuity of city life from an earlier
+stage of society under some form of the Tribal System, can be found the
+only natural explanation of the structure of the kindred at Athens in the
+fourth and fifth centuries B.C. Comparison with the customs of other
+nations,--the Hindoos, the Welsh, and the Israelites, the last two being
+the most typical examples of peoples of which we have written records
+whilst still living under the tribal system--has shown remarkable analogies
+in the organisation of their inner society.
+
+(M168) The actual similarity in the sentiment which surrounded the
+possession of the privileges of tribal blood and the title to citizenship
+at Athens, can hardly be exaggerated.
+
+(M169) The foundation of the bond in either case has a threefold aspect.
+The bond is one of blood, of religion, and of maintenance.
+
+(M170) The qualification for citizenship, as much as for the tribal
+privilege, was a question of parentage; and the citizen equally inherited,
+with his blood, responsibilities towards the community into which he was
+born, as to a larger kindred.
+
+(M171) Membership of the tribe or of the city was the only qualification,
+that admitted to the privilege and duty of partaking in the public
+religious observances. Tribesmen and citizens, by virtue of their
+privilege, shared in the worship of the greater gods, of Hestia in the
+Prytaneum, of Zeus Agoraios, and of the Heroes or special guardians of
+their community; in like manner as the member of the smaller group of a
+kindred, by virtue of his blood, shared in the worship of the Apollo
+Patro�os, the Zeus Herkeios or Ktesios, and the heroes or ancestors of his
+family. Inasmuch as citizenship depended upon purity of descent, the
+possession of the latter qualification carried with it the right to share
+in the greater ceremonies. But the converse was equally stringent, in that
+the possession of shrines of Apollo Patro�os and Zeus Herkeios was
+impossible, unless the family was one of those who had for many
+generations been recognised as belonging to the true stock of the
+community.
+
+(M172) Inasmuch as the worship of private or public gods consisted mainly
+of offerings of food, of beasts or produce of the earth, and wine, every
+tribesman or citizen must have had the means of providing his share in the
+offerings, besides supporting himself and his family. Those devoted to
+handicraft or merchandise were often despised by the regular tribesman or
+citizen, and sometimes therefore formed separate clans by themselves, like
+the smiths in Arabia. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that the
+membership of the tribe or city should have carried with it the right to
+the possession of some portion of the arable land and of the pasture, upon
+which all were regarded as being dependent. In this way the possession of
+land was intimately related to the status and the duties of the owner. It
+was the visible mark of his full tribal privilege, and was the practical
+means of his fulfilling his duty towards his fellows and the public
+religion, as well as to the needs of his ancestors and household. It seems
+also to have been believed that, in partaking of the hospitality or
+sharing in the sacrificial feast of any family, a bond was for the time
+being created which was in most respects practically equivalent to
+relationship by blood to the members of that family.(350)
+
+(M173) Apart from the tribal character of the qualification for
+citizenship, the most conservative organisation wherein had been
+stereotyped the most precious of tribal customs, was that of the kindred.
+
+It is suggested that the vitality of the customs surrounding the bond of
+family relationship was due to the importance attached to the religious
+and social functions incumbent on all members of a household united by
+kindred blood. The actions of the individual members were constrained by
+their weighty responsibilities towards the continuance and prosperity of
+the composite household, in which they moved, and apart from which their
+existence could not but be altogether incomplete.
+
+The worship of ancestors occupied a prominent place in the needs of the
+Athenian household, and, no doubt, had a corresponding influence in the
+preservation of its unity. The same of course cannot be said for Wales,
+where Christianity had replaced, in the records at any rate, whatever
+religious beliefs may have existed earlier. But the grouping of the
+kindred according to grades of relationship was adhered to by the Welsh as
+an intrinsic part of their very conception of a kindred; and this would
+point to the conclusion that such subdivisions were due to wider needs
+than can be found in any particular form of religious belief or worship.
+
+(M174) If, as has been suggested, in adhering to these customs, the Greeks
+were still treading in the tracks of their tribal ancestors, how is it
+that the most convincing evidence comes from as late as the fifth and
+fourth centuries B.C. and mainly from the most highly civilised of the
+cities of Greece?
+
+The _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_ may perhaps be trusted as truly portraying,
+so far as they go, the manners and customs of the great period of Achaian
+civilisation, known as Mycenean, which may be said to have culminated just
+before the Dorian invasion. Whence then came the public recognition of
+those household ceremonies of ancestor-worship, which filled such a large
+place in the life of the Athenian citizen, and which, it has been
+suggested, were consciously or unconsciously slurred over by the Homeric
+poets?
+
+(M175) Mr. Walter Leaf has already found an answer to this question,(351)
+viz. that these ceremonies were the long cherished customs of the ancient
+Ionian or Pelasgian inhabitants of Greece, who had formed the substratum
+of society under Achaian rule, and who only came into prominence on the
+removal of their superiors at the time of the Dorian invasion. And this
+continuity, underlying the superficial rule of the Achaians, seems to be
+borne out by recent research and discovery.(352)
+
+The Athenians always boasted their Ionian descent, and may well have
+inherited their habits with the traditions of their origin.
+
+(M176) But the customs reviewed in the foregoing pages seem to have a
+wider parentage than can be attributed to the Pelasgians alone. Spartan
+customs at any rate cannot thus be accounted for.
+
+(M177) In the course of argument reference has often been made to the
+Jewish records in the Books of the Old Testament, and indeed a remarkable
+parallel is presented in the history of the two peoples. Both peoples
+apparently reached their greatest period about the same time. The reign of
+Solomon with its gold and costly workmanship must have resembled that of
+the Mycenean kings in more than similarity of date, and outward splendour.
+Taking Homer again as the courtly chronicler of the Achaian age of gold,
+the Books of the Kings of both peoples are curiously conscious of their
+former tribal conditions, through which they easily trace back to the very
+fountain-head of their race.
+
+(M178) In the period of the decay of the Jewish people under the stress of
+invasion by foreign kings, strenuous efforts were made by their prophet
+leaders to purge them from the alien blood and alien influences contracted
+in the careless days of their prosperity. Their aim was to restore once
+more those strict tribal habits which had served them so well at the time
+of their own victorious invasion, and which still lay dormant in their
+constitution. In similar wise, the period of Achaian prosperity seems to
+have been followed by a rise into prominence at any rate, if not an actual
+resuscitation, of old tribal customs.
+
+(M179) The actual traces of tribal institutions in Homer need not be
+underrated. There is much that is of a tribal character in the Homeric
+chieftain in his relations to his tribesmen and to their gods. Survivals
+of tribal custom may also be seen in the reverence for the guest, and the
+sacredness of the bond of hospitality lasting as it did for generations;
+and in the blood-feud with its deadly consequences, especially when
+occurring within the tribe or kindred. Indeed if only the Pentateuch of
+the Achaians could be found in the ruins of Mycenae and added to the
+Homeric Book of the Kings, would it not then probably be evident that
+there was much more of a tribal nature in the organisation of the kindreds
+of the Achaians and surviving throughout the whole period of their
+splendour than the aristocratic poets of the Homeric schools allowed
+themselves to record?
+
+(M180) Although therefore nearly all our evidence of the internal
+structure of the kindred among the Greeks dates from the fifth century
+B.C., the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens must not be put down as belonging merely to
+that period. In the light of the close analogies to be found in the
+structure of other tribal systems, it is probable that such subdivisions
+of the kindred belong to an extremely early period in the history of the
+Greeks, whether as Achaians or Ionians or Dorians. Are they not indeed
+necessary features of tribal society itself wherever it is examined?
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Adoption, object of, 35;
+  out of unfortunate home, 36;
+  ceremony of, 36-7
+
+_Agora_, 2, 3
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 32;
+  its meaning, 55;
+  its limits, 58-9;
+  all within it liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._;
+  its tribal origin, 143
+
+Ancestor-worship, 10, 140;
+  in Homer, 5, 7;
+  in Israel, 8, 9;
+  in Egypt, 11;
+  pre-Homeric, 141, _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, one of a class, 107, 114;
+  honoured like a god, 105-6, 122;
+  owned {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 102, 106, 122;
+  influenced the seasons, 105, _note_;
+  over-lordship not altogether hereditary, 107;
+  levied maintenance on their people, 115, 122;
+  Solomon, 116;
+  household {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} 92
+
+Bastard, no place in family, 95-6;
+  allotment or gift for his maintenance, 95-6
+
+Blood, as basis of family, 13;
+  of tribe, &c., 4-5, 138;
+  its purity jealously guarded, 67 _et seq._;
+  acquisition of, 68 _et seq._
+
+Blood-fine, not within the tribe or kindred, 42-4, 77;
+  in Wales, the _galanas_, 78 _et seq._;
+  paid by whole family, 79 _et seq._
+
+Bloodshed, responsibility for, 42;
+  rested on {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 75 _et seq._;
+  within the kindred, 44, 77
+
+Citizenship, admission to, 71, 96;
+  qualification for, by three descents, 73;
+  basis of, 138;
+  confirmed to son of stranger, 71, _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, grant of, to new citizen, 97, _note_; 123, _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, succession found through her, 23;
+  she must marry next-of-kin, 23-7;
+  in Gortyn laws, 26;
+  where more than one, 26;
+  inherited for her issue, 28;
+  Ruth as, 31, 34;
+  had right of maintenance from property, 23-4
+
+Family (_see_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), bound to the land, 127 _et seq._;
+  family estate in Santa Maura, 86;
+  head of family, 91
+
+Funeral, _see_ Sacrifices
+
+Gavelkind, in Kent, 95
+
+Guest, importance at sacrifice, 99-100;
+  hereditary guestship, 110
+
+Hearth, 3, 4;
+  as basis of the family, 13, 17;
+  in Prytaneum, 4, 15;
+  initiation of heir to, 89
+
+Heir, duties of, 18-19, 20;
+  importance of male heir, 21-3, 98 _et seq._;
+  daughter's son, 23-7;
+  always ranks as _son_ of deceased, 34 _et seq._, 59 _et seq._;
+  initiated to hearth, 89;
+  introduced to kindred, 36;
+  and to the deme, 38-9;
+  importance of introduction of, 41, 125-8;
+  co-heir in Wales, 51;
+  law of succession, 57 _et seq._;
+  disinheritance, 61;
+  division among heirs, 64 _et seq._, 101;
+  Ahab's 'inheritance' of Naboth's vineyard, 114
+
+Hesiod, his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 123;
+  the needs of a farmer, 109
+
+_Hestia_, 3, 4, 138;
+  called "princess," 13
+
+Inheritance, see {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and Heir
+
+Kinship, grades of, 48 _et seq._;
+  in India, 52;
+  in Wales, 49, 67 _et seq._;
+  the fourth degree, 73, 112;
+  the seventh, 78 et _seq._;
+  the ninth, 68 _et seq._;
+  wife's relations no kin to husband but are to son, 61, _note_
+
+Kinsmen, duties of, 18, 42;
+  next of kin marries "heiress," 23-7, 35;
+  his duty to redeem property in Israel, 32, 95;
+  kinsmen accept heir, 36, 41, 125-7;
+  sanction disinheritance, 61;
+  liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._;
+  Hesiod's idea of, 123
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 130
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, its form, 85 _et seq._;
+  supported the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 88 _et seq._, 110, 121, 127;
+  need not be divided, 47, 89, 93, 97;
+  no joint holding between father and sons, 93;
+  sold in case of need, 94;
+  in theory inalienable, 94, 113, 124, 127;
+  allotted to new citizen, 96;
+  in Homer, 102;
+  held by tribesmen, 108;
+  of Hesiod, 123
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 131 _et seq._
+
+Land, ownership of, proof of civic rights, 83, 96 (_see_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and
+            {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})
+
+_Lar_ = "lord," 12;
+  _lares_ of king, 4
+
+Leases, for ever, 134-6
+
+Levirate, not in Greece, 27;
+  in India, 29;
+  in Israel, 30 _et seq._
+
+Maintenance of parents (_see_ Parents);
+  of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 110;
+  the bond of, 110, 139;
+  of the chief, 114 _et seq._; 122;
+  in Ezekiel, 119;
+  of children at Sparta, 125;
+  gift of food to babe, 125;
+  derived from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 127
+
+_Manes_, duties to, in India, 19
+
+Marriage, of heiress, 23-6;
+  of near relations, 29;
+  of widow (_see_ Levirate)
+
+_Octopus_, 125 _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, part of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 17;
+  importance of continuity of, 9, 19-20, 30, 35, 111, 128;
+  the unit of ownership of property, 47, 109;
+  extent of, 54-6, 88-9;
+  the householder in India, 99;
+  supported by its land, 110, 113, 121;
+  of Bouselos, 55, 62;
+  power of head of, 91-2
+
+Open field system, in Greece, 85;
+  in the islands, 87;
+  in Homer, 88, 104;
+  its elasticity, 118-9
+
+_Parage_, in Normandy, an undivided tenure, 50
+
+Parents, maintenance of, 18, 48;
+  after death, 19
+
+_Phratria_, enrols legitimate sons, 36-7;
+  partly responsible for bloodshed, 76
+
+Primogeniture, not the rule in Greece, 90;
+  nor in India, 97 _et seq._;
+  eldest son had certain rights or dignity, 90 _et seq._, 97 _et seq._;
+  called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 91, _note_
+
+_Prytaneum_, 3, 4, 15, 138
+
+Register, of phratria, 36;
+  of deme, 38
+
+Ruth, as widow and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 31-4
+
+Sacrifices, object of, 6, 139, _note_;
+  to the dead, 8, 9-12;
+  of funeral cake in India, 51 _et seq._;
+  funeral rites at Athens, 20;
+  of householder in India, 99;
+  bond of common religion, 13, 53, 138
+
+Stranger, abhorrence of, 5, 71, 74;
+  as guest, 99 (_see_ Guest);
+  admission to tribe, 67 _et seq._, 96
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in Homer, 103, 113;
+  allotted to princes and gods, 102, 106, 118, 122;
+  called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 106;
+  helped to support prince, 118-9
+
+Tonsure, in Greece, 39;
+  in India, 40
+
+Tribe, its basis one of blood, 4-5, 138;
+  possible development of, 14-15;
+  admission to, 68 _et seq._, 96 (_and see_ Citizenship)
+
+Widow, could not inherit from husband, 27-8;
+  returned to her kin or guardian, 28;
+  when allowed to remain, 28, _note_;
+  the case of Tamar, 30;
+  of Ruth, 31 _et seq._
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+   M1 Vitality of the tribal system.
+   M2 Its survivals form the subject of this inquiry.
+   M3 The centres of political and tribal society.
+
+_    1 Il._ ix. 63.
+
+_    2 Il._ ii. 400.
+
+_    3 Il._ xi. 807.
+
+_    4 Il._ ii. 788.
+
+   M4 The Prytaneum and Hestia.
+
+_    5 Journal of Philology_, xiv. 145 (1885), Mr. Frazer on Prytaneum.
+
+    6 Cauer, _Delect. Inser. Graec._ � 121. (Crete, c. 200 B.C.) "I swear
+      by Hestia in the Prytaneum ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), by Zeus of the Agora,
+      Zeus Tallaios, Apellon Delphinios, Athanaia Poliouchos, Apellon
+      Poitios, and Lato, and Artemis, and Ares, and Aphordite, and Hermes,
+      and Halios ... and all gods and goddesses." _Cf._ also � 116, and
+      _Od._ xiv. 158.
+
+      Plato, in _Laws_ � 848, says Hestia, Zeus and Athena shall have
+      temples everywhere.
+
+_    7 Thuc._ ii. 16.
+
+   M5 Their origin.
+
+_    8 Journal of Philol._ xiv. 145.
+
+_    9 Op. cit._ p. 153.
+
+   M6 Qualification for share in religious rites one of blood.
+
+   10 Exception, however, was sometimes made in the case of the stranger
+      as a favoured guest, _v. infra_, p. 99.
+
+   M7 Ancestor-worship not obvious in Homer.
+
+   11 Plato (_Laws_ 948) remarks that at the time of Rhadamanthos the
+      belief in the existence of the gods was a reasonable one, seeing
+      that at that time most men were sons of gods.
+
+   M8 Offerings of food to the gods,
+
+_   12 Il._ xxiii. 206. It is clear from _Il._ i. 466 _et seq._ that the
+      sacrifice was held to be a feast at which the choice portions were
+      devoured by the god by means of the fire on his altar. _Cf._ p. 139,
+      note.
+
+   M9 and to the dead.
+
+   13 It was not therefore only at the mouth of Hades that the dead could
+      benefit by such offerings.
+
+  M10 The continuance of his name quite as important as offerings of food.
+
+_   14 Od._ iv. 197. _Cf._ _Il._ xvi. 455.
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+   15 The speculative state of mind displayed in the _Iliad_ may be
+      illustrated from the effect on Achilles of the apparition of
+      Patroklos after death in a dream. As he wakes suddenly the
+      conviction comes upon him:--"Ay me, there remaineth then even in the
+      house of Hades a spirit and phantom of the dead, albeit the life be
+      not anywise therein: for all night long hath the spirit of hapless
+      Patroklos stood over me, wailing and making moan, and charged me
+      everything that I should do, and wondrous like his living self it
+      seemed." _Il._ xxiii, 113 &c.
+
+  M11 Offerings to the dead in the Old Testament.
+
+   16 Ps. cvi. 28. _v._ Maine's _Early Law and Custom_, p. 59.
+
+  M12 Resemblance between Homer and the Old Testament.
+
+   17 1 Sam. xx. 6. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.
+
+  M13 Ancestor-worship in India and Rome.
+
+   18 Soph. _Antig._ 659.
+
+   19 Coulanges, _Cit� Antique_, p. 65.
+
+   20 Soph. _Antig._ 199.
+
+   21 Soph. _Phil._ 933. Soph. _Elekt._ 411.
+
+  M14 The need of food for the dead;
+
+   22 Aesch. _Pers._ 609-618. The speaker in this case is a Persian and a
+      woman; but many passages might be quoted from the Greek poets. _Cf._
+      Lucian, _De Luctu_, 9. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+  M15 the same in Egypt,
+
+   23 Edited by C. H. S. Davis (Putnam, 1894).
+
+_   24 Id._ chap. liii.
+
+_   25 Id._ chap. lxxii.
+
+_   26 Id._ chap. lxxvii.
+
+  M16 and in India.
+  M17 Ancestor-worship not necessarily post-Homeric.
+
+_   27 Cit� Antique_, p. 93, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+  M18 The hearth and the tie of common blood.
+  M19 Possible course of social development.
+  M20 The change of tribesmen into citizens.
+
+_   28 Wks. & Days_, 327-332.
+
+_   29 Id._ 353-5.
+
+  M21 The study of the family introductory to the history of the tribe.
+  M22 The duties of the individual to his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+  M23 began with his living parents;
+
+_   30 Laws_ � 717, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 729 C and 931 A.
+
+  M24 and extended to their tomb.
+
+   31 Arist, _Ath. Pol._ lv. 3. Isaeus, viii. 32. "The law commands us to
+      maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our parents even if they have nothing to leave
+      us." _Cf._ Ruth iv. 15 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+      _Iliad_ iv. 477 and xvii. 302.
+
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}...
+
+      Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 118.
+
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+   32 Plato, _Laws_, 877 C.
+
+   33 Aeschin. _c. Timarch._ � 13.
+
+   34 Isaeus, iv. 19 (_Nicostrat._).
+
+  M25 Continuity of the family;
+  M26 in the _Ordinances of Manu_;
+
+_   35 Ordinances of Manu_, translated by A. C. Burnell, edited by E. W.
+      Hopkins. London: 1884. Bk. ix. 106, 8, 182, 137, 161.
+
+  M27 and according to Plato.
+
+_   36 Laws_, 721 B, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 923 A.
+
+   37 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1090, and _Il._ xxiii. 163, xvi. 455, xxiv. 793.
+
+   38 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1077.
+
+   39 Isaeus, ii. 36 and 42.
+
+   40 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+  M28 The importance of male succession.
+
+   41 Plut. _Lycurg. and Numa_ 4. Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 7 to 9.
+
+   42 From Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 9, it would seem that such children, born
+      into a family where there were already children of both father and
+      mother, had no share in the family property.
+
+   43 This was the practice also in Arabia (Rob. Smith, _Kinship &c._, p.
+      110).
+
+   44 Herod. v. 40.
+
+   45 Herod. vii. 205. Quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p. 71.
+
+_   46 Iliad_ xv. 497.
+
+   47 Is. vii. 30.
+
+   48 Is. ii. 36.
+
+   49 Is. iii. 59 and 60, vi. 28.
+
+  M29 Succession through a daughter.
+
+   50 For want of a better translation implying "going with the property"
+      this word will be rendered by "heiress."
+
+   51 Is. viii. 31. _Cf._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Dem. _in Neaeram_ 1386.
+
+   52 Demosth. _Steph_. ii. 1134. Son. of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} inherits ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+   53 Is. vi. 14. _Cf._ Ar. _Vesp_. 583 _et seq._
+
+_   54 Manu_ ix. 131 and 132.
+
+_   55 Ib._ 136.
+
+_   56 Ib._ 135.
+
+  M30 She must marry the next of kin.
+
+_   57 Laws_, 924.
+
+_   58 Cf._ Terence, _Phormio_ 125-6.
+
+      Lex est ut orbae, qui sunt genere proxumi,
+      Eis nubant, et illos ducere cadem haec lex jubet.
+
+      and Diod. Sic. xii. 18: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  M31 even though already married.
+
+   59 Isaeus, iii. 64.
+
+_   60 Ordinances_ iii. 11.
+
+   61 Isaeus, i. 39.
+
+  M32 Similar rules in the laws of Gortyn,
+
+   62 vii. 15-ix. 24. We may compare this with _Odyssey_ vii. 60 _et seq._
+      where Alkinoos marries his _niece_, Arete, the only child and
+      therefore {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his brother Rhexenor.
+
+_   63 c. Macart._ 1068 (_Law_)
+
+   64 (Plut. _Solon_ 21. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Plato, _Laws_ 925. A heiress _must_ marry a citizen. In
+      the Gortyn laws, if any one marry the heiress contrary to law, the
+      next of kin shall have the property).
+
+  M33 and amongst the Israelites.
+  M34 The levirate proper not found in Greece.
+  M35 The widow returned to her guardian.
+
+   65 Dem. _c._ _Macart_. 1076. Widow only allowed to remain in her
+      deceased husband's house on plea of pregnancy and under the
+      guardianship of the archon.
+
+      Dem. _c._ _Boeot_. 1010. Wife leaves her husband's house and is
+      portioned out again by her brothers.
+
+   66 Cf. _Ord. of Manu_ v. 147-8. "No act is to be done according to
+      (her) own will by a young girl, a young woman, or even by an old
+      woman, though in (their own) houses.
+
+      "In her childhood (a girl) should be under the will of her father;
+      in her youth, of her husband; her husband being dead, of her sons; a
+      woman should never enjoy her own will."
+
+   67 Dem. _c._ _Spoud_. 1029. Father takes away daughter and gives her to
+      another.
+
+      _Cf._ also Dem. _c._ _Eubulid_. 1311.
+
+      Isaeus, v. 10. By coming into an inheritance from his first cousin,
+      a man also becomes guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of his three
+      female first cousins, though all married.
+
+   68 Dem. _pro Phormio._ 953.
+
+   69 As in Isaeus, ii. 7 and 8.
+
+   70 ix. 70. &c.
+
+  M36 Marriage of near relations.
+
+   71 vii. 11 and 12.
+
+  M37 The levirate among the Israelites.
+  M38 The case of Tamar.
+
+   72 Gen. xxxviii. 10.
+
+  M39 The case of Ruth.
+
+   73 Ruth i. 8-12.
+
+   74 For the meaning of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see below p. 55.
+
+  M40 Dependence on the next of kin.
+  M41 The son of the heiress must leave his father's house,
+
+   75 xi. 49.
+
+  M42 and enter that of the deceased relative
+
+   76 Isaeus, vii. 31.
+
+_   77 c. Macart._ 1077.
+
+  M43 Hence the custom of adoption.
+
+   78 Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1093. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.
+
+   79 Is. x. 17.
+
+  M44 The introduction of the heir to the kindred.
+
+   80 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+  M45 The same for true as for adopted son.
+  M46 The ceremony at Athens;
+
+   81 Is. ii. 14.
+
+   82 Is. vii. 1, 16, 13 and 27.
+
+   83 Dem. _c. Eubulid._ 1315.
+
+   84 Is. vi. 25.
+
+   85 Andoc. _de Myst._ 126.
+
+   86 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1054 and 1078.
+
+   87 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1091. Isaeus iii. 80 and viii. 18.
+
+  M47 and at Gortyn;
+
+   88 Isaeus ix. 7 (_Astyph._) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+   89 Isaeus vi. 44; ix. 2 and 33; x. 2 and 4. Dem. _c. Leoch._ passim.
+      _Cf. Manu_, ix. 142.
+
+   90 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1094, 1099, and (_lex Solonis_) 1100.
+
+_   91 Ib._ 1090.
+
+  M48 and also in India.
+
+   92 Mayne on _Hindu Law_ (1892), p. 105 and 162.
+
+_   93 Op. cit._ p. 141-2 and 189. _Manu_ ix. 142. He offers no cake to
+      his original ancestors.
+
+  M49 The introduction to the deme.
+  M50 The custom of tonsure.
+
+_   94 Thes._ 5.
+
+   95 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: in Homer to "begin" a sacrifice by offering the _hair_
+      of the victim. Later, to "dedicate."
+
+_   96 Il._ ii. 542 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+   97 Herod, iii. 8. The Arabs cut their hair in a ring away from the
+      temples.
+
+_   98 Il._ xxiii. 141-6.
+
+   99 Paus. i. 37, 3.
+
+_  100 Char._ 21.
+
+_  101 Deipnosoph._ xi. 88.
+
+_  102 Manu_ ii. 65.
+
+_  103 Cf._ ii. 38. This was the last year that a Brahman could receive
+      investiture.
+
+  104 Isaeus, vi. 10.
+
+_  105 Anc. Grk. Inscr._ Brit. Mus. cccxv. cccxvii. and cccxviii. Oath of
+      mother required before legitimacy registered, in the island of
+      Kalymna.
+
+_  106 Cf._ Aristot. _Ath. Pol._ xlii.
+
+  107 Isaeus, iii. 75.
+
+_  108 Ib._ vi. 47. _Cf._ Deuteronomy xxiii. i.
+
+  M51 Liability for bloodshed rested on a group of kinsmen.
+
+  109 Robertson Smith, _Kinship, &c. in Arabia_, p. 262.
+
+  110 Dem. _in Euerg._ and _Mnesib._ 1160.
+
+  111 Dem. _Macart._ 1069. _Cf._ Deut. xxi. 1-9.
+
+_  112 Cf. Od._ iii. 195.
+
+  M52 No ransom for murders within the tribe;
+
+_  113 Il._ ix. 63.
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  114 Il. xiii. 695. _Cf._ xv. 335.
+
+_  115 Il._ xvi. 572.
+
+_  116 Il._ ii. 662.
+
+_  117 Cf. Od._ xiii. 259, xiv. 380.
+
+  M53 or between citizen and citizen.
+
+  118 Quoted in Dem. _c. Aristocrat._ 629.
+
+_  119 Laws_ 865 d.
+
+_  120 Ib._ 871. Soph. O.C. 407. Oedipus could not be buried on Theban
+      soil, because he had shed {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+_  121 Cf_. Aeschines in _Ctesiph._ 244.
+
+  122 ix. 17-19. _Cf._ Dem. _c. Pantaen._ 983, 59.
+
+  123 Plato, _Laws_ 871 D.
+
+  124 Plato, _Laws_ 871 B. _Cf._868.
+
+_  125 Ib._ 872 E. _Cf._ Tacitus, _Germania_, 21. Suscipere tam
+      inimicitias seu patris seu propinqui quam amicitias necesse est. Nec
+      implacabiles durant: luitur enim etiam homicidium certo armentorum
+      ac pecorum numero, _recipitque satisfactionem universa domus_,
+      utiliter in publicum, quia periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta
+      libertatem.
+
+_  126 Ib._ 873 E.
+
+  127 Herod. i. 44.
+
+  M54 All kinsmen were not equally responsible.
+  M55 The unity of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  128 v. _infra_ p. 90 _et seq._
+
+_  129 c. Leoch._ 1083.
+
+  130 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1055-6.
+
+  131 Isaeus, viii. 32.
+
+  M56 Grades of kinship in Western Europe.
+  M57 The position of the great-grandson,
+  M58 in Wales,
+
+_  132 Venedotian Code_, ii. xii.
+
+  133 Lady Charlotte Guest's _Mabinogion_, p. 234.
+
+  M59 and in feudal Normandy.
+  M60 The custom of _parage_.
+
+  134 cxxviii-cxxxi.
+
+  M61 Co-heritage in Wales.
+
+_  135 Dimetian Code_, ii. xxiii.
+
+  M62 Degrees of relationship in India.
+
+_  136 Manu_, ix. 186.
+
+_  137 Manu_, iii. 5.
+
+_  138 Manu_ v. 60.
+
+  M63 Four generations share in the cake-offering.
+  M64 Similar grouping of the pourers of the water libation.
+
+_  139 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii.
+
+  M65 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} includes four generations.
+
+  140 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1076.
+
+  M66 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens.
+
+  141 Cf. _infra_, tree on p. 62.
+
+  142 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1055-6.
+
+  143 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1077.
+
+_  144 Id._ 1078 _et seq._
+
+  M67 The right of succession limited to the great-grandchild of the
+      common ancestor.
+  M68 The law according to Isaeus.
+
+  145 Isaeus, vii. 22, and xi. i.
+
+  146 Isaeus, xi. 30.
+
+  M69 The law according to Demosthenes.
+
+_  147 c. Makart._ 1067.
+
+  148 In Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1088. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is used to denote the
+      relationship of a man to the adopted son of his great-uncle, or, as
+      we should say, first cousin once removed.
+
+  M70 No {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} beyond great-grandsons.
+
+_  149 c. Makart._ 1053.
+
+  M71 The heir always ranked as _son_.
+
+  150 Dem. _c. Makart._ and _c. Leoch._ 1100, &c.
+
+  M72 Hence the limit of the inheritance at cousin's children.
+  M73 Disinheritance must be sanctioned by kinsmen.
+
+  151 The wife's kin are no kin to her husband, but _are_ to her son.
+
+  152 Plato, _Laws_, 929 c. Trans. Jowett.
+
+  M74 The case of the estate of Hagnias in Isaeus and Demosthenes.
+
+  153 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1058.
+
+_  154 Id._ 1070.
+
+  155 Mentioned in Dem. _c. Makart._ 1056.
+
+  M75 Equal division amongst heirs of the same grade.
+  M76 The share of a dead son taken by his children.
+
+_  156 Supra_, p. 56.
+
+  M77 If sons all dead, grandsons probably divided _per capita_,
+  M78 as in the case of nephews and cousins.
+
+_  157 c. Makart._ 1068, _supra_, p. 26.
+
+  M79 Purity of tribal blood jealously guarded.
+  M80 In Wales, privileges attained in the fourth generation by
+      intermarriages.
+
+_  158 Welsh Laws_, iv. i. and x. vii. Exception is made for the _son of a
+      stranger chieftain_.
+
+_  159 Welsh Laws_, v. ii. and _Vened. Code_, ii. xvi. and elsewhere.
+
+  M81 Otherwise not until the tenth generation.
+
+_  160 Welsh Laws_, v. ii.
+
+_  161 Welsh Laws_, xiii. ii.
+
+_  162 Venedotian Code_, ii. xiv. and _Gwentian Code_, ii. xxx. _Cf._ the
+      Shunammite's _cry unto the King_ for restoration of her house and
+      fields after an absence of seven years. 2 Kings viii. 3.
+
+  M82 The same rule amongst the Israelites.
+  M83 Shorter time in special cases.
+
+  163 Gen. xlviii. 5. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ viii. 46. Troy to be subdued by
+      children of Aeacus in first and fourth generations.
+
+  M84 The privilege of citizenship jealously guarded at Athens.
+
+  164 Dem. _in Neaer._ 1376.
+
+_  165 Anc. Inscrip._ Brit. Mus. ccxxxviii. Citizenship had to be
+      confirmed on son of foreigner admitted to citizenship.
+
+  M85 Abhorrence of alien blood.
+  M86 Citizenship only conferred as the highest honour.
+  M87 Qualification dependent on ancestry and status of family.
+
+_  166 Ath. Pol._ lv. 3.
+
+_  167 Cf._ Pollux, viii. 85: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  168 Cf._ Aristot. _Pol._ iii. 2: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  M88 Fourth generation acquired new privilege or status.
+
+_  169 Oed. Tyr._ 742 and 1063 quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p.
+      206.
+
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} ...
+
+      _Cf._ Demosth. 1327. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  170 Handbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterth�mer_, von G. Gilbert, ii.
+      p. 298, quotation from Dittenberger 371, 4 ff.:--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  171 Nehemiah vii. 64.
+
+  M89 Seventh generation in the Ordinances of Manu.
+
+_  172 Manu_, x. 64.
+
+  M90 All within the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} were liable.
+
+  173 Plato's _Laws_, ix. 871 B.
+
+_  174 Cf._ 868.
+
+  175 872 E.
+
+  176 878 D.
+
+  M91 The Law of Draco.
+
+  177 Dem. _c. Makart_, 1069.
+
+      There is some uncertainty in the text of this passage, but the
+      following is Blass' reading adopted by Kohler:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Headlam for this information, and also
+      for the fact of the discovery of the confirmatory inscription.
+
+  178 Dem. _c. Euerg. et Mnesib._ 1161. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} etc.... _Cf._ Pollux, viii. 118 (obviously quoting this
+      passage).
+
+  M92 The case of murder within the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+_  179 Laws_, 877 c.
+
+_  180 Cf._ 2 Sam. xiv. 7. House extinguished for fratricide.
+
+  M93 The blood-fine or galanas in Wales.
+
+_  181 Dimetian Code_, ii. i.
+
+_  182 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii. _Cf._ Sapinda and Samanodaka: both owe
+      rites at death of kinsman. Manu, ix. 186, and v. 60, quoted above.
+
+_  183 Venedotian Code_, iii. i.
+
+  M94 Defilement rested upon the group of kinsmen.
+
+_  184 Inscript. Jurid. Grecques_ par Dareste, &c., 1891, p. 10.
+      Inscription found at Iulis in Keos. _Fifth century_ B.C. _Cf._
+      Numbers xix. 14.
+
+_  185 c. Makart._ 1071.
+
+  M95 The mother's relations included in Greece and in Wales.
+
+_  186 Welsh Laws_, vol. i. 229. Cf. _Ord. of Manu_, ix. 201, where list
+      of those incapable of receiving inheritance includes eunuchs.
+
+  M96 The usual holding of a citizen was called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or "lot."
+
+  187 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. _Pol. Ath._ 9.
+
+  M97 The relation of ownership of land to the structure of the family.
+
+  188 Cf. _Cic. de Legibus_ ii. 21. Nam sacra cum pecunia pontificum
+      auctoritate, nulla lege conjuncta sunt.
+
+  189 Dem. _in Calliclem_, 13-14. Coulanges, _Probl�mes d'Histoire_, p.
+      19.
+
+  190 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ lv. 3; Harpocration, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ...
+
+  191 In other words, the devisee could not possess the property devised
+      to him until his place as heir in the succession by blood or
+      adoption was legally established.
+
+  192 Isaeus, i. 17. The "friendship" insured that his presence and
+      officiating at the tomb would be acceptable to the soul of the
+      deceased--always an important consideration.
+
+  M98 Early semi-pastoral habits.
+
+  193 Thuc. i. 2. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+_  194 Od._ 21. 16. Cf. _Il._ xi. 682 _sq._ where the booty consists of 50
+      herds of kine, 50 flocks of sheep, 50 droves of swine, 50 flocks of
+      goats, and 150 chestnut mares, many with foals at foot.
+
+_  195 Il._ xx. 216-8.
+
+_  196 Il._ xxi. 602. Cf. _Od._ iii. 495.
+
+  M99 Modern methods of land-tenure in Greece and the islands.
+
+_  197 Consular Reports_, p. 20.
+
+_  198 Ibid._
+
+ M100 Family-holdings in Santa Maura.
+
+  199 P. 199.
+
+_  200 Consular Reports_, pp. 23 and 30.
+
+ M101 The open field system in Greece,
+ M102 and in the islands.
+
+_  201 Ibid._ p. 26.
+
+_  202 Ibid._ p. 40.
+
+_  203 Ibid._ p. 49.
+
+ M103 The open field system in Homer.
+
+  204 "The Homeric Land System," _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885.
+
+ M104 Ownership of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} vested in the head of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  205 Isaeus, xi. 49 (Hagnias).
+
+  206 Harp. _s. v._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}.
+
+ M105 Dependence of other members of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  207 Isaeus, vii. 15 and 27, (Apollod.)
+
+  208 1055 _et seq._ _Cf._ 1149 where one brother lives with his father
+      after the division, whilst his brother has a house of his own: and
+      1086 where two brothers live apart but with undivided estate.
+
+ M106 The prerogative of the eldest brother,
+
+_  209 Il._ xv. 187 _sq._
+
+_  210 Ib._ xiii. 355.
+
+_  211 Cf._ the use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("revered") as the stock epithet of the
+      _eldest_ brother in Homer _Il._ vi. 518, and elsewhere. Pollux,
+      _On._ 3, 24, states that this is the right use of the word.
+
+ M107 contrasted with the power of the head of the household.
+
+_  212 Od._ xiii. 142.
+
+_  213 Il._ iv. 59 _sq._
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~};
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  214 Od._ i. 397, _cf._ ix. 115.
+
+  215 xxix. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  216 Pol. I. 2, 6. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. _Cf._
+      use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in _Aesch. Ag._ 1300, _Choeph._ 486 and 631.
+
+_  217 Gortyn Law_, iv. 24, _supra_ p. 47.
+
+ M108 No joint holding between a father and his sons.
+
+  218 In the island of Tenos, according to an inscription of the second or
+      third century B.C., the transfer of undivided fractions of houses
+      and property was of exceedingly common occurrence. Sales are
+      recorded of a fourth part of a tower and cistern; half a house,
+      lands, tower, &c. _Inscr. Jurid. Gr._: Dareste, &c. p. 63.
+
+ M109 Confirmatory evidence of the Gortyn Laws.
+
+_  219 Gortyn Laws_, iv. 29-31.
+
+ M110 But the land was in theory inalienable from the family.
+
+  220 Cf. _Ordinances of Manu_, ix. 213-4. "If an eldest (brother),
+      through avarice, commit an injury against his younger (brothers), he
+      should be made a not-eldest and _shareless_, and be put under
+      restraint by kings."
+
+      "None of the brothers who perform wrong acts _deserve_ (share in)
+      _the property_, ..."
+
+_  221 Laws_, 877 c.
+
+  222 Lev. xxv. 25; Jerem. xxxii. 8.
+
+ M111 Close analogy in the custom of Gavelkind in Kent.
+
+  223 Another version runs:
+      "The fader to the bonde
+      And the son to the londe."
+
+      Sandys, _History of Gavelkind_, 1851, pp. 5 and 150.
+
+ M112 Allotment or "gift" to a bastard son.
+ M113 But he was not admitted to his father's family.
+
+_  224 Od._ xiv. 209. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ ix. 95-100. Bastard prince named
+      after his mother's father and given one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  225 Is. vi. 23.
+
+  226 Cf. _Eur. Ion_ 1541.
+
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+ M114 Gifts of land to new citizens.
+
+  227 See inscriptions quoted in _Mittheilungen Athen._ vol. 9, pt. 1, p.
+      60. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (?) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, &c. ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      Cf. _Cauer Delect._ � 221. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. ... and � 232.
+
+      _Do._ � 395 (4th cent. B.C.). So many plethra each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+      _Do._ � 27. The importance of the grant of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must lie in its
+      being the evidence of admission to full privilege. _V. infra_, p.
+      139.
+
+ M115 Dependence of sons during their father's life.
+
+  228 p. 122, note A.
+
+_  229 Manu_, ix. 104-106.
+
+ M116 His property divided amongst them at his death.
+
+  230 iv. 184. "An elder brother is equal to a father."
+
+ M117 But special respect shown to the eldest son.
+
+  231 ix. 182.
+
+  232 iii. 171-2.
+
+  233 ix. 110 and 213.
+
+  234 ix. 111.
+
+ M118 The duties of the householder.
+
+  235 iii. 77 _et seq._
+
+  236 vi. 90.
+
+  237 iii. 67, 70, and 72.
+
+ M119 Honour paid to the guest.
+
+  238 iii. 108.
+
+_  239 Elektra_, 784.
+
+_  240 Elektra_, 637.
+
+_  241 Od._ viii. 546. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+_  242 Od._ iii. 30-80.
+
+ M120 Right of maintenance of the younger members of the family.
+
+_  243 Cf. Manu_, ix. 163. "The son of the body is the one and only lord
+      of the paternal wealth: but to do the others no harm he should
+      afford (them something) to support life."
+
+_  244 Manu_, ix. 115.
+
+  245 ix. 214.
+
+  246 ix. 118.
+
+  247 ix. 47.
+
+  248 ix. 210.
+
+  249 ix. 209.
+
+  250 ix. 208. Though viii. 416 states the contrary. "A wife, _son_, and
+      slave are said to be without property: whatever property they
+      acquire is his to whom they (belong)."
+
+  251 ix. 207.
+
+ M121 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} contrasted with the tribesman and his
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  252 Il._ xx. 165.
+
+ M122 The possessions of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  253 Od._ xiv. 96.
+
+_  254 Il._ vi. 194.
+
+_  255 Il._ ix. 574; _cf._ xx. 184.
+
+_  256 Il._ xiv. 121.
+
+  257 Or "belonging to a _basileus_."
+
+  258 Cf. _Il._ xi. 67. "As when reapers over against each other drive
+      their swaths through the ploughland of a rich man of wheat and
+      barley, and thick fall the handfuls"...
+
+      This contrast is drawn by Professor Ridgeway: _op. cit._ p. 19
+      _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885.
+
+ M123 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the tribesman probably in the open fields in the
+      plain.
+
+_  259 Il._ xviii. 541.
+
+_  260 Il._ xxi. 602.
+
+  261 Ridgeway, _op. cit._
+
+  262 Plato, _Laws_, 842. E. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+_  263 Il._ xi. 558.
+
+_  264 Il._ xii. 421; _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._
+
+  265 Isaeus, ix. 17-19.
+
+  266 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. _Il._ xxiii. 832. _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 16.
+
+ M124 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} "honoured like a god with gift of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."
+
+_  267 Il._ xii. 313. Cf. _Il._ ix. 297. A good king also has power over
+      the crops, etc., to bring plenty. See _Od._ xix. 110-5. Frazer,
+      Golden Bough, i. 8 _et seq._
+
+_  268 Il._ vi. 191.
+
+_  269 Il._ xii. 313. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (_not_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).
+
+_  270 Od._ vi. 291-3. Xenophon states that choice portions of land in the
+      territory of many neighbouring towns were set apart for the king of
+      Sparta. _Rep. Laced._ xv. 3.
+
+_  271 Od._ xi. 184.
+
+ M125 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} descended from father to son.
+
+_  272 Il._ xx. 391, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  273 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  274 Vide _Il._ ii. 46 and 101-8. Agamemnon's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} had been
+      handed down to him in succession from Thyestes, Atreus, Pelops,
+      Hermes, and Zeus, for whom it had been made by Hephaistos.
+
+_  275 Od._ i. 386. Cf. _Od._ ii. 22. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+      Cf. _Od._ i. 407. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}?
+
+      Cf. _Od._ xi. 185. Telemachos {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of Odysseus.
+
+      Cf. _Od._ xx. 336. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+ M126 Iason's claim upon his great-grandfather's estate.
+
+  276 Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 255 _et seq._
+
+ M127 Rich tribesman might hold several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+_  277 Od._ xiv. 211.
+
+  278 Cf. _Il._ xii. 421. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+ M128 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the holding of the head of an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  279 Od._ xiv. 62.
+
+_  280 Od._ xiv. 211.
+
+  281 Wks. and Dys. 405. The next line which explains that the woman is to
+      be slave and _not_ a wife is evidently a later addition. Aristotle
+      did not know it, and interpreted {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} as wife.
+
+_  282 Pol._ i. 2, 5-7.
+
+  283 I am indebted to Professor Ridgeway for the right meaning and
+      derivation of this word, which stands for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, having the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      long and not short as stated in Liddell and Scott's Dictionary.
+      Another reading is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} which would mean sharers of the smoke
+      or hearth.
+
+  284 Pindar, _Nem._ ix. 11.
+
+ M129 and supplied the maintenance the house.
+
+_  285 OEcon._ i. 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Pol. i.
+      4, 1. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+_  286 Od._ iv. 318.
+
+_  287 Od._ xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx 230. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}.
+
+ M130 Force of the bond of food.
+
+_  288 Il._ vi. 230.
+
+ M131 The need of an established household strongly felt.
+
+_  289 Il._ xv. 497.
+
+  290 p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions other countries where the father takes a
+      new name as father of his eldest son.
+
+_  291 Od._ iv. 754-7
+
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      "Far away" implies width of sway and extent of influence; and the
+      protection of outlying properties would necessitate a great name and
+      a strong hand.
+
+ M132 Diversion of inheritance by death of heir a sore evil.
+
+_  292 Il._ v. 151 _et seq._
+
+_  293 Od._ vii. 150.
+
+_  294 Od._ xi. 184. _Cf._ xx. 336. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (= Telemachos) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+ M133 Naboth's vineyard bound to his family and heir.
+
+  295 1 Kings xxi 3.
+
+  296 Ezekiel xlvi. 16.
+
+ M134 The maintenance of the chiefs levied upon the people under the name
+      of gifts.
+
+_  297 Od._ i. 392.
+
+  298 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Homer means "prince" and is applied to a class, not a
+      single chieftain. _Il._ xii. 319 of Sarpedon and Glaukos. _Il._ iv.
+      96 of Paris. _Od._ i. 394 of the Ithakans. _Od._ viii. 41 and 390 of
+      the Phaeakians. _Cf._
+
+_  299 Il._ xvii. 250.
+
+_  300 Il._ xxiv. 262.
+
+_  301 Od._ ii. 74.
+
+_  302 Od._ xiii. 13.
+
+_  303 Od_. xix. 195.
+
+ M135 The right to receive such "gifts" could be transferred to another.
+
+_  304 Il._ ix. 291. Cf. _Il._ ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave
+      him much people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to be {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} over.
+
+_  305 Od._ iv. 174.
+
+ M136 In India the chief of a town might receive the king's supplies.
+
+_  306 Manu_, vii. 118.
+
+  307 vii. 123.
+
+ M137 The maintenance of the Great King,
+
+  308 Herod, i. 192.
+
+_  309 Ibid._
+
+ M138 and of Solomon.
+
+  310 1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of these officers was over "threescore great
+      cities with walls and brazen bars."
+
+ M139 Revenue from land in ancient Egypt.
+
+  311 Herod. ii. 109.
+
+  312 Genes. xlvii. 26.
+
+ M140 Grants of land to the prince easily made, in their elastic system of
+      agriculture.
+
+  313 Pind. _Nem._ vi. 11 (Trans. Myers), _cf._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p.
+      20.
+
+ M141 Such grants were a special honour, and served to relieve other
+      contributions.
+
+  314 Ezekiel xlv. 8, 9.
+
+  315 Ez. xlvi. 18.
+
+_  316 Od._ xxiv. 207.
+
+ M142 Modern specimens of the elasticity of Greek methods.
+
+  317 Mahaffy, _Rambles in Greece_, 3rd ed. p. 200.
+
+  318 Rennell Rodd's _Customs and Lore of Modern Greece_, p. 58.
+
+ M143 The gifts to the prince not actually food-rents for the land.
+ M144 The chief's land apart from the tribesmen's.
+
+_  319 Od._ vi. 293.
+
+_  320 Ib._ 259.
+
+ M145 The land sustained the householder in his duties to other members
+      and guests.
+ M146 The chief had the right to demand gifts from the people;
+ M147 he had tribal right to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as the tribesman to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+ M148 but could not deprive the tribesman of his land.
+
+  321 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is spoken of as capable of good cultivation by means of a
+      yoke of oxen.
+
+ M149 Hesiod an immigrant: not a typical case of a family.
+
+_  322 Works and Days_ 637. Possession of land would presuppose admission
+      to full civic rights. _V. supra_, p. 97.
+
+_  323 Il._ ix. 648; xvi. 59.
+
+_  324 W. and D._ 345 &c. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+ M150 Land was in theory inalienable from the family.
+
+  325 Arist. _Pol._ VIII. ii. 5. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Cf. _Id._ iv. 4
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+_  326 Laws_ 741.
+
+_  327 Laws_ 923.
+
+ M151 In Sparta child must be accepted by its father's tribesmen,
+
+_  328 Lycurg._ xvi.
+
+  329 Suidas; and Harpocration _s.v._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Octopus is
+      still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean.
+
+ M152 who decided as to its maintenance.
+
+_  330 Nouvelles Recherches_, 1891, p. 63.
+
+ M153 Maintenance derived from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+ M154 The family bound to their land at Athens;
+
+  331 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ 2 and 5.
+
+ M155 and in Lokris.
+
+  332 Dareste, &c, _Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr._ xi.
+
+ M156 But heirs at Athens also must first be accepted by group of kinsmen.
+
+  333 Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42; vi. 48.
+
+  334 Isaeus, iii. 73 and 80.
+
+ M157 Further application of the idea of family land.
+ M158 Two methods of occupation of land: (1) by owner himself; (2) by
+      subject population.
+
+  335 Cf. _Thuc._ ii. 16 for Attica. Such are the numerous small farmers
+      who appear in the plays of Aristophanes.
+
+_  336 Athen._ vi. 85. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. _Cf._ Strabo, xii. 3, 4.
+
+ M159 At Gortyn on extinction of citizen-family the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} inherited.
+
+  337 Gortyn. v. 25. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. The words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      should be taken with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c, rather than with the preceding
+      words. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is equivalent to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+      See Dareste, &c, _Inscript. Jurid. Gr._ p. 463.
+
+ M160 Similar twofold tenure in the Athenian {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+ M161 Examples in Salamis,
+
+_  338 Mittheil. Inst. Ath._ ix. p. 117. The original number of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      in this case was apparently five hundred.
+
+ M162 in Lesbos,
+
+  339 Thuc. iii. 50.
+
+  340 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  341 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  342 Aelian, _V. II._ vi. I. _Cf._ Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100.
+
+ M163 Each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} therefore supported two families.
+
+  343 Smith's _Dicty. of Antiquities_, s.v. _colonia_.
+
+  344 Bekker, _Charicles_, p. 218.
+
+  345 Ridgeway, _Origin of Currency_, &c., p. 324.
+
+  346 The ordinary Athenian dicast is supposed to have subsisted largely
+      upon his pay of three obols or a half-drachma _per diem_.
+
+ M164 The same double ownership in leases "for ever."
+
+  347 Dareste, &c, _Recueil Inscr. Grec._ p. 256 xiii.
+
+  348 Cauer, _Delectus_, � 263.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}]{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~};
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  349 Dareste, &c, _Inscr. Jurid. Grec._ xiii. quater. (Mylasa in Karia.
+      Second century B.C.) _summarised:_--
+
+      A. The tribe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) of the Otorkondeis at the advice of their
+      treasurers and led by the priest of Artemis, decide to purchase from
+      Thraseas, son of Polites son of Melas of Grab ... and adopted son of
+      Heracleitos son of Heracleides of Ogonda, lands ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in the Ombian
+      plain with the sixty-two ranks of vines, three olive trees, and all
+      the other trees without reserve, also lands elsewhere with the trees
+      without reserve for 5,000 drachmae of light Rhodian silver, provided
+      that Thraseas has the sale registered with sureties. Moreover,
+      Thraseas coming to the ekklesia declared that he was ready to manage
+      these things: and the sale having taken place of the said
+      (properties) to the trustees in the name of the god. Thraseas
+      himself then and there took on lease all the said (properties) from
+      the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~})
+      for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whomsoever the
+      inheritance of his goods passes, and he shall pay annually to the
+      treasurers of the tribe 100 and ... drachmae, without fail or fraud.
+
+      B. ... all the land and trees which Thraseas has bought from
+      Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios of Ketambissos, without exception
+      in these places either in the matter of the share he took in the
+      division with his brother or of what he bought from Artemisia, all
+      for 7,000 drachmae of light silver of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas
+      register the sale and give sureties. And coming before the ekklesia
+      Thraseas declared that he was prepared to manage this; and the sale
+      of the foregoing having taken place to the trustees in the name of
+      the god, Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the
+      foregoing from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them
+      ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to
+      whom the inheritance passes, and he shall pay annually to the
+      treasurers of the tribe 300 drachmae.
+
+      The rent forms part of the revenues of the god. If Thraseas gets
+      more than two years in arrear, the contract is annulled.
+
+      He shall not divide the land or share the rent ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}.... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).
+
+ M165 Perhaps due to the prevailing idea of the family as a continuing
+      unit.
+ M166 No final word can yet be said.
+ M167 Explanation of the structure of the kindred to be found in the
+      descent of city life from earlier stage of tribal society.
+ M168 Similarity between the bond of tribal blood and that of citizenship.
+ M169 The threefold bond:--
+ M170 (1) the bond of blood;
+ M171 (2) the bond of religion;
+ M172 (3) the bond of maintenance.
+
+  350 Robertson Smith (_The Religion of the Semites_) holds that the
+      object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship
+      between the deity and the worshippers.
+
+ M173 Many tribal customs survived in the kindred and the household.
+ M174 But these survivals mostly found in post-Homeric records.
+ M175 They perhaps belonged to the pre-Achaian inhabitants of Greece.
+
+_  351 Companion to the Iliad_, pp. 6-7.
+
+  352 Since the foregoing chapters were in print, I have had the benefit
+      of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde's admirable work, entitled _Psyche_
+      (Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes
+      had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being
+      buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground, death
+      made no break in the membership of the family. And he claims that
+      the _Seelencult_ or ancestor-worship of the later Greeks must have
+      been continuous from pre-Homeric times.
+
+ M176 But many were probably of wider parentage.
+ M177 Comparison with the history of the Jews.
+ M178 Reaction in times of distress to earlier tribal habits by the Jews,
+      and perhaps by the Achaians.
+ M179 These tribal habits probably only dormant throughout and common to
+      all Greeks,
+ M180 if not practically even to all tribal systems.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
+
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+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: An Essay by Hugh E. Seebohm</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+          and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+          give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+          Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+          eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: An Essay
+
+Author: Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [Ebook #26341]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
+</pre></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      
+    </div>
+
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">ON THE STRUCTURE</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">OF</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">AN ESSAY</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">by</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Hugh E. Seebohm</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">London</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">MacMillan And Co.</p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">And New York</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1895.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+      <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Preface</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Chapter I. Introductory.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">Chapter II. The Meaning Of The Bond Of Kinship.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc7">§ 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During
+Life, And After Death At Their Tomb.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc8">§ 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc9">§ 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child
+And The Duties Of An Only Daughter.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc10">§ 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter:
+Growth Of Adoption: Introduction Of New
+Member To Kinsmen.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">§ 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.</a></li><li><a href="#toc12">Chapter III. The Extent Of The Bond Of Kinship.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc14">§ 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The Ἀγχιστεία.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc15">§ 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession
+Outside The Direct Line Of Descent.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc16">§ 3. Division Amongst Heirs.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc17">§ 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc18">§ 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.</a></li><li><a href="#toc19">Chapter IV. The Relation Of The Family To The Land.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">§ 1. The Κλῆρος And Its Form.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc22">§ 2. The Relation Of The Κλῆρος To The Οἶκος.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">§ 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc24">§ 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The Κλῆρος And The Τέμενος.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc25">§ 5. Early Evidence <span style="font-style: italic">continued</span>: The Κλῆρος
+And The Maintenance Of The οἶκος.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc26">§ 6. Early Evidence <span style="font-style: italic">continued</span>: The Τέμενος
+And The Maintenance Of The Chieftain.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">§ 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc28">§ 8. Hesiod And His Κλήρος.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc29">§ 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc30">§ 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To
+Leasehold And Semi-Servile Tenure.</a></li><li><a href="#toc31">Chapter V. Conclusion.</a></li><li><a href="#toc33">Index.</a></li><li><a href="#toc35">Footnotes</a></li></ul>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a>
+<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Preface</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These notes, brief as they are, owe more than can
+be told to my father's researches into the structure
+and methods of the Tribal System. They owe their
+existence to his inspiration and encouragement. A
+suitable place for them might possibly be found in
+an Appendix to his recently published volume on
+the Structure of the Tribal System in Wales.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In ascribing to the structure of Athenian Society
+a direct parentage amongst tribal institutions, I am
+dealing with a subject which I feel to be open to
+considerable criticism. And I am anxious that the
+matters considered in this essay should be judged
+on their own merits, even though, in pursuing the
+method adopted herein, I may have quite inadequately
+laid the case before the reader.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My thanks are due, for their ready help, to
+Professor W. Ridgeway, Mr. James W. Headlam,
+and Mr. Henry Lee Warner, by means of whose
+kind suggestions the following pages have been
+weeded of several of their faults.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is impossible to say how much I have consciously
+or unconsciously absorbed from the works
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevi">[pg vi]</span><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the late M. Fustel de Coulanges. His <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Cité
+Antique</span></span> and his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nouvelles Recherches sur quelques
+Problèmes d'Histoire</span></span> (1891) are stores of suggestive
+material for the student of Greek and Roman
+customs. They are rendered all the more instructive
+by the charm of his style and method. I
+have merely dipped a bucket into his well.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In quoting from Homer, I have made free use
+of the translations of Messrs. Lang, Leaf, and Myers
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, and of Messrs. Butcher and Lang of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>; and I wish to make full acknowledgment
+here of the debt that I owe to them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some explanation seems to be needful of the
+method pursued in this essay with regard to the
+comparison of Greek customs with those of other
+countries. The selection for comparison has been
+entirely arbitrary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Wales has been chosen to bear the brunt of
+illustration, partly, as I have said, because of my
+father's work on the Welsh Tribal System, partly
+because the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ancient Laws of Wales</span></span> afford a
+peculiarly vivid glimpse into the inner organisation
+of a tribal people, such as cannot be obtained
+elsewhere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span>, on the other hand,
+are constantly quoted by writers on Greek institutions;
+and, I suppose, in spite of the uncertainty
+of their date, they can be taken as affording a very
+fair account of the customs of a highly developed
+Eastern people. It would be hard, moreover, to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+say where the connection of the Greeks with the
+East began or ended.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The use made of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Old Testament</span></span> in these
+notes hardly needs further remark. Of no people,
+in their true tribal condition before their settlement,
+have we a more graphic account than of the
+Israelites. Their proximity geographically to the
+Phœnicians, and the accounts of the widespread
+fame of Solomon and the range of his commerce,
+at once suggest comparison with the parallel and
+contemporaneous period of Achaian history, immediately
+preceding the Dorian invasion, when, if we
+may trust the accounts of Homer, the intercourse
+between the shores of the Mediterranean must have
+been considerable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All reference to records of Roman customs has
+been omitted, not because they are not related or
+analogous to the Greek, but because they could not
+reasonably be brought within the scope of this
+essay. The ancestor-worship among the Romans
+was so complete, and the organisation of their
+kindreds so highly developed, that they deserve
+treatment on their own basis, and are sufficient to
+form the subject of a separate volume.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+H. E. S.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Hermitage, Hitchin</span></span>.<br />
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July, 1895.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+[Transcriber's Note: This e-book contains much Greek text which is often
+relevant to the point of the book.  In the ASCII versions of the e-book, the Greek
+is transliterated into Roman letters, which do not perfectly represent the
+Greek original; especially, accent and breathing marks do not transliterate.
+The HTML and PDF versions contain the true Greek text of the original book.
+In the ASCII e-book, the markings such as (M1) indicate marginal notes, which were
+printed in the margins of the original book, but in the e-book are transcribed
+at the end with the footnotes.]
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a>
+<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I. Introductory.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Vitality of the tribal system.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In trying to ascertain the course of social development
+among the Greeks, the inquirer is met by an
+initial difficulty. The Greeks were not one great
+people like the Israelites, migrating into and settling
+in a new country, flowing with milk and honey.
+Their movements were erratic and various, and took
+place at very different times. Several partial migrations
+are described in Homer, and others are referred to as
+having taken place only a few generations back.
+The continuation of unsettled life must have had the
+effect of giving cohesion to the individual sections
+into which the Greeks were divided, in proportion as
+the process of settlement was protracted and difficult.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But in spite of divergencies caused by natural
+surroundings, by the hostility or subservience of
+previous occupants of the soil, there are some features
+of the tribal system, wherever it is examined, so
+inherent in its structure as to seem almost indelible.
+A new civilisation was not formed to fit into the angles
+of city walls. Even modification could take place
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+only of those customs whose roots did not strike too
+deeply into the essence of the composition of tribal
+society.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Its survivals form the subject of this inquiry.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is the object of these notes to try to put back
+in their true setting some of the conditions prevailing,
+sometimes incongruously with city life, among the
+Greeks in historical times, and by comparison with
+analogous survivals in known tribal communities, of
+whose condition we have fuller records, to establish
+their real historical continuity from an earlier stage
+of habit and belief.
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The centres of political and tribal society.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were three important public places necessary
+to every Greek community and symbolical to the
+Greek mind of the very foundations of their institutions.
+These were:—the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agora</span></span> or place of assembly,
+the place of justice, and the place of religious sacrifice.
+From these three sacred precincts the man who stirred
+up civil strife, who was at war with his own people,
+cut himself off. Such an one is described in Homer
+as being, by his very act, <span class="tei tei-q">“clanless”</span> (ἀφρήτωρ), <span class="tei tei-q">“out-law”</span>
+(ἀθέμιστος), and <span class="tei tei-q">“hearthless”</span>
+(ἀνέστιος).<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> In the
+camp of the Greeks before Troy the ships and huts of
+his followers were congregated by the hut of their
+chief or leader. Each sacrificed or poured libation to
+his favourite or familiar god at his own hut
+door.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a>
+But in front of Odysseus' ships, which, we are told,
+were drawn up at the very centre of the camp, stood
+the great altar of Zeus Panomphaios—lord of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></span>
+oracles—<span class="tei tei-q">“exceeding fair.”</span><a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“Here,”</span> says the poet,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“were <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agora</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Themis</span></span>, and the altars of
+the gods.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Trojans held <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">agora</span></span> at Priam's
+doors,<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> and it
+is noticeable that the space in front of the chief's hut
+or palace was generally considered available for such
+purposes as assembly, games, and so forth, just as it
+was with the ancient Irish.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The Prytaneum and Hestia.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the centre of most towns of Greece<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> stood the
+Prytaneum or magistrates' hall, and in the Prytaneum
+was the sacred hearth to which attached such reverence
+that in the most solemn oaths the name of
+Hestia was invoked even before that of Zeus.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> Thucydides
+states that each κώμη or village of Attica had
+its hearth or Prytaneum of its own, but looked up
+to the Hestia and Prytaneum in the city of Athens as
+the great centre of their larger polity. In just the
+same way the lesser kindreds of a tribe would have their
+sacred hearths and rites, but would look to the hearth
+and person of their chief as symbolical of their tribal
+unity. Thucydides also mentions how great a wrench
+it seemed to the Athenians to be compelled to leave
+their <span class="tei tei-q">“sacred”</span> homes, to take refuge within the walls of
+Athens from the impending invasion by the
+Spartans.<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prytanis</span></span> means <span class="tei tei-q">“chieftain.”</span> It is probable
+that, as the duties sacred and magisterial of the
+chief became disseminated among the other officers
+of later civilisation, the chief's dwelling, called the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Prytaneum, acquiring vitality from the indelible
+superstition attaching to the hearth within its precincts,
+maintained thereby its political importance,
+when nothing but certain religious functions remained
+to its lord and master in the office of Archon
+Basileus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Their origin.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Frazer, in his article in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Philology</span></span><a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> upon the resemblance of the Prytaneum in
+Greece to the Temple of Vesta in Rome, shows that
+both had a direct connection with, if not an absolute
+origin in the domestic hearth of the chieftain. The
+Lares and Penates worshipped in the Temple of Vesta,
+he says, were originally the Lares and Penates of the
+king, and were worshipped at his hearth, the only
+difference between the hearth in the temple and the
+hearth in the king's house being the absence of the
+royal householder.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Frazer also maintains that the reverence for
+the hearth and the concentration of such reverence
+on the hearth of the chieftain was the result of the
+difficulty of kindling a fire from rubbing sticks together,
+and of the responsibility thus devolving
+upon the chieftain unfailingly to provide fire for
+his people. Whether this was the origin or not,
+before the times that come within the scope of this
+inquiry, the hearth had acquired a real sanctity
+which had become involved in the larger idea of it
+as the centre of a kindred, including on occasion the
+mysterious presence also of long dead ancestors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Qualification for share in
+religious rites one of blood.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The basis of tribal coherence was community of
+blood, actual or supposed; the visible evidence of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+possession of tribal blood was the undisputed participation,
+as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">one of a kindred</span></span>, in the common religious
+ceremonies, from which the blood-polluted and the
+stranger-in-blood were so strictly shut out.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> It is
+therefore in the incidence of religious duties, and in
+the qualifications of the participants, that it is reasonable
+to seek survivals of true tribal sentiment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although the religious life of the Greeks was
+always complex, there is not to be found in Homer
+the broad distinction drawn afterwards between
+public and private gods. It is noticeable that the
+later Greeks sought to draw into their homes the
+beneficent influence of one or other of the greater
+gods, whose protection and guidance were claimed in
+times of need by all members of the household.
+Secondary influences, though none the less strongly
+felt, were those of the past heroes of the house,
+sometimes only just dead, to be propitiated at the
+family tombs or hearth. Anxiety on this head, and
+the deeply-rooted belief in the real need to the dead
+of attentions from the living, were, it will be seen,
+most powerful factors in the development of Greek
+society.
+</p>
+
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Ancestor-worship not obvious in Homer.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The worship of ancestors or household gods as
+such is not evident in the visible religious exercises
+of the Homeric poems. But this can hardly be a
+matter of surprise. The Greek chieftains mentioned
+in the poems are so nearly descended from the
+gods themselves, are in such immediate relation each
+with his guardian deity, and are so indefatigable
+in their attentions thereto, that it would surely be
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+extremely irrelevant if any of the libations or
+hecatombs were perverted to any intermediate, however
+heroic, ancestor from the all-powerful and ever
+ready divinity who was so often also himself the
+boasted founder of the family.<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Offerings of food to the gods,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The libations and hecatombs themselves, however,
+seem to serve much the same purpose as the offerings
+to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">manes</span></span> or household gods, and relieved the
+luxurious craving for sustenance in the immortals,
+left unsatisfied by their ethereal diet of nectar and
+ambrosia.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and to the dead.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yet it is strange that if libations and sacrifices
+were paid to the dead <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">periodically</span></span> at their tombs, no
+mention of the occurrence is to be found in Homer.
+That the dead were believed to appreciate such
+attentions may be gathered from the directions given
+by Circe to Odysseus.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then pour a drink-offering to all the dead, first with mead
+(μελικρήτῳ), and thereafter with sweet wine, and for the third time
+with water, and sprinkle white meal thereon.... and promise
+thou wilt offer </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">in thy halls</span></span><a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> a barren heifer, the best thou hast, and
+fill the pyre with treasure, and wilt sacrifice apart to Teiresias
+alone a black sheep without spot, the fairest of your flock.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The continuance of his name quite as
+important as offerings of food.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This done, the ghosts flock up to drink of the blood
+of the victim. But the ghost of Elpenor, who met
+his death at the house of Circe by falling from the
+roof in his drunken haste to join his already departed
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+comrades, and who had therefore received no burial
+at their hands, demands no libations or sacrifices for
+the refreshment of his thirsty soul, but merely burial
+with tears and a barrow upon the shore of the gray
+sea, that his name may be remembered by men to
+come.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nestor's son elsewhere is made to remark that
+one must not grudge the dead their meed of tears;
+for the times are so out of joint, <span class="tei tei-q">“this is now the
+only due we pay to miserable men, to cut the hair
+and let the tear fall from the cheek.”</span><a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Is the right conclusion then that the Homeric
+Greeks did not sacrifice at the tombs of their fathers,
+and that the so-called ancestor-worship prevalent later
+was introduced or revived under their successors? Or
+is it that the aristocratic tone of the poet did not
+permit him to bear witness to the intercourse with
+any deity besides the one great family of Olympic
+gods, less venerable than a river or other personification
+of nature?<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There exists such close family relationship amongst
+Homer's gods, extended as it is also to most of his
+chieftains, that taking into account the conspicuous
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+reverence displayed towards the hearth and the
+respect for seniority in age, it may perhaps be
+justifiable to suppose that domestic religious observances,
+other than those directed to the Olympic gods,
+were thought by the poet to be as much beneath his
+notice as the swarms of common tribesmen who
+shrink and shudder in the background of the poems.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Offerings to the dead in the Old Testament.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ancestor-worship would be as much out of place
+in the Old Testament; and yet there are references
+in the Bible to offerings to the dead which, unless they
+are held to refer only to importations from outside
+religions and not to relapses in the Israelites themselves
+to former superstitions of their own people, imply
+that the great tribal religion of the Israelites had superseded
+pre-existing ceremonies of ancestor-worship.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Deut. xxvi. 13. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And thou shalt say before the Lord thy God,
+I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and
+also have given them unto the Levite and the stranger, to the
+fatherless and to the widow, according to all thy commandments
+which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy
+commandments, neither have I forgotten them: I have not eaten
+thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof
+for any unclean use, nor </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">given ought thereof for the dead</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The transgressions of the Israelites in the wilderness
+are described in the Psalms:—<span class="tei tei-q">“They joined
+themselves also unto Baalpeor and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ate the sacrifices
+of the dead</span></span>.”</span><a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was not necessary for an ancestor to become
+a god to be worthy of worship, or to need the
+attentions of the living. If he was thought to haunt
+tomb or hearth, and to keep his connection thus
+with his family in the upper world, he required
+nourishment on his visits. He was also considered
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to keep a jealous watch on the continuance of his
+fair fame among the living.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Resemblance between Homer and the Old Testament.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A close resemblance in this point lies between
+the Homeric poems and the Old Testament. Though
+actual food and drink is not provided for the dead,
+yet the stress laid on the permanence of the family,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">lest the name of the dead be cut off from his place</span></span>,
+is quite in keeping with the request of Elpenor to
+Odysseus to insure the continuance of his name in
+the memory of living men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is quite possible that, as the story of the interview
+of Odysseus with the dead reveals that the idea of
+the dead enjoying sacrifices of food and drink was
+familiar at that time, even though the periodical supply
+of such is not mentioned, so the existence of Laban's
+household gods and the gathering of the kindred of
+Jesse to their family ceremony<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> may bear witness to
+the presence of a survival of ancestor-worship in some
+equivalent form, underlying the all-absorbing religion
+of the Israelites. At this day the spirits of Abraham,
+Isaac, and Jacob are considered by the Mohammedans
+of Hebron actually to inhabit the cave of Machpelah,
+and, in the case of Isaac at any rate, to be extremely
+angered by any negligence shown to their altars,
+either by omission of the customary ceremonies or by
+admission within the sacred precinct of any stranger
+of alien faith.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It must not therefore be inferred altogether that
+the regular ancestor-worship so-called was of later
+origin amongst the Greeks, but rather that the constitution
+of society did not afford it the same
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+prominence to the mind of Homer and perhaps his
+contemporaries, as it acquired later.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Ancestor-worship in India and Rome.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+M. Fustel de Coulanges, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Cité Antique</span></span>, has
+so well established the prevalence of ancestor-worship
+among the Greeks, drawing illustration both from
+Indian and Roman sources, that no further instances
+of its existence are needed here.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ceremonies however and offerings at the
+tombs of their fathers did not supersede, amongst
+the Athenians at any rate, their worship of the
+Olympic gods. The Olympic gods themselves moreover
+were clearly connected with their family life.
+The protection of Zeus was specially claimed under
+the title of γενέθλιος or even σύναιμος<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> and as ἑρκεῖος
+he received worship upon the altar that stood in the
+court-yard of nearly every house in Attica.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> The
+permanent place of these gods in the homes of the
+people is further denoted by the use of such epithets
+as ἐγγενεῖς<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a>
+and πατρῷοι.<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The need of food for the dead;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The tombs, on the other hand, were not approached
+with the purpose of invoking powerful aid, but rather
+with the intent of soothing a troubled spirit with care
+and attention, and of providing it with such nourishing
+refreshment as could not be procured in the
+regions of the starving dead.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I come, bringing to my son's sire propitiating libations, such
+as are soothing to the dead, from hallowed cow white milk, sweet
+to drink; the flower distiller's dew—clear honey; the virgin
+spring's refreshing draught; and undefiled from its wild mother,
+the liquid gladness of the time-honoured vine; also from the ever-leafy
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+growth of the pale green olive fragrant fruit is here, and
+twined flowers, children of the teeming earth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">the same in Egypt,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same idea of nourishment of the dead, though
+shared with the other gods, determines the offerings
+in the Egyptian <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Book of the Dead</span></span>.<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I live upon loaves, white wheat, beer, red wheat.... Place
+me with vases of milk and wine, with cakes and loaves, and plenty
+of meat in the dwelling of Anubis.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Grant to me the funereal food, the drinks, the oxen, the geese,
+the fabrics, the incense, the oil, and all the good and pure things
+upon which the gods live.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is one passage that almost implies that the
+dead retained in idea a claim upon the produce of the
+land which nourished them whilst alive, or that they
+had a special allotment even in the other world:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I sit down among the very great gods of Nut. A field extends
+for me; the products of the ground are for me. I eat them; I am
+favoured with them; I live in plenty by them.... I am given
+corn and wheat for my mouth.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Chapter cxliv. of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Book of the Dead</span></span> is to
+be said,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">at the gate of every room while offering to each of them thighs
+and heads of red cows, the value of seven vases; while offering
+blood extracted from the heart, the value of a hundred vases;
+sixteen loaves of white bread, eight round cakes, eight oval cakes,
+eight broad thin cakes, eight measures of beer, and eight of wheat,
+a perfumed oil-basin full of milk from a white cow, green grass,
+green figs, mestem and beads of incense to be burnt.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Chapter cxlviii. ordains that there
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">shall be placed offerings before them of loaves, beer, meat,
+incense, funereal dishes, bringing into favour with Râ and making
+that the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">deceased is fed in the netherworld</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and in India.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the next chapters frequent reference will be
+made to the offerings to ancestors, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">manes</span></span>, among
+the ancient Hindoos. With them the cake-offering
+to the dead became a most important symbol, uniting
+in a common duty all descendants from certain ancestors
+within fixed degrees, and marking them off in
+the matter of responsibility thereto from more distant
+relations, who owed similar duty elsewhere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Ancestor-worship not necessarily post-Homeric.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Being thus surrounded by nations that believed
+intensely in the need in the dead of nourishment at
+the hands of their relatives on earth, it would indeed
+be surprising if the Greeks were found not to share in
+the belief. But the fact remains that in the earliest
+Greek literature it is least conspicuous, and the gulf
+seems widest between the living and the dead. Can
+this be laid to the charge of the artificial superstitions
+of a philosophical class of poets? Or is it due to the
+true evolution of such beliefs, that as long as our
+search touches upon the unsettled periods of semi-migratory
+life, the tombs of individual members of a
+family being scattered here or there wherever they
+meet their deaths, the offering to the dead takes a
+special form, inasmuch as the solidarity of the tribe
+eclipses the importance of the family as a unit, and
+the religious ceremonies of the chieftain absorb the
+attention of the lesser members of the tribe?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+M. de Coulanges points out that the meaning of
+the Latin word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lar</span></span> is lord, prince or master, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hestia</span></span> was sometimes designated by the Greeks
+with the similar title of mistress of the house, or
+princess.<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If, as long as the tribe was felt to be a real unit,
+the religious instincts of the tribesmen were concentrated
+upon the worship of their tribal deities—the
+great ancestors of the tribe, and more emphatically
+and directly the ancestors of their chieftain—it would
+be quite natural, in the weakening of the central worship,
+for the titles of honour and respect to be used
+equally towards those meaner ancestors who henceforth
+occupied the religious energies of the head of
+each family or household. In fulfilment of a similar
+sentiment, the later Greeks commonly used the word
+ἥρως in speaking of a dead friend, deeming that any
+one who departed this life passed to the ranks of
+those princes of the community from whom all were
+proud to trace descent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The hearth and the tie of common blood.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+M. de Coulanges considers that the sacred rites of
+the family at the hearth formed a more real tie than
+the belief in a common blood; and that upon this
+religious basis was built up the greater hearth of the
+Prytaneum as the centre of city life, to bind together
+the several families composing the community. But
+without pretending to come to a final decision on
+this the main tendency of social development, surely
+something may yet be said in favour of the contrary
+theory; that the reverence that centred in the hearth
+was in effect the expression of the sanctity of the tie
+of blood, as felt by all members of the house, and that
+this feeling drew its real importance for the community,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+not from the founding of the city by the
+amalgamation of several families, but as a survival
+from an earlier stage of life, when society circled
+round what was then in more than name the Prytaneum
+of the tribal chieftain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Facts are wanting to justify a conclusion as to
+which of these theories bears the closest resemblance
+to the truth, but it is easy to imagine what might
+be the line of development if the latter hypothesis be
+maintained.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Possible course of social development.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the wanderings and migrations of peoples
+in the search for greener pastures or broader lands,
+each community or tribe would be constantly under
+arms and subject to attack from the enemies they
+were passing through or subjugating. This constant
+sojourning in a strange land, surrounded by foes,
+would be a source of much solidarity to the tribe
+itself, drawing its members closely together for
+mutual defence and subsistence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But when once the tribe had found a country to
+its taste, and had made a settlement with borders comparatively
+permanently established, emphasis would
+be transferred to the petty quarrels and internal dissensions
+arising between different sections within the
+community itself. The tie of common blood, uniting
+all members of the tribe, would be gradually disregarded
+and displaced by the less homely and more
+political relation of fellow-citizenship, which, though
+retaining many of the characteristics of the tribal
+bond, would necessarily be felt in a very different
+manner.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this disintegration of the larger unit, the
+existence of kinship by blood would be acknowledged
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+only where the relationship was obvious and well
+known. And it would no longer be sufficient merely
+to prove membership of a kindred; as those outside
+certain limits would claim exemption from the
+responsibilities entailed by closer relationship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The change of tribesmen into citizens.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So, too, in the matter of religious observance:
+the reverence of the individual for the Prytaneum
+and common hearth of the state would undergo a
+change into a less personal sentiment; the rites
+connected therewith would be delegated to an official
+priest; and it is with the head of each family, surrounded
+by those who are really conscious of their
+connection by blood in common descent from much
+more immediate ancestors, that the true tribal feeling
+would longest survive, though, of course, on much
+narrower lines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The privileges of citizenship were, it will be seen,
+as carefully guarded as those of the tribe, but in a
+more perfunctory and arbitrary manner; whilst the
+intimate connection of the members of the family
+with the hearth and the graves of their ancestors
+stands out in strong relief.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the time of Hesiod, besides the violation of the
+universal sanctity of a guest or suppliant, the chief
+sins are against members of the same household,
+defrauding orphans, or insulting an aged
+parent.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a>
+Behaviour to other than blood-relations is regulated
+by expediency, by what you may expect in return
+from your neighbours.<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whether the family is to be regarded as the chief
+factor in the composition of the city, or how much of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+its composition the city owes to direct inheritance
+from the tribal system, must, as has been said, be
+left unsolved. Some small light may perhaps be shed
+upon the problem as this inquiry proceeds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The study of the family introductory to the history of the
+tribe.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At any rate, if the true basis of the organisation
+of the family and the kindred, as found in historic
+times in Greece, could once be established, material
+assistance ought to have been gained for rightly
+understanding the structure of that earlier society,
+whatever it was, from which the rules, that govern
+those within the bond of kinship, were survivals.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a>
+<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II. The Meaning Of The Bond Of Kinship.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">παῖδες γὰρ ἀνδρὶ κληδόνες σωτήριοι</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">θανόντι: φελλοὶ δ᾽ ὥς ἄγουσι δίκτυον,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">τὸν ἐκ βυθοῦ κλωστῆρα σώζοντες λίνου.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 10.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Aeschylus.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During
+Life, And After Death At Their Tomb.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The duties of the individual to his οἶκος,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the hearth was the centre of the sanctity and
+reverence of the family, so the word οἶκος was the customary
+term to signify the smaller group of the composite
+γένος, consisting of a man and his immediate
+descendants. In the first place, the individual was
+absolutely committed to sacrifice all his personal feelings
+for the sake of the continuity of his οἶκος, and this
+was his supreme duty. But whereas several οἶκοι
+traced their descent from a common ancestor, a
+group of gradually diverging lines of descent
+were formed, sharing mutually the responsibility
+of the maintenance of continuity, and the privilege
+of inheritance and protection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before examining how far these parallel lines
+remained within the reach of claims of kinship, or
+how soon the reverence for the more immediate predecessors
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+absorbed the memory of the more remote
+ancestor, it will be well to have a clear understanding
+of what the claims of kindred were, and how they
+affected the member of the οἶκος, in respect of his
+duties thereto.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">began with his living parents;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plato<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a>
+declares that honour should be given to:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. Olympian Gods.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. Gods of the State.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+3. Gods below.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+4. Demons and Spirits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+5. Heroes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+6. Ancestral Gods.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+7. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Living Parents</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“to whom we have to pay the greatest and
+oldest of all debts: in property, in person, in soul; paying the
+debts due to them for the care and travail which they bestowed on
+us of old in the days of our infancy, and which we are now to pay
+back to them when they are old and in the extremity of their
+need.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and extended to their tomb.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The candidates for the archonship were asked,
+among other things, whether they treated their
+parents properly.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> It was only in case of some
+indelible stain, such as wife-murder, that the debt
+of maintenance of the parent was cancelled.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> Yet
+even when the father had lost his right of maintenance
+by crime or foul treatment, the son was still
+bound to bury him when he died and to perform
+all the customary rites at his tomb.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Is it not,”</span> says Isaeus, <span class="tei tei-q">“a most unholy thing,
+if a man, without having done any of the customary
+rites due to the dead, yet expects to take the inheritance
+of the dead man's property?”</span><a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Continuity of the family;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The duty of maintenance of the parent thus
+extended even beyond the tomb, and this retrospective
+attitude of the individual gives us the clue to
+his position of responsibility also with regard to
+posterity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The strongest representation possible of this
+attitude is given in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span>, where
+it is stated that a man <span class="tei tei-q">“goes to hell”</span> who has no son
+to offer at his death the funeral cake.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">in the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“No world of heaven exists for one not possessed
+of a son.”</span> The debt, owed by the living member of
+a family to his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">manes</span></span>, was to provide a successor to
+perform the rites necessary to them after his own
+death.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">By means of the eldest son, as soon as he is born, a man
+becomes possessed of a son and is thus cleared of his debt to the
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">manes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">A husband is born again on earth in his son.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If among many brothers born of one father, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">one</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> should have
+a son, Manu said all those brothers would be possessed of sons by
+means of that son.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> one representative was sufficient as regards the
+duties to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">manes</span></span> in the house of the grandfather.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thro' a son one conquers worlds, thro' a son's son one attains
+endlessness, and through the son's son of a son one attains the
+world of the Sun.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The sort of reward one gets on crossing the water by means of
+bad boats is the sort of reward one gets on crossing the darkness
+(to the next world) by means of bad
+sons.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and according to Plato.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plato expresses the same feeling in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>:<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">After a sort the human race naturally partakes of immortality,
+of which all men have the greatest desire implanted in them; for
+the desire of every man that he may become famous, and not lie in
+the grave without a name, is only the love of continuance ... In
+this way they are immortal leaving [children's] children behind
+them, with whom they are one in the unity of generation. And
+for a man voluntarily to deprive himself of this gift of immortality,
+as he deliberately does who will not have a wife and children,
+is </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">impiety</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The functions and duties of the individual towards
+his family and relations thus find their explanation
+in his position as link, between the past and the
+future, in the transmission to eternity of his family
+blood.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His duties to his ancestors began with the death
+of his father. He had at Athens to carry out the
+corpse, provide for the cremation, gather the remains
+of the burnt bones, with the assistance of the rest of
+the kindred,<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a>
+and show respect to the dead by the
+usual form of shaving the head, wearing mourning
+clothes, and so on. Nine days after the funeral he
+must perform certain sacrifices and periodically after
+that visit the tombs and altars of his family in the
+family burying-place.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> If he had occasion to perform
+military service, he must serve in the tribe and the
+deme of his parent (στρατεύειν ἐν τῇ φυλῇ καὶ ἐν τῷ
+δήμῳ).<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a>
+Before he can enter into his inheritance
+he must fulfil all the ordinances incumbent on one
+in his position, and in the Gortyn Laws it is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+stated that an adopted heir cannot partake of the
+property of his adoptive father unless he undertakes
+the sacred duties of the house of the deceased.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> Thus the right of ownership of the family estate
+rested always with the possession of the blood of the
+former owners; and such a representative demonstrated
+his right by stepping into his predecessor's
+shoes and by taking upon himself all responsibility
+for the fulfilment of the rites, thereafter to be performed
+to him also when he shall have been gathered
+to the majority of his family.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc8" id="toc8"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But however piously and carefully he performed
+his many duties to his ancestors, his work was only
+transitory and incomplete, unless he provided a
+successor to continue them after him into further
+generations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The importance of male succession.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The procreation of children was held to be of such
+importance at Sparta<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> that if a wife had no children,
+with the full knowledge of her husband she admitted
+some other citizen to her, and children born from
+such a union were reckoned as born to the continuation
+of her husband's family, without breach of the
+former relations of husband and wife.<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> This is the
+exact custom stated in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+(ix. 59), where it is laid down that a wife can be
+<span class="tei tei-q">“commissioned”</span> by her husband to bear him a son,
+but she must only take a kinsman within certain
+degrees, whose connection with her ceases on the birth
+of one son.<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> Otherwise it was a man's duty to divorce
+a barren wife and take another. But he must
+divorce the first, and could not have two hearths or
+two wives.<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A curious instance of how this sentiment worked
+in practice in directly the opposite direction to
+our modern ideas, is mentioned in Herodotus.
+Leaders of forlorn hopes nowadays would be inclined
+to pick out as comrades the unmarried men, as
+having least to sacrifice and fewest duties to forego.
+Whereas Leonidas, in choosing the 300 men to make
+their famous and fatal stand at Thermopylae, is stated
+to have selected all <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fathers with sons living</span></em>.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hector is made to use this idea in somewhat
+similar manner. He encourages his soldiers with:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If a man fall fighting for his fatherland, it is no dishonourable
+thing: and his wife and his children left behind, and his οἶκος
+and κλῆρος are unharmed, if the Achaians go but back to their
+own country.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If the enemy are driven out, though he be killed
+himself, yet if he leave children behind, his household
+and their property will remain unharmed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All about to die, says Isaeus, take thought not to
+leave their οἶκος desolate (ἔρημος),<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a>
+but that there shall be some one to carry the name of their house
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+down to posterity, who shall perform all the customary
+rites at the tomb due to them also when they shall
+have joined the ranks of ancestors.<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Where children were reckoned of the tribe of
+their father and not of their mother, and where a
+woman was incapable of performing sacred rites, a male
+heir was necessary for the direct transmission of blood
+and property. Sons entered upon their inheritance
+immediately on the death of their father, nor had he
+the power to dispossess them in favour of others,
+whilst brothers, cousins, legatees, had always to prove
+their title and procure judgment from the court in
+their favour.<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Succession through a daughter.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Failing sons however, the next descent lay through
+a daughter. Nor were her qualifications in herself
+complete or sufficient in theory to form the necessary
+link in the chain of succession. The next of kin
+male had to marry her with the property of which
+she was ἐπίκληρος;<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> but neither she nor he really
+possessed the property, and the sons born from the
+marriage succeeded thereto directly on attaining a
+certain age. The next of kin had in the meantime
+of course to represent his wife's father in
+all the religious observances, and was said to have
+power to live with the woman (κύριος συνοικῆσαι
+τῇ γυναικί), but not to dispose of the property
+(κύριος τῶν χρημάτων);<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a>
+the sons becoming κύριοι τῶν
+χρημάτων at sixteen years old, and owing thence
+only maintenance (τρέφειν) to their mother from
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the property.<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> The heiress was compelled to marry
+at a certain age and was adjudicated by law to the
+proper kinsman.<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Again an exact parallel is to be found in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span>:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">One who is without a son should, by the following rule, make
+his daughter provide him a son:—</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The offspring which may be
+hers shall be for me the giver of offerings to the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">manes</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The whole property of a man is taken by this
+daughter's son,<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a>
+and, by her bearing a son, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">her father</span></em>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“becomes possessed of a son, who should give the
+funeral cake and take the property.”</span><a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If she die without a son, her husband would take
+(presumably by a sort of adoption).<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> But this would
+be perfectly natural, if, as in Greece, her husband
+was bound to be the next of kin and therefore heir
+failing issue from her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">She must marry the next of kin.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At Athens it was part of the office of the archon
+to see that no οἶκος failed for want of representatives,
+to constrain a reluctant heiress to marry or to
+compel the next of kin to perform his duty.
+Plato<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a>
+asks pardon for his imaginary legislator, if he shall
+be found to give the daughter of a man in marriage
+having regard only to the two conditions—nearness
+of kin, and the preservation of the property; disregarding,
+in his zeal for these, the further considerations,
+which the father himself might be expected
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to have had, with regard to the suitability of the
+match.<a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">even though already married.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A certain leniency was however allowed to the
+heiress who was unwilling to marry an obnoxious
+kinsman, and to the kinsman who had counterclaims
+upon him in his own house. Nevertheless the rules
+remained very strict. Isaeus states emphatically,<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href="#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“Often have men been compelled by law to give up
+their properly wedded wives, owing to their becoming
+ἐπίκληροι through the death of their brother to their
+father's property and having to marry the next of
+kin (τοῖς ἐγγυτάτα γένους),”</span> to prevent the extinction
+of their father's house.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Manu warns those about to marry to be careful
+that their children shall not be required to continue
+their wives' father's family, to the desolation of their
+own.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">She who has not a brother ... let not a wise man marry her,
+through fear of the law about a daughter's
+son.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Again Isaeus:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">We, because of our nearness of kin, would have been compelled
+to maintain (γηροτροφεῖν) our aged grandfather and either ourselves
+marry Cleonymos' (our uncle's) daughters or give them away with
+their portions to others and all this our kinship, the laws, and </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">our
+shame</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> would have compelled us to perform or incur the greatest
+penalties and the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">utmost disgrace</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Similar rules in the laws of Gortyn,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the laws of Gortyn very clear rules are laid
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+down to be followed where there were difficulties in
+the way of the heiress marrying the next of kin.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The heiress shall marry the eldest brother of her father that
+is alive. If there are more heiresses and uncles, they shall ever
+marry the eldest. If there are no uncles but sons of uncles,
+she shall marry the son of her father's eldest brother. If there
+are more than one heiress and sons of uncles, they shall ever
+marry the son of the eldest in order: but a man shall not marry
+more than one heiress</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is also a statement made by Demosthenes<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a>
+that sounds as if it might have come from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances
+of Manu</span></span>. It is there stated that if there were
+more than one heiress, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">only one</span></em> need be dealt with
+in respect to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">providing succession</span></em>, though all shared
+in the property.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The law of Gortyn goes on:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If the man will not marry her, though of age and wishing to
+marry, the guardians of the heiress shall sue, and the judge shall
+condemn him to marry her in two months. If he will not marry
+her, according to the law, she shall have all the property and shall
+marry the next of kin (after him) if there is one....</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If she is of age and does not wish to marry the next of kin or if
+he is a minor and she does not wish to wait, she ... can marry
+whom she will of those who claim her of the tribe. But she shall
+apportion off his share of the property to the first of kin.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If there are no kin to her, she shall have all the property and
+marry whom she will of the tribe.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If no one of the tribe will marry her, her guardians shall ask
+throughout the tribe, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Will any marry her?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> And if any one
+then marries her, he shall do it in thirty days after the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">asking.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+But if there is still no one, she shall marry any one else she can.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such pains were taken to find a representative
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+for the deceased in his family, or at any rate
+in his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">tribe</span></em>.<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and amongst the Israelites.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same questions seem to have arisen amongst
+the Israelites in the time of Moses.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Numbers xxxvi. 8. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And every daughter that possesseth an
+inheritance (LXX. ἀγχιστεύουσα κληρονομίαν) in any tribe of the
+children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe
+of her father (ἐνὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς), that the children
+of Israel may enjoy (ἀγχιστεύειν) every man the inheritance of his
+fathers.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Even as the Lord commanded Moses, so did the daughters of
+Zelophehad.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For Mahlah, Tirzah and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the
+daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's brother's
+sons (LXX. τοῖς ἀνεψιοῖς αὐτῶν).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child
+And The Duties Of An Only Daughter.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The levirate proper not found in Greece.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">levirate</span></span>, or marriage with deceased husband's
+brother, seems to have had no place in Greek family
+law. The wife was of no <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">kin</span></em> necessarily to the
+husband; and so it would not tend to strengthen the
+transmission of blood if the next of kin married the
+widow on taking the inheritance of his relative
+deceased without issue. The wife in Greek law could
+not inherit from her husband, whose property went
+to his father's or mother's relations; and only when
+it became a question of finding an heir to her <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">son</span></em>,
+and failing all near paternal kinsmen, could the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+inheritance pass through her, and then as the mother
+of her dead son, not as widow of her dead husband.
+Even then, being a woman, she had no right of enjoyment,
+only of transmission. She could only inherit
+on behalf of her issue by a second husband, and
+failing her issue the inheritance would pass to her
+brothers and so on. In Greece the claim upon the
+δαήρ (Latin <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">levir</span></span>) for marriage seems to have begun
+with his brother's daughter, not his brother's widow.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The widow returned to her guardian.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The childless widow on the death of her husband
+had to return to her own family or whoever of
+her kindred was guardian (κύριος) of her, and if she
+wished, be given again in marriage by him.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href="#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The woman at Athens even after marriage always
+retained her κύριος or guardian,<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> who was at once her
+protector and trustee. He was probably the head of
+the οἶκος to which she originally belonged—her next
+of kin—and had great power over her.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A case there is<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a>
+where the heir to the property
+also takes the wife of the previous owner; but in
+this case the husband may have been κύριος of his own
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wife, and so could bequeath, or give her away to whomever
+he liked.<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span>, the limitations of the
+levirate are very strictly defined.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a>
+In the case of a man leaving a widow, she must not marry again,
+or she lost her place in heaven by his side.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But if she was childless, the next of kin of her
+husband must beget one son by her; he did not
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">marry</span></em> her, and his connection with her <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ceased on the
+birth of a son</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Marriage of near relations.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The laws of Manu otherwise are strict against the
+marriage of close relations; a restriction not found in
+Greece.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Isaeus<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> mentions that it was thought quite
+natural for a man to marry his first cousin in order
+to concentrate the family blood, and prevent her
+dowry or whatever property might come to her from
+going outside his οἶκος, and we know that even
+marriage with a half-sister (not born of the same
+mother) was not forbidden.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are more instances than one in Homer of a
+man marrying his aunt, or niece.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The nearest resemblance to the levirate in Greece
+is the occasional custom at Sparta, mentioned already,
+of a wife being <span class="tei tei-q">“commissioned”</span> to bear children by
+another man into the family of her husband. But
+this exists in Manu, side by side with the above-mentioned
+custom of levirate proper.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The levirate among the Israelites.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among the Israelites, the levirate was in full
+force; the craving for continuance was the same as
+among the followers of Manu and the Greeks; and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the custom with regard to heiresses is so vividly told
+that it is worth quoting at some length.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Deut. xxv. 5. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If brethren dwell together and one of them die
+and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without
+unto a stranger: her husband's brother [</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> next of kin]
+shall go in unto her and take her to him to wife and perform the duty of an
+husband's brother to her.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And it shall be that the firstborn which she beareth shall
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">succeed in the name of his brother that is dead</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, that his name be not
+put out of Israel.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his
+brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders and say, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">My
+husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in
+Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then the elders of his city shall call him and speak unto him:
+and if he stand to it and say, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I like not to take her,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> then shall his
+brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and
+loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall
+answer and say: </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">So shall it be done unto that man that will not
+build up his brother's house (LXX. οἶκος).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And his name shall be called in Israel, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The house (οἶκος) of
+him that hath his shoe loosed.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The case of Tamar.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such was the scorn felt for the man who refused
+to perform the duties of nearest kinsman. In the
+thirty-eighth chapter of Genesis is told the story of
+Tamar, the wife of Judah's eldest son who died childless.
+The second son's refusal to raise up seed to his
+brother because he knows that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his own name will not
+be perpetuated thereby, but his brother's</span></em>, meets with
+summary punishment. <span class="tei tei-q">“And the thing that he did
+was evil in the sight of the Lord, and He slew him
+also.”</span><a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a>
+Afterwards, when it was reported to her
+father-in-law that Tamar had a child by some one not
+of his family, he was exceedingly wroth, and said,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Bring her forth and let her be burnt.”</span> Accordingly,
+after he had received his own <span class="tei tei-q">“tokens”</span> from her hand,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+his approval of her action, in her desire to perpetuate
+the name of her dead husband, is all the more
+striking, and shows how real such a claim as Tamar's
+was in the practice of those days, extreme though
+her action was felt to be. And Judah acknowledged
+his tokens and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“She hath been more righteous
+than I: because that I gave her not to Shelah my
+[youngest] son.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The case of Ruth.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The statement of the customary procedure in
+Deuteronomy is very picturesquely illustrated and
+fulfilled in detail in the story of Ruth, who though
+only a daughter-in-law takes the position of heiress
+through a sort of adoption by her mother-in-law
+Naomi, on her refusal to go back to her own people.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Where thou goest, I will go: where thou lodgest, I
+will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy
+God, my God. Where thou diest will I die, and
+there will I be buried.”</span> She accepts Naomi's hearth
+her kin, her religion, and finally her tomb.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Elimelech and his two sons dying in Moab, Naomi
+and both her daughters-in-law are left widows in a
+strange land. If Naomi had other sons, upon them
+would have devolved the duty of taking Orpah and
+Ruth to wife. But Naomi declares herself<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a>
+too old to marry again and be the mother of sons, and implores
+her daughters-in-law to return to their own people in
+Moab, where she hopes they will start afresh with
+new husbands, a course which seems always to have
+been open to wives in tribal communities. Orpah
+does so, but Ruth elects to remain with Naomi, and
+returning with her to Bethlehem takes her chance
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+among the kindred of Elimelech. Happening to
+arrive at Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley
+harvest, it so chances that Ruth goes forth to glean
+upon that part of the open field which belonged to
+Boaz—a rich man of the συγγενία of Elimelech, who,
+having heard of her devotion to Naomi and the house
+of his late kinsmen, protects her from possible insult
+from strangers and treats her richly. On her return
+home Naomi informs her that Boaz is of their next
+of kin (τῶν ἀγχιστευόντων)<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> whose place it was to
+redeem property sold or lost by a kinsman. This
+duty is thus set forth in Leviticus:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Dependence on the next of kin.</span></div></div><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Lev. xxv. 25. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And if thy brother be waxen poor and sell
+some of his possession, then shall his kinsman (ἀγχιστεύων) that is
+next to him come and shall redeem that which his brother hath
+sold.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An instance of it in practice is given in Jeremiah.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Jerem. xxxii. 8. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me
+in the court of the guard according to the word of the Lord and
+said unto me, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth which
+is in the land of Bethlehem: for the right of inheritance is thine,
+and the redemption is thine: buy it for thyself.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But on Ruth's applying to Boaz, he informs her
+that though he is ἀγχιστεύς, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> within the reach of the
+claim on the next of kin, yet is there one ἀγχιστεύς
+who is nearer than he, and who must first be asked.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there, and behold
+the near kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by, unto whom
+he said, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ho, such an one! turn, aside, sit down here,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and he
+turned aside and sat down. And he took ten men of the elders
+of the city and said, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Sit ye down here,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> and they sat down. And
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+he said unto the near kinsman, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Naomi that is come again out of
+the country of Moab selleth the parcel of land which was our
+brother Ehmelech's: and I thought to disclose it to thee, saying,
+</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Buy it before them that sit here and before the elders of my
+people.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> If thou wilt redeem it, redeem it; but if thou wilt not
+redeem it, tell me that I may know; for there is none to redeem it
+beside thee, and I am after thee.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> And he said, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I will redeem it.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Then said Boaz, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">What day thou buyest the field of the hand of
+Naomi thou must buy it also of Ruth the Moabitess, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">the wife of the
+dead, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> And
+the near kinsman said, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I cannot redeem it for myself </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">lest I mar
+my own inheritance</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">; take thou my right of redemption on thee; for
+I cannot redeem it.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rendering of the Vulgate of the kinsman's
+reply is more easily understood:—<span class="tei tei-q">“I yield up my
+right of near kinship: for neither ought I to blot out the
+continuance (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">posteritas</span></span>) of my family: do thou use
+my privilege, which I declare that I freely renounce.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And he drew off his shoe. And Boaz said unto the elders and
+unto all the people, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ye are witnesses this day that I have bought
+all that was Elimelech's ... Chilion's and Mahlon's of the hand of
+Naomi. Moreover Ruth, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to
+be my wife to </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">raise up the name of the dead</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> upon his inheritance,
+that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his
+brethren and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this
+day.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> And all the people that were in the gate and the elders
+said, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">We are witnesses ... May thy house be like the house of
+Perez whom Tamar bare unto Judah</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> &amp;c.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now Boaz was sixth in descent from this Perez
+whose mother Tamar, as quoted above, had been in
+much the same position as Ruth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is interesting to read further that the son born
+of this marriage of Ruth and Boaz is taken by the
+women of Bethlehem to Naomi, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">There is a
+son born to Naomi</span></em>,”</span> emphasising the duty of the
+heiress to bear a son, not into her husband's family,
+but to that of her father.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The story of Ruth is not, therefore, an exact
+example of the custom of levirate. But it illustrates
+incidentally the unity of the family. The sons of
+Elimelech died before the family division had taken
+place, and the house of Elimelech their father was
+thus in jeopardy of extinction. If Naomi had come
+within the proper operation of the levirate, the next
+of kin ought to have married <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></em>, but by her adoption
+of Ruth as her daughter, she gave Ruth the position
+of heiress or ἐπίκληρος, whilst the heir born to Ruth
+was called son, not of Ruth's former or present husband,
+but of Elimelech and (by courtesy) of Naomi, Elimelech's
+widow, through whom the issue ought otherwise
+to have been found.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc10" id="toc10"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter:
+Growth Of Adoption: Introduction Of New
+Member To Kinsmen.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The son of the heiress must leave his father's house,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But if the heiress was already married and had
+sons, she need not be divorced and marry the next of
+kin, though that still lay in her power. It was considered
+sufficient if she set apart one of her sons to
+be heir to her father's house. But she must do this
+absolutely: her son must entirely leave her husband's
+house and be enfranchised into the house of her father.
+If she did not do this with all the necessary ceremonies,
+the house of her father would become extinct, which
+would be a lasting shame upon her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Isaeus<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> mentions a case where a wife inherits
+from her deceased brother a farm and persuades her
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+husband to emancipate their second son in order that
+he may carry on the family of her brother and take
+the property.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and enter that of the deceased relative</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In another passage<a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a>
+the conduct of married sisters
+in not appointing one of their own sons to take his
+place as son in the house of their deceased brother,
+and in absorbing the property into that of their
+husbands, whereby the οἶκος of their brother became
+ἔρημος, is described as shameful (αἰσχρῶς).
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Demosthenes<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a>
+a man behaving in similar wise
+is stigmatised as ὑβριστής.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Hence the custom of adoption.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Herein lay the reason that adoption became so
+favourite a means in classical times of securing an
+heir. It became almost a habit among the Athenians
+who had no sons, to adopt an heir—often even the
+next of kin who would naturally have succeeded to
+the inheritance.<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The transfer of the adopted son from the οἶκος of
+his father to the οἶκος he was chosen to represent
+was so real that he lost all claim to inheritance in his
+original family, and henceforth based his relationship
+and rights of kinship from his new position as son of
+his adoptive father. This absolutely insured the childless
+man that his successor would not merge the
+inheritance in that of another οἶκος, and made it
+extremely unlikely that he would neglect his religious
+duties as they would be henceforth his own ancestral
+rites.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sometimes, it seems,<a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> sons of an unfortunate
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+father were adopted into another οἶκος so as not to
+share in the disgrace brought upon their family.
+In such a case presumably their father's house would
+be allowed to become extinct.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The introduction of the heir to the kindred.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The inheritance of property being only an accessory
+to the heirship,<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> the ceremony of adoption consisted
+of an introduction to the kindred and to the ancestral
+altars, and an assumption of the responsibilities
+connected therewith.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The same for true as for adopted son.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The process was the same as for the proclamation
+of the true blood of a son, and was exactly in accordance
+with tribal instincts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whatever the history of the φρατρία at Athens,
+in it seems to have been accumulated a great number
+of the survivals of tribal sentiment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The ceremony at Athens;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The adoption at Athens took place at the gathering
+of the phratores in order that all the kin might be
+present (παρόντων τῶν συγγενῶν).<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> The adopter must
+lead his son to the sacrifices on the altars<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> and must
+show him to the kinsmen (συγγενεῖς or γεννῆται) and
+phratores: he must give assurance on the sacrifices
+that the young man was born in lawful wedlock from
+free citizens. This done, and no one questioning his
+rights, the assembly proceeded to vote<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> and if the vote
+was in his favour, then and not till then he was enrolled
+in the common register (εἰς τὸ κοινὸν γραμματεῖον) of
+the phratria in the name of son of his adopted father.
+As a father could not without reason disinherit his
+true-born sons, so the phratores could not without
+reason refuse to accept them to the kinship.<a id="noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If any of the phratores objected to the admission
+of the new kinsman, he must stop the sacrifices and
+remove the victim from the altar.<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> He would have
+to state the grounds of his objection, and if he could
+not produce good reasons, he incurred a fine. If there
+was no objection, the unsacrificial parts of the victim
+were divided up and each member took home with
+him his share,<a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> or joined in a feast provided by the
+father of the admitted son.<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href="#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and at Gortyn;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ceremonial given in the Gortyn laws is
+similar:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+x. 33. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The adoption shall take place in the agora when all the
+citizens have assembled, from the stone from which speeches are
+made. And the adopter shall give to his own brotherhood
+(ἑταιρεία) a victim-for-sacrifice and a vessel of wine (πρόκοος).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The adopted son gets all the property and shall
+fulfil the divine and human duties of his adoptive
+father<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a>
+and shall inherit as in the law for true-born
+sons. But if he does not fulfil them according to
+law, the next of kin shall take the property. He can
+only renounce his adoption by paying a fine.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The adopted son thus introduced was considered
+to have become of the blood of his adoptive father,
+and was unable to leave his new family and return to
+his original home unless he left in the adoptive
+house a son to carry on the name to posterity. As
+long as he remained in the other οἶκος, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> had not
+provided for his succession and by certain legal
+ceremonies been readmitted to his former family, he
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was considered of no relationship to them and had no
+right of inheritance in their goods.<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An adopted son could not adopt or devise by will,
+and if he did not provide for the succession by
+leaving a son to follow him, the property went back
+into the family and to the next of kin of his adopted
+father.<a id="noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If he did return to his former οἶκος, leaving a
+son in his place and that son died, he could not return
+and take the property thus left without heir
+direct.<a id="noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and also in India.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Adoption amongst the Hindoos took place in like
+manner before the convened kindred. The adopting
+father offered a burnt-offering, and with recitation of
+holy words in the middle of his dwelling completed
+the adoption with these words:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I take thee for the fulfilment of my religious duties; I take
+thee to continue the line of my ancestors.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The adopted son should be as near a relation as
+possible, and when once the ceremony had taken
+place, was considered to have as completely lost his
+position in his former family as if he had never been
+born therein.<a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The introduction to the deme.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The introduction into the deme which took place at
+the age of eighteen at Athens, including the enrolment
+in the ληξιαρχικόν γραμματεῖον, seems to have been a
+registration of rights of property and an assumption
+of the full status of citizen. The word ληξιαρχικός is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+defined by Harpocration as meaning <span class="tei tei-q">“capable of
+managing the ancestral estate (τὰ πατρῷα οἰκονομεῖν).”</span>
+The word λῆξις is used by Isaeus for the application,
+by others than direct descendants, to the Archon for
+the necessary powers to take their property.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It appears to have been at this period that the
+young man left the ranks of boyhood and dedicated
+himself to the responsibilities of his life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The custom of
+tonsure.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plutarch<a id="noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a>
+states that it was the custom at coming
+of age to tonsure the head and offer the hair to some
+god, and describes the young Theseus as adopting
+what we know as the Celtic tonsure, thenceforth
+called after his name.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The custom still being in existence at that time for those
+quitting childhood to go to Delphi and dedicate</span><a id="noteref_95" name="noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> their hair to the
+god, Theseus also went to Delphi (and the place is still called
+after him the Theseia, so they say) and </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">shaved the hair of his head
+in front only</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (ἐκείρατο τὰ πρόσθεν μόνον) Homer says the Abantes
+do:</span><a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+and this kind of tonsure (κουρά) is called </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Theseis</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> because
+of him. Now the Abantes first shaved themselves in this manner,
+not in imitation of the Arabs</span><a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href="#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> as some have it, nor even in emulation
+of the Mysians, but being a warlike people and fighting hand
+to hand, ... as Archilochos testifies. For this reason Alexander is
+said to have ordered his Macedonians to shave their beards....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This cutting the hair as token of dedication to
+any particular object or deity was of common occurrence.
+Achilles' hair was dedicated as an offering to the
+river Spercheios in case of his safe
+return.<a id="noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> Knowing
+that this is impossible, in his grief at the death of
+Patroklos, with apologies to the god he cuts his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+flowing locks and lays them in the hand of his dead
+friend.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pausanias declares that it was the custom with
+all the Greeks to dedicate their hair to rivers.<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Theophrastus<a id="noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a>
+mentions as a characteristic of the
+man of Petty Ambition that he will <span class="tei tei-q">“take his son
+away to Delphi to have his hair cut (ἀποκεῖραι),”</span>
+showing that this venerable custom had by that time
+become pedantic and an object of ridicule.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to Athenaeus,<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href="#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> when the young men
+cut their hair they brought a large cup of wine to
+Herakles and, pouring a libation, offered it to the
+assembled people to drink.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The age at which the hair was cut seems to have
+varied. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of
+Manu</span></span><a id="noteref_102" name="noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> give the following
+instructions:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The Keçanta (tonsure-rite) is ordered in the sixteenth
+year</span><a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+of a Brahman, in the twenty-second of a Ksatriya, and in two years
+more after that for a Vaiçya.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But whenever the actual tonsure was performed,
+it seems to have been a very widely spread custom,
+symbolical in some way of devotion to a deity or
+kindred, or to some particular course of life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Its importance in this place, however, lies in its
+being one of the special acts relating to the admission
+to tribal status, and to the devotion, so to speak, of
+the services of the individual to the corporate needs
+of his tribe or kindred.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The public introduction to the kindred, combined
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with publicity of marriage and of the birth of
+children would, it is obvious, be a very important
+protection for the preservation of the jealously
+guarded purity of the tribal blood. Isaeus<a id="noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> says
+that all relations (προσήκοντες), all the phratores, and
+most (οἱ πολλοί) of the demesmen would know whom
+a man married, and what children he had. This, in
+addition to the oath (πίστις) of the father or of the
+mother<a id="noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> of the legitimacy of the son introduced to
+his kin, would seem a very sufficient
+safeguard.<a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If a child was not introduced to the phratores, it
+was considered illegitimate,<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href="#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> and could have
+no share in the rites of kindred and
+property.<a id="noteref_108" name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Liability for bloodshed rested on a group of kinsmen.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A notable feature of the tribal system all over the
+world was the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">blood-feud</span></span>, wiped out only by the death
+of the manslayer or by the payment of a sufficient
+recompense. The incidence of the responsibility for
+murder and for payment of the recompense upon a
+group instead of only on the guilty individual was of
+remarkable tenacity, and survived to comparatively
+late days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Arabia the whole tribe of the murderer subscribed
+to the blood-money, which went to all the
+males in the tribe of the murdered man.<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href="#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But in Greece the responsibility fell upon the next
+of kin, with the help and under the supervision of the
+rest of the immediate kindred. He had to see that a
+spear was carried in front of the funeral of the slain
+man and planted in his grave, which must be watched
+for three days.<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href="#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> He must make proclamation of the
+foul deed at the tomb, and must undergo purificatory
+rites, himself and his whole house (οἰκία). If the
+dead body be found in the country and no cause of
+death known, the demarch must compel the relatives
+to bury the corpse and to purify the deme on the
+same day.<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href="#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The subject is a familiar one in Homer. The wanderer
+(μετανάστης) is said to have no value (he is
+ἀτίμητος), no fine is exacted for his death.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Il.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> xiv. 483. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">That my brother's price (κασιγνήτοιο ποινή)
+be not unpaid: even for this it is that a man may well pray to
+have some kinsman in his halls (γνωτὸν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν) to avenge
+(ἀλκτήρ) his fall.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Il.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ix. 634. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Yet doth a man accept recompense of his brother's
+murderer: or for his dead son: and so the manslayer for a great
+price abideth in his own land (ἐν δήμῳ) and the other's heart is
+appeased and his proud soul, when he hath taken the
+recompense.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_112" name="noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">No ransom for murders within the tribe;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are many men told of in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> who were in the position of refugees at the
+court of some chief. As many of them were wealthy—chiefs'
+sons or even chiefs—and well able to pay large
+recompenses, it seems probable that (as is definitely
+stated in some instances), if the murder was committed
+on a member of the same family or tribe as the murderer,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the only way to wipe out the stain was by death or
+perpetual exile, as in the case of the typical fratricide
+Cain. The blood-price was then only between tribe
+and tribe or city and city. Within the kindred there
+would be no ransom allowed.<a id="noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Medon had slain the brother of his step-mother
+and was a fugitive from his country.<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href="#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Epeigeus <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ruled</span></em> (ἤνασσε) fairest Boudeion of old,
+but having slain a good man of his kin (ανεψιόν), to
+Peleus fled, a suppliant.<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tlepolemos slew his own father's maternal uncle,
+gathered much folk together and fled across the sea,
+because the other sons and grandsons of his father
+threatened him.<a id="noteref_116" name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Il.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> xxiv. 479. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And as when a grievous curse cometh upon a man
+who in his own country (ἐνὶ πάτρη) hath slain another and escapeth
+to a land of other folk (δῆμον ἄλλων) to the house of some rich man,
+and wonder possesseth them that look on
+him....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href="#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Od.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> xv. 272. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Having slain a man of my tribe (ἔμφυλον):
+and many are his relations (κασίγνητοι) and kinsmen (ἔται) in
+Argos: at their hands do I shun death and black fate and am in
+exile.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Od.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> xxiii. 118. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For whoso hath slain but one man in his
+country (ἐνὶ δήμῳ) for whom there be not many avengers
+(ἀοσσητῆρες) behind, he fleeth leaving his kin (πηούς) and his
+fatherland, how then we who have slain the pillar of the state!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">or between citizen and citizen.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If ransom there was none for the murderer within
+the tribe, there was equally none for murders between
+citizen and citizen,—in this point also the inheritors of
+the sentiments of tribesmen. In the law of Solon<a id="noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> it
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was forbidden to take payment in compensation from
+the murderer:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The murderer can be slain in our land, not tortured, not held
+to ransom (μηδὲ ἀποινᾷν).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plato<a id="noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a>
+describes the soul of the deceased as
+troubled with a great anger against the murderer, so
+that even the innocent and unintentional homicide
+must needs flee at any rate for a year. The presence
+too of a man thus denied with bloodshed at the
+sacred altars was held to be a gross impiety and
+source of divine anger. Plato<a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" href="#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> says:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The murderer shall be slain, but not buried in the country
+(χώρα) of the deceased, which would be a disgrace and
+impiety.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the case of a suicide, the hand that committed
+the crime was to be cut off and buried separately.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Isacus<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href="#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> it is related how Euthukrates in a
+quarrel over a boundary-stone was so flogged by his
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">brother</span></em> Thoudippos that, dying some days after, he
+charged his friends (οἱκεῖοι) not to allow any of Thoudippos'
+people (τῶν Θουδίππου) to approach his tomb.
+But if the murdered man before his death forgave his
+murderer, the relatives could not proceed against him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If the murderer escaped fleeing he must go forever:
+if he returned he could be killed at sight by any
+one and with impunity.<a id="noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> The pollution rested on the
+whole kindred of the murdered man.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whosoever </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">being related to the deceased</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> on the male or female
+side of those within the cousinship shall not prosecute the murderer
+when he ought or proclaim him outlaw, he shall </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">take upon himself
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">
+the pollution</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> and the hatred of the gods ... and he shall be in the
+power of any who is willing to avenge the dead.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The pollution cannot be washed out until the
+homicidal soul has given life for life and has laid to
+sleep the wrath of the whole family
+(ξυγγένια).<a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If it is a beast that has killed the man, it shall be
+slain to propitiate the kin and atone for the blood shed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If it is a lifeless thing that has caused death, it
+shall solemnly be cast out before witnesses to acquit
+the whole family from guilt.<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Amongst the Israelites, treating of homicides
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">amongst themselves</span></em>, compensation was forbidden in
+like manner.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Numbers xxxv. 31. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for
+the life of a murderer which is guilty of death: but he shall surely
+be put to death.</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">... The land cannot be cleansed of blood that is shed therein
+but by the blood of him that shed it.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Let us complete this subject with the following
+story told by Herodotus:<a id="noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a>—Adrastus,
+having slain his brother, flees to the court of Croesus. There he
+becomes as a son to Croesus and a brother to Atys,
+Croesus' son. This Atys Adrastus has the terrible
+misfortune to slay, thereby incurring a three-fold
+pollution. He has brought down upon himself the
+triple wrath of Zeus Katharsios, Ephestios, and
+Hetaireios: he has violated his own innocence, his
+protector's hearth, and the comradeship of his friend.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In despair he commits suicide.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc12" id="toc12"></a>
+<a name="pdf13" id="pdf13"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III. The Extent Of The Bond Of Kinship.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Arctior vero colligatio est societatis propinquorum: ab illa
+enim immensa societate humani generis in exiguam
+angustumque concluditur.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cicero</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc14" id="toc14"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The Ἀγχιστεία.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">All kinsmen were not equally responsible.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such being the character of the burden of mutual
+responsibility borne by members of kindred blood, it
+remains, if possible, to obtain some idea of how this
+responsibility became narrowed and limited to the
+nearest relations, and what was the meaning underlying
+the distinction drawn between certain degrees
+of relationship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When examining the more detailed structure of
+the organisation of the kindred, considerable light
+seems to be thrown upon survivals in Athens by
+comparison with the customs of other communities,
+which were undergoing earlier stages of the same
+process of crystallisation from the condition of semi-nomadic
+tribes into that of settled provinces or
+kingdoms.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The unity of the οἶκος.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Gortyn Laws we read:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+iv. 24. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The father shall have power over the children and the
+property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the
+parents) are alive, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">there is no necessity for division</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.... If a man or
+woman die their children, or grandchildren, or great-grandchildren,
+shall have the property....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The headship of the οἶκος and the ownership of the
+property vested in the parent as long as he lived and
+wished to maintain his power. Even after his death,
+unless they wished it, the sons need not divide up
+amongst themselves, but could live on with joint
+ownership in the one οἶκος of their deceased father.
+The eldest son would probably take the house itself,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the hearth, with the duties to the family altars
+which devolved upon him as head of the family.<a id="noteref_128" name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An example of this joint ownership occurs in the
+speech of Demosthenes against Leochares.<a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> The two
+sons of Euthumachos after his death gave their sister
+in marriage (no doubt with her proper portion), and
+lived separately but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">without dividing</span></em> their inheritance
+(τὴν οὐσίαν ἀνέμητον). Even after the marriage of one
+brother, they still left the property undivided, each
+living on his share of the income, one in Athens, the
+other in Salamis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The possibility of thus living in one οἶκος and on
+an undivided patrimony is implied in another passage
+in Demosthenes, where, however, the exact opposite
+is described as actually having taken place.<a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bouselos had five sons. He divided (διένειμεν τὴν
+οὐσίαν) his substance amongst them all as was fair and
+right, and they married wives and begat children and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+children's children. Thus <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">five</span></em> οἶκοι sprang up out of
+the one of Bouselos, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">each brother dwelt apart</span></em>,
+having his own οἶκος and bringing up his own offspring
+(ἔκγονοι) himself (χωρὶς ἕκαστος ᾤκει).
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whilst the parents were alive the family naturally
+held very closely together, and often probably lived
+in one patriarchal household like Priam's at Troy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Isaeus declares:—The law commands that we
+maintain (τρέφειν) our parents (γονεῖς): these are—parents,
+grandparents and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their parents</span></em>, if they are
+still alive:
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For they are the beginning (ἀρχή) of the family (γένος) and
+their estate descends to their offspring (ἔκγονοι): wherefore it is
+necessary to maintain them even if they leave nothing.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The duty of maintenance (τρέφειν) owed to the
+ancestor would follow the same relationship as the
+right of inheritance from him, and this common debt
+towards their living forebears could not help further
+consolidating the group of descendants already bound
+together by common rites at the tombs of the dead.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But granted this community of rights and debts,
+is it possible to formulate for the Greeks anything of
+the same limitations in the incidence of responsibility
+amongst blood-relations that is to be found elsewhere?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Grades of kinship in Western Europe.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In western Europe, owing perhaps to the influence
+of Christianity, the rites of ancestor-worship
+have no prominence. Ecclesiastical influence however
+was unable to prevent an exceedingly complex
+subdivision of the kindred existing in Wales and
+elsewhere. Whether this subdivision finds its <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">raison
+d'être</span></span> in the worship of ancestors or not, the groups
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+thus formed serve as units for sustaining the responsibilities
+incident to tribal life, and being, as will be
+seen, governed by similar considerations to those
+existing among the Greeks, they afford very suitable
+material for comparison, and throw considerable light
+upon one another.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The position of the great-grandson,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the various departments affected by blood-relationship
+or purity of descent come under notice,
+it will be seen that the position of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great-grandson</span></em>
+as at once limiting the immediate family of his
+parents and heading a new family of descendants is
+marked with peculiar emphasis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">in Wales,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the ancient laws of Wales it rests with great-grandsons
+to make the final division of their inheritance
+and start new households.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Second cousins may demand redivision of the
+heritage descending (and perhaps already divided
+up in each generation between) from their great-grandfather.
+After second cousins no redivision or
+co-equation can be claimed.<a id="noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the meanwhile the oldest living parents maintained
+their influence in family matters. In the story
+of Kilhwch and Olwen, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabinogion</span></span>, the father
+of Olwen, before betrothing her to Kilhwch, declares
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“her four great-grandmothers and her four great-grandsires
+are yet alive; it is needful that I take
+counsel of them.”</span><a id="noteref_133" name="noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and in feudal Normandy.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Even when feudalism refused to acknowledge
+other than an individual responsibility for a fief, it
+was unable to overcome the tribal theory of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+indivisibility of the family, which maintained its unity
+in some places even under a feudal exterior. But as
+generations proceeded, and the relationships within
+the family diverged beyond the degree of second
+cousin, a natural breaking up seems to have taken
+place, though in the direction of subinfeudation under
+the feudal enforcement of the rule of primogeniture,
+instead of the practice, more in accordance with
+tribal instincts, of equal division and enfranchisement.
+It may however be surmised that the subdivision
+and subinfeudation of a holding in the occupation
+of such a group of kinsmen would be carried
+out by the formation of further similar groups.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The custom of </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">parage</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coustumes du Pais de Normandie</span></span> mention
+is made of such a method of land-holding, called
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">parage</span></span>. It consists of an undivided tenure of
+brothers and relations <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">within the degree of second
+cousins</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The eldest does homage to the capital lord for all
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">paragers</span></span>. The younger and their descendants
+hold of the eldest without homage, until the relationship
+comes to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sixth degree inclusive</span></em> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> second
+cousins). When the lineage is beyond the sixth
+degree, the heirs of the cadets have to do homage to
+the heirs of the eldest or to whomsoever has acquired
+the fief. Then <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">parage</span></span>
+ceases.<a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The tenure then becomes one of subinfeudation.
+As long as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">parage</span></span> continued, the share of a
+deceased <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">parager</span></span> would be dealt with by redivision
+of rights, and no question would arise of
+finding heirs. But when it became a question of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+finding an heir to the group, failing heirs in the
+seventh degree inclusive, that is, son of second
+cousins—looked upon as son to the group—failing
+such an heir, the estate escheated to the lord.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Co-heritage in Wales.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is an interesting passage in the Ancient Laws
+of Wales ordaining that the next-of-kin shall not inherit
+as heir to his deceased kinsman, but as heir to the
+ancestor, who, apart from himself, would be without
+direct heir, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> presumably their common ancestor.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">No person is to obtain the land of a </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">co-heir</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, as of a brother, or
+of a cousin, or of a second cousin, by claiming it as heir to that
+one co-heir who shall have died without leaving an heir of his
+body: but by claiming it as heir </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">to one of his own parents</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, who had
+been owner of that land until his death without heir, whether
+a father, or grandfather, or great-grandfather: that land he is
+to have, if he be the nearest of kin to the
+deceased.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_135" name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This of course refers to inheritance within the
+group of co-heirs, the members of which held their
+position by virtue of their common relationship within
+certain degrees to the founder. And we may infer
+that emphasis was thus laid on the proof of relationship
+by <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">direct descent</span></em>, in order to prevent shares in
+the inheritance passing from hand to hand unnoticed,
+beyond the strict limit where subdivision could be
+claimed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per capita</span></span> by the individual representatives
+of the diverging <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">stirpes</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Degrees of relationship in India.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The kindred in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span> is
+divided into two groups:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+1. Sapindas, who owe the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">funeral cake</span></em> at the
+tomb.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+2. Samānodakas, who pour the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">water libation</span></em> at
+the tomb.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">three ancestors</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> the water libation must be made; for </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">three
+ancestors</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> the funeral cake is prepared; the fourth (descendant or
+generation) is the giver (of the water and the cake); the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">fifth has
+properly nothing to do</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (with either
+gift).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href="#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This may be put in tabular form:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Receivers of water.<br />
+<br />
+1. Great-grandfather's great-grandfather.<br />
+2. Great-grandfather's grandfather.<br />
+3. Great-grandfather's father.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Receivers of cake.<br />
+<br />
+1. Great-grandfather.<br />
+2. Grandfather.<br />
+3. Father.<br />
+4. Giver of cake and water<br />
+5. Excluded
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Or inversely:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Givers of cake or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sapindas</span></span>.<br />
+<br />
+Householder<br />
+Brothers<br />
+1st cousins<br />
+2nd cousins
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pourers of water or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Samānodakas</span></span>.<br />
+<br />
+3rd cousins<br />
+4th cousins<br />
+5th cousins
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Within the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sapinda</span></span>-ship of his mother, a <span class="tei tei-q">“twice-born”</span>
+man may not marry.<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href="#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a>
+Outside the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sapinda</span></span>-ship,
+a wife or widow, <span class="tei tei-q">“commissioned”</span> to bear children
+to the name of her husband, must not go.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sapinda</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">-ship ceases with the seventh person, but the
+relationship of a Samānodaka (ends) with the ignorance of birth
+and name.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All are Sapindas who offer the cake to the same
+ancestors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Four generations share in the cake-offering.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The head of the family would himself offer or
+share with all his descendants in the offering of the
+one cake to his great-grandfather, his grandfather, and
+his father. And if this passage is taken in conjunction
+with the one quoted just above, the number
+sharing in the cake-offering, limited as in the text at
+the seventh person from the first ancestor who
+receives the cake, is just sufficient to include the great-grandson
+of the head of the family, supposed to be
+making the offering.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The group, thus sharing the same cake-offering,
+would in the natural course be moving continually
+downwards, generation by generation as the head of
+the family died, thereby causing the great-grandfather
+to pass from the receivers of the cake-offering
+to the receivers of the water libation, and admitting
+the great-grandson's son into the number of Sapindas
+who shared the cake-offering. And at no time would
+more than four generations have a share in the same
+cake offered to the three nearest ancestors of the head
+of the family.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Similar grouping of the pourers of the water libation.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Samānodakas, or pourers of the water libation
+appear to have been similarly grouped.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ignorance of birth and name”</span> was in Wales
+considered to be equivalent to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">beyond fifth cousins</span></em>.
+According to the Gwentian Code, <span class="tei tei-q">“there is no proper
+name in kin further than that”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> fifth
+cousins.<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a>
+And this tallies exactly with the previous
+quotation from Manu limiting the water libation to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+three generations of ancestors beyond those to whom
+the cake is due, which, as has been seen, includes
+fifth cousins.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And it must be borne in mind that fifth cousins
+are great-grandsons of the great-grandsons of their
+common ancestor, or two generations of groups of
+second cousins.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The οἶκος includes four generations.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was extremely improbable that a man would
+see further than his great-grandchildren born to him
+before his death. And it might also occasionally
+occur in times of war or invasion that a man's sons
+and grandsons might go out to serve as soldiers,
+leaving the old man and his young great-grandchildren
+at home.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If the fighting members of the family were
+killed, the great-grandsons (who would be second
+cousins or nearer to each other) would have to
+inherit directly from their great-grandfather: and
+thus, especially in cases where the property was held
+undivided after the father's death, we can easily see
+that second cousins (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> all who traced back to the
+common great-grandfather) might be looked upon as
+forming a natural limit to the immediate descendants
+in any one οἶκος, and as the furthest removed who
+could claim shares of the ancestral inheritance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the death of the great-grandfather or head
+of the house, his descendants would probably wish
+to divide up the estate and start new houses of their
+own. The eldest son was generally named after his
+father's father,<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href="#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a>
+and would carry on the name of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+eldest branch of his great-grandfather's house, and
+would be responsible for the proper maintenance of
+the rites on that ancestor's tomb. He would also
+be guardian of any brotherless woman or minor
+amongst his cousins, each of whom would be equally
+responsible to him and to each other for all the duties
+and privileges entailed upon blood-relationship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus seems naturally to spring up an inner
+group of blood-relations closely drawn together by
+ties which only indirectly reached other and outside
+members of the γένος.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The ἀγχιστεία at Athens.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the fourth century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span> this compact group
+limited to second cousins still survived at Athens,
+responsible to each other for succession, by inheritance
+or by marriage of a daughter; for vengeance
+and purification after injury received by any member,
+and for all duties shared by kindred blood.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This close relation was called ἀγχιστεία, and all
+its members were called ἀγχιστεῖς <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> any one upon
+whom the claim upon the next-of-kin might at any
+time fall.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The speech of Demosthenes against Makartatos
+affords considerable information as to the constitution
+of the family-group or οἶκος. The five sons of
+Bouselos,<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href="#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> we are told, on his death divided his substance
+amongst them, and each started a new οἶκος
+and begat children and children's children.<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href="#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> The
+action, which was the occasion of the speech, lay
+between the great-grandsons of two of these five
+founders of οἶκοι, Stratios and Hagnias, and had
+reference to the disposal of the estate of the grandson
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the latter, which had come into the hands of
+the great-grandson of Stratios.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One might have supposed that the descendants
+of Bouselos, with their common burial ground<a id="noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> and
+so forth, would have ranked as all in the same οἶκος
+under their title of Bouselidai. But it is clear from
+this speech of Demosthenes, that too many generations
+had already passed to admit of Bouselos being
+considered as still head of an unbroken οἶκος, and
+that his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great</span></em>-great-grandsons were subdivided into
+separate οἶκοι under the names of their respective
+great-grandfathers, Stratios, Hagnias, &amp;c. (οἵ εἰσιν
+ἐκ τοῦ Στρατίου οἴκου, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ Ἁγνίου οὐδεπώποτ᾽
+ἐγένοντο).<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href="#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession
+Outside The Direct Line Of Descent.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The right of succession limited to the great-grandchild of the
+common ancestor.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Gortyn law quoted above in the previous
+section goes on:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+v. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If (a man or woman die and) they have no children, the
+deceased's brothers and brother's children or </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">grandchildren</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> shall
+have the property. If there are none of these, the deceased's sisters,
+their children or </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">grandchildren</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. If there are none of these, to
+whom it descends of whatever grade they be, they shall inherit the
+property.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This clause takes the evidence one step further,
+and it is noticeable how the right of inheritance is
+determined by the great-grandchild of the common
+ancestor. In the direct line, a man's descendants
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+down to his great-grandchildren inherited his estate.
+In dealing with inheritance through a brother of the
+deceased the heirship terminates with the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">grandchild</span></em>
+of the brother, who would be great-grandchild of the
+nearest common ancestor with the previous owner of
+the estate. If there is no brother, the child of the
+cousin limits the next branch, as will be seen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The law according to Isaeus.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Isaeus<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href="#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> describes the working of the then-existing
+(c. 350 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>) law of inheritance at Athens as follows:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The law gives <span class="tei tei-q">“brothers' property”</span> (i.e. property
+without lineal succession) to
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+1. </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Brothers</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> by the same father, or brother's
+children, for these are related to the deceased
+in the nearest degree;
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+2. </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sisters</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> by the same father, or sister's children;
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+3. </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">First cousins</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> by the father's side as far as
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">cousin's children</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (δίδωσι τὴν ἀγχιστείαν
+ἀνεψιοῖς πρὸς πατρὸς μέχρι </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">ἀνεψιῶν παίδων</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">).
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Failing these, recourse is had back again into
+the family (εἰς τὸ γένος πάλιν ἐπανέρχεται) and
+the law makes those related through the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">mother</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">
+of the deceased, masters (κύριοι) of the family
+(and inheritance) in the same order as on the
+father's side from the beginning.
+</span></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That is to say, failing first cousins once removed, the
+inheritance goes back and begins again at the mother
+of the deceased, who however, being a woman, can only
+inherit on behalf of her issue, present or prospective.<a id="noteref_146" name="noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> If she has married again and has a son (half-brother
+to her deceased son) he would inherit. Failing her
+issue, her brother and so on to first cousin's children
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the deceased, through his mother, would have the
+inheritance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Failing these, the nearest kinsman to be found
+on the father's side, of whatsoever degree, is to
+inherit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The law according to Demosthenes.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The law as stated by Demosthenes<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href="#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> coincides with this:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If there are no sons, brothers by the same father (shall
+inherit): and their true born children, if there are any, shall have
+the share of their father: if there are no brothers or brother's
+children the issue of the latter in the same way shall partake:
+males and children of males shall have preference (over females) if
+they are born of the same (parents), even if they are further off by
+birth (γένει) [</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> are a generation lower down]. If there are none
+on the father's side as far as </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">cousin's children</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (μέχρι ἀνεψιῶν παίδων),
+the relations on the mother's side in the same way shall have
+possession (κυρίους εἶναι). But if there are none on either side
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">within these degrees</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, the nearest of kin on the father's side shall
+have possession.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whenever this law is quoted the limit of relationship
+laid down therein for the immediate ἀγχιστεία is
+always that of ἀνεψιῶν παῖδες, or sons of first cousins,
+who inherit from their first cousins once removed
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">oncle à la Brétagne</span></span>, or Welsh uncle as this relation
+has been called). Occasionally the patronymic form
+ἀνεψιαδοῖ is used, apparently with the same signification,
+though properly ἀνεψιαδοῖ would mean sons of
+two first cousins, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> second cousins.<a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href="#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">No ἀγχιστεία beyond great-grandsons.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It appears from the evidence reviewed hitherto,
+that any great-grandson could inherit from any
+grandson of a common ancestor, and the conclusion
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+also seems to be justified, that the group of great-grandsons
+were considered to divide up their right to
+inherit once for all, and that having done so, with
+respect to that inheritance they were considered to
+have begun a new succession. To put it differently,
+in case of the death of one of these second cousins,
+after the final division of their inheritance had taken
+place, the rest of the second cousins would have no
+right to a share in his portion; an heir would
+have to be found within his nearer relations. Thus,
+they share responsibilities towards any of their
+relations within the group and higher up in their
+families, and also stand shoulder to shoulder in sharing
+such burdens as pollution and so on, but are outside
+the immediate ἀγχιστεία with respect to each
+other's succession. The reason for this will perhaps
+be more apparent as the argument proceeds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That the grandson of a first cousin was outside
+the ἀγχιστεία is clear from the speech of Demosthenes
+already mentioned,<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a>
+where the plaintiff, who originally
+stands in that relationship to the deceased whose
+inheritance is in dispute, is adopted as son of
+his grandfather (first cousin of the deceased),
+in order to come within the legal definition of
+ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That the son of a second cousin was also without
+the pale is directly stated in several passages in
+Isaeus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The heir always ranked as </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">son</span></em><span style="font-size: 80%">.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It must be remembered that by <span class="tei tei-q">“inheritance”</span> is
+meant the assumption of all the duties incumbent on
+the ἀγχιστεύς, and that the man who <span class="tei tei-q">“inherited”</span> took
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+his place for the future as son of the deceased in the
+family pedigree, and reckoned his relationship to the
+rest of the γένος thenceforth from his new position, in
+the house into which he had come.<a id="noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Hence the limit of the inheritance at cousin's children.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now if it is true that to the great-grandson was
+the lowest in degree to which property could directly
+descend without entering a new οἶκος, and if that
+great-grandson was also looked upon as beginning with
+his acquired property a new portion of the continuous
+line of descent; any one, who <span class="tei tei-q">“inherited”</span> from him
+and ranked in the scale of relationship as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">HIS SON</span></span>,
+would necessarily fall outside the former group and
+would be considered as forming the nearest relative
+in the next succeeding group. This, it seems, is the
+meaning of the language of the law which limits the
+ἀγχιστεία to the children of first cousins who could
+inherit from their parent's first cousins, and still
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">retain their relationship as great-grandsons</span></em> of the
+same ancestor. Whereas any one taking the place of
+son to his second cousin would be one degree lower
+down in descent, and pass outside the limit of the
+four generations. The law makes the kinsmen therefore
+exhaust all possible relationships <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">within the
+group</span></em> by reverting to the mother's kindred with the
+same limitation before allowing the inheritance to
+pass outside or lower down.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Disinheritance must be sanctioned by kinsmen.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In confirmation of this view the following passage
+may be quoted from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plato's Laws</span></span>:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who in the sad disorder of his soul has a mind, justly or
+unjustly, to expel from his family a son whom he has begotten and
+brought up, shall not lightly or at once execute his purpose; but
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+first of all he shall collect together his own kinsmen, extending to
+(</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">first</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">) </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">cousins</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (μέχρι ἀνεψιῶν), and in
+like manner his son's kinsmen by the mother's side,</span><a id="noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+and in their presence he shall accuse his son,
+setting forth that he deserves at the hands of them all to be dismissed
+from the family (γένος).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href="#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before dishonouring one of the family and so
+bereaving it of a member owing duties which, by his
+disinheritance, may fall into abeyance or be neglected,
+the parent calls together all to whom his son might
+perhaps ultimately become the only living representative
+and heir, and who might at some future time
+be dependent on him for the performance of ancestral
+rites. That this was in Plato's mind when he wrote
+is shown by the next sentence, in which he provides
+for the possibility of some relation already having
+need of the young man and being desirous to adopt
+him as his son, in which case he shall by no means
+be prevented. The concurrence of all relations in
+such a position was therefore necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In other cases where Plato mentions similar
+gatherings of the kin but for different purposes, he
+extends the summons to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">cousin's children</span></em>. But here
+it can be seen they would have no place. They would
+be second cousins to the disgraced youth; they might
+have to share privilege or pollution with him, but
+had no claim on him for duties towards themselves.
+He would be <span class="tei tei-q">“cousin's son”</span> to his father's first
+cousins—the limit of such a claim in the ἀγχιστεία.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The case of the estate of Hagnias in Isaeus and
+Demosthenes.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the speech of Isaeus concerning the estate
+of Hagnias, a real second cousin is in possession of
+the estate. He won the case at the time and died in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+possession, and an action against his son Makartatos
+for the same property is the occasion of one of the
+speeches of Demosthenes. To fully understand the
+relationships referred to in these cases, the accompanying
+genealogical tree of the descendants of
+Bouselos may be of assistance. It will also serve as
+an example of how a kindred hung together, and how
+by intermarriage and adoption the name of the head
+of an οἶκος was carried on down a long line of male
+descendants.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+  </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 90%"><img src="images/bouselos.png" width="700" height="364" alt="Illustration: Family tree of Bouselos." /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Theopompos, in the speech of Isaeus, had taken
+possession of the estate of his second cousin Hagnias,
+as his next of kin and heir. Throughout the speech
+he is styled ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς so as to bring him
+within the phraseology of the law, and he successfully
+defends himself from the claims of the next
+generation below—viz., his brother's son. But in the
+speech of Demosthenes against his son Makartatos,
+who had taken possession at his father's death of the
+disputed property, it is represented that his father
+had got possession only by defeating another
+claimant, Phylomache II., by <span class="tei tei-q">“surprise,”</span> as it was
+called, by stating that her grandmother through
+whom she traced her claim was only half-sister to
+Hagnias' father. But Phylomache's husband, having
+caused their son Euboulides III. to be adopted as the
+son of Euboulides II.—his wife's father and Hagnias'
+first cousin, a quite regular course for the grandson
+inheriting through his heiress mother—proved that
+his wife's grandmother was whole sister to Hagnias
+father, and brought the action under the guidance of
+Demosthenes against Makartatos. This Euboulides
+III. sued as true ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς and οἰκεῖος ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Hagnias.<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href="#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a>
+He is described as having <span class="tei tei-q">“one of the
+titles mentioned in the law <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">as far as which</span></em> the law
+bids the ἀγχιστεία go, for he is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">cousin's son</span></em> to
+Hagnias.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the other hand, Theopompos, father of Makartatos
+and second cousin of Hagnias, is
+mentioned<a id="noteref_154" name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a>
+as <span class="tei tei-q">“being of a different οἶκος altogether,”</span> and
+not at all related in such a way as to be heir of
+Hagnias (μηδὲν προσηκόντων ὤστε κληρονομεῖν τῶν
+Ἁγνίου, ἀλλὰ γένει <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ἀπωτέρω</span></em> ὄντων), being too far off
+in the family (or by birth).
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That the title of Theopompos (viz., second cousinship)
+was not valid, may be inferred partly by the
+ruses he adopted to get possession, but more especially
+by the fact<a id="noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> that none of the other second cousins on
+a par with him, and with whom he ought to have
+shared, seem to have believed in the validity of
+their titles, or at any rate taken the trouble to sue for
+part of the estate.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+However this may be, there does not seem anything
+in these speeches other than confirmatory of
+the view stated above of the composition and
+limitation of the ἀγχιστεία.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc16" id="toc16"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. Division Amongst Heirs.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Equal division amongst heirs of the same grade.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Succession to the inheritance of an estate was
+ordained by law in strict accordance with the ancient
+conception of the unity of the family. On the death
+of the head of a family, unless the paternal οἶκος was
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+voluntarily continued unbroken by his descendants,
+the natural course was for each son ultimately to live
+apart and found a separate οἶκος consisting of himself
+and his offspring. Equal division amongst heirs was
+therefore the rule in Greece; equal division, that is to
+say, between all of equal grade.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The share of a dead son taken by his children.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Gortyn Laws have already been referred to
+as enforcing the principle.<a id="noteref_156" name="noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> If a man died, his heirs
+were either his sons, or his grandsons, or his greatgrandsons.
+If he had no children, his brothers, and
+their children, or their grandchildren succeeded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Athenian law was conceived in the same
+spirit, but mentions a further point—viz., that in the
+division amongst sons, the οἶκος of any one of their
+number who had died before the division, could be
+represented by his sons or grandsons, who thus
+received their father's share.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This system of representation probably existed
+also among the Gortynians, though no mention of it
+is made in their laws, for it is inconceivable that any
+of the grandsons could be deprived of all share in
+their grandfather's estate by the mere death of the
+intermediate generation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But the division <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per stirpes</span></span> was not maintained
+throughout. It is probable from the words of the
+Attic orators that equal division amongst all of the
+same grade, such as nephews or cousins, took place
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per capita</span></span>, any deceased member of that grade being
+represented by his sons. Representation, of course,
+could not take place in the case of a division amongst
+cousins' sons, owing to the strict limitation of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+ἀγχιστεία to four generations from the common ancestor;
+any deceased relation in that degree therefore
+simply dropped out of the succession.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">If sons all dead, grandsons probably divided
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">per capita</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It has generally been assumed that grandsons
+inheriting directly from their grandfather, all the
+intermediate generation being already dead, inherited
+none the less the shares of their respective fathers
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per stirpes</span></span>. But if the foregoing account of the
+unity of the οἶκος and its resemblance in its composition
+to the household of the Welsh tribal system be
+correct, it seems more reasonable to suppose that, all
+the intermediate generation being dead, the grandsons,
+in virtue of being all equally related to their
+grandfather, would inherit in equal shares <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per capita</span></span>.
+Any dead grandson would of course be represented,
+as before, by his son or sons.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">as in the case of nephews and cousins.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The evidence is not sufficient to justify more than
+a suggestion on either side with regard to divisions
+amongst lineal descendants. With regard to successions
+by relations outside of the direct line of
+descent, such as nephews or cousins, it is almost
+certain that all of the same degree took equal shares
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per capita</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Following the law for daughters, quoted by
+Demosthenes<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href="#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a>—viz., that though all shared the
+inheritance of the property, only one need be dealt with
+in view of securing the succession—the assumption can
+be made that, when there were several heirs related
+in the same degree to the former owner of the estate,
+one of their number would be set apart to continue
+the household of their kinsman as his son, whilst the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+others merely took their shares of the property
+divided to continue their own οἶκοι respectively.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The equal division of inheritance amongst kinsmen
+of equal degree <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per capita</span></span>, in combination with the
+system of representation above described, is entirely
+consistent with the tribal conception of the household
+as hanging closely together, its members always
+looking up to their venerable head, in whom the
+ownership of the property vested, until by the death
+of older generations and the consequent subdivision,
+each in his turn became head of an οἶκος and owner of
+its share in the ancestral property.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Purity of tribal blood jealously guarded.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It has been remarked above with what jealousy
+the purity of the blood of the community was
+guarded. No child was admitted into the kindred of
+its father until all concerned were fully convinced of
+the blamelessness of its pedigree. In such circumstances
+it was no easy matter to acquire the privileges
+attached to the possession of tribal or citizen
+blood. It seems to have been considered that however
+great otherwise the claims of a stranger might
+be, time alone could really render the qualifications
+of his family complete.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">In Wales, privileges attained in the fourth
+generation by intermarriages.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Under the ancient Laws of Wales no stranger's
+family could acquire the full privileges of a Welsh
+tribesman or Cymro, as regards location on land,
+until after many generations. But if they married
+Welshwomen, and held land from generation to generation,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">greatgrandsons</span></em> became fully privileged
+tribesmen.<a id="noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a>
+Similarly if a stranger voluntarily
+assumed the position of serf to a Welshman, and his
+descendants did not choose to depart, but remained in
+that position to the descendants of the Welshman,
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">greatgrandsons</span></em> of the Welshman became proprietors
+of the greatgrandsons of the stranger.<a id="noteref_159" name="noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Otherwise not until the tenth generation.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But for the stranger who merely resided in Wales
+and did not marry into any Welsh tribe the period
+of probation was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">three times as long</span></em>—viz., the greatgrandson
+of the greatgrandson of his greatgrandson
+was the first to attain to full tribal privilege—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Strangers and their progeny are adjudged to be aillts; also a
+reputed son who shall be denied and his progeny, and evildoers
+of federate country and their progeny, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">unto the end of the ninth
+descent</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the tenth man would no longer be reckoned an
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">aillt</span></span> but a free Cymro.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The issue of a stranger obtains the privilege of
+a tribesman <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in the fourth person</span></em> by legitimate
+marriages.<a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a>
+But the aillt or stranger, who dwells
+in Cymru, does not attain until the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">end of the ninth
+descent</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So too inversely:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The title to inherit by kin and descent in the
+tribal land and rights of his ancestors does not become
+extinct <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">till the ninth man</span></em>. The ninth man in descent
+from a banished tribesman coming home and finding
+his title as representative of his family seemingly
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+extinguished, is to raise an outcry that from a
+proprietor he is becoming a nonproprietor, and the
+law will shelter him and adjudge him an equal
+share with the occupants he finds on the land.
+This is called the <span class="tei tei-q">“outcry across the abyss.”</span> The
+tenth man's outcry cannot be heard. <span class="tei tei-q">“Others say”</span>
+that the ninth man is too late to raise the
+cry.<a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is exactly parallel to the case of the stranger
+resident in Cymru. For <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nine</span></em> generations he is a
+stranger, and in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the tenth</span></em> a Cymro. Here for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nine</span></em>
+generations is the Cymro abroad a tribesman, and
+in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the tenth</span></em> he is a stranger.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The same rule amongst the Israelites.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From a passage in Deuteronomy it would appear
+that the qualifications for admission as a full tribesman
+amongst the Israelites were identical with those
+just mentioned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Israelites had purified themselves of the ancestor
+worship, that so long survived in Greece, and
+had, if one may say so, amalgamated all their minor
+deities and tribal superstitions in their one great monotheistic
+religion. Even then their tribal minds could
+not carry back their theology behind the known history
+of their own ancestors. Their God was the God of
+Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and was in their conception
+the greatest of Gods—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, greater than the
+Gods of other peoples, the existence of which their
+own beliefs did not preclude. Thus where in Attic
+writers we have mention of the religious rites of the
+family (which a stranger or polluted man might not
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+approach), and of the partaking therein as proof of
+the whole admission and pure blood of those present,
+so in Deuteronomy the expression <span class="tei tei-q">“the Congregation
+of the Lord,”</span> is used to denote that sacred
+precinct, forbidden to all save pure tribesmen of Israel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It may be inferred from the following passage
+that if a stranger resided in Israel, and his family
+continued to do so for nine generations, the tenth
+generation would in any ordinary case be admitted
+to the Congregation of the Lord as full Israelites.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Deut. xxiii. 2 and 3. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">A bastard, or an Ammonite, or Moabite
+shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">even to their tenth
+generation</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, for ever.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Shorter time in special cases.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In special cases (exactly as was the rule in
+Wales)—such as the Edomite who was partly akin
+already, and the Egyptian who was united to the
+Israelites by the mysterious bonds of hospitality—a
+shorter sojourn in the land was held to qualify for full
+tribal privilege.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Deut. xxiii. 7 and 8. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite, for
+he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, because thou
+wast a stranger in his land. The </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">children</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> that are begotten of
+them shall enter into the congregation of the Lord </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">in their third
+generation</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The third generation of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">children</span></em> would be the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">greatgrandchildren</span></em> of the original settler, and this
+is just one third of the length of time implied as
+required from the ordinary stranger, who only
+attained the tribal privilege in the third succession
+of greatgrandchildren.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is worth notice in this connection that the land
+of Canaan was divided up in the names of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">greatgrandchildren</span></em>
+of Abraham, to whom the promise was
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+made; Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph,
+taking their place amongst the others by adoption as
+sons by their grandfather Jacob, on an equality with
+his other sons.<a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href="#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The privilege of citizenship jealously guarded at
+Athens.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These rules are not to be found with the same
+distinctness surviving at Athens, but there is a good
+deal of evidence showing how jealously the introduction
+of strangers to citizenship—which retained much
+that made it the later equivalent of the tribal bond—was
+regarded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Strangers made citizens (formally, ceremoniously,
+and by public vote) by the Athenian people cannot
+hold office as archon or partake of a holy office
+(ἱεροσύνη); but their <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">children can</span></em>, if they are born
+from a citizen wife duly and lawfully betrothed.<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href="#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a>
+That is to say, that the Athenians considered it necessary
+that there should be actually citizen blood in
+the veins of all who held office amongst them.<a id="noteref_165" name="noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Abhorrence of alien blood.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The abhorrence in which the introduction of alien
+blood was held is illustrated by the Athenian law
+concerning marriage with aliens, quoted by Demosthenes
+in his speech against Neaera.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Law</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">: </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If an alien shall live as husband with an Athenian
+woman by any device or contrivance whatever, it shall be lawful
+for any of the Athenians who are possessed of such right, to indict
+him before the judges. And if he is convicted, he shall be sold for
+a slave and his property confiscated, and the third part shall belong
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+to the person who has convicted him. And the like proceedings
+shall be taken if an alien woman live as wife with an Athenian
+citizen, and the citizen who lives as husband with an alien woman
+so convicted shall incur the penalty of 1,000 drachmæ.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Citizenship only conferred as the highest honour.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Citizenship was considered the highest of privileges,
+and was conferred only on persons worthy of
+great honour. Any citizen could bring an action
+against the newly-admitted stranger to test his real
+merits, and even after formal acceptance by the
+people of Athens, if he failed to justify his claims at
+such a trial, his new honours were stripped from him
+and he remained an alien. This being so, it cannot
+be expected in the comparison that he should rank
+with the ordinary resident in Cymru in the Welsh
+Laws, but rather as the chieftain whom the
+people wished to honour by admission to their
+tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is stated in the Welsh Laws that the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">son</span></em> of a
+stranger chief, to whom honour was to be given,
+entered the whole privilege of the tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Qualification dependent on ancestry and
+status of family.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to Aristotle,<a id="noteref_166" name="noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a>
+candidates for archonship at Athens were asked their father's name and his
+deme, their grandfather's name and his deme, their
+mother's and her father's name and his
+deme;<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href="#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a>
+whether the candidate had an Apollo Patroïos and
+Zeus Herkeios, and where these shrines were:
+also if he treated his parents well and paid his
+taxes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In order to be perfectly sure that the candidate
+was of full and pure blood, they investigated the condition
+of both his grandparents, and, as further proof,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+assured themselves that he had a house and property
+of his own, and that too inherited from his ancestors.
+Furthermore, he must be guilty of no impiety towards
+his parents or the State.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If it were the case at Athens that the fourth
+generation from a stranger was considered as having
+attained to the rights of a citizen, it mattered little
+what a man's <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">greatgrand</span></em>father was. He might have
+been an alien, yet if the intermediate ancestors were
+<span class="tei tei-q">“in order,”</span> the candidate would have acquired the full
+blood.<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href="#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Fourth generation acquired new privilege or status.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oedipus Tyrannus</span></span>,<a id="noteref_169" name="noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> Sophocles apparently
+uses the expression <span class="tei tei-q">“slave from the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">third</span></em> mother”</span> as
+implying that three descents were considered to confirm
+the position of the fourth generation as slave or
+citizen, or whatever the case might be. Oedipus
+assures Jokasta that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></em> pedigree and status will
+remain unimpugned, even though the enquiry he is
+prosecuting establish him thrice-born a slave from
+slave mother, slave grandmother, and slave greatgrandmother.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In elections for sacred offices, which appear to
+have been about the last things laid open to the new
+citizen, the possession of three generations of privileged
+ancestors was in some places insisted on.
+There is an inscription to this effect belonging to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Halikarnassos;<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href="#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a>
+and some similar rule seems to have
+held good among the Jews.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">These sought their register among those that were reckoned by
+genealogy, but it was not found; therefore were they, as polluted,
+put from the priesthood (</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">ἠγχιστεύθησαν</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> ἀπὸ τῆς
+ἱερατείας).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href="#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The book of Nehemiah closes with the triumphant
+verse: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thus I cleansed them from all strangers.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Seventh generation in the Ordinances of Manu.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rule in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span> for the
+recovery of Brahman caste is just halfway between
+the tenth and the fourth generations—namely, the
+seventh, or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">greatgrandson of the greatgrandson</span></em> of
+the first halfcaste. This is only the case when each
+generation marries a Brahman wife.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If (the caste) produced from a Brahman by a Çudra woman
+keeps reproducing itself by nobler (marriage) this ignoble attains
+a noble family </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">at the seventh union</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(Yuga).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+If (1) the halfcaste marries a Brahman woman and</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(2) his son do.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(3) his grandson do.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(4) his </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">greatgrandson</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> do.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(5) </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">his</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> son do.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(6) his grandson do.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+(7) his </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">greatgrandson</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> do.—at last his family is
+restored to their lost high caste.
+</span></div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc18" id="toc18"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">All within the ἀγχιστεία were liable.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ἀγχιστεία, limited to relations within the
+same degrees as for other purposes, seems to be the
+unit in the case of pollution of the kindred by the
+death—violent or natural—of one of their number.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whosoever</span><a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href="#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+being related to the deceased on the male or
+female side of those </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">within the cousinship</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος), shall
+not prosecute the murderer when he ought and proclaim him outlaw,
+he shall take </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">upon himself</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> the pollution and the hatred of the
+gods ... and he shall be in the power of any who is willing to
+avenge the dead....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul
+which did the deed has given life for life and has propitiated and
+laid to sleep the wrath of the whole family</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> (ξυγγένεια).</span><a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href="#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If a brother wound a brother (ὁμόγονος) the parents (γεννῆται)
+and the kinsmen (συγγενεῖς) to </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">cousins' children</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> on male and female
+side shall meet and judge the case.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_176" name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ransom was forbidden; citizen was bound to
+citizen with ties that had inherited too much of the
+tribal sanctity to admit of any extenuation of the
+extreme penalty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was no doubt a wise policy on the part of the
+legislators, with the view to the preservation of respect
+for life and property, to make the responsibility for
+murder rest as widely as possible, and include as
+many relations and connections on both sides as might
+be. In order also that the wife, in case her husband
+was killed, and the daughter, in case her father was
+killed, might be fully protected and represented
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+among the prosecuting kindred, the law of Draco
+seems to lay the necessity for action also on the
+father-in-law and the son-in-law. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">phratria</span></span>, being
+such a compact organisation and exacting such
+formal admission of its members, would naturally be
+concerned to see that justice was dealt to any of its
+number. Though we cannot include the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">phratores</span></span>
+amongst those directly responsible equally with the
+near kinsmen for crimes committed by one of their
+number, they would always have to take a certain
+part in whatever was necessary to bring him to justice,
+besides being generally concerned in all matters
+relating to kinship, which affected any member of
+their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">phratria</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The Law of Draco.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Proclamation shall be made against the murderer
+in the agora within [? his] cousinship and (the
+degree) of a first cousin, and prosecution shall be
+made jointly by cousins and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">cousins' children and
+descendants of cousins</span></em>, and sons-in-law and fathers-in-law
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">phratores</span></span>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That Demosthenes here quotes a genuine law of
+Draco is proved by an inscription found at Athens
+belonging to the year 409 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>, recording this sentence
+as part of the law of Draco about murder.<a id="noteref_177" name="noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In another place Demosthenes thus refers to the
+action of this law:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The law commands the relations to go forth and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+prosecute as far as descendants of cousins; and in the
+oath it is defined what the relationship actually
+is, etc.”</span><a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href="#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The use of ἀνεψιαδοῖ in addition to ἀνεψιῶν παῖδες
+in Draco's law above is emphatic as implying that
+as regards pollution the group of relations to
+second cousins were treated <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en masse</span></span> as under
+the stain; they had not yet, so to speak, reached
+the point where they could divide up their responsibility.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The case of murder within the ἀγχιστεία.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If the murder was committed within the narrow
+limits of the ἀγχιστεία itself, the double pollution of
+the bloodspilling and the blood spilled rested upon the
+whole group with overwhelming force.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plato<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href="#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a>
+treats of such a calamity and prescribes
+the remedy. If a man slay his wife, or she her
+husband, his children are orphans; their debt
+of maintenance to their parent is cancelled; he
+must flee; they possess his goods. If he is childless,
+his relations shall meet <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">to the children of his
+cousins</span></em> on the male and female side (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> all his possible
+heirs) and shall elect not one of themselves,
+but a younger son of some other and pious family to
+bring in new blood with better fortune to counteract
+the curse, as heir to the house (κληρονόμος εἰς τὸν οἶκον),
+introducing him to the father of the banished (or
+deceased) man and to those further back in the family
+(τοῖς ἄνω τοῦ γένους), calling him their <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">son</span></em>, the continuer
+of their family (γεννήτωρ), their hearth-keeper
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+(ἑστιοῦχος), and minister of their sacred rites....
+But the guilty man they shall <span class="tei tei-q">“let lie,”</span> nameless,
+childless, portionless for ever.<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href="#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The blood-fine or galanas in Wales.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the ancient Laws of Wales the blood-fine takes
+a very important position. But whereas all the
+relations of the murderer are liable to be called upon
+to pay the <span class="tei tei-q">“Spearpenny,”</span> as it is called, only the
+inner kindred within fixed degrees contribute proportionally
+to the payment of the price. The group
+upon which this responsibility falls is twice as large
+in the Welsh Laws as at Athens, and includes <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fifth</span></em>
+cousins, or the greatgrandchildren of greatgrandchildren
+of a common ancestor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Dimetian Code describes the relations who
+pay galanas as follows.<a id="noteref_181" name="noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> Those beyond only pay
+<span class="tei tei-q">“spearpenny.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Father and mother.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Grandfather.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Greatgrandfather.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Brother and sister.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">First cousins.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Second cousins.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Third cousins.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Fourth cousins.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Fifth cousins.</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to the Gwentian Code, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fifth</span></em> cousins
+share. <span class="tei tei-q">“There is no proper share, no proper name in
+kin further than that.”</span><a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href="#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Venedotian Code states that galanas is paid by
+the kindred: two parts by the relations of the father,
+one part by the relations of the mother, to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sixth
+cousins</span></em>. All kindred after sixth cousins pay
+spearpenny.<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href="#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sixth cousin is also called <span class="tei tei-q">“kinsman son of a
+fifth cousin, and then <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the father (i.e. the fifth cousin)
+pays it</span></em>, because his relationship can be fixed, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">but the
+relationship of his son to the murderer cannot</span></em>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Defilement rested upon the group of kinsmen.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The defilement of carrying out a corpse and
+assisting at a funeral also covered the same area of
+relationship at Athens—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the ἀγχιστεία. The house
+of the dead man was only to be entered by those
+naturally polluted.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">After the funeral no woman to enter the house save only
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">those defiled</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">; to wit—mother, wife, sisters, and daughters;
+beside these not more than five women and two girls, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">daughters of
+first cousins</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">: beyond these,
+none.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_184" name="noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Demosthenes quotes the law of Solon to the effect
+that—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">No woman under sixty years old to enter the house or follow
+the corpse except those within ἀνεψιαδοῖ (πλὴν ὅσαι ἐντὸς ἀνεψιαδῶν
+εἰσιν): no woman </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">at all</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> may enter the house after the carrying
+out of the corpse except </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">those within</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">
+ἀνεψιαδοῖ.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_185" name="noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All those near of kin assist in the funeral.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The payment of the blood-fine by the whole
+family of the murderer was considered necessary to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+allay the vengeance and anger of the family of the
+murdered man within the same area of relationship.
+In Wales the members of the family who received
+the galanas, did so in proportion to the importance
+of their position in the transmission of the kindred
+blood, according to a classification identical with
+their proximity in relationship to the dead man,
+and their expectation of inheritance from him or succession
+to his place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The mother's relations included in Greece
+and in Wales.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The inclusion of the mother's relatives and their
+liability in these circumstances, in addition to the
+paternal relations, follow naturally enough in Wales
+as in Greece when once the transmission of inheritance
+through a woman, in default of male heirs, had
+become a recognised possibility. A woman's sons
+might always be called upon under certain circumstances
+to take inheritance from <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></em> father or next of
+kin. They therefore quite fairly shared in the claims
+as well as the privileges of their position. And <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice
+versa</span></span>, in exchange for the priceless guarantee of continuity
+provided by a woman's offspring to her relations,
+they too would be prepared to undergo a part
+of the penalties incurred by any of those who might
+rank some day as their next of kin, or as their
+sons.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This view of the source of their recognition as
+members of the kindred responsible for the blood-fine
+in Wales is confirmed by a statement in the Venedotian
+Code.<a id="noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a>
+Those women and clerks who can
+swear that they will never have children, and so
+are useless for the preservation of continuity in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+families to which they belong, are specially exempted
+from contribution to the galanas, inasmuch as they
+have forsworn the privilege of attaining through posterity
+a share in the immortality on earth of their
+kindred.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a>
+<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV. The Relation Of The Family To The Land.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Γαῖαν παμμήτειραν ἀείσομαι, ἠυθέμεθλον,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">πρεσβίστην, ἣ φέρβει ἐπὶ χθονὶ πάνθ᾽, ὁπός᾽ ἐστὶν, ...</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ἐκ σέο δ᾽ εὔπαιδές τε καὶ εὔκαρποι τελέθουσι,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">πότνια, σεῦ δ᾽ ἔχεται δοῦναι βίον ἠδ᾽ ἀφελέσθαι</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποισιν.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Homeric Hymn.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The Κλῆρος And Its Form.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In trying to realise the methods of land tenure
+amongst the Greeks, we are baffled by the indirectness
+of the evidence available.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The usual holding of a citizen was called
+a κλῆρος or </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">lot.</span><span style="font-size: 80%">”</span></span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We know that the estate which descended from
+father to son, and was in theory inalienable from the
+family of its original possessors, was called a κλῆρος
+or <span class="tei tei-q">“lot,”</span> but the familiarity with which the poets,
+historians, and orators use the word does not afford
+information as to what the κλῆρος really was and how
+it was made use of in practice. The law concerning
+these family holdings, says Aristotle,<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href="#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> and concerning
+their possible transmission through daughters was
+not written. It was a typical example of customary
+law. This statement gives a hint as to the usual
+treatment of questions arising under this head.
+Methods of land tenure were not of rapid growth, nor
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+were they easily changed; they had their source with
+the slow devotion to agriculture of pastoral tribes,
+and were dependent on a class unaffected by the
+growth of education and the arts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The relation of ownership of land to the structure of
+the family.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The intricate connection of the system of land
+tenure with the composition of the family removed
+the consideration of questions of ownership from the
+sphere of written law, and delegated them to the most
+conservative department of customary procedure,
+ranking them on a par with questions of family
+religious observances.<a id="noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> The deposit of some ancestor's
+bones in a certain field was occasionally a valuable
+link in the title to possession of that piece of land as
+private property;<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href="#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> and the possession of land at all
+was in part a guarantee of the pure native blood in
+the veins of the possessor.<a id="noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> It is a striking illustration
+of the truth of this that, throughout all the extant
+speeches of Isaeus dealing with the disposal of κλῆροι
+of dead citizens, not a single case turns upon evidence
+for or against a sale or transfer of property. The
+speeches all deal exclusively with family matters;
+the line of argument always leads to the proof of near
+kinship by blood or adoption to the previous owner;
+and the right of possession of the inheritance seems
+taken for granted as following incontrovertibly the
+establishment of the required relationship.<a id="noteref_191" name="noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It seems to me that all those who contend for the right of
+succession to estates, when like us they have shown themselves to
+be both nearest in blood to the person deceased, and most connected
+with him in friendship (φιλίᾳ), are dispensed from adding
+a superfluity of other arguments.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href="#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Early semi-pastoral habits.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the early settlements, as Thucydides tells us,
+necessity was the ruling motive. Each man devoted
+his attention to providing the necessaries of life.
+There was superfluity neither of chattels nor of tilth.
+Men hesitate to sow when the harvest is to be reaped
+by their enemies.<a id="noteref_193" name="noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a>
+The flocks and herds of the
+pastoral tribes could be driven for safety into the
+mountain strongholds; yet even they were liable to
+frequent losses. On one occasion Odysseus had to
+go to Messene <span class="tei tei-q">“to recover a debt; which, to wit, the
+whole people owed him (πᾶς δῆμος): for the Messenians
+had lifted 300 sheep with their shepherds
+from Ithaka.”</span><a id="noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a>
+As the newcomers increased in numbers
+and gained a reputation for ability to defend
+their own, sufficient to discourage the attacks of their
+neighbours, they would have leisure to devote some
+of their energies to the cultivation of the plains
+around them. Troy was founded first up in the
+hills,<a id="noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a>
+and afterwards was moved down to a good position on
+the lower ground for the sake no doubt of the better
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+pasture in the river meadows, and of the agriculture
+which had long been carried on over the <span class="tei tei-q">“wheat-bearing
+plain”</span> around the city,<a id="noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> before the ravages of
+the ten years' war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is not proposed to enter in detail into the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">methods</span></em> of cultivation of the soil in vogue at various
+times in Greece; but inasmuch as whilst studying
+the kernel, assistance may often be obtained from
+knowledge of the shell, mention may be made in
+passing of such few points of interest in the physical
+features of agriculture as may be available.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Modern methods of land-tenure in Greece
+and the islands.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Consular Reports on Land Tenure in Europe
+made in 1869, descriptions are given of the existing
+methods of tenure and cultivation in Greece and the
+Islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Greece the usual holding of a small proprietor
+is said to be of fifteen to twenty-five acres (or sometimes
+double that area), and is called a
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">zeugarion</span></span>.<a id="noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a>
+Many have only a couple of acres.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The greatest inconvenience and frequent lawsuits arise from
+the manner in which these properties intersect each other. Moreover
+none of the usual precautions are adopted to mark the limits
+of the different properties, which, in the absence of any reliable
+land survey, are often very vaguely described in the title
+deeds.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_198" name="noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In cases of intestacy real property is divided
+equally among the children or nearest relatives.
+When there is a will the testator can only reserve for
+his disposal a share of the estate equivalent to that
+which, after an equal division, descends by right to
+each of the direct heirs.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Family-holdings in Santa Maura.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Professor Ansted, in his book on the Ionian
+Islands in the year 1863, thus describes the management
+of an estate on the Island of Santa Maura:—<a id="noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">According to Ionian law, all the members of a family share
+equally in the family property after the death of the father; but
+it does not follow as a matter of course that the property is divided.
+It is much more usual that the brothers and sisters, if young,
+continue to live together till they either marry or undertake some
+employment or business at a distance. If a sister marries, she is
+dowered with a sum equivalent to her share. If a brother however
+earns a separate income, from whatever source, whether he be
+married or remain single, and whether he live in the same or a
+different house, or even remove to another town or island, he pays
+in all his income to a joint fund, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">the foundation of which is the
+income obtained from the paternal estate</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">. Those who do nothing
+else manage the estate. One brother, perhaps, remains in the
+village as cultivator, another lives in the town acting as factor, or
+merchant to the estate, receiving and selling the produce and
+managing the proceeds, whatever the case may be; and in addition
+selling, exporting, and otherwise conducting a general business in
+the same department. A third may perhaps receive and sell the
+goods in a foreign country. A fourth may be a member of the
+legislature, and a fifth a judge. Some marry and have families,
+others remain single: but the incomes of all are united, each
+draws out a reasonable share, according to his needs, and a very
+close account is kept of all transactions. If one brother dies, his
+children come into the partnership; and as time goes on, these
+again will grow up and marry, the daughters receiving a proportional
+and often large dower out of the joint fund, entirely without
+reference to the special property of their parents. This may go on
+indefinitely: but as family quarrels will arise, </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">there are always
+means of terminating the arrangement</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, and closing accounts, either
+entirely as regards all, or partially as with reference to a </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">mauvais
+sujet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, or troublesome member of the partnership.... This curious
+patriarchal system, though obtaining more perfectly and frequently
+in Santa Maura than in the other islands, exists in Cephalonia and
+is said to be not quite unknown in Zante, where the state of
+society approximates far more to that common in the western
+countries of Europe. Santa Maura, being the most isolated of
+all the islands and that which retains all ancient customs most
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+tenaciously, is naturally that in which this sort of communism can
+exist with smallest risk of interference.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to the Consular Reports, the relations
+between landlord and tenant are governed more by
+local usage than by law, and the landlord generally
+takes on an average about 15 per cent. of the produce
+in kind on the threshing-floor, as rent, in cases where
+he does not supply more than the bare use of the
+land.<a id="noteref_200" name="noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The open field system in Greece,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is little manuring; the light plough barely
+turns the surface of the land. Land is usually allowed
+to lie fallow every other year, sometimes two years
+out of three. Sheep and goats are the chief stock;
+they of course graze in summer on the mountains;
+villages sometimes own forests and waste lands in
+common.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and in the islands.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the islands of the Archipelago,<a id="noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> the holdings are
+frequently divided into separate plots consisting of a
+quarter or half acre apiece or even less, intersected by
+those belonging to other parties. Cattle are pastured
+on the fallow, roadsides, &amp;c., near the village.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Cephalonia,<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href="#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a>
+holdings consist of from five to
+twenty-five acres, seldom in a continuous piece, but
+<span class="tei tei-q">“cut up into patches and intersected by other properties.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Corfu,<a id="noteref_203" name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a>
+the holdings are similar—infinitesimally
+small and intermixed pieces of land, especially in the
+olive groves, where however there are no divisions
+on the land and the <span class="tei tei-q">“oldest inhabitant”</span> has to be
+asked for evidence of ownership in disputed cases.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Throughout the Greek nation, the peasants live in
+their houses in villages and not on separate estates.
+They help one another to avoid the expense of hired
+labour, and themselves work for hire on the estates
+of the large proprietors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The open field system in Homer.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Professor Ridgeway has drawn attention to the
+knowledge of this open field system in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>;<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href="#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a>
+and indeed the division of the land tilled
+by occupants of villages into small pieces or strips, in
+such a way that the holding of each consists of a
+number of isolated pieces lying promiscuously
+amongst the strips of others, over the whole area
+under plough, is a world-wide custom and is the habit
+alike of the east as of the west.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Though the assertion cannot yet be made that
+the κλῆρος was thus arranged on the soil, it can do
+no harm at any rate to bear in mind this ancient and
+still used method of dividing land, whilst considering
+the question of the relation of the ownership of the
+soil to the rank and status of the tribesman.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc22" id="toc22"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. The Relation Of The Κλῆρος To The Οἶκος.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Ownership of the κλῆρος vested in the head of the οἶκος.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The connection of the possession of land with the
+headship of the family finds its counterpart in the
+right of maintenance of those who had the true blood
+of that family. And in those countries where the
+sons remained until their father's death under his
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">patria potestas</span></span> they had to look to him for maintenance
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+derived from the κλῆρος which descended to
+him as the means of sustenance for himself and his
+family. Where the head of the family alone was
+responsible for the rites to the dead at the family
+altars, the position of a son would always be incomplete
+if he tried to establish during his father's lifetime
+a hearth and household of his own. And it has
+been already mentioned that it was necessary to
+emancipate a son from the family of his own father,
+before he could take property, passing on the death
+of his mother's relations to her issue, and assume his
+rightful position as their representative and the living
+head of their household.<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href="#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to Harpocration, the initiation into the
+mysteries of the hearth only took place on the actual
+assumption of the inheritance.<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href="#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Dependence of other members of the οἶκος.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Occasionally a father feeling the weight of years
+would be glad to pass on to his son during his lifetime
+some of his burden of responsibility by making
+him master of his estate (κύριος τῆς οὐσίας).<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href="#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> In
+this case, the son would be responsible for the
+maintenance of his parent, a duty much insisted on
+by Plato and Isaeus. In fact the conclusion is justified
+that the family, until final subdivision into
+separate οἶκοι, drew its supplies from the common
+inheritance, and that the subdivision of the means of
+subsistence was contemporaneous and co-extensive
+with the differentiation of the various branches of the
+original οἶκος along the lines of the rising generations.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same may be inferred from the words of
+Demosthenes describing the division of the property
+of Bouselos amongst his sons and the foundation of
+their several οἶκοι.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And all these sons of Bouselos became men, and their father
+divided his substance amongst them all, with perfect justice. And
+they having shared the substance, each of them married a wife
+according to your laws, and there were born children to them all,
+and children's children, and there grew up five οἶκοι from the one
+οἶκος of Bouselos, and each dwelt apart, having his own house and
+his own offspring.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the meanwhile, before division, all sons had
+equal right to participate in the family goods after the
+father's death, and dowries had to be paid therefrom
+to the daughters. The eldest brother was guardian
+(κύριος) of his sisters and those of his brothers who
+were minors, inasmuch as he succeeded to his father's
+position of head of his kindred at the altars of their
+ancestors. But in Greece at any rate his authority
+over his brothers when once a division had taken
+place seems to have been slight if it existed at all.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The prerogative of the eldest brother,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Amongst the Gods, the three brothers Zeus,
+Poseidon, and Hades, sons of Rhea, shared their
+inheritance from their father Kronos. They divided
+everything in three, shaking lots thereover (παλλομένων).
+Each took equal share of honour (ἔμμορε τιμῆς),
+but earth and Olympos were common (ξυνή) to
+all.<a id="noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a>
+But Zeus was the first-born and <span class="tei tei-q">“knew more things”</span>—Ἀλλὰ
+Ζεὺς πρότερος γεγόνει καὶ πμείονα ᾒδη<a id="noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a>—and
+Poseidon therefore avoided open strife with him, however
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unwillingly. Though Zeus be the stronger,
+grumbles the Sea-god, let him keep to his third share
+and not interfere with his brothers' pleasure on their
+common ground, the earth. Let him threaten his sons
+and daughters who needs <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">must</span></em> listen to him (ἀκούσονται
+καὶ ἀνάγκῃ). Yet because the Erinnyes ever take the
+side of the eldest born—ὡς πρεσβυτέροισιν Ἐριννύες
+αἰὲν ἕπονται—it were good counsel to knock under,
+even though the division was made in perfect equality
+(ἰσόμορον καὶ ὁμῇ πεπρωμένον αἴσῃ).<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href="#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">contrasted with the power of the head of the household.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This passage contrasts the recognised autocracy of
+the head of the family over his own household with
+the courteous deference of the younger brothers
+towards the eldest; and it is evidence, so far as it
+goes, that the eldest brother did not succeed to his
+father's power over his grown-up brothers, but owed
+what influence he did not obtain from the superior
+advantages of his age and experience, to a superstitious
+feeling that something was due to him in his position
+of head of the eldest branch of the family.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>,<a id="noteref_212" name="noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> Zeus gives Poseidon the title of
+<span class="tei tei-q">“eldest and best”</span>—πρεσβύτατον καὶ ἄριστον—and elsewhere
+Hera lays claim to the same birthright.<a id="noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The power of the head of a household must have
+been something much more real. Telemachos declares
+that he is willing that some other <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">basileus</span></span> in Ithaka
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+should take the kingship, but he will be master over
+his own house—ἄναξ οὄκοιο ἡμετέροιο—<span class="tei tei-q">“and over the
+slaves that the divine Odysseus won for
+me.”</span><a id="noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Homeric Hymn to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hestia</span></span>, that deity
+receives the title of honour of firstborn: the poet, by
+a fanciful blending of ideas, implying that the honour
+paid to the sacred hearth by the eldest of the family,
+fell to her share as the eldest born of the children of
+Kronos.<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href="#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Aristotle says that every household is ruled
+(βασιλεύεται) by its oldest member,<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href="#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> and gives this prerogative
+of the household-<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">basileus</span></span> as the type and
+origin of the kingship in the village and the State.
+Reference has already been made, in the section on
+the limitations of the ἀγχιστεία, to the passage in the
+Gortyn law, viz.—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The father shall have power over the children and the
+property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the
+parents) are alive there is no necessity for
+division.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">No joint holding between a father and his sons.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But it must be borne in mind that though the
+κλῆρος was set apart in theory for the use and
+sustenance of a head of a family with all his descendants,
+and was supposed to be inalienable therefrom,
+there is no reason to suppose that there existed among
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the Greeks a system of joint holding between father
+and son. The ownership and management of the
+property vested in the head of the family. It is true
+that brothers did not always divide their inheritance
+on the death of their father, but their undivided right
+to their respective equal shares remained to each one
+and his descendants as an individual property, and they
+always seem to have had the expectation of an
+ultimate subdivision amongst the separate οἶκοι that
+had sprung into being.<a id="noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Confirmatory evidence of the Gortyn Laws.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Gortyn Laws throw some light on the subject.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As long as the father is alive, no man shall buy or
+receive in pledge from the son any of the father's
+property. But what the son himself has earned, or
+inherited, he may sell if he like.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So too the father may not dispose of the goods of
+the children which they have earned or inherited.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yet may a son's prospective share in his paternal
+inheritance be sold to pay any legal fine he has
+incurred.<a id="noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">But the land was in theory inalienable from the family.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is no joint holding here between father and
+son. The father is in undisputed possession, and
+nothing the son can do by private contract can affect
+his father's occupation. But if the son had a right
+of maintenance from his father during the lifetime of
+both, his expectation of succession to an equal share
+with his brothers would give him, so to speak, a value
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in the public eye. In the event of his incurring a
+blood-fine, his father would presumably be obliged to
+pay it out of the patrimony; and when exaction of
+such penalties passed into the hands of a court, exception
+would hardly be made for long on behalf of
+the fine for murder over penalties for other crimes
+coming before the court. Although therefore for all
+ordinary purposes a son had no claim on the paternal
+estate beyond his maintenance, his right of succession
+might easily grow up in the eye of the law as an
+available asset capable of forfeiture with the theoretical
+assumption that the scapegrace was unfit to hold
+his position in the family.<a id="noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> His future portion, thus
+becoming deprived of a representative, might be wholly
+or in part confiscated to the State. There are many
+inscriptions confiscating to the State the goods of
+criminals who transgressed the laws therein; but Plato
+evidently contemplated the possibility of wiping out
+the individual without depriving his descendants of
+their inheritance.<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" href="#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a>
+In such a case as wife-murder, he
+says, the husband's right of maintenance is extinguished
+from amongst his family, he should be banished
+and his name wiped out for ever, whilst his sons or
+relations enter upon the inheritance of his property
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">immediately</span></em>. No distinction is made by Plato, or in
+the Gortyn Laws in such a case between chattels
+and land. But inasmuch as all fines would be levied
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in the first instance upon the property of the guilty
+individual, it may be assumed that his own earnings
+went first, and that only in extreme cases would the
+ancestral land of the family be sold. Even then, in
+Israelite law, it was expected that the land would be
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">redeemed</span></em> by the nearest relative,<a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href="#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> so that the result
+would be that the land would go out of the family
+only when no relative could be found rich enough to
+pay the fine out of his chattels.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Close analogy in the custom of Gavelkind in Kent.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is interesting to find analogous provisions in
+the customs of Gavelkind of ancient Kent. Under
+the system of Gavelkind equal division of property
+amongst sons obstinately held its own against the
+incursions of the right of primogeniture; and the
+connection of the family with their land seems to
+have been regarded as especially privileged in spite
+of the growth of Feudalism.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If any tenant in Gauelkinde be attainted of felonie, for which
+he suffereth execution of death, the king shall have all his </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">goods</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+and his heire forthwith after his death shall be inheritable to all
+his </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">landes</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> and tenements which he held in Gauelkinde in fee, and
+in inheritance: and he shall hold them by the same services and
+customes as his auncestors held them: whereupon, it is said in
+Kentish:</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The father to the boughe,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“And the sonne to the ploughe.”</span><a id="noteref_223" name="noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Allotment or </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">gift</span><span style="font-size: 80%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%"> to a bastard son.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It had become customary to allot to a bastard son
+who was prevented by his birth from ranking with
+his brothers, and who had no place in the kindred,
+some smaller substance as a means of subsistence.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">But he was not admitted to his father's family.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Odysseus pretends he was in this position, and
+relates how his proud brothers allotted him but a
+small <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gift</span></em> (παῦρα δόσαν) and a house as his
+portion.<a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" href="#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Isaeus mentions that, only on the acquiescence
+of the true son, was admission granted to a
+bastard into the phratria. Even then he was not
+apparently taken into his father's family, but allotted
+a farm (χωρίον ἕν) by his brother and, as it were,
+launched into the world to start a family of his own,
+without any further claim upon the property of his
+father.<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href="#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His introduction and admission to a phratria and
+deme, as a descendant of an old family, so far removed
+the stigma of his birth as to give him the title
+of citizen, and thus afforded him the qualification for
+holding land. Yet the knowledge of his real parentage
+bereft him of the right of sharing equally with the
+rest of his father's sons, and compelled him to be
+satisfied with the bare means of subsistence wherewith
+to found and continue a house of his own.<a id="noteref_226" name="noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Gifts of land to new citizens.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When citizenship was conferred upon a beneficent
+stranger, it was the custom at the same time to
+assign him and his descendants a house and some
+land. We hear of grants on such occasions consisting
+of a κλῆρος in the plain, a house, and a garden free
+of taxes; a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">half</span></em>-κλῆρος in the plain, a house and a
+garden of half the area of the preceding grant, &amp;c. In
+the fourth century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span> a similar grant takes the form
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of so many plethra as a patrimony or ever. Sometimes,
+as at Sparta in the second century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>, the
+estate was allotted to the newly-made citizen only on
+condition of residence within the borders of the
+State.<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href="#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Dependence of sons during their father's life.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sir Henry S. Maine in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Law and
+Custom</span></span><a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href="#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a>
+quotes Narada in illustration of the composition
+of the early Indian family. A son <span class="tei tei-q">“is of age and
+independent in case his parents be dead: during
+their lifetime he is dependent, even though he be
+grown old.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Further information on this subject is afforded by
+the Ordinances of Manu, where the position of the
+first-born with regard to his younger brothers is
+given at some length.<a id="noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">His property divided amongst them at his
+death.</span></div></div>
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">After both the father and the mother (are dead), the brothers,
+having come together, should divide the paternal inheritance: for
+while the two (parents) are alive the (sons) have no power (over the
+property).</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now the eldest (or best) alone may take the paternal property
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+without leaving anything, and the remaining (brothers) may live
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">supported by him</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> just as (if he were their)
+father.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href="#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">But special respect shown to the eldest son.</span></div></div>
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">By means of the eldest (son) as soon as he is born a man
+becomes possessed of a son, and is thus cleared of his debts
+towards the manes; therefore this (eldest son) deserves the whole
+(inheritance).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Likewise: <span class="tei tei-q">“If among brothers born of one father,
+one should have a son, Manu said <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">all those brothers</span></em>
+would be possessed of sons by means of that son.”</span><a id="noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a>
+But this seems to apply only to the son born to the
+eldest, for if a younger brother married before the
+eldest and performed the daily sacrifices, he sent
+himself, his brother, and his wife <span class="tei tei-q">“to Hell.”</span><a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href="#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The eldest, if he performs his duty, <span class="tei tei-q">“causes the
+family to flourish”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“is most honoured among
+men.”</span> He alone is <span class="tei tei-q">“duty-born,”</span> through him his
+father <span class="tei tei-q">“pays his debt”</span>; other sons are only <span class="tei tei-q">“born of
+desire.”</span> As long as his conduct is befitting, he must be
+honoured <span class="tei tei-q">“like a father, like a mother,”</span> but if not, he
+only receives the respect of an ordinary relative.<a id="noteref_233" name="noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The brothers may live together in this way,<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href="#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> but
+if they divide and live apart, the separate ceremonies
+necessitated by their separate households will
+multiply the performance of religious duties, to the
+advantage of all.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The duties of the householder.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The title of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Householder</span></em>, moreover, was more
+than a name.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As all beings depend on air, so all orders depend on the householder.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Because men of the three (other) orders are daily supported
+by the householder alone with knowledge and with food, therefore
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+the householder (is) the chief order. That order must be upheld
+strenuously by one desiring an imperishable heaven, and who here
+desires perpetual happiness....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The seers, manes, gods, beings, and guests also make entreaty
+to those heads of families for support. (This duty must, therefore,)
+be done by a man of discernment.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" href="#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As all rivers, ... go to (their) resting-place in the ocean, so
+men of all orders depend on the householder.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Let a householder perform the household rites
+according to rule with the marriage fire and the
+accomplishment of the five sacrifices and the daily
+cooking. The sacrifices are:—
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Teaching the Veda is the Veda sacrifice:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Offering cakes and water is the sacrifice to the manes:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+An offering to fire (is the sacrifice) to the gods:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Offering of food (is the sacrifice) to all beings:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Honour to guests is the sacrifice to men.
+</span></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whoever presents not food to those five, the gods, guests,
+dependents, the manes, and himself, though he breathe, lives
+not.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href="#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Honour paid to the guest.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The guest takes a very high place, and his presence
+is a revered addition to the family sacrifices; so much
+so that it was thought necessary to state definitely
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“if the guest appears after the offering to all the
+gods is finished, one should give him food as best one
+can, but should not make (another) offering.”</span><a id="noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same virtue seems to have been considered
+by the Greeks also to lie in the presence of the guest.
+In Euripides' Elektra, Aigisthos, hearing from Orestes
+that he and his friend are strangers, promptly invites
+them to share as his ξυνέστιοι in his impending sacrifice
+of a bull to the nymphs, promising to send them
+on their way in the morning.<a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href="#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Earlier in the play during the plotting of Aigisthos'
+death, it is taken for granted that directly he
+sees them he will call them thus to join him at the
+sacrifice and the feast.<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href="#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Alkinoos expresses the feeling of the Homeric age
+when he says:
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In a brother's place stand the stranger and the suppliant, to
+him whose wits have even a little
+range.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_241" name="noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nestor at Pylos, making sacrifice to Poseidon with
+his sons and company, welcomes the unknown Telemachos
+and Mentor to the sacrificial feast.<a id="noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> When
+the duty of feeding the guests has been satisfactorily
+accomplished, he then asks them whether they are
+merchants or <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pirates</span></em>, that <span class="tei tei-q">“wander over the brine at
+hazard of their own lives bringing bale to alien
+men!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It would appear that the virtue lay in the hospitality
+of the host and not in the worthiness of the
+guest, and that therefore it was worth while to run
+the risk of having invited the presence of a polluted
+man whose impiety in not refusing to partake would
+doubtless fall on his own head.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Right of maintenance of the younger members of the family.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To return to the organisation of the Indian inheritance:—The
+duty of maintenance<a id="noteref_243" name="noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> of the younger
+members of the family devolves upon the eldest
+son at the death of his father. If the brothers are
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+all <span class="tei tei-q">“perfect in their own occupations,”</span> and they come
+to an equal division, <span class="tei tei-q">“some trifle should be given to
+the elder (brother) to indicate an increased respect
+for him.”</span><a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href="#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a>
+Also if in division there remains over an
+odd goat or sheep, or animal, it goes to the eldest
+brother.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If any brother has disgraced himself, he does not
+deserve a share in the property.<a id="noteref_245" name="noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sisters' portions are allotted out of all the
+brothers' shares equally.<a id="noteref_246" name="noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Property is divided once only.<a id="noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> But if <span class="tei tei-q">“on
+living together after being separated, they divide (the
+inheritance) a second time, in that case the division
+should be equal, (as) in that case no right of primogeniture
+occurs.”</span><a id="noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The father's wealth acquired during his lifetime is at
+his own disposal, and need not be divided amongst his
+sons.<a id="noteref_249" name="noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> Likewise with any property acquired by the
+sons.<a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href="#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> If <span class="tei tei-q">“any one of the brothers, being able (to
+support himself) by his own occupation, does not
+desire (his share of the) property,”</span> he may be excluded
+from the division, but <span class="tei tei-q">“something for his
+support”</span> should be given him to discharge his claim
+of maintenance from the family at any future time.<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href="#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc24" id="toc24"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The Κλῆρος And The Τέμενος.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The βασιλεύς and his τέμενος contrasted with the
+tribesman and his κλῆρος.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Homeric poems, written, as they are, from
+an aristocratic or heroic point of view, a great gulf
+always exists between the royal or princely class and
+the ordinary tribesmen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The βασιλεύς—the lion of his people<a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href="#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a>—has his
+select estate, his τέμενος, with orchards and gardens
+of considerable extent; while the swarms of tribesmen
+are allotted their κλῆροι in the open field, their
+share in the common pasture, and depend on each
+other for help in the vintage and harvest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The possessions of the βασιλεύς.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The possession of large estates and of multitudinous
+flocks and herds was one of the privileges of the
+chieftain or tribesman of princely rank.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For surely his livelihood (</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Odysseus') was great past
+telling, no lord in the dark mainland had so much, nor any in Ithaka
+itself; nay, not twenty men together have wealth so great, and I will
+tell thee the sum thereof. Twelve herds of kine upon the mainland,
+as many flocks of sheep, as many droves of swine, as many ranging
+herds of goats, that his own shepherds and strangers pasture. And
+ranging herds of goats, eleven in all, graze here by the extremity
+of the island with trusty men to watch
+them.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bellerophon migrated from his own country and
+settled under the patronage of the king of
+Lykia.<a id="noteref_254" name="noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a>
+He married the king's daughter, and to complete his
+qualification and to confirm his princely status as a
+βασιλεύς of Lykia, he was allotted by the Lykians an
+estate where the plain was fattest on the banks of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+river, consisting half of arable, half of vineyard, the
+latter presumably on the slopes of the sides of the
+valley.<a id="noteref_255" name="noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a>
+Besides these no doubt he had flocks and herds on the
+mountains, with steadings and slaves for their protection.
+It is improbable that the fattest of the plain
+was unoccupied before, and it must therefore be
+supposed that the system of agriculture was such as
+to admit of such a partition and the consequent readjustment,
+or that the dispossessed tribesmen had to
+compensate themselves with land out of the common
+waste.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In somewhat similar wise Tydeus at Argos wedded
+one of the daughters of Adrastos, and dwelt in a
+house full of livelihood; and <span class="tei tei-q">“wheatbearing ἄρουραι
+enough were his, and many were his orchards of trees
+apart, and many sheep were his.”</span><a id="noteref_256" name="noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the description of the Shield of Achilles in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> a vivid contrast is drawn between the rich
+harvest of the βασιλεύς and the busy toil of the
+tribesmen.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Furthermore he set therein a τέμενος deep in corn</span><a id="noteref_257" name="noteref_257" href="#note_257"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%"> where
+hinds (ἔριθοι) were reaping with sharp sickles in their hands ...
+and among them the βασιλεύς in silence was standing at the swathe
+with his staff, rejoicing in his heart.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meanwhile henchmen are preparing apart a great
+feast for himself and his friends, and the women are
+strewing much white barley to be a supper for the
+hinds.<a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" href="#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The κλῆρος of the tribesman probably
+in the open fields in the plain.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But in the great common field all was toil and
+action; many ploughers therein drave their yokes to
+and fro as they wheeled about.<a id="noteref_259" name="noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> The holding of the
+common tribesman was not an estate (τέμενος) cut
+out of the plain, but an allotment (κλῆρος), probably
+of strips as in Palestine to-day, in the open fields that
+lay around the town. On the wheatbearing plain
+round Troy<a id="noteref_260" name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a>
+lay the stones that former men, before
+the ten years' war, had used to mark the balk or
+boundary of their strips (οὖρον ἀρούρης).<a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" href="#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> One of
+these Athena uses to hurl against Ares, who, falling
+where he stood, covers seven of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pelethra</span></span> that
+the stones were used to divide. A pinnacle of stones
+is the only boundary to be seen to this day between
+the strips of cornland in Palestine. Easily dislodged
+as these landmarks were, they were specially protected
+by a curse against their removal, and were with the
+Greeks under the awful shadow of a special deity of
+boundaries.<a id="noteref_262" name="noteref_262" href="#note_262"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> They seem however to have been liable
+to considerable violation. The ass, according to
+Homer, being driven along the field-way, if his skin
+was thick enough, easily disregarded the expostulations
+of his attendants, and made free with the growing
+crop.<a id="noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href="#note_263"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a>
+Homer also describes a fight between two men
+with measuring rods in the common field,<a id="noteref_264" name="noteref_264" href="#note_264"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> and Isaeus<a id="noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a>
+relates how an Athenian citizen flogged his brother in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a quarrel over their boundary so that he afterwards
+died, whilst the neighbours, working on their land
+around, were witnesses of what took place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Land was brought into cultivation, no doubt, as it
+was wanted. Achilles contemplates that some of the
+rich fields of his friends may be exceedingly remote, so
+that it would be a great thing to spare the ploughman a
+journey to the nearest blacksmith. And no doubt
+the powerful men of the community would, by means
+of their slaves or retainers, acquire additional wealth
+by reclaiming lands out of the way and therefore
+requiring a strong hand to protect them, which were
+profitable by reason of their very fatness.<a id="noteref_266" name="noteref_266" href="#note_266"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> Such
+acquisitions would not be included in the τέμενος of
+the prince, the very word τέμενος implying an area of
+land cut out of the cultivated land of the community,
+generally described as being in the plain (πέδιον).
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The βασιλεύς </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">honoured like a god with gift
+of a τέμενος.</span><span style="font-size: 80%">”</span></span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such allotments of land seem only to have been
+made to princes and gods, but when once allotted,
+remained as far as can be seen the property of their
+descendants. It was a common fancy of the Homeric
+prince that he was worshipped as a god, and they
+often mistook each other for some deity. The godlike
+Sarpedon asks his cousin Glaukos, wherefore are
+they two honoured in Lykia as gods, with flesh and
+full cups and a great τέμενος.<a id="noteref_267" name="noteref_267" href="#note_267"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the possession of full tribal blood was necessary
+for the ownership of a κλῆρος, so princely blood
+was the qualification for the enjoyment of a τέμενος.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+The honoured individual need not be a king or overlord,
+but besides his valour he must have in his veins
+the all-potent blood royal, without which his privilege
+was no greater than that of other rich tribesmen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was not till the king of Lykia had satisfied
+himself that Bellerophon was <span class="tei tei-q">“the brave offspring of
+a god,”</span> that he gave him honour, and the Lykians
+meted him out a τέμενος.<a id="noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href="#note_268"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a>
+This great τέμενος on
+the banks of the Xanthos, half arable and half
+vineyard, remained in the possession of his grandchildren,
+Sarpedon and Glaukos, apparently still
+undivided, though they were not brothers but first
+cousins.<a id="noteref_269" name="noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The king of the Phæakians had his τέμενος and
+fruitful orchard near but apart from the fields and
+tilled lands of his townsfolk.<a id="noteref_270" name="noteref_270" href="#note_270"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> Odysseus it seems had
+more than one τέμενος.<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href="#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The τέμενος descended from father to son.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Once in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> the epithet πατρώιος is applied
+to a chief's τέμενος.<a id="noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href="#note_272"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> According to Hesychius,
+πατρώιος means <span class="tei tei-q">“handed down to one's father from
+his ancestors,”</span><a id="noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href="#note_273"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a>
+and Homer evidently uses the word in
+this sense.<a id="noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href="#note_274"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The kingship itself in Ithaka was considered as
+part of Telemachos' patrimony: <span class="tei tei-q">“Never may Kronion
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+make thee king in sea-girt Ithaka, which is πατρώιον
+to thee by birth (γενεῇ).”</span><a id="noteref_275" name="noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But though the τέμενος and the kingship were
+both equally πατρώια, they did not together constitute
+an indivisible inheritance. Any one of the
+blood could enjoy possession of the land, whilst the
+over-lordship must necessarily descend in the eldest
+or the most able line.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In his answer to the malignant wish quoted above,
+Telemachos does not speak as if he contemplated
+giving up any tangible property. The bestowal of
+the kingship, though due to him by inheritance
+(πατρώιον) is in the hands of the gods; he means
+to be master (ἄναξ) of whatsoever Odysseus his
+father won for him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Iason's claim upon his great-grandfather's estate.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is interesting to compare this choice of
+Telemachos with the exactly opposite choice made by
+Iason, as told by Pindar, when he came back to claim
+his inheritance which had been seized in the meantime
+by his second cousin, Pelias.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He has come home, he tells Pelias, to seek his
+father's ancient honour which Zeus had of old
+bestowed on his great-grandfather Aiolos and his
+sons. It is not for them now, being of the same
+stock (ὁμόγονοι), to divide the great honour of their
+forefathers with sword and javelin. He will give up
+all the sheep and herds of kine, and all the fields of
+late robbed from his sires, though they make fat
+beyond measure the house of Pelias (τεὸν οἶκον πορσύνοντ᾽
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+ἄγαν). But the kingly sceptre and throne of his
+father must be his without wrath between them. And
+Zeus, the ancestral god of them both (Ζεὺς ὁ γενέθλιος
+ἀμφοτέροις), is witness to their oath.<a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href="#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Rich tribesman might hold several κλῆροι.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Property in land could also be accumulated in the
+hands of individuals not necessarily of princely
+station. Odysseus tells a tale of how he took a wife
+of <span class="tei tei-q">“men with many κλῆροι”</span> (πολυκλήρων ἀνθρώπων)
+by reason of his valour.<a id="noteref_277" name="noteref_277" href="#note_277"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a>
+The κλῆρος must therefore
+at that time have been at any rate roughly of some
+recognised area. Perhaps the tendency, so fatal to
+Sparta, for the possession of the original shares or
+allotments of many families to accumulate in the
+hands of the powerful or rich, had already set in. In
+later colonisations and assignments of new land the
+κλῆροι were often equally divided,<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href="#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> and the gift
+of citizenship, as has been already mentioned, was
+sometimes accompanied by a grant of a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">half-kleros</span></span>
+(ἡμικλήριον). Did the κλῆρος then represent in
+theory an area of cultivated ground capable of sustaining
+a single household?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 5. Early Evidence </span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">: The Κλῆρος
+And The Maintenance Of The οἶκος.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The κλῆρος was the holding of the head of an οἶκος.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are signs in Homer of the existence,
+already insisted upon for later times, of the connection
+of the ownership of property with the headship
+of a household. It follows that if the head of a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+family was the only owner of land, the desire of
+establishing a family and thereby preserving at the
+same time the acquired property and the name of the
+possessor, made the acquisition of a wife a real
+necessity for the owner of land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eumaios, the swineherd, says that Odysseus would
+have given him a property (κτῆσις), both an οἶκος and
+a κλῆρος and a shapely wife.<a id="noteref_279" name="noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a>
+And Odysseus in one
+of his many autobiographies speaks of taking a wife
+as if it were the necessary sequel to coming into his
+inheritance.<a id="noteref_280" name="noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Even Hesiod, the son of a poor settler, without
+much property to keep together, if we can take
+Aristotle's reading of the line, gives the necessary
+outfit for a peasant farmer in occupation of a small
+κλῆρος, as a house, a wife, and a plough-ox.<a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" href="#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Aristotle quotes this line of Hesiod, in his argument
+that the οἶκος was the association formed to supply
+the wants of each day,<a id="noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a>
+its members being
+called by Charondas, he says, ὁμοσίπυοι (sharers in the
+mealbin), and by Epimenides the Cretan ὁμόκαποι
+(sharers of the same plot of ground).<a id="noteref_283" name="noteref_283" href="#note_283"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> And he might
+have added that Pindar uses the word ὁμόκλαροι to
+mean <span class="tei tei-q">“twins.”</span><a id="noteref_284" name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and supplied the maintenance the house.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A household, according to Aristotle, consisted
+thus partly of human beings, partly of
+property.<a id="noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href="#note_285"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So closely is the idea of livelihood bound up
+that of the house or οἶκος, that Telemachos can say
+without incongruity that his house is being <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">eaten</span></em> by
+the wooers:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">
+ἐσθίεταί μοι οἶκος, ὄλωλε δὲ πίονα
+ἔργα.</span><a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href="#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sanctity shared by the hearth and its sustenance
+may be illustrated by Odysseus' oath, which
+occurs three times in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-q">“Now be Zeus my
+witness before any god, and the hospitable board and
+the hearth of blameless Odysseus whereunto I am
+come.”</span><a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href="#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Force of the bond of food.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When once the hospitable board had laid its
+mysterious spell on the relations of host and guest,
+the bond was not easily dissolved. Glaukos and
+Diomedes meet <span class="tei tei-q">“in the mid-space of the foes eager
+to do battle,”</span> fighting on opposite sides. Nevertheless
+because the grandfather of one had entertained the
+grandfather of the other for twenty days and they
+had parted with gifts of friendship, their grandsons
+refrain from battle with each other, pledge their faith,
+and exchange armour as a witness to others that they
+are guest-friends by inheritance (ὄφρα καὶ οἵδε γνῶσιν,
+ὅτι ξεῖνοι πατρώιοι εὐχόμεθ᾽
+εἶναι).<a id="noteref_288" name="noteref_288" href="#note_288"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If such force lay in the entertainment of a guest
+for a few days, some idea can be formed of the virtue
+underlying the meaning of such words as ὁμοσίπυοι
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and ὁμόκαποι, and binding together those habitually
+nourished at the same board.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The need of an established household strongly felt.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If sons married during their father's lifetime
+without any particular means of livelihood, they
+could live under his roof and authority, forming a
+great patriarchal household like that of Priam and
+his married sons and daughters at Troy. But when
+a household dispersed before the marriage of the sons
+and the inheritance was divided amongst them, it was
+deemed indispensable for them to take wives, and
+each provide for the establishment of his house and
+succession. This necessity is the underlying motive
+of the compulsion over the only daughter left as
+ἐπίκληρος to marry before a certain age, exercised by
+the Archon at Athens. There the idea of the need
+of a continuous family (as well as for other purposes),
+to keep together the property, had grown up apparently
+as a reflection, so to speak, of the obvious
+importance of the property to the family for the
+maintenance of itself and its ancestral rites.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Though evidence is wanting for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">raison d'être</span></span>
+of this sentiment in Homer, the existence of the
+feeling can hardly be denied.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The κλῆρος, at any rate, continued to pass from
+father to son in the family of the tribesman or citizen.
+Hector encourages his soldiers by reminding them
+that though they themselves fall in the fight, their
+children, their house (οἶκος), and their κλῆρος will be
+unharmed, provided only that the enemy are driven
+back.<a id="noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href="#note_289"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sentiment that a man was not really <span class="tei tei-q">“established,”</span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+according to the estimation of the Homeric
+Greeks, until the continuity of his house was provided
+for, seems to explain the two references to Telemachos
+in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>. Odysseus is twice mentioned, as Mr.
+Leaf points out in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Companion to the
+Iliad</span></span>,<a id="noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href="#note_290"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> as
+the father of Telemachos, simply because it was considered
+a title of honour to be named as sire of an
+established house. No other mention of Telemachos
+occurs in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Failure of heirs was, as in later times, the great
+disintegrating factor and danger to the continuity of
+the family holdings. As long as a direct descendant
+was to be found, the property was safe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eurykleia comforts Penelope in her fear for the
+absent Telemachos, saying:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For the seed of the son of Arkeisios is not, methinks, utterly
+hated by the blessed gods, but someone will haply yet remain to
+possess these lofty halls and the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">fat fields</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> far
+away.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href="#note_291"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Is it by accident that she here chooses the name
+of Arkeisios to describe the head of the family of
+Laertes and Odysseus? He was Laertes' father, and
+in Telemachos, if he was preserved alive, he would
+thus have a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">great-grandson</span></em> to represent his line in
+the succession to his property.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Diversion of inheritance by death of heir a sore evil.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The diversion of inheritance to any property from
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the direct line is spoken of in Homer as a lamentable
+circumstance greatly intensifying the natural grief at
+the death of the direct heir.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then went he after Nanthos and Thoon, sons of Phainops,
+striplings both; but their father was outworn of grievous age, and
+begat no other son for his possessions after him. Then Diomedes
+slew them and bereft the twain of their dear life, and for their
+father left only lamentation and sore distress, seeing he welcomed
+them not alive returned from battle: </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">and kinsmen divided his
+substance</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> (κτῆσις).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_292" name="noteref_292" href="#note_292"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the tumultuous times of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> the right
+of succession must often have been interrupted by
+war and violence. Possessions, not only of land, had
+to be defended by the sword even during the lifetime
+of the acquirer. This prompts one of the wishes of
+Odysseus in his prayer at the knees of Arete:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And may each one leave to his children after him his possessions
+in his halls and whatever dues of honour the people have
+rendered unto him.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href="#note_293"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same anxiety prompts his question to his
+mother in Hades, to which he obtains answer:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The fair honour (γέρας) that is thine no man hath yet taken,
+but Telemachos holdeth in safety (thy) demesnes (τεμένεα
+νέμεται).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_294" name="noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Naboth's vineyard bound to his family and heir.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The belief in the inseparability of the ancestral
+holding and the family was strong in Samaria at the
+time of Ahab. The King offered Naboth another
+vineyard better than his own in exchange for the one
+at Jezreel near the palace, or, should he prefer it, its
+worth in money. But Naboth said to Ahab, <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+Lord forbid it me, that I should give <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the inheritance
+of my fathers</span></em> unto thee.”</span><a id="noteref_295" name="noteref_295" href="#note_295"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Both the Hebrew narrators and the Greek translators
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+describe Ahab finally as taking the vineyard at
+Naboth's death <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">by inheritance</span></em> (LXX. κληρονομεῖν), in
+spite of the violence of the means of acquiring it
+adopted by Jezebel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The limited right of the prince to alienate from
+his family any part of his possessions is thus alluded
+to by Ezekiel:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thus saith the Lord God; If the prince give a gift unto any of
+his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be their
+possession by inheritance. But if he give a gift of his inheritance
+to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the year of liberty:
+after it shall return to the prince: but his inheritance shall be his
+sons' for them.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_296" name="noteref_296" href="#note_296"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc26" id="toc26"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 6. Early Evidence </span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">: The Τέμενος
+And The Maintenance Of The Chieftain.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The maintenance of the chiefs levied upon the people
+under the name of gifts.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It must be borne in mind that the tribal idea of
+the chieftainship sanctioned the custom that the
+maintenance of the chieftain and his companions or
+retainers should be levied at will upon the property
+of the people. This privilege is very wide spread,
+and had its origin in the earliest times.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The levies were claimed under the name of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gifts</span></em>,
+and earned for the princes the title of δωροφάγοι.
+As Telemachos declares, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is no bad thing to be a
+βασιλεύς, and quickly does his house become rich and
+he himself most honoured.”</span><a id="noteref_297" name="noteref_297" href="#note_297"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The royal family and nobles<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href="#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> levied contributions
+on their own or conquered peoples apparently at will
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in Homer. Agamemnon calls together the Greek
+chiefs:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ye leaders and counsellors of the Argives ... who drink
+at the public cost (δήμια πίνουσιν) and each command an host
+(σημαίνουσιν ἕκαστος λαοῖς).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_299" name="noteref_299" href="#note_299"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Priam chides his sons:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ye plunderers of your own people's sheep and kids (ἀρνῶν
+ἠδ᾽ ἐρίφων ἐπιδήμιοι
+ἁρπακτῆρες).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href="#note_300"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Telemachos declares that if the wooers eat up all
+his sheep and substance, he will go through the city
+(κατὰ ἅστυ) claiming chattels until all be
+restored.<a id="noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Alkinoos proposes to give gifts to Odysseus, and
+they themselves going amongst the people (ἀγειρόμενοι
+κατὰ δῆμον) will recompense themselves: <span class="tei tei-q">“for
+hard it were for one man to give without
+return.”</span><a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href="#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then I led him to the house,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> says Odysseus, </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">and gave him
+good entertainment ... out of the plenty in my house, and for the
+rest of his company ... I gathered and gave barley meal and dark
+wine from the people (δημόθεν) and oxen to sacrifice to his heart's
+desire.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_303" name="noteref_303" href="#note_303"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The right to receive such </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">gifts</span><span style="font-size: 80%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">
+could be transferred to another.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These passages throw light on Agamemnon's
+offer to Achilles of seven well-peopled towns, whose
+inhabitants would enrich him with plenteous
+gifts.<a id="noteref_304" name="noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a>
+The proposal of Menelaos to empty a city <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">of Argos,</span></em>
+to accommodate Odysseus and his people, seems to
+be of quite a different order, and betrays to us that
+the tyranny of the tribal chieftain, so conspicuous
+in other nations, was no less a reality also amongst the
+Greeks under Achaian rule.<a id="noteref_305" name="noteref_305" href="#note_305"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">In India the chief of a town might receive the
+king's supplies.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Indian society that was regulated in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+accordance with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span>, the king
+appointed a chief of a town whose duty it was to
+report to the higher officials on any <span class="tei tei-q">“evil arising in
+the town.”</span> He likewise represented the king, and
+had the king's right to receive supplies from those
+under his oversight.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">What food, drink, (and) fuel are to be </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">daily</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> given by the
+inhabitants of a town to the king let the head of a town
+take,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href="#note_306"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+the line always being drawn between legitimate
+demands and tyrannical extortion.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For those servants appointed by the king for protection (are)
+mostly takers of the property of others (and) cheats; from them he
+(</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> the king) should protect these
+people.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href="#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The maintenance of the Great King,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Under the rule of the Persians, all Asia was
+parcelled out in such a way as to supply maintenance
+(τροφή) for the Great King and his host throughout
+the whole year.<a id="noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href="#note_308"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a>
+The satrap of Assyria kept at one
+time so great a number of Indian hounds, that four
+large villages of the plain were exempted from all
+other charges on condition of finding them
+food.<a id="noteref_309" name="noteref_309" href="#note_309"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and of Solomon.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Solomon's table was provided after the same
+method.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel which provided
+victuals for the king and his household; each man his month
+in a year made provision.... And Solomon's provision for one
+day was thirty measures of fine flour and threescore measures of
+meal, ten fat oxen and twenty oxen out of the pastures and an
+hundred sheep, beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and
+fatted fowl.... And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the
+river unto the land of the Philistines, and unto the border of
+Egypt; they brought presents, and served Solomon all the days of
+his life.... And those officers provided victual for king Solomon,
+and for all that came unto king Solomon's table, every man according
+to his charge.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href="#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Revenue from land in ancient Egypt.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sesostris is said to have obtained his revenue
+from the holders of κλῆροι in Egypt in proportion to
+the amount of land in each man's occupation;<a id="noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href="#note_311"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> and
+Pharaoh, having bought all the land at the time
+of the famine in Egypt except that which supported
+the priests, took one-fifth of all the produce, leaving
+the remainder <span class="tei tei-q">“for seed of the field,”</span> and for the food
+of the cultivators, and their households and little
+ones. <span class="tei tei-q">“And Joseph made it a law over the land of
+Egypt unto this day, that Pharaoh should have the
+fifth part, except the land of the priests only, which
+became not Pharaoh's.”</span><a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href="#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this case Pharaoh became proprietor by purchase
+of the land in Egypt. But it must not be
+supposed that by exacting a payment from the
+occupier, the overlord as a rule had any power over
+the ownership of the soil. He no doubt had proprietary
+rights over his own estate, and may or may
+not have had power to regulate any further distribution
+of the waste. But the right of receiving
+dues, or of appointing another to receive them,
+gave him no power over the actual tillage of the
+soil.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Grants of land to the prince easily made, in their
+elastic system of agriculture.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The maintenance of the prince was a first charge
+apparently upon the property of his subjects; and
+it is easy to see how the lion's share would always
+be allotted to him, alike of booty as of acquired
+territory. As long as the community was pastoral,
+it is also easy to imagine how the chief both increased
+his own wealth and admitted favoured companions or
+resident strangers to a share in the elastic area of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the common pasturage. After agriculture had
+assumed equal importance in the economy of the
+tribe as the tending of flocks and herds, one is apt
+to forget that for centuries—perhaps for thousands
+of years—the system of agriculture that grew up,
+still possessed much of the elasticity of the old
+pastoral methods. Under the open field system,
+such a custom as that described by Tacitus and in
+the Welsh Laws, viz. of ploughing up out of the
+pasture or waste sufficient to admit of each tribesman
+having his due allotment, and letting it lie waste
+again the next year, admitted of considerable readjustment
+to meet the exigencies of declining population,
+as well as providing an easy means whereby
+any stranger prince, like Bellerophon, who might be
+admitted to the tribe, could be allotted either a
+τέμενος apart, or a κλῆρος in the open plain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pindar describes this method of cultivation when
+he says:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Fruitful fields in turn now yield to man his yearly bread
+upon the plains, and now again they pause and gather back their
+strength.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_313" name="noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Such grants were a special honour, and served
+to relieve other contributions.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is noticeable that the Aetolians offered
+Meleagros a τέμενος in the fattest part of the plain,
+wherever he might choose, as a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gift</span></em> (δῶρον); and as
+the τέμενος would certainly be cultivated by slave or
+hired labour, what they really gave him was the
+right of receiving the produce from the 50 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">guai</span></span>
+composing the τέμενος. But this gift was meant as a
+special honour or bribe, and took a special form in
+being in land as a means of permanent enrichment.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In similar wise Ezekiel suggested the capitalisation,
+as it were, by a gift of land of the contributions
+to the princes, which no doubt were felt to be very
+irksome. In the division of the land, a portion was
+to be set aside first for the use of the temple and
+priests, then a portion for the prince.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In the land shall be his possession in Israel, and my princes
+shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall
+they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. Thus
+saith the Lord God, Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel; remove
+violence and spoil and execute judgment and justice, and take
+away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord God.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_314" name="noteref_314" href="#note_314"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And again:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance
+by oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he
+shall give his sons inheritance out of his own possession; that my
+people be not scattered every man from his possession.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_315" name="noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But there can be no doubt, that although the
+prince may have had no power to dislodge any of the
+free tribesmen of his own people from their holdings,
+yet no one could gainsay him if he chose to enrich
+himself by planting or reclaiming any part of his
+domains, as Laertes is represented as having
+done.<a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316" href="#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Modern specimens of the elasticity of Greek methods.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The modern usage in Boeotia and in the island of
+Euboea may very well represent the procedure of
+ancient times, and if it can be imagined that some
+method of the same sort was in vogue in Boeotia in
+the time of Hesiod, it will be understood how possible
+it was for Hesiod's father to settle at Askra and
+gradually to acquire possession of a house and κλῆρος.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">There is some cultivation from Plataea to Thebes, but strangely
+alternating with wilderness. We were told that the people have
+plenty of spare land, and not caring to labour for its artificial
+improvement, till a piece of ground once, and then let it lie fallow
+for a season or two. The natural richness of the Boeotian soil thus
+supplies them with ample crops. But it is strange to think how
+impossible it is, even in these rich and favoured plains, to induce
+a fuller population.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At Achmetaga, in Euboea,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The folk pay for their houses a nominal rental of a bushel of
+wheat per annum, in order to secure the owner's proprietary claim,
+which would otherwise pass to the occupier by squatter's right
+after thirty years of unmolested occupation. They are at liberty
+to cultivate pretty well as much land as they care to, paying to the
+landlord one-third in kind.... The produce here is almost
+exclusively wheat or maize, but every family maintains a plot of
+vineyard for home consumption.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_318" name="noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The gifts to the prince not actually food-rents
+for the land.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whether the free tribesman ever looked upon the
+contribution he made to the maintenance of the
+princes, under whose protection he had the privilege
+of living, as a condition of tenure of his land, is open
+to doubt; but from the right to demand indiscriminate
+gifts, to confiscate or eject in case of refusal, it is
+only one step to the exaction of a regular food-rent as
+a return for the occupation of land.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It may be useful here briefly to summarise the
+results of the inquiry of the last three sections into
+the relation of the ownership of land to the structure
+of society in Homer and in early times.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The chief's land apart from the tribesmen's.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+the princes had their compact estates divided off
+from the other land of the community, so that a
+passer-by could point and say, <span class="tei tei-q">“There is the king's
+τέμενος.”</span><a id="noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href="#note_319"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a>
+The ordinary tribesman on the other hand
+had a share in the common fields under cultivation,
+probably consisting of a number of scattered pieces of
+land lying mixed up with those of others, and therefore
+only referred to on the face of the land, under
+the comprehensive terms ἀγροὶ καὶ ἔργα
+ἀνθρώπων.<a id="noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href="#note_320"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This share of the tribesman was, as in later times,
+called a κλῆρος, it being possible for a man to enjoy
+several such holdings and deserve the epithet
+πολύκληρος, whilst the lowest class of freemen consisted
+of those who possessed no land, under the
+ignominious title of ἄκληρος.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The land sustained the householder in his duties to other
+members and guests.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The κλῆρος, descending from father to son, was
+apparently connected with the οἶκος or household,
+and supplied its maintenance. The οἶκος grew fat or
+was consumed in accordance with the capacity of its
+head, and its continuity was regarded as a matter of the
+utmost importance. Its members were bound together
+at their ancestral hearth by mutual ties of common
+maintenance. The sanctity of thus sharing the same
+loaf extended also to guests, whose relations to their
+hosts might last for several generations. It is the
+necessity of supplying the οἶκος and its dependents
+with the means of sustenance and hospitality among
+a pastoral people gradually adapting themselves to
+agriculture, that regulates the tenure of land and the
+duties of the householder.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The chief had the right to demand gifts from the people;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The power of the chieftain to draw upon the resources
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of his people for the entertainment of his
+household and his guests by exactions payable in kind,
+supplemented by the power he also seems to have
+possessed to transfer at will the right of receiving
+these <span class="tei tei-q">“gifts”</span> to any one he chose, seems to contain
+the germs of the more complicated system of food-rents
+as a condition of land tenure, which is so important
+a feature of the Celtic tribal arrangements.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">he had tribal right to a τέμενος, as the tribesman to
+a κλῆρος,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Inasmuch as the prince was a member of the tribe,
+he was entitled to an allotment in the land under
+cultivation, the very word κλῆρος implying the
+equal right of all members of the tribe to a share in
+the soil. But inasmuch as the prince possessed
+blood royal and claimed his descent from the very
+gods that the tribesmen worshipped, his dignity was
+above partaking with his tribesmen of a κλῆρος in
+the common fields. He was therefore allotted a
+τέμενος apart, and worthy of his divine parentage.
+Besides the bare single allotment of the τέμενος, land
+was set apart for him as a gift of honour by the
+people, from whom honour and gifts to their prince
+were due. Gifts in land formed a special mark of
+honour, and may at the same time have served
+another purpose from the giver's point of view by way
+of a permanent source of income or endowment, as it
+were, whereby the continuous exactions towards the
+maintenance of the prince from the lands of the
+people might tend to be alleviated. Thus much of
+power over the property of his inferiors he undoubtedly
+retained, and he probably cultivated what
+he liked of the outlying lands under his sway.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">but could not deprive the tribesman of his land.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But the evidence does not show that he ever had
+the right of coming between the οἶκος of his tribesmen
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and their κλῆρος: the only means at his disposal
+of severing the link between the family and the
+land, were those employed by Ahab and Jezebel to
+acquire the <span class="tei tei-q">“inheritance”</span> of the ancestral vineyard of
+Naboth at Jezreel.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc28" id="toc28"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 8. Hesiod And His Κλήρος.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the time of Hesiod, the κλῆρος<a id="noteref_321" name="noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> could be sold in
+case of need and added to the possession of another.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Hesiod an immigrant: not a typical case of a family.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But the case of Hesiod is in itself somewhat
+exceptional. His father had fled from his own country
+by stress of poverty, and settled on the barren
+land of Askra in Boeotia, where he was allowed to
+acquire some land.<a id="noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href="#note_322"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> He was therefore somewhat of a
+sojourner (the μετανάστης of Homer),<a id="noteref_323" name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a> and, true to the
+Homeric doctrine, was unencumbered by the claims of
+kindred. Hesiod contrasts the ready help of the
+neighbour with the perfunctory slowness of the
+kinsman, duty-bound. The neighbour, he says, is
+prompted by the need of mutual protection of
+material property, the kinsman stays to bind on his
+sandals and gird his loins for the labour he is forbidden
+to shirk.<a id="noteref_324" name="noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hesiod and his brother Perses had divided the
+κλῆρος of their father into two, and lived apart.
+Perses had squandered his half, and spent his time
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and his livelihood in the gay life of the town, but
+none the less seems to have expected to be allowed to
+draw still further on the resources of the paternal
+property, to the distress of his industrious brother.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hesiod does not contemplate any possible means
+of making a living other than by tilling the soil;
+and his quaint ideas may be taken as typical of the
+small Boeotian peasant-farmer, allowance being
+made for the short time that his family had held land
+at Askra.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Land was in theory inalienable from the family.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In later Greek writers it is several times stated that
+the κλῆροι or ἀρχαῖαι μοῖραι were inalienable. Yet
+all remark to what a deplorable extent the alienation
+and accumulation of land into few hands had been
+carried. Aristotle comments on the excellence of the
+ancient law, at one time prevalent in many cities,
+against the sale of the original κλῆροι, and the good
+purpose therein of making every one cultivate his own
+moderate-sized holding.<a id="noteref_325" name="noteref_325" href="#note_325"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Innumerable passages could be quoted from the
+speeches of Isaeus, referring to the law that forbade
+any one to alienate by will his landed estate from his
+lawful sons. Plato warns his friends that buying
+and selling is desecration to the god-given
+κλῆρος.<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href="#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now I, as the legislator, regard you and your possessions, not
+as belonging to yourselves, but as belonging to your whole family,
+both past and present.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_327" name="noteref_327" href="#note_327"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plutarch and Heraclides say that the same law
+against the sale of the κλῆρος existed anciently at
+Sparta.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">In Sparta child must be accepted by its father's
+tribesmen,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plutarch's evidence, late as it is, of the ancient
+customs among the Spartans is worthy of further
+consideration.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life of Agis</span></span> he states that the κλῆρος
+passed in succession from father to son—ἐν διαδοχαῖς
+πατρὸς παιδὶ τὸν κλῆρον ἀπολείποντος—until the
+Peloponnesian war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life of Lycurgus</span></span> he says that—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When a child was born, the father was not entitled to maintain
+it (τρέφειν), but he took and carried it to a place called
+</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">lesche,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> where the </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">elders of his tribesmen</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> were sitting, who, if they
+found the child pretty well grown and healthy, ordered its maintenance
+(τρέφειν), allotting to it one of the 9,000 kleroi (κλήρων
+αὐτῷ τῶν ἐνακισχιλίων
+προσνείμαντες).</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_328" name="noteref_328" href="#note_328"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Elsewhere in Greece at the introduction of the
+new-born child to the relations and friends a few
+days after its birth, symbolical gifts of food were
+made as the child was carried round the hearth.<a id="noteref_329" name="noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">who decided as to its maintenance.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The important part of this ceremony at Sparta,
+described by Plutarch, seems to be the introduction
+of the infant to the elders of the tribe, and the recognition
+by them of its right to maintenance, if it
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+appeared to them physically worthy of admission
+to the tribe. It cannot be supposed that Plutarch
+believed that vacant κλῆροι escheated, so to speak,
+to the community, because he elsewhere describes
+the lamentable tendency of estates to get into few
+hands, which the community would in that case
+surely have been able somewhat to prevent. Nor is
+it likely that a κλῆρος was actually set apart for the
+maintenance of each infant, who was apparently still
+nourished in its father's house until seven years old,
+when its education and occupations were regulated by
+the State.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Reading this passage with the other in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life
+of Agis</span></span>, a natural inference is, that the child's right
+to succeed to the property of his father only was
+thereby assured to him by the elders, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the right
+on his attaining manhood to enjoy the possession
+of land. This is the view taken by M. de
+Coulanges;<a id="noteref_330" name="noteref_330" href="#note_330"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> but surely there is more underlying the account of
+the ceremony. What actually took place with regard
+to the allotment of a κλῆρος to the infant member of
+the tribe, cannot be decided here. The State at
+Sparta undertook to educate all her sons after a certain
+age, and gave the parent no further rights over
+the child. Is there in this ceremony a transfer of
+the claim for maintenance from against the head of
+the household to the larger unit represented by the
+elders of the tribe, irrespective of the inheritance
+of the son from his father?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It would be necessary for the adult Spartan citizen,
+of the class of ὁμοιοι at any rate, to have a right to the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+produce of some land, as otherwise it is difficult to
+see how he could contribute the necessary provisions
+that formed his share of maintenance at the joint
+table of his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">syssition</span></span>; unless indeed he drew his
+allowance from his father's estate.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Maintenance derived from the κλῆρος.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In any case the idea of the dependence of a
+member of the tribe for sustenance upon his right
+to a κλῆρος is striking; and at the same time the
+evidence goes to show that his maintenance was a
+claim upon a group of kinsmen at Sparta, comprising
+more than the nearest relations, and was recognised
+as such by them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The family bound to their land at Athens;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The link that bound the cultivators to their land
+was so strong in early times at Athens, that mortgages
+could apparently not be paid off by mere
+transfer of the land itself; but the whole family of
+the debtor went with their mortgaged property and
+became enslaved to the creditor, having in future to
+work the land for him at a fixed charge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This was the state of affairs that Solon set himself
+to mend, and it is instructive that the method, he
+seems to have chosen, was to loosen the tie between
+the owner and his land, and, by facilitating the
+transfer of land from one to another, to obviate the
+necessity of taking the debtor's person with his
+family into slavery on account of the debt.<a id="noteref_331" name="noteref_331" href="#note_331"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nevertheless, in spite of the radical legislation of
+Solon, the sentiment that bound the family to the
+soil remained long after his time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">and in Lokris.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Besides the prohibition to sell the family land
+which Aristotle speaks of as prevailing in Lokris, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Hypoknemidian Lokrians insisted on actual residence
+on that land in the case of their colony at Naupaktos.
+Though unable apparently wholly to forbid the participation
+of the colonists in the ancestral rites of
+their kin in Lokris, they took advantage of the prevailing
+sentiment with regard to the permanence of
+the family, and insisted that the continuance of the
+hearth of the colonist at Naupaktos should at any
+rate be considered of equal importance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to an inscription of the fifth century
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The colonist has the right to return to Lokris and sacrifice
+with his γένος both in the rites of his δᾶμος and his φοίνανοι for
+ever. He can only return permanently without paying the re-establishment
+tax if he has left ἐν τᾷ ἱστίᾳ at Naupaktos a grown-up
+son or a brother. If a γένος of the colonists is left without a
+representative (ἐχέπαμον) ἐν τᾷ ἱστίᾳ, the nearest of kin (ἐπάγχιστος)
+in Lokris shall take the property, provided he go himself, be he
+man or boy, within three months to Naupaktos. A colonist can
+inherit his share of his Lokrian father's or brother's property....</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If a magistrate deals unfairly and refuses justice, he shall be
+ἄτιμος and shall lose his μέρος μετὰ οἰκιατᾶν.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href="#note_332"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">But heirs at Athens also must first be
+accepted by group of kinsmen.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Though the sale of estates could be effected at
+Athens in the fourth century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>, yet, when the
+owner died without having sold, the succession
+was regulated by the ancient custom. If there were
+legitimate children, the inheritance to the land could
+not be diverted from them, even by will;<a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" href="#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> provided
+only that the children had gone through the ceremony
+of being accepted and enrolled by the phratria. If
+the descendant had neglected this formality, and had
+failed to be recognised as a legal member of the kindred
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+or clan, he or she lost all rights to the property,
+which went to the devisee or next of kin.<a id="noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href="#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a> The right to possess land was thus at Athens, as at Sparta,
+intimately connected with the tribal organisation;
+and the claim for maintenance from the paternal
+estate could only lie, after full acknowledgment of the
+necessary qualification had been granted by the larger
+unit of relationship.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc30" id="toc30"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">§ 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To
+Leasehold And Semi-Servile Tenure.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Further application of the idea of family land.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Attention has been drawn to the reciprocal relations
+that existed between the family and its land,
+and their inseparability in the minds and phraseology
+of the Greeks at different times. There is a further
+development however arising from this point of view,
+without some notice of which the subject of the tenure
+of the κλῆρος would be incomplete, and which serves to
+confirm the method with which this subject has been
+treated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Though alike in their estimation of the possession
+of land as a means of livelihood and for the accumulation
+of wealth, the Greeks had very different views
+with respect to the place of agriculture as a worthy
+occupation for a citizen. Sparta regarded it as
+entirely beneath the dignity of her sons and forbade
+their personal application to the cultivation of their
+κλῆροι. There was at Athens, on the other hand, a
+large class of citizens whose energies were entirely
+devoted to the production of fruits of the earth, whilst
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the life of a country gentleman, combined with that
+of the farmer, was by no means despicable in their
+eyes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Two methods of occupation of land: (1) by owner
+himself; (2) by subject population.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were mainly two methods of enjoying the
+possession of a landed estate. Either the land was
+cultivated by the owner himself with the help of
+bought slaves or hired servants, few or many, as described
+in Hesiod and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oeconomics</span></span> of
+Xenophon;<a id="noteref_335" name="noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a>
+or the owner resided in the city or a neighbouring
+town, and the land was tilled by aliens or serfs
+(called sometimes κλαρῶται), like the Helots of Sparta,
+who paid an annual contribution from the produce
+to their landlord. The serf was often attached hereditarily
+to the soil in the sense of being unable to
+give up his holding, but also had certain rights as
+against his master, both in the matter of his own
+possessions and in that he could not be sold out of
+the country.<a id="noteref_336" name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">At Gortyn on extinction of citizen-family the κλαρῶται
+inherited.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is a passage in the Gortyn Laws that
+states:—that if there are no rightful successors to
+inherit the property of a deceased Gortynian, his
+household's κλῆρος, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the persons composing it,
+shall inherit his property. That is to say, if a
+Gortynian family died out and no legal representative
+could be found, their proprietary rights were extinguished
+and the κλαρῶται who lived upon the land took
+all their property. This provision favours the idea
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that at Gortyn also the citizen-population came of a
+race of conquerors, who were not exactly looked upon
+as ground landlords upon whose land a subject family
+was settled or had been allowed to remain, but that,
+whilst the relation of the κλαρῶται to their land was
+of the closest if not an absolute bondage to the soil,
+the proprietary rights of their superiors and masters
+consisted of the conqueror's overlordship and the
+power to derive their maintenance from the joint
+produce of their serfs' labour and the land.<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href="#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This comprehensive use of the word κλῆρος, as
+meaning both the allotment of land and the family
+who were bound to occupy it, whose labour also
+created its value to its lord and master, is quite
+consistent with the use of the word in reference to
+the holdings of the Spartan citizens. The allotment
+of a κλῆρος at Sparta evidently meant also a transference
+of rights over the Helots that worked it; and
+even if this further implication was not actually
+included in the meaning of the word, it was so
+inseparable in thought that no explanation was
+necessary of the composite significance of the allotment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Similar twofold tenure in the Athenian κληρουχίαι.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Athenians in their κληρουχίαι seem instinctively
+to have combined these two methods of agriculture.
+The κληροῦχοι were not colonists, who became citizens
+of a new city, but they remained citizens of Athens,
+holding however their κλῆροι in a remote district.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+But the chief feature of this method of landholding
+was that the owner, though remaining a citizen of
+Athens and liable to the same claims from the mother
+city in respect of military service, &amp;c, as before, was
+yet supposed to reside in the neighbourhood of his
+new κλῆρος. This was the case, even when the land
+itself was left in the hands of the conquered population
+at a fixed annual charge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Examples in Salamis,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An inscription found on the Acropolis of Athens,
+and relating to some date about 560 or 570 B.C.,
+defines the legal status of the first κληροῦχοι sent to
+Salamis. They were assimilated to Athenian citizens
+as to taxes and military service; but they must
+reside on their land under pain of an absentee's tax
+to the State.<a id="noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href="#note_338"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">in Lesbos,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the year 427 B.C. the Athenians conquered
+the island of Lesbos. They imposed no tribute on
+the subjugated islanders, but, making the land into
+three thousand κλῆροι <span class="tei tei-q">“except the Methymnian land,”</span>
+they first set apart three hundred κλῆροι as sacred to
+the gods, and on to the others they sent off κληροῦχοι
+chosen by lot from themselves; to these the
+Lesbians paid annually for each κλῆροι two minae,
+and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">themselves worked the land</span></em>.<a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339" href="#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to the account of Aelian, the same
+method of procedure was adopted after the conquest
+of Euboea in about 510 B.C. The Athenians, having
+conquered the Chalkidians, apportioned their land to
+κληροῦχοι<a id="noteref_340" name="noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a>
+in two thousand κλῆροι, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the country
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+called Hippobotos; and, setting aside τεμένη to Athena
+in the place called Lelantos, they let out<a id="noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> the rest
+according to the pillars that stand in the King's
+Stoa, which thus bear record of the leases.<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" href="#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Each κλῆρος therefore supported two families.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The holding of each κληροῦχος may have varied
+in size according to the character of the soil and
+features of the country; but it may safely be
+asserted that it must have been of sufficient dimensions,
+not only to provide subsistence for the native
+population left on the soil, but also to pay a
+considerable portion towards the keep of the
+κληροῦχος himself, during his enforced residence in
+the conquered country.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The class of citizen from amongst whom the κληροῦχοι
+were chosen by lot, did not consist of families
+with much property in Athens.<a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343" href="#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> Younger sons
+without occupation, whom their fathers had not been
+quite callous enough to <span class="tei tei-q">“expose”</span> in infancy,<a id="noteref_344" name="noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> and
+restless individuals without property in the mother
+country, would be most likely to offer themselves.
+And to such the two minae per annum, paid by the
+Lesbians from the produce of each κλῆρος, would
+appear a reasonable if not a sumptuous provision of
+livelihood. There were a hundred drachmae in the
+mina, and if it is true, as asserted by Plutarch,<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href="#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> that
+in the time of Solon one drachma was the price of a
+sheep, a yearly income of two hundred sheep, or
+their equivalent, would be forthcoming to each
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+κληροῦχος—surely a considerable contribution to the
+maintenance of his family.<a id="noteref_346" name="noteref_346" href="#note_346"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Under these circumstances each κλῆρος served to
+provide maintenance for two households—both of
+whom had hereditary rights therein, though themselves
+in different strata of society. Both households
+also were in a sort attached to the soil, the one in
+practical bondage, the other bound by law to reside
+in the country wherein lay its substance, and (if we
+may use the common expression of the Welsh Laws)
+its privilege.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The same double ownership in leases </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 80%">“</span><span style="font-size: 80%">for ever.</span><span style="font-size: 80%">”</span></span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This double and continuous ownership was not
+confined to the semi-servile tenure of lands annexed
+by Athenian conquests.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Leases to be handed down from father to son
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">for ever</span></em>—τὸν πάντα χρόνον—subject of course to the
+regular payment of the rent, seem to have been
+quite usual.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What is said to be the oldest Greek contract we
+have, is of this nature.<a id="noteref_347" name="noteref_347" href="#note_347"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a> It was found in Elis at
+Olympia, and runs as follows:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Contract with Theron and Aichmanor with regard to the land
+in Salamona of eighteen plethra. Rent, twenty-two manasioi of
+barley in the month Alphioios; if he omits, let them pay double.
+</span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">They shall hold for ever.</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is an instance of a proprietor of land at
+Mylasa, in Karia, deliberately selling his estates to a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sacred community for the benefit of the god, and
+receiving them again (like the Roman <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">precaria</span></span>) from
+the trustees on perpetual lease—εἰς πατρικά—as the
+patrimonial substance of his family, for himself and
+his issue or whosoever should take inheritance from
+him. He thus obtained a money value down in
+return for his property, but bound himself and his
+descendants to an annual rent of so many drachmae,
+to form part of the revenues of the god. Moreover
+his <span class="tei tei-q">“family-land”</span> in this case was apparently more
+inalienable now than before; for he might neither
+divide the land henceforth, nor share the responsibility
+for the rent with another.<a id="noteref_349" name="noteref_349" href="#note_349"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Perhaps due to the prevailing idea of the
+family as a continuing unit.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Do not these instances show that even leases were
+included in the same category with actual ownership
+of land, being embraced within the characteristic idea
+that the land that contributed to the maintenance of
+the family and had come to be regarded almost as
+giving that family its social if not its political status,
+should descend unintermittently from generation to
+generation in that family, though its occupation was
+subject to providing support likewise to a superior
+owner and his family, whose descendants in their turn
+also would demand their share in the produce?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Is the conclusion justified that the basis of this
+indomitable feeling was that the peculiar view of the
+family, as consisting of a long line of past and future
+representatives, precluded the individual, who happened
+to be the living representative at any given
+time, from taking an irresponsible position as absolute
+master of the property, upon which his family had
+been, was, and would be dependent?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a>
+<a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V. Conclusion.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">No final word can yet be said.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In weighing the results of this essay, it
+would be absurd to pretend that anything of the
+nature of a last word can be said on the subject.
+The process of the early development of Greek
+society cannot be ascertained merely from the study
+of a few survivals in historic times. The comparative
+method must be carried much further
+than has been attempted here, before the secrets of
+antiquity can be laid bare and an authoritative
+statement made.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There would seem, however, to be at any rate
+some points, of those that have come under notice,
+worthy of further investigation, in so far as
+they indicate that Greek society was no isolated
+growth, but must be given a place in the general
+development of the systems of Europe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Explanation of the structure of the kindred to
+be found in the descent of city life from earlier stage of
+tribal society.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is suggested that in the continuity of city life
+from an earlier stage of society under some form of
+the Tribal System, can be found the only natural
+explanation of the structure of the kindred at Athens
+in the fourth and fifth centuries <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span> Comparison
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with the customs of other nations,—the Hindoos, the
+Welsh, and the Israelites, the last two being the most
+typical examples of peoples of which we have written
+records whilst still living under the tribal system—has
+shown remarkable analogies in the organisation of
+their inner society.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Similarity between the bond of tribal blood and
+that of citizenship.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The actual similarity in the sentiment which surrounded
+the possession of the privileges of tribal
+blood and the title to citizenship at Athens, can
+hardly be exaggerated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">The threefold bond:—</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The foundation of the bond in either case has a
+threefold aspect. The bond is one of blood, of
+religion, and of maintenance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">(1) the bond of blood;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The qualification for citizenship, as much as for
+the tribal privilege, was a question of parentage;
+and the citizen equally inherited, with his blood,
+responsibilities towards the community into which
+he was born, as to a larger kindred.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">(2) the bond of religion;</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Membership of the tribe or of the city was the
+only qualification, that admitted to the privilege and
+duty of partaking in the public religious observances.
+Tribesmen and citizens, by virtue of their privilege,
+shared in the worship of the greater gods, of Hestia
+in the Prytaneum, of Zeus Agoraios, and of the
+Heroes or special guardians of their community;
+in like manner as the member of the smaller group
+of a kindred, by virtue of his blood, shared in the
+worship of the Apollo Patroïos, the Zeus Herkeios or
+Ktesios, and the heroes or ancestors of his family.
+Inasmuch as citizenship depended upon purity of
+descent, the possession of the latter qualification
+carried with it the right to share in the greater
+ceremonies. But the converse was equally stringent,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in that the possession of shrines of Apollo Patroïos
+and Zeus Herkeios was impossible, unless the family
+was one of those who had for many generations been
+recognised as belonging to the true stock of the
+community.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">(3) the bond of maintenance.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Inasmuch as the worship of private or public
+gods consisted mainly of offerings of food, of beasts
+or produce of the earth, and wine, every tribesman
+or citizen must have had the means of providing his
+share in the offerings, besides supporting himself and
+his family. Those devoted to handicraft or merchandise
+were often despised by the regular tribesman or
+citizen, and sometimes therefore formed separate clans
+by themselves, like the smiths in Arabia. It is not
+surprising, therefore, to find that the membership of
+the tribe or city should have carried with it the right
+to the possession of some portion of the arable land
+and of the pasture, upon which all were regarded as
+being dependent. In this way the possession of land
+was intimately related to the status and the duties
+of the owner. It was the visible mark of his full
+tribal privilege, and was the practical means of his
+fulfilling his duty towards his fellows and the public
+religion, as well as to the needs of his ancestors and
+household. It seems also to have been believed
+that, in partaking of the hospitality or sharing in
+the sacrificial feast of any family, a bond was for
+the time being created which was in most respects
+practically equivalent to relationship by blood to
+the members of that family.<a id="noteref_350" name="noteref_350" href="#note_350"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Many tribal customs survived in the
+kindred and the household.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Apart from the tribal character of the qualification
+for citizenship, the most conservative organisation
+wherein had been stereotyped the most precious of
+tribal customs, was that of the kindred.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is suggested that the vitality of the customs
+surrounding the bond of family relationship was due
+to the importance attached to the religious and social
+functions incumbent on all members of a household
+united by kindred blood. The actions of the individual
+members were constrained by their weighty
+responsibilities towards the continuance and prosperity
+of the composite household, in which they moved, and
+apart from which their existence could not but be
+altogether incomplete.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The worship of ancestors occupied a prominent
+place in the needs of the Athenian household, and, no
+doubt, had a corresponding influence in the preservation
+of its unity. The same of course cannot be
+said for Wales, where Christianity had replaced, in the
+records at any rate, whatever religious beliefs may
+have existed earlier. But the grouping of the kindred
+according to grades of relationship was adhered to by
+the Welsh as an intrinsic part of their very conception
+of a kindred; and this would point to the conclusion
+that such subdivisions were due to wider needs than
+can be found in any particular form of religious
+belief or worship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">But these survivals mostly found in post-Homeric records.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If, as has been suggested, in adhering to these
+customs, the Greeks were still treading in the tracks
+of their tribal ancestors, how is it that the most
+convincing evidence comes from as late as the fifth
+and fourth centuries <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span> and mainly from the most
+highly civilised of the cities of Greece?
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> may perhaps be
+trusted as truly portraying, so far as they go, the
+manners and customs of the great period of Achaian
+civilisation, known as Mycenean, which may be said
+to have culminated just before the Dorian invasion.
+Whence then came the public recognition of those
+household ceremonies of ancestor-worship, which filled
+such a large place in the life of the Athenian citizen,
+and which, it has been suggested, were consciously
+or unconsciously slurred over by the Homeric
+poets?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">They perhaps belonged to the pre-Achaian inhabitants
+of Greece.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Walter Leaf has already found an answer to
+this question,<a id="noteref_351" name="noteref_351" href="#note_351"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a> viz. that these ceremonies were the
+long cherished customs of the ancient Ionian or
+Pelasgian inhabitants of Greece, who had formed the
+substratum of society under Achaian rule, and who
+only came into prominence on the removal of their
+superiors at the time of the Dorian invasion. And
+this continuity, underlying the superficial rule of the
+Achaians, seems to be borne out by recent research
+and discovery.<a id="noteref_352" name="noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Athenians always boasted their Ionian descent,
+and may well have inherited their habits with the
+traditions of their origin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">But many were probably of wider parentage.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But the customs reviewed in the foregoing
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+pages seem to have a wider parentage than
+can be attributed to the Pelasgians alone. Spartan
+customs at any rate cannot thus be accounted
+for.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Comparison with the history of the Jews.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the course of argument reference has often
+been made to the Jewish records in the Books of the
+Old Testament, and indeed a remarkable parallel is
+presented in the history of the two peoples. Both
+peoples apparently reached their greatest period
+about the same time. The reign of Solomon with
+its gold and costly workmanship must have resembled
+that of the Mycenean kings in more than similarity
+of date, and outward splendour. Taking Homer
+again as the courtly chronicler of the Achaian age of
+gold, the Books of the Kings of both peoples are
+curiously conscious of their former tribal conditions,
+through which they easily trace back to the very
+fountain-head of their race.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">Reaction in times of distress to earlier tribal
+habits by the Jews, and perhaps by the Achaians.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the period of the decay of the Jewish people
+under the stress of invasion by foreign kings, strenuous
+efforts were made by their prophet leaders to
+purge them from the alien blood and alien influences
+contracted in the careless days of their prosperity.
+Their aim was to restore once more those strict tribal
+habits which had served them so well at the time of
+their own victorious invasion, and which still lay dormant
+in their constitution. In similar wise, the period
+of Achaian prosperity seems to have been followed by
+a rise into prominence at any rate, if not an actual
+resuscitation, of old tribal customs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">These tribal habits probably only dormant
+throughout and common to all Greeks,</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The actual traces of tribal institutions in Homer
+need not be underrated. There is much that is of a
+tribal character in the Homeric chieftain in his relations
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to his tribesmen and to their gods. Survivals
+of tribal custom may also be seen in the reverence
+for the guest, and the sacredness of the bond of
+hospitality lasting as it did for generations; and in
+the blood-feud with its deadly consequences, especially
+when occurring within the tribe or kindred. Indeed
+if only the Pentateuch of the Achaians could be found
+in the ruins of Mycenae and added to the Homeric
+Book of the Kings, would it not then probably be
+evident that there was much more of a tribal nature
+in the organisation of the kindreds of the Achaians
+and surviving throughout the whole period of their
+splendour than the aristocratic poets of the Homeric
+schools allowed themselves to record?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"><div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"><span style="font-size: 80%">if not practically even to all tribal systems.</span></div></div><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although therefore nearly all our evidence of the
+internal structure of the kindred among the Greeks
+dates from the fifth century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>, the ἀγχιστεία at
+Athens must not be put down as belonging merely to
+that period. In the light of the close analogies to
+be found in the structure of other tribal systems,
+it is probable that such subdivisions of the kindred
+belong to an extremely early period in the history
+of the Greeks, whether as Achaians or Ionians or
+Dorians. Are they not indeed necessary features of
+tribal society itself wherever it is examined?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a>
+<a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adoption, object of, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">out of unfortunate home, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ceremony of, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36-7</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Agora</span></span>, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-angisteia" id="index-angisteia" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ἀγχιστεία, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">its meaning, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">its limits, <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58-9</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">all within it liable for bloodshed, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">its tribal origin, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ancestor-worship, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>, <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Homer, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Israel, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Egypt, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pre-Homeric, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ἀνεψιός see <a href="#index-angisteia" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">ἀγχιστεία</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">βασιλεύς, one of a class, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">honoured like a god, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105-6</a>, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">owned τέμενος, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">influenced the seasons, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">over-lordship not altogether hereditary, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">levied maintenance on their people, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Solomon, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">household βασιλεύς <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bastard, no place in family, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95-6</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">allotment or gift for his maintenance, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95-6</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Blood, as basis of family, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of tribe, &amp;c., <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4-5</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">its purity jealously guarded, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">acquisition of, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Blood-fine, not within the tribe or kindred, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42-4</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Wales, the <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">galanas</span></span>, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">paid by whole family, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bloodshed, responsibility for, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rested on ἀγχιστεία, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">within the kindred, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-citizenship" id="index-citizenship" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Citizenship, admission to, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">qualification for, by three descents, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">basis of, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">confirmed to son of stranger, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ἔγκτησις, grant of, to new citizen, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span>; <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ἐπίκληρος, succession found through her, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">she must marry next-of-kin, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23-7</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Gortyn laws, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">where more than one, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">inherited for her issue, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ruth as, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">had right of maintenance from property, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23-4</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Family (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#index-oikos" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">οἶκος</a>), bound to the land, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">family estate in Santa Maura, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">head of family, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Funeral, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#index-sacrifices" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Sacrifices</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gavelkind, in Kent, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-guest" id="index-guest" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Guest, importance at sacrifice, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>-100;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">hereditary guestship, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hearth, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">as basis of the family, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Prytaneum, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">initiation of heir to, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-heir" id="index-heir" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Heir, duties of, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18-19</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">importance of male heir, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21-3</a>, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">daughter's son, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23-7</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">always ranks as <em class="tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">son</span></em> of deceased, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">initiated to hearth, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">introduced to kindred, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">and to the deme, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38-9</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">importance of introduction of, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125-8</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">co-heir in Wales, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">law of succession, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">disinheritance, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">division among heirs, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ahab's 'inheritance' of Naboth's vineyard, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hesiod, his κλῆρος, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the needs of a farmer, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Hestia</span></span>, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“princess,”</span> <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Inheritance, see <a href="#index-kleros" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">κλῆρος</a>, and <a href="#index-heir" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Heir</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kinship, grades of, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in India, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Wales, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the fourth degree, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the seventh, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> et <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the ninth, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wife's relations no kin to husband but are to son, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kinsmen, duties of, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">next of kin marries <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“heiress,”</span> <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23-7</a>, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">his duty to redeem property in Israel, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">kinsmen accept heir, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125-7</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sanction disinheritance, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">liable for bloodshed, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Hesiod's idea of, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">κλαρῶται, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-kleros" id="index-kleros" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">κλῆρος, its form, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">supported the οἶκος, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">need not be divided, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">no joint holding between father and sons, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sold in case of need, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in theory inalienable, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">allotted to new citizen, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Homer, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">held by tribesmen, <a href="#Pg108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Hesiod, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">κληροῦχοι, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land, ownership of, proof of civic rights, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#index-kleros" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">κλῆρος</a> and <a href="#index-temenos" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">τέμενος</a>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lar</span></span> = <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“lord,”</span> <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">lares</span></span> of king, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Leases, for ever, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>-6</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-levirate" id="index-levirate" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Levirate, not in Greece, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in India, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Israel, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maintenance of parents (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#index-parents" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Parents</a>);</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of οἶκος, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the bond of, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of the chief, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>; <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Ezekiel, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of children at Sparta, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gift of food to babe, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">derived from κλῆρος, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Manes</span></span>, duties to, in India, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Marriage, of heiress, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23-6</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of near relations, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of widow (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#index-levirate" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Levirate</a>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Octopus</span></span>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-oikos" id="index-oikos" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">οἶκος, part of γένος, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">importance of continuity of, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19-20</a>, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the unit of ownership of property, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">extent of, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54-6</a>, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88-9</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the householder in India, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">supported by its land, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Bouselos, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">power of head of, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91-2</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Open field system, in Greece, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in the islands, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Homer, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">its elasticity, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118-9</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Parage</span></span>, in Normandy, an undivided tenure, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-parents" id="index-parents" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parents, maintenance of, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">after death, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Phratria</span></span>, enrols legitimate sons, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36-7</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">partly responsible for bloodshed, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Primogeniture, not the rule in Greece, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">nor in India, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">eldest son had certain rights or dignity, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">called ἠθεῖος, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Prytaneum</span></span>, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Register, of phratria, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of deme, <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ruth, as widow and ἐπίκληρος, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31-4</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-sacrifices" id="index-sacrifices" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacrifices, object of, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to the dead, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9-12</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of funeral cake in India, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">funeral rites at Athens, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of householder in India, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bond of common religion, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stranger, abhorrence of, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">as guest, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> <a href="#index-guest" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Guest</a>);</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">admission to tribe, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<a name="index-temenos" id="index-temenos" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">τέμενος, in Homer, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">allotted to princes and gods, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">called πατρώιος, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">helped to support prince, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118-9</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tonsure, in Greece, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in India, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tribe, its basis one of blood, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4-5</a>, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">possible development of, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14-15</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">admission to, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">and see</span></span> <a href="#index-citizenship" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Citizenship</a>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Widow, could not inherit from husband, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27-8</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">returned to her kin or guardian, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">when allowed to remain, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">note</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">the case of Tamar, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Ruth, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+THE END.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+  <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a>
+    <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a>
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+    <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ix. 63.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ii. 400.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xi.
+807.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ii. 788.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of
+Philology</span></span>, xiv. 145 (1885), Mr. Frazer on Prytaneum.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cauer,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Delect. Inser. Graec.</span></span> § 121. (Crete, c. 200 B.C.) <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+swear by Hestia in the Prytaneum (τὰν ἐμ πρυτανείῳ), by Zeus of the
+Agora, Zeus Tallaios, Apellon Delphinios, Athanaia Poliouchos,
+Apellon Poitios, and Lato, and Artemis, and Ares, and Aphordite,
+and Hermes, and Halios ... and all gods and goddesses.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span>
+also § 116, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiv. 158.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plato, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> § 848, says
+Hestia, Zeus and Athena shall
+have temples everywhere.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thuc.</span></span> ii. 16.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal
+of Philol.</span></span> xiv. 145.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Op. cit.</span></span> p. 153.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exception, however, was
+sometimes made in the case of the stranger as a favoured guest,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">v. infra</span></span>, p. <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>
+948) remarks that at the time of Rhadamanthos
+the belief in the existence of the gods was a reasonable one, seeing
+that at that time most men were sons of gods.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxiii. 206. It is clear
+from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> i. 466 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span> that the
+sacrifice was held to be a feast at which the choice portions were
+devoured by the god by means of the fire on his altar. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> p. 139,
+note.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">It was not
+therefore only at the mouth of Hades that the dead
+could benefit by such offerings.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span>
+iv. 197. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xvi. 455.<br />
+ἔνδα ἑ ταρχύσουσι κασίγνητοι τε ἔται τε<br />
+τύμβῳ τε στήλῃ τε: τὸ γὰρ γέρας ἐστὶ θανόντων.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The speculative state of mind
+displayed in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> may be illustrated from the effect on
+Achilles of the apparition of Patroklos after death in a dream.
+As he wakes suddenly the conviction comes upon him:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Ay me,
+there remaineth then even in the house of Hades a spirit and
+phantom of the dead, albeit the life be not anywise therein: for
+all night long hath the spirit of hapless Patroklos stood over me,
+wailing and making moan, and charged me everything that I
+should do, and wondrous like his living self it seemed.”</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxiii, 113 &amp;c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ps. cvi. 28. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">v.</span></span> Maine's
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Law and Custom</span></span>, p. 59.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">1 Sam. xx. 6.
+Θυσία τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκεῖ ὅλῃ τῇ φυλῇ.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Soph.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antig.</span></span> 659.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Coulanges,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cité Antique</span></span>, p. 65.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"> Soph. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antig.</span></span> 199.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Soph. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phil.</span></span> 933. Soph.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elekt.</span></span> 411.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aesch.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pers.</span></span> 609-618. The speaker in this case is a Persian
+and a woman; but many passages might be quoted from the Greek
+poets. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Luctu</span></span>, 9.
+Τρέφονται δὲ ἄρα ταῖς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν χοαῖς καὶ τοῖς καθαγιζομένοις ἐπὶ
+τῶν τάφων: ὡς εἴ τῳ μὴ εἴη καταλελειμμένος ὑπὲρ γῆς φίλος ἥ συγγενὴς,
+ἄσιτος οὗτος νεκρὸς καὶ λιμώττων ἐν αὐτοῖς πολιτεύεται.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edited by
+C. H. S. Davis (Putnam, 1894).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Id.</span></span>
+chap. liii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Id.</span></span> chap.
+lxxii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Id.</span></span> chap.
+lxxvii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cité Antique</span></span>, p. 93, ἑστία
+δέσποινα.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wks. &amp; Days</span></span>, 327-332.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Id.</span></span> 353-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> § 717, Trans. Jowett,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cf.</span></span> 729 C and 931 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Arist, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ath. Pol.</span></span> lv. 3.
+Isaeus, viii. 32. <span class="tei tei-q">“The law commands us to maintain (τρέφειν)
+our parents even if they have nothing to leave us.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Ruth
+iv. 15 διαθρέψαι τὴν πολιάν σου.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> iv. 477 and xvii. 302.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+... οὐδὲ τοκεῦσιν<br />
+θρέπτα φίλοις ἀπέδωκε...
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hesiod, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Works and Days</span></span>, 118.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+οὐδέ κεν οἵγε<br />
+γηράντεσσι τοκεῦσιν ἀπὸ θρεπτήρια δοῖεν<br />
+χειροδίκαι.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, 877 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aeschin. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Timarch.</span></span> § 13.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, iv. 19
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nicostrat.</span></span>).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of Manu</span></span>, translated
+by A. C. Burnell, edited by E. W. Hopkins. London: 1884.
+Bk. ix. 106, 8, 182, 137, 161.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, 721
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B</span></span>, Trans. Jowett,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cf.</span></span> 923 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Leoch.</span></span> 1090,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxiii. 163, xvi. 455, xxiv. 793.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Macart.</span></span>
+1077.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, ii. 36 and 42.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arist.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol.</span></span> 1, 2, 4, Ἡ κτῆσις
+μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lycurg. and Numa</span></span> 4.
+Xen. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rep. Lac.</span></span> i. 7 to 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">From Xen.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rep. Lac.</span></span> i. 9, it would seem that such children,
+born into a family where there were already children of both
+father and mother, had no share in the family property.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This was the practice also in
+Arabia (Rob. Smith, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kinship &amp;c.</span></span>,
+p. 110).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herod. v. 40.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herod.
+vii. 205. Quoted by Hearn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aryan Household</span></span>, p. 71.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> xv. 497.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. vii. 30.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. ii. 36.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. iii. 59 and 60, vi. 28.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">For want of a better translation
+implying <span class="tei tei-q">“going with the property”</span> this word will be rendered
+by <span class="tei tei-q">“heiress.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. viii. 31. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span>
+συνουκεῖν in Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in Neaeram</span></span> 1386.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosth. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Steph</span></span>. ii. 1134.
+Son. of ἐπίκληρος inherits (κρατεῖν τῶν χρημάτων) ἐπὶ δίετες; τὸν δὲ
+σῖτον μετρεῖν τῇ μητρί.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. vi. 14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Ar.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesp</span></span>. 583 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span> ix. 131 and 132.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+136.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+135.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, 924.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Terence,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phormio</span></span> 125-6.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lex est ut orbae, qui sunt genere proxumi,<br />
+Eis nubant, et illos ducere cadem haec lex jubet.<br />
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+and Diod. Sic. xii. 18: ὁ δὲ
+ἀγχιστεὺς πλούσιος ὦν ἠναγκάσθη
+γῆμαι γυναῖκα πενιχρὰν ἐπίκληρον
+ἄνευ προικός.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, iii.
+64.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances</span></span> iii. 11.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, i.
+39.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">vii. 15-ix. 24. We may
+compare this with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> vii. 60
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span> where Alkinoos marries his
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">niece</span></em>, Arete, the only child and
+therefore ἐπίκληρος of his brother Rhexenor.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Macart.</span></span> 1068 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Law</span></span>)</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Plut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Solon</span></span>
+21. ἐν τῷ γένει τοῦ τεθηκότος ἔδει τὰ χρήματα
+καταμένειν. Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 925. A
+heiress <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">must</span></em> marry a citizen. In
+the Gortyn laws, if any one marry the heiress contrary to law, the
+next of kin shall have the property).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dem.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macart</span></span>. 1076.
+Widow only allowed to remain in her deceased husband's house
+on plea of pregnancy and under the guardianship of the archon.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boeot</span></span>. 1010. Wife leaves
+her husband's house and is portioned out again by her brothers.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ord. of
+Manu</span></span> v. 147-8. <span class="tei tei-q">“No act is to be done according to
+(her) own will by a young girl, a young woman, or even by an
+old woman, though in (their own) houses.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In her childhood (a girl) should be under the will of her
+father; in her youth, of her husband; her husband being dead,
+of her sons; a woman should never enjoy her own will.”</span></p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dem.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spoud</span></span>. 1029. Father
+takes away daughter and gives her to another.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> also Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eubulid</span></span>. 1311.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Isaeus, v. 10. By coming into an inheritance from his first
+cousin, a man also becomes guardian (ἐπίτροπος καὶ κύριος) of his
+three female first cousins, though all married.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pro Phormio.</span></span> 953.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">As in Isaeus, ii. 7 and 8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 70. &amp;c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">vii. 11 and 12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gen. xxxviii. 10.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ruth i. 8-12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href="#noteref_74">74.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the meaning of ἀγχιστεύς see below
+p. <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href="#noteref_75">75.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">xi. 49.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href="#noteref_76">76.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, vii. 31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href="#noteref_77">77.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Macart.</span></span> 1077.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href="#noteref_78">78.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Leochar.</span></span> 1093. ἐκ
+τῶν κατὰ γένος ἐγγυτάτω εἰσποιεῖν υἱὸν τῷ τετελευτηκότι ὅπως ἄν ὁ
+οἶκος μὴ ἐξερημωθῇ.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href="#noteref_79">79.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. x. 17.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href="#noteref_80">80.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arist. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol.</span></span> 1, 2, 4 Ἡ κτῆσις
+μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href="#noteref_81">81.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. ii. 14.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href="#noteref_82">82.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. vii. 1, 16, 13
+and 27.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href="#noteref_83">83.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Eubulid.</span></span> 1315.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href="#noteref_84">84.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. vi. 25.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href="#noteref_85">85.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Andoc. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de
+Myst.</span></span> 126.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href="#noteref_86">86.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Macart.</span></span> 1054 and
+1078.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href="#noteref_87">87.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Leoch.</span></span>
+1091. Isaeus iii. 80 and viii. 18.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href="#noteref_88">88.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus ix. 7 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Astyph.</span></span>)
+τελευτήσαντι αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνου προγόνοις τά νομιζόμενα ποισει.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href="#noteref_89">89.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus vi. 44; ix. 2 and 33;
+x. 2 and 4. Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Leoch.</span></span> passim. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.
+Manu</span></span>, ix. 142.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href="#noteref_90">90.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Leoch.</span></span> 1094, 1099,
+and (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">lex Solonis</span></span>) 1100.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href="#noteref_91">91.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 1090.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href="#noteref_92">92.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mayne on
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hindu Law</span></span> (1892), p. 105 and 162.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href="#noteref_93">93.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Op. cit.</span></span> p. 141-2 and 189.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span> ix. 142. He offers no cake
+to his original ancestors.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href="#noteref_94">94.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thes.</span></span> 5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href="#noteref_95">95.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπάρχεσθαι: in
+Homer to <span class="tei tei-q">“begin”</span> a sacrifice by offering the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">hair</span></em> of the victim. Later, to <span class="tei tei-q">“dedicate.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href="#noteref_96">96.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ii. 542 ὄπιθεν κομόωντες.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href="#noteref_97">97.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herod, iii. 8. The Arabs cut
+their hair in a ring away from the temples.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href="#noteref_98">98.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxiii. 141-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href="#noteref_99">99.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Paus. i. 37, 3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Char.</span></span> 21.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deipnosoph.</span></span> xi.
+88.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span> ii. 65.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> ii. 38. This was the last
+year that a Brahman could receive investiture.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, vi. 10.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anc. Grk. Inscr.</span></span> Brit. Mus.
+cccxv. cccxvii. and cccxviii. Oath of mother required before legitimacy
+registered, in the island of Kalymna.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Aristot. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ath.
+Pol.</span></span> xlii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, iii. 75.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> vi. 47.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Deuteronomy xxiii. i.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robertson Smith,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kinship, &amp;c. in Arabia</span></span>, p. 262.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in Euerg.</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mnesib.</span></span> 1160.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Macart.</span></span> 1069.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Deut. xxi. 1-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf. Od.</span></span> iii. 195.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ix. 63.<br />
+ἀφρήτωρ, ἀθέμιστος, ἀνέστιός ἐστιν ἐκεῖνος,<br />
+ὅς πολέμου ἔραται ἐπιδημίου ὀκρυόεντος.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Il. xiii. 695.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> xv. 335.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xvi. 572.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ii. 662.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf. Od.</span></span> xiii. 259, xiv. 380.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Quoted in Dem.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Aristocrat.</span></span> 629.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 865 d.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+871. Soph. O.C. 407. Oedipus could not be buried on
+Theban soil, because he had shed ἔμφυλον αἷμα.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf</span></span>. Aeschines in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ctesiph.</span></span> 244.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 17-19. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Dem.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Pantaen.</span></span> 983, 59.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 871
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 871 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span>868.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 872
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">E</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Tacitus,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, 21. Suscipere tam inimicitias
+seu patris seu propinqui quam amicitias necesse est. Nec implacabiles
+durant: luitur enim etiam homicidium certo armentorum ac pecorum
+numero, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">recipitque satisfactionem universa domus</span></em>, utiliter in
+publicum, quia periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta libertatem.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 873
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">E</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herod. i. 44.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">v.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">infra</span></span> p. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et
+seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Leoch.</span></span> 1083.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Macart.</span></span> 1055-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus,
+viii. 32.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Venedotian Code</span></span>,
+ii. xii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lady Charlotte Guest's
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mabinogion</span></span>, p. 234.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">cxxviii-cxxxi.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimetian Code</span></span>, ii. xxiii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span>, ix. 186.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span>, iii. 5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span> v. 60.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gwentian Code</span></span>, ii. viii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span> 1076.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">infra</span></span>, tree on p.
+<a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Makart.</span></span> 1055-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span> 1077.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Id.</span></span> 1078
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus,
+vii. 22, and xi. i.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus,
+xi. 30.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span>
+1067.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Dem.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Leochar.</span></span> 1088. ἀνεψιαδοῦς is used to denote the
+relationship of a man to the adopted son of his great-uncle, or, as
+we should say, first cousin once removed.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span> 1053.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Makart.</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Leoch.</span></span> 1100, &amp;c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The wife's
+kin are no kin to her husband, but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">are</span></em> to her son.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>,
+929 c. Trans. Jowett.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span> 1058.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Id.</span></span> 1070.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mentioned in Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span>
+1056.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Supra</span></span>, p.
+<a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span> 1068,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">supra</span></span>, p. 26.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Welsh Laws</span></span>, iv. i. and x.
+vii. Exception is made for the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">son of a stranger chieftain</span></em>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Welsh
+Laws</span></span>, v. ii. and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vened. Code</span></span>, ii. xvi. and elsewhere.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Welsh Laws</span></span>, v. ii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Welsh Laws</span></span>, xiii. ii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Venedotian Code</span></span>, ii. xiv. and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gwentian Code</span></span>, ii. xxx. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> the
+Shunammite's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cry unto the King</span></span>
+for restoration of her house and fields after an absence of seven
+years. 2 Kings viii. 3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gen. xlviii. 5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Pindar,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ol.</span></span> viii. 46. Troy to be subdued
+by children of Aeacus in first and fourth generations.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in Neaer.</span></span> 1376.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anc.
+Inscrip.</span></span> Brit. Mus. ccxxxviii. Citizenship had to be
+confirmed on son of foreigner admitted to citizenship.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ath. Pol.</span></span> lv. 3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Pollux, viii. 85: εἰ
+Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσιν ἑκατερωθεν ἐκ τριγονίας.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Aristot. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol.</span></span>
+iii. 2:
+ὁρίζονται δὲ πρὸς τὴν χρῆσιν
+πολίτην τὸν ἔξ ἀμφοτέρων πολιτῶν
+καὶ μὴ θατέρου μόνον, οἷον πατρὸς ἢ
+μητρός, οἳ δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐπὶ πλέον
+ζητοῦσιν, οἷον ἐπὶ πάππους δύο ἢ
+τρεῖς ἢ πλείους.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oed.
+Tyr.</span></span> 742 and 1063
+quoted by Hearn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aryan Household</span></span>,
+p. 206.<br />
+<br />
+θάρσει; σὺ μὲν γὰρ οὐδ᾽ ἐὰν τρίτης ἐγὼ<br />
+μητρὸς φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανεῖ κακή ...<br />
+<br />
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Demosth. 1327. πονηρὸς
+ἐκ τριγονίας.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der Griechischen
+Staatsalterthümer</span></span>, von G. Gilbert, ii. p. 298, quotation from Dittenberger
+371, 4 ff.:—(ὁ) πριάμε(νος τ)ὴν ἱερητείαν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος τῆς
+Περ(γα)ίας π(αρ)έξετα(ι ἱ)έρειαν ἀστὴν ἐξ ἀστῶν ἀμφοτέρων ἐπὶ
+(τ)ρεῖς γενεὰς γεγενημένην καὶ πρὸς πατρὸς καὶ πρὸς μητρός.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nehemiah vii. 64.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span>, x. 64.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, ix. 871 B.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> 868.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">872
+E.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">878 D.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c.
+Makart</span></span>, 1069.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is some uncertainty in
+the text of this passage, but the
+following is Blass' reading adopted
+by Kohler:—προειπεῖν τῷ κτείναντι ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος
+καὶ ἀνεψιοῦ συνδίωκειν δὲ καὶ ἀνεψιοὺς καὶ ἀνεψιῶν παῖδας καὶ
+ἀνεψιαδοῦς καὶ γαμβροὺς καὶ πενθέρους καὶ φράτορας.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I am indebted to Mr. J. W.
+Headlam for this information, and
+also for the fact of the discovery
+of the confirmatory inscription.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Euerg. et Mnesib.</span></span>
+1161. κελεύει ὁ νόμος τοὺς προσήκοντας ἐπεξιέναι μέχρι
+ἀνεψιαδῶν; καὶ ἐν τῷ ὅρκῳ διορίζεται ὅτι προσήκων ἐστι
+etc.... <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Pollux, viii. 118
+(obviously quoting this passage).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, 877 c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> 2 Sam.
+xiv. 7. House extinguished for fratricide.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dimetian Code</span></span>, ii.
+i.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gwentian Code</span></span>,
+ii. viii. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span>
+Sapinda and Samānodaka: both owe rites at death of kinsman.
+Manu, ix. 186, and v. 60, quoted above.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Venedotian Code</span></span>, iii. i.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inscript. Jurid. Grecques</span></span> par
+Dareste, &amp;c., 1891, p. 10. Inscription found at Iulis in Keos.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth century</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Numbers xix. 14.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">c. Makart.</span></span> 1071.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Welsh Laws</span></span>, vol. i. 229. Cf.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ord. of Manu</span></span>, ix. 201, where list
+of those incapable of receiving inheritance includes eunuchs.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁ περὶ τῶν κλήρων καὶ
+ἐπικλήρων. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol. Ath.</span></span> 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cic. de Legibus</span></span>
+ii. 21. Nam sacra cum pecunia pontificum
+auctoritate, nulla lege conjuncta sunt.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dem. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in Calliclem</span></span>, 13-14.
+Coulanges, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Problèmes d'Histoire</span></span>,
+p. 19.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arist. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol. Ath.</span></span>
+lv. 3; Harpocration, ὅτι δὲ τούτοις μετῆν τῆς πολιτείας οἷς εἴη Ζεὺς ἑρκεῖος,
+δεδήλωκε καὶ Ὑπερείδης ...</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In other words, the devisee
+could not possess the property devised to him until his place as
+heir in the succession by blood or adoption was legally established.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, i. 17. The
+<span class="tei tei-q">“friendship”</span> insured that his presence
+and officiating at the tomb would be acceptable to the soul of the
+deceased—always an important consideration.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thuc. i. 2. Νεμόμενοί τε τὰ αὑτῶν ἔκαστοι ὅσον
+ἀποζῇν, καὶ περιουσίαν χρημάτων οὐκ ἔχοντες οὐδὲ γῆν φυτεύοντες, ἄδηλον ὃν
+ὁπότε τις ἐπελθὼν καὶ ἀτειχίστων ἅμα ὄντων ἄλλος ἀφαιρήσεται.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> 21. 16. Cf.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xi. 682 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> where the booty consists of
+50 herds of kine, 50 flocks of sheep, 50 droves of swine, 50
+flocks of goats, and 150 chestnut mares, many with foals at foot.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xx. 216-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxi. 602.
+Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> iii. 495.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consular
+Reports</span></span>, p. 20.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. 199.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consular Reports</span></span>, pp. 23 and
+30.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> p.
+26.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> p. 40.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> p. 49.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The Homeric Land System,”</span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Hellenic Studies</span></span>, 1885.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, xi. 49 (Hagnias).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s. v.</span></span>
+ἀφ᾽ Ἑστίας μυεῖσθαι; Ἰσαῖος ἐν τῷ πρὸς Καλυδῶνα. ὁ ἀφ᾽ Ἑστίας μυούμενος
+Ἀθηναῖος ἦν πάντως. κλήρῳ δὲ λαχὼν ἐμυεῖτο.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, vii. 15 and 27,
+(Apollod.)</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">1055 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> 1149 where one brother lives with his father
+after the division, whilst his brother has a house of his own:
+and 1086 where two brothers live apart but with undivided estate.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xv. 187
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span>
+xiii. 355.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span>
+the use of ἠθεῖος (<span class="tei tei-q">“revered”</span>) as the stock epithet of
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">eldest</span></em> brother in Homer <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+vi. 518, and elsewhere. Pollux, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On.</span></span> 3, 24, states that this is the
+right use of the word.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span>
+xiii. 142.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+iv. 59 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span><br />
+<br />
+Καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ θεός εἰμι, γένος δὲ μοι ἔνθεν, ὅθεν σοι;<br />
+καὶ με πρεσβυτάτην τέκετο Κρόνος ἀγκυλομήτης,<br />
+ἀμφότερον, γενεῇ τε καὶ οὕνεκα σὴ παράκοιτις<br />
+κέκλημαι; σὺ δὲ πᾶσι μετ᾽ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσεις.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> i. 397,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cf.</span></span> ix. 115.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">xxix. Εἰς Ἑστίαν.<br />
+<br />
+Ἑστιη, ἣ πάντων ἐν δώμασιν ὑψηλοῖσιν<br />
+ἀθανάτων τε θεῶν χαμαὶ ἐρχομένων τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων<br />
+ἕδρην ἀίδιον ἔλαχε, πρεσβηίδα τιμὴν,<br />
+καλὸν ἔχουσα γέρας καὶ τίμιον; οὐ γὰρ ἄτερ σοῦ<br />
+εἰλαπίναι θνητοῖσιν, ἵν᾽ οὐ πρώτῃ πυμάτῃ τε<br />
+Ἑστίῃ ἀρχόμενος σπένδει μελιηδέα οἶνον.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pol. I. 2, 6. πᾶσα γὰρ οἰκία
+βασιλεύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ πρεσβυτάτου.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> use of πρεσβεύεσθαι in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aesch. Ag.</span></span> 1300, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Choeph.</span></span> 486
+and 631.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gortyn Law</span></span>, iv. 24,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">supra</span></span> p. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the island of Tenos, according
+to an inscription of the second or third century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>, the
+transfer of undivided fractions of houses and property was of exceedingly
+common occurrence. Sales are recorded of a fourth part
+of a tower and cistern; half a house, lands, tower, &amp;c. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inscr.
+Jurid. Gr.</span></span>: Dareste, &amp;c. p. 63.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gortyn Laws</span></span>, iv. 29-31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ordinances of
+Manu</span></span>, ix. 213-4. <span class="tei tei-q">“If an eldest (brother), through avarice, commit an injury
+against his younger (brothers), he should be made a not-eldest
+and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">shareless</span></em>, and be put under restraint by kings.”</span>
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“None of the brothers who perform wrong acts <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">deserve</span></em> (share
+in) <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">the property</span></em>, ...”</span>
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, 877 c.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lev. xxv. 25;
+Jerem. xxxii. 8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Another version runs:
+<br />
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The fader to the bonde</span><br />
+<span class="tei tei-q">And the son to the londe.”</span><br />
+<br />
+Sandys, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Gavelkind</span></span>,
+1851, pp. 5 and 150.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiv. 209.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ol.</span></span> ix. 95-100. Bastard prince
+named after his mother's father and given one πόλιν λαόν τε διαιτᾶν.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Is. vi. 23.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eur.
+Ion</span></span> 1541.<br />
+<br />
+... τοῦ θεοῦ δὲ λεγόμενος<br />
+οὐκ ἔσχες ἄν ποτ᾽ οὔτε παγκλήρους δόμους<br />
+οὔτ᾽ ὄνομα πατρός.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">See inscriptions quoted in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mittheilungen Athen.</span></span> vol. 9, pt. 1,
+p. 60. εὐεργέτῃ γενομενῳ τῆς πόλεως δοῦναι πολιτείαν, κλῆρον ἐν
+τῷ πεδίῳ, οἰκίην, κῆπον κυάμων διηκοσίων ἀμφορέων, ἀτέλειαν ...
+αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+... δοῦναι ἡμικλήριον δασείης κτήνειον (?) ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, οἰκίην,
+κῆπον κυάμων ἀμφορέων ἑκατὸν, &amp;c. ... αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cauer Delect.</span></span> § 221.
+αὐτοῖ καὶ ἐκγόνοις, καὶ ἔγκτησιν γᾶς
+καὶ οἰκίας καὶ ἐπινομίας, &amp;c. ...
+and § 232.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Do.</span></span> § 395 (4th cent. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>). So
+many plethra each ἔχειν πατρουέαν
+τὸμ πάντα χρόνον.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Do.</span></span> § 27. The importance of
+the grant of ἔγκτησις must lie in
+its being the evidence of admission
+to full privilege. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">V. infra</span></span>, p. 139.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">p. 122, note <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span>, ix. 104-106.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">iv. 184. <span class="tei tei-q">“An elder brother is equal to a
+father.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 182.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">iii. 171-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 110 and
+213.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 111.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">iii. 77
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">vi. 90.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">iii. 67, 70, and 72.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">iii. 108.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elektra</span></span>,
+784.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Elektra</span></span>, 637.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> viii. 546. ἀντὶ κασιγνήτου
+ξεῖνός θ᾽ ἱκέτης τε τέτυκται ἀνέρι, ὅς τ᾽ ὀλίγον περ ἐπιψαύῃ πραπίδεσσιν.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span>
+iii. 30-80.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf. Manu</span></span>, ix. 163. <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+son of the body is the one and only lord of the paternal wealth: but
+to do the others no harm he should afford (them something) to support
+life.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span>, ix. 115.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 214.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 118.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 47.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 210.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 209.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 208. Though viii. 416 states the contrary. <span class="tei tei-q">“A wife,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">son</span></em>, and slave are said to be without
+property: whatever property they acquire is his to whom they
+(belong).”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ix. 207.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+xx. 165.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiv. 96.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> vi. 194.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ix. 574;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cf.</span></span> xx. 184.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+xiv. 121.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or
+<span class="tei tei-q">“belonging to a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">basileus</span></span>.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xi. 67. <span class="tei tei-q">“As when
+reapers over against each other drive their swaths through the
+ploughland of a rich man of wheat and barley, and thick fall
+the handfuls”</span>...
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This contrast is drawn by Professor Ridgeway: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 19
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Hellenic Studies</span></span>, 1885.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xviii.
+541.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxi. 602.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ridgeway,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, 842.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">E.</span></span> Διὸς ὁρίου πρῶτος νόμος ὅδε εἰρήσθω; μὴ
+κινείτω γῆς ὅρια μηδεὶς ... νομίσας τὸ τἀκίνητα κινεῖν τοῦτο εἶναι ...
+καταφρονήσας δὲ, διτταῖς δίκαις ἔνοχος ἔστω, μιᾷ μὲν παρὰ θεῶν,
+δευτέρᾳ δὲ ὑπὸ νόμου.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xi. 558.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+xii. 421; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">v.</span></span> Ridgeway, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op.
+cit.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, ix. 17-19.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">πίονες ἀγροί.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxiii. 832. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">v.</span></span> Ridgeway,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 16.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xii.
+313. Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ix. 297. A good king also has power over
+the crops, etc., to bring plenty. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xix. 110-5. Frazer,
+Golden Bough, i. 8 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> vi. 191.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xii. 313. καὶ τέμενος
+νεμόμεσθα μέγα (<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> τεμένεα).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> vi. 291-3.
+Xenophon states that choice portions of land
+in the territory of many neighbouring
+towns were set apart for
+the king of Sparta. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rep. Laced.</span></span>
+xv. 3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xi. 184.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xx. 391, ὅθι τοι
+τέμενος πατρώιόν ἐστιν.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἀπὸ προγόνων.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vide <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ii. 46 and 101-8.
+Agamemnon's σκῆπτρον πατρῴιον
+had been handed down to him in
+succession from Thyestes, Atreus,
+Pelops, Hermes, and Zeus, for
+whom it had been made by
+Hephaistos.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span>
+i. 386. Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> ii. 22.
+δύο δ᾽ αἰὲν ἔχον πατρώια ἔργα.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> i. 407. ποῦ δέ νύ οἱ
+γενεὴ καὶ πατρὶς ἄρουρα?
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xi. 185. Telemachos
+νέμεται τεμένεα of Odysseus.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xx. 336. πατρώια
+πάντα νέμηαι.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span> iv. 255 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiv. 211.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+xii. 421. περὶ ἴσης.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiv. 62.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiv. 211.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wks. and Dys. 405. The
+next line which explains that the
+woman is to be slave and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></em> a
+wife is evidently a later addition.
+Aristotle did not know it, and
+interpreted γυνη as wife.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol.</span></span> i. 2, 5-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"> I am indebted to Professor
+Ridgeway for the right meaning
+and derivation of this word, which
+stands for ὁμόκηποι, having the α
+long and not short as stated in
+Liddell and Scott's Dictionary.
+Another reading is ὁμόκαπνοι which
+would mean sharers of the smoke
+or hearth.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nem.</span></span> ix. 11.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Œcon.</span></span> i. 2. μέρη δὲ οἰκίας
+ἄνθρωπός τε καὶ κτῆσίς ἐστιν. Pol.
+i. 4, 1. ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας
+ἐστί.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> iv. 318.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx
+230. ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα θεῶν
+ξενίν τε τράπεζα ἱστίν τ᾽ Ὀδυσῆος
+ἀμύμονος, ἥν ἀφικάνω.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> vi. 230.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xv. 497.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions
+other countries where the father takes a new name as father of his
+eldest son.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> iv. 754-7</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+οὐ γὰρ ὀίω<br />
+πάγχυ θεοῖς μακάρεσσι γονὴν Ἀρκεισιάδαο<br />
+ἔχθεσθ᾽, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι πού τις ἐπέσσεται, ὅς κεν ἔχῃσιν<br />
+δώματα θ᾽ ὑψερεφέα καὶ ἀπόπροθι πίονας ἀγρούς.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Far away”</span> implies width of
+sway and extent of influence; and
+the protection of outlying properties
+would necessitate a great
+name and a strong hand.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+v. 151 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> vii.
+150.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xi. 184.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> xx. 336. ὄφρα σὺ μὲν (= Telemachos) χαίρων
+πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">1 Kings xxi 3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ezekiel xlvi. 16.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> i.
+392.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">βασιλεύς in Homer means
+<span class="tei tei-q">“prince”</span> and is applied to a class,
+not a single chieftain. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xii. 319
+of Sarpedon and Glaukos. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> iv.
+96 of Paris. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> i. 394 of the
+Ithakans. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> viii. 41 and 390
+of the Phaeakians. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span>
+xvii. 250.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> xxiv. 262.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> ii. 74.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xiii. 13.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od</span></span>. xix. 195.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ix. 291. Cf.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave
+him much people (πολὺν λαόν) to be ἄναξ over.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> iv. 174.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manu</span></span>, vii. 118.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">vii. 123.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herod, i. 192.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of
+these officers was over <span class="tei tei-q">“threescore
+great cities with walls and brazen
+bars.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herod. ii. 109.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Genes. xlvii. 26.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pind. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nem.</span></span> vi. 11 (Trans. Myers),
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cf.</span></span> Ridgeway, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 20.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ezekiel
+xlv. 8, 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ez.
+xlvi. 18.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> xxiv. 207.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mahaffy, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rambles in
+Greece</span></span>, 3rd ed. p. 200.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rennell Rodd's
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Customs and Lore of Modern Greece</span></span>, p. 58.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> vi. 293.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 259.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The κλῆρος is spoken of as
+capable of good cultivation by means of a yoke of oxen.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Works and Days</span></span> 637.
+Possession of land would presuppose admission to full civic rights. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">V.
+supra</span></span>, p. <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref">97</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Il.</span></span> ix.
+648; xvi. 59.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W. and D.</span></span> 345 &amp;c. γείτονες
+ἄζωστοι ἔκιον, ζώσαντο δὲ πηοί.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arist. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol.</span></span>
+VIII. ii. 5. ἦν δὲ τό γε ἀρχαῖον ἐν πολλαῖς πόλεσι νενομοθετημένον μηδὲ πωλεῖν ἐχεῖναι
+τοὺς πρώτους κλήρους; ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὅν λέγουσι Ὀξύλου νόμον εἶναι
+τοιοῦτόν τι δυνάμενος, τὸ μὴ δανείζειν εἴς τι μέρος τῆς ὑπαρχούσης
+ἑκάστῳ γῆς. Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Id.</span></span> iv. 4 ὥσπερ ἐν Λοκροῖς νόμος ἐστὶ μὴ
+πωλεῖν.... ἔτι δὲ τοὺς παλαιοὺς κλήρους διασῴζειν.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 741.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 923.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lycurg.</span></span> xvi.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Suidas; and
+Harpocration <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> ἀμφιδρόμια:—Λυσίας ἐν τῷ περὶ
+τῆς ἀμβλώσεωσ, εἰ γνήσιος ὁ λόγος. ἡμέρα τις ἤγετο ἐπὶ τοῖς νεογνοῖς
+παιδίοις, ἐν ᾗ τὸ βρέφος περὶ τὴν ἑστίαν ἔφερον τρέχοντες, καὶ ὑπὸ
+τῶν οἰκείων καὶ φίλων πουλύποδας καὶ σηπίας ἐλάμβανον. Octopus is
+still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nouvelles Recherches</span></span>, 1891, p.
+63.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arist.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pol. Ath.</span></span> 2 and 5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dareste,
+&amp;c, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr.</span></span> xi.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42;
+vi. 48.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isaeus, iii. 73 and
+80.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thuc.</span></span> ii. 16 for Attica.
+Such are the numerous small farmers who appear in the plays
+of Aristophanes.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Athen.</span></span> vi. 85. Βοιωτῶν
+(φησὶν Ἀρχέμαχος) τῶν τὴν Ἀρναίαν κατοικισάντων οἱ μὴ ἀπάραντες εἰς
+τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐμφιλοχωρήσαντες παρέδωκαν ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς Θετταλοῖς
+δουλεύειν καθ᾽ ὁμολογίας, ἐφ᾽ ῴ οὔτε ἐξάξουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς χώρας οὔτε
+ἀποκτενοῦσιν, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὴν χώραν αὐτοῖς ἐργαζόμενοι τὰς συντάξεις
+ἀποδώσουσιν. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span> Strabo, xii. 3, 4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gortyn. v. 25.
+αἱ δὲ μὴ εἶεν ἐπιβάλλοντες τᾶς ϝοικίας οἵτινες κ᾽
+ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος, τούτονς ἔκεν τὰ κρήματα. The words τᾶς ϝοικίας
+should be taken with οἵτινες, &amp;c, rather than with the preceding
+words. οἵτινες κ᾽ ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος is equivalent to οἱ κλαρῶται.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+See Dareste, &amp;c, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inscript.
+Jurid. Gr.</span></span> p. 463.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mittheil. Inst. Ath.</span></span> ix. p.
+117. The original number of κληροῦχοι in this case was apparently
+five hundred.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thuc. iii. 50.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατεκληρούχησαν.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐμίσθωσαν.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aelian,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">V. II.</span></span> vi. I. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf.</span></span>
+Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dicty. of
+Antiquities</span></span>, s.v. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">colonia</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bekker,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charicles</span></span>, p. 218.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ridgeway,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Origin of Currency</span></span>, &amp;c., p. 324.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The ordinary Athenian dicast
+is supposed to have subsisted largely upon his pay of three
+obols or a half-drachma <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per diem</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dareste, &amp;c, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recueil
+Inscr. Grec.</span></span> p. 256 xiii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cauer,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Delectus</span></span>, § 263.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Συνθέκα[ι] Θέρον[ι κ]αἰχμάνορι
+πὰρ τᾶρ γᾶρ τᾶρ ἐν Σαλαμόναι, πλέθρον
+ὀπτὸ καὶ δέκα. Φάρεν κριθᾶν
+μανασίος δύο ταὶ ϝίκατι Ἀλφιόιο
+μενόρ; αἰ δὲ λίποι, λυσάστο τό
+διφυίο. Πεπάστο τόν πάντα χρόνον.
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dareste, &amp;c,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inscr. Jurid. Grec.</span></span> xiii. quater. (Mylasa in
+Karia. Second century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B.C.</span></span>)
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">summarised:</span></span>—
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A. The tribe (φυλή) of the
+Otorkondeis at the advice of their
+treasurers and led by the priest of
+Artemis, decide to purchase from
+Thraseas, son of Polites son of
+Melas of Grab ... and adopted
+son of Heracleitos son of Heracleides
+of Ogonda, lands (γέας) in the
+Ombian plain with the sixty-two
+ranks of vines, three olive trees,
+and all the other trees without
+reserve, also lands elsewhere with
+the trees without reserve for 5,000
+drachmae of light Rhodian silver,
+provided that Thraseas has the
+sale registered with sureties.
+Moreover, Thraseas coming to the
+ekklesia declared that he was ready
+to manage these things: and the
+sale having taken place of the said
+(properties) to the trustees in the
+name of the god. Thraseas himself
+then and there took on lease
+all the said (properties) from
+the treasurers of the tribe: and
+he shall hold them (εἰς πατρικά)
+for his patrimony, himself and his
+issue or those to whomsoever the
+inheritance of his goods passes,
+and he shall pay annually to the
+treasurers of the tribe 100 and ...
+drachmae, without fail or fraud.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+B. ... all the land and trees
+which Thraseas has bought from
+Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios
+of Ketambissos, without exception
+in these places either in the
+matter of the share he took in the
+division with his brother or of
+what he bought from Artemisia, all
+for 7,000 drachmae of light silver
+of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas
+register the sale and give sureties.
+And coming before the ekklesia
+Thraseas declared that he was
+prepared to manage this; and the
+sale of the foregoing having taken
+place to the trustees in the name
+of the god, Thraseas himself then
+and there took on lease all the
+foregoing from the treasurers of
+the tribe: and he shall hold them
+(εἰς πατρικά) for his patrimony,
+himself and his issue or those to
+whom the inheritance passes, and
+he shall pay annually to the treasurers
+of the tribe 300 drachmae.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rent forms part of the
+revenues of the god. If Thraseas
+gets more than two years in arrear,
+the contract is annulled.
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He shall not divide the land or
+share the rent (οὐ παραχωρήσει δὲ
+Θρασέας ἑτέρῳ οὐδενὶ.... καταμερίζων
+τὰς γέας οὐδὲ καταδιελεῖ τὸν
+φόρον).
+</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robertson Smith
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religion of the Semites</span></span>) holds that the
+object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship
+between the deity and the worshippers.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Companion to the Iliad</span></span>, pp.
+6-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Since the foregoing chapters
+were in print, I have had the benefit of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde's
+admirable work, entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Psyche</span></span>
+(Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes
+had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being
+buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground,
+death made no break in the membership of the family. And he
+claims that the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seelencult</span></span> or ancestor-worship
+of the later Greeks must have been continuous from
+pre-Homeric times.</dd></dl>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
+</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader37" id="rightpageheader37"></a><a name="pgtoc38" id="pgtoc38"></a><a name="pdf39" id="pdf39"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">August 18, 2008  </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt">
+        <span class="tei tei-name">
+            Produced by Frank van Drogen, David King, and the Online Distributed
+            Proofreading Team at &lt;http://www.pgdp.net/&gt;.
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+      </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader40" id="rightpageheader40"></a><a name="pgtoc41" id="pgtoc41"></a><a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named 
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+      <title>On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: An Essay</title>
+      <author><name reg="Seebohm, Hugh E.">Hugh E. Seebohm</name></author>
+    </titleStmt>
+    <editionStmt>
+      <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition>
+    </editionStmt>
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+      <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher>
+      <date>August 18, 2008</date>
+      <idno type="etext-no">26341</idno>
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+        <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and
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+      <date value="2008-08-18">August 18, 2008</date>
+      <respStmt>
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+            Produced by Frank van Drogen, David King, and the Online Distributed
+            Proofreading Team at &lt;http://www.pgdp.net/&gt;.
+            (This file was produced from scans of public domain works at
+            McMaster University's Archive for the History of Economic Thought.)
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+    <char id="U0x0397">
+      <charName>Eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA</desc>
+      <mapping>AE</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x0398">
+      <charName>Theta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA</desc>
+      <mapping>TH</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x0399">
+      <charName>Iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA</desc>
+      <mapping>I</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x039a">
+      <charName>Kappa</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA</desc>
+      <mapping>K</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x039b">
+      <charName>Lambda</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA</desc>
+      <mapping>L</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x039c">
+      <charName>Mu</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU</desc>
+      <mapping>M</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x039d">
+      <charName>Nu</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU</desc>
+      <mapping>N</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x039e">
+      <charName>Xi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI</desc>
+      <mapping>KS</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x039f">
+      <charName>Omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON</desc>
+      <mapping>O</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a0">
+      <charName>Pi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI</desc>
+      <mapping>P</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a1">
+      <charName>Rho</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO</desc>
+      <mapping>R</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a3">
+      <charName>Sigma</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA</desc>
+      <mapping>S</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a4">
+      <charName>Tau</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU</desc>
+      <mapping>T</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a5">
+      <charName>Upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON</desc>
+      <mapping>U</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a6">
+      <charName>Phi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI</desc>
+      <mapping>PH</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a7">
+      <charName>Chi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI</desc>
+      <mapping>CH</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a8">
+      <charName>Psi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI</desc>
+      <mapping>PS</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03a9">
+      <charName>Omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA</desc>
+      <mapping>O</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b1">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b2">
+      <charName>beta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA</desc>
+      <mapping>b</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b3">
+      <charName>gamma</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA</desc>
+      <mapping>g</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b4">
+      <charName>delta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA</desc>
+      <mapping>d</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b5">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b6">
+      <charName>zeta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA</desc>
+      <mapping>z</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b7">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b8">
+      <charName>theta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA</desc>
+      <mapping>th</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03b9">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03ba">
+      <charName>kappa</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA</desc>
+      <mapping>k</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03bb">
+      <charName>lambda</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMBDA</desc>
+      <mapping>l</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03bc">
+      <charName>mu</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER MU</desc>
+      <mapping>m</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03bd">
+      <charName>nu</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER NU</desc>
+      <mapping>n</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03be">
+      <charName>xi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER XI</desc>
+      <mapping>z</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03bf">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c0">
+      <charName>pi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER PI</desc>
+      <mapping>p</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c1">
+      <charName>rho</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO</desc>
+      <mapping>r</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c2">
+      <charName>sigmaf</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA</desc>
+      <mapping>s</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c3">
+      <charName>sigma</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA</desc>
+      <mapping>s</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c4">
+      <charName>tau</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU</desc>
+      <mapping>t</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c5">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c6">
+      <charName>phi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI</desc>
+      <mapping>ph</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c7">
+      <charName>chi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI</desc>
+      <mapping>ch</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c8">
+      <charName>psi</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI</desc>
+      <mapping>ps</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03c9">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03cb">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03d7">
+      <charName>Kappa</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK KAI SYMBOL</desc>
+      <mapping>kai</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03d9">
+      <charName>Kappa</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA</desc>
+      <mapping>k</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x03dd">
+      <charName>gamma</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA</desc>
+      <mapping>g</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f00">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f01">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f02">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f04">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f05">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f06">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f08">
+      <charName>Alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>A</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f09">
+      <charName>Alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>A</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f0c">
+      <charName>Alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>A</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f0d">
+      <charName>Alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>A</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f10">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f11">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f13">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f14">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f15">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f18">
+      <charName>Epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>E</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f19">
+      <charName>Epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>E</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f1b">
+      <charName>Epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>E</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f1c">
+      <charName>Epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>E</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f20">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f21">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f22">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f23">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f24">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f25">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f26">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f27">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f28">
+      <charName>Eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>E</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f29">
+      <charName>Eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>E</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f2e">
+      <charName>Eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>E</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f30">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f31">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f33">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f34">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f35">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f36">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f37">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f38">
+      <charName>Iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>I</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f39">
+      <charName>Iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>I</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f3d">
+      <charName>Iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>I</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f40">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f41">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f43">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f44">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f45">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f48">
+      <charName>Omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f49">
+      <charName>Omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f4c">
+      <charName>Omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f4d">
+      <charName>Omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f50">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f51">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f54">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f55">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f56">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f57">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f59">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f5d">
+      <charName>Upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f60">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f61">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f64">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f65">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f66">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f67">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f68">
+      <charName>Omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>O</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f6c">
+      <charName>Omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>O</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f6d">
+      <charName>Omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>O</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f70">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f71">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f72">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f73">
+      <charName>epsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>e</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f74">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f75">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f76">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f77">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f78">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f79">
+      <charName>omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f7a">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f7b">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f7c">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f7d">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f92">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1f97">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fa0">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fa4">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fa7">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fb3">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fb4">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fb6">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fb7">
+      <charName>alpha</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>a</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fbd">
+      <charName></charName>
+      <desc>GREEK KORONIS</desc>
+      <mapping>'</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fc3">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fc6">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fc7">
+      <charName>eta</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>ae</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fd6">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fd7">
+      <charName>iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>i</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fda">
+      <charName>Iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>I</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fdb">
+      <charName>Iota</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>I</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fe4">
+      <charName>rho</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI</desc>
+      <mapping>r</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fe5">
+      <charName>rho</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>r</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fe6">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fe7">
+      <charName>upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>u</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fea">
+      <charName>Upsilon</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA</desc>
+      <mapping>U</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1fec">
+      <charName>Rho</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA</desc>
+      <mapping>R</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1ff3">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1ff4">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1ff6">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1ff7">
+      <charName>omega</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI</desc>
+      <mapping>o</mapping>
+    </char>
+    <char id="U0x1ff9">
+      <charName>Omicron</charName>
+      <desc>GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA</desc>
+      <mapping>O</mapping>
+    </char>
+  </pgCharMap>
+</pgExtensions>
+
+<text lang="en">
+  <front>
+    <div>
+      <divGen type="pgheader" />
+    </div>
+    <div>
+      <divGen type="encodingDesc" />
+    </div>
+
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">ON THE STRUCTURE</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">OF</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">AN ESSAY</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">by</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">Hugh E. Seebohm</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">London</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">MacMillan And Co.</p>
+      <p rend="font-size: small; text-align: center">And New York</p>
+      <p rend="text-align: center">1895.</p>
+    </div>
+    <div rend="page-break-before: always">
+      <head>Contents</head>
+      <divGen type="toc" />
+    </div>
+  </front>
+<body>
+
+<pb n="v"/><anchor id="Pgv"/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Preface</head>
+
+<p>
+These notes, brief as they are, owe more than can
+be told to my father's researches into the structure
+and methods of the Tribal System. They owe their
+existence to his inspiration and encouragement. A
+suitable place for them might possibly be found in
+an Appendix to his recently published volume on
+the Structure of the Tribal System in Wales.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In ascribing to the structure of Athenian Society
+a direct parentage amongst tribal institutions, I am
+dealing with a subject which I feel to be open to
+considerable criticism. And I am anxious that the
+matters considered in this essay should be judged
+on their own merits, even though, in pursuing the
+method adopted herein, I may have quite inadequately
+laid the case before the reader.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+My thanks are due, for their ready help, to
+Professor W. Ridgeway, Mr. James W. Headlam,
+and Mr. Henry Lee Warner, by means of whose
+kind suggestions the following pages have been
+weeded of several of their faults.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is impossible to say how much I have consciously
+or unconsciously absorbed from the works
+<pb n="vi"/><anchor id="Pgvi"/>
+of the late M. Fustel de Coulanges. His <hi rend='italic'>La Cité
+Antique</hi> and his <hi rend='italic'>Nouvelles Recherches sur quelques
+Problèmes d'Histoire</hi> (1891) are stores of suggestive
+material for the student of Greek and Roman
+customs. They are rendered all the more instructive
+by the charm of his style and method. I
+have merely dipped a bucket into his well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In quoting from Homer, I have made free use
+of the translations of Messrs. Lang, Leaf, and Myers
+of the <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi>, and of Messrs. Butcher and Lang of
+the <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>; and I wish to make full acknowledgment
+here of the debt that I owe to them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some explanation seems to be needful of the
+method pursued in this essay with regard to the
+comparison of Greek customs with those of other
+countries. The selection for comparison has been
+entirely arbitrary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wales has been chosen to bear the brunt of
+illustration, partly, as I have said, because of my
+father's work on the Welsh Tribal System, partly
+because the <hi rend='italic'>Ancient Laws of Wales</hi> afford a
+peculiarly vivid glimpse into the inner organisation
+of a tribal people, such as cannot be obtained
+elsewhere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>, on the other hand,
+are constantly quoted by writers on Greek institutions;
+and, I suppose, in spite of the uncertainty
+of their date, they can be taken as affording a very
+fair account of the customs of a highly developed
+Eastern people. It would be hard, moreover, to
+<pb n="vii"/><anchor id="Pgvii"/>
+say where the connection of the Greeks with the
+East began or ended.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The use made of the <hi rend='italic'>Old Testament</hi> in these
+notes hardly needs further remark. Of no people,
+in their true tribal condition before their settlement,
+have we a more graphic account than of the
+Israelites. Their proximity geographically to the
+Phœnicians, and the accounts of the widespread
+fame of Solomon and the range of his commerce,
+at once suggest comparison with the parallel and
+contemporaneous period of Achaian history, immediately
+preceding the Dorian invasion, when, if we
+may trust the accounts of Homer, the intercourse
+between the shores of the Mediterranean must have
+been considerable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All reference to records of Roman customs has
+been omitted, not because they are not related or
+analogous to the Greek, but because they could not
+reasonably be brought within the scope of this
+essay. The ancestor-worship among the Romans
+was so complete, and the organisation of their
+kindreds so highly developed, that they deserve
+treatment on their own basis, and are sufficient to
+form the subject of a separate volume.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+H. E. S.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend="smallcaps">The Hermitage, Hitchin</hi>.<lb/>
+<hi rend='italic'>July, 1895.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[Transcriber's Note: This e-book contains much Greek text which is often
+relevant to the point of the book.  In the ASCII versions of the e-book, the Greek
+is transliterated into Roman letters, which do not perfectly represent the
+Greek original; especially, accent and breathing marks do not transliterate.
+The HTML and PDF versions contain the true Greek text of the original book.
+In the ASCII e-book, the markings such as (M1) indicate marginal notes, which were
+printed in the margins of the original book, but in the e-book are transcribed
+at the end with the footnotes.]
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="001"/><anchor id="Pg001"/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Chapter I. Introductory.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Vitality of the tribal system.</note>
+In trying to ascertain the course of social development
+among the Greeks, the inquirer is met by an
+initial difficulty. The Greeks were not one great
+people like the Israelites, migrating into and settling
+in a new country, flowing with milk and honey.
+Their movements were erratic and various, and took
+place at very different times. Several partial migrations
+are described in Homer, and others are referred to as
+having taken place only a few generations back.
+The continuation of unsettled life must have had the
+effect of giving cohesion to the individual sections
+into which the Greeks were divided, in proportion as
+the process of settlement was protracted and difficult.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But in spite of divergencies caused by natural
+surroundings, by the hostility or subservience of
+previous occupants of the soil, there are some features
+of the tribal system, wherever it is examined, so
+inherent in its structure as to seem almost indelible.
+A new civilisation was not formed to fit into the angles
+of city walls. Even modification could take place
+<pb n="002"/><anchor id="Pg002"/>
+only of those customs whose roots did not strike too
+deeply into the essence of the composition of tribal
+society.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Its survivals form the subject of this inquiry.</note>
+It is the object of these notes to try to put back
+in their true setting some of the conditions prevailing,
+sometimes incongruously with city life, among the
+Greeks in historical times, and by comparison with
+analogous survivals in known tribal communities, of
+whose condition we have fuller records, to establish
+their real historical continuity from an earlier stage
+of habit and belief.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The centres of political and tribal society.</note>
+There were three important public places necessary
+to every Greek community and symbolical to the
+Greek mind of the very foundations of their institutions.
+These were:&mdash;the <hi rend='italic'>Agora</hi> or place of assembly,
+the place of justice, and the place of religious sacrifice.
+From these three sacred precincts the man who stirred
+up civil strife, who was at war with his own people,
+cut himself off. Such an one is described in Homer
+as being, by his very act, <q>clanless</q> (ἀφρήτωρ), <q>out-law</q>
+(ἀθέμιστος), and <q>hearthless</q>
+(ἀνέστιος).<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix. 63.</note> In the
+camp of the Greeks before Troy the ships and huts of
+his followers were congregated by the hut of their
+chief or leader. Each sacrificed or poured libation to
+his favourite or familiar god at his own hut
+door.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ii. 400.</note>
+But in front of Odysseus' ships, which, we are told,
+were drawn up at the very centre of the camp, stood
+the great altar of Zeus Panomphaios&mdash;lord of <hi rend='italic'>all</hi>
+oracles&mdash;<q>exceeding fair.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xi.
+807.</note> <q>Here,</q> says the poet,
+<q>were <hi rend='italic'>Agora</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Themis</hi>, and the altars of
+the gods.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="003"/><anchor id="Pg003"/>
+
+<p>
+The Trojans held <hi rend='italic'>agora</hi> at Priam's
+doors,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ii. 788.</note> and it
+is noticeable that the space in front of the chief's hut
+or palace was generally considered available for such
+purposes as assembly, games, and so forth, just as it
+was with the ancient Irish.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The Prytaneum and Hestia.</note>
+In the centre of most towns of Greece<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Journal of
+Philology</hi>, xiv. 145 (1885), Mr. Frazer on Prytaneum.</note> stood the
+Prytaneum or magistrates' hall, and in the Prytaneum
+was the sacred hearth to which attached such reverence
+that in the most solemn oaths the name of
+Hestia was invoked even before that of Zeus.<note place="foot"><p>Cauer,
+<hi rend='italic'>Delect. Inser. Graec.</hi> § 121. (Crete, c. 200 B.C.) <q>I
+swear by Hestia in the Prytaneum (τὰν ἐμ πρυτανείῳ), by Zeus of the
+Agora, Zeus Tallaios, Apellon Delphinios, Athanaia Poliouchos,
+Apellon Poitios, and Lato, and Artemis, and Ares, and Aphordite,
+and Hermes, and Halios ... and all gods and goddesses.</q> <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi>
+also § 116, and <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiv. 158.
+</p>
+<p>
+Plato, in <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> § 848, says
+Hestia, Zeus and Athena shall
+have temples everywhere.
+</p></note> Thucydides
+states that each κώμη or village of Attica had
+its hearth or Prytaneum of its own, but looked up
+to the Hestia and Prytaneum in the city of Athens as
+the great centre of their larger polity. In just the
+same way the lesser kindreds of a tribe would have their
+sacred hearths and rites, but would look to the hearth
+and person of their chief as symbolical of their tribal
+unity. Thucydides also mentions how great a wrench
+it seemed to the Athenians to be compelled to leave
+their <q>sacred</q> homes, to take refuge within the walls of
+Athens from the impending invasion by the
+Spartans.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Thuc.</hi> ii. 16.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The word <hi rend='italic'>Prytanis</hi> means <q>chieftain.</q> It is probable
+that, as the duties sacred and magisterial of the
+chief became disseminated among the other officers
+of later civilisation, the chief's dwelling, called the
+<pb n="004"/><anchor id="Pg004"/>
+Prytaneum, acquiring vitality from the indelible
+superstition attaching to the hearth within its precincts,
+maintained thereby its political importance,
+when nothing but certain religious functions remained
+to its lord and master in the office of Archon
+Basileus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Their origin.</note>
+Mr. Frazer, in his article in the
+<hi rend='italic'>Journal of Philology</hi><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Journal
+of Philol.</hi> xiv. 145.</note> upon the resemblance of the Prytaneum in
+Greece to the Temple of Vesta in Rome, shows that
+both had a direct connection with, if not an absolute
+origin in the domestic hearth of the chieftain. The
+Lares and Penates worshipped in the Temple of Vesta,
+he says, were originally the Lares and Penates of the
+king, and were worshipped at his hearth, the only
+difference between the hearth in the temple and the
+hearth in the king's house being the absence of the
+royal householder.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Op. cit.</hi> p. 153.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. Frazer also maintains that the reverence for
+the hearth and the concentration of such reverence
+on the hearth of the chieftain was the result of the
+difficulty of kindling a fire from rubbing sticks together,
+and of the responsibility thus devolving
+upon the chieftain unfailingly to provide fire for
+his people. Whether this was the origin or not,
+before the times that come within the scope of this
+inquiry, the hearth had acquired a real sanctity
+which had become involved in the larger idea of it
+as the centre of a kindred, including on occasion the
+mysterious presence also of long dead ancestors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Qualification for share in
+religious rites one of blood.</note>
+The basis of tribal coherence was community of
+blood, actual or supposed; the visible evidence of the
+<pb n="005"/><anchor id="Pg005"/>
+possession of tribal blood was the undisputed participation,
+as <hi rend='italic'>one of a kindred</hi>, in the common religious
+ceremonies, from which the blood-polluted and the
+stranger-in-blood were so strictly shut out.<note place="foot">Exception, however, was
+sometimes made in the case of the stranger as a favoured guest,
+<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>, p. <ref target="Pg099">99</ref>.</note> It is
+therefore in the incidence of religious duties, and in
+the qualifications of the participants, that it is reasonable
+to seek survivals of true tribal sentiment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Although the religious life of the Greeks was
+always complex, there is not to be found in Homer
+the broad distinction drawn afterwards between
+public and private gods. It is noticeable that the
+later Greeks sought to draw into their homes the
+beneficent influence of one or other of the greater
+gods, whose protection and guidance were claimed in
+times of need by all members of the household.
+Secondary influences, though none the less strongly
+felt, were those of the past heroes of the house,
+sometimes only just dead, to be propitiated at the
+family tombs or hearth. Anxiety on this head, and
+the deeply-rooted belief in the real need to the dead
+of attentions from the living, were, it will be seen,
+most powerful factors in the development of Greek
+society.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Ancestor-worship not obvious in Homer.</note>
+The worship of ancestors or household gods as
+such is not evident in the visible religious exercises
+of the Homeric poems. But this can hardly be a
+matter of surprise. The Greek chieftains mentioned
+in the poems are so nearly descended from the
+gods themselves, are in such immediate relation each
+with his guardian deity, and are so indefatigable
+in their attentions thereto, that it would surely be
+<pb n="006"/><anchor id="Pg006"/>
+extremely irrelevant if any of the libations or
+hecatombs were perverted to any intermediate, however
+heroic, ancestor from the all-powerful and ever
+ready divinity who was so often also himself the
+boasted founder of the family.<note place="foot">Plato (<hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>
+948) remarks that at the time of Rhadamanthos
+the belief in the existence of the gods was a reasonable one, seeing
+that at that time most men were sons of gods.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Offerings of food to the gods,</note>
+The libations and hecatombs themselves, however,
+seem to serve much the same purpose as the offerings
+to the <hi rend='italic'>manes</hi> or household gods, and relieved the
+luxurious craving for sustenance in the immortals,
+left unsatisfied by their ethereal diet of nectar and
+ambrosia.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxiii. 206. It is clear
+from <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> i. 466 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi> that the
+sacrifice was held to be a feast at which the choice portions were
+devoured by the god by means of the fire on his altar. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> p. 139,
+note.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and to the dead.</note>
+Yet it is strange that if libations and sacrifices
+were paid to the dead <hi rend='italic'>periodically</hi> at their tombs, no
+mention of the occurrence is to be found in Homer.
+That the dead were believed to appreciate such
+attentions may be gathered from the directions given
+by Circe to Odysseus.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Then pour a drink-offering to all the dead, first with mead
+(μελικρήτῳ), and thereafter with sweet wine, and for the third time
+with water, and sprinkle white meal thereon.... and promise
+thou wilt offer <hi rend='italic'>in thy halls</hi><note place="foot">It was not
+therefore only at the mouth of Hades that the dead
+could benefit by such offerings.</note> a barren heifer, the best thou hast, and
+fill the pyre with treasure, and wilt sacrifice apart to Teiresias
+alone a black sheep without spot, the fairest of your flock.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The continuance of his name quite as
+important as offerings of food.</note>
+This done, the ghosts flock up to drink of the blood
+of the victim. But the ghost of Elpenor, who met
+his death at the house of Circe by falling from the
+roof in his drunken haste to join his already departed
+<pb n="007"/><anchor id="Pg007"/>
+comrades, and who had therefore received no burial
+at their hands, demands no libations or sacrifices for
+the refreshment of his thirsty soul, but merely burial
+with tears and a barrow upon the shore of the gray
+sea, that his name may be remembered by men to
+come.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nestor's son elsewhere is made to remark that
+one must not grudge the dead their meed of tears;
+for the times are so out of joint, <q>this is now the
+only due we pay to miserable men, to cut the hair
+and let the tear fall from the cheek.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi>
+iv. 197. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xvi. 455.<lb/>
+ἔνδα ἑ ταρχύσουσι κασίγνητοι τε ἔται τε<lb/>
+τύμβῳ τε στήλῃ τε: τὸ γὰρ γέρας ἐστὶ θανόντων.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Is the right conclusion then that the Homeric
+Greeks did not sacrifice at the tombs of their fathers,
+and that the so-called ancestor-worship prevalent later
+was introduced or revived under their successors? Or
+is it that the aristocratic tone of the poet did not
+permit him to bear witness to the intercourse with
+any deity besides the one great family of Olympic
+gods, less venerable than a river or other personification
+of nature?<note place="foot">The speculative state of mind
+displayed in the <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> may be illustrated from the effect on
+Achilles of the apparition of Patroklos after death in a dream.
+As he wakes suddenly the conviction comes upon him:&mdash;<q>Ay me,
+there remaineth then even in the house of Hades a spirit and
+phantom of the dead, albeit the life be not anywise therein: for
+all night long hath the spirit of hapless Patroklos stood over me,
+wailing and making moan, and charged me everything that I
+should do, and wondrous like his living self it seemed.</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxiii, 113 &amp;c.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There exists such close family relationship amongst
+Homer's gods, extended as it is also to most of his
+chieftains, that taking into account the conspicuous
+<pb n="008"/><anchor id="Pg008"/>
+reverence displayed towards the hearth and the
+respect for seniority in age, it may perhaps be
+justifiable to suppose that domestic religious observances,
+other than those directed to the Olympic gods,
+were thought by the poet to be as much beneath his
+notice as the swarms of common tribesmen who
+shrink and shudder in the background of the poems.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Offerings to the dead in the Old Testament.</note>
+Ancestor-worship would be as much out of place
+in the Old Testament; and yet there are references
+in the Bible to offerings to the dead which, unless they
+are held to refer only to importations from outside
+religions and not to relapses in the Israelites themselves
+to former superstitions of their own people, imply
+that the great tribal religion of the Israelites had superseded
+pre-existing ceremonies of ancestor-worship.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Deut. xxvi. 13. <q>And thou shalt say before the Lord thy God,
+I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and
+also have given them unto the Levite and the stranger, to the
+fatherless and to the widow, according to all thy commandments
+which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy
+commandments, neither have I forgotten them: I have not eaten
+thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof
+for any unclean use, nor <hi rend='italic'>given ought thereof for the dead</hi>.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The transgressions of the Israelites in the wilderness
+are described in the Psalms:&mdash;<q>They joined
+themselves also unto Baalpeor and <hi rend='italic'>ate the sacrifices
+of the dead</hi>.</q><note place="foot">Ps. cvi. 28. <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Maine's
+<hi rend='italic'>Early Law and Custom</hi>, p. 59.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was not necessary for an ancestor to become
+a god to be worthy of worship, or to need the
+attentions of the living. If he was thought to haunt
+tomb or hearth, and to keep his connection thus
+with his family in the upper world, he required
+nourishment on his visits. He was also considered
+<pb n="009"/><anchor id="Pg009"/>
+to keep a jealous watch on the continuance of his
+fair fame among the living.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Resemblance between Homer and the Old Testament.</note>
+A close resemblance in this point lies between
+the Homeric poems and the Old Testament. Though
+actual food and drink is not provided for the dead,
+yet the stress laid on the permanence of the family,
+<hi rend='italic'>lest the name of the dead be cut off from his place</hi>,
+is quite in keeping with the request of Elpenor to
+Odysseus to insure the continuance of his name in
+the memory of living men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is quite possible that, as the story of the interview
+of Odysseus with the dead reveals that the idea of
+the dead enjoying sacrifices of food and drink was
+familiar at that time, even though the periodical supply
+of such is not mentioned, so the existence of Laban's
+household gods and the gathering of the kindred of
+Jesse to their family ceremony<note place="foot">1 Sam. xx. 6.
+Θυσία τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκεῖ ὅλῃ τῇ φυλῇ.</note> may bear witness to
+the presence of a survival of ancestor-worship in some
+equivalent form, underlying the all-absorbing religion
+of the Israelites. At this day the spirits of Abraham,
+Isaac, and Jacob are considered by the Mohammedans
+of Hebron actually to inhabit the cave of Machpelah,
+and, in the case of Isaac at any rate, to be extremely
+angered by any negligence shown to their altars,
+either by omission of the customary ceremonies or by
+admission within the sacred precinct of any stranger
+of alien faith.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It must not therefore be inferred altogether that
+the regular ancestor-worship so-called was of later
+origin amongst the Greeks, but rather that the constitution
+of society did not afford it the same
+<pb n="010"/><anchor id="Pg010"/>
+prominence to the mind of Homer and perhaps his
+contemporaries, as it acquired later.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Ancestor-worship in India and Rome.</note>
+M. Fustel de Coulanges, in <hi rend='italic'>La Cité Antique</hi>, has
+so well established the prevalence of ancestor-worship
+among the Greeks, drawing illustration both from
+Indian and Roman sources, that no further instances
+of its existence are needed here.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ceremonies however and offerings at the
+tombs of their fathers did not supersede, amongst
+the Athenians at any rate, their worship of the
+Olympic gods. The Olympic gods themselves moreover
+were clearly connected with their family life.
+The protection of Zeus was specially claimed under
+the title of γενέθλιος or even σύναιμος<note place="foot">Soph.
+<hi rend='italic'>Antig.</hi> 659.</note> and as ἑρκεῖος
+he received worship upon the altar that stood in the
+court-yard of nearly every house in Attica.<note place="foot">Coulanges,
+<hi rend='italic'>Cité Antique</hi>, p. 65.</note> The
+permanent place of these gods in the homes of the
+people is further denoted by the use of such epithets
+as ἐγγενεῖς<note place="foot"> Soph. <hi rend='italic'>Antig.</hi> 199.</note>
+and πατρῷοι.<note place="foot">Soph. <hi rend='italic'>Phil.</hi> 933. Soph.
+<hi rend='italic'>Elekt.</hi> 411.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The need of food for the dead;</note>
+The tombs, on the other hand, were not approached
+with the purpose of invoking powerful aid, but rather
+with the intent of soothing a troubled spirit with care
+and attention, and of providing it with such nourishing
+refreshment as could not be procured in the
+regions of the starving dead.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>I come, bringing to my son's sire propitiating libations, such
+as are soothing to the dead, from hallowed cow white milk, sweet
+to drink; the flower distiller's dew&mdash;clear honey; the virgin
+spring's refreshing draught; and undefiled from its wild mother,
+the liquid gladness of the time-honoured vine; also from the ever-leafy
+<pb n="011"/><anchor id="Pg011"/>
+growth of the pale green olive fragrant fruit is here, and
+twined flowers, children of the teeming earth.</q><note place="foot">Aesch.
+<hi rend='italic'>Pers.</hi> 609-618. The speaker in this case is a Persian
+and a woman; but many passages might be quoted from the Greek
+poets. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Lucian, <hi rend='italic'>De Luctu</hi>, 9.
+Τρέφονται δὲ ἄρα ταῖς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν χοαῖς καὶ τοῖς καθαγιζομένοις ἐπὶ
+τῶν τάφων: ὡς εἴ τῳ μὴ εἴη καταλελειμμένος ὑπὲρ γῆς φίλος ἥ συγγενὴς,
+ἄσιτος οὗτος νεκρὸς καὶ λιμώττων ἐν αὐτοῖς πολιτεύεται.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">the same in Egypt,</note>
+The same idea of nourishment of the dead, though
+shared with the other gods, determines the offerings
+in the Egyptian <hi rend='italic'>Book of the Dead</hi>.<note place="foot">Edited by
+C. H. S. Davis (Putnam, 1894).</note>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>I live upon loaves, white wheat, beer, red wheat.... Place
+me with vases of milk and wine, with cakes and loaves, and plenty
+of meat in the dwelling of Anubis.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Id.</hi>
+chap. liii.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Grant to me the funereal food, the drinks, the oxen, the geese,
+the fabrics, the incense, the oil, and all the good and pure things
+upon which the gods live.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Id.</hi> chap.
+lxxii.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+There is one passage that almost implies that the
+dead retained in idea a claim upon the produce of the
+land which nourished them whilst alive, or that they
+had a special allotment even in the other world:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>I sit down among the very great gods of Nut. A field extends
+for me; the products of the ground are for me. I eat them; I am
+favoured with them; I live in plenty by them.... I am given
+corn and wheat for my mouth.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Id.</hi> chap.
+lxxvii.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Chapter cxliv. of the <hi rend='italic'>Book of the Dead</hi> is to
+be said,
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>at the gate of every room while offering to each of them thighs
+and heads of red cows, the value of seven vases; while offering
+blood extracted from the heart, the value of a hundred vases;
+sixteen loaves of white bread, eight round cakes, eight oval cakes,
+eight broad thin cakes, eight measures of beer, and eight of wheat,
+a perfumed oil-basin full of milk from a white cow, green grass,
+green figs, mestem and beads of incense to be burnt.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n="012"/><anchor id="Pg012"/>
+
+<p>
+Chapter cxlviii. ordains that there
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>shall be placed offerings before them of loaves, beer, meat,
+incense, funereal dishes, bringing into favour with Râ and making
+that the <hi rend='italic'>deceased is fed in the netherworld</hi>.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and in India.</note>
+In the next chapters frequent reference will be
+made to the offerings to ancestors, or <hi rend='italic'>manes</hi>, among
+the ancient Hindoos. With them the cake-offering
+to the dead became a most important symbol, uniting
+in a common duty all descendants from certain ancestors
+within fixed degrees, and marking them off in
+the matter of responsibility thereto from more distant
+relations, who owed similar duty elsewhere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Ancestor-worship not necessarily post-Homeric.</note>
+Being thus surrounded by nations that believed
+intensely in the need in the dead of nourishment at
+the hands of their relatives on earth, it would indeed
+be surprising if the Greeks were found not to share in
+the belief. But the fact remains that in the earliest
+Greek literature it is least conspicuous, and the gulf
+seems widest between the living and the dead. Can
+this be laid to the charge of the artificial superstitions
+of a philosophical class of poets? Or is it due to the
+true evolution of such beliefs, that as long as our
+search touches upon the unsettled periods of semi-migratory
+life, the tombs of individual members of a
+family being scattered here or there wherever they
+meet their deaths, the offering to the dead takes a
+special form, inasmuch as the solidarity of the tribe
+eclipses the importance of the family as a unit, and
+the religious ceremonies of the chieftain absorb the
+attention of the lesser members of the tribe?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+M. de Coulanges points out that the meaning of
+the Latin word <hi rend='italic'>Lar</hi> is lord, prince or master, and
+<pb n="013"/><anchor id="Pg013"/>
+that <hi rend='italic'>Hestia</hi> was sometimes designated by the Greeks
+with the similar title of mistress of the house, or
+princess.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cité Antique</hi>, p. 93, ἑστία
+δέσποινα.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If, as long as the tribe was felt to be a real unit,
+the religious instincts of the tribesmen were concentrated
+upon the worship of their tribal deities&mdash;the
+great ancestors of the tribe, and more emphatically
+and directly the ancestors of their chieftain&mdash;it would
+be quite natural, in the weakening of the central worship,
+for the titles of honour and respect to be used
+equally towards those meaner ancestors who henceforth
+occupied the religious energies of the head of
+each family or household. In fulfilment of a similar
+sentiment, the later Greeks commonly used the word
+ἥρως in speaking of a dead friend, deeming that any
+one who departed this life passed to the ranks of
+those princes of the community from whom all were
+proud to trace descent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The hearth and the tie of common blood.</note>
+M. de Coulanges considers that the sacred rites of
+the family at the hearth formed a more real tie than
+the belief in a common blood; and that upon this
+religious basis was built up the greater hearth of the
+Prytaneum as the centre of city life, to bind together
+the several families composing the community. But
+without pretending to come to a final decision on
+this the main tendency of social development, surely
+something may yet be said in favour of the contrary
+theory; that the reverence that centred in the hearth
+was in effect the expression of the sanctity of the tie
+of blood, as felt by all members of the house, and that
+this feeling drew its real importance for the community,
+<pb n="014"/><anchor id="Pg014"/>
+not from the founding of the city by the
+amalgamation of several families, but as a survival
+from an earlier stage of life, when society circled
+round what was then in more than name the Prytaneum
+of the tribal chieftain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Facts are wanting to justify a conclusion as to
+which of these theories bears the closest resemblance
+to the truth, but it is easy to imagine what might
+be the line of development if the latter hypothesis be
+maintained.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Possible course of social development.</note>
+During the wanderings and migrations of peoples
+in the search for greener pastures or broader lands,
+each community or tribe would be constantly under
+arms and subject to attack from the enemies they
+were passing through or subjugating. This constant
+sojourning in a strange land, surrounded by foes,
+would be a source of much solidarity to the tribe
+itself, drawing its members closely together for
+mutual defence and subsistence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But when once the tribe had found a country to
+its taste, and had made a settlement with borders comparatively
+permanently established, emphasis would
+be transferred to the petty quarrels and internal dissensions
+arising between different sections within the
+community itself. The tie of common blood, uniting
+all members of the tribe, would be gradually disregarded
+and displaced by the less homely and more
+political relation of fellow-citizenship, which, though
+retaining many of the characteristics of the tribal
+bond, would necessarily be felt in a very different
+manner.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this disintegration of the larger unit, the
+existence of kinship by blood would be acknowledged
+<pb n="015"/><anchor id="Pg015"/>
+only where the relationship was obvious and well
+known. And it would no longer be sufficient merely
+to prove membership of a kindred; as those outside
+certain limits would claim exemption from the
+responsibilities entailed by closer relationship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The change of tribesmen into citizens.</note>
+So, too, in the matter of religious observance:
+the reverence of the individual for the Prytaneum
+and common hearth of the state would undergo a
+change into a less personal sentiment; the rites
+connected therewith would be delegated to an official
+priest; and it is with the head of each family, surrounded
+by those who are really conscious of their
+connection by blood in common descent from much
+more immediate ancestors, that the true tribal feeling
+would longest survive, though, of course, on much
+narrower lines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The privileges of citizenship were, it will be seen,
+as carefully guarded as those of the tribe, but in a
+more perfunctory and arbitrary manner; whilst the
+intimate connection of the members of the family
+with the hearth and the graves of their ancestors
+stands out in strong relief.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By the time of Hesiod, besides the violation of the
+universal sanctity of a guest or suppliant, the chief
+sins are against members of the same household,
+defrauding orphans, or insulting an aged
+parent.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Wks. &amp; Days</hi>, 327-332.</note>
+Behaviour to other than blood-relations is regulated
+by expediency, by what you may expect in return
+from your neighbours.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Id.</hi> 353-5.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether the family is to be regarded as the chief
+factor in the composition of the city, or how much of
+<pb n="016"/><anchor id="Pg016"/>
+its composition the city owes to direct inheritance
+from the tribal system, must, as has been said, be
+left unsolved. Some small light may perhaps be shed
+upon the problem as this inquiry proceeds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The study of the family introductory to the history of the
+tribe.</note>
+At any rate, if the true basis of the organisation
+of the family and the kindred, as found in historic
+times in Greece, could once be established, material
+assistance ought to have been gained for rightly
+understanding the structure of that earlier society,
+whatever it was, from which the rules, that govern
+those within the bond of kinship, were survivals.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="017"/><anchor id="Pg017"/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Chapter II. The Meaning Of The Bond Of Kinship.</head>
+
+<lg>
+<l>παῖδες γὰρ ἀνδρὶ κληδόνες σωτήριοι</l>
+<l>θανόντι: φελλοὶ δ᾽ ὥς ἄγουσι δίκτυον,</l>
+<l>τὸν ἐκ βυθοῦ κλωστῆρα σώζοντες λίνου.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 10"><hi rend='italic'>Aeschylus.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During
+Life, And After Death At Their Tomb.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The duties of the individual to his οἶκος,</note>
+As the hearth was the centre of the sanctity and
+reverence of the family, so the word οἶκος was the customary
+term to signify the smaller group of the composite
+γένος, consisting of a man and his immediate
+descendants. In the first place, the individual was
+absolutely committed to sacrifice all his personal feelings
+for the sake of the continuity of his οἶκος, and this
+was his supreme duty. But whereas several οἶκοι
+traced their descent from a common ancestor, a
+group of gradually diverging lines of descent
+were formed, sharing mutually the responsibility
+of the maintenance of continuity, and the privilege
+of inheritance and protection.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before examining how far these parallel lines
+remained within the reach of claims of kinship, or
+how soon the reverence for the more immediate predecessors
+<pb n="018"/><anchor id="Pg018"/>
+absorbed the memory of the more remote
+ancestor, it will be well to have a clear understanding
+of what the claims of kindred were, and how they
+affected the member of the οἶκος, in respect of his
+duties thereto.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">began with his living parents;</note>
+Plato<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> § 717, Trans. Jowett,
+<hi rend='italic'>cf.</hi> 729 C and 931 <hi rend="smallcaps">A</hi>.</note>
+declares that honour should be given to:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. Olympian Gods.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Gods of the State.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Gods below.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Demons and Spirits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Heroes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Ancestral Gods.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. <hi rend='italic'>Living Parents</hi>, <q>to whom we have to pay the greatest and
+oldest of all debts: in property, in person, in soul; paying the
+debts due to them for the care and travail which they bestowed on
+us of old in the days of our infancy, and which we are now to pay
+back to them when they are old and in the extremity of their
+need.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and extended to their tomb.</note>
+The candidates for the archonship were asked,
+among other things, whether they treated their
+parents properly.<note place="foot"><p>Arist, <hi rend='italic'>Ath. Pol.</hi> lv. 3.
+Isaeus, viii. 32. <q>The law commands us to maintain (τρέφειν)
+our parents even if they have nothing to leave us.</q> <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Ruth
+iv. 15 διαθρέψαι τὴν πολιάν σου.
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> iv. 477 and xvii. 302.
+</p>
+<p>
+... οὐδὲ τοκεῦσιν<lb/>
+θρέπτα φίλοις ἀπέδωκε...
+</p>
+<p>
+Hesiod, <hi rend='italic'>Works and Days</hi>, 118.
+</p>
+<p>
+οὐδέ κεν οἵγε<lb/>
+γηράντεσσι τοκεῦσιν ἀπὸ θρεπτήρια δοῖεν<lb/>
+χειροδίκαι.
+</p></note> It was only in case of some
+indelible stain, such as wife-murder, that the debt
+of maintenance of the parent was cancelled.<note place="foot">Plato,
+<hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>, 877 <hi rend="smallcaps">C</hi>.</note> Yet
+even when the father had lost his right of maintenance
+by crime or foul treatment, the son was still
+bound to bury him when he died and to perform
+all the customary rites at his tomb.<note place="foot">Aeschin. <hi rend='italic'>c.
+Timarch.</hi> § 13.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="019"/><anchor id="Pg019"/>
+
+<p>
+<q>Is it not,</q> says Isaeus, <q>a most unholy thing,
+if a man, without having done any of the customary
+rites due to the dead, yet expects to take the inheritance
+of the dead man's property?</q><note place="foot">Isaeus, iv. 19
+(<hi rend='italic'>Nicostrat.</hi>).</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Continuity of the family;</note>
+The duty of maintenance of the parent thus
+extended even beyond the tomb, and this retrospective
+attitude of the individual gives us the clue to
+his position of responsibility also with regard to
+posterity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The strongest representation possible of this
+attitude is given in the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>, where
+it is stated that a man <q>goes to hell</q> who has no son
+to offer at his death the funeral cake.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">in the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>;</note>
+<q>No world of heaven exists for one not possessed
+of a son.</q> The debt, owed by the living member of
+a family to his <hi rend='italic'>manes</hi>, was to provide a successor to
+perform the rites necessary to them after his own
+death.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>By means of the eldest son, as soon as he is born, a man
+becomes possessed of a son and is thus cleared of his debt to the
+<hi rend='italic'>manes</hi></q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>A husband is born again on earth in his son.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>If among many brothers born of one father, <emph>one</emph> should have
+a son, Manu said all those brothers would be possessed of sons by
+means of that son.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> one representative was sufficient as regards the
+duties to the <hi rend='italic'>manes</hi> in the house of the grandfather.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Thro' a son one conquers worlds, thro' a son's son one attains
+endlessness, and through the son's son of a son one attains the
+world of the Sun.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The sort of reward one gets on crossing the water by means of
+bad boats is the sort of reward one gets on crossing the darkness
+(to the next world) by means of bad
+sons.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>, translated
+by A. C. Burnell, edited by E. W. Hopkins. London: 1884.
+Bk. ix. 106, 8, 182, 137, 161.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n="020"/><anchor id="Pg020"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and according to Plato.</note>
+Plato expresses the same feeling in the
+<hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>:<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>, 721
+<hi rend="smallcaps">B</hi>, Trans. Jowett,
+<hi rend='italic'>cf.</hi> 923 <hi rend="smallcaps">A</hi>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>After a sort the human race naturally partakes of immortality,
+of which all men have the greatest desire implanted in them; for
+the desire of every man that he may become famous, and not lie in
+the grave without a name, is only the love of continuance ... In
+this way they are immortal leaving [children's] children behind
+them, with whom they are one in the unity of generation. And
+for a man voluntarily to deprive himself of this gift of immortality,
+as he deliberately does who will not have a wife and children,
+is <emph>impiety</emph>.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The functions and duties of the individual towards
+his family and relations thus find their explanation
+in his position as link, between the past and the
+future, in the transmission to eternity of his family
+blood.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His duties to his ancestors began with the death
+of his father. He had at Athens to carry out the
+corpse, provide for the cremation, gather the remains
+of the burnt bones, with the assistance of the rest of
+the kindred,<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Leoch.</hi> 1090,
+and <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxiii. 163, xvi. 455, xxiv. 793.</note>
+and show respect to the dead by the
+usual form of shaving the head, wearing mourning
+clothes, and so on. Nine days after the funeral he
+must perform certain sacrifices and periodically after
+that visit the tombs and altars of his family in the
+family burying-place.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Macart.</hi>
+1077.</note> If he had occasion to perform
+military service, he must serve in the tribe and the
+deme of his parent (στρατεύειν ἐν τῇ φυλῇ καὶ ἐν τῷ
+δήμῳ).<note place="foot">Isaeus, ii. 36 and 42.</note>
+Before he can enter into his inheritance
+he must fulfil all the ordinances incumbent on one
+in his position, and in the Gortyn Laws it is
+<pb n="021"/><anchor id="Pg021"/>
+stated that an adopted heir cannot partake of the
+property of his adoptive father unless he undertakes
+the sacred duties of the house of the deceased.<note place="foot">Arist.
+<hi rend='italic'>Pol.</hi> 1, 2, 4, Ἡ κτῆσις
+μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.</note> Thus the right of ownership of the family estate
+rested always with the possession of the blood of the
+former owners; and such a representative demonstrated
+his right by stepping into his predecessor's
+shoes and by taking upon himself all responsibility
+for the fulfilment of the rites, thereafter to be performed
+to him also when he shall have been gathered
+to the majority of his family.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.</head>
+
+<p>
+But however piously and carefully he performed
+his many duties to his ancestors, his work was only
+transitory and incomplete, unless he provided a
+successor to continue them after him into further
+generations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The importance of male succession.</note>
+The procreation of children was held to be of such
+importance at Sparta<note place="foot">Plut. <hi rend='italic'>Lycurg. and Numa</hi> 4.
+Xen. <hi rend='italic'>Rep. Lac.</hi> i. 7 to 9.</note> that if a wife had no children,
+with the full knowledge of her husband she admitted
+some other citizen to her, and children born from
+such a union were reckoned as born to the continuation
+of her husband's family, without breach of the
+former relations of husband and wife.<note place="foot">From Xen.
+<hi rend='italic'>Rep. Lac.</hi> i. 9, it would seem that such children,
+born into a family where there were already children of both
+father and mother, had no share in the family property.</note> This is the
+exact custom stated in the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>
+<pb n="022"/><anchor id="Pg022"/>
+(ix. 59), where it is laid down that a wife can be
+<q>commissioned</q> by her husband to bear him a son,
+but she must only take a kinsman within certain
+degrees, whose connection with her ceases on the birth
+of one son.<note place="foot">This was the practice also in
+Arabia (Rob. Smith, <hi rend='italic'>Kinship &amp;c.</hi>,
+p. 110).</note> Otherwise it was a man's duty to divorce
+a barren wife and take another. But he must
+divorce the first, and could not have two hearths or
+two wives.<note place="foot">Herod. v. 40.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A curious instance of how this sentiment worked
+in practice in directly the opposite direction to
+our modern ideas, is mentioned in Herodotus.
+Leaders of forlorn hopes nowadays would be inclined
+to pick out as comrades the unmarried men, as
+having least to sacrifice and fewest duties to forego.
+Whereas Leonidas, in choosing the 300 men to make
+their famous and fatal stand at Thermopylae, is stated
+to have selected all <emph>fathers with sons living</emph>.<note place="foot">Herod.
+vii. 205. Quoted by Hearn, <hi rend='italic'>Aryan Household</hi>, p. 71.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hector is made to use this idea in somewhat
+similar manner. He encourages his soldiers with:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>If a man fall fighting for his fatherland, it is no dishonourable
+thing: and his wife and his children left behind, and his οἶκος
+and κλῆρος are unharmed, if the Achaians go but back to their
+own country.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> xv. 497.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+If the enemy are driven out, though he be killed
+himself, yet if he leave children behind, his household
+and their property will remain unharmed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All about to die, says Isaeus, take thought not to
+leave their οἶκος desolate (ἔρημος),<note place="foot">Is. vii. 30.</note>
+but that there shall be some one to carry the name of their house
+<pb n="023"/><anchor id="Pg023"/>
+down to posterity, who shall perform all the customary
+rites at the tomb due to them also when they shall
+have joined the ranks of ancestors.<note place="foot">Is. ii. 36.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Where children were reckoned of the tribe of
+their father and not of their mother, and where a
+woman was incapable of performing sacred rites, a male
+heir was necessary for the direct transmission of blood
+and property. Sons entered upon their inheritance
+immediately on the death of their father, nor had he
+the power to dispossess them in favour of others,
+whilst brothers, cousins, legatees, had always to prove
+their title and procure judgment from the court in
+their favour.<note place="foot">Is. iii. 59 and 60, vi. 28.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Succession through a daughter.</note>
+Failing sons however, the next descent lay through
+a daughter. Nor were her qualifications in herself
+complete or sufficient in theory to form the necessary
+link in the chain of succession. The next of kin
+male had to marry her with the property of which
+she was ἐπίκληρος;<note place="foot">For want of a better translation
+implying <q>going with the property</q> this word will be rendered
+by <q>heiress.</q></note> but neither she nor he really
+possessed the property, and the sons born from the
+marriage succeeded thereto directly on attaining a
+certain age. The next of kin had in the meantime
+of course to represent his wife's father in
+all the religious observances, and was said to have
+power to live with the woman (κύριος συνοικῆσαι
+τῇ γυναικί), but not to dispose of the property
+(κύριος τῶν χρημάτων);<note place="foot">Is. viii. 31. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi>
+συνουκεῖν in Dem. <hi rend='italic'>in Neaeram</hi> 1386.</note>
+the sons becoming κύριοι τῶν
+χρημάτων at sixteen years old, and owing thence
+only maintenance (τρέφειν) to their mother from
+<pb n="024"/><anchor id="Pg024"/>
+the property.<note place="foot">Demosth. <hi rend='italic'>Steph</hi>. ii. 1134.
+Son. of ἐπίκληρος inherits (κρατεῖν τῶν χρημάτων) ἐπὶ δίετες; τὸν δὲ
+σῖτον μετρεῖν τῇ μητρί.</note> The heiress was compelled to marry
+at a certain age and was adjudicated by law to the
+proper kinsman.<note place="foot">Is. vi. 14. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Ar.
+<hi rend='italic'>Vesp</hi>. 583 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Again an exact parallel is to be found in the
+<hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>One who is without a son should, by the following rule, make
+his daughter provide him a son:&mdash;<q>The offspring which may be
+hers shall be for me the giver of offerings to the <hi rend='italic'>manes</hi>.</q></q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The whole property of a man is taken by this
+daughter's son,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi> ix. 131 and 132.</note>
+and, by her bearing a son, <emph>her father</emph>
+<q>becomes possessed of a son, who should give the
+funeral cake and take the property.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+136.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If she die without a son, her husband would take
+(presumably by a sort of adoption).<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+135.</note> But this would
+be perfectly natural, if, as in Greece, her husband
+was bound to be the next of kin and therefore heir
+failing issue from her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">She must marry the next of kin.</note>
+At Athens it was part of the office of the archon
+to see that no οἶκος failed for want of representatives,
+to constrain a reluctant heiress to marry or to
+compel the next of kin to perform his duty.
+Plato<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>, 924.</note>
+asks pardon for his imaginary legislator, if he shall
+be found to give the daughter of a man in marriage
+having regard only to the two conditions&mdash;nearness
+of kin, and the preservation of the property; disregarding,
+in his zeal for these, the further considerations,
+which the father himself might be expected
+<pb n="025"/><anchor id="Pg025"/>
+to have had, with regard to the suitability of the
+match.<note place="foot"><p><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Terence,
+<hi rend='italic'>Phormio</hi> 125-6.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lex est ut orbae, qui sunt genere proxumi,<lb/>
+Eis nubant, et illos ducere cadem haec lex jubet.<lb/>
+</p>
+<p>
+and Diod. Sic. xii. 18: ὁ δὲ
+ἀγχιστεὺς πλούσιος ὦν ἠναγκάσθη
+γῆμαι γυναῖκα πενιχρὰν ἐπίκληρον
+ἄνευ προικός.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">even though already married.</note>
+A certain leniency was however allowed to the
+heiress who was unwilling to marry an obnoxious
+kinsman, and to the kinsman who had counterclaims
+upon him in his own house. Nevertheless the rules
+remained very strict. Isaeus states emphatically,<note place="foot">Isaeus, iii.
+64.</note> <q>Often have men been compelled by law to give up
+their properly wedded wives, owing to their becoming
+ἐπίκληροι through the death of their brother to their
+father's property and having to marry the next of
+kin (τοῖς ἐγγυτάτα γένους),</q> to prevent the extinction
+of their father's house.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Manu warns those about to marry to be careful
+that their children shall not be required to continue
+their wives' father's family, to the desolation of their
+own.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>She who has not a brother ... let not a wise man marry her,
+through fear of the law about a daughter's
+son.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ordinances</hi> iii. 11.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Again Isaeus:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>We, because of our nearness of kin, would have been compelled
+to maintain (γηροτροφεῖν) our aged grandfather and either ourselves
+marry Cleonymos' (our uncle's) daughters or give them away with
+their portions to others and all this our kinship, the laws, and <emph>our
+shame</emph> would have compelled us to perform or incur the greatest
+penalties and the <emph>utmost disgrace</emph>.</q><note place="foot">Isaeus, i.
+39.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Similar rules in the laws of Gortyn,</note>
+In the laws of Gortyn very clear rules are laid
+<pb n="026"/><anchor id="Pg026"/>
+down to be followed where there were difficulties in
+the way of the heiress marrying the next of kin.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The heiress shall marry the eldest brother of her father that
+is alive. If there are more heiresses and uncles, they shall ever
+marry the eldest. If there are no uncles but sons of uncles,
+she shall marry the son of her father's eldest brother. If there
+are more than one heiress and sons of uncles, they shall ever
+marry the son of the eldest in order: but a man shall not marry
+more than one heiress</q><note place="foot">vii. 15-ix. 24. We may
+compare this with <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> vii. 60
+<hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi> where Alkinoos marries his
+<emph>niece</emph>, Arete, the only child and
+therefore ἐπίκληρος of his brother Rhexenor.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+There is also a statement made by Demosthenes<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>c.
+Macart.</hi> 1068 (<hi rend='italic'>Law</hi>)</note>
+that sounds as if it might have come from the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances
+of Manu</hi>. It is there stated that if there were
+more than one heiress, <emph>only one</emph> need be dealt with
+in respect to <emph>providing succession</emph>, though all shared
+in the property.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The law of Gortyn goes on:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">If the man will not marry her, though of age and wishing to
+marry, the guardians of the heiress shall sue, and the judge shall
+condemn him to marry her in two months. If he will not marry
+her, according to the law, she shall have all the property and shall
+marry the next of kin (after him) if there is one....</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">If she is of age and does not wish to marry the next of kin or if
+he is a minor and she does not wish to wait, she ... can marry
+whom she will of those who claim her of the tribe. But she shall
+apportion off his share of the property to the first of kin.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">If there are no kin to her, she shall have all the property and
+marry whom she will of the tribe.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>If no one of the tribe will marry her, her guardians shall ask
+throughout the tribe, <q> Will any marry her?</q> And if any one
+then marries her, he shall do it in thirty days after the <q>asking.</q>
+But if there is still no one, she shall marry any one else she can.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Such pains were taken to find a representative
+<pb n="027"/><anchor id="Pg027"/>
+for the deceased in his family, or at any rate
+in his <emph>tribe</emph>.<note place="foot">(Plut. <hi rend='italic'>Solon</hi>
+21. ἐν τῷ γένει τοῦ τεθηκότος ἔδει τὰ χρήματα
+καταμένειν. Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 925. A
+heiress <emph>must</emph> marry a citizen. In
+the Gortyn laws, if any one marry the heiress contrary to law, the
+next of kin shall have the property).</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and amongst the Israelites.</note>
+The same questions seem to have arisen amongst
+the Israelites in the time of Moses.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Numbers xxxvi. 8. <q rend="pre">And every daughter that possesseth an
+inheritance (LXX. ἀγχιστεύουσα κληρονομίαν) in any tribe of the
+children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe
+of her father (ἐνὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς), that the children
+of Israel may enjoy (ἀγχιστεύειν) every man the inheritance of his
+fathers.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">Even as the Lord commanded Moses, so did the daughters of
+Zelophehad.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>For Mahlah, Tirzah and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the
+daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's brother's
+sons (LXX. τοῖς ἀνεψιοῖς αὐτῶν).</q>
+</quote>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child
+And The Duties Of An Only Daughter.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The levirate proper not found in Greece.</note>
+The <hi rend='italic'>levirate</hi>, or marriage with deceased husband's
+brother, seems to have had no place in Greek family
+law. The wife was of no <emph>kin</emph> necessarily to the
+husband; and so it would not tend to strengthen the
+transmission of blood if the next of kin married the
+widow on taking the inheritance of his relative
+deceased without issue. The wife in Greek law could
+not inherit from her husband, whose property went
+to his father's or mother's relations; and only when
+it became a question of finding an heir to her <emph>son</emph>,
+and failing all near paternal kinsmen, could the
+<pb n="028"/><anchor id="Pg028"/>
+inheritance pass through her, and then as the mother
+of her dead son, not as widow of her dead husband.
+Even then, being a woman, she had no right of enjoyment,
+only of transmission. She could only inherit
+on behalf of her issue by a second husband, and
+failing her issue the inheritance would pass to her
+brothers and so on. In Greece the claim upon the
+δαήρ (Latin <hi rend='italic'>levir</hi>) for marriage seems to have begun
+with his brother's daughter, not his brother's widow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The widow returned to her guardian.</note>
+The childless widow on the death of her husband
+had to return to her own family or whoever of
+her kindred was guardian (κύριος) of her, and if she
+wished, be given again in marriage by him.<note place="foot"><p>Dem.
+<hi rend='italic'>c.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Macart</hi>. 1076.
+Widow only allowed to remain in her deceased husband's house
+on plea of pregnancy and under the guardianship of the archon.
+</p>
+<p>
+Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Boeot</hi>. 1010. Wife leaves
+her husband's house and is portioned out again by her brothers.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The woman at Athens even after marriage always
+retained her κύριος or guardian,<note place="foot"><p>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Ord. of
+Manu</hi> v. 147-8. <q rend="pre">No act is to be done according to
+(her) own will by a young girl, a young woman, or even by an
+old woman, though in (their own) houses.</q>
+</p>
+<p>
+<q>In her childhood (a girl) should be under the will of her
+father; in her youth, of her husband; her husband being dead,
+of her sons; a woman should never enjoy her own will.</q></p></note> who was at once her
+protector and trustee. He was probably the head of
+the οἶκος to which she originally belonged&mdash;her next
+of kin&mdash;and had great power over her.<note place="foot"><p>Dem.
+<hi rend='italic'>c.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Spoud</hi>. 1029. Father
+takes away daughter and gives her to another.
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> also Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Eubulid</hi>. 1311.
+</p>
+<p>
+Isaeus, v. 10. By coming into an inheritance from his first
+cousin, a man also becomes guardian (ἐπίτροπος καὶ κύριος) of his
+three female first cousins, though all married.</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A case there is<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>pro Phormio.</hi> 953.</note>
+where the heir to the property
+also takes the wife of the previous owner; but in
+this case the husband may have been κύριος of his own
+<pb n="029"/><anchor id="Pg029"/>
+wife, and so could bequeath, or give her away to whomever
+he liked.<note place="foot">As in Isaeus, ii. 7 and 8.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>, the limitations of the
+levirate are very strictly defined.<note place="foot">ix. 70. &amp;c.</note>
+In the case of a man leaving a widow, she must not marry again,
+or she lost her place in heaven by his side.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But if she was childless, the next of kin of her
+husband must beget one son by her; he did not
+<emph>marry</emph> her, and his connection with her <emph>ceased on the
+birth of a son</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Marriage of near relations.</note>
+The laws of Manu otherwise are strict against the
+marriage of close relations; a restriction not found in
+Greece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Isaeus<note place="foot">vii. 11 and 12.</note> mentions that it was thought quite
+natural for a man to marry his first cousin in order
+to concentrate the family blood, and prevent her
+dowry or whatever property might come to her from
+going outside his οἶκος, and we know that even
+marriage with a half-sister (not born of the same
+mother) was not forbidden.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are more instances than one in Homer of a
+man marrying his aunt, or niece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The nearest resemblance to the levirate in Greece
+is the occasional custom at Sparta, mentioned already,
+of a wife being <q>commissioned</q> to bear children by
+another man into the family of her husband. But
+this exists in Manu, side by side with the above-mentioned
+custom of levirate proper.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The levirate among the Israelites.</note>
+Among the Israelites, the levirate was in full
+force; the craving for continuance was the same as
+among the followers of Manu and the Greeks; and
+<pb n="030"/><anchor id="Pg030"/>
+the custom with regard to heiresses is so vividly told
+that it is worth quoting at some length.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Deut. xxv. 5. <q rend="pre">If brethren dwell together and one of them die
+and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without
+unto a stranger: her husband's brother [<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> next of kin]
+shall go in unto her and take her to him to wife and perform the duty of an
+husband's brother to her.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">And it shall be that the firstborn which she beareth shall
+<emph>succeed in the name of his brother that is dead</emph>, that his name be not
+put out of Israel.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his
+brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders and say, <q>My
+husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in
+Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.</q></q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">Then the elders of his city shall call him and speak unto him:
+and if he stand to it and say, <q>I like not to take her,</q> then shall his
+brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and
+loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall
+answer and say: <q>So shall it be done unto that man that will not
+build up his brother's house (LXX. οἶκος).</q></q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And his name shall be called in Israel, <q>The house (οἶκος) of
+him that hath his shoe loosed.</q></q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The case of Tamar.</note>
+Such was the scorn felt for the man who refused
+to perform the duties of nearest kinsman. In the
+thirty-eighth chapter of Genesis is told the story of
+Tamar, the wife of Judah's eldest son who died childless.
+The second son's refusal to raise up seed to his
+brother because he knows that <emph>his own name will not
+be perpetuated thereby, but his brother's</emph>, meets with
+summary punishment. <q>And the thing that he did
+was evil in the sight of the Lord, and He slew him
+also.</q><note place="foot">Gen. xxxviii. 10.</note>
+Afterwards, when it was reported to her
+father-in-law that Tamar had a child by some one not
+of his family, he was exceedingly wroth, and said,
+<q>Bring her forth and let her be burnt.</q> Accordingly,
+after he had received his own <q>tokens</q> from her hand,
+<pb n="031"/><anchor id="Pg031"/>
+his approval of her action, in her desire to perpetuate
+the name of her dead husband, is all the more
+striking, and shows how real such a claim as Tamar's
+was in the practice of those days, extreme though
+her action was felt to be. And Judah acknowledged
+his tokens and said, <q>She hath been more righteous
+than I: because that I gave her not to Shelah my
+[youngest] son.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The case of Ruth.</note>
+The statement of the customary procedure in
+Deuteronomy is very picturesquely illustrated and
+fulfilled in detail in the story of Ruth, who though
+only a daughter-in-law takes the position of heiress
+through a sort of adoption by her mother-in-law
+Naomi, on her refusal to go back to her own people.
+<q>Where thou goest, I will go: where thou lodgest, I
+will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy
+God, my God. Where thou diest will I die, and
+there will I be buried.</q> She accepts Naomi's hearth
+her kin, her religion, and finally her tomb.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Elimelech and his two sons dying in Moab, Naomi
+and both her daughters-in-law are left widows in a
+strange land. If Naomi had other sons, upon them
+would have devolved the duty of taking Orpah and
+Ruth to wife. But Naomi declares herself<note place="foot">Ruth i. 8-12.</note>
+too old to marry again and be the mother of sons, and implores
+her daughters-in-law to return to their own people in
+Moab, where she hopes they will start afresh with
+new husbands, a course which seems always to have
+been open to wives in tribal communities. Orpah
+does so, but Ruth elects to remain with Naomi, and
+returning with her to Bethlehem takes her chance
+<pb n="032"/><anchor id="Pg032"/>
+among the kindred of Elimelech. Happening to
+arrive at Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley
+harvest, it so chances that Ruth goes forth to glean
+upon that part of the open field which belonged to
+Boaz&mdash;a rich man of the συγγενία of Elimelech, who,
+having heard of her devotion to Naomi and the house
+of his late kinsmen, protects her from possible insult
+from strangers and treats her richly. On her return
+home Naomi informs her that Boaz is of their next
+of kin (τῶν ἀγχιστευόντων)<note place="foot">For the meaning of ἀγχιστεύς see below
+p. <ref target="Pg055">55</ref>.</note> whose place it was to
+redeem property sold or lost by a kinsman. This
+duty is thus set forth in Leviticus:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<note place="margin">Dependence on the next of kin.</note>
+Lev. xxv. 25. <q>And if thy brother be waxen poor and sell
+some of his possession, then shall his kinsman (ἀγχιστεύων) that is
+next to him come and shall redeem that which his brother hath
+sold.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+An instance of it in practice is given in Jeremiah.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Jerem. xxxii. 8. <q>So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me
+in the court of the guard according to the word of the Lord and
+said unto me, <q>Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth which
+is in the land of Bethlehem: for the right of inheritance is thine,
+and the redemption is thine: buy it for thyself.</q></q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+But on Ruth's applying to Boaz, he informs her
+that though he is ἀγχιστεύς, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> within the reach of the
+claim on the next of kin, yet is there one ἀγχιστεύς
+who is nearer than he, and who must first be asked.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there, and behold
+the near kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by, unto whom
+he said, <q>Ho, such an one! turn, aside, sit down here,</q> and he
+turned aside and sat down. And he took ten men of the elders
+of the city and said, <q>Sit ye down here,</q> and they sat down. And
+<pb n="033"/><anchor id="Pg033"/>
+he said unto the near kinsman, <q>Naomi that is come again out of
+the country of Moab selleth the parcel of land which was our
+brother Ehmelech's: and I thought to disclose it to thee, saying,
+<q>Buy it before them that sit here and before the elders of my
+people.</q> If thou wilt redeem it, redeem it; but if thou wilt not
+redeem it, tell me that I may know; for there is none to redeem it
+beside thee, and I am after thee.</q> And he said, <q>I will redeem it.</q>
+Then said Boaz, <q>What day thou buyest the field of the hand of
+Naomi thou must buy it also of Ruth the Moabitess, <emph>the wife of the
+dead, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance</emph>.</q> And
+the near kinsman said, <q>I cannot redeem it for myself <emph>lest I mar
+my own inheritance</emph>; take thou my right of redemption on thee; for
+I cannot redeem it.</q></q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The rendering of the Vulgate of the kinsman's
+reply is more easily understood:&mdash;<q>I yield up my
+right of near kinship: for neither ought I to blot out the
+continuance (<hi rend='italic'>posteritas</hi>) of my family: do thou use
+my privilege, which I declare that I freely renounce.</q>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And he drew off his shoe. And Boaz said unto the elders and
+unto all the people, <q>Ye are witnesses this day that I have bought
+all that was Elimelech's ... Chilion's and Mahlon's of the hand of
+Naomi. Moreover Ruth, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to
+be my wife to <emph>raise up the name of the dead</emph> upon his inheritance,
+that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his
+brethren and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this
+day.</q> And all the people that were in the gate and the elders
+said, <q>We are witnesses ... May thy house be like the house of
+Perez whom Tamar bare unto Judah</q> &amp;c.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Now Boaz was sixth in descent from this Perez
+whose mother Tamar, as quoted above, had been in
+much the same position as Ruth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is interesting to read further that the son born
+of this marriage of Ruth and Boaz is taken by the
+women of Bethlehem to Naomi, saying, <q><emph>There is a
+son born to Naomi</emph>,</q> emphasising the duty of the
+heiress to bear a son, not into her husband's family,
+but to that of her father.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="034"/><anchor id="Pg034"/>
+
+<p>
+The story of Ruth is not, therefore, an exact
+example of the custom of levirate. But it illustrates
+incidentally the unity of the family. The sons of
+Elimelech died before the family division had taken
+place, and the house of Elimelech their father was
+thus in jeopardy of extinction. If Naomi had come
+within the proper operation of the levirate, the next
+of kin ought to have married <emph>her</emph>, but by her adoption
+of Ruth as her daughter, she gave Ruth the position
+of heiress or ἐπίκληρος, whilst the heir born to Ruth
+was called son, not of Ruth's former or present husband,
+but of Elimelech and (by courtesy) of Naomi, Elimelech's
+widow, through whom the issue ought otherwise
+to have been found.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter:
+Growth Of Adoption: Introduction Of New
+Member To Kinsmen.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The son of the heiress must leave his father's house,</note>
+But if the heiress was already married and had
+sons, she need not be divorced and marry the next of
+kin, though that still lay in her power. It was considered
+sufficient if she set apart one of her sons to
+be heir to her father's house. But she must do this
+absolutely: her son must entirely leave her husband's
+house and be enfranchised into the house of her father.
+If she did not do this with all the necessary ceremonies,
+the house of her father would become extinct, which
+would be a lasting shame upon her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Isaeus<note place="foot">xi. 49.</note> mentions a case where a wife inherits
+from her deceased brother a farm and persuades her
+<pb n="035"/><anchor id="Pg035"/>
+husband to emancipate their second son in order that
+he may carry on the family of her brother and take
+the property.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and enter that of the deceased relative</note>
+In another passage<note place="foot">Isaeus, vii. 31.</note>
+the conduct of married sisters
+in not appointing one of their own sons to take his
+place as son in the house of their deceased brother,
+and in absorbing the property into that of their
+husbands, whereby the οἶκος of their brother became
+ἔρημος, is described as shameful (αἰσχρῶς).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Demosthenes<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>c. Macart.</hi> 1077.</note>
+a man behaving in similar wise
+is stigmatised as ὑβριστής.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Hence the custom of adoption.</note>
+Herein lay the reason that adoption became so
+favourite a means in classical times of securing an
+heir. It became almost a habit among the Athenians
+who had no sons, to adopt an heir&mdash;often even the
+next of kin who would naturally have succeeded to
+the inheritance.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Leochar.</hi> 1093. ἐκ
+τῶν κατὰ γένος ἐγγυτάτω εἰσποιεῖν υἱὸν τῷ τετελευτηκότι ὅπως ἄν ὁ
+οἶκος μὴ ἐξερημωθῇ.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The transfer of the adopted son from the οἶκος of
+his father to the οἶκος he was chosen to represent
+was so real that he lost all claim to inheritance in his
+original family, and henceforth based his relationship
+and rights of kinship from his new position as son of
+his adoptive father. This absolutely insured the childless
+man that his successor would not merge the
+inheritance in that of another οἶκος, and made it
+extremely unlikely that he would neglect his religious
+duties as they would be henceforth his own ancestral
+rites.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes, it seems,<note place="foot">Is. x. 17.</note> sons of an unfortunate
+<pb n="036"/><anchor id="Pg036"/>
+father were adopted into another οἶκος so as not to
+share in the disgrace brought upon their family.
+In such a case presumably their father's house would
+be allowed to become extinct.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The introduction of the heir to the kindred.</note>
+The inheritance of property being only an accessory
+to the heirship,<note place="foot">Arist. <hi rend='italic'>Pol.</hi> 1, 2, 4 Ἡ κτῆσις
+μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.</note> the ceremony of adoption consisted
+of an introduction to the kindred and to the ancestral
+altars, and an assumption of the responsibilities
+connected therewith.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The same for true as for adopted son.</note>
+The process was the same as for the proclamation
+of the true blood of a son, and was exactly in accordance
+with tribal instincts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whatever the history of the φρατρία at Athens,
+in it seems to have been accumulated a great number
+of the survivals of tribal sentiment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The ceremony at Athens;</note>
+The adoption at Athens took place at the gathering
+of the phratores in order that all the kin might be
+present (παρόντων τῶν συγγενῶν).<note place="foot">Is. ii. 14.</note> The adopter must
+lead his son to the sacrifices on the altars<note place="foot">Is. vii. 1, 16, 13
+and 27.</note> and must
+show him to the kinsmen (συγγενεῖς or γεννῆται) and
+phratores: he must give assurance on the sacrifices
+that the young man was born in lawful wedlock from
+free citizens. This done, and no one questioning his
+rights, the assembly proceeded to vote<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c.
+Eubulid.</hi> 1315.</note> and if the vote
+was in his favour, then and not till then he was enrolled
+in the common register (εἰς τὸ κοινὸν γραμματεῖον) of
+the phratria in the name of son of his adopted father.
+As a father could not without reason disinherit his
+true-born sons, so the phratores could not without
+reason refuse to accept them to the kinship.<note place="foot">Is. vi. 25.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="037"/><anchor id="Pg037"/>
+
+<p>
+If any of the phratores objected to the admission
+of the new kinsman, he must stop the sacrifices and
+remove the victim from the altar.<note place="foot">Andoc. <hi rend='italic'>de
+Myst.</hi> 126.</note> He would have
+to state the grounds of his objection, and if he could
+not produce good reasons, he incurred a fine. If there
+was no objection, the unsacrificial parts of the victim
+were divided up and each member took home with
+him his share,<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Macart.</hi> 1054 and
+1078.</note> or joined in a feast provided by the
+father of the admitted son.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Leoch.</hi>
+1091. Isaeus iii. 80 and viii. 18.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and at Gortyn;</note>
+The ceremonial given in the Gortyn laws is
+similar:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+x. 33. <q>The adoption shall take place in the agora when all the
+citizens have assembled, from the stone from which speeches are
+made. And the adopter shall give to his own brotherhood
+(ἑταιρεία) a victim-for-sacrifice and a vessel of wine (πρόκοος).</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The adopted son gets all the property and shall
+fulfil the divine and human duties of his adoptive
+father<note place="foot">Isaeus ix. 7 (<hi rend='italic'>Astyph.</hi>)
+τελευτήσαντι αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνου προγόνοις τά νομιζόμενα ποισει.</note>
+and shall inherit as in the law for true-born
+sons. But if he does not fulfil them according to
+law, the next of kin shall take the property. He can
+only renounce his adoption by paying a fine.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The adopted son thus introduced was considered
+to have become of the blood of his adoptive father,
+and was unable to leave his new family and return to
+his original home unless he left in the adoptive
+house a son to carry on the name to posterity. As
+long as he remained in the other οἶκος, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> had not
+provided for his succession and by certain legal
+ceremonies been readmitted to his former family, he
+<pb n="038"/><anchor id="Pg038"/>
+was considered of no relationship to them and had no
+right of inheritance in their goods.<note place="foot">Isaeus vi. 44; ix. 2 and 33;
+x. 2 and 4. Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Leoch.</hi> passim. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.
+Manu</hi>, ix. 142.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An adopted son could not adopt or devise by will,
+and if he did not provide for the succession by
+leaving a son to follow him, the property went back
+into the family and to the next of kin of his adopted
+father.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Leoch.</hi> 1094, 1099,
+and (<hi rend='italic'>lex Solonis</hi>) 1100.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If he did return to his former οἶκος, leaving a
+son in his place and that son died, he could not return
+and take the property thus left without heir
+direct.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 1090.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and also in India.</note>
+Adoption amongst the Hindoos took place in like
+manner before the convened kindred. The adopting
+father offered a burnt-offering, and with recitation of
+holy words in the middle of his dwelling completed
+the adoption with these words:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>I take thee for the fulfilment of my religious duties; I take
+thee to continue the line of my ancestors.</q><note place="foot">Mayne on
+<hi rend='italic'>Hindu Law</hi> (1892), p. 105 and 162.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The adopted son should be as near a relation as
+possible, and when once the ceremony had taken
+place, was considered to have as completely lost his
+position in his former family as if he had never been
+born therein.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Op. cit.</hi> p. 141-2 and 189.
+<hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi> ix. 142. He offers no cake
+to his original ancestors.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The introduction to the deme.</note>
+The introduction into the deme which took place at
+the age of eighteen at Athens, including the enrolment
+in the ληξιαρχικόν γραμματεῖον, seems to have been a
+registration of rights of property and an assumption
+of the full status of citizen. The word ληξιαρχικός is
+<pb n="039"/><anchor id="Pg039"/>
+defined by Harpocration as meaning <q>capable of
+managing the ancestral estate (τὰ πατρῷα οἰκονομεῖν).</q>
+The word λῆξις is used by Isaeus for the application,
+by others than direct descendants, to the Archon for
+the necessary powers to take their property.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It appears to have been at this period that the
+young man left the ranks of boyhood and dedicated
+himself to the responsibilities of his life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The custom of
+tonsure.</note>
+Plutarch<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Thes.</hi> 5.</note>
+states that it was the custom at coming
+of age to tonsure the head and offer the hair to some
+god, and describes the young Theseus as adopting
+what we know as the Celtic tonsure, thenceforth
+called after his name.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The custom still being in existence at that time for those
+quitting childhood to go to Delphi and dedicate<note place="foot">ἀπάρχεσθαι: in
+Homer to <q>begin</q> a sacrifice by offering the
+<emph>hair</emph> of the victim. Later, to <q>dedicate.</q></note> their hair to the
+god, Theseus also went to Delphi (and the place is still called
+after him the Theseia, so they say) and <emph>shaved the hair of his head
+in front only</emph> (ἐκείρατο τὰ πρόσθεν μόνον) Homer says the Abantes
+do:<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ii. 542 ὄπιθεν κομόωντες.</note>
+and this kind of tonsure (κουρά) is called <q>Theseis</q> because
+of him. Now the Abantes first shaved themselves in this manner,
+not in imitation of the Arabs<note place="foot">Herod, iii. 8. The Arabs cut
+their hair in a ring away from the temples.</note> as some have it, nor even in emulation
+of the Mysians, but being a warlike people and fighting hand
+to hand, ... as Archilochos testifies. For this reason Alexander is
+said to have ordered his Macedonians to shave their beards....</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This cutting the hair as token of dedication to
+any particular object or deity was of common occurrence.
+Achilles' hair was dedicated as an offering to the
+river Spercheios in case of his safe
+return.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxiii. 141-6.</note> Knowing
+that this is impossible, in his grief at the death of
+Patroklos, with apologies to the god he cuts his
+<pb n="040"/><anchor id="Pg040"/>
+flowing locks and lays them in the hand of his dead
+friend.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pausanias declares that it was the custom with
+all the Greeks to dedicate their hair to rivers.<note place="foot">Paus. i. 37, 3.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Theophrastus<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Char.</hi> 21.</note>
+mentions as a characteristic of the
+man of Petty Ambition that he will <q>take his son
+away to Delphi to have his hair cut (ἀποκεῖραι),</q>
+showing that this venerable custom had by that time
+become pedantic and an object of ridicule.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Athenaeus,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Deipnosoph.</hi> xi.
+88.</note> when the young men
+cut their hair they brought a large cup of wine to
+Herakles and, pouring a libation, offered it to the
+assembled people to drink.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The age at which the hair was cut seems to have
+varied. The <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of
+Manu</hi><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi> ii. 65.</note> give the following
+instructions:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The Keçanta (tonsure-rite) is ordered in the sixteenth
+year<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> ii. 38. This was the last
+year that a Brahman could receive investiture.</note>
+of a Brahman, in the twenty-second of a Ksatriya, and in two years
+more after that for a Vaiçya.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+But whenever the actual tonsure was performed,
+it seems to have been a very widely spread custom,
+symbolical in some way of devotion to a deity or
+kindred, or to some particular course of life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Its importance in this place, however, lies in its
+being one of the special acts relating to the admission
+to tribal status, and to the devotion, so to speak, of
+the services of the individual to the corporate needs
+of his tribe or kindred.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The public introduction to the kindred, combined
+<pb n="041"/><anchor id="Pg041"/>
+with publicity of marriage and of the birth of
+children would, it is obvious, be a very important
+protection for the preservation of the jealously
+guarded purity of the tribal blood. Isaeus<note place="foot">Isaeus, vi. 10.</note> says
+that all relations (προσήκοντες), all the phratores, and
+most (οἱ πολλοί) of the demesmen would know whom
+a man married, and what children he had. This, in
+addition to the oath (πίστις) of the father or of the
+mother<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Anc. Grk. Inscr.</hi> Brit. Mus.
+cccxv. cccxvii. and cccxviii. Oath of mother required before legitimacy
+registered, in the island of Kalymna.</note> of the legitimacy of the son introduced to
+his kin, would seem a very sufficient
+safeguard.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Aristot. <hi rend='italic'>Ath.
+Pol.</hi> xlii.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If a child was not introduced to the phratores, it
+was considered illegitimate,<note place="foot">Isaeus, iii. 75.</note> and could have
+no share in the rites of kindred and
+property.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> vi. 47.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Deuteronomy xxiii. i.</note>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Liability for bloodshed rested on a group of kinsmen.</note>
+A notable feature of the tribal system all over the
+world was the <hi rend='italic'>blood-feud</hi>, wiped out only by the death
+of the manslayer or by the payment of a sufficient
+recompense. The incidence of the responsibility for
+murder and for payment of the recompense upon a
+group instead of only on the guilty individual was of
+remarkable tenacity, and survived to comparatively
+late days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Arabia the whole tribe of the murderer subscribed
+to the blood-money, which went to all the
+males in the tribe of the murdered man.<note place="foot">Robertson Smith,
+<hi rend='italic'>Kinship, &amp;c. in Arabia</hi>, p. 262.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="042"/><anchor id="Pg042"/>
+
+<p>
+But in Greece the responsibility fell upon the next
+of kin, with the help and under the supervision of the
+rest of the immediate kindred. He had to see that a
+spear was carried in front of the funeral of the slain
+man and planted in his grave, which must be watched
+for three days.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>in Euerg.</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Mnesib.</hi> 1160.</note> He must make proclamation of the
+foul deed at the tomb, and must undergo purificatory
+rites, himself and his whole house (οἰκία). If the
+dead body be found in the country and no cause of
+death known, the demarch must compel the relatives
+to bury the corpse and to purify the deme on the
+same day.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>Macart.</hi> 1069.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Deut. xxi. 1-9.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The subject is a familiar one in Homer. The wanderer
+(μετανάστης) is said to have no value (he is
+ἀτίμητος), no fine is exacted for his death.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xiv. 483. <q>That my brother's price (κασιγνήτοιο ποινή)
+be not unpaid: even for this it is that a man may well pray to
+have some kinsman in his halls (γνωτὸν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν) to avenge
+(ἀλκτήρ) his fall.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix. 634. <q>Yet doth a man accept recompense of his brother's
+murderer: or for his dead son: and so the manslayer for a great
+price abideth in his own land (ἐν δήμῳ) and the other's heart is
+appeased and his proud soul, when he hath taken the
+recompense.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf. Od.</hi> iii. 195.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">No ransom for murders within the tribe;</note>
+There are many men told of in the <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> who were in the position of refugees at the
+court of some chief. As many of them were wealthy&mdash;chiefs'
+sons or even chiefs&mdash;and well able to pay large
+recompenses, it seems probable that (as is definitely
+stated in some instances), if the murder was committed
+on a member of the same family or tribe as the murderer,
+<pb n="043"/><anchor id="Pg043"/>
+the only way to wipe out the stain was by death or
+perpetual exile, as in the case of the typical fratricide
+Cain. The blood-price was then only between tribe
+and tribe or city and city. Within the kindred there
+would be no ransom allowed.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix. 63.<lb/>
+ἀφρήτωρ, ἀθέμιστος, ἀνέστιός ἐστιν ἐκεῖνος,<lb/>
+ὅς πολέμου ἔραται ἐπιδημίου ὀκρυόεντος.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Medon had slain the brother of his step-mother
+and was a fugitive from his country.<note place="foot">Il. xiii. 695.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> xv. 335.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Epeigeus <emph>ruled</emph> (ἤνασσε) fairest Boudeion of old,
+but having slain a good man of his kin (ανεψιόν), to
+Peleus fled, a suppliant.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xvi. 572.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tlepolemos slew his own father's maternal uncle,
+gathered much folk together and fled across the sea,
+because the other sons and grandsons of his father
+threatened him.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ii. 662.</note>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxiv. 479. <q>And as when a grievous curse cometh upon a man
+who in his own country (ἐνὶ πάτρη) hath slain another and escapeth
+to a land of other folk (δῆμον ἄλλων) to the house of some rich man,
+and wonder possesseth them that look on
+him....</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf. Od.</hi> xiii. 259, xiv. 380.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xv. 272. <q>Having slain a man of my tribe (ἔμφυλον):
+and many are his relations (κασίγνητοι) and kinsmen (ἔται) in
+Argos: at their hands do I shun death and black fate and am in
+exile.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xxiii. 118. <q>For whoso hath slain but one man in his
+country (ἐνὶ δήμῳ) for whom there be not many avengers
+(ἀοσσητῆρες) behind, he fleeth leaving his kin (πηούς) and his
+fatherland, how then we who have slain the pillar of the state!</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">or between citizen and citizen.</note>
+If ransom there was none for the murderer within
+the tribe, there was equally none for murders between
+citizen and citizen,&mdash;in this point also the inheritors of
+the sentiments of tribesmen. In the law of Solon<note place="foot">Quoted in Dem.
+<hi rend='italic'>c. Aristocrat.</hi> 629.</note> it
+<pb n="044"/><anchor id="Pg044"/>
+was forbidden to take payment in compensation from
+the murderer:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The murderer can be slain in our land, not tortured, not held
+to ransom (μηδὲ ἀποινᾷν).</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Plato<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 865 d.</note>
+describes the soul of the deceased as
+troubled with a great anger against the murderer, so
+that even the innocent and unintentional homicide
+must needs flee at any rate for a year. The presence
+too of a man thus denied with bloodshed at the
+sacred altars was held to be a gross impiety and
+source of divine anger. Plato<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+871. Soph. O.C. 407. Oedipus could not be buried on
+Theban soil, because he had shed ἔμφυλον αἷμα.</note> says:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The murderer shall be slain, but not buried in the country
+(χώρα) of the deceased, which would be a disgrace and
+impiety.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf</hi>. Aeschines in
+<hi rend='italic'>Ctesiph.</hi> 244.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+In the case of a suicide, the hand that committed
+the crime was to be cut off and buried separately.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Isacus<note place="foot">ix. 17-19. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Dem.
+<hi rend='italic'>c. Pantaen.</hi> 983, 59.</note> it is related how Euthukrates in a
+quarrel over a boundary-stone was so flogged by his
+<emph>brother</emph> Thoudippos that, dying some days after, he
+charged his friends (οἱκεῖοι) not to allow any of Thoudippos'
+people (τῶν Θουδίππου) to approach his tomb.
+But if the murdered man before his death forgave his
+murderer, the relatives could not proceed against him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If the murderer escaped fleeing he must go forever:
+if he returned he could be killed at sight by any
+one and with impunity.<note place="foot">Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 871
+<hi rend="smallcaps">D</hi>.</note> The pollution rested on the
+whole kindred of the murdered man.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Whosoever <emph>being related to the deceased</emph> on the male or female
+side of those within the cousinship shall not prosecute the murderer
+when he ought or proclaim him outlaw, he shall <emph>take upon himself
+<pb n="045"/><anchor id="Pg045"/>
+the pollution</emph> and the hatred of the gods ... and he shall be in the
+power of any who is willing to avenge the dead.</q><note place="foot">Plato,
+<hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 871 <hi rend="smallcaps">B</hi>.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi>868.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The pollution cannot be washed out until the
+homicidal soul has given life for life and has laid to
+sleep the wrath of the whole family
+(ξυγγένια).<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 872
+<hi rend="smallcaps">E</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Tacitus,
+<hi rend='italic'>Germania</hi>, 21. Suscipere tam inimicitias
+seu patris seu propinqui quam amicitias necesse est. Nec implacabiles
+durant: luitur enim etiam homicidium certo armentorum ac pecorum
+numero, <emph>recipitque satisfactionem universa domus</emph>, utiliter in
+publicum, quia periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta libertatem.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If it is a beast that has killed the man, it shall be
+slain to propitiate the kin and atone for the blood shed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If it is a lifeless thing that has caused death, it
+shall solemnly be cast out before witnesses to acquit
+the whole family from guilt.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 873
+<hi rend="smallcaps">E</hi>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Amongst the Israelites, treating of homicides
+<emph>amongst themselves</emph>, compensation was forbidden in
+like manner.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Numbers xxxv. 31. <q rend="pre">Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for
+the life of a murderer which is guilty of death: but he shall surely
+be put to death.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>... The land cannot be cleansed of blood that is shed therein
+but by the blood of him that shed it.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Let us complete this subject with the following
+story told by Herodotus:<note place="foot">Herod. i. 44.</note>&mdash;Adrastus,
+having slain his brother, flees to the court of Croesus. There he
+becomes as a son to Croesus and a brother to Atys,
+Croesus' son. This Atys Adrastus has the terrible
+misfortune to slay, thereby incurring a three-fold
+pollution. He has brought down upon himself the
+triple wrath of Zeus Katharsios, Ephestios, and
+Hetaireios: he has violated his own innocence, his
+protector's hearth, and the comradeship of his friend.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In despair he commits suicide.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="046"/><anchor id="Pg046"/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Chapter III. The Extent Of The Bond Of Kinship.</head>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Arctior vero colligatio est societatis propinquorum: ab illa
+enim immensa societate humani generis in exiguam
+angustumque concluditur.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Cicero</hi>.
+</quote>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The Ἀγχιστεία.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">All kinsmen were not equally responsible.</note>
+Such being the character of the burden of mutual
+responsibility borne by members of kindred blood, it
+remains, if possible, to obtain some idea of how this
+responsibility became narrowed and limited to the
+nearest relations, and what was the meaning underlying
+the distinction drawn between certain degrees
+of relationship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When examining the more detailed structure of
+the organisation of the kindred, considerable light
+seems to be thrown upon survivals in Athens by
+comparison with the customs of other communities,
+which were undergoing earlier stages of the same
+process of crystallisation from the condition of semi-nomadic
+tribes into that of settled provinces or
+kingdoms.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="047"/><anchor id="Pg047"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The unity of the οἶκος.</note>
+In the Gortyn Laws we read:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+iv. 24. <q>The father shall have power over the children and the
+property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the
+parents) are alive, <emph>there is no necessity for division</emph>.... If a man or
+woman die their children, or grandchildren, or great-grandchildren,
+shall have the property....</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The headship of the οἶκος and the ownership of the
+property vested in the parent as long as he lived and
+wished to maintain his power. Even after his death,
+unless they wished it, the sons need not divide up
+amongst themselves, but could live on with joint
+ownership in the one οἶκος of their deceased father.
+The eldest son would probably take the house itself,
+<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the hearth, with the duties to the family altars
+which devolved upon him as head of the family.<note place="foot">v.
+<hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> p. <ref target="Pg090">90</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et
+seq.</hi></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An example of this joint ownership occurs in the
+speech of Demosthenes against Leochares.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>c.
+Leoch.</hi> 1083.</note> The two
+sons of Euthumachos after his death gave their sister
+in marriage (no doubt with her proper portion), and
+lived separately but <emph>without dividing</emph> their inheritance
+(τὴν οὐσίαν ἀνέμητον). Even after the marriage of one
+brother, they still left the property undivided, each
+living on his share of the income, one in Athens, the
+other in Salamis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The possibility of thus living in one οἶκος and on
+an undivided patrimony is implied in another passage
+in Demosthenes, where, however, the exact opposite
+is described as actually having taken place.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c.
+Macart.</hi> 1055-6.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bouselos had five sons. He divided (διένειμεν τὴν
+οὐσίαν) his substance amongst them all as was fair and
+right, and they married wives and begat children and
+<pb n="048"/><anchor id="Pg048"/>
+children's children. Thus <emph>five</emph> οἶκοι sprang up out of
+the one of Bouselos, and <emph>each brother dwelt apart</emph>,
+having his own οἶκος and bringing up his own offspring
+(ἔκγονοι) himself (χωρὶς ἕκαστος ᾤκει).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whilst the parents were alive the family naturally
+held very closely together, and often probably lived
+in one patriarchal household like Priam's at Troy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Isaeus declares:&mdash;The law commands that we
+maintain (τρέφειν) our parents (γονεῖς): these are&mdash;parents,
+grandparents and <emph>their parents</emph>, if they are
+still alive:
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>For they are the beginning (ἀρχή) of the family (γένος) and
+their estate descends to their offspring (ἔκγονοι): wherefore it is
+necessary to maintain them even if they leave nothing.</q><note place="foot">Isaeus,
+viii. 32.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The duty of maintenance (τρέφειν) owed to the
+ancestor would follow the same relationship as the
+right of inheritance from him, and this common debt
+towards their living forebears could not help further
+consolidating the group of descendants already bound
+together by common rites at the tombs of the dead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But granted this community of rights and debts,
+is it possible to formulate for the Greeks anything of
+the same limitations in the incidence of responsibility
+amongst blood-relations that is to be found elsewhere?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Grades of kinship in Western Europe.</note>
+In western Europe, owing perhaps to the influence
+of Christianity, the rites of ancestor-worship
+have no prominence. Ecclesiastical influence however
+was unable to prevent an exceedingly complex
+subdivision of the kindred existing in Wales and
+elsewhere. Whether this subdivision finds its <hi rend='italic'>raison
+d'être</hi> in the worship of ancestors or not, the groups
+<pb n="049"/><anchor id="Pg049"/>
+thus formed serve as units for sustaining the responsibilities
+incident to tribal life, and being, as will be
+seen, governed by similar considerations to those
+existing among the Greeks, they afford very suitable
+material for comparison, and throw considerable light
+upon one another.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The position of the great-grandson,</note>
+As the various departments affected by blood-relationship
+or purity of descent come under notice,
+it will be seen that the position of <emph>great-grandson</emph>
+as at once limiting the immediate family of his
+parents and heading a new family of descendants is
+marked with peculiar emphasis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">in Wales,</note>
+In the ancient laws of Wales it rests with great-grandsons
+to make the final division of their inheritance
+and start new households.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Second cousins may demand redivision of the
+heritage descending (and perhaps already divided
+up in each generation between) from their great-grandfather.
+After second cousins no redivision or
+co-equation can be claimed.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Venedotian Code</hi>,
+ii. xii.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the meanwhile the oldest living parents maintained
+their influence in family matters. In the story
+of Kilhwch and Olwen, in the <hi rend='italic'>Mabinogion</hi>, the father
+of Olwen, before betrothing her to Kilhwch, declares
+that <q>her four great-grandmothers and her four great-grandsires
+are yet alive; it is needful that I take
+counsel of them.</q><note place="foot">Lady Charlotte Guest's
+<hi rend='italic'>Mabinogion</hi>, p. 234.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and in feudal Normandy.</note>
+Even when feudalism refused to acknowledge
+other than an individual responsibility for a fief, it
+was unable to overcome the tribal theory of the
+<pb n="050"/><anchor id="Pg050"/>
+indivisibility of the family, which maintained its unity
+in some places even under a feudal exterior. But as
+generations proceeded, and the relationships within
+the family diverged beyond the degree of second
+cousin, a natural breaking up seems to have taken
+place, though in the direction of subinfeudation under
+the feudal enforcement of the rule of primogeniture,
+instead of the practice, more in accordance with
+tribal instincts, of equal division and enfranchisement.
+It may however be surmised that the subdivision
+and subinfeudation of a holding in the occupation
+of such a group of kinsmen would be carried
+out by the formation of further similar groups.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The custom of <hi rend='italic'>parage</hi>.</note>
+In the <hi rend='italic'>Coustumes du Pais de Normandie</hi> mention
+is made of such a method of land-holding, called
+<hi rend='italic'>parage</hi>. It consists of an undivided tenure of
+brothers and relations <emph>within the degree of second
+cousins</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The eldest does homage to the capital lord for all
+the <hi rend='italic'>paragers</hi>. The younger and their descendants
+hold of the eldest without homage, until the relationship
+comes to the <emph>sixth degree inclusive</emph> (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> second
+cousins). When the lineage is beyond the sixth
+degree, the heirs of the cadets have to do homage to
+the heirs of the eldest or to whomsoever has acquired
+the fief. Then <hi rend='italic'>parage</hi>
+ceases.<note place="foot">cxxviii-cxxxi.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The tenure then becomes one of subinfeudation.
+As long as the <hi rend='italic'>parage</hi> continued, the share of a
+deceased <hi rend='italic'>parager</hi> would be dealt with by redivision
+of rights, and no question would arise of
+finding heirs. But when it became a question of
+<pb n="051"/><anchor id="Pg051"/>
+finding an heir to the group, failing heirs in the
+seventh degree inclusive, that is, son of second
+cousins&mdash;looked upon as son to the group&mdash;failing
+such an heir, the estate escheated to the lord.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Co-heritage in Wales.</note>
+There is an interesting passage in the Ancient Laws
+of Wales ordaining that the next-of-kin shall not inherit
+as heir to his deceased kinsman, but as heir to the
+ancestor, who, apart from himself, would be without
+direct heir, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> presumably their common ancestor.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>No person is to obtain the land of a <emph>co-heir</emph>, as of a brother, or
+of a cousin, or of a second cousin, by claiming it as heir to that
+one co-heir who shall have died without leaving an heir of his
+body: but by claiming it as heir <emph>to one of his own parents</emph>, who had
+been owner of that land until his death without heir, whether
+a father, or grandfather, or great-grandfather: that land he is
+to have, if he be the nearest of kin to the
+deceased.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Dimetian Code</hi>, ii. xxiii.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This of course refers to inheritance within the
+group of co-heirs, the members of which held their
+position by virtue of their common relationship within
+certain degrees to the founder. And we may infer
+that emphasis was thus laid on the proof of relationship
+by <emph>direct descent</emph>, in order to prevent shares in
+the inheritance passing from hand to hand unnoticed,
+beyond the strict limit where subdivision could be
+claimed <hi rend='italic'>per capita</hi> by the individual representatives
+of the diverging <hi rend='italic'>stirpes</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Degrees of relationship in India.</note>
+The kindred in the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi> is
+divided into two groups:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+1. Sapindas, who owe the <emph>funeral cake</emph> at the
+tomb.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="052"/><anchor id="Pg052"/>
+
+<p>
+2. Samānodakas, who pour the <emph>water libation</emph> at
+the tomb.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>To <emph>three ancestors</emph> the water libation must be made; for <emph>three
+ancestors</emph> the funeral cake is prepared; the fourth (descendant or
+generation) is the giver (of the water and the cake); the <emph>fifth has
+properly nothing to do</emph> (with either
+gift).</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi>, ix. 186.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This may be put in tabular form:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Receivers of water.<lb/>
+<lb/>
+1. Great-grandfather's great-grandfather.<lb/>
+2. Great-grandfather's grandfather.<lb/>
+3. Great-grandfather's father.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Receivers of cake.<lb/>
+<lb/>
+1. Great-grandfather.<lb/>
+2. Grandfather.<lb/>
+3. Father.<lb/>
+4. Giver of cake and water<lb/>
+5. Excluded
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Or inversely:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Givers of cake or <hi rend='italic'>Sapindas</hi>.<lb/>
+<lb/>
+Householder<lb/>
+Brothers<lb/>
+1st cousins<lb/>
+2nd cousins
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pourers of water or <hi rend='italic'>Samānodakas</hi>.<lb/>
+<lb/>
+3rd cousins<lb/>
+4th cousins<lb/>
+5th cousins
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Within the <hi rend='italic'>Sapinda</hi>-ship of his mother, a <q>twice-born</q>
+man may not marry.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi>, iii. 5.</note>
+Outside the <hi rend='italic'>Sapinda</hi>-ship,
+a wife or widow, <q>commissioned</q> to bear children
+to the name of her husband, must not go.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Now <hi rend='italic'>Sapinda</hi>-ship ceases with the seventh person, but the
+relationship of a Samānodaka (ends) with the ignorance of birth
+and name.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi> v. 60.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n="053"/><anchor id="Pg053"/>
+
+<p>
+All are Sapindas who offer the cake to the same
+ancestors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Four generations share in the cake-offering.</note>
+The head of the family would himself offer or
+share with all his descendants in the offering of the
+one cake to his great-grandfather, his grandfather, and
+his father. And if this passage is taken in conjunction
+with the one quoted just above, the number
+sharing in the cake-offering, limited as in the text at
+the seventh person from the first ancestor who
+receives the cake, is just sufficient to include the great-grandson
+of the head of the family, supposed to be
+making the offering.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The group, thus sharing the same cake-offering,
+would in the natural course be moving continually
+downwards, generation by generation as the head of
+the family died, thereby causing the great-grandfather
+to pass from the receivers of the cake-offering
+to the receivers of the water libation, and admitting
+the great-grandson's son into the number of Sapindas
+who shared the cake-offering. And at no time would
+more than four generations have a share in the same
+cake offered to the three nearest ancestors of the head
+of the family.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Similar grouping of the pourers of the water libation.</note>
+The Samānodakas, or pourers of the water libation
+appear to have been similarly grouped.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Ignorance of birth and name</q> was in Wales
+considered to be equivalent to <emph>beyond fifth cousins</emph>.
+According to the Gwentian Code, <q>there is no proper
+name in kin further than that</q>&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> fifth
+cousins.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Gwentian Code</hi>, ii. viii.</note>
+And this tallies exactly with the previous
+quotation from Manu limiting the water libation to
+<pb n="054"/><anchor id="Pg054"/>
+three generations of ancestors beyond those to whom
+the cake is due, which, as has been seen, includes
+fifth cousins.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And it must be borne in mind that fifth cousins
+are great-grandsons of the great-grandsons of their
+common ancestor, or two generations of groups of
+second cousins.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The οἶκος includes four generations.</note>
+It was extremely improbable that a man would
+see further than his great-grandchildren born to him
+before his death. And it might also occasionally
+occur in times of war or invasion that a man's sons
+and grandsons might go out to serve as soldiers,
+leaving the old man and his young great-grandchildren
+at home.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If the fighting members of the family were
+killed, the great-grandsons (who would be second
+cousins or nearer to each other) would have to
+inherit directly from their great-grandfather: and
+thus, especially in cases where the property was held
+undivided after the father's death, we can easily see
+that second cousins (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> all who traced back to the
+common great-grandfather) might be looked upon as
+forming a natural limit to the immediate descendants
+in any one οἶκος, and as the furthest removed who
+could claim shares of the ancestral inheritance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the death of the great-grandfather or head
+of the house, his descendants would probably wish
+to divide up the estate and start new houses of their
+own. The eldest son was generally named after his
+father's father,<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi> 1076.</note>
+and would carry on the name of the
+<pb n="055"/><anchor id="Pg055"/>
+eldest branch of his great-grandfather's house, and
+would be responsible for the proper maintenance of
+the rites on that ancestor's tomb. He would also
+be guardian of any brotherless woman or minor
+amongst his cousins, each of whom would be equally
+responsible to him and to each other for all the duties
+and privileges entailed upon blood-relationship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus seems naturally to spring up an inner
+group of blood-relations closely drawn together by
+ties which only indirectly reached other and outside
+members of the γένος.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The ἀγχιστεία at Athens.</note>
+In the fourth century <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi> this compact group
+limited to second cousins still survived at Athens,
+responsible to each other for succession, by inheritance
+or by marriage of a daughter; for vengeance
+and purification after injury received by any member,
+and for all duties shared by kindred blood.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This close relation was called ἀγχιστεία, and all
+its members were called ἀγχιστεῖς <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> any one upon
+whom the claim upon the next-of-kin might at any
+time fall.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The speech of Demosthenes against Makartatos
+affords considerable information as to the constitution
+of the family-group or οἶκος. The five sons of
+Bouselos,<note place="foot">Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, tree on p.
+<ref target="Pg062">62</ref>.</note> we are told, on his death divided his substance
+amongst them, and each started a new οἶκος
+and begat children and children's children.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c.
+Makart.</hi> 1055-6.</note> The
+action, which was the occasion of the speech, lay
+between the great-grandsons of two of these five
+founders of οἶκοι, Stratios and Hagnias, and had
+reference to the disposal of the estate of the grandson
+<pb n="056"/><anchor id="Pg056"/>
+of the latter, which had come into the hands of
+the great-grandson of Stratios.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One might have supposed that the descendants
+of Bouselos, with their common burial ground<note place="foot">Dem.
+<hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi> 1077.</note> and
+so forth, would have ranked as all in the same οἶκος
+under their title of Bouselidai. But it is clear from
+this speech of Demosthenes, that too many generations
+had already passed to admit of Bouselos being
+considered as still head of an unbroken οἶκος, and
+that his <emph>great</emph>-great-grandsons were subdivided into
+separate οἶκοι under the names of their respective
+great-grandfathers, Stratios, Hagnias, &amp;c. (οἵ εἰσιν
+ἐκ τοῦ Στρατίου οἴκου, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ Ἁγνίου οὐδεπώποτ᾽
+ἐγένοντο).<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Id.</hi> 1078
+<hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></note>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession
+Outside The Direct Line Of Descent.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The right of succession limited to the great-grandchild of the
+common ancestor.</note>
+The Gortyn law quoted above in the previous
+section goes on:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+v. <q>If (a man or woman die and) they have no children, the
+deceased's brothers and brother's children or <emph>grandchildren</emph> shall
+have the property. If there are none of these, the deceased's sisters,
+their children or <emph>grandchildren</emph>. If there are none of these, to
+whom it descends of whatever grade they be, they shall inherit the
+property.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+This clause takes the evidence one step further,
+and it is noticeable how the right of inheritance is
+determined by the great-grandchild of the common
+ancestor. In the direct line, a man's descendants
+<pb n="057"/><anchor id="Pg057"/>
+down to his great-grandchildren inherited his estate.
+In dealing with inheritance through a brother of the
+deceased the heirship terminates with the <emph>grandchild</emph>
+of the brother, who would be great-grandchild of the
+nearest common ancestor with the previous owner of
+the estate. If there is no brother, the child of the
+cousin limits the next branch, as will be seen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The law according to Isaeus.</note>
+Isaeus<note place="foot">Isaeus,
+vii. 22, and xi. i.</note> describes the working of the then-existing
+(c. 350 <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>) law of inheritance at Athens as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The law gives <q>brothers' property</q> (i.e. property
+without lineal succession) to
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+1. <emph>Brothers</emph> by the same father, or brother's
+children, for these are related to the deceased
+in the nearest degree;
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+2. <emph>Sisters</emph> by the same father, or sister's children;
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+3. <emph>First cousins</emph> by the father's side as far as
+<emph>cousin's children</emph> (δίδωσι τὴν ἀγχιστείαν
+ἀνεψιοῖς πρὸς πατρὸς μέχρι <emph>ἀνεψιῶν παίδων</emph>).
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Failing these, recourse is had back again into
+the family (εἰς τὸ γένος πάλιν ἐπανέρχεται) and
+the law makes those related through the <emph>mother</emph>
+of the deceased, masters (κύριοι) of the family
+(and inheritance) in the same order as on the
+father's side from the beginning.
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+That is to say, failing first cousins once removed, the
+inheritance goes back and begins again at the mother
+of the deceased, who however, being a woman, can only
+inherit on behalf of her issue, present or prospective.<note place="foot">Isaeus,
+xi. 30.</note> If she has married again and has a son (half-brother
+to her deceased son) he would inherit. Failing her
+issue, her brother and so on to first cousin's children
+<pb n="058"/><anchor id="Pg058"/>
+of the deceased, through his mother, would have the
+inheritance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Failing these, the nearest kinsman to be found
+on the father's side, of whatsoever degree, is to
+inherit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The law according to Demosthenes.</note>
+The law as stated by Demosthenes<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi>
+1067.</note> coincides with this:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>If there are no sons, brothers by the same father (shall
+inherit): and their true born children, if there are any, shall have
+the share of their father: if there are no brothers or brother's
+children the issue of the latter in the same way shall partake:
+males and children of males shall have preference (over females) if
+they are born of the same (parents), even if they are further off by
+birth (γένει) [<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> are a generation lower down]. If there are none
+on the father's side as far as <emph>cousin's children</emph> (μέχρι ἀνεψιῶν παίδων),
+the relations on the mother's side in the same way shall have
+possession (κυρίους εἶναι). But if there are none on either side
+<emph>within these degrees</emph>, the nearest of kin on the father's side shall
+have possession.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Whenever this law is quoted the limit of relationship
+laid down therein for the immediate ἀγχιστεία is
+always that of ἀνεψιῶν παῖδες, or sons of first cousins,
+who inherit from their first cousins once removed
+(<hi rend='italic'>oncle à la Brétagne</hi>, or Welsh uncle as this relation
+has been called). Occasionally the patronymic form
+ἀνεψιαδοῖ is used, apparently with the same signification,
+though properly ἀνεψιαδοῖ would mean sons of
+two first cousins, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> second cousins.<note place="foot">In Dem.
+<hi rend='italic'>c. Leochar.</hi> 1088. ἀνεψιαδοῦς is used to denote the
+relationship of a man to the adopted son of his great-uncle, or, as
+we should say, first cousin once removed.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">No ἀγχιστεία beyond great-grandsons.</note>
+It appears from the evidence reviewed hitherto,
+that any great-grandson could inherit from any
+grandson of a common ancestor, and the conclusion
+<pb n="059"/><anchor id="Pg059"/>
+also seems to be justified, that the group of great-grandsons
+were considered to divide up their right to
+inherit once for all, and that having done so, with
+respect to that inheritance they were considered to
+have begun a new succession. To put it differently,
+in case of the death of one of these second cousins,
+after the final division of their inheritance had taken
+place, the rest of the second cousins would have no
+right to a share in his portion; an heir would
+have to be found within his nearer relations. Thus,
+they share responsibilities towards any of their
+relations within the group and higher up in their
+families, and also stand shoulder to shoulder in sharing
+such burdens as pollution and so on, but are outside
+the immediate ἀγχιστεία with respect to each
+other's succession. The reason for this will perhaps
+be more apparent as the argument proceeds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That the grandson of a first cousin was outside
+the ἀγχιστεία is clear from the speech of Demosthenes
+already mentioned,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi> 1053.</note>
+where the plaintiff, who originally
+stands in that relationship to the deceased whose
+inheritance is in dispute, is adopted as son of
+his grandfather (first cousin of the deceased),
+in order to come within the legal definition of
+ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That the son of a second cousin was also without
+the pale is directly stated in several passages in
+Isaeus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The heir always ranked as <emph>son</emph>.</note>
+It must be remembered that by <q>inheritance</q> is
+meant the assumption of all the duties incumbent on
+the ἀγχιστεύς, and that the man who <q>inherited</q> took
+<pb n="060"/><anchor id="Pg060"/>
+his place for the future as son of the deceased in the
+family pedigree, and reckoned his relationship to the
+rest of the γένος thenceforth from his new position, in
+the house into which he had come.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c.
+Makart.</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>c. Leoch.</hi> 1100, &amp;c.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Hence the limit of the inheritance at cousin's children.</note>
+Now if it is true that to the great-grandson was
+the lowest in degree to which property could directly
+descend without entering a new οἶκος, and if that
+great-grandson was also looked upon as beginning with
+his acquired property a new portion of the continuous
+line of descent; any one, who <q>inherited</q> from him
+and ranked in the scale of relationship as <hi rend="smallcaps">HIS SON</hi>,
+would necessarily fall outside the former group and
+would be considered as forming the nearest relative
+in the next succeeding group. This, it seems, is the
+meaning of the language of the law which limits the
+ἀγχιστεία to the children of first cousins who could
+inherit from their parent's first cousins, and still
+<emph>retain their relationship as great-grandsons</emph> of the
+same ancestor. Whereas any one taking the place of
+son to his second cousin would be one degree lower
+down in descent, and pass outside the limit of the
+four generations. The law makes the kinsmen therefore
+exhaust all possible relationships <emph>within the
+group</emph> by reverting to the mother's kindred with the
+same limitation before allowing the inheritance to
+pass outside or lower down.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Disinheritance must be sanctioned by kinsmen.</note>
+In confirmation of this view the following passage
+may be quoted from <hi rend='italic'>Plato's Laws</hi>:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>He who in the sad disorder of his soul has a mind, justly or
+unjustly, to expel from his family a son whom he has begotten and
+brought up, shall not lightly or at once execute his purpose; but
+<pb n="061"/><anchor id="Pg061"/>
+first of all he shall collect together his own kinsmen, extending to
+(<emph>first</emph>) <emph>cousins</emph> (μέχρι ἀνεψιῶν), and in
+like manner his son's kinsmen by the mother's side,<note place="foot">The wife's
+kin are no kin to her husband, but <emph>are</emph> to her son.</note>
+and in their presence he shall accuse his son,
+setting forth that he deserves at the hands of them all to be dismissed
+from the family (γένος).</q><note place="foot">Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>,
+929 c. Trans. Jowett.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Before dishonouring one of the family and so
+bereaving it of a member owing duties which, by his
+disinheritance, may fall into abeyance or be neglected,
+the parent calls together all to whom his son might
+perhaps ultimately become the only living representative
+and heir, and who might at some future time
+be dependent on him for the performance of ancestral
+rites. That this was in Plato's mind when he wrote
+is shown by the next sentence, in which he provides
+for the possibility of some relation already having
+need of the young man and being desirous to adopt
+him as his son, in which case he shall by no means
+be prevented. The concurrence of all relations in
+such a position was therefore necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In other cases where Plato mentions similar
+gatherings of the kin but for different purposes, he
+extends the summons to <emph>cousin's children</emph>. But here
+it can be seen they would have no place. They would
+be second cousins to the disgraced youth; they might
+have to share privilege or pollution with him, but
+had no claim on him for duties towards themselves.
+He would be <q>cousin's son</q> to his father's first
+cousins&mdash;the limit of such a claim in the ἀγχιστεία.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The case of the estate of Hagnias in Isaeus and
+Demosthenes.</note>
+In the speech of Isaeus concerning the estate
+of Hagnias, a real second cousin is in possession of
+the estate. He won the case at the time and died in
+<pb n="062"/><anchor id="Pg062"/>
+possession, and an action against his son Makartatos
+for the same property is the occasion of one of the
+speeches of Demosthenes. To fully understand the
+relationships referred to in these cases, the accompanying
+genealogical tree of the descendants of
+Bouselos may be of assistance. It will also serve as
+an example of how a kindred hung together, and how
+by intermarriage and adoption the name of the head
+of an οἶκος was carried on down a long line of male
+descendants.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <figure url="images/bouselos.png" rend="width: 90%">
+    <figDesc>Illustration: Family tree of Bouselos.</figDesc>
+  </figure>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Theopompos, in the speech of Isaeus, had taken
+possession of the estate of his second cousin Hagnias,
+as his next of kin and heir. Throughout the speech
+he is styled ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς so as to bring him
+within the phraseology of the law, and he successfully
+defends himself from the claims of the next
+generation below&mdash;viz., his brother's son. But in the
+speech of Demosthenes against his son Makartatos,
+who had taken possession at his father's death of the
+disputed property, it is represented that his father
+had got possession only by defeating another
+claimant, Phylomache II., by <q>surprise,</q> as it was
+called, by stating that her grandmother through
+whom she traced her claim was only half-sister to
+Hagnias' father. But Phylomache's husband, having
+caused their son Euboulides III. to be adopted as the
+son of Euboulides II.&mdash;his wife's father and Hagnias'
+first cousin, a quite regular course for the grandson
+inheriting through his heiress mother&mdash;proved that
+his wife's grandmother was whole sister to Hagnias
+father, and brought the action under the guidance of
+Demosthenes against Makartatos. This Euboulides
+III. sued as true ἀνεψιοῦ παῖς and οἰκεῖος ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου
+<pb n="064"/><anchor id="Pg064"/>
+of Hagnias.<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi> 1058.</note>
+He is described as having <q>one of the
+titles mentioned in the law <emph>as far as which</emph> the law
+bids the ἀγχιστεία go, for he is <emph>cousin's son</emph> to
+Hagnias.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the other hand, Theopompos, father of Makartatos
+and second cousin of Hagnias, is
+mentioned<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Id.</hi> 1070.</note>
+as <q>being of a different οἶκος altogether,</q> and
+not at all related in such a way as to be heir of
+Hagnias (μηδὲν προσηκόντων ὤστε κληρονομεῖν τῶν
+Ἁγνίου, ἀλλὰ γένει <emph>ἀπωτέρω</emph> ὄντων), being too far off
+in the family (or by birth).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That the title of Theopompos (viz., second cousinship)
+was not valid, may be inferred partly by the
+ruses he adopted to get possession, but more especially
+by the fact<note place="foot">Mentioned in Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi>
+1056.</note> that none of the other second cousins on
+a par with him, and with whom he ought to have
+shared, seem to have believed in the validity of
+their titles, or at any rate taken the trouble to sue for
+part of the estate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However this may be, there does not seem anything
+in these speeches other than confirmatory of
+the view stated above of the composition and
+limitation of the ἀγχιστεία.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 3. Division Amongst Heirs.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Equal division amongst heirs of the same grade.</note>
+Succession to the inheritance of an estate was
+ordained by law in strict accordance with the ancient
+conception of the unity of the family. On the death
+of the head of a family, unless the paternal οἶκος was
+<pb n="065"/><anchor id="Pg065"/>
+voluntarily continued unbroken by his descendants,
+the natural course was for each son ultimately to live
+apart and found a separate οἶκος consisting of himself
+and his offspring. Equal division amongst heirs was
+therefore the rule in Greece; equal division, that is to
+say, between all of equal grade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The share of a dead son taken by his children.</note>
+The Gortyn Laws have already been referred to
+as enforcing the principle.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Supra</hi>, p.
+<ref target="Pg056">56</ref>.</note> If a man died, his heirs
+were either his sons, or his grandsons, or his greatgrandsons.
+If he had no children, his brothers, and
+their children, or their grandchildren succeeded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Athenian law was conceived in the same
+spirit, but mentions a further point&mdash;viz., that in the
+division amongst sons, the οἶκος of any one of their
+number who had died before the division, could be
+represented by his sons or grandsons, who thus
+received their father's share.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This system of representation probably existed
+also among the Gortynians, though no mention of it
+is made in their laws, for it is inconceivable that any
+of the grandsons could be deprived of all share in
+their grandfather's estate by the mere death of the
+intermediate generation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the division <hi rend='italic'>per stirpes</hi> was not maintained
+throughout. It is probable from the words of the
+Attic orators that equal division amongst all of the
+same grade, such as nephews or cousins, took place
+<hi rend='italic'>per capita</hi>, any deceased member of that grade being
+represented by his sons. Representation, of course,
+could not take place in the case of a division amongst
+cousins' sons, owing to the strict limitation of the
+<pb n="066"/><anchor id="Pg066"/>
+ἀγχιστεία to four generations from the common ancestor;
+any deceased relation in that degree therefore
+simply dropped out of the succession.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">If sons all dead, grandsons probably divided
+<hi rend='italic'>per capita</hi>,</note>
+It has generally been assumed that grandsons
+inheriting directly from their grandfather, all the
+intermediate generation being already dead, inherited
+none the less the shares of their respective fathers
+<hi rend='italic'>per stirpes</hi>. But if the foregoing account of the
+unity of the οἶκος and its resemblance in its composition
+to the household of the Welsh tribal system be
+correct, it seems more reasonable to suppose that, all
+the intermediate generation being dead, the grandsons,
+in virtue of being all equally related to their
+grandfather, would inherit in equal shares <hi rend='italic'>per capita</hi>.
+Any dead grandson would of course be represented,
+as before, by his son or sons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">as in the case of nephews and cousins.</note>
+The evidence is not sufficient to justify more than
+a suggestion on either side with regard to divisions
+amongst lineal descendants. With regard to successions
+by relations outside of the direct line of
+descent, such as nephews or cousins, it is almost
+certain that all of the same degree took equal shares
+<hi rend='italic'>per capita</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Following the law for daughters, quoted by
+Demosthenes<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi> 1068,
+<hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, p. 26.</note>&mdash;viz., that though all shared the
+inheritance of the property, only one need be dealt with
+in view of securing the succession&mdash;the assumption can
+be made that, when there were several heirs related
+in the same degree to the former owner of the estate,
+one of their number would be set apart to continue
+the household of their kinsman as his son, whilst the
+<pb n="067"/><anchor id="Pg067"/>
+others merely took their shares of the property
+divided to continue their own οἶκοι respectively.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The equal division of inheritance amongst kinsmen
+of equal degree <hi rend='italic'>per capita</hi>, in combination with the
+system of representation above described, is entirely
+consistent with the tribal conception of the household
+as hanging closely together, its members always
+looking up to their venerable head, in whom the
+ownership of the property vested, until by the death
+of older generations and the consequent subdivision,
+each in his turn became head of an οἶκος and owner of
+its share in the ancestral property.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Purity of tribal blood jealously guarded.</note>
+It has been remarked above with what jealousy
+the purity of the blood of the community was
+guarded. No child was admitted into the kindred of
+its father until all concerned were fully convinced of
+the blamelessness of its pedigree. In such circumstances
+it was no easy matter to acquire the privileges
+attached to the possession of tribal or citizen
+blood. It seems to have been considered that however
+great otherwise the claims of a stranger might
+be, time alone could really render the qualifications
+of his family complete.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">In Wales, privileges attained in the fourth
+generation by intermarriages.</note>
+Under the ancient Laws of Wales no stranger's
+family could acquire the full privileges of a Welsh
+tribesman or Cymro, as regards location on land,
+until after many generations. But if they married
+Welshwomen, and held land from generation to generation,
+<pb n="068"/><anchor id="Pg068"/>
+the <emph>greatgrandsons</emph> became fully privileged
+tribesmen.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Welsh Laws</hi>, iv. i. and x.
+vii. Exception is made for the <emph>son of a stranger chieftain</emph>.</note>
+Similarly if a stranger voluntarily
+assumed the position of serf to a Welshman, and his
+descendants did not choose to depart, but remained in
+that position to the descendants of the Welshman,
+the <emph>greatgrandsons</emph> of the Welshman became proprietors
+of the greatgrandsons of the stranger.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Welsh
+Laws</hi>, v. ii. and <hi rend='italic'>Vened. Code</hi>, ii. xvi. and elsewhere.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Otherwise not until the tenth generation.</note>
+But for the stranger who merely resided in Wales
+and did not marry into any Welsh tribe the period
+of probation was <emph>three times as long</emph>&mdash;viz., the greatgrandson
+of the greatgrandson of his greatgrandson
+was the first to attain to full tribal privilege&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Strangers and their progeny are adjudged to be aillts; also a
+reputed son who shall be denied and his progeny, and evildoers
+of federate country and their progeny, <emph>unto the end of the ninth
+descent</emph>.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Welsh Laws</hi>, v. ii.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the tenth man would no longer be reckoned an
+<hi rend='italic'>aillt</hi> but a free Cymro.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The issue of a stranger obtains the privilege of
+a tribesman <emph>in the fourth person</emph> by legitimate
+marriages.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Welsh Laws</hi>, xiii. ii.</note>
+But the aillt or stranger, who dwells
+in Cymru, does not attain until the <emph>end of the ninth
+descent</emph>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So too inversely:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The title to inherit by kin and descent in the
+tribal land and rights of his ancestors does not become
+extinct <emph>till the ninth man</emph>. The ninth man in descent
+from a banished tribesman coming home and finding
+his title as representative of his family seemingly
+<pb n="069"/><anchor id="Pg069"/>
+extinguished, is to raise an outcry that from a
+proprietor he is becoming a nonproprietor, and the
+law will shelter him and adjudge him an equal
+share with the occupants he finds on the land.
+This is called the <q>outcry across the abyss.</q> The
+tenth man's outcry cannot be heard. <q>Others say</q>
+that the ninth man is too late to raise the
+cry.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Venedotian Code</hi>, ii. xiv. and
+<hi rend='italic'>Gwentian Code</hi>, ii. xxx. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> the
+Shunammite's <hi rend='italic'>cry unto the King</hi>
+for restoration of her house and fields after an absence of seven
+years. 2 Kings viii. 3.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is exactly parallel to the case of the stranger
+resident in Cymru. For <emph>nine</emph> generations he is a
+stranger, and in <emph>the tenth</emph> a Cymro. Here for <emph>nine</emph>
+generations is the Cymro abroad a tribesman, and
+in <emph>the tenth</emph> he is a stranger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The same rule amongst the Israelites.</note>
+From a passage in Deuteronomy it would appear
+that the qualifications for admission as a full tribesman
+amongst the Israelites were identical with those
+just mentioned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Israelites had purified themselves of the ancestor
+worship, that so long survived in Greece, and
+had, if one may say so, amalgamated all their minor
+deities and tribal superstitions in their one great monotheistic
+religion. Even then their tribal minds could
+not carry back their theology behind the known history
+of their own ancestors. Their God was the God of
+Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and was in their conception
+the greatest of Gods&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, greater than the
+Gods of other peoples, the existence of which their
+own beliefs did not preclude. Thus where in Attic
+writers we have mention of the religious rites of the
+family (which a stranger or polluted man might not
+<pb n="070"/><anchor id="Pg070"/>
+approach), and of the partaking therein as proof of
+the whole admission and pure blood of those present,
+so in Deuteronomy the expression <q>the Congregation
+of the Lord,</q> is used to denote that sacred
+precinct, forbidden to all save pure tribesmen of Israel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It may be inferred from the following passage
+that if a stranger resided in Israel, and his family
+continued to do so for nine generations, the tenth
+generation would in any ordinary case be admitted
+to the Congregation of the Lord as full Israelites.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Deut. xxiii. 2 and 3. <q>A bastard, or an Ammonite, or Moabite
+shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord <emph>even to their tenth
+generation</emph>, for ever.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Shorter time in special cases.</note>
+In special cases (exactly as was the rule in
+Wales)&mdash;such as the Edomite who was partly akin
+already, and the Egyptian who was united to the
+Israelites by the mysterious bonds of hospitality&mdash;a
+shorter sojourn in the land was held to qualify for full
+tribal privilege.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Deut. xxiii. 7 and 8. <q>Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite, for
+he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, because thou
+wast a stranger in his land. The <emph>children</emph> that are begotten of
+them shall enter into the congregation of the Lord <emph>in their third
+generation</emph>.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The third generation of <emph>children</emph> would be the
+<emph>greatgrandchildren</emph> of the original settler, and this
+is just one third of the length of time implied as
+required from the ordinary stranger, who only
+attained the tribal privilege in the third succession
+of greatgrandchildren.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is worth notice in this connection that the land
+of Canaan was divided up in the names of the <emph>greatgrandchildren</emph>
+of Abraham, to whom the promise was
+<pb n="071"/><anchor id="Pg071"/>
+made; Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph,
+taking their place amongst the others by adoption as
+sons by their grandfather Jacob, on an equality with
+his other sons.<note place="foot">Gen. xlviii. 5. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Pindar,
+<hi rend='italic'>Ol.</hi> viii. 46. Troy to be subdued
+by children of Aeacus in first and fourth generations.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The privilege of citizenship jealously guarded at
+Athens.</note>
+These rules are not to be found with the same
+distinctness surviving at Athens, but there is a good
+deal of evidence showing how jealously the introduction
+of strangers to citizenship&mdash;which retained much
+that made it the later equivalent of the tribal bond&mdash;was
+regarded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Strangers made citizens (formally, ceremoniously,
+and by public vote) by the Athenian people cannot
+hold office as archon or partake of a holy office
+(ἱεροσύνη); but their <emph>children can</emph>, if they are born
+from a citizen wife duly and lawfully betrothed.<note place="foot">Dem.
+<hi rend='italic'>in Neaer.</hi> 1376.</note>
+That is to say, that the Athenians considered it necessary
+that there should be actually citizen blood in
+the veins of all who held office amongst them.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Anc.
+Inscrip.</hi> Brit. Mus. ccxxxviii. Citizenship had to be
+confirmed on son of foreigner admitted to citizenship.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Abhorrence of alien blood.</note>
+The abhorrence in which the introduction of alien
+blood was held is illustrated by the Athenian law
+concerning marriage with aliens, quoted by Demosthenes
+in his speech against Neaera.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<hi rend='italic'>Law</hi>: <q>If an alien shall live as husband with an Athenian
+woman by any device or contrivance whatever, it shall be lawful
+for any of the Athenians who are possessed of such right, to indict
+him before the judges. And if he is convicted, he shall be sold for
+a slave and his property confiscated, and the third part shall belong
+<pb n="072"/><anchor id="Pg072"/>
+to the person who has convicted him. And the like proceedings
+shall be taken if an alien woman live as wife with an Athenian
+citizen, and the citizen who lives as husband with an alien woman
+so convicted shall incur the penalty of 1,000 drachmæ.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Citizenship only conferred as the highest honour.</note>
+Citizenship was considered the highest of privileges,
+and was conferred only on persons worthy of
+great honour. Any citizen could bring an action
+against the newly-admitted stranger to test his real
+merits, and even after formal acceptance by the
+people of Athens, if he failed to justify his claims at
+such a trial, his new honours were stripped from him
+and he remained an alien. This being so, it cannot
+be expected in the comparison that he should rank
+with the ordinary resident in Cymru in the Welsh
+Laws, but rather as the chieftain whom the
+people wished to honour by admission to their
+tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is stated in the Welsh Laws that the <emph>son</emph> of a
+stranger chief, to whom honour was to be given,
+entered the whole privilege of the tribe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Qualification dependent on ancestry and
+status of family.</note>
+According to Aristotle,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ath. Pol.</hi> lv. 3.</note>
+candidates for archonship at Athens were asked their father's name and his
+deme, their grandfather's name and his deme, their
+mother's and her father's name and his
+deme;<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Pollux, viii. 85: εἰ
+Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσιν ἑκατερωθεν ἐκ τριγονίας.</note>
+whether the candidate had an Apollo Patroïos and
+Zeus Herkeios, and where these shrines were:
+also if he treated his parents well and paid his
+taxes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order to be perfectly sure that the candidate
+was of full and pure blood, they investigated the condition
+of both his grandparents, and, as further proof,
+<pb n="073"/><anchor id="Pg073"/>
+assured themselves that he had a house and property
+of his own, and that too inherited from his ancestors.
+Furthermore, he must be guilty of no impiety towards
+his parents or the State.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If it were the case at Athens that the fourth
+generation from a stranger was considered as having
+attained to the rights of a citizen, it mattered little
+what a man's <emph>greatgrand</emph>father was. He might have
+been an alien, yet if the intermediate ancestors were
+<q>in order,</q> the candidate would have acquired the full
+blood.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Aristot. <hi rend='italic'>Pol.</hi>
+iii. 2:
+ὁρίζονται δὲ πρὸς τὴν χρῆσιν
+πολίτην τὸν ἔξ ἀμφοτέρων πολιτῶν
+καὶ μὴ θατέρου μόνον, οἷον πατρὸς ἢ
+μητρός, οἳ δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐπὶ πλέον
+ζητοῦσιν, οἷον ἐπὶ πάππους δύο ἢ
+τρεῖς ἢ πλείους.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Fourth generation acquired new privilege or status.</note>
+In the <hi rend='italic'>Oedipus Tyrannus</hi>,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Oed.
+Tyr.</hi> 742 and 1063
+quoted by Hearn, <hi rend='italic'>Aryan Household</hi>,
+p. 206.<lb/>
+<lb/>
+θάρσει; σὺ μὲν γὰρ οὐδ᾽ ἐὰν τρίτης ἐγὼ<lb/>
+μητρὸς φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανεῖ κακή ...<lb/>
+<lb/>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Demosth. 1327. πονηρὸς
+ἐκ τριγονίας.</note> Sophocles apparently
+uses the expression <q>slave from the <emph>third</emph> mother</q> as
+implying that three descents were considered to confirm
+the position of the fourth generation as slave or
+citizen, or whatever the case might be. Oedipus
+assures Jokasta that <emph>her</emph> pedigree and status will
+remain unimpugned, even though the enquiry he is
+prosecuting establish him thrice-born a slave from
+slave mother, slave grandmother, and slave greatgrandmother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In elections for sacred offices, which appear to
+have been about the last things laid open to the new
+citizen, the possession of three generations of privileged
+ancestors was in some places insisted on.
+There is an inscription to this effect belonging to
+<pb n="074"/><anchor id="Pg074"/>
+Halikarnassos;<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Handbuch der Griechischen
+Staatsalterthümer</hi>, von G. Gilbert, ii. p. 298, quotation from Dittenberger
+371, 4 ff.:&mdash;(ὁ) πριάμε(νος τ)ὴν ἱερητείαν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος τῆς
+Περ(γα)ίας π(αρ)έξετα(ι ἱ)έρειαν ἀστὴν ἐξ ἀστῶν ἀμφοτέρων ἐπὶ
+(τ)ρεῖς γενεὰς γεγενημένην καὶ πρὸς πατρὸς καὶ πρὸς μητρός.</note>
+and some similar rule seems to have
+held good among the Jews.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>These sought their register among those that were reckoned by
+genealogy, but it was not found; therefore were they, as polluted,
+put from the priesthood (<emph>ἠγχιστεύθησαν</emph> ἀπὸ τῆς
+ἱερατείας).</q><note place="foot">Nehemiah vii. 64.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The book of Nehemiah closes with the triumphant
+verse: <q>Thus I cleansed them from all strangers.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Seventh generation in the Ordinances of Manu.</note>
+The rule in the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi> for the
+recovery of Brahman caste is just halfway between
+the tenth and the fourth generations&mdash;namely, the
+seventh, or <emph>greatgrandson of the greatgrandson</emph> of
+the first halfcaste. This is only the case when each
+generation marries a Brahman wife.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>If (the caste) produced from a Brahman by a Çudra woman
+keeps reproducing itself by nobler (marriage) this ignoble attains
+a noble family <emph>at the seventh union</emph>
+(Yuga).</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi>, x. 64.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Thus:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+If (1) the halfcaste marries a Brahman woman and<lb/>
+(2) his son do.<lb/>
+(3) his grandson do.<lb/>
+(4) his <emph>greatgrandson</emph> do.<lb/>
+(5) <emph>his</emph> son do.<lb/>
+(6) his grandson do.<lb/>
+(7) his <emph>greatgrandson</emph> do.&mdash;at last his family is
+restored to their lost high caste.
+</quote>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="075"/><anchor id="Pg075"/>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">All within the ἀγχιστεία were liable.</note>
+The ἀγχιστεία, limited to relations within the
+same degrees as for other purposes, seems to be the
+unit in the case of pollution of the kindred by the
+death&mdash;violent or natural&mdash;of one of their number.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Whosoever<note place="foot">Plato's <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>, ix. 871 B.</note>
+being related to the deceased on the male or
+female side of those <emph>within the cousinship</emph> (ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος), shall
+not prosecute the murderer when he ought and proclaim him outlaw,
+he shall take <emph>upon himself</emph> the pollution and the hatred of the
+gods ... and he shall be in the power of any who is willing to
+avenge the dead....</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> 868.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul
+which did the deed has given life for life and has propitiated and
+laid to sleep the wrath of the whole family</q> (ξυγγένεια).<note place="foot">872
+E.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>If a brother wound a brother (ὁμόγονος) the parents (γεννῆται)
+and the kinsmen (συγγενεῖς) to <emph>cousins' children</emph> on male and female
+side shall meet and judge the case.</q><note place="foot">878 D.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Ransom was forbidden; citizen was bound to
+citizen with ties that had inherited too much of the
+tribal sanctity to admit of any extenuation of the
+extreme penalty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was no doubt a wise policy on the part of the
+legislators, with the view to the preservation of respect
+for life and property, to make the responsibility for
+murder rest as widely as possible, and include as
+many relations and connections on both sides as might
+be. In order also that the wife, in case her husband
+was killed, and the daughter, in case her father was
+killed, might be fully protected and represented
+<pb n="076"/><anchor id="Pg076"/>
+among the prosecuting kindred, the law of Draco
+seems to lay the necessity for action also on the
+father-in-law and the son-in-law. The <hi rend='italic'>phratria</hi>, being
+such a compact organisation and exacting such
+formal admission of its members, would naturally be
+concerned to see that justice was dealt to any of its
+number. Though we cannot include the <hi rend='italic'>phratores</hi>
+amongst those directly responsible equally with the
+near kinsmen for crimes committed by one of their
+number, they would always have to take a certain
+part in whatever was necessary to bring him to justice,
+besides being generally concerned in all matters
+relating to kinship, which affected any member of
+their <hi rend='italic'>phratria</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The Law of Draco.</note>
+<q>Proclamation shall be made against the murderer
+in the agora within [? his] cousinship and (the
+degree) of a first cousin, and prosecution shall be
+made jointly by cousins and <emph>cousins' children and
+descendants of cousins</emph>, and sons-in-law and fathers-in-law
+and <hi rend='italic'>phratores</hi>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That Demosthenes here quotes a genuine law of
+Draco is proved by an inscription found at Athens
+belonging to the year 409 <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>, recording this sentence
+as part of the law of Draco about murder.<note place="foot"><p>Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c.
+Makart</hi>, 1069.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is some uncertainty in
+the text of this passage, but the
+following is Blass' reading adopted
+by Kohler:&mdash;προειπεῖν τῷ κτείναντι ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος
+καὶ ἀνεψιοῦ συνδίωκειν δὲ καὶ ἀνεψιοὺς καὶ ἀνεψιῶν παῖδας καὶ
+ἀνεψιαδοῦς καὶ γαμβροὺς καὶ πενθέρους καὶ φράτορας.
+</p>
+<p>
+I am indebted to Mr. J. W.
+Headlam for this information, and
+also for the fact of the discovery
+of the confirmatory inscription.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In another place Demosthenes thus refers to the
+action of this law:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The law commands the relations to go forth and
+<pb n="077"/><anchor id="Pg077"/>
+prosecute as far as descendants of cousins; and in the
+oath it is defined what the relationship actually
+is, etc.</q><note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>c. Euerg. et Mnesib.</hi>
+1161. κελεύει ὁ νόμος τοὺς προσήκοντας ἐπεξιέναι μέχρι
+ἀνεψιαδῶν; καὶ ἐν τῷ ὅρκῳ διορίζεται ὅτι προσήκων ἐστι
+etc.... <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Pollux, viii. 118
+(obviously quoting this passage).</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The use of ἀνεψιαδοῖ in addition to ἀνεψιῶν παῖδες
+in Draco's law above is emphatic as implying that
+as regards pollution the group of relations to
+second cousins were treated <hi rend='italic'>en masse</hi> as under
+the stain; they had not yet, so to speak, reached
+the point where they could divide up their responsibility.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The case of murder within the ἀγχιστεία.</note>
+If the murder was committed within the narrow
+limits of the ἀγχιστεία itself, the double pollution of
+the bloodspilling and the blood spilled rested upon the
+whole group with overwhelming force.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Plato<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>, 877 c.</note>
+treats of such a calamity and prescribes
+the remedy. If a man slay his wife, or she her
+husband, his children are orphans; their debt
+of maintenance to their parent is cancelled; he
+must flee; they possess his goods. If he is childless,
+his relations shall meet <emph>to the children of his
+cousins</emph> on the male and female side (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> all his possible
+heirs) and shall elect not one of themselves,
+but a younger son of some other and pious family to
+bring in new blood with better fortune to counteract
+the curse, as heir to the house (κληρονόμος εἰς τὸν οἶκον),
+introducing him to the father of the banished (or
+deceased) man and to those further back in the family
+(τοῖς ἄνω τοῦ γένους), calling him their <emph>son</emph>, the continuer
+of their family (γεννήτωρ), their hearth-keeper
+<pb n="078"/><anchor id="Pg078"/>
+(ἑστιοῦχος), and minister of their sacred rites....
+But the guilty man they shall <q>let lie,</q> nameless,
+childless, portionless for ever.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> 2 Sam.
+xiv. 7. House extinguished for fratricide.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The blood-fine or galanas in Wales.</note>
+In the ancient Laws of Wales the blood-fine takes
+a very important position. But whereas all the
+relations of the murderer are liable to be called upon
+to pay the <q>Spearpenny,</q> as it is called, only the
+inner kindred within fixed degrees contribute proportionally
+to the payment of the price. The group
+upon which this responsibility falls is twice as large
+in the Welsh Laws as at Athens, and includes <emph>fifth</emph>
+cousins, or the greatgrandchildren of greatgrandchildren
+of a common ancestor.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Dimetian Code describes the relations who
+pay galanas as follows.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Dimetian Code</hi>, ii.
+i.</note> Those beyond only pay
+<q>spearpenny.</q>
+</p>
+
+<list type="simple">
+<item>Father and mother.</item>
+<item>Grandfather.</item>
+<item>Greatgrandfather.</item>
+<item>Brother and sister.</item>
+<item>First cousins.</item>
+<item>Second cousins.</item>
+<item>Third cousins.</item>
+<item>Fourth cousins.</item>
+<item>Fifth cousins.</item>
+</list>
+
+<p>
+According to the Gwentian Code, <emph>fifth</emph> cousins
+share. <q>There is no proper share, no proper name in
+kin further than that.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Gwentian Code</hi>,
+ii. viii. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi>
+Sapinda and Samānodaka: both owe rites at death of kinsman.
+Manu, ix. 186, and v. 60, quoted above.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="079"/><anchor id="Pg079"/>
+
+<p>
+The Venedotian Code states that galanas is paid by
+the kindred: two parts by the relations of the father,
+one part by the relations of the mother, to <emph>sixth
+cousins</emph>. All kindred after sixth cousins pay
+spearpenny.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Venedotian Code</hi>, iii. i.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sixth cousin is also called <q>kinsman son of a
+fifth cousin, and then <emph>the father (i.e. the fifth cousin)
+pays it</emph>, because his relationship can be fixed, <emph>but the
+relationship of his son to the murderer cannot</emph>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Defilement rested upon the group of kinsmen.</note>
+The defilement of carrying out a corpse and
+assisting at a funeral also covered the same area of
+relationship at Athens&mdash;<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the ἀγχιστεία. The house
+of the dead man was only to be entered by those
+naturally polluted.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>After the funeral no woman to enter the house save only
+<emph>those defiled</emph>; to wit&mdash;mother, wife, sisters, and daughters;
+beside these not more than five women and two girls, <emph>daughters of
+first cousins</emph>: beyond these,
+none.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Inscript. Jurid. Grecques</hi> par
+Dareste, &amp;c., 1891, p. 10. Inscription found at Iulis in Keos.
+<hi rend='italic'>Fifth century</hi> <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Numbers xix. 14.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Demosthenes quotes the law of Solon to the effect
+that&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>No woman under sixty years old to enter the house or follow
+the corpse except those within ἀνεψιαδοῖ (πλὴν ὅσαι ἐντὸς ἀνεψιαδῶν
+εἰσιν): no woman <emph>at all</emph> may enter the house after the carrying
+out of the corpse except <emph>those within</emph>
+ἀνεψιαδοῖ.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>c. Makart.</hi> 1071.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+All those near of kin assist in the funeral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The payment of the blood-fine by the whole
+family of the murderer was considered necessary to
+<pb n="080"/><anchor id="Pg080"/>
+allay the vengeance and anger of the family of the
+murdered man within the same area of relationship.
+In Wales the members of the family who received
+the galanas, did so in proportion to the importance
+of their position in the transmission of the kindred
+blood, according to a classification identical with
+their proximity in relationship to the dead man,
+and their expectation of inheritance from him or succession
+to his place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The mother's relations included in Greece
+and in Wales.</note>
+The inclusion of the mother's relatives and their
+liability in these circumstances, in addition to the
+paternal relations, follow naturally enough in Wales
+as in Greece when once the transmission of inheritance
+through a woman, in default of male heirs, had
+become a recognised possibility. A woman's sons
+might always be called upon under certain circumstances
+to take inheritance from <emph>her</emph> father or next of
+kin. They therefore quite fairly shared in the claims
+as well as the privileges of their position. And <hi rend='italic'>vice
+versa</hi>, in exchange for the priceless guarantee of continuity
+provided by a woman's offspring to her relations,
+they too would be prepared to undergo a part
+of the penalties incurred by any of those who might
+rank some day as their next of kin, or as their
+sons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This view of the source of their recognition as
+members of the kindred responsible for the blood-fine
+in Wales is confirmed by a statement in the Venedotian
+Code.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Welsh Laws</hi>, vol. i. 229. Cf.
+<hi rend='italic'>Ord. of Manu</hi>, ix. 201, where list
+of those incapable of receiving inheritance includes eunuchs.</note>
+Those women and clerks who can
+swear that they will never have children, and so
+are useless for the preservation of continuity in the
+<pb n="081"/><anchor id="Pg081"/>
+families to which they belong, are specially exempted
+from contribution to the galanas, inasmuch as they
+have forsworn the privilege of attaining through posterity
+a share in the immortality on earth of their
+kindred.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="082"/><anchor id="Pg082"/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Chapter IV. The Relation Of The Family To The Land.</head>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Γαῖαν παμμήτειραν ἀείσομαι, ἠυθέμεθλον,</l>
+<l>πρεσβίστην, ἣ φέρβει ἐπὶ χθονὶ πάνθ᾽, ὁπός᾽ ἐστὶν, ...</l>
+<l>ἐκ σέο δ᾽ εὔπαιδές τε καὶ εὔκαρποι τελέθουσι,</l>
+<l>πότνια, σεῦ δ᾽ ἔχεται δοῦναι βίον ἠδ᾽ ἀφελέσθαι</l>
+<l>θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποισιν.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+Homeric Hymn.
+</p>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 1. The Κλῆρος And Its Form.</head>
+
+<p>
+In trying to realise the methods of land tenure
+amongst the Greeks, we are baffled by the indirectness
+of the evidence available.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The usual holding of a citizen was called
+a κλῆρος or <q>lot.</q></note>
+We know that the estate which descended from
+father to son, and was in theory inalienable from the
+family of its original possessors, was called a κλῆρος
+or <q>lot,</q> but the familiarity with which the poets,
+historians, and orators use the word does not afford
+information as to what the κλῆρος really was and how
+it was made use of in practice. The law concerning
+these family holdings, says Aristotle,<note place="foot">ὁ περὶ τῶν κλήρων καὶ
+ἐπικλήρων. <hi rend='italic'>Pol. Ath.</hi> 9.</note> and concerning
+their possible transmission through daughters was
+not written. It was a typical example of customary
+law. This statement gives a hint as to the usual
+treatment of questions arising under this head.
+Methods of land tenure were not of rapid growth, nor
+<pb n="083"/><anchor id="Pg083"/>
+were they easily changed; they had their source with
+the slow devotion to agriculture of pastoral tribes,
+and were dependent on a class unaffected by the
+growth of education and the arts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The relation of ownership of land to the structure of
+the family.</note>
+The intricate connection of the system of land
+tenure with the composition of the family removed
+the consideration of questions of ownership from the
+sphere of written law, and delegated them to the most
+conservative department of customary procedure,
+ranking them on a par with questions of family
+religious observances.<note place="foot">Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Cic. de Legibus</hi>
+ii. 21. Nam sacra cum pecunia pontificum
+auctoritate, nulla lege conjuncta sunt.</note> The deposit of some ancestor's
+bones in a certain field was occasionally a valuable
+link in the title to possession of that piece of land as
+private property;<note place="foot">Dem. <hi rend='italic'>in Calliclem</hi>, 13-14.
+Coulanges, <hi rend='italic'>Problèmes d'Histoire</hi>,
+p. 19.</note> and the possession of land at all
+was in part a guarantee of the pure native blood in
+the veins of the possessor.<note place="foot">Arist. <hi rend='italic'>Pol. Ath.</hi>
+lv. 3; Harpocration, ὅτι δὲ τούτοις μετῆν τῆς πολιτείας οἷς εἴη Ζεὺς ἑρκεῖος,
+δεδήλωκε καὶ Ὑπερείδης ...</note> It is a striking illustration
+of the truth of this that, throughout all the extant
+speeches of Isaeus dealing with the disposal of κλῆροι
+of dead citizens, not a single case turns upon evidence
+for or against a sale or transfer of property. The
+speeches all deal exclusively with family matters;
+the line of argument always leads to the proof of near
+kinship by blood or adoption to the previous owner;
+and the right of possession of the inheritance seems
+taken for granted as following incontrovertibly the
+establishment of the required relationship.<note place="foot">In other words, the devisee
+could not possess the property devised to him until his place as
+heir in the succession by blood or adoption was legally established.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="084"/><anchor id="Pg084"/>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>It seems to me that all those who contend for the right of
+succession to estates, when like us they have shown themselves to
+be both nearest in blood to the person deceased, and most connected
+with him in friendship (φιλίᾳ), are dispensed from adding
+a superfluity of other arguments.</q><note place="foot">Isaeus, i. 17. The
+<q>friendship</q> insured that his presence
+and officiating at the tomb would be acceptable to the soul of the
+deceased&mdash;always an important consideration.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Early semi-pastoral habits.</note>
+In the early settlements, as Thucydides tells us,
+necessity was the ruling motive. Each man devoted
+his attention to providing the necessaries of life.
+There was superfluity neither of chattels nor of tilth.
+Men hesitate to sow when the harvest is to be reaped
+by their enemies.<note place="foot">Thuc. i. 2. Νεμόμενοί τε τὰ αὑτῶν ἔκαστοι ὅσον
+ἀποζῇν, καὶ περιουσίαν χρημάτων οὐκ ἔχοντες οὐδὲ γῆν φυτεύοντες, ἄδηλον ὃν
+ὁπότε τις ἐπελθὼν καὶ ἀτειχίστων ἅμα ὄντων ἄλλος ἀφαιρήσεται.</note>
+The flocks and herds of the
+pastoral tribes could be driven for safety into the
+mountain strongholds; yet even they were liable to
+frequent losses. On one occasion Odysseus had to
+go to Messene <q>to recover a debt; which, to wit, the
+whole people owed him (πᾶς δῆμος): for the Messenians
+had lifted 300 sheep with their shepherds
+from Ithaka.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> 21. 16. Cf.
+<hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xi. 682 <hi rend='italic'>sq.</hi> where the booty consists of
+50 herds of kine, 50 flocks of sheep, 50 droves of swine, 50
+flocks of goats, and 150 chestnut mares, many with foals at foot.</note>
+As the newcomers increased in numbers
+and gained a reputation for ability to defend
+their own, sufficient to discourage the attacks of their
+neighbours, they would have leisure to devote some
+of their energies to the cultivation of the plains
+around them. Troy was founded first up in the
+hills,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xx. 216-8.</note>
+and afterwards was moved down to a good position on
+the lower ground for the sake no doubt of the better
+<pb n="085"/><anchor id="Pg085"/>
+pasture in the river meadows, and of the agriculture
+which had long been carried on over the <q>wheat-bearing
+plain</q> around the city,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxi. 602.
+Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> iii. 495.</note> before the ravages of
+the ten years' war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not proposed to enter in detail into the
+<emph>methods</emph> of cultivation of the soil in vogue at various
+times in Greece; but inasmuch as whilst studying
+the kernel, assistance may often be obtained from
+knowledge of the shell, mention may be made in
+passing of such few points of interest in the physical
+features of agriculture as may be available.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Modern methods of land-tenure in Greece
+and the islands.</note>
+In the Consular Reports on Land Tenure in Europe
+made in 1869, descriptions are given of the existing
+methods of tenure and cultivation in Greece and the
+Islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Greece the usual holding of a small proprietor
+is said to be of fifteen to twenty-five acres (or sometimes
+double that area), and is called a
+<hi rend='italic'>zeugarion</hi>.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Consular
+Reports</hi>, p. 20.</note>
+Many have only a couple of acres.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The greatest inconvenience and frequent lawsuits arise from
+the manner in which these properties intersect each other. Moreover
+none of the usual precautions are adopted to mark the limits
+of the different properties, which, in the absence of any reliable
+land survey, are often very vaguely described in the title
+deeds.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+In cases of intestacy real property is divided
+equally among the children or nearest relatives.
+When there is a will the testator can only reserve for
+his disposal a share of the estate equivalent to that
+which, after an equal division, descends by right to
+each of the direct heirs.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="086"/><anchor id="Pg086"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Family-holdings in Santa Maura.</note>
+Professor Ansted, in his book on the Ionian
+Islands in the year 1863, thus describes the management
+of an estate on the Island of Santa Maura:&mdash;<note place="foot">P. 199.</note>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>According to Ionian law, all the members of a family share
+equally in the family property after the death of the father; but
+it does not follow as a matter of course that the property is divided.
+It is much more usual that the brothers and sisters, if young,
+continue to live together till they either marry or undertake some
+employment or business at a distance. If a sister marries, she is
+dowered with a sum equivalent to her share. If a brother however
+earns a separate income, from whatever source, whether he be
+married or remain single, and whether he live in the same or a
+different house, or even remove to another town or island, he pays
+in all his income to a joint fund, <emph>the foundation of which is the
+income obtained from the paternal estate</emph>. Those who do nothing
+else manage the estate. One brother, perhaps, remains in the
+village as cultivator, another lives in the town acting as factor, or
+merchant to the estate, receiving and selling the produce and
+managing the proceeds, whatever the case may be; and in addition
+selling, exporting, and otherwise conducting a general business in
+the same department. A third may perhaps receive and sell the
+goods in a foreign country. A fourth may be a member of the
+legislature, and a fifth a judge. Some marry and have families,
+others remain single: but the incomes of all are united, each
+draws out a reasonable share, according to his needs, and a very
+close account is kept of all transactions. If one brother dies, his
+children come into the partnership; and as time goes on, these
+again will grow up and marry, the daughters receiving a proportional
+and often large dower out of the joint fund, entirely without
+reference to the special property of their parents. This may go on
+indefinitely: but as family quarrels will arise, <emph>there are always
+means of terminating the arrangement</emph>, and closing accounts, either
+entirely as regards all, or partially as with reference to a <hi rend='italic'>mauvais
+sujet</hi>, or troublesome member of the partnership.... This curious
+patriarchal system, though obtaining more perfectly and frequently
+in Santa Maura than in the other islands, exists in Cephalonia and
+is said to be not quite unknown in Zante, where the state of
+society approximates far more to that common in the western
+countries of Europe. Santa Maura, being the most isolated of
+all the islands and that which retains all ancient customs most
+<pb n="087"/><anchor id="Pg087"/>
+tenaciously, is naturally that in which this sort of communism can
+exist with smallest risk of interference.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+According to the Consular Reports, the relations
+between landlord and tenant are governed more by
+local usage than by law, and the landlord generally
+takes on an average about 15 per cent. of the produce
+in kind on the threshing-floor, as rent, in cases where
+he does not supply more than the bare use of the
+land.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Consular Reports</hi>, pp. 23 and
+30.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The open field system in Greece,</note>
+There is little manuring; the light plough barely
+turns the surface of the land. Land is usually allowed
+to lie fallow every other year, sometimes two years
+out of three. Sheep and goats are the chief stock;
+they of course graze in summer on the mountains;
+villages sometimes own forests and waste lands in
+common.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and in the islands.</note>
+In the islands of the Archipelago,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi> p.
+26.</note> the holdings are
+frequently divided into separate plots consisting of a
+quarter or half acre apiece or even less, intersected by
+those belonging to other parties. Cattle are pastured
+on the fallow, roadsides, &amp;c., near the village.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Cephalonia,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi> p. 40.</note>
+holdings consist of from five to
+twenty-five acres, seldom in a continuous piece, but
+<q>cut up into patches and intersected by other properties.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Corfu,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi> p. 49.</note>
+the holdings are similar&mdash;infinitesimally
+small and intermixed pieces of land, especially in the
+olive groves, where however there are no divisions
+on the land and the <q>oldest inhabitant</q> has to be
+asked for evidence of ownership in disputed cases.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="088"/><anchor id="Pg088"/>
+
+<p>
+Throughout the Greek nation, the peasants live in
+their houses in villages and not on separate estates.
+They help one another to avoid the expense of hired
+labour, and themselves work for hire on the estates
+of the large proprietors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The open field system in Homer.</note>
+Professor Ridgeway has drawn attention to the
+knowledge of this open field system in the <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> and
+<hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>;<note place="foot"><q>The Homeric Land System,</q>
+<hi rend='italic'>Journal of Hellenic Studies</hi>, 1885.</note>
+and indeed the division of the land tilled
+by occupants of villages into small pieces or strips, in
+such a way that the holding of each consists of a
+number of isolated pieces lying promiscuously
+amongst the strips of others, over the whole area
+under plough, is a world-wide custom and is the habit
+alike of the east as of the west.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Though the assertion cannot yet be made that
+the κλῆρος was thus arranged on the soil, it can do
+no harm at any rate to bear in mind this ancient and
+still used method of dividing land, whilst considering
+the question of the relation of the ownership of the
+soil to the rank and status of the tribesman.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 2. The Relation Of The Κλῆρος To The Οἶκος.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Ownership of the κλῆρος vested in the head of the οἶκος.</note>
+The connection of the possession of land with the
+headship of the family finds its counterpart in the
+right of maintenance of those who had the true blood
+of that family. And in those countries where the
+sons remained until their father's death under his
+<hi rend='italic'>patria potestas</hi> they had to look to him for maintenance
+<pb n="089"/><anchor id="Pg089"/>
+derived from the κλῆρος which descended to
+him as the means of sustenance for himself and his
+family. Where the head of the family alone was
+responsible for the rites to the dead at the family
+altars, the position of a son would always be incomplete
+if he tried to establish during his father's lifetime
+a hearth and household of his own. And it has
+been already mentioned that it was necessary to
+emancipate a son from the family of his own father,
+before he could take property, passing on the death
+of his mother's relations to her issue, and assume his
+rightful position as their representative and the living
+head of their household.<note place="foot">Isaeus, xi. 49 (Hagnias).</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Harpocration, the initiation into the
+mysteries of the hearth only took place on the actual
+assumption of the inheritance.<note place="foot">Harp. <hi rend='italic'>s. v.</hi>
+ἀφ᾽ Ἑστίας μυεῖσθαι; Ἰσαῖος ἐν τῷ πρὸς Καλυδῶνα. ὁ ἀφ᾽ Ἑστίας μυούμενος
+Ἀθηναῖος ἦν πάντως. κλήρῳ δὲ λαχὼν ἐμυεῖτο.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Dependence of other members of the οἶκος.</note>
+Occasionally a father feeling the weight of years
+would be glad to pass on to his son during his lifetime
+some of his burden of responsibility by making
+him master of his estate (κύριος τῆς οὐσίας).<note place="foot">Isaeus, vii. 15 and 27,
+(Apollod.)</note> In
+this case, the son would be responsible for the
+maintenance of his parent, a duty much insisted on
+by Plato and Isaeus. In fact the conclusion is justified
+that the family, until final subdivision into
+separate οἶκοι, drew its supplies from the common
+inheritance, and that the subdivision of the means of
+subsistence was contemporaneous and co-extensive
+with the differentiation of the various branches of the
+original οἶκος along the lines of the rising generations.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="090"/><anchor id="Pg090"/>
+
+<p>
+The same may be inferred from the words of
+Demosthenes describing the division of the property
+of Bouselos amongst his sons and the foundation of
+their several οἶκοι.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And all these sons of Bouselos became men, and their father
+divided his substance amongst them all, with perfect justice. And
+they having shared the substance, each of them married a wife
+according to your laws, and there were born children to them all,
+and children's children, and there grew up five οἶκοι from the one
+οἶκος of Bouselos, and each dwelt apart, having his own house and
+his own offspring.</q><note place="foot">1055 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> 1149 where one brother lives with his father
+after the division, whilst his brother has a house of his own:
+and 1086 where two brothers live apart but with undivided estate.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+In the meanwhile, before division, all sons had
+equal right to participate in the family goods after the
+father's death, and dowries had to be paid therefrom
+to the daughters. The eldest brother was guardian
+(κύριος) of his sisters and those of his brothers who
+were minors, inasmuch as he succeeded to his father's
+position of head of his kindred at the altars of their
+ancestors. But in Greece at any rate his authority
+over his brothers when once a division had taken
+place seems to have been slight if it existed at all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The prerogative of the eldest brother,</note>
+Amongst the Gods, the three brothers Zeus,
+Poseidon, and Hades, sons of Rhea, shared their
+inheritance from their father Kronos. They divided
+everything in three, shaking lots thereover (παλλομένων).
+Each took equal share of honour (ἔμμορε τιμῆς),
+but earth and Olympos were common (ξυνή) to
+all.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xv. 187
+<hi rend='italic'>sq.</hi></note>
+But Zeus was the first-born and <q>knew more things</q>&mdash;Ἀλλὰ
+Ζεὺς πρότερος γεγόνει καὶ πμείονα ᾒδη<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>
+xiii. 355.</note>&mdash;and
+Poseidon therefore avoided open strife with him, however
+<pb n="091"/><anchor id="Pg091"/>
+unwillingly. Though Zeus be the stronger,
+grumbles the Sea-god, let him keep to his third share
+and not interfere with his brothers' pleasure on their
+common ground, the earth. Let him threaten his sons
+and daughters who needs <emph>must</emph> listen to him (ἀκούσονται
+καὶ ἀνάγκῃ). Yet because the Erinnyes ever take the
+side of the eldest born&mdash;ὡς πρεσβυτέροισιν Ἐριννύες
+αἰὲν ἕπονται&mdash;it were good counsel to knock under,
+even though the division was made in perfect equality
+(ἰσόμορον καὶ ὁμῇ πεπρωμένον αἴσῃ).<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi>
+the use of ἠθεῖος (<q>revered</q>) as the stock epithet of
+the <emph>eldest</emph> brother in Homer <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+vi. 518, and elsewhere. Pollux, <hi rend='italic'>On.</hi> 3, 24, states that this is the
+right use of the word.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">contrasted with the power of the head of the household.</note>
+This passage contrasts the recognised autocracy of
+the head of the family over his own household with
+the courteous deference of the younger brothers
+towards the eldest; and it is evidence, so far as it
+goes, that the eldest brother did not succeed to his
+father's power over his grown-up brothers, but owed
+what influence he did not obtain from the superior
+advantages of his age and experience, to a superstitious
+feeling that something was due to him in his position
+of head of the eldest branch of the family.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi>
+xiii. 142.</note> Zeus gives Poseidon the title of
+<q>eldest and best</q>&mdash;πρεσβύτατον καὶ ἄριστον&mdash;and elsewhere
+Hera lays claim to the same birthright.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+iv. 59 <hi rend='italic'>sq.</hi><lb/>
+<lb/>
+Καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ θεός εἰμι, γένος δὲ μοι ἔνθεν, ὅθεν σοι;<lb/>
+καὶ με πρεσβυτάτην τέκετο Κρόνος ἀγκυλομήτης,<lb/>
+ἀμφότερον, γενεῇ τε καὶ οὕνεκα σὴ παράκοιτις<lb/>
+κέκλημαι; σὺ δὲ πᾶσι μετ᾽ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσεις.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The power of the head of a household must have
+been something much more real. Telemachos declares
+that he is willing that some other <hi rend='italic'>basileus</hi> in Ithaka
+<pb n="092"/><anchor id="Pg092"/>
+should take the kingship, but he will be master over
+his own house&mdash;ἄναξ οὄκοιο ἡμετέροιο&mdash;<q>and over the
+slaves that the divine Odysseus won for
+me.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> i. 397,
+<hi rend='italic'>cf.</hi> ix. 115.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Homeric Hymn to <hi rend='italic'>Hestia</hi>, that deity
+receives the title of honour of firstborn: the poet, by
+a fanciful blending of ideas, implying that the honour
+paid to the sacred hearth by the eldest of the family,
+fell to her share as the eldest born of the children of
+Kronos.<note place="foot">xxix. Εἰς Ἑστίαν.<lb/>
+<lb/>
+Ἑστιη, ἣ πάντων ἐν δώμασιν ὑψηλοῖσιν<lb/>
+ἀθανάτων τε θεῶν χαμαὶ ἐρχομένων τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων<lb/>
+ἕδρην ἀίδιον ἔλαχε, πρεσβηίδα τιμὴν,<lb/>
+καλὸν ἔχουσα γέρας καὶ τίμιον; οὐ γὰρ ἄτερ σοῦ<lb/>
+εἰλαπίναι θνητοῖσιν, ἵν᾽ οὐ πρώτῃ πυμάτῃ τε<lb/>
+Ἑστίῃ ἀρχόμενος σπένδει μελιηδέα οἶνον.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Aristotle says that every household is ruled
+(βασιλεύεται) by its oldest member,<note place="foot">Pol. I. 2, 6. πᾶσα γὰρ οἰκία
+βασιλεύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ πρεσβυτάτου.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> use of πρεσβεύεσθαι in
+<hi rend='italic'>Aesch. Ag.</hi> 1300, <hi rend='italic'>Choeph.</hi> 486
+and 631.</note> and gives this prerogative
+of the household-<hi rend='italic'>basileus</hi> as the type and
+origin of the kingship in the village and the State.
+Reference has already been made, in the section on
+the limitations of the ἀγχιστεία, to the passage in the
+Gortyn law, viz.&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The father shall have power over the children and the
+property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the
+parents) are alive there is no necessity for
+division.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Gortyn Law</hi>, iv. 24,
+<hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> p. <ref target="Pg047">47</ref>.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">No joint holding between a father and his sons.</note>
+But it must be borne in mind that though the
+κλῆρος was set apart in theory for the use and
+sustenance of a head of a family with all his descendants,
+and was supposed to be inalienable therefrom,
+there is no reason to suppose that there existed among
+<pb n="093"/><anchor id="Pg093"/>
+the Greeks a system of joint holding between father
+and son. The ownership and management of the
+property vested in the head of the family. It is true
+that brothers did not always divide their inheritance
+on the death of their father, but their undivided right
+to their respective equal shares remained to each one
+and his descendants as an individual property, and they
+always seem to have had the expectation of an
+ultimate subdivision amongst the separate οἶκοι that
+had sprung into being.<note place="foot">In the island of Tenos, according
+to an inscription of the second or third century <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>, the
+transfer of undivided fractions of houses and property was of exceedingly
+common occurrence. Sales are recorded of a fourth part
+of a tower and cistern; half a house, lands, tower, &amp;c. <hi rend='italic'>Inscr.
+Jurid. Gr.</hi>: Dareste, &amp;c. p. 63.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Confirmatory evidence of the Gortyn Laws.</note>
+The Gortyn Laws throw some light on the subject.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As long as the father is alive, no man shall buy or
+receive in pledge from the son any of the father's
+property. But what the son himself has earned, or
+inherited, he may sell if he like.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So too the father may not dispose of the goods of
+the children which they have earned or inherited.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet may a son's prospective share in his paternal
+inheritance be sold to pay any legal fine he has
+incurred.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Gortyn Laws</hi>, iv. 29-31.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">But the land was in theory inalienable from the family.</note>
+There is no joint holding here between father and
+son. The father is in undisputed possession, and
+nothing the son can do by private contract can affect
+his father's occupation. But if the son had a right
+of maintenance from his father during the lifetime of
+both, his expectation of succession to an equal share
+with his brothers would give him, so to speak, a value
+<pb n="094"/><anchor id="Pg094"/>
+in the public eye. In the event of his incurring a
+blood-fine, his father would presumably be obliged to
+pay it out of the patrimony; and when exaction of
+such penalties passed into the hands of a court, exception
+would hardly be made for long on behalf of
+the fine for murder over penalties for other crimes
+coming before the court. Although therefore for all
+ordinary purposes a son had no claim on the paternal
+estate beyond his maintenance, his right of succession
+might easily grow up in the eye of the law as an
+available asset capable of forfeiture with the theoretical
+assumption that the scapegrace was unfit to hold
+his position in the family.<note place="foot"><p>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of
+Manu</hi>, ix. 213-4. <q>If an eldest (brother), through avarice, commit an injury
+against his younger (brothers), he should be made a not-eldest
+and <emph>shareless</emph>, and be put under restraint by kings.</q>
+</p>
+<p>
+<q>None of the brothers who perform wrong acts <emph>deserve</emph> (share
+in) <emph>the property</emph>, ...</q>
+</p></note> His future portion, thus
+becoming deprived of a representative, might be wholly
+or in part confiscated to the State. There are many
+inscriptions confiscating to the State the goods of
+criminals who transgressed the laws therein; but Plato
+evidently contemplated the possibility of wiping out
+the individual without depriving his descendants of
+their inheritance.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>, 877 c.</note>
+In such a case as wife-murder, he
+says, the husband's right of maintenance is extinguished
+from amongst his family, he should be banished
+and his name wiped out for ever, whilst his sons or
+relations enter upon the inheritance of his property
+<emph>immediately</emph>. No distinction is made by Plato, or in
+the Gortyn Laws in such a case between chattels
+and land. But inasmuch as all fines would be levied
+<pb n="095"/><anchor id="Pg095"/>
+in the first instance upon the property of the guilty
+individual, it may be assumed that his own earnings
+went first, and that only in extreme cases would the
+ancestral land of the family be sold. Even then, in
+Israelite law, it was expected that the land would be
+<emph>redeemed</emph> by the nearest relative,<note place="foot">Lev. xxv. 25;
+Jerem. xxxii. 8.</note> so that the result
+would be that the land would go out of the family
+only when no relative could be found rich enough to
+pay the fine out of his chattels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Close analogy in the custom of Gavelkind in Kent.</note>
+It is interesting to find analogous provisions in
+the customs of Gavelkind of ancient Kent. Under
+the system of Gavelkind equal division of property
+amongst sons obstinately held its own against the
+incursions of the right of primogeniture; and the
+connection of the family with their land seems to
+have been regarded as especially privileged in spite
+of the growth of Feudalism.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q rend="pre">If any tenant in Gauelkinde be attainted of felonie, for which
+he suffereth execution of death, the king shall have all his <emph>goods</emph>,
+and his heire forthwith after his death shall be inheritable to all
+his <emph>landes</emph> and tenements which he held in Gauelkinde in fee, and
+in inheritance: and he shall hold them by the same services and
+customes as his auncestors held them: whereupon, it is said in
+Kentish:</q>
+</quote>
+
+<lg>
+<l><q rend="pre">The father to the boughe,</q></l>
+<l><q>And the sonne to the ploughe.</q><note place="foot">Another version runs:
+<lb/>
+<q rend="pre">The fader to the bonde</q><lb/>
+<q rend="post">And the son to the londe.</q><lb/>
+<lb/>
+Sandys, <hi rend='italic'>History of Gavelkind</hi>,
+1851, pp. 5 and 150.</note></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Allotment or <q>gift</q> to a bastard son.</note>
+It had become customary to allot to a bastard son
+who was prevented by his birth from ranking with
+his brothers, and who had no place in the kindred,
+some smaller substance as a means of subsistence.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="096"/><anchor id="Pg096"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">But he was not admitted to his father's family.</note>
+Odysseus pretends he was in this position, and
+relates how his proud brothers allotted him but a
+small <emph>gift</emph> (παῦρα δόσαν) and a house as his
+portion.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiv. 209.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Pindar, <hi rend='italic'>Ol.</hi> ix. 95-100. Bastard prince
+named after his mother's father and given one πόλιν λαόν τε διαιτᾶν.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Isaeus mentions that, only on the acquiescence
+of the true son, was admission granted to a
+bastard into the phratria. Even then he was not
+apparently taken into his father's family, but allotted
+a farm (χωρίον ἕν) by his brother and, as it were,
+launched into the world to start a family of his own,
+without any further claim upon the property of his
+father.<note place="foot">Is. vi. 23.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His introduction and admission to a phratria and
+deme, as a descendant of an old family, so far removed
+the stigma of his birth as to give him the title
+of citizen, and thus afforded him the qualification for
+holding land. Yet the knowledge of his real parentage
+bereft him of the right of sharing equally with the
+rest of his father's sons, and compelled him to be
+satisfied with the bare means of subsistence wherewith
+to found and continue a house of his own.<note place="foot">Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Eur.
+Ion</hi> 1541.<lb/>
+<lb/>
+... τοῦ θεοῦ δὲ λεγόμενος<lb/>
+οὐκ ἔσχες ἄν ποτ᾽ οὔτε παγκλήρους δόμους<lb/>
+οὔτ᾽ ὄνομα πατρός.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Gifts of land to new citizens.</note>
+When citizenship was conferred upon a beneficent
+stranger, it was the custom at the same time to
+assign him and his descendants a house and some
+land. We hear of grants on such occasions consisting
+of a κλῆρος in the plain, a house, and a garden free
+of taxes; a <emph>half</emph>-κλῆρος in the plain, a house and a
+garden of half the area of the preceding grant, &amp;c. In
+the fourth century <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi> a similar grant takes the form
+<pb n="097"/><anchor id="Pg097"/>
+of so many plethra as a patrimony or ever. Sometimes,
+as at Sparta in the second century <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>, the
+estate was allotted to the newly-made citizen only on
+condition of residence within the borders of the
+State.<note place="foot"><p>See inscriptions quoted in
+<hi rend='italic'>Mittheilungen Athen.</hi> vol. 9, pt. 1,
+p. 60. εὐεργέτῃ γενομενῳ τῆς πόλεως δοῦναι πολιτείαν, κλῆρον ἐν
+τῷ πεδίῳ, οἰκίην, κῆπον κυάμων διηκοσίων ἀμφορέων, ἀτέλειαν ...
+αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις.
+</p>
+<p>
+... δοῦναι ἡμικλήριον δασείης κτήνειον (?) ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, οἰκίην,
+κῆπον κυάμων ἀμφορέων ἑκατὸν, &amp;c. ... αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις.
+</p>
+<p>
+Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Cauer Delect.</hi> § 221.
+αὐτοῖ καὶ ἐκγόνοις, καὶ ἔγκτησιν γᾶς
+καὶ οἰκίας καὶ ἐπινομίας, &amp;c. ...
+and § 232.
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Do.</hi> § 395 (4th cent. <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>). So
+many plethra each ἔχειν πατρουέαν
+τὸμ πάντα χρόνον.
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Do.</hi> § 27. The importance of
+the grant of ἔγκτησις must lie in
+its being the evidence of admission
+to full privilege. <hi rend='italic'>V. infra</hi>, p. 139.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Dependence of sons during their father's life.</note>
+Sir Henry S. Maine in his <hi rend='italic'>Early Law and
+Custom</hi><note place="foot">p. 122, note <hi rend="smallcaps">A</hi>.</note>
+quotes Narada in illustration of the composition
+of the early Indian family. A son <q>is of age and
+independent in case his parents be dead: during
+their lifetime he is dependent, even though he be
+grown old.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Further information on this subject is afforded by
+the Ordinances of Manu, where the position of the
+first-born with regard to his younger brothers is
+given at some length.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi>, ix. 104-106.</note>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<note place="margin">His property divided amongst them at his
+death.</note>
+<q rend="pre">After both the father and the mother (are dead), the brothers,
+having come together, should divide the paternal inheritance: for
+while the two (parents) are alive the (sons) have no power (over the
+property).</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Now the eldest (or best) alone may take the paternal property
+<pb n="098"/><anchor id="Pg098"/>
+without leaving anything, and the remaining (brothers) may live
+<emph>supported by him</emph> just as (if he were their)
+father.</q><note place="foot">iv. 184. <q>An elder brother is equal to a
+father.</q></note>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<note place="margin">But special respect shown to the eldest son.</note>
+<q>By means of the eldest (son) as soon as he is born a man
+becomes possessed of a son, and is thus cleared of his debts
+towards the manes; therefore this (eldest son) deserves the whole
+(inheritance).</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Likewise: <q>If among brothers born of one father,
+one should have a son, Manu said <emph>all those brothers</emph>
+would be possessed of sons by means of that son.</q><note place="foot">ix. 182.</note>
+But this seems to apply only to the son born to the
+eldest, for if a younger brother married before the
+eldest and performed the daily sacrifices, he sent
+himself, his brother, and his wife <q>to Hell.</q><note place="foot">iii. 171-2.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The eldest, if he performs his duty, <q>causes the
+family to flourish</q> and <q>is most honoured among
+men.</q> He alone is <q>duty-born,</q> through him his
+father <q>pays his debt</q>; other sons are only <q>born of
+desire.</q> As long as his conduct is befitting, he must be
+honoured <q>like a father, like a mother,</q> but if not, he
+only receives the respect of an ordinary relative.<note place="foot">ix. 110 and
+213.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The brothers may live together in this way,<note place="foot">ix. 111.</note> but
+if they divide and live apart, the separate ceremonies
+necessitated by their separate households will
+multiply the performance of religious duties, to the
+advantage of all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The duties of the householder.</note>
+The title of <emph>Householder</emph>, moreover, was more
+than a name.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>As all beings depend on air, so all orders depend on the householder.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Because men of the three (other) orders are daily supported
+by the householder alone with knowledge and with food, therefore
+<pb n="099"/><anchor id="Pg099"/>
+the householder (is) the chief order. That order must be upheld
+strenuously by one desiring an imperishable heaven, and who here
+desires perpetual happiness....</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The seers, manes, gods, beings, and guests also make entreaty
+to those heads of families for support. (This duty must, therefore,)
+be done by a man of discernment.</q><note place="foot">iii. 77
+<hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></note>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>As all rivers, ... go to (their) resting-place in the ocean, so
+men of all orders depend on the householder.</q><note place="foot">vi. 90.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Let a householder perform the household rites
+according to rule with the marriage fire and the
+accomplishment of the five sacrifices and the daily
+cooking. The sacrifices are:&mdash;
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+Teaching the Veda is the Veda sacrifice:<lb/>
+Offering cakes and water is the sacrifice to the manes:<lb/>
+An offering to fire (is the sacrifice) to the gods:<lb/>
+Offering of food (is the sacrifice) to all beings:<lb/>
+Honour to guests is the sacrifice to men.
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Whoever presents not food to those five, the gods, guests,
+dependents, the manes, and himself, though he breathe, lives
+not.</q><note place="foot">iii. 67, 70, and 72.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Honour paid to the guest.</note>
+The guest takes a very high place, and his presence
+is a revered addition to the family sacrifices; so much
+so that it was thought necessary to state definitely
+that <q>if the guest appears after the offering to all the
+gods is finished, one should give him food as best one
+can, but should not make (another) offering.</q><note place="foot">iii. 108.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same virtue seems to have been considered
+by the Greeks also to lie in the presence of the guest.
+In Euripides' Elektra, Aigisthos, hearing from Orestes
+that he and his friend are strangers, promptly invites
+them to share as his ξυνέστιοι in his impending sacrifice
+of a bull to the nymphs, promising to send them
+on their way in the morning.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Elektra</hi>,
+784.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="100"/><anchor id="Pg100"/>
+
+<p>
+Earlier in the play during the plotting of Aigisthos'
+death, it is taken for granted that directly he
+sees them he will call them thus to join him at the
+sacrifice and the feast.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Elektra</hi>, 637.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Alkinoos expresses the feeling of the Homeric age
+when he says:
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>In a brother's place stand the stranger and the suppliant, to
+him whose wits have even a little
+range.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> viii. 546. ἀντὶ κασιγνήτου
+ξεῖνός θ᾽ ἱκέτης τε τέτυκται ἀνέρι, ὅς τ᾽ ὀλίγον περ ἐπιψαύῃ πραπίδεσσιν.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Nestor at Pylos, making sacrifice to Poseidon with
+his sons and company, welcomes the unknown Telemachos
+and Mentor to the sacrificial feast.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi>
+iii. 30-80.</note> When
+the duty of feeding the guests has been satisfactorily
+accomplished, he then asks them whether they are
+merchants or <emph>pirates</emph>, that <q>wander over the brine at
+hazard of their own lives bringing bale to alien
+men!</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It would appear that the virtue lay in the hospitality
+of the host and not in the worthiness of the
+guest, and that therefore it was worth while to run
+the risk of having invited the presence of a polluted
+man whose impiety in not refusing to partake would
+doubtless fall on his own head.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Right of maintenance of the younger members of the family.</note>
+To return to the organisation of the Indian inheritance:&mdash;The
+duty of maintenance<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Cf. Manu</hi>, ix. 163. <q>The
+son of the body is the one and only lord of the paternal wealth: but
+to do the others no harm he should afford (them something) to support
+life.</q></note> of the younger
+members of the family devolves upon the eldest
+son at the death of his father. If the brothers are
+<pb n="101"/><anchor id="Pg101"/>
+all <q>perfect in their own occupations,</q> and they come
+to an equal division, <q>some trifle should be given to
+the elder (brother) to indicate an increased respect
+for him.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi>, ix. 115.</note>
+Also if in division there remains over an
+odd goat or sheep, or animal, it goes to the eldest
+brother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If any brother has disgraced himself, he does not
+deserve a share in the property.<note place="foot">ix. 214.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sisters' portions are allotted out of all the
+brothers' shares equally.<note place="foot">ix. 118.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Property is divided once only.<note place="foot">ix. 47.</note> But if <q>on
+living together after being separated, they divide (the
+inheritance) a second time, in that case the division
+should be equal, (as) in that case no right of primogeniture
+occurs.</q><note place="foot">ix. 210.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The father's wealth acquired during his lifetime is at
+his own disposal, and need not be divided amongst his
+sons.<note place="foot">ix. 209.</note> Likewise with any property acquired by the
+sons.<note place="foot">ix. 208. Though viii. 416 states the contrary. <q>A wife,
+<emph>son</emph>, and slave are said to be without
+property: whatever property they acquire is his to whom they
+(belong).</q></note> If <q>any one of the brothers, being able (to
+support himself) by his own occupation, does not
+desire (his share of the) property,</q> he may be excluded
+from the division, but <q>something for his
+support</q> should be given him to discharge his claim
+of maintenance from the family at any future time.<note place="foot">ix. 207.</note>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="102"/><anchor id="Pg102"/>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The Κλῆρος And The Τέμενος.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The βασιλεύς and his τέμενος contrasted with the
+tribesman and his κλῆρος.</note>
+In the Homeric poems, written, as they are, from
+an aristocratic or heroic point of view, a great gulf
+always exists between the royal or princely class and
+the ordinary tribesmen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The βασιλεύς&mdash;the lion of his people<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+xx. 165.</note>&mdash;has his
+select estate, his τέμενος, with orchards and gardens
+of considerable extent; while the swarms of tribesmen
+are allotted their κλῆροι in the open field, their
+share in the common pasture, and depend on each
+other for help in the vintage and harvest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The possessions of the βασιλεύς.</note>
+The possession of large estates and of multitudinous
+flocks and herds was one of the privileges of the
+chieftain or tribesman of princely rank.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>For surely his livelihood (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> Odysseus') was great past
+telling, no lord in the dark mainland had so much, nor any in Ithaka
+itself; nay, not twenty men together have wealth so great, and I will
+tell thee the sum thereof. Twelve herds of kine upon the mainland,
+as many flocks of sheep, as many droves of swine, as many ranging
+herds of goats, that his own shepherds and strangers pasture. And
+ranging herds of goats, eleven in all, graze here by the extremity
+of the island with trusty men to watch
+them.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiv. 96.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Bellerophon migrated from his own country and
+settled under the patronage of the king of
+Lykia.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> vi. 194.</note>
+He married the king's daughter, and to complete his
+qualification and to confirm his princely status as a
+βασιλεύς of Lykia, he was allotted by the Lykians an
+estate where the plain was fattest on the banks of the
+<pb n="103"/><anchor id="Pg103"/>
+river, consisting half of arable, half of vineyard, the
+latter presumably on the slopes of the sides of the
+valley.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix. 574;
+<hi rend='italic'>cf.</hi> xx. 184.</note>
+Besides these no doubt he had flocks and herds on the
+mountains, with steadings and slaves for their protection.
+It is improbable that the fattest of the plain
+was unoccupied before, and it must therefore be
+supposed that the system of agriculture was such as
+to admit of such a partition and the consequent readjustment,
+or that the dispossessed tribesmen had to
+compensate themselves with land out of the common
+waste.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In somewhat similar wise Tydeus at Argos wedded
+one of the daughters of Adrastos, and dwelt in a
+house full of livelihood; and <q>wheatbearing ἄρουραι
+enough were his, and many were his orchards of trees
+apart, and many sheep were his.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+xiv. 121.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the description of the Shield of Achilles in the
+<hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> a vivid contrast is drawn between the rich
+harvest of the βασιλεύς and the busy toil of the
+tribesmen.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Furthermore he set therein a τέμενος deep in corn<note place="foot">Or
+<q>belonging to a <hi rend='italic'>basileus</hi>.</q></note> where
+hinds (ἔριθοι) were reaping with sharp sickles in their hands ...
+and among them the βασιλεύς in silence was standing at the swathe
+with his staff, rejoicing in his heart.</q>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile henchmen are preparing apart a great
+feast for himself and his friends, and the women are
+strewing much white barley to be a supper for the
+hinds.<note place="foot"><p>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xi. 67. <q>As when
+reapers over against each other drive their swaths through the
+ploughland of a rich man of wheat and barley, and thick fall
+the handfuls</q>...
+</p>
+<p>
+This contrast is drawn by Professor Ridgeway: <hi rend='italic'>op. cit.</hi> p. 19
+<hi rend='italic'>Journal of Hellenic Studies</hi>, 1885.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="104"/><anchor id="Pg104"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The κλῆρος of the tribesman probably
+in the open fields in the plain.</note>
+But in the great common field all was toil and
+action; many ploughers therein drave their yokes to
+and fro as they wheeled about.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xviii.
+541.</note> The holding of the
+common tribesman was not an estate (τέμενος) cut
+out of the plain, but an allotment (κλῆρος), probably
+of strips as in Palestine to-day, in the open fields that
+lay around the town. On the wheatbearing plain
+round Troy<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxi. 602.</note>
+lay the stones that former men, before
+the ten years' war, had used to mark the balk or
+boundary of their strips (οὖρον ἀρούρης).<note place="foot">Ridgeway,
+<hi rend='italic'>op. cit.</hi></note> One of
+these Athena uses to hurl against Ares, who, falling
+where he stood, covers seven of the <hi rend='italic'>pelethra</hi> that
+the stones were used to divide. A pinnacle of stones
+is the only boundary to be seen to this day between
+the strips of cornland in Palestine. Easily dislodged
+as these landmarks were, they were specially protected
+by a curse against their removal, and were with the
+Greeks under the awful shadow of a special deity of
+boundaries.<note place="foot">Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi>, 842.
+<hi rend="smallcaps">E.</hi> Διὸς ὁρίου πρῶτος νόμος ὅδε εἰρήσθω; μὴ
+κινείτω γῆς ὅρια μηδεὶς ... νομίσας τὸ τἀκίνητα κινεῖν τοῦτο εἶναι ...
+καταφρονήσας δὲ, διτταῖς δίκαις ἔνοχος ἔστω, μιᾷ μὲν παρὰ θεῶν,
+δευτέρᾳ δὲ ὑπὸ νόμου.</note> They seem however to have been liable
+to considerable violation. The ass, according to
+Homer, being driven along the field-way, if his skin
+was thick enough, easily disregarded the expostulations
+of his attendants, and made free with the growing
+crop.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xi. 558.</note>
+Homer also describes a fight between two men
+with measuring rods in the common field,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+xii. 421; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Ridgeway, <hi rend='italic'>op.
+cit.</hi></note> and Isaeus<note place="foot">Isaeus, ix. 17-19.</note>
+relates how an Athenian citizen flogged his brother in
+<pb n="105"/><anchor id="Pg105"/>
+a quarrel over their boundary so that he afterwards
+died, whilst the neighbours, working on their land
+around, were witnesses of what took place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Land was brought into cultivation, no doubt, as it
+was wanted. Achilles contemplates that some of the
+rich fields of his friends may be exceedingly remote, so
+that it would be a great thing to spare the ploughman a
+journey to the nearest blacksmith. And no doubt
+the powerful men of the community would, by means
+of their slaves or retainers, acquire additional wealth
+by reclaiming lands out of the way and therefore
+requiring a strong hand to protect them, which were
+profitable by reason of their very fatness.<note place="foot">πίονες ἀγροί.
+<hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxiii. 832. <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Ridgeway,
+<hi rend='italic'>op. cit.</hi> p. 16.</note> Such
+acquisitions would not be included in the τέμενος of
+the prince, the very word τέμενος implying an area of
+land cut out of the cultivated land of the community,
+generally described as being in the plain (πέδιον).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The βασιλεύς <q>honoured like a god with gift
+of a τέμενος.</q></note>
+Such allotments of land seem only to have been
+made to princes and gods, but when once allotted,
+remained as far as can be seen the property of their
+descendants. It was a common fancy of the Homeric
+prince that he was worshipped as a god, and they
+often mistook each other for some deity. The godlike
+Sarpedon asks his cousin Glaukos, wherefore are
+they two honoured in Lykia as gods, with flesh and
+full cups and a great τέμενος.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xii.
+313. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix. 297. A good king also has power over
+the crops, etc., to bring plenty. See <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xix. 110-5. Frazer,
+Golden Bough, i. 8 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the possession of full tribal blood was necessary
+for the ownership of a κλῆρος, so princely blood
+was the qualification for the enjoyment of a τέμενος.
+<pb n="106"/><anchor id="Pg106"/>
+The honoured individual need not be a king or overlord,
+but besides his valour he must have in his veins
+the all-potent blood royal, without which his privilege
+was no greater than that of other rich tribesmen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was not till the king of Lykia had satisfied
+himself that Bellerophon was <q>the brave offspring of
+a god,</q> that he gave him honour, and the Lykians
+meted him out a τέμενος.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> vi. 191.</note>
+This great τέμενος on
+the banks of the Xanthos, half arable and half
+vineyard, remained in the possession of his grandchildren,
+Sarpedon and Glaukos, apparently still
+undivided, though they were not brothers but first
+cousins.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xii. 313. καὶ τέμενος
+νεμόμεσθα μέγα (<emph>not</emph> τεμένεα).</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The king of the Phæakians had his τέμενος and
+fruitful orchard near but apart from the fields and
+tilled lands of his townsfolk.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> vi. 291-3.
+Xenophon states that choice portions of land
+in the territory of many neighbouring
+towns were set apart for
+the king of Sparta. <hi rend='italic'>Rep. Laced.</hi>
+xv. 3.</note> Odysseus it seems had
+more than one τέμενος.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xi. 184.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The τέμενος descended from father to son.</note>
+Once in the <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> the epithet πατρώιος is applied
+to a chief's τέμενος.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xx. 391, ὅθι τοι
+τέμενος πατρώιόν ἐστιν.</note> According to Hesychius,
+πατρώιος means <q>handed down to one's father from
+his ancestors,</q><note place="foot">τὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἀπὸ προγόνων.</note>
+and Homer evidently uses the word in
+this sense.<note place="foot">Vide <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ii. 46 and 101-8.
+Agamemnon's σκῆπτρον πατρῴιον
+had been handed down to him in
+succession from Thyestes, Atreus,
+Pelops, Hermes, and Zeus, for
+whom it had been made by
+Hephaistos.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The kingship itself in Ithaka was considered as
+part of Telemachos' patrimony: <q>Never may Kronion
+<pb n="107"/><anchor id="Pg107"/>
+make thee king in sea-girt Ithaka, which is πατρώιον
+to thee by birth (γενεῇ).</q><note place="foot"><p><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi>
+i. 386. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> ii. 22.
+δύο δ᾽ αἰὲν ἔχον πατρώια ἔργα.
+</p>
+<p>
+Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> i. 407. ποῦ δέ νύ οἱ
+γενεὴ καὶ πατρὶς ἄρουρα?
+</p>
+<p>
+Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xi. 185. Telemachos
+νέμεται τεμένεα of Odysseus.
+</p>
+<p>
+Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xx. 336. πατρώια
+πάντα νέμηαι.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But though the τέμενος and the kingship were
+both equally πατρώια, they did not together constitute
+an indivisible inheritance. Any one of the
+blood could enjoy possession of the land, whilst the
+over-lordship must necessarily descend in the eldest
+or the most able line.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In his answer to the malignant wish quoted above,
+Telemachos does not speak as if he contemplated
+giving up any tangible property. The bestowal of
+the kingship, though due to him by inheritance
+(πατρώιον) is in the hands of the gods; he means
+to be master (ἄναξ) of whatsoever Odysseus his
+father won for him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Iason's claim upon his great-grandfather's estate.</note>
+It is interesting to compare this choice of
+Telemachos with the exactly opposite choice made by
+Iason, as told by Pindar, when he came back to claim
+his inheritance which had been seized in the meantime
+by his second cousin, Pelias.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He has come home, he tells Pelias, to seek his
+father's ancient honour which Zeus had of old
+bestowed on his great-grandfather Aiolos and his
+sons. It is not for them now, being of the same
+stock (ὁμόγονοι), to divide the great honour of their
+forefathers with sword and javelin. He will give up
+all the sheep and herds of kine, and all the fields of
+late robbed from his sires, though they make fat
+beyond measure the house of Pelias (τεὸν οἶκον πορσύνοντ᾽
+<pb n="108"/><anchor id="Pg108"/>
+ἄγαν). But the kingly sceptre and throne of his
+father must be his without wrath between them. And
+Zeus, the ancestral god of them both (Ζεὺς ὁ γενέθλιος
+ἀμφοτέροις), is witness to their oath.<note place="foot">Pindar,
+<hi rend='italic'>Pyth.</hi> iv. 255 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Rich tribesman might hold several κλῆροι.</note>
+Property in land could also be accumulated in the
+hands of individuals not necessarily of princely
+station. Odysseus tells a tale of how he took a wife
+of <q>men with many κλῆροι</q> (πολυκλήρων ἀνθρώπων)
+by reason of his valour.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiv. 211.</note>
+The κλῆρος must therefore
+at that time have been at any rate roughly of some
+recognised area. Perhaps the tendency, so fatal to
+Sparta, for the possession of the original shares or
+allotments of many families to accumulate in the
+hands of the powerful or rich, had already set in. In
+later colonisations and assignments of new land the
+κλῆροι were often equally divided,<note place="foot">Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+xii. 421. περὶ ἴσης.</note> and the gift
+of citizenship, as has been already mentioned, was
+sometimes accompanied by a grant of a <hi rend='italic'>half-kleros</hi>
+(ἡμικλήριον). Did the κλῆρος then represent in
+theory an area of cultivated ground capable of sustaining
+a single household?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 5. Early Evidence <hi rend='italic'>continued</hi>: The Κλῆρος
+And The Maintenance Of The οἶκος.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The κλῆρος was the holding of the head of an οἶκος.</note>
+There are signs in Homer of the existence,
+already insisted upon for later times, of the connection
+of the ownership of property with the headship
+of a household. It follows that if the head of a
+<pb n="109"/><anchor id="Pg109"/>
+family was the only owner of land, the desire of
+establishing a family and thereby preserving at the
+same time the acquired property and the name of the
+possessor, made the acquisition of a wife a real
+necessity for the owner of land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eumaios, the swineherd, says that Odysseus would
+have given him a property (κτῆσις), both an οἶκος and
+a κλῆρος and a shapely wife.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiv. 62.</note>
+And Odysseus in one
+of his many autobiographies speaks of taking a wife
+as if it were the necessary sequel to coming into his
+inheritance.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiv. 211.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Even Hesiod, the son of a poor settler, without
+much property to keep together, if we can take
+Aristotle's reading of the line, gives the necessary
+outfit for a peasant farmer in occupation of a small
+κλῆρος, as a house, a wife, and a plough-ox.<note place="foot">Wks. and Dys. 405. The
+next line which explains that the
+woman is to be slave and <emph>not</emph> a
+wife is evidently a later addition.
+Aristotle did not know it, and
+interpreted γυνη as wife.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Aristotle quotes this line of Hesiod, in his argument
+that the οἶκος was the association formed to supply
+the wants of each day,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Pol.</hi> i. 2, 5-7.</note>
+its members being
+called by Charondas, he says, ὁμοσίπυοι (sharers in the
+mealbin), and by Epimenides the Cretan ὁμόκαποι
+(sharers of the same plot of ground).<note place="foot"> I am indebted to Professor
+Ridgeway for the right meaning
+and derivation of this word, which
+stands for ὁμόκηποι, having the α
+long and not short as stated in
+Liddell and Scott's Dictionary.
+Another reading is ὁμόκαπνοι which
+would mean sharers of the smoke
+or hearth.</note> And he might
+have added that Pindar uses the word ὁμόκλαροι to
+mean <q>twins.</q><note place="foot">Pindar, <hi rend='italic'>Nem.</hi> ix. 11.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="110"/><anchor id="Pg110"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and supplied the maintenance the house.</note>
+A household, according to Aristotle, consisted
+thus partly of human beings, partly of
+property.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Œcon.</hi> i. 2. μέρη δὲ οἰκίας
+ἄνθρωπός τε καὶ κτῆσίς ἐστιν. Pol.
+i. 4, 1. ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας
+ἐστί.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So closely is the idea of livelihood bound up
+that of the house or οἶκος, that Telemachos can say
+without incongruity that his house is being <emph>eaten</emph> by
+the wooers:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+ἐσθίεταί μοι οἶκος, ὄλωλε δὲ πίονα
+ἔργα.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> iv. 318.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The sanctity shared by the hearth and its sustenance
+may be illustrated by Odysseus' oath, which
+occurs three times in the <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>: <q>Now be Zeus my
+witness before any god, and the hospitable board and
+the hearth of blameless Odysseus whereunto I am
+come.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx
+230. ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα θεῶν
+ξενίν τε τράπεζα ἱστίν τ᾽ Ὀδυσῆος
+ἀμύμονος, ἥν ἀφικάνω.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Force of the bond of food.</note>
+When once the hospitable board had laid its
+mysterious spell on the relations of host and guest,
+the bond was not easily dissolved. Glaukos and
+Diomedes meet <q>in the mid-space of the foes eager
+to do battle,</q> fighting on opposite sides. Nevertheless
+because the grandfather of one had entertained the
+grandfather of the other for twenty days and they
+had parted with gifts of friendship, their grandsons
+refrain from battle with each other, pledge their faith,
+and exchange armour as a witness to others that they
+are guest-friends by inheritance (ὄφρα καὶ οἵδε γνῶσιν,
+ὅτι ξεῖνοι πατρώιοι εὐχόμεθ᾽
+εἶναι).<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> vi. 230.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If such force lay in the entertainment of a guest
+for a few days, some idea can be formed of the virtue
+underlying the meaning of such words as ὁμοσίπυοι
+<pb n="111"/><anchor id="Pg111"/>
+and ὁμόκαποι, and binding together those habitually
+nourished at the same board.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The need of an established household strongly felt.</note>
+If sons married during their father's lifetime
+without any particular means of livelihood, they
+could live under his roof and authority, forming a
+great patriarchal household like that of Priam and
+his married sons and daughters at Troy. But when
+a household dispersed before the marriage of the sons
+and the inheritance was divided amongst them, it was
+deemed indispensable for them to take wives, and
+each provide for the establishment of his house and
+succession. This necessity is the underlying motive
+of the compulsion over the only daughter left as
+ἐπίκληρος to marry before a certain age, exercised by
+the Archon at Athens. There the idea of the need
+of a continuous family (as well as for other purposes),
+to keep together the property, had grown up apparently
+as a reflection, so to speak, of the obvious
+importance of the property to the family for the
+maintenance of itself and its ancestral rites.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Though evidence is wanting for the <hi rend='italic'>raison d'être</hi>
+of this sentiment in Homer, the existence of the
+feeling can hardly be denied.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The κλῆρος, at any rate, continued to pass from
+father to son in the family of the tribesman or citizen.
+Hector encourages his soldiers by reminding them
+that though they themselves fall in the fight, their
+children, their house (οἶκος), and their κλῆρος will be
+unharmed, provided only that the enemy are driven
+back.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xv. 497.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sentiment that a man was not really <q>established,</q>
+<pb n="112"/><anchor id="Pg112"/>
+according to the estimation of the Homeric
+Greeks, until the continuity of his house was provided
+for, seems to explain the two references to Telemachos
+in the <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi>. Odysseus is twice mentioned, as Mr.
+Leaf points out in his <hi rend='italic'>Companion to the
+Iliad</hi>,<note place="foot">p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions
+other countries where the father takes a new name as father of his
+eldest son.</note> as
+the father of Telemachos, simply because it was considered
+a title of honour to be named as sire of an
+established house. No other mention of Telemachos
+occurs in the <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Failure of heirs was, as in later times, the great
+disintegrating factor and danger to the continuity of
+the family holdings. As long as a direct descendant
+was to be found, the property was safe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eurykleia comforts Penelope in her fear for the
+absent Telemachos, saying:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>For the seed of the son of Arkeisios is not, methinks, utterly
+hated by the blessed gods, but someone will haply yet remain to
+possess these lofty halls and the <emph>fat fields</emph> far
+away.</q><note place="foot"><p><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> iv. 754-7</p>
+<p>
+οὐ γὰρ ὀίω<lb/>
+πάγχυ θεοῖς μακάρεσσι γονὴν Ἀρκεισιάδαο<lb/>
+ἔχθεσθ᾽, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι πού τις ἐπέσσεται, ὅς κεν ἔχῃσιν<lb/>
+δώματα θ᾽ ὑψερεφέα καὶ ἀπόπροθι πίονας ἀγρούς.
+</p>
+<p>
+<q>Far away</q> implies width of
+sway and extent of influence; and
+the protection of outlying properties
+would necessitate a great
+name and a strong hand.</p></note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Is it by accident that she here chooses the name
+of Arkeisios to describe the head of the family of
+Laertes and Odysseus? He was Laertes' father, and
+in Telemachos, if he was preserved alive, he would
+thus have a <emph>great-grandson</emph> to represent his line in
+the succession to his property.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Diversion of inheritance by death of heir a sore evil.</note>
+The diversion of inheritance to any property from
+<pb n="113"/><anchor id="Pg113"/>
+the direct line is spoken of in Homer as a lamentable
+circumstance greatly intensifying the natural grief at
+the death of the direct heir.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Then went he after Nanthos and Thoon, sons of Phainops,
+striplings both; but their father was outworn of grievous age, and
+begat no other son for his possessions after him. Then Diomedes
+slew them and bereft the twain of their dear life, and for their
+father left only lamentation and sore distress, seeing he welcomed
+them not alive returned from battle: <emph>and kinsmen divided his
+substance</emph> (κτῆσις).</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+v. 151 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+In the tumultuous times of the <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> the right
+of succession must often have been interrupted by
+war and violence. Possessions, not only of land, had
+to be defended by the sword even during the lifetime
+of the acquirer. This prompts one of the wishes of
+Odysseus in his prayer at the knees of Arete:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And may each one leave to his children after him his possessions
+in his halls and whatever dues of honour the people have
+rendered unto him.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> vii.
+150.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+The same anxiety prompts his question to his
+mother in Hades, to which he obtains answer:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The fair honour (γέρας) that is thine no man hath yet taken,
+but Telemachos holdeth in safety (thy) demesnes (τεμένεα
+νέμεται).</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xi. 184.
+<hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> xx. 336. ὄφρα σὺ μὲν (= Telemachos) χαίρων
+πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Naboth's vineyard bound to his family and heir.</note>
+The belief in the inseparability of the ancestral
+holding and the family was strong in Samaria at the
+time of Ahab. The King offered Naboth another
+vineyard better than his own in exchange for the one
+at Jezreel near the palace, or, should he prefer it, its
+worth in money. But Naboth said to Ahab, <q>The
+Lord forbid it me, that I should give <emph>the inheritance
+of my fathers</emph> unto thee.</q><note place="foot">1 Kings xxi 3.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Both the Hebrew narrators and the Greek translators
+<pb n="114"/><anchor id="Pg114"/>
+describe Ahab finally as taking the vineyard at
+Naboth's death <emph>by inheritance</emph> (LXX. κληρονομεῖν), in
+spite of the violence of the means of acquiring it
+adopted by Jezebel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The limited right of the prince to alienate from
+his family any part of his possessions is thus alluded
+to by Ezekiel:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Thus saith the Lord God; If the prince give a gift unto any of
+his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be their
+possession by inheritance. But if he give a gift of his inheritance
+to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the year of liberty:
+after it shall return to the prince: but his inheritance shall be his
+sons' for them.</q><note place="foot">Ezekiel xlvi. 16.</note>
+</quote>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 6. Early Evidence <hi rend='italic'>continued</hi>: The Τέμενος
+And The Maintenance Of The Chieftain.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The maintenance of the chiefs levied upon the people
+under the name of gifts.</note>
+It must be borne in mind that the tribal idea of
+the chieftainship sanctioned the custom that the
+maintenance of the chieftain and his companions or
+retainers should be levied at will upon the property
+of the people. This privilege is very wide spread,
+and had its origin in the earliest times.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The levies were claimed under the name of <emph>gifts</emph>,
+and earned for the princes the title of δωροφάγοι.
+As Telemachos declares, <q>it is no bad thing to be a
+βασιλεύς, and quickly does his house become rich and
+he himself most honoured.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> i.
+392.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The royal family and nobles<note place="foot">βασιλεύς in Homer means
+<q>prince</q> and is applied to a class,
+not a single chieftain. <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xii. 319
+of Sarpedon and Glaukos. <hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> iv.
+96 of Paris. <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> i. 394 of the
+Ithakans. <hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> viii. 41 and 390
+of the Phaeakians. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi></note> levied contributions
+on their own or conquered peoples apparently at will
+<pb n="115"/><anchor id="Pg115"/>
+in Homer. Agamemnon calls together the Greek
+chiefs:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Ye leaders and counsellors of the Argives ... who drink
+at the public cost (δήμια πίνουσιν) and each command an host
+(σημαίνουσιν ἕκαστος λαοῖς).</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi>
+xvii. 250.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Priam chides his sons:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Ye plunderers of your own people's sheep and kids (ἀρνῶν
+ἠδ᾽ ἐρίφων ἐπιδήμιοι
+ἁρπακτῆρες).</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> xxiv. 262.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Telemachos declares that if the wooers eat up all
+his sheep and substance, he will go through the city
+(κατὰ ἅστυ) claiming chattels until all be
+restored.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> ii. 74.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Alkinoos proposes to give gifts to Odysseus, and
+they themselves going amongst the people (ἀγειρόμενοι
+κατὰ δῆμον) will recompense themselves: <q>for
+hard it were for one man to give without
+return.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xiii. 13.</note>
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Then I led him to the house,</q> says Odysseus, <q>and gave him
+good entertainment ... out of the plenty in my house, and for the
+rest of his company ... I gathered and gave barley meal and dark
+wine from the people (δημόθεν) and oxen to sacrifice to his heart's
+desire.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od</hi>. xix. 195.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The right to receive such <q>gifts</q>
+could be transferred to another.</note>
+These passages throw light on Agamemnon's
+offer to Achilles of seven well-peopled towns, whose
+inhabitants would enrich him with plenteous
+gifts.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix. 291. Cf.
+<hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave
+him much people (πολὺν λαόν) to be ἄναξ over.</note>
+The proposal of Menelaos to empty a city <emph>of Argos,</emph>
+to accommodate Odysseus and his people, seems to
+be of quite a different order, and betrays to us that
+the tyranny of the tribal chieftain, so conspicuous
+in other nations, was no less a reality also amongst the
+Greeks under Achaian rule.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> iv. 174.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">In India the chief of a town might receive the
+king's supplies.</note>
+In the Indian society that was regulated in
+<pb n="116"/><anchor id="Pg116"/>
+accordance with the <hi rend='italic'>Ordinances of Manu</hi>, the king
+appointed a chief of a town whose duty it was to
+report to the higher officials on any <q>evil arising in
+the town.</q> He likewise represented the king, and
+had the king's right to receive supplies from those
+under his oversight.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>What food, drink, (and) fuel are to be <emph>daily</emph> given by the
+inhabitants of a town to the king let the head of a town
+take,</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Manu</hi>, vii. 118.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+the line always being drawn between legitimate
+demands and tyrannical extortion.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>For those servants appointed by the king for protection (are)
+mostly takers of the property of others (and) cheats; from them he
+(<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the king) should protect these
+people.</q><note place="foot">vii. 123.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The maintenance of the Great King,</note>
+Under the rule of the Persians, all Asia was
+parcelled out in such a way as to supply maintenance
+(τροφή) for the Great King and his host throughout
+the whole year.<note place="foot">Herod, i. 192.</note>
+The satrap of Assyria kept at one
+time so great a number of Indian hounds, that four
+large villages of the plain were exempted from all
+other charges on condition of finding them
+food.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and of Solomon.</note>
+Solomon's table was provided after the same
+method.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel which provided
+victuals for the king and his household; each man his month
+in a year made provision.... And Solomon's provision for one
+day was thirty measures of fine flour and threescore measures of
+meal, ten fat oxen and twenty oxen out of the pastures and an
+hundred sheep, beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and
+fatted fowl.... And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the
+river unto the land of the Philistines, and unto the border of
+Egypt; they brought presents, and served Solomon all the days of
+his life.... And those officers provided victual for king Solomon,
+and for all that came unto king Solomon's table, every man according
+to his charge.</q><note place="foot">1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of
+these officers was over <q>threescore
+great cities with walls and brazen
+bars.</q></note>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n="117"/><anchor id="Pg117"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Revenue from land in ancient Egypt.</note>
+Sesostris is said to have obtained his revenue
+from the holders of κλῆροι in Egypt in proportion to
+the amount of land in each man's occupation;<note place="foot">Herod. ii. 109.</note> and
+Pharaoh, having bought all the land at the time
+of the famine in Egypt except that which supported
+the priests, took one-fifth of all the produce, leaving
+the remainder <q>for seed of the field,</q> and for the food
+of the cultivators, and their households and little
+ones. <q>And Joseph made it a law over the land of
+Egypt unto this day, that Pharaoh should have the
+fifth part, except the land of the priests only, which
+became not Pharaoh's.</q><note place="foot">Genes. xlvii. 26.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this case Pharaoh became proprietor by purchase
+of the land in Egypt. But it must not be
+supposed that by exacting a payment from the
+occupier, the overlord as a rule had any power over
+the ownership of the soil. He no doubt had proprietary
+rights over his own estate, and may or may
+not have had power to regulate any further distribution
+of the waste. But the right of receiving
+dues, or of appointing another to receive them,
+gave him no power over the actual tillage of the
+soil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Grants of land to the prince easily made, in their
+elastic system of agriculture.</note>
+The maintenance of the prince was a first charge
+apparently upon the property of his subjects; and
+it is easy to see how the lion's share would always
+be allotted to him, alike of booty as of acquired
+territory. As long as the community was pastoral,
+it is also easy to imagine how the chief both increased
+his own wealth and admitted favoured companions or
+resident strangers to a share in the elastic area of
+<pb n="118"/><anchor id="Pg118"/>
+the common pasturage. After agriculture had
+assumed equal importance in the economy of the
+tribe as the tending of flocks and herds, one is apt
+to forget that for centuries&mdash;perhaps for thousands
+of years&mdash;the system of agriculture that grew up,
+still possessed much of the elasticity of the old
+pastoral methods. Under the open field system,
+such a custom as that described by Tacitus and in
+the Welsh Laws, viz. of ploughing up out of the
+pasture or waste sufficient to admit of each tribesman
+having his due allotment, and letting it lie waste
+again the next year, admitted of considerable readjustment
+to meet the exigencies of declining population,
+as well as providing an easy means whereby
+any stranger prince, like Bellerophon, who might be
+admitted to the tribe, could be allotted either a
+τέμενος apart, or a κλῆρος in the open plain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Pindar describes this method of cultivation when
+he says:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Fruitful fields in turn now yield to man his yearly bread
+upon the plains, and now again they pause and gather back their
+strength.</q><note place="foot">Pind. <hi rend='italic'>Nem.</hi> vi. 11 (Trans. Myers),
+<hi rend='italic'>cf.</hi> Ridgeway, <hi rend='italic'>op. cit.</hi> p. 20.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Such grants were a special honour, and served
+to relieve other contributions.</note>
+It is noticeable that the Aetolians offered
+Meleagros a τέμενος in the fattest part of the plain,
+wherever he might choose, as a <emph>gift</emph> (δῶρον); and as
+the τέμενος would certainly be cultivated by slave or
+hired labour, what they really gave him was the
+right of receiving the produce from the 50 <hi rend='italic'>guai</hi>
+composing the τέμενος. But this gift was meant as a
+special honour or bribe, and took a special form in
+being in land as a means of permanent enrichment.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="119"/><anchor id="Pg119"/>
+
+<p>
+In similar wise Ezekiel suggested the capitalisation,
+as it were, by a gift of land of the contributions
+to the princes, which no doubt were felt to be very
+irksome. In the division of the land, a portion was
+to be set aside first for the use of the temple and
+priests, then a portion for the prince.
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>In the land shall be his possession in Israel, and my princes
+shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall
+they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. Thus
+saith the Lord God, Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel; remove
+violence and spoil and execute judgment and justice, and take
+away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord God.</q><note place="foot">Ezekiel
+xlv. 8, 9.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+And again:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance
+by oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he
+shall give his sons inheritance out of his own possession; that my
+people be not scattered every man from his possession.</q><note place="foot">Ez.
+xlvi. 18.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+But there can be no doubt, that although the
+prince may have had no power to dislodge any of the
+free tribesmen of his own people from their holdings,
+yet no one could gainsay him if he chose to enrich
+himself by planting or reclaiming any part of his
+domains, as Laertes is represented as having
+done.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> xxiv. 207.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Modern specimens of the elasticity of Greek methods.</note>
+The modern usage in Boeotia and in the island of
+Euboea may very well represent the procedure of
+ancient times, and if it can be imagined that some
+method of the same sort was in vogue in Boeotia in
+the time of Hesiod, it will be understood how possible
+it was for Hesiod's father to settle at Askra and
+gradually to acquire possession of a house and κλῆρος.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="120"/><anchor id="Pg120"/>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>There is some cultivation from Plataea to Thebes, but strangely
+alternating with wilderness. We were told that the people have
+plenty of spare land, and not caring to labour for its artificial
+improvement, till a piece of ground once, and then let it lie fallow
+for a season or two. The natural richness of the Boeotian soil thus
+supplies them with ample crops. But it is strange to think how
+impossible it is, even in these rich and favoured plains, to induce
+a fuller population.</q><note place="foot">Mahaffy, <hi rend='italic'>Rambles in
+Greece</hi>, 3rd ed. p. 200.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+At Achmetaga, in Euboea,
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The folk pay for their houses a nominal rental of a bushel of
+wheat per annum, in order to secure the owner's proprietary claim,
+which would otherwise pass to the occupier by squatter's right
+after thirty years of unmolested occupation. They are at liberty
+to cultivate pretty well as much land as they care to, paying to the
+landlord one-third in kind.... The produce here is almost
+exclusively wheat or maize, but every family maintains a plot of
+vineyard for home consumption.</q><note place="foot">Rennell Rodd's
+<hi rend='italic'>Customs and Lore of Modern Greece</hi>, p. 58.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The gifts to the prince not actually food-rents
+for the land.</note>
+Whether the free tribesman ever looked upon the
+contribution he made to the maintenance of the
+princes, under whose protection he had the privilege
+of living, as a condition of tenure of his land, is open
+to doubt; but from the right to demand indiscriminate
+gifts, to confiscate or eject in case of refusal, it is
+only one step to the exaction of a regular food-rent as
+a return for the occupation of land.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.</head>
+
+<p>
+It may be useful here briefly to summarise the
+results of the inquiry of the last three sections into
+the relation of the ownership of land to the structure
+of society in Homer and in early times.
+</p>
+
+<pb n="121"/><anchor id="Pg121"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The chief's land apart from the tribesmen's.</note>
+the princes had their compact estates divided off
+from the other land of the community, so that a
+passer-by could point and say, <q>There is the king's
+τέμενος.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Od.</hi> vi. 293.</note>
+The ordinary tribesman on the other hand
+had a share in the common fields under cultivation,
+probably consisting of a number of scattered pieces of
+land lying mixed up with those of others, and therefore
+only referred to on the face of the land, under
+the comprehensive terms ἀγροὶ καὶ ἔργα
+ἀνθρώπων.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi> 259.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This share of the tribesman was, as in later times,
+called a κλῆρος, it being possible for a man to enjoy
+several such holdings and deserve the epithet
+πολύκληρος, whilst the lowest class of freemen consisted
+of those who possessed no land, under the
+ignominious title of ἄκληρος.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The land sustained the householder in his duties to other
+members and guests.</note>
+The κλῆρος, descending from father to son, was
+apparently connected with the οἶκος or household,
+and supplied its maintenance. The οἶκος grew fat or
+was consumed in accordance with the capacity of its
+head, and its continuity was regarded as a matter of the
+utmost importance. Its members were bound together
+at their ancestral hearth by mutual ties of common
+maintenance. The sanctity of thus sharing the same
+loaf extended also to guests, whose relations to their
+hosts might last for several generations. It is the
+necessity of supplying the οἶκος and its dependents
+with the means of sustenance and hospitality among
+a pastoral people gradually adapting themselves to
+agriculture, that regulates the tenure of land and the
+duties of the householder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The chief had the right to demand gifts from the people;</note>
+The power of the chieftain to draw upon the resources
+<pb n="122"/><anchor id="Pg122"/>
+of his people for the entertainment of his
+household and his guests by exactions payable in kind,
+supplemented by the power he also seems to have
+possessed to transfer at will the right of receiving
+these <q>gifts</q> to any one he chose, seems to contain
+the germs of the more complicated system of food-rents
+as a condition of land tenure, which is so important
+a feature of the Celtic tribal arrangements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">he had tribal right to a τέμενος, as the tribesman to
+a κλῆρος,</note>
+Inasmuch as the prince was a member of the tribe,
+he was entitled to an allotment in the land under
+cultivation, the very word κλῆρος implying the
+equal right of all members of the tribe to a share in
+the soil. But inasmuch as the prince possessed
+blood royal and claimed his descent from the very
+gods that the tribesmen worshipped, his dignity was
+above partaking with his tribesmen of a κλῆρος in
+the common fields. He was therefore allotted a
+τέμενος apart, and worthy of his divine parentage.
+Besides the bare single allotment of the τέμενος, land
+was set apart for him as a gift of honour by the
+people, from whom honour and gifts to their prince
+were due. Gifts in land formed a special mark of
+honour, and may at the same time have served
+another purpose from the giver's point of view by way
+of a permanent source of income or endowment, as it
+were, whereby the continuous exactions towards the
+maintenance of the prince from the lands of the
+people might tend to be alleviated. Thus much of
+power over the property of his inferiors he undoubtedly
+retained, and he probably cultivated what
+he liked of the outlying lands under his sway.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">but could not deprive the tribesman of his land.</note>
+But the evidence does not show that he ever had
+the right of coming between the οἶκος of his tribesmen
+<pb n="123"/><anchor id="Pg123"/>
+and their κλῆρος: the only means at his disposal
+of severing the link between the family and the
+land, were those employed by Ahab and Jezebel to
+acquire the <q>inheritance</q> of the ancestral vineyard of
+Naboth at Jezreel.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 8. Hesiod And His Κλήρος.</head>
+
+<p>
+In the time of Hesiod, the κλῆρος<note place="foot">The κλῆρος is spoken of as
+capable of good cultivation by means of a yoke of oxen.</note> could be sold in
+case of need and added to the possession of another.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Hesiod an immigrant: not a typical case of a family.</note>
+But the case of Hesiod is in itself somewhat
+exceptional. His father had fled from his own country
+by stress of poverty, and settled on the barren
+land of Askra in Boeotia, where he was allowed to
+acquire some land.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Works and Days</hi> 637.
+Possession of land would presuppose admission to full civic rights. <hi rend='italic'>V.
+supra</hi>, p. <ref target="Pg097">97</ref>.</note> He was therefore somewhat of a
+sojourner (the μετανάστης of Homer),<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Il.</hi> ix.
+648; xvi. 59.</note> and, true to the
+Homeric doctrine, was unencumbered by the claims of
+kindred. Hesiod contrasts the ready help of the
+neighbour with the perfunctory slowness of the
+kinsman, duty-bound. The neighbour, he says, is
+prompted by the need of mutual protection of
+material property, the kinsman stays to bind on his
+sandals and gird his loins for the labour he is forbidden
+to shirk.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>W. and D.</hi> 345 &amp;c. γείτονες
+ἄζωστοι ἔκιον, ζώσαντο δὲ πηοί.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hesiod and his brother Perses had divided the
+κλῆρος of their father into two, and lived apart.
+Perses had squandered his half, and spent his time
+<pb n="124"/><anchor id="Pg124"/>
+and his livelihood in the gay life of the town, but
+none the less seems to have expected to be allowed to
+draw still further on the resources of the paternal
+property, to the distress of his industrious brother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hesiod does not contemplate any possible means
+of making a living other than by tilling the soil;
+and his quaint ideas may be taken as typical of the
+small Boeotian peasant-farmer, allowance being
+made for the short time that his family had held land
+at Askra.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Land was in theory inalienable from the family.</note>
+In later Greek writers it is several times stated that
+the κλῆροι or ἀρχαῖαι μοῖραι were inalienable. Yet
+all remark to what a deplorable extent the alienation
+and accumulation of land into few hands had been
+carried. Aristotle comments on the excellence of the
+ancient law, at one time prevalent in many cities,
+against the sale of the original κλῆροι, and the good
+purpose therein of making every one cultivate his own
+moderate-sized holding.<note place="foot">Arist. <hi rend='italic'>Pol.</hi>
+VIII. ii. 5. ἦν δὲ τό γε ἀρχαῖον ἐν πολλαῖς πόλεσι νενομοθετημένον μηδὲ πωλεῖν ἐχεῖναι
+τοὺς πρώτους κλήρους; ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὅν λέγουσι Ὀξύλου νόμον εἶναι
+τοιοῦτόν τι δυνάμενος, τὸ μὴ δανείζειν εἴς τι μέρος τῆς ὑπαρχούσης
+ἑκάστῳ γῆς. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Id.</hi> iv. 4 ὥσπερ ἐν Λοκροῖς νόμος ἐστὶ μὴ
+πωλεῖν.... ἔτι δὲ τοὺς παλαιοὺς κλήρους διασῴζειν.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Innumerable passages could be quoted from the
+speeches of Isaeus, referring to the law that forbade
+any one to alienate by will his landed estate from his
+lawful sons. Plato warns his friends that buying
+and selling is desecration to the god-given
+κλῆρος.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 741.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="125"/><anchor id="Pg125"/>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Now I, as the legislator, regard you and your possessions, not
+as belonging to yourselves, but as belonging to your whole family,
+both past and present.</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 923.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Plutarch and Heraclides say that the same law
+against the sale of the κλῆρος existed anciently at
+Sparta.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">In Sparta child must be accepted by its father's
+tribesmen,</note>
+Plutarch's evidence, late as it is, of the ancient
+customs among the Spartans is worthy of further
+consideration.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In his <hi rend='italic'>Life of Agis</hi> he states that the κλῆρος
+passed in succession from father to son&mdash;ἐν διαδοχαῖς
+πατρὸς παιδὶ τὸν κλῆρον ἀπολείποντος&mdash;until the
+Peloponnesian war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In his <hi rend='italic'>Life of Lycurgus</hi> he says that&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>When a child was born, the father was not entitled to maintain
+it (τρέφειν), but he took and carried it to a place called
+<q>lesche,</q> where the <emph>elders of his tribesmen</emph> were sitting, who, if they
+found the child pretty well grown and healthy, ordered its maintenance
+(τρέφειν), allotting to it one of the 9,000 kleroi (κλήρων
+αὐτῷ τῶν ἐνακισχιλίων
+προσνείμαντες).</q><note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Lycurg.</hi> xvi.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+Elsewhere in Greece at the introduction of the
+new-born child to the relations and friends a few
+days after its birth, symbolical gifts of food were
+made as the child was carried round the hearth.<note place="foot">Suidas; and
+Harpocration <hi rend='italic'>s.v.</hi> ἀμφιδρόμια:&mdash;Λυσίας ἐν τῷ περὶ
+τῆς ἀμβλώσεωσ, εἰ γνήσιος ὁ λόγος. ἡμέρα τις ἤγετο ἐπὶ τοῖς νεογνοῖς
+παιδίοις, ἐν ᾗ τὸ βρέφος περὶ τὴν ἑστίαν ἔφερον τρέχοντες, καὶ ὑπὸ
+τῶν οἰκείων καὶ φίλων πουλύποδας καὶ σηπίας ἐλάμβανον. Octopus is
+still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">who decided as to its maintenance.</note>
+The important part of this ceremony at Sparta,
+described by Plutarch, seems to be the introduction
+of the infant to the elders of the tribe, and the recognition
+by them of its right to maintenance, if it
+<pb n="126"/><anchor id="Pg126"/>
+appeared to them physically worthy of admission
+to the tribe. It cannot be supposed that Plutarch
+believed that vacant κλῆροι escheated, so to speak,
+to the community, because he elsewhere describes
+the lamentable tendency of estates to get into few
+hands, which the community would in that case
+surely have been able somewhat to prevent. Nor is
+it likely that a κλῆρος was actually set apart for the
+maintenance of each infant, who was apparently still
+nourished in its father's house until seven years old,
+when its education and occupations were regulated by
+the State.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Reading this passage with the other in the <hi rend='italic'>Life
+of Agis</hi>, a natural inference is, that the child's right
+to succeed to the property of his father only was
+thereby assured to him by the elders, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the right
+on his attaining manhood to enjoy the possession
+of land. This is the view taken by M. de
+Coulanges;<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Nouvelles Recherches</hi>, 1891, p.
+63.</note> but surely there is more underlying the account of
+the ceremony. What actually took place with regard
+to the allotment of a κλῆρος to the infant member of
+the tribe, cannot be decided here. The State at
+Sparta undertook to educate all her sons after a certain
+age, and gave the parent no further rights over
+the child. Is there in this ceremony a transfer of
+the claim for maintenance from against the head of
+the household to the larger unit represented by the
+elders of the tribe, irrespective of the inheritance
+of the son from his father?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It would be necessary for the adult Spartan citizen,
+of the class of ὁμοιοι at any rate, to have a right to the
+<pb n="127"/><anchor id="Pg127"/>
+produce of some land, as otherwise it is difficult to
+see how he could contribute the necessary provisions
+that formed his share of maintenance at the joint
+table of his <hi rend='italic'>syssition</hi>; unless indeed he drew his
+allowance from his father's estate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Maintenance derived from the κλῆρος.</note>
+In any case the idea of the dependence of a
+member of the tribe for sustenance upon his right
+to a κλῆρος is striking; and at the same time the
+evidence goes to show that his maintenance was a
+claim upon a group of kinsmen at Sparta, comprising
+more than the nearest relations, and was recognised
+as such by them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The family bound to their land at Athens;</note>
+The link that bound the cultivators to their land
+was so strong in early times at Athens, that mortgages
+could apparently not be paid off by mere
+transfer of the land itself; but the whole family of
+the debtor went with their mortgaged property and
+became enslaved to the creditor, having in future to
+work the land for him at a fixed charge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This was the state of affairs that Solon set himself
+to mend, and it is instructive that the method, he
+seems to have chosen, was to loosen the tie between
+the owner and his land, and, by facilitating the
+transfer of land from one to another, to obviate the
+necessity of taking the debtor's person with his
+family into slavery on account of the debt.<note place="foot">Arist.
+<hi rend='italic'>Pol. Ath.</hi> 2 and 5.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nevertheless, in spite of the radical legislation of
+Solon, the sentiment that bound the family to the
+soil remained long after his time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">and in Lokris.</note>
+Besides the prohibition to sell the family land
+which Aristotle speaks of as prevailing in Lokris, the
+<pb n="128"/><anchor id="Pg128"/>
+Hypoknemidian Lokrians insisted on actual residence
+on that land in the case of their colony at Naupaktos.
+Though unable apparently wholly to forbid the participation
+of the colonists in the ancestral rites of
+their kin in Lokris, they took advantage of the prevailing
+sentiment with regard to the permanence of
+the family, and insisted that the continuance of the
+hearth of the colonist at Naupaktos should at any
+rate be considered of equal importance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to an inscription of the fifth century
+<hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>The colonist has the right to return to Lokris and sacrifice
+with his γένος both in the rites of his δᾶμος and his φοίνανοι for
+ever. He can only return permanently without paying the re-establishment
+tax if he has left ἐν τᾷ ἱστίᾳ at Naupaktos a grown-up
+son or a brother. If a γένος of the colonists is left without a
+representative (ἐχέπαμον) ἐν τᾷ ἱστίᾳ, the nearest of kin (ἐπάγχιστος)
+in Lokris shall take the property, provided he go himself, be he
+man or boy, within three months to Naupaktos. A colonist can
+inherit his share of his Lokrian father's or brother's property....</q>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>If a magistrate deals unfairly and refuses justice, he shall be
+ἄτιμος and shall lose his μέρος μετὰ οἰκιατᾶν.</q><note place="foot">Dareste,
+&amp;c, <hi rend='italic'>Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr.</hi> xi.</note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">But heirs at Athens also must first be
+accepted by group of kinsmen.</note>
+Though the sale of estates could be effected at
+Athens in the fourth century <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>, yet, when the
+owner died without having sold, the succession
+was regulated by the ancient custom. If there were
+legitimate children, the inheritance to the land could
+not be diverted from them, even by will;<note place="foot">Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42;
+vi. 48.</note> provided
+only that the children had gone through the ceremony
+of being accepted and enrolled by the phratria. If
+the descendant had neglected this formality, and had
+failed to be recognised as a legal member of the kindred
+<pb n="129"/><anchor id="Pg129"/>
+or clan, he or she lost all rights to the property,
+which went to the devisee or next of kin.<note place="foot">Isaeus, iii. 73 and
+80.</note> The right to possess land was thus at Athens, as at Sparta,
+intimately connected with the tribal organisation;
+and the claim for maintenance from the paternal
+estate could only lie, after full acknowledgment of the
+necessary qualification had been granted by the larger
+unit of relationship.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<head>§ 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To
+Leasehold And Semi-Servile Tenure.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Further application of the idea of family land.</note>
+Attention has been drawn to the reciprocal relations
+that existed between the family and its land,
+and their inseparability in the minds and phraseology
+of the Greeks at different times. There is a further
+development however arising from this point of view,
+without some notice of which the subject of the tenure
+of the κλῆρος would be incomplete, and which serves to
+confirm the method with which this subject has been
+treated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Though alike in their estimation of the possession
+of land as a means of livelihood and for the accumulation
+of wealth, the Greeks had very different views
+with respect to the place of agriculture as a worthy
+occupation for a citizen. Sparta regarded it as
+entirely beneath the dignity of her sons and forbade
+their personal application to the cultivation of their
+κλῆροι. There was at Athens, on the other hand, a
+large class of citizens whose energies were entirely
+devoted to the production of fruits of the earth, whilst
+<pb n="130"/><anchor id="Pg130"/>
+the life of a country gentleman, combined with that
+of the farmer, was by no means despicable in their
+eyes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Two methods of occupation of land: (1) by owner
+himself; (2) by subject population.</note>
+There were mainly two methods of enjoying the
+possession of a landed estate. Either the land was
+cultivated by the owner himself with the help of
+bought slaves or hired servants, few or many, as described
+in Hesiod and the <hi rend='italic'>Oeconomics</hi> of
+Xenophon;<note place="foot">Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Thuc.</hi> ii. 16 for Attica.
+Such are the numerous small farmers who appear in the plays
+of Aristophanes.</note>
+or the owner resided in the city or a neighbouring
+town, and the land was tilled by aliens or serfs
+(called sometimes κλαρῶται), like the Helots of Sparta,
+who paid an annual contribution from the produce
+to their landlord. The serf was often attached hereditarily
+to the soil in the sense of being unable to
+give up his holding, but also had certain rights as
+against his master, both in the matter of his own
+possessions and in that he could not be sold out of
+the country.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Athen.</hi> vi. 85. Βοιωτῶν
+(φησὶν Ἀρχέμαχος) τῶν τὴν Ἀρναίαν κατοικισάντων οἱ μὴ ἀπάραντες εἰς
+τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐμφιλοχωρήσαντες παρέδωκαν ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς Θετταλοῖς
+δουλεύειν καθ᾽ ὁμολογίας, ἐφ᾽ ῴ οὔτε ἐξάξουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς χώρας οὔτε
+ἀποκτενοῦσιν, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὴν χώραν αὐτοῖς ἐργαζόμενοι τὰς συντάξεις
+ἀποδώσουσιν. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi> Strabo, xii. 3, 4.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">At Gortyn on extinction of citizen-family the κλαρῶται
+inherited.</note>
+There is a passage in the Gortyn Laws that
+states:&mdash;that if there are no rightful successors to
+inherit the property of a deceased Gortynian, his
+household's κλῆρος, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the persons composing it,
+shall inherit his property. That is to say, if a
+Gortynian family died out and no legal representative
+could be found, their proprietary rights were extinguished
+and the κλαρῶται who lived upon the land took
+all their property. This provision favours the idea
+<pb n="131"/><anchor id="Pg131"/>
+that at Gortyn also the citizen-population came of a
+race of conquerors, who were not exactly looked upon
+as ground landlords upon whose land a subject family
+was settled or had been allowed to remain, but that,
+whilst the relation of the κλαρῶται to their land was
+of the closest if not an absolute bondage to the soil,
+the proprietary rights of their superiors and masters
+consisted of the conqueror's overlordship and the
+power to derive their maintenance from the joint
+produce of their serfs' labour and the land.<note place="foot"><p>Gortyn. v. 25.
+αἱ δὲ μὴ εἶεν ἐπιβάλλοντες τᾶς ϝοικίας οἵτινες κ᾽
+ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος, τούτονς ἔκεν τὰ κρήματα. The words τᾶς ϝοικίας
+should be taken with οἵτινες, &amp;c, rather than with the preceding
+words. οἵτινες κ᾽ ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος is equivalent to οἱ κλαρῶται.
+</p>
+<p>
+See Dareste, &amp;c, <hi rend='italic'>Inscript.
+Jurid. Gr.</hi> p. 463.
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This comprehensive use of the word κλῆρος, as
+meaning both the allotment of land and the family
+who were bound to occupy it, whose labour also
+created its value to its lord and master, is quite
+consistent with the use of the word in reference to
+the holdings of the Spartan citizens. The allotment
+of a κλῆρος at Sparta evidently meant also a transference
+of rights over the Helots that worked it; and
+even if this further implication was not actually
+included in the meaning of the word, it was so
+inseparable in thought that no explanation was
+necessary of the composite significance of the allotment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Similar twofold tenure in the Athenian κληρουχίαι.</note>
+The Athenians in their κληρουχίαι seem instinctively
+to have combined these two methods of agriculture.
+The κληροῦχοι were not colonists, who became citizens
+of a new city, but they remained citizens of Athens,
+holding however their κλῆροι in a remote district.
+<pb n="132"/><anchor id="Pg132"/>
+But the chief feature of this method of landholding
+was that the owner, though remaining a citizen of
+Athens and liable to the same claims from the mother
+city in respect of military service, &amp;c, as before, was
+yet supposed to reside in the neighbourhood of his
+new κλῆρος. This was the case, even when the land
+itself was left in the hands of the conquered population
+at a fixed annual charge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Examples in Salamis,</note>
+An inscription found on the Acropolis of Athens,
+and relating to some date about 560 or 570 B.C.,
+defines the legal status of the first κληροῦχοι sent to
+Salamis. They were assimilated to Athenian citizens
+as to taxes and military service; but they must
+reside on their land under pain of an absentee's tax
+to the State.<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Mittheil. Inst. Ath.</hi> ix. p.
+117. The original number of κληροῦχοι in this case was apparently
+five hundred.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">in Lesbos,</note>
+In the year 427 B.C. the Athenians conquered
+the island of Lesbos. They imposed no tribute on
+the subjugated islanders, but, making the land into
+three thousand κλῆροι <q>except the Methymnian land,</q>
+they first set apart three hundred κλῆροι as sacred to
+the gods, and on to the others they sent off κληροῦχοι
+chosen by lot from themselves; to these the
+Lesbians paid annually for each κλῆροι two minae,
+and <emph>themselves worked the land</emph>.<note place="foot">Thuc. iii. 50.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to the account of Aelian, the same
+method of procedure was adopted after the conquest
+of Euboea in about 510 B.C. The Athenians, having
+conquered the Chalkidians, apportioned their land to
+κληροῦχοι<note place="foot">κατεκληρούχησαν.</note>
+in two thousand κλῆροι, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the country
+<pb n="133"/><anchor id="Pg133"/>
+called Hippobotos; and, setting aside τεμένη to Athena
+in the place called Lelantos, they let out<note place="foot">ἐμίσθωσαν.</note> the rest
+according to the pillars that stand in the King's
+Stoa, which thus bear record of the leases.<note place="foot">Aelian,
+<hi rend='italic'>V. II.</hi> vi. I. <hi rend='italic'>Cf.</hi>
+Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Each κλῆρος therefore supported two families.</note>
+The holding of each κληροῦχος may have varied
+in size according to the character of the soil and
+features of the country; but it may safely be
+asserted that it must have been of sufficient dimensions,
+not only to provide subsistence for the native
+population left on the soil, but also to pay a
+considerable portion towards the keep of the
+κληροῦχος himself, during his enforced residence in
+the conquered country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The class of citizen from amongst whom the κληροῦχοι
+were chosen by lot, did not consist of families
+with much property in Athens.<note place="foot">Smith's <hi rend='italic'>Dicty. of
+Antiquities</hi>, s.v. <hi rend='italic'>colonia</hi>.</note> Younger sons
+without occupation, whom their fathers had not been
+quite callous enough to <q>expose</q> in infancy,<note place="foot">Bekker,
+<hi rend='italic'>Charicles</hi>, p. 218.</note> and
+restless individuals without property in the mother
+country, would be most likely to offer themselves.
+And to such the two minae per annum, paid by the
+Lesbians from the produce of each κλῆρος, would
+appear a reasonable if not a sumptuous provision of
+livelihood. There were a hundred drachmae in the
+mina, and if it is true, as asserted by Plutarch,<note place="foot">Ridgeway,
+<hi rend='italic'>Origin of Currency</hi>, &amp;c., p. 324.</note> that
+in the time of Solon one drachma was the price of a
+sheep, a yearly income of two hundred sheep, or
+their equivalent, would be forthcoming to each
+<pb n="134"/><anchor id="Pg134"/>
+κληροῦχος&mdash;surely a considerable contribution to the
+maintenance of his family.<note place="foot">The ordinary Athenian dicast
+is supposed to have subsisted largely upon his pay of three
+obols or a half-drachma <hi rend='italic'>per diem</hi>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Under these circumstances each κλῆρος served to
+provide maintenance for two households&mdash;both of
+whom had hereditary rights therein, though themselves
+in different strata of society. Both households
+also were in a sort attached to the soil, the one in
+practical bondage, the other bound by law to reside
+in the country wherein lay its substance, and (if we
+may use the common expression of the Welsh Laws)
+its privilege.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The same double ownership in leases <q>for ever.</q></note>
+This double and continuous ownership was not
+confined to the semi-servile tenure of lands annexed
+by Athenian conquests.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Leases to be handed down from father to son
+<emph>for ever</emph>&mdash;τὸν πάντα χρόνον&mdash;subject of course to the
+regular payment of the rent, seem to have been
+quite usual.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What is said to be the oldest Greek contract we
+have, is of this nature.<note place="foot">Dareste, &amp;c, <hi rend='italic'>Recueil
+Inscr. Grec.</hi> p. 256 xiii.</note> It was found in Elis at
+Olympia, and runs as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<q>Contract with Theron and Aichmanor with regard to the land
+in Salamona of eighteen plethra. Rent, twenty-two manasioi of
+barley in the month Alphioios; if he omits, let them pay double.
+<emph>They shall hold for ever.</emph></q><note place="foot"><p>Cauer,
+<hi rend='italic'>Delectus</hi>, § 263.
+</p>
+<p>
+Συνθέκα[ι] Θέρον[ι κ]αἰχμάνορι
+πὰρ τᾶρ γᾶρ τᾶρ ἐν Σαλαμόναι, πλέθρον
+ὀπτὸ καὶ δέκα. Φάρεν κριθᾶν
+μανασίος δύο ταὶ ϝίκατι Ἀλφιόιο
+μενόρ; αἰ δὲ λίποι, λυσάστο τό
+διφυίο. Πεπάστο τόν πάντα χρόνον.
+</p></note>
+</quote>
+
+<p>
+There is an instance of a proprietor of land at
+Mylasa, in Karia, deliberately selling his estates to a
+<pb n="135"/><anchor id="Pg135"/>
+sacred community for the benefit of the god, and
+receiving them again (like the Roman <hi rend='italic'>precaria</hi>) from
+the trustees on perpetual lease&mdash;εἰς πατρικά&mdash;as the
+patrimonial substance of his family, for himself and
+his issue or whosoever should take inheritance from
+him. He thus obtained a money value down in
+return for his property, but bound himself and his
+descendants to an annual rent of so many drachmae,
+to form part of the revenues of the god. Moreover
+his <q>family-land</q> in this case was apparently more
+inalienable now than before; for he might neither
+divide the land henceforth, nor share the responsibility
+for the rent with another.<note place="foot"><p>Dareste, &amp;c,
+<hi rend='italic'>Inscr. Jurid. Grec.</hi> xiii. quater. (Mylasa in
+Karia. Second century <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>)
+<hi rend='italic'>summarised:</hi>&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+A. The tribe (φυλή) of the
+Otorkondeis at the advice of their
+treasurers and led by the priest of
+Artemis, decide to purchase from
+Thraseas, son of Polites son of
+Melas of Grab ... and adopted
+son of Heracleitos son of Heracleides
+of Ogonda, lands (γέας) in the
+Ombian plain with the sixty-two
+ranks of vines, three olive trees,
+and all the other trees without
+reserve, also lands elsewhere with
+the trees without reserve for 5,000
+drachmae of light Rhodian silver,
+provided that Thraseas has the
+sale registered with sureties.
+Moreover, Thraseas coming to the
+ekklesia declared that he was ready
+to manage these things: and the
+sale having taken place of the said
+(properties) to the trustees in the
+name of the god. Thraseas himself
+then and there took on lease
+all the said (properties) from
+the treasurers of the tribe: and
+he shall hold them (εἰς πατρικά)
+for his patrimony, himself and his
+issue or those to whomsoever the
+inheritance of his goods passes,
+and he shall pay annually to the
+treasurers of the tribe 100 and ...
+drachmae, without fail or fraud.
+</p>
+<p>
+B. ... all the land and trees
+which Thraseas has bought from
+Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios
+of Ketambissos, without exception
+in these places either in the
+matter of the share he took in the
+division with his brother or of
+what he bought from Artemisia, all
+for 7,000 drachmae of light silver
+of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas
+register the sale and give sureties.
+And coming before the ekklesia
+Thraseas declared that he was
+prepared to manage this; and the
+sale of the foregoing having taken
+place to the trustees in the name
+of the god, Thraseas himself then
+and there took on lease all the
+foregoing from the treasurers of
+the tribe: and he shall hold them
+(εἰς πατρικά) for his patrimony,
+himself and his issue or those to
+whom the inheritance passes, and
+he shall pay annually to the treasurers
+of the tribe 300 drachmae.
+</p>
+<p>
+The rent forms part of the
+revenues of the god. If Thraseas
+gets more than two years in arrear,
+the contract is annulled.
+</p>
+<p>
+He shall not divide the land or
+share the rent (οὐ παραχωρήσει δὲ
+Θρασέας ἑτέρῳ οὐδενὶ.... καταμερίζων
+τὰς γέας οὐδὲ καταδιελεῖ τὸν
+φόρον).
+</p></note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="136"/><anchor id="Pg136"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Perhaps due to the prevailing idea of the
+family as a continuing unit.</note>
+Do not these instances show that even leases were
+included in the same category with actual ownership
+of land, being embraced within the characteristic idea
+that the land that contributed to the maintenance of
+the family and had come to be regarded almost as
+giving that family its social if not its political status,
+should descend unintermittently from generation to
+generation in that family, though its occupation was
+subject to providing support likewise to a superior
+owner and his family, whose descendants in their turn
+also would demand their share in the produce?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Is the conclusion justified that the basis of this
+indomitable feeling was that the peculiar view of the
+family, as consisting of a long line of past and future
+representatives, precluded the individual, who happened
+to be the living representative at any given
+time, from taking an irresponsible position as absolute
+master of the property, upon which his family had
+been, was, and would be dependent?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="137"/><anchor id="Pg137"/>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Chapter V. Conclusion.</head>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">No final word can yet be said.</note>
+In weighing the results of this essay, it
+would be absurd to pretend that anything of the
+nature of a last word can be said on the subject.
+The process of the early development of Greek
+society cannot be ascertained merely from the study
+of a few survivals in historic times. The comparative
+method must be carried much further
+than has been attempted here, before the secrets of
+antiquity can be laid bare and an authoritative
+statement made.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There would seem, however, to be at any rate
+some points, of those that have come under notice,
+worthy of further investigation, in so far as
+they indicate that Greek society was no isolated
+growth, but must be given a place in the general
+development of the systems of Europe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Explanation of the structure of the kindred to
+be found in the descent of city life from earlier stage of
+tribal society.</note>
+It is suggested that in the continuity of city life
+from an earlier stage of society under some form of
+the Tribal System, can be found the only natural
+explanation of the structure of the kindred at Athens
+in the fourth and fifth centuries <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi> Comparison
+<pb n="138"/><anchor id="Pg138"/>
+with the customs of other nations,&mdash;the Hindoos, the
+Welsh, and the Israelites, the last two being the most
+typical examples of peoples of which we have written
+records whilst still living under the tribal system&mdash;has
+shown remarkable analogies in the organisation of
+their inner society.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Similarity between the bond of tribal blood and
+that of citizenship.</note>
+The actual similarity in the sentiment which surrounded
+the possession of the privileges of tribal
+blood and the title to citizenship at Athens, can
+hardly be exaggerated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">The threefold bond:&mdash;</note>
+The foundation of the bond in either case has a
+threefold aspect. The bond is one of blood, of
+religion, and of maintenance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">(1) the bond of blood;</note>
+The qualification for citizenship, as much as for
+the tribal privilege, was a question of parentage;
+and the citizen equally inherited, with his blood,
+responsibilities towards the community into which
+he was born, as to a larger kindred.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">(2) the bond of religion;</note>
+Membership of the tribe or of the city was the
+only qualification, that admitted to the privilege and
+duty of partaking in the public religious observances.
+Tribesmen and citizens, by virtue of their privilege,
+shared in the worship of the greater gods, of Hestia
+in the Prytaneum, of Zeus Agoraios, and of the
+Heroes or special guardians of their community;
+in like manner as the member of the smaller group
+of a kindred, by virtue of his blood, shared in the
+worship of the Apollo Patroïos, the Zeus Herkeios or
+Ktesios, and the heroes or ancestors of his family.
+Inasmuch as citizenship depended upon purity of
+descent, the possession of the latter qualification
+carried with it the right to share in the greater
+ceremonies. But the converse was equally stringent,
+<pb n="139"/><anchor id="Pg139"/>
+in that the possession of shrines of Apollo Patroïos
+and Zeus Herkeios was impossible, unless the family
+was one of those who had for many generations been
+recognised as belonging to the true stock of the
+community.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">(3) the bond of maintenance.</note>
+Inasmuch as the worship of private or public
+gods consisted mainly of offerings of food, of beasts
+or produce of the earth, and wine, every tribesman
+or citizen must have had the means of providing his
+share in the offerings, besides supporting himself and
+his family. Those devoted to handicraft or merchandise
+were often despised by the regular tribesman or
+citizen, and sometimes therefore formed separate clans
+by themselves, like the smiths in Arabia. It is not
+surprising, therefore, to find that the membership of
+the tribe or city should have carried with it the right
+to the possession of some portion of the arable land
+and of the pasture, upon which all were regarded as
+being dependent. In this way the possession of land
+was intimately related to the status and the duties
+of the owner. It was the visible mark of his full
+tribal privilege, and was the practical means of his
+fulfilling his duty towards his fellows and the public
+religion, as well as to the needs of his ancestors and
+household. It seems also to have been believed
+that, in partaking of the hospitality or sharing in
+the sacrificial feast of any family, a bond was for
+the time being created which was in most respects
+practically equivalent to relationship by blood to
+the members of that family.<note place="foot">Robertson Smith
+(<hi rend='italic'>The Religion of the Semites</hi>) holds that the
+object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship
+between the deity and the worshippers.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n="140"/><anchor id="Pg140"/>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Many tribal customs survived in the
+kindred and the household.</note>
+Apart from the tribal character of the qualification
+for citizenship, the most conservative organisation
+wherein had been stereotyped the most precious of
+tribal customs, was that of the kindred.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is suggested that the vitality of the customs
+surrounding the bond of family relationship was due
+to the importance attached to the religious and social
+functions incumbent on all members of a household
+united by kindred blood. The actions of the individual
+members were constrained by their weighty
+responsibilities towards the continuance and prosperity
+of the composite household, in which they moved, and
+apart from which their existence could not but be
+altogether incomplete.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The worship of ancestors occupied a prominent
+place in the needs of the Athenian household, and, no
+doubt, had a corresponding influence in the preservation
+of its unity. The same of course cannot be
+said for Wales, where Christianity had replaced, in the
+records at any rate, whatever religious beliefs may
+have existed earlier. But the grouping of the kindred
+according to grades of relationship was adhered to by
+the Welsh as an intrinsic part of their very conception
+of a kindred; and this would point to the conclusion
+that such subdivisions were due to wider needs than
+can be found in any particular form of religious
+belief or worship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">But these survivals mostly found in post-Homeric records.</note>
+If, as has been suggested, in adhering to these
+customs, the Greeks were still treading in the tracks
+of their tribal ancestors, how is it that the most
+convincing evidence comes from as late as the fifth
+and fourth centuries <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi> and mainly from the most
+highly civilised of the cities of Greece?
+</p>
+
+<pb n="141"/><anchor id="Pg141"/>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> and the <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> may perhaps be
+trusted as truly portraying, so far as they go, the
+manners and customs of the great period of Achaian
+civilisation, known as Mycenean, which may be said
+to have culminated just before the Dorian invasion.
+Whence then came the public recognition of those
+household ceremonies of ancestor-worship, which filled
+such a large place in the life of the Athenian citizen,
+and which, it has been suggested, were consciously
+or unconsciously slurred over by the Homeric
+poets?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">They perhaps belonged to the pre-Achaian inhabitants
+of Greece.</note>
+Mr. Walter Leaf has already found an answer to
+this question,<note place="foot"><hi rend='italic'>Companion to the Iliad</hi>, pp.
+6-7.</note> viz. that these ceremonies were the
+long cherished customs of the ancient Ionian or
+Pelasgian inhabitants of Greece, who had formed the
+substratum of society under Achaian rule, and who
+only came into prominence on the removal of their
+superiors at the time of the Dorian invasion. And
+this continuity, underlying the superficial rule of the
+Achaians, seems to be borne out by recent research
+and discovery.<note place="foot">Since the foregoing chapters
+were in print, I have had the benefit of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde's
+admirable work, entitled <hi rend='italic'>Psyche</hi>
+(Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes
+had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being
+buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground,
+death made no break in the membership of the family. And he
+claims that the <hi rend='italic'>Seelencult</hi> or ancestor-worship
+of the later Greeks must have been continuous from
+pre-Homeric times.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Athenians always boasted their Ionian descent,
+and may well have inherited their habits with the
+traditions of their origin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">But many were probably of wider parentage.</note>
+But the customs reviewed in the foregoing
+<pb n="142"/><anchor id="Pg142"/>
+pages seem to have a wider parentage than
+can be attributed to the Pelasgians alone. Spartan
+customs at any rate cannot thus be accounted
+for.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Comparison with the history of the Jews.</note>
+In the course of argument reference has often
+been made to the Jewish records in the Books of the
+Old Testament, and indeed a remarkable parallel is
+presented in the history of the two peoples. Both
+peoples apparently reached their greatest period
+about the same time. The reign of Solomon with
+its gold and costly workmanship must have resembled
+that of the Mycenean kings in more than similarity
+of date, and outward splendour. Taking Homer
+again as the courtly chronicler of the Achaian age of
+gold, the Books of the Kings of both peoples are
+curiously conscious of their former tribal conditions,
+through which they easily trace back to the very
+fountain-head of their race.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">Reaction in times of distress to earlier tribal
+habits by the Jews, and perhaps by the Achaians.</note>
+In the period of the decay of the Jewish people
+under the stress of invasion by foreign kings, strenuous
+efforts were made by their prophet leaders to
+purge them from the alien blood and alien influences
+contracted in the careless days of their prosperity.
+Their aim was to restore once more those strict tribal
+habits which had served them so well at the time of
+their own victorious invasion, and which still lay dormant
+in their constitution. In similar wise, the period
+of Achaian prosperity seems to have been followed by
+a rise into prominence at any rate, if not an actual
+resuscitation, of old tribal customs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">These tribal habits probably only dormant
+throughout and common to all Greeks,</note>
+The actual traces of tribal institutions in Homer
+need not be underrated. There is much that is of a
+tribal character in the Homeric chieftain in his relations
+<pb n="143"/><anchor id="Pg143"/>
+to his tribesmen and to their gods. Survivals
+of tribal custom may also be seen in the reverence
+for the guest, and the sacredness of the bond of
+hospitality lasting as it did for generations; and in
+the blood-feud with its deadly consequences, especially
+when occurring within the tribe or kindred. Indeed
+if only the Pentateuch of the Achaians could be found
+in the ruins of Mycenae and added to the Homeric
+Book of the Kings, would it not then probably be
+evident that there was much more of a tribal nature
+in the organisation of the kindreds of the Achaians
+and surviving throughout the whole period of their
+splendour than the aristocratic poets of the Homeric
+schools allowed themselves to record?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<note place="margin">if not practically even to all tribal systems.</note>
+Although therefore nearly all our evidence of the
+internal structure of the kindred among the Greeks
+dates from the fifth century <hi rend="smallcaps">B.C.</hi>, the ἀγχιστεία at
+Athens must not be put down as belonging merely to
+that period. In the light of the close analogies to
+be found in the structure of other tribal systems,
+it is probable that such subdivisions of the kindred
+belong to an extremely early period in the history
+of the Greeks, whether as Achaians or Ionians or
+Dorians. Are they not indeed necessary features of
+tribal society itself wherever it is examined?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<pb n="145"/><anchor id="Pg145"/>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc"/>
+<index index="pdf"/>
+<head>Index.</head>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Adoption, object of, <ref target="Pg035">35</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">out of unfortunate home, <ref target="Pg036">36</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">ceremony of, <ref target="Pg036">36-7</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Agora</hi>, <ref target="Pg002">2</ref>, <ref target="Pg003">3</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-angisteia"/>
+<l>ἀγχιστεία, <ref target="Pg032">32</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">its meaning, <ref target="Pg055">55</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">its limits, <ref target="Pg058">58-9</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">all within it liable for bloodshed, <ref target="Pg075">75</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">its tribal origin, <ref target="Pg143">143</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ancestor-worship, <ref target="Pg010">10</ref>, <ref target="Pg140">140</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Homer, <ref target="Pg005">5</ref>, <ref target="Pg007">7</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Israel, <ref target="Pg008">8</ref>, <ref target="Pg009">9</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Egypt, <ref target="Pg011">11</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">pre-Homeric, <ref target="Pg141">141</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ἀνεψιός see <ref target="index-angisteia">ἀγχιστεία</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>βασιλεύς, one of a class, <ref target="Pg107">107</ref>, <ref target="Pg114">114</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">honoured like a god, <ref target="Pg105">105-6</ref>, <ref target="Pg122">122</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">owned τέμενος, <ref target="Pg102">102</ref>, <ref target="Pg106">106</ref>, <ref target="Pg122">122</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">influenced the seasons, <ref target="Pg105">105</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">over-lordship not altogether hereditary, <ref target="Pg107">107</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">levied maintenance on their people, <ref target="Pg115">115</ref>, <ref target="Pg122">122</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Solomon, <ref target="Pg116">116</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">household βασιλεύς <ref target="Pg092">92</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Bastard, no place in family, <ref target="Pg095">95-6</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">allotment or gift for his maintenance, <ref target="Pg095">95-6</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Blood, as basis of family, <ref target="Pg013">13</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of tribe, &amp;c., <ref target="Pg004">4-5</ref>, <ref target="Pg138">138</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">its purity jealously guarded, <ref target="Pg067">67</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">acquisition of, <ref target="Pg068">68</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Blood-fine, not within the tribe or kindred, <ref target="Pg042">42-4</ref>, <ref target="Pg077">77</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Wales, the <hi rend='italic'>galanas</hi>, <ref target="Pg078">78</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">paid by whole family, <ref target="Pg079">79</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Bloodshed, responsibility for, <ref target="Pg042">42</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">rested on ἀγχιστεία, <ref target="Pg075">75</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">within the kindred, <ref target="Pg044">44</ref>, <ref target="Pg077">77</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-citizenship"/>
+<l>Citizenship, admission to, <ref target="Pg071">71</ref>, <ref target="Pg096">96</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">qualification for, by three descents, <ref target="Pg073">73</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">basis of, <ref target="Pg138">138</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">confirmed to son of stranger, <ref target="Pg071">71</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ἔγκτησις, grant of, to new citizen, <ref target="Pg097">97</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi>; <ref target="Pg123">123</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>ἐπίκληρος, succession found through her, <ref target="Pg023">23</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">she must marry next-of-kin, <ref target="Pg023">23-7</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Gortyn laws, <ref target="Pg026">26</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">where more than one, <ref target="Pg026">26</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">inherited for her issue, <ref target="Pg028">28</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ruth as, <ref target="Pg031">31</ref>, <ref target="Pg034">34</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">had right of maintenance from property, <ref target="Pg023">23-4</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Family (<hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target="index-oikos">οἶκος</ref>), bound to the land, <ref target="Pg127">127</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">family estate in Santa Maura, <ref target="Pg086">86</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">head of family, <ref target="Pg091">91</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Funeral, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target="index-sacrifices">Sacrifices</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Gavelkind, in Kent, <ref target="Pg095">95</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-guest"/>
+<l>Guest, importance at sacrifice, <ref target="Pg099">99</ref>-100;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">hereditary guestship, <ref target="Pg110">110</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n="146"/><anchor id="Pg146"/>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hearth, <ref target="Pg003">3</ref>, <ref target="Pg004">4</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">as basis of the family, <ref target="Pg013">13</ref>, <ref target="Pg017">17</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Prytaneum, <ref target="Pg004">4</ref>, <ref target="Pg015">15</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">initiation of heir to, <ref target="Pg089">89</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-heir"/>
+<l>Heir, duties of, <ref target="Pg018">18-19</ref>, <ref target="Pg020">20</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">importance of male heir, <ref target="Pg021">21-3</ref>, <ref target="Pg098">98</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">daughter's son, <ref target="Pg023">23-7</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">always ranks as <emph>son</emph> of deceased, <ref target="Pg034">34</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, <ref target="Pg059">59</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">initiated to hearth, <ref target="Pg089">89</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">introduced to kindred, <ref target="Pg036">36</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">and to the deme, <ref target="Pg038">38-9</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">importance of introduction of, <ref target="Pg041">41</ref>, <ref target="Pg125">125-8</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">co-heir in Wales, <ref target="Pg051">51</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">law of succession, <ref target="Pg057">57</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">disinheritance, <ref target="Pg061">61</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">division among heirs, <ref target="Pg064">64</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, <ref target="Pg101">101</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ahab's 'inheritance' of Naboth's vineyard, <ref target="Pg114">114</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Hesiod, his κλῆρος, <ref target="Pg123">123</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the needs of a farmer, <ref target="Pg109">109</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Hestia</hi>, <ref target="Pg003">3</ref>, <ref target="Pg004">4</ref>, <ref target="Pg138">138</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">called <q>princess,</q> <ref target="Pg013">13</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Inheritance, see <ref target="index-kleros">κλῆρος</ref>, and <ref target="index-heir">Heir</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Kinship, grades of, <ref target="Pg048">48</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in India, <ref target="Pg052">52</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Wales, <ref target="Pg049">49</ref>, <ref target="Pg067">67</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the fourth degree, <ref target="Pg073">73</ref>, <ref target="Pg112">112</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the seventh, <ref target="Pg078">78</ref> et <hi rend='italic'>seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the ninth, <ref target="Pg068">68</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">wife's relations no kin to husband but are to son, <ref target="Pg061">61</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Kinsmen, duties of, <ref target="Pg018">18</ref>, <ref target="Pg042">42</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">next of kin marries <q>heiress,</q> <ref target="Pg023">23-7</ref>, <ref target="Pg035">35</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">his duty to redeem property in Israel, <ref target="Pg032">32</ref>, <ref target="Pg095">95</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">kinsmen accept heir, <ref target="Pg036">36</ref>, <ref target="Pg041">41</ref>, <ref target="Pg125">125-7</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">sanction disinheritance, <ref target="Pg061">61</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">liable for bloodshed, <ref target="Pg075">75</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Hesiod's idea of, <ref target="Pg123">123</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>κλαρῶται, <ref target="Pg130">130</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-kleros"/>
+<l>κλῆρος, its form, <ref target="Pg085">85</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">supported the οἶκος, <ref target="Pg088">88</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, <ref target="Pg110">110</ref>, <ref target="Pg121">121</ref>, <ref target="Pg127">127</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">need not be divided, <ref target="Pg047">47</ref>, <ref target="Pg089">89</ref>, <ref target="Pg093">93</ref>, <ref target="Pg097">97</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">no joint holding between father and sons, <ref target="Pg093">93</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">sold in case of need, <ref target="Pg094">94</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in theory inalienable, <ref target="Pg094">94</ref>, <ref target="Pg113">113</ref>, <ref target="Pg124">124</ref>, <ref target="Pg127">127</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">allotted to new citizen, <ref target="Pg096">96</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Homer, <ref target="Pg102">102</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">held by tribesmen, <ref target="Pg108">108</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of Hesiod, <ref target="Pg123">123</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>κληροῦχοι, <ref target="Pg131">131</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Land, ownership of, proof of civic rights, <ref target="Pg083">83</ref>, <ref target="Pg096">96</ref> (<hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target="index-kleros">κλῆρος</ref> and <ref target="index-temenos">τέμενος</ref>)</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Lar</hi> = <q>lord,</q> <ref target="Pg012">12</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"><hi rend='italic'>lares</hi> of king, <ref target="Pg004">4</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Leases, for ever, <ref target="Pg134">134</ref>-6</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-levirate"/>
+<l>Levirate, not in Greece, <ref target="Pg027">27</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in India, <ref target="Pg029">29</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Israel, <ref target="Pg030">30</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Maintenance of parents (<hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target="index-parents">Parents</ref>);</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of οἶκος, <ref target="Pg110">110</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the bond of, <ref target="Pg110">110</ref>, <ref target="Pg139">139</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of the chief, <ref target="Pg114">114</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>; <ref target="Pg122">122</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Ezekiel, <ref target="Pg119">119</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of children at Sparta, <ref target="Pg125">125</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">gift of food to babe, <ref target="Pg125">125</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">derived from κλῆρος, <ref target="Pg127">127</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Manes</hi>, duties to, in India, <ref target="Pg019">19</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Marriage, of heiress, <ref target="Pg023">23-6</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of near relations, <ref target="Pg029">29</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of widow (<hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target="index-levirate">Levirate</ref>)</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Octopus</hi>, <ref target="Pg125">125</ref> <hi rend='italic'>note</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-oikos"/>
+<l>οἶκος, part of γένος, <ref target="Pg017">17</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">importance of continuity of, <ref target="Pg009">9</ref>, <ref target="Pg019">19-20</ref>, <ref target="Pg030">30</ref>, <ref target="Pg035">35</ref>, <ref target="Pg111">111</ref>, <ref target="Pg128">128</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the unit of ownership of property, <ref target="Pg047">47</ref>, <ref target="Pg109">109</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">extent of, <ref target="Pg054">54-6</ref>, <ref target="Pg088">88-9</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the householder in India, <ref target="Pg099">99</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">supported by its land, <ref target="Pg110">110</ref>, <ref target="Pg113">113</ref>, <ref target="Pg121">121</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of Bouselos, <ref target="Pg055">55</ref>, <ref target="Pg062">62</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">power of head of, <ref target="Pg091">91-2</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Open field system, in Greece, <ref target="Pg085">85</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in the islands, <ref target="Pg087">87</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in Homer, <ref target="Pg088">88</ref>, <ref target="Pg104">104</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">its elasticity, <ref target="Pg118">118-9</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Parage</hi>, in Normandy, an undivided tenure, <ref target="Pg050">50</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n="147"/><anchor id="Pg147"/>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-parents"/>
+<l>Parents, maintenance of, <ref target="Pg018">18</ref>, <ref target="Pg048">48</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">after death, <ref target="Pg019">19</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Phratria</hi>, enrols legitimate sons, <ref target="Pg036">36-7</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">partly responsible for bloodshed, <ref target="Pg076">76</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Primogeniture, not the rule in Greece, <ref target="Pg090">90</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">nor in India, <ref target="Pg097">97</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">eldest son had certain rights or dignity, <ref target="Pg090">90</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, <ref target="Pg097">97</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">called ἠθεῖος, <ref target="Pg091">91</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l><hi rend='italic'>Prytaneum</hi>, <ref target="Pg003">3</ref>, <ref target="Pg004">4</ref>, <ref target="Pg015">15</ref>, <ref target="Pg138">138</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Register, of phratria, <ref target="Pg036">36</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of deme, <ref target="Pg038">38</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Ruth, as widow and ἐπίκληρος, <ref target="Pg031">31-4</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-sacrifices"/>
+<l>Sacrifices, object of, <ref target="Pg006">6</ref>, <ref target="Pg139">139</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">to the dead, <ref target="Pg008">8</ref>, <ref target="Pg009">9-12</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of funeral cake in India, <ref target="Pg051">51</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">funeral rites at Athens, <ref target="Pg020">20</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of householder in India, <ref target="Pg099">99</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">bond of common religion, <ref target="Pg013">13</ref>, <ref target="Pg053">53</ref>, <ref target="Pg138">138</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Stranger, abhorrence of, <ref target="Pg005">5</ref>, <ref target="Pg071">71</ref>, <ref target="Pg074">74</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">as guest, <ref target="Pg099">99</ref> (<hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target="index-guest">Guest</ref>);</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">admission to tribe, <ref target="Pg067">67</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, <ref target="Pg096">96</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<anchor id="index-temenos"/>
+<l>τέμενος, in Homer, <ref target="Pg103">103</ref>, <ref target="Pg113">113</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">allotted to princes and gods, <ref target="Pg102">102</ref>, <ref target="Pg106">106</ref>, <ref target="Pg118">118</ref>, <ref target="Pg122">122</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">called πατρώιος, <ref target="Pg106">106</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">helped to support prince, <ref target="Pg118">118-9</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tonsure, in Greece, <ref target="Pg039">39</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">in India, <ref target="Pg040">40</ref></l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Tribe, its basis one of blood, <ref target="Pg004">4-5</ref>, <ref target="Pg138">138</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">possible development of, <ref target="Pg014">14-15</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">admission to, <ref target="Pg068">68</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, <ref target="Pg096">96</ref> (<hi rend='italic'>and see</hi> <ref target="index-citizenship">Citizenship</ref>)</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l>Widow, could not inherit from husband, <ref target="Pg027">27-8</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">returned to her kin or guardian, <ref target="Pg028">28</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">when allowed to remain, <ref target="Pg028">28</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>note</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">the case of Tamar, <ref target="Pg030">30</ref>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">of Ruth, <ref target="Pg031">31</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>
+THE END.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+<back rend="page-break-before: right">
+  <div id="footnotes">
+    <index index="toc" />
+    <index index="pdf" />
+    <head>Footnotes</head>
+    <divGen type="footnotes"/>
+  </div>
+  <div rend="page-break-before: right">
+    <divGen type="pgfooter" />
+  </div>
+</back>
+</text>
+</TEI.2>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society:
+An Essay by Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: On The Structure of Greek Tribal Society: An Essay
+
+Author: Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+Release Date: August 18, 2008 [Ebook #26341]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             ON THE STRUCTURE
+
+                                    OF
+
+                           GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY
+
+                                 AN ESSAY
+
+                                    by
+
+                             Hugh E. Seebohm
+
+                                  London
+
+                            MacMillan And Co.
+
+                               And New York
+
+                                  1895.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Preface
+Chapter I. Introductory.
+Chapter II. The Meaning Of The Bond Of Kinship.
+   � 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At
+   Their Tomb.
+   � 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.
+   � 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only
+   Daughter.
+   � 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption:
+   Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen.
+   � 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.
+Chapter III. The Extent Of The Bond Of Kinship.
+   � 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+   � 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of
+   Descent.
+   � 3. Division Amongst Heirs.
+   � 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.
+   � 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.
+Chapter IV. The Relation Of The Family To The Land.
+   � 1. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And Its Form.
+   � 2. The Relation Of The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} To The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.
+   � 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+   {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+   Chieftain.
+   � 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.
+   � 8. Hesiod And His {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+   � 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.
+   � 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And
+   Semi-Servile Tenure.
+Chapter V. Conclusion.
+Index.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+These notes, brief as they are, owe more than can be told to my father's
+researches into the structure and methods of the Tribal System. They owe
+their existence to his inspiration and encouragement. A suitable place for
+them might possibly be found in an Appendix to his recently published
+volume on the Structure of the Tribal System in Wales.
+
+In ascribing to the structure of Athenian Society a direct parentage
+amongst tribal institutions, I am dealing with a subject which I feel to
+be open to considerable criticism. And I am anxious that the matters
+considered in this essay should be judged on their own merits, even
+though, in pursuing the method adopted herein, I may have quite
+inadequately laid the case before the reader.
+
+My thanks are due, for their ready help, to Professor W. Ridgeway, Mr.
+James W. Headlam, and Mr. Henry Lee Warner, by means of whose kind
+suggestions the following pages have been weeded of several of their
+faults.
+
+It is impossible to say how much I have consciously or unconsciously
+absorbed from the works of the late M. Fustel de Coulanges. His _La Cite
+Antique_ and his _Nouvelles Recherches sur quelques Problemes d'Histoire_
+(1891) are stores of suggestive material for the student of Greek and
+Roman customs. They are rendered all the more instructive by the charm of
+his style and method. I have merely dipped a bucket into his well.
+
+In quoting from Homer, I have made free use of the translations of Messrs.
+Lang, Leaf, and Myers of the _Iliad_, and of Messrs. Butcher and Lang of
+the _Odyssey_; and I wish to make full acknowledgment here of the debt
+that I owe to them.
+
+Some explanation seems to be needful of the method pursued in this essay
+with regard to the comparison of Greek customs with those of other
+countries. The selection for comparison has been entirely arbitrary.
+
+Wales has been chosen to bear the brunt of illustration, partly, as I have
+said, because of my father's work on the Welsh Tribal System, partly
+because the _Ancient Laws of Wales_ afford a peculiarly vivid glimpse into
+the inner organisation of a tribal people, such as cannot be obtained
+elsewhere.
+
+The _Ordinances of Manu_, on the other hand, are constantly quoted by
+writers on Greek institutions; and, I suppose, in spite of the uncertainty
+of their date, they can be taken as affording a very fair account of the
+customs of a highly developed Eastern people. It would be hard, moreover,
+to say where the connection of the Greeks with the East began or ended.
+
+The use made of the _Old Testament_ in these notes hardly needs further
+remark. Of no people, in their true tribal condition before their
+settlement, have we a more graphic account than of the Israelites. Their
+proximity geographically to the Phoenicians, and the accounts of the
+widespread fame of Solomon and the range of his commerce, at once suggest
+comparison with the parallel and contemporaneous period of Achaian
+history, immediately preceding the Dorian invasion, when, if we may trust
+the accounts of Homer, the intercourse between the shores of the
+Mediterranean must have been considerable.
+
+All reference to records of Roman customs has been omitted, not because
+they are not related or analogous to the Greek, but because they could not
+reasonably be brought within the scope of this essay. The ancestor-worship
+among the Romans was so complete, and the organisation of their kindreds
+so highly developed, that they deserve treatment on their own basis, and
+are sufficient to form the subject of a separate volume.
+
+H. E. S.
+
+THE HERMITAGE, HITCHIN.
+_July, 1895._
+
+[Transcriber's Note: This e-book contains much Greek text which is often
+relevant to the point of the book.  In the ASCII versions of the e-book,
+the Greek is transliterated into Roman letters, which do not perfectly
+represent the Greek original; especially, accent and breathing marks do
+not transliterate. The HTML and PDF versions contain the true Greek text
+of the original book. In the ASCII e-book, the markings such as (M1)
+indicate marginal notes, which were printed in the margins of the original
+book, but in the e-book are transcribed at the end with the footnotes.]
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+(M1) In trying to ascertain the course of social development among the
+Greeks, the inquirer is met by an initial difficulty. The Greeks were not
+one great people like the Israelites, migrating into and settling in a new
+country, flowing with milk and honey. Their movements were erratic and
+various, and took place at very different times. Several partial
+migrations are described in Homer, and others are referred to as having
+taken place only a few generations back. The continuation of unsettled
+life must have had the effect of giving cohesion to the individual
+sections into which the Greeks were divided, in proportion as the process
+of settlement was protracted and difficult.
+
+But in spite of divergencies caused by natural surroundings, by the
+hostility or subservience of previous occupants of the soil, there are
+some features of the tribal system, wherever it is examined, so inherent
+in its structure as to seem almost indelible. A new civilisation was not
+formed to fit into the angles of city walls. Even modification could take
+place only of those customs whose roots did not strike too deeply into the
+essence of the composition of tribal society.
+
+(M2) It is the object of these notes to try to put back in their true
+setting some of the conditions prevailing, sometimes incongruously with
+city life, among the Greeks in historical times, and by comparison with
+analogous survivals in known tribal communities, of whose condition we
+have fuller records, to establish their real historical continuity from an
+earlier stage of habit and belief.
+
+(M3) There were three important public places necessary to every Greek
+community and symbolical to the Greek mind of the very foundations of
+their institutions. These were:--the _Agora_ or place of assembly, the
+place of justice, and the place of religious sacrifice. From these three
+sacred precincts the man who stirred up civil strife, who was at war with
+his own people, cut himself off. Such an one is described in Homer as
+being, by his very act, "clanless" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}), "out-law" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and
+"hearthless" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(1) In the camp of the Greeks before Troy the
+ships and huts of his followers were congregated by the hut of their chief
+or leader. Each sacrificed or poured libation to his favourite or familiar
+god at his own hut door.(2) But in front of Odysseus' ships, which, we are
+told, were drawn up at the very centre of the camp, stood the great altar
+of Zeus Panomphaios--lord of _all_ oracles--"exceeding fair."(3) "Here,"
+says the poet, "were _Agora_, _Themis_, and the altars of the gods."
+
+The Trojans held _agora_ at Priam's doors,(4) and it is noticeable that
+the space in front of the chief's hut or palace was generally considered
+available for such purposes as assembly, games, and so forth, just as it
+was with the ancient Irish.
+
+(M4) In the centre of most towns of Greece(5) stood the Prytaneum or
+magistrates' hall, and in the Prytaneum was the sacred hearth to which
+attached such reverence that in the most solemn oaths the name of Hestia
+was invoked even before that of Zeus.(6) Thucydides states that each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}
+or village of Attica had its hearth or Prytaneum of its own, but looked up
+to the Hestia and Prytaneum in the city of Athens as the great centre of
+their larger polity. In just the same way the lesser kindreds of a tribe
+would have their sacred hearths and rites, but would look to the hearth
+and person of their chief as symbolical of their tribal unity. Thucydides
+also mentions how great a wrench it seemed to the Athenians to be
+compelled to leave their "sacred" homes, to take refuge within the walls
+of Athens from the impending invasion by the Spartans.(7)
+
+The word _Prytanis_ means "chieftain." It is probable that, as the duties
+sacred and magisterial of the chief became disseminated among the other
+officers of later civilisation, the chief's dwelling, called the
+Prytaneum, acquiring vitality from the indelible superstition attaching to
+the hearth within its precincts, maintained thereby its political
+importance, when nothing but certain religious functions remained to its
+lord and master in the office of Archon Basileus.
+
+(M5) Mr. Frazer, in his article in the _Journal of Philology_(8) upon the
+resemblance of the Prytaneum in Greece to the Temple of Vesta in Rome,
+shows that both had a direct connection with, if not an absolute origin in
+the domestic hearth of the chieftain. The Lares and Penates worshipped in
+the Temple of Vesta, he says, were originally the Lares and Penates of the
+king, and were worshipped at his hearth, the only difference between the
+hearth in the temple and the hearth in the king's house being the absence
+of the royal householder.(9)
+
+Mr. Frazer also maintains that the reverence for the hearth and the
+concentration of such reverence on the hearth of the chieftain was the
+result of the difficulty of kindling a fire from rubbing sticks together,
+and of the responsibility thus devolving upon the chieftain unfailingly to
+provide fire for his people. Whether this was the origin or not, before
+the times that come within the scope of this inquiry, the hearth had
+acquired a real sanctity which had become involved in the larger idea of
+it as the centre of a kindred, including on occasion the mysterious
+presence also of long dead ancestors.
+
+(M6) The basis of tribal coherence was community of blood, actual or
+supposed; the visible evidence of the possession of tribal blood was the
+undisputed participation, as _one of a kindred_, in the common religious
+ceremonies, from which the blood-polluted and the stranger-in-blood were
+so strictly shut out.(10) It is therefore in the incidence of religious
+duties, and in the qualifications of the participants, that it is
+reasonable to seek survivals of true tribal sentiment.
+
+Although the religious life of the Greeks was always complex, there is not
+to be found in Homer the broad distinction drawn afterwards between public
+and private gods. It is noticeable that the later Greeks sought to draw
+into their homes the beneficent influence of one or other of the greater
+gods, whose protection and guidance were claimed in times of need by all
+members of the household. Secondary influences, though none the less
+strongly felt, were those of the past heroes of the house, sometimes only
+just dead, to be propitiated at the family tombs or hearth. Anxiety on
+this head, and the deeply-rooted belief in the real need to the dead of
+attentions from the living, were, it will be seen, most powerful factors
+in the development of Greek society.
+
+(M7) The worship of ancestors or household gods as such is not evident in
+the visible religious exercises of the Homeric poems. But this can hardly
+be a matter of surprise. The Greek chieftains mentioned in the poems are
+so nearly descended from the gods themselves, are in such immediate
+relation each with his guardian deity, and are so indefatigable in their
+attentions thereto, that it would surely be extremely irrelevant if any of
+the libations or hecatombs were perverted to any intermediate, however
+heroic, ancestor from the all-powerful and ever ready divinity who was so
+often also himself the boasted founder of the family.(11)
+
+(M8) The libations and hecatombs themselves, however, seem to serve much
+the same purpose as the offerings to the _manes_ or household gods, and
+relieved the luxurious craving for sustenance in the immortals, left
+unsatisfied by their ethereal diet of nectar and ambrosia.(12)
+
+(M9) Yet it is strange that if libations and sacrifices were paid to the
+dead _periodically_ at their tombs, no mention of the occurrence is to be
+found in Homer. That the dead were believed to appreciate such attentions
+may be gathered from the directions given by Circe to Odysseus.
+
+
+    "Then pour a drink-offering to all the dead, first with mead
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), and thereafter with sweet wine, and for the third
+    time with water, and sprinkle white meal thereon.... and promise
+    thou wilt offer _in thy halls_(13) a barren heifer, the best thou
+    hast, and fill the pyre with treasure, and wilt sacrifice apart to
+    Teiresias alone a black sheep without spot, the fairest of your
+    flock."
+
+
+(M10) This done, the ghosts flock up to drink of the blood of the victim.
+But the ghost of Elpenor, who met his death at the house of Circe by
+falling from the roof in his drunken haste to join his already departed
+comrades, and who had therefore received no burial at their hands, demands
+no libations or sacrifices for the refreshment of his thirsty soul, but
+merely burial with tears and a barrow upon the shore of the gray sea, that
+his name may be remembered by men to come.
+
+Nestor's son elsewhere is made to remark that one must not grudge the dead
+their meed of tears; for the times are so out of joint, "this is now the
+only due we pay to miserable men, to cut the hair and let the tear fall
+from the cheek."(14)
+
+Is the right conclusion then that the Homeric Greeks did not sacrifice at
+the tombs of their fathers, and that the so-called ancestor-worship
+prevalent later was introduced or revived under their successors? Or is it
+that the aristocratic tone of the poet did not permit him to bear witness
+to the intercourse with any deity besides the one great family of Olympic
+gods, less venerable than a river or other personification of nature?(15)
+
+There exists such close family relationship amongst Homer's gods, extended
+as it is also to most of his chieftains, that taking into account the
+conspicuous reverence displayed towards the hearth and the respect for
+seniority in age, it may perhaps be justifiable to suppose that domestic
+religious observances, other than those directed to the Olympic gods, were
+thought by the poet to be as much beneath his notice as the swarms of
+common tribesmen who shrink and shudder in the background of the poems.
+
+(M11) Ancestor-worship would be as much out of place in the Old Testament;
+and yet there are references in the Bible to offerings to the dead which,
+unless they are held to refer only to importations from outside religions
+and not to relapses in the Israelites themselves to former superstitions
+of their own people, imply that the great tribal religion of the
+Israelites had superseded pre-existing ceremonies of ancestor-worship.
+
+
+    Deut. xxvi. 13. "And thou shalt say before the Lord thy God, I
+    have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also
+    have given them unto the Levite and the stranger, to the
+    fatherless and to the widow, according to all thy commandments
+    which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy
+    commandments, neither have I forgotten them: I have not eaten
+    thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof
+    for any unclean use, nor _given ought thereof for the dead_."
+
+
+The transgressions of the Israelites in the wilderness are described in
+the Psalms:--"They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor and _ate the
+sacrifices of the dead_."(16)
+
+It was not necessary for an ancestor to become a god to be worthy of
+worship, or to need the attentions of the living. If he was thought to
+haunt tomb or hearth, and to keep his connection thus with his family in
+the upper world, he required nourishment on his visits. He was also
+considered to keep a jealous watch on the continuance of his fair fame
+among the living.
+
+(M12) A close resemblance in this point lies between the Homeric poems and
+the Old Testament. Though actual food and drink is not provided for the
+dead, yet the stress laid on the permanence of the family, _lest the name
+of the dead be cut off from his place_, is quite in keeping with the
+request of Elpenor to Odysseus to insure the continuance of his name in
+the memory of living men.
+
+It is quite possible that, as the story of the interview of Odysseus with
+the dead reveals that the idea of the dead enjoying sacrifices of food and
+drink was familiar at that time, even though the periodical supply of such
+is not mentioned, so the existence of Laban's household gods and the
+gathering of the kindred of Jesse to their family ceremony(17) may bear
+witness to the presence of a survival of ancestor-worship in some
+equivalent form, underlying the all-absorbing religion of the Israelites.
+At this day the spirits of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are considered by the
+Mohammedans of Hebron actually to inhabit the cave of Machpelah, and, in
+the case of Isaac at any rate, to be extremely angered by any negligence
+shown to their altars, either by omission of the customary ceremonies or
+by admission within the sacred precinct of any stranger of alien faith.
+
+It must not therefore be inferred altogether that the regular
+ancestor-worship so-called was of later origin amongst the Greeks, but
+rather that the constitution of society did not afford it the same
+prominence to the mind of Homer and perhaps his contemporaries, as it
+acquired later.
+
+(M13) M. Fustel de Coulanges, in _La Cite Antique_, has so well
+established the prevalence of ancestor-worship among the Greeks, drawing
+illustration both from Indian and Roman sources, that no further instances
+of its existence are needed here.
+
+The ceremonies however and offerings at the tombs of their fathers did not
+supersede, amongst the Athenians at any rate, their worship of the Olympic
+gods. The Olympic gods themselves moreover were clearly connected with
+their family life. The protection of Zeus was specially claimed under the
+title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or even {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(18) and as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} he received worship
+upon the altar that stood in the court-yard of nearly every house in
+Attica.(19) The permanent place of these gods in the homes of the people
+is further denoted by the use of such epithets as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(20) and
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.(21)
+
+(M14) The tombs, on the other hand, were not approached with the purpose
+of invoking powerful aid, but rather with the intent of soothing a
+troubled spirit with care and attention, and of providing it with such
+nourishing refreshment as could not be procured in the regions of the
+starving dead.
+
+
+    "I come, bringing to my son's sire propitiating libations, such as
+    are soothing to the dead, from hallowed cow white milk, sweet to
+    drink; the flower distiller's dew--clear honey; the virgin spring's
+    refreshing draught; and undefiled from its wild mother, the liquid
+    gladness of the time-honoured vine; also from the ever-leafy
+    growth of the pale green olive fragrant fruit is here, and twined
+    flowers, children of the teeming earth."(22)
+
+
+(M15) The same idea of nourishment of the dead, though shared with the
+other gods, determines the offerings in the Egyptian _Book of the
+Dead_.(23)
+
+
+    "I live upon loaves, white wheat, beer, red wheat.... Place me
+    with vases of milk and wine, with cakes and loaves, and plenty of
+    meat in the dwelling of Anubis."(24)
+
+
+    "Grant to me the funereal food, the drinks, the oxen, the geese,
+    the fabrics, the incense, the oil, and all the good and pure
+    things upon which the gods live."(25)
+
+
+There is one passage that almost implies that the dead retained in idea a
+claim upon the produce of the land which nourished them whilst alive, or
+that they had a special allotment even in the other world:--
+
+
+    "I sit down among the very great gods of Nut. A field extends for
+    me; the products of the ground are for me. I eat them; I am
+    favoured with them; I live in plenty by them.... I am given corn
+    and wheat for my mouth."(26)
+
+
+Chapter cxliv. of the _Book of the Dead_ is to be said,
+
+
+    "at the gate of every room while offering to each of them thighs
+    and heads of red cows, the value of seven vases; while offering
+    blood extracted from the heart, the value of a hundred vases;
+    sixteen loaves of white bread, eight round cakes, eight oval
+    cakes, eight broad thin cakes, eight measures of beer, and eight
+    of wheat, a perfumed oil-basin full of milk from a white cow,
+    green grass, green figs, mestem and beads of incense to be burnt."
+
+
+Chapter cxlviii. ordains that there
+
+
+    "shall be placed offerings before them of loaves, beer, meat,
+    incense, funereal dishes, bringing into favour with Ra and making
+    that the _deceased is fed in the netherworld_."
+
+
+(M16) In the next chapters frequent reference will be made to the
+offerings to ancestors, or _manes_, among the ancient Hindoos. With them
+the cake-offering to the dead became a most important symbol, uniting in a
+common duty all descendants from certain ancestors within fixed degrees,
+and marking them off in the matter of responsibility thereto from more
+distant relations, who owed similar duty elsewhere.
+
+(M17) Being thus surrounded by nations that believed intensely in the need
+in the dead of nourishment at the hands of their relatives on earth, it
+would indeed be surprising if the Greeks were found not to share in the
+belief. But the fact remains that in the earliest Greek literature it is
+least conspicuous, and the gulf seems widest between the living and the
+dead. Can this be laid to the charge of the artificial superstitions of a
+philosophical class of poets? Or is it due to the true evolution of such
+beliefs, that as long as our search touches upon the unsettled periods of
+semi-migratory life, the tombs of individual members of a family being
+scattered here or there wherever they meet their deaths, the offering to
+the dead takes a special form, inasmuch as the solidarity of the tribe
+eclipses the importance of the family as a unit, and the religious
+ceremonies of the chieftain absorb the attention of the lesser members of
+the tribe?
+
+M. de Coulanges points out that the meaning of the Latin word _Lar_ is
+lord, prince or master, and that _Hestia_ was sometimes designated by the
+Greeks with the similar title of mistress of the house, or princess.(27)
+
+If, as long as the tribe was felt to be a real unit, the religious
+instincts of the tribesmen were concentrated upon the worship of their
+tribal deities--the great ancestors of the tribe, and more emphatically and
+directly the ancestors of their chieftain--it would be quite natural, in
+the weakening of the central worship, for the titles of honour and respect
+to be used equally towards those meaner ancestors who henceforth occupied
+the religious energies of the head of each family or household. In
+fulfilment of a similar sentiment, the later Greeks commonly used the word
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in speaking of a dead friend, deeming that any one who departed this
+life passed to the ranks of those princes of the community from whom all
+were proud to trace descent.
+
+(M18) M. de Coulanges considers that the sacred rites of the family at the
+hearth formed a more real tie than the belief in a common blood; and that
+upon this religious basis was built up the greater hearth of the Prytaneum
+as the centre of city life, to bind together the several families
+composing the community. But without pretending to come to a final
+decision on this the main tendency of social development, surely something
+may yet be said in favour of the contrary theory; that the reverence that
+centred in the hearth was in effect the expression of the sanctity of the
+tie of blood, as felt by all members of the house, and that this feeling
+drew its real importance for the community, not from the founding of the
+city by the amalgamation of several families, but as a survival from an
+earlier stage of life, when society circled round what was then in more
+than name the Prytaneum of the tribal chieftain.
+
+Facts are wanting to justify a conclusion as to which of these theories
+bears the closest resemblance to the truth, but it is easy to imagine what
+might be the line of development if the latter hypothesis be maintained.
+
+(M19) During the wanderings and migrations of peoples in the search for
+greener pastures or broader lands, each community or tribe would be
+constantly under arms and subject to attack from the enemies they were
+passing through or subjugating. This constant sojourning in a strange
+land, surrounded by foes, would be a source of much solidarity to the
+tribe itself, drawing its members closely together for mutual defence and
+subsistence.
+
+But when once the tribe had found a country to its taste, and had made a
+settlement with borders comparatively permanently established, emphasis
+would be transferred to the petty quarrels and internal dissensions
+arising between different sections within the community itself. The tie of
+common blood, uniting all members of the tribe, would be gradually
+disregarded and displaced by the less homely and more political relation
+of fellow-citizenship, which, though retaining many of the characteristics
+of the tribal bond, would necessarily be felt in a very different manner.
+
+In this disintegration of the larger unit, the existence of kinship by
+blood would be acknowledged only where the relationship was obvious and
+well known. And it would no longer be sufficient merely to prove
+membership of a kindred; as those outside certain limits would claim
+exemption from the responsibilities entailed by closer relationship.
+
+(M20) So, too, in the matter of religious observance: the reverence of the
+individual for the Prytaneum and common hearth of the state would undergo
+a change into a less personal sentiment; the rites connected therewith
+would be delegated to an official priest; and it is with the head of each
+family, surrounded by those who are really conscious of their connection
+by blood in common descent from much more immediate ancestors, that the
+true tribal feeling would longest survive, though, of course, on much
+narrower lines.
+
+The privileges of citizenship were, it will be seen, as carefully guarded
+as those of the tribe, but in a more perfunctory and arbitrary manner;
+whilst the intimate connection of the members of the family with the
+hearth and the graves of their ancestors stands out in strong relief.
+
+By the time of Hesiod, besides the violation of the universal sanctity of
+a guest or suppliant, the chief sins are against members of the same
+household, defrauding orphans, or insulting an aged parent.(28) Behaviour
+to other than blood-relations is regulated by expediency, by what you may
+expect in return from your neighbours.(29)
+
+Whether the family is to be regarded as the chief factor in the
+composition of the city, or how much of its composition the city owes to
+direct inheritance from the tribal system, must, as has been said, be left
+unsolved. Some small light may perhaps be shed upon the problem as this
+inquiry proceeds.
+
+(M21) At any rate, if the true basis of the organisation of the family and
+the kindred, as found in historic times in Greece, could once be
+established, material assistance ought to have been gained for rightly
+understanding the structure of that earlier society, whatever it was, from
+which the rules, that govern those within the bond of kinship, were
+survivals.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II. THE MEANING OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP.
+
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+          _Aeschylus._
+
+
+
+
+� 1. The Duty Of Maintenance Of Parents During Life, And After Death At
+Their Tomb.
+
+
+(M22) As the hearth was the centre of the sanctity and reverence of the
+family, so the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the customary term to signify the smaller
+group of the composite {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, consisting of a man and his immediate
+descendants. In the first place, the individual was absolutely committed
+to sacrifice all his personal feelings for the sake of the continuity of
+his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and this was his supreme duty. But whereas several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} traced
+their descent from a common ancestor, a group of gradually diverging lines
+of descent were formed, sharing mutually the responsibility of the
+maintenance of continuity, and the privilege of inheritance and
+protection.
+
+Before examining how far these parallel lines remained within the reach of
+claims of kinship, or how soon the reverence for the more immediate
+predecessors absorbed the memory of the more remote ancestor, it will be
+well to have a clear understanding of what the claims of kindred were, and
+how they affected the member of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in respect of his duties
+thereto.
+
+(M23) Plato(30) declares that honour should be given to:--
+
+1. Olympian Gods.
+
+2. Gods of the State.
+
+3. Gods below.
+
+4. Demons and Spirits.
+
+5. Heroes.
+
+6. Ancestral Gods.
+
+7. _Living Parents_, "to whom we have to pay the greatest and oldest of
+all debts: in property, in person, in soul; paying the debts due to them
+for the care and travail which they bestowed on us of old in the days of
+our infancy, and which we are now to pay back to them when they are old
+and in the extremity of their need."
+
+(M24) The candidates for the archonship were asked, among other things,
+whether they treated their parents properly.(31) It was only in case of
+some indelible stain, such as wife-murder, that the debt of maintenance of
+the parent was cancelled.(32) Yet even when the father had lost his right
+of maintenance by crime or foul treatment, the son was still bound to bury
+him when he died and to perform all the customary rites at his tomb.(33)
+
+"Is it not," says Isaeus, "a most unholy thing, if a man, without having
+done any of the customary rites due to the dead, yet expects to take the
+inheritance of the dead man's property?"(34)
+
+(M25) The duty of maintenance of the parent thus extended even beyond the
+tomb, and this retrospective attitude of the individual gives us the clue
+to his position of responsibility also with regard to posterity.
+
+The strongest representation possible of this attitude is given in the
+_Ordinances of Manu_, where it is stated that a man "goes to hell" who has
+no son to offer at his death the funeral cake.
+
+(M26) "No world of heaven exists for one not possessed of a son." The
+debt, owed by the living member of a family to his _manes_, was to provide
+a successor to perform the rites necessary to them after his own death.
+
+
+    "By means of the eldest son, as soon as he is born, a man becomes
+    possessed of a son and is thus cleared of his debt to the _manes_"
+
+
+    "A husband is born again on earth in his son."
+
+
+    "If among many brothers born of one father, _one_ should have a
+    son, Manu said all those brothers would be possessed of sons by
+    means of that son."
+
+
+_i.e._ one representative was sufficient as regards the duties to the
+_manes_ in the house of the grandfather.
+
+
+    "Thro' a son one conquers worlds, thro' a son's son one attains
+    endlessness, and through the son's son of a son one attains the
+    world of the Sun."
+
+
+    "The sort of reward one gets on crossing the water by means of bad
+    boats is the sort of reward one gets on crossing the darkness (to
+    the next world) by means of bad sons."(35)
+
+
+(M27) Plato expresses the same feeling in the _Laws_:(36)
+
+
+    "After a sort the human race naturally partakes of immortality, of
+    which all men have the greatest desire implanted in them; for the
+    desire of every man that he may become famous, and not lie in the
+    grave without a name, is only the love of continuance ... In this
+    way they are immortal leaving [children's] children behind them,
+    with whom they are one in the unity of generation. And for a man
+    voluntarily to deprive himself of this gift of immortality, as he
+    deliberately does who will not have a wife and children, is
+    _impiety_."
+
+
+The functions and duties of the individual towards his family and
+relations thus find their explanation in his position as link, between the
+past and the future, in the transmission to eternity of his family blood.
+
+His duties to his ancestors began with the death of his father. He had at
+Athens to carry out the corpse, provide for the cremation, gather the
+remains of the burnt bones, with the assistance of the rest of the
+kindred,(37) and show respect to the dead by the usual form of shaving the
+head, wearing mourning clothes, and so on. Nine days after the funeral he
+must perform certain sacrifices and periodically after that visit the
+tombs and altars of his family in the family burying-place.(38) If he had
+occasion to perform military service, he must serve in the tribe and the
+deme of his parent ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}).(39) Before he
+can enter into his inheritance he must fulfil all the ordinances incumbent
+on one in his position, and in the Gortyn Laws it is stated that an
+adopted heir cannot partake of the property of his adoptive father unless
+he undertakes the sacred duties of the house of the deceased.(40) Thus the
+right of ownership of the family estate rested always with the possession
+of the blood of the former owners; and such a representative demonstrated
+his right by stepping into his predecessor's shoes and by taking upon
+himself all responsibility for the fulfilment of the rites, thereafter to
+be performed to him also when he shall have been gathered to the majority
+of his family.
+
+
+
+
+� 2. The Duty Of Providing Male Succession.
+
+
+But however piously and carefully he performed his many duties to his
+ancestors, his work was only transitory and incomplete, unless he provided
+a successor to continue them after him into further generations.
+
+(M28) The procreation of children was held to be of such importance at
+Sparta(41) that if a wife had no children, with the full knowledge of her
+husband she admitted some other citizen to her, and children born from
+such a union were reckoned as born to the continuation of her husband's
+family, without breach of the former relations of husband and wife.(42)
+This is the exact custom stated in the _Ordinances of Manu_ (ix. 59),
+where it is laid down that a wife can be "commissioned" by her husband to
+bear him a son, but she must only take a kinsman within certain degrees,
+whose connection with her ceases on the birth of one son.(43) Otherwise it
+was a man's duty to divorce a barren wife and take another. But he must
+divorce the first, and could not have two hearths or two wives.(44)
+
+A curious instance of how this sentiment worked in practice in directly
+the opposite direction to our modern ideas, is mentioned in Herodotus.
+Leaders of forlorn hopes nowadays would be inclined to pick out as
+comrades the unmarried men, as having least to sacrifice and fewest duties
+to forego. Whereas Leonidas, in choosing the 300 men to make their famous
+and fatal stand at Thermopylae, is stated to have selected all _fathers
+with sons living_.(45)
+
+Hector is made to use this idea in somewhat similar manner. He encourages
+his soldiers with:--
+
+
+    "If a man fall fighting for his fatherland, it is no dishonourable
+    thing: and his wife and his children left behind, and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+    and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} are unharmed, if the Achaians go but back to their own
+    country."(46)
+
+
+If the enemy are driven out, though he be killed himself, yet if he leave
+children behind, his household and their property will remain unharmed.
+
+All about to die, says Isaeus, take thought not to leave their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+desolate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),(47) but that there shall be some one to carry the name
+of their house down to posterity, who shall perform all the customary
+rites at the tomb due to them also when they shall have joined the ranks
+of ancestors.(48)
+
+Where children were reckoned of the tribe of their father and not of their
+mother, and where a woman was incapable of performing sacred rites, a male
+heir was necessary for the direct transmission of blood and property. Sons
+entered upon their inheritance immediately on the death of their father,
+nor had he the power to dispossess them in favour of others, whilst
+brothers, cousins, legatees, had always to prove their title and procure
+judgment from the court in their favour.(49)
+
+(M29) Failing sons however, the next descent lay through a daughter. Nor
+were her qualifications in herself complete or sufficient in theory to
+form the necessary link in the chain of succession. The next of kin male
+had to marry her with the property of which she was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~};(50) but
+neither she nor he really possessed the property, and the sons born from
+the marriage succeeded thereto directly on attaining a certain age. The
+next of kin had in the meantime of course to represent his wife's father
+in all the religious observances, and was said to have power to live with
+the woman ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}), but not to dispose of the
+property ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~});(51) the sons becoming {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+at sixteen years old, and owing thence only maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to their
+mother from the property.(52) The heiress was compelled to marry at a
+certain age and was adjudicated by law to the proper kinsman.(53)
+
+Again an exact parallel is to be found in the _Ordinances of Manu_:--
+
+
+    "One who is without a son should, by the following rule, make his
+    daughter provide him a son:--'The offspring which may be hers shall
+    be for me the giver of offerings to the _manes_.' "
+
+
+The whole property of a man is taken by this daughter's son,(54) and, by
+her bearing a son, _her father_ "becomes possessed of a son, who should
+give the funeral cake and take the property."(55)
+
+If she die without a son, her husband would take (presumably by a sort of
+adoption).(56) But this would be perfectly natural, if, as in Greece, her
+husband was bound to be the next of kin and therefore heir failing issue
+from her.
+
+(M30) At Athens it was part of the office of the archon to see that no
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} failed for want of representatives, to constrain a reluctant heiress
+to marry or to compel the next of kin to perform his duty. Plato(57) asks
+pardon for his imaginary legislator, if he shall be found to give the
+daughter of a man in marriage having regard only to the two
+conditions--nearness of kin, and the preservation of the property;
+disregarding, in his zeal for these, the further considerations, which the
+father himself might be expected to have had, with regard to the
+suitability of the match.(58)
+
+(M31) A certain leniency was however allowed to the heiress who was
+unwilling to marry an obnoxious kinsman, and to the kinsman who had
+counterclaims upon him in his own house. Nevertheless the rules remained
+very strict. Isaeus states emphatically,(59) "Often have men been
+compelled by law to give up their properly wedded wives, owing to their
+becoming {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} through the death of their brother to their father's
+property and having to marry the next of kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})," to
+prevent the extinction of their father's house.
+
+Manu warns those about to marry to be careful that their children shall
+not be required to continue their wives' father's family, to the
+desolation of their own.
+
+
+    "She who has not a brother ... let not a wise man marry her,
+    through fear of the law about a daughter's son."(60)
+
+
+Again Isaeus:--
+
+
+    "We, because of our nearness of kin, would have been compelled to
+    maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our aged grandfather and either ourselves
+    marry Cleonymos' (our uncle's) daughters or give them away with
+    their portions to others and all this our kinship, the laws, and
+    _our shame_ would have compelled us to perform or incur the
+    greatest penalties and the _utmost disgrace_."(61)
+
+
+(M32) In the laws of Gortyn very clear rules are laid down to be followed
+where there were difficulties in the way of the heiress marrying the next
+of kin.
+
+
+    "The heiress shall marry the eldest brother of her father that is
+    alive. If there are more heiresses and uncles, they shall ever
+    marry the eldest. If there are no uncles but sons of uncles, she
+    shall marry the son of her father's eldest brother. If there are
+    more than one heiress and sons of uncles, they shall ever marry
+    the son of the eldest in order: but a man shall not marry more
+    than one heiress"(62)
+
+
+There is also a statement made by Demosthenes(63) that sounds as if it
+might have come from the _Ordinances of Manu_. It is there stated that if
+there were more than one heiress, _only one_ need be dealt with in respect
+to _providing succession_, though all shared in the property.
+
+The law of Gortyn goes on:--
+
+
+    "If the man will not marry her, though of age and wishing to
+    marry, the guardians of the heiress shall sue, and the judge shall
+    condemn him to marry her in two months. If he will not marry her,
+    according to the law, she shall have all the property and shall
+    marry the next of kin (after him) if there is one....
+
+
+    "If she is of age and does not wish to marry the next of kin or if
+    he is a minor and she does not wish to wait, she ... can marry
+    whom she will of those who claim her of the tribe. But she shall
+    apportion off his share of the property to the first of kin.
+
+
+    "If there are no kin to her, she shall have all the property and
+    marry whom she will of the tribe.
+
+
+    "If no one of the tribe will marry her, her guardians shall ask
+    throughout the tribe, ' Will any marry her?' And if any one then
+    marries her, he shall do it in thirty days after the 'asking.' But
+    if there is still no one, she shall marry any one else she can."
+
+
+Such pains were taken to find a representative for the deceased in his
+family, or at any rate in his _tribe_.(64)
+
+(M33) The same questions seem to have arisen amongst the Israelites in the
+time of Moses.
+
+
+    Numbers xxxvi. 8. "And every daughter that possesseth an
+    inheritance (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) in any tribe of the
+    children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the
+    tribe of her father ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), that
+    the children of Israel may enjoy ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) every man the
+    inheritance of his fathers.
+
+
+    "Even as the Lord commanded Moses, so did the daughters of
+    Zelophehad.
+
+
+    "For Mahlah, Tirzah and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the
+    daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's
+    brother's sons (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})."
+
+
+
+
+� 3. The Position Of The Widow Without Child And The Duties Of An Only
+Daughter.
+
+
+(M34) The _levirate_, or marriage with deceased husband's brother, seems
+to have had no place in Greek family law. The wife was of no _kin_
+necessarily to the husband; and so it would not tend to strengthen the
+transmission of blood if the next of kin married the widow on taking the
+inheritance of his relative deceased without issue. The wife in Greek law
+could not inherit from her husband, whose property went to his father's or
+mother's relations; and only when it became a question of finding an heir
+to her _son_, and failing all near paternal kinsmen, could the inheritance
+pass through her, and then as the mother of her dead son, not as widow of
+her dead husband. Even then, being a woman, she had no right of enjoyment,
+only of transmission. She could only inherit on behalf of her issue by a
+second husband, and failing her issue the inheritance would pass to her
+brothers and so on. In Greece the claim upon the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} (Latin _levir_) for
+marriage seems to have begun with his brother's daughter, not his
+brother's widow.
+
+(M35) The childless widow on the death of her husband had to return to her
+own family or whoever of her kindred was guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of her, and if
+she wished, be given again in marriage by him.(65)
+
+The woman at Athens even after marriage always retained her {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or
+guardian,(66) who was at once her protector and trustee. He was probably
+the head of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to which she originally belonged--her next of kin--and
+had great power over her.(67)
+
+A case there is(68) where the heir to the property also takes the wife of
+the previous owner; but in this case the husband may have been {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+his own wife, and so could bequeath, or give her away to whomever he
+liked.(69)
+
+In the _Ordinances of Manu_, the limitations of the levirate are very
+strictly defined.(70) In the case of a man leaving a widow, she must not
+marry again, or she lost her place in heaven by his side.
+
+But if she was childless, the next of kin of her husband must beget one
+son by her; he did not _marry_ her, and his connection with her _ceased on
+the birth of a son_.
+
+(M36) The laws of Manu otherwise are strict against the marriage of close
+relations; a restriction not found in Greece.
+
+Isaeus(71) mentions that it was thought quite natural for a man to marry
+his first cousin in order to concentrate the family blood, and prevent her
+dowry or whatever property might come to her from going outside his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+and we know that even marriage with a half-sister (not born of the same
+mother) was not forbidden.
+
+There are more instances than one in Homer of a man marrying his aunt, or
+niece.
+
+The nearest resemblance to the levirate in Greece is the occasional custom
+at Sparta, mentioned already, of a wife being "commissioned" to bear
+children by another man into the family of her husband. But this exists in
+Manu, side by side with the above-mentioned custom of levirate proper.
+
+(M37) Among the Israelites, the levirate was in full force; the craving
+for continuance was the same as among the followers of Manu and the
+Greeks; and the custom with regard to heiresses is so vividly told that it
+is worth quoting at some length.
+
+
+    Deut. xxv. 5. "If brethren dwell together and one of them die and
+    have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a
+    stranger: her husband's brother [_i.e._ next of kin] shall go in
+    unto her and take her to him to wife and perform the duty of an
+    husband's brother to her.
+
+
+    "And it shall be that the firstborn which she beareth shall
+    _succeed in the name of his brother that is dead_, that his name
+    be not put out of Israel.
+
+
+    "And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his
+    brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders and say, 'My
+    husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in
+    Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.'
+
+
+    "Then the elders of his city shall call him and speak unto him:
+    and if he stand to it and say, 'I like not to take her,' then
+    shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the
+    elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his
+    face, and shall answer and say: 'So shall it be done unto that man
+    that will not build up his brother's house (LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).'
+
+
+    "And his name shall be called in Israel, 'The house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of him
+    that hath his shoe loosed.' "
+
+
+(M38) Such was the scorn felt for the man who refused to perform the
+duties of nearest kinsman. In the thirty-eighth chapter of Genesis is told
+the story of Tamar, the wife of Judah's eldest son who died childless. The
+second son's refusal to raise up seed to his brother because he knows that
+_his own name will not be perpetuated thereby, but his brother's_, meets
+with summary punishment. "And the thing that he did was evil in the sight
+of the Lord, and He slew him also."(72) Afterwards, when it was reported
+to her father-in-law that Tamar had a child by some one not of his family,
+he was exceedingly wroth, and said, "Bring her forth and let her be
+burnt." Accordingly, after he had received his own "tokens" from her hand,
+his approval of her action, in her desire to perpetuate the name of her
+dead husband, is all the more striking, and shows how real such a claim as
+Tamar's was in the practice of those days, extreme though her action was
+felt to be. And Judah acknowledged his tokens and said, "She hath been
+more righteous than I: because that I gave her not to Shelah my [youngest]
+son."
+
+(M39) The statement of the customary procedure in Deuteronomy is very
+picturesquely illustrated and fulfilled in detail in the story of Ruth,
+who though only a daughter-in-law takes the position of heiress through a
+sort of adoption by her mother-in-law Naomi, on her refusal to go back to
+her own people. "Where thou goest, I will go: where thou lodgest, I will
+lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God, my God. Where thou
+diest will I die, and there will I be buried." She accepts Naomi's hearth
+her kin, her religion, and finally her tomb.
+
+Elimelech and his two sons dying in Moab, Naomi and both her
+daughters-in-law are left widows in a strange land. If Naomi had other
+sons, upon them would have devolved the duty of taking Orpah and Ruth to
+wife. But Naomi declares herself(73) too old to marry again and be the
+mother of sons, and implores her daughters-in-law to return to their own
+people in Moab, where she hopes they will start afresh with new husbands,
+a course which seems always to have been open to wives in tribal
+communities. Orpah does so, but Ruth elects to remain with Naomi, and
+returning with her to Bethlehem takes her chance among the kindred of
+Elimelech. Happening to arrive at Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley
+harvest, it so chances that Ruth goes forth to glean upon that part of the
+open field which belonged to Boaz--a rich man of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of Elimelech,
+who, having heard of her devotion to Naomi and the house of his late
+kinsmen, protects her from possible insult from strangers and treats her
+richly. On her return home Naomi informs her that Boaz is of their next of
+kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})(74) whose place it was to redeem property sold or
+lost by a kinsman. This duty is thus set forth in Leviticus:--
+
+
+    (M40) Lev. xxv. 25. "And if thy brother be waxen poor and sell
+    some of his possession, then shall his kinsman ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) that
+    is next to him come and shall redeem that which his brother hath
+    sold."
+
+
+An instance of it in practice is given in Jeremiah.
+
+
+    Jerem. xxxii. 8. "So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me in the
+    court of the guard according to the word of the Lord and said unto
+    me, 'Buy my field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth which is in
+    the land of Bethlehem: for the right of inheritance is thine, and
+    the redemption is thine: buy it for thyself.' "
+
+
+But on Ruth's applying to Boaz, he informs her that though he is
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ within the reach of the claim on the next of kin, yet is
+there one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} who is nearer than he, and who must first be asked.
+
+
+    "Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there, and behold the
+    near kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by, unto whom he said, 'Ho,
+    such an one! turn, aside, sit down here,' and he turned aside and
+    sat down. And he took ten men of the elders of the city and said,
+    'Sit ye down here,' and they sat down. And he said unto the near
+    kinsman, 'Naomi that is come again out of the country of Moab
+    selleth the parcel of land which was our brother Ehmelech's: and I
+    thought to disclose it to thee, saying, "Buy it before them that
+    sit here and before the elders of my people." If thou wilt redeem
+    it, redeem it; but if thou wilt not redeem it, tell me that I may
+    know; for there is none to redeem it beside thee, and I am after
+    thee.' And he said, 'I will redeem it.' Then said Boaz, 'What day
+    thou buyest the field of the hand of Naomi thou must buy it also
+    of Ruth the Moabitess, _the wife of the dead, to raise up the name
+    of the dead upon his inheritance_.' And the near kinsman said, 'I
+    cannot redeem it for myself _lest I mar my own inheritance_; take
+    thou my right of redemption on thee; for I cannot redeem it.' "
+
+
+The rendering of the Vulgate of the kinsman's reply is more easily
+understood:--"I yield up my right of near kinship: for neither ought I to
+blot out the continuance (_posteritas_) of my family: do thou use my
+privilege, which I declare that I freely renounce."
+
+
+    "And he drew off his shoe. And Boaz said unto the elders and unto
+    all the people, 'Ye are witnesses this day that I have bought all
+    that was Elimelech's ... Chilion's and Mahlon's of the hand of
+    Naomi. Moreover Ruth, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased to be
+    my wife to _raise up the name of the dead_ upon his inheritance,
+    that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his brethren
+    and from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this day.' And
+    all the people that were in the gate and the elders said, 'We are
+    witnesses ... May thy house be like the house of Perez whom Tamar
+    bare unto Judah' &c."
+
+
+Now Boaz was sixth in descent from this Perez whose mother Tamar, as
+quoted above, had been in much the same position as Ruth.
+
+It is interesting to read further that the son born of this marriage of
+Ruth and Boaz is taken by the women of Bethlehem to Naomi, saying, "_There
+is a son born to Naomi_," emphasising the duty of the heiress to bear a
+son, not into her husband's family, but to that of her father.
+
+The story of Ruth is not, therefore, an exact example of the custom of
+levirate. But it illustrates incidentally the unity of the family. The
+sons of Elimelech died before the family division had taken place, and the
+house of Elimelech their father was thus in jeopardy of extinction. If
+Naomi had come within the proper operation of the levirate, the next of
+kin ought to have married _her_, but by her adoption of Ruth as her
+daughter, she gave Ruth the position of heiress or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whilst the
+heir born to Ruth was called son, not of Ruth's former or present husband,
+but of Elimelech and (by courtesy) of Naomi, Elimelech's widow, through
+whom the issue ought otherwise to have been found.
+
+
+
+
+� 4. Succession Through A Married Daughter: Growth Of Adoption:
+Introduction Of New Member To Kinsmen.
+
+
+(M41) But if the heiress was already married and had sons, she need not be
+divorced and marry the next of kin, though that still lay in her power. It
+was considered sufficient if she set apart one of her sons to be heir to
+her father's house. But she must do this absolutely: her son must entirely
+leave her husband's house and be enfranchised into the house of her
+father. If she did not do this with all the necessary ceremonies, the
+house of her father would become extinct, which would be a lasting shame
+upon her.
+
+Isaeus(75) mentions a case where a wife inherits from her deceased brother
+a farm and persuades her husband to emancipate their second son in order
+that he may carry on the family of her brother and take the property.
+
+(M42) In another passage(76) the conduct of married sisters in not
+appointing one of their own sons to take his place as son in the house of
+their deceased brother, and in absorbing the property into that of their
+husbands, whereby the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of their brother became {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, is described
+as shameful ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).
+
+In Demosthenes(77) a man behaving in similar wise is stigmatised as
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+(M43) Herein lay the reason that adoption became so favourite a means in
+classical times of securing an heir. It became almost a habit among the
+Athenians who had no sons, to adopt an heir--often even the next of kin who
+would naturally have succeeded to the inheritance.(78)
+
+The transfer of the adopted son from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his father to the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+he was chosen to represent was so real that he lost all claim to
+inheritance in his original family, and henceforth based his relationship
+and rights of kinship from his new position as son of his adoptive father.
+This absolutely insured the childless man that his successor would not
+merge the inheritance in that of another {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and made it extremely
+unlikely that he would neglect his religious duties as they would be
+henceforth his own ancestral rites.
+
+Sometimes, it seems,(79) sons of an unfortunate father were adopted into
+another {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so as not to share in the disgrace brought upon their
+family. In such a case presumably their father's house would be allowed to
+become extinct.
+
+(M44) The inheritance of property being only an accessory to the
+heirship,(80) the ceremony of adoption consisted of an introduction to the
+kindred and to the ancestral altars, and an assumption of the
+responsibilities connected therewith.
+
+(M45) The process was the same as for the proclamation of the true blood
+of a son, and was exactly in accordance with tribal instincts.
+
+Whatever the history of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens, in it seems to have been
+accumulated a great number of the survivals of tribal sentiment.
+
+(M46) The adoption at Athens took place at the gathering of the phratores
+in order that all the kin might be present ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).(81)
+The adopter must lead his son to the sacrifices on the altars(82) and must
+show him to the kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and phratores: he must
+give assurance on the sacrifices that the young man was born in lawful
+wedlock from free citizens. This done, and no one questioning his rights,
+the assembly proceeded to vote(83) and if the vote was in his favour, then
+and not till then he was enrolled in the common register ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) of the phratria in the name of son of his adopted father. As
+a father could not without reason disinherit his true-born sons, so the
+phratores could not without reason refuse to accept them to the
+kinship.(84)
+
+If any of the phratores objected to the admission of the new kinsman, he
+must stop the sacrifices and remove the victim from the altar.(85) He
+would have to state the grounds of his objection, and if he could not
+produce good reasons, he incurred a fine. If there was no objection, the
+unsacrificial parts of the victim were divided up and each member took
+home with him his share,(86) or joined in a feast provided by the father
+of the admitted son.(87)
+
+(M47) The ceremonial given in the Gortyn laws is similar:--
+
+
+    x. 33. "The adoption shall take place in the agora when all the
+    citizens have assembled, from the stone from which speeches are
+    made. And the adopter shall give to his own brotherhood ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~})
+    a victim-for-sacrifice and a vessel of wine ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."
+
+
+The adopted son gets all the property and shall fulfil the divine and
+human duties of his adoptive father(88) and shall inherit as in the law
+for true-born sons. But if he does not fulfil them according to law, the
+next of kin shall take the property. He can only renounce his adoption by
+paying a fine.
+
+The adopted son thus introduced was considered to have become of the blood
+of his adoptive father, and was unable to leave his new family and return
+to his original home unless he left in the adoptive house a son to carry
+on the name to posterity. As long as he remained in the other {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+_i.e._ had not provided for his succession and by certain legal ceremonies
+been readmitted to his former family, he was considered of no relationship
+to them and had no right of inheritance in their goods.(89)
+
+An adopted son could not adopt or devise by will, and if he did not
+provide for the succession by leaving a son to follow him, the property
+went back into the family and to the next of kin of his adopted
+father.(90)
+
+If he did return to his former {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, leaving a son in his place and that
+son died, he could not return and take the property thus left without heir
+direct.(91)
+
+(M48) Adoption amongst the Hindoos took place in like manner before the
+convened kindred. The adopting father offered a burnt-offering, and with
+recitation of holy words in the middle of his dwelling completed the
+adoption with these words:--
+
+
+    "I take thee for the fulfilment of my religious duties; I take
+    thee to continue the line of my ancestors."(92)
+
+
+The adopted son should be as near a relation as possible, and when once
+the ceremony had taken place, was considered to have as completely lost
+his position in his former family as if he had never been born
+therein.(93)
+
+(M49) The introduction into the deme which took place at the age of
+eighteen at Athens, including the enrolment in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, seems to have been a registration of rights of property and
+an assumption of the full status of citizen. The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is
+defined by Harpocration as meaning "capable of managing the ancestral
+estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})." The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is used by Isaeus for the
+application, by others than direct descendants, to the Archon for the
+necessary powers to take their property.
+
+It appears to have been at this period that the young man left the ranks
+of boyhood and dedicated himself to the responsibilities of his life.
+
+(M50) Plutarch(94) states that it was the custom at coming of age to
+tonsure the head and offer the hair to some god, and describes the young
+Theseus as adopting what we know as the Celtic tonsure, thenceforth called
+after his name.
+
+
+    "The custom still being in existence at that time for those
+    quitting childhood to go to Delphi and dedicate(95) their hair to
+    the god, Theseus also went to Delphi (and the place is still
+    called after him the Theseia, so they say) and _shaved the hair of
+    his head in front only_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) Homer says the
+    Abantes do:(96) and this kind of tonsure ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}) is called
+    'Theseis' because of him. Now the Abantes first shaved themselves
+    in this manner, not in imitation of the Arabs(97) as some have it,
+    nor even in emulation of the Mysians, but being a warlike people
+    and fighting hand to hand, ... as Archilochos testifies. For this
+    reason Alexander is said to have ordered his Macedonians to shave
+    their beards...."
+
+
+This cutting the hair as token of dedication to any particular object or
+deity was of common occurrence. Achilles' hair was dedicated as an
+offering to the river Spercheios in case of his safe return.(98) Knowing
+that this is impossible, in his grief at the death of Patroklos, with
+apologies to the god he cuts his flowing locks and lays them in the hand
+of his dead friend.
+
+Pausanias declares that it was the custom with all the Greeks to dedicate
+their hair to rivers.(99)
+
+Theophrastus(100) mentions as a characteristic of the man of Petty
+Ambition that he will "take his son away to Delphi to have his hair cut
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})," showing that this venerable custom had by that time become
+pedantic and an object of ridicule.
+
+According to Athenaeus,(101) when the young men cut their hair they
+brought a large cup of wine to Herakles and, pouring a libation, offered
+it to the assembled people to drink.
+
+The age at which the hair was cut seems to have varied. The _Ordinances of
+Manu_(102) give the following instructions:--
+
+
+    "The Kecanta (tonsure-rite) is ordered in the sixteenth year(103)
+    of a Brahman, in the twenty-second of a Ksatriya, and in two years
+    more after that for a Vaicya."
+
+
+But whenever the actual tonsure was performed, it seems to have been a
+very widely spread custom, symbolical in some way of devotion to a deity
+or kindred, or to some particular course of life.
+
+Its importance in this place, however, lies in its being one of the
+special acts relating to the admission to tribal status, and to the
+devotion, so to speak, of the services of the individual to the corporate
+needs of his tribe or kindred.
+
+The public introduction to the kindred, combined with publicity of
+marriage and of the birth of children would, it is obvious, be a very
+important protection for the preservation of the jealously guarded purity
+of the tribal blood. Isaeus(104) says that all relations ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),
+all the phratores, and most ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}) of the demesmen would know whom a
+man married, and what children he had. This, in addition to the oath
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of the father or of the mother(105) of the legitimacy of the son
+introduced to his kin, would seem a very sufficient safeguard.(106)
+
+If a child was not introduced to the phratores, it was considered
+illegitimate,(107) and could have no share in the rites of kindred and
+property.(108)
+
+
+
+
+� 5. The Liability For Bloodshed.
+
+
+(M51) A notable feature of the tribal system all over the world was the
+_blood-feud_, wiped out only by the death of the manslayer or by the
+payment of a sufficient recompense. The incidence of the responsibility
+for murder and for payment of the recompense upon a group instead of only
+on the guilty individual was of remarkable tenacity, and survived to
+comparatively late days.
+
+In Arabia the whole tribe of the murderer subscribed to the blood-money,
+which went to all the males in the tribe of the murdered man.(109)
+
+But in Greece the responsibility fell upon the next of kin, with the help
+and under the supervision of the rest of the immediate kindred. He had to
+see that a spear was carried in front of the funeral of the slain man and
+planted in his grave, which must be watched for three days.(110) He must
+make proclamation of the foul deed at the tomb, and must undergo
+purificatory rites, himself and his whole house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). If the dead body
+be found in the country and no cause of death known, the demarch must
+compel the relatives to bury the corpse and to purify the deme on the same
+day.(111)
+
+The subject is a familiar one in Homer. The wanderer ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is said
+to have no value (he is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), no fine is exacted for his death.
+
+
+    _Il._ xiv. 483. "That my brother's price ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) be
+    not unpaid: even for this it is that a man may well pray to have
+    some kinsman in his halls ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to avenge
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}) his fall."
+
+
+    _Il._ ix. 634. "Yet doth a man accept recompense of his brother's
+    murderer: or for his dead son: and so the manslayer for a great
+    price abideth in his own land ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) and the other's heart is
+    appeased and his proud soul, when he hath taken the
+    recompense."(112)
+
+
+(M52) There are many men told of in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ who were in
+the position of refugees at the court of some chief. As many of them were
+wealthy--chiefs' sons or even chiefs--and well able to pay large
+recompenses, it seems probable that (as is definitely stated in some
+instances), if the murder was committed on a member of the same family or
+tribe as the murderer, the only way to wipe out the stain was by death or
+perpetual exile, as in the case of the typical fratricide Cain. The
+blood-price was then only between tribe and tribe or city and city. Within
+the kindred there would be no ransom allowed.(113)
+
+Medon had slain the brother of his step-mother and was a fugitive from his
+country.(114)
+
+Epeigeus _ruled_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}) fairest Boudeion of old, but having slain a good
+man of his kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), to Peleus fled, a suppliant.(115)
+
+Tlepolemos slew his own father's maternal uncle, gathered much folk
+together and fled across the sea, because the other sons and grandsons of
+his father threatened him.(116)
+
+
+    _Il._ xxiv. 479. "And as when a grievous curse cometh upon a man
+    who in his own country ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) hath slain another and escapeth
+    to a land of other folk ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to the house of some rich
+    man, and wonder possesseth them that look on him...."(117)
+
+
+    _Od._ xv. 272. "Having slain a man of my tribe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): and many
+    are his relations ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) in Argos: at
+    their hands do I shun death and black fate and am in exile."
+
+
+    _Od._ xxiii. 118. "For whoso hath slain but one man in his country
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) for whom there be not many avengers ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})
+    behind, he fleeth leaving his kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and his fatherland, how
+    then we who have slain the pillar of the state!"
+
+
+(M53) If ransom there was none for the murderer within the tribe, there
+was equally none for murders between citizen and citizen,--in this point
+also the inheritors of the sentiments of tribesmen. In the law of
+Solon(118) it was forbidden to take payment in compensation from the
+murderer:--
+
+
+    "The murderer can be slain in our land, not tortured, not held to
+    ransom ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})."
+
+
+Plato(119) describes the soul of the deceased as troubled with a great
+anger against the murderer, so that even the innocent and unintentional
+homicide must needs flee at any rate for a year. The presence too of a man
+thus denied with bloodshed at the sacred altars was held to be a gross
+impiety and source of divine anger. Plato(120) says:--
+
+
+    "The murderer shall be slain, but not buried in the country ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~})
+    of the deceased, which would be a disgrace and impiety."(121)
+
+
+In the case of a suicide, the hand that committed the crime was to be cut
+off and buried separately.
+
+In Isacus(122) it is related how Euthukrates in a quarrel over a
+boundary-stone was so flogged by his _brother_ Thoudippos that, dying some
+days after, he charged his friends ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) not to allow any of
+Thoudippos' people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}) to approach his tomb. But if the
+murdered man before his death forgave his murderer, the relatives could
+not proceed against him.
+
+If the murderer escaped fleeing he must go forever: if he returned he
+could be killed at sight by any one and with impunity.(123) The pollution
+rested on the whole kindred of the murdered man.
+
+
+    "Whosoever _being related to the deceased_ on the male or female
+    side of those within the cousinship shall not prosecute the
+    murderer when he ought or proclaim him outlaw, he shall _take upon
+    himself __ the pollution_ and the hatred of the gods ... and he
+    shall be in the power of any who is willing to avenge the
+    dead."(124)
+
+
+The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul has given life
+for life and has laid to sleep the wrath of the whole family
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(125)
+
+If it is a beast that has killed the man, it shall be slain to propitiate
+the kin and atone for the blood shed.
+
+If it is a lifeless thing that has caused death, it shall solemnly be cast
+out before witnesses to acquit the whole family from guilt.(126)
+
+Amongst the Israelites, treating of homicides _amongst themselves_,
+compensation was forbidden in like manner.
+
+
+    Numbers xxxv. 31. "Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the
+    life of a murderer which is guilty of death: but he shall surely
+    be put to death.
+
+
+    "... The land cannot be cleansed of blood that is shed therein but
+    by the blood of him that shed it."
+
+
+Let us complete this subject with the following story told by
+Herodotus:(127)--Adrastus, having slain his brother, flees to the court of
+Croesus. There he becomes as a son to Croesus and a brother to Atys,
+Croesus' son. This Atys Adrastus has the terrible misfortune to slay,
+thereby incurring a three-fold pollution. He has brought down upon himself
+the triple wrath of Zeus Katharsios, Ephestios, and Hetaireios: he has
+violated his own innocence, his protector's hearth, and the comradeship of
+his friend.
+
+In despair he commits suicide.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III. THE EXTENT OF THE BOND OF KINSHIP.
+
+
+    Arctior vero colligatio est societatis propinquorum: ab illa enim
+    immensa societate humani generis in exiguam angustumque
+    concluditur.
+
+
+    _Cicero_.
+
+
+
+
+� 1. Degrees Of Blood-Relationship; The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+
+(M54) Such being the character of the burden of mutual responsibility
+borne by members of kindred blood, it remains, if possible, to obtain some
+idea of how this responsibility became narrowed and limited to the nearest
+relations, and what was the meaning underlying the distinction drawn
+between certain degrees of relationship.
+
+When examining the more detailed structure of the organisation of the
+kindred, considerable light seems to be thrown upon survivals in Athens by
+comparison with the customs of other communities, which were undergoing
+earlier stages of the same process of crystallisation from the condition
+of semi-nomadic tribes into that of settled provinces or kingdoms.
+
+(M55) In the Gortyn Laws we read:--
+
+
+    iv. 24. "The father shall have power over the children and the
+    property to divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the
+    parents) are alive, _there is no necessity for division_.... If a
+    man or woman die their children, or grandchildren, or
+    great-grandchildren, shall have the property...."
+
+
+The headship of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the ownership of the property vested in the
+parent as long as he lived and wished to maintain his power. Even after
+his death, unless they wished it, the sons need not divide up amongst
+themselves, but could live on with joint ownership in the one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+their deceased father. The eldest son would probably take the house
+itself, _i.e._ the hearth, with the duties to the family altars which
+devolved upon him as head of the family.(128)
+
+An example of this joint ownership occurs in the speech of Demosthenes
+against Leochares.(129) The two sons of Euthumachos after his death gave
+their sister in marriage (no doubt with her proper portion), and lived
+separately but _without dividing_ their inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).
+Even after the marriage of one brother, they still left the property
+undivided, each living on his share of the income, one in Athens, the
+other in Salamis.
+
+The possibility of thus living in one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and on an undivided patrimony
+is implied in another passage in Demosthenes, where, however, the exact
+opposite is described as actually having taken place.(130)
+
+Bouselos had five sons. He divided ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) his substance
+amongst them all as was fair and right, and they married wives and begat
+children and children's children. Thus _five_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} sprang up out of the
+one of Bouselos, and _each brother dwelt apart_, having his own {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and
+bringing up his own offspring ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) himself ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}).
+
+Whilst the parents were alive the family naturally held very closely
+together, and often probably lived in one patriarchal household like
+Priam's at Troy.
+
+Isaeus declares:--The law commands that we maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our parents
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): these are--parents, grandparents and _their parents_, if they are
+still alive:
+
+
+    "For they are the beginning ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) of the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and their
+    estate descends to their offspring ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}): wherefore it is
+    necessary to maintain them even if they leave nothing."(131)
+
+
+The duty of maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) owed to the ancestor would follow the
+same relationship as the right of inheritance from him, and this common
+debt towards their living forebears could not help further consolidating
+the group of descendants already bound together by common rites at the
+tombs of the dead.
+
+But granted this community of rights and debts, is it possible to
+formulate for the Greeks anything of the same limitations in the incidence
+of responsibility amongst blood-relations that is to be found elsewhere?
+
+(M56) In western Europe, owing perhaps to the influence of Christianity,
+the rites of ancestor-worship have no prominence. Ecclesiastical influence
+however was unable to prevent an exceedingly complex subdivision of the
+kindred existing in Wales and elsewhere. Whether this subdivision finds
+its _raison d'etre_ in the worship of ancestors or not, the groups thus
+formed serve as units for sustaining the responsibilities incident to
+tribal life, and being, as will be seen, governed by similar
+considerations to those existing among the Greeks, they afford very
+suitable material for comparison, and throw considerable light upon one
+another.
+
+(M57) As the various departments affected by blood-relationship or purity
+of descent come under notice, it will be seen that the position of
+_great-grandson_ as at once limiting the immediate family of his parents
+and heading a new family of descendants is marked with peculiar emphasis.
+
+(M58) In the ancient laws of Wales it rests with great-grandsons to make
+the final division of their inheritance and start new households.
+
+Second cousins may demand redivision of the heritage descending (and
+perhaps already divided up in each generation between) from their
+great-grandfather. After second cousins no redivision or co-equation can
+be claimed.(132)
+
+In the meanwhile the oldest living parents maintained their influence in
+family matters. In the story of Kilhwch and Olwen, in the _Mabinogion_,
+the father of Olwen, before betrothing her to Kilhwch, declares that "her
+four great-grandmothers and her four great-grandsires are yet alive; it is
+needful that I take counsel of them."(133)
+
+(M59) Even when feudalism refused to acknowledge other than an individual
+responsibility for a fief, it was unable to overcome the tribal theory of
+the indivisibility of the family, which maintained its unity in some
+places even under a feudal exterior. But as generations proceeded, and the
+relationships within the family diverged beyond the degree of second
+cousin, a natural breaking up seems to have taken place, though in the
+direction of subinfeudation under the feudal enforcement of the rule of
+primogeniture, instead of the practice, more in accordance with tribal
+instincts, of equal division and enfranchisement. It may however be
+surmised that the subdivision and subinfeudation of a holding in the
+occupation of such a group of kinsmen would be carried out by the
+formation of further similar groups.
+
+(M60) In the _Coustumes du Pais de Normandie_ mention is made of such a
+method of land-holding, called _parage_. It consists of an undivided
+tenure of brothers and relations _within the degree of second cousins_.
+
+The eldest does homage to the capital lord for all the _paragers_. The
+younger and their descendants hold of the eldest without homage, until the
+relationship comes to the _sixth degree inclusive_ (_i.e._ second
+cousins). When the lineage is beyond the sixth degree, the heirs of the
+cadets have to do homage to the heirs of the eldest or to whomsoever has
+acquired the fief. Then _parage_ ceases.(134)
+
+The tenure then becomes one of subinfeudation. As long as the _parage_
+continued, the share of a deceased _parager_ would be dealt with by
+redivision of rights, and no question would arise of finding heirs. But
+when it became a question of finding an heir to the group, failing heirs
+in the seventh degree inclusive, that is, son of second cousins--looked
+upon as son to the group--failing such an heir, the estate escheated to the
+lord.
+
+(M61) There is an interesting passage in the Ancient Laws of Wales
+ordaining that the next-of-kin shall not inherit as heir to his deceased
+kinsman, but as heir to the ancestor, who, apart from himself, would be
+without direct heir, _i.e._ presumably their common ancestor.
+
+
+    "No person is to obtain the land of a _co-heir_, as of a brother,
+    or of a cousin, or of a second cousin, by claiming it as heir to
+    that one co-heir who shall have died without leaving an heir of
+    his body: but by claiming it as heir _to one of his own parents_,
+    who had been owner of that land until his death without heir,
+    whether a father, or grandfather, or great-grandfather: that land
+    he is to have, if he be the nearest of kin to the deceased."(135)
+
+
+This of course refers to inheritance within the group of co-heirs, the
+members of which held their position by virtue of their common
+relationship within certain degrees to the founder. And we may infer that
+emphasis was thus laid on the proof of relationship by _direct descent_,
+in order to prevent shares in the inheritance passing from hand to hand
+unnoticed, beyond the strict limit where subdivision could be claimed _per
+capita_ by the individual representatives of the diverging _stirpes_.
+
+(M62) The kindred in the _Ordinances of Manu_ is divided into two groups:--
+
+1. Sapindas, who owe the _funeral cake_ at the tomb.
+
+2. Samanodakas, who pour the _water libation_ at the tomb.
+
+
+    "To _three ancestors_ the water libation must be made; for _three
+    ancestors_ the funeral cake is prepared; the fourth (descendant or
+    generation) is the giver (of the water and the cake); the _fifth
+    has properly nothing to do_ (with either gift)."(136)
+
+
+This may be put in tabular form:--
+
+Receivers of water.
+
+1. Great-grandfather's great-grandfather.
+2. Great-grandfather's grandfather.
+3. Great-grandfather's father.
+
+Receivers of cake.
+
+1. Great-grandfather.
+2. Grandfather.
+3. Father.
+4. Giver of cake and water
+5. Excluded
+
+Or inversely:--
+
+Givers of cake or _Sapindas_.
+
+Householder
+Brothers
+1st cousins
+2nd cousins
+
+Pourers of water or _Samanodakas_.
+
+3rd cousins
+4th cousins
+5th cousins
+
+Within the _Sapinda_-ship of his mother, a "twice-born" man may not
+marry.(137) Outside the _Sapinda_-ship, a wife or widow, "commissioned" to
+bear children to the name of her husband, must not go.
+
+
+    "Now _Sapinda_-ship ceases with the seventh person, but the
+    relationship of a Samanodaka (ends) with the ignorance of birth
+    and name."(138)
+
+
+All are Sapindas who offer the cake to the same ancestors.
+
+(M63) The head of the family would himself offer or share with all his
+descendants in the offering of the one cake to his great-grandfather, his
+grandfather, and his father. And if this passage is taken in conjunction
+with the one quoted just above, the number sharing in the cake-offering,
+limited as in the text at the seventh person from the first ancestor who
+receives the cake, is just sufficient to include the great-grandson of the
+head of the family, supposed to be making the offering.
+
+The group, thus sharing the same cake-offering, would in the natural
+course be moving continually downwards, generation by generation as the
+head of the family died, thereby causing the great-grandfather to pass
+from the receivers of the cake-offering to the receivers of the water
+libation, and admitting the great-grandson's son into the number of
+Sapindas who shared the cake-offering. And at no time would more than four
+generations have a share in the same cake offered to the three nearest
+ancestors of the head of the family.
+
+(M64) The Samanodakas, or pourers of the water libation appear to have
+been similarly grouped.
+
+"Ignorance of birth and name" was in Wales considered to be equivalent to
+_beyond fifth cousins_. According to the Gwentian Code, "there is no
+proper name in kin further than that"--_i.e._ fifth cousins.(139) And this
+tallies exactly with the previous quotation from Manu limiting the water
+libation to three generations of ancestors beyond those to whom the cake
+is due, which, as has been seen, includes fifth cousins.
+
+And it must be borne in mind that fifth cousins are great-grandsons of the
+great-grandsons of their common ancestor, or two generations of groups of
+second cousins.
+
+(M65) It was extremely improbable that a man would see further than his
+great-grandchildren born to him before his death. And it might also
+occasionally occur in times of war or invasion that a man's sons and
+grandsons might go out to serve as soldiers, leaving the old man and his
+young great-grandchildren at home.
+
+If the fighting members of the family were killed, the great-grandsons
+(who would be second cousins or nearer to each other) would have to
+inherit directly from their great-grandfather: and thus, especially in
+cases where the property was held undivided after the father's death, we
+can easily see that second cousins (_i.e._ all who traced back to the
+common great-grandfather) might be looked upon as forming a natural limit
+to the immediate descendants in any one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and as the furthest removed
+who could claim shares of the ancestral inheritance.
+
+After the death of the great-grandfather or head of the house, his
+descendants would probably wish to divide up the estate and start new
+houses of their own. The eldest son was generally named after his father's
+father,(140) and would carry on the name of the eldest branch of his
+great-grandfather's house, and would be responsible for the proper
+maintenance of the rites on that ancestor's tomb. He would also be
+guardian of any brotherless woman or minor amongst his cousins, each of
+whom would be equally responsible to him and to each other for all the
+duties and privileges entailed upon blood-relationship.
+
+Thus seems naturally to spring up an inner group of blood-relations
+closely drawn together by ties which only indirectly reached other and
+outside members of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+(M66) In the fourth century B.C. this compact group limited to second
+cousins still survived at Athens, responsible to each other for
+succession, by inheritance or by marriage of a daughter; for vengeance and
+purification after injury received by any member, and for all duties
+shared by kindred blood.
+
+This close relation was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, and all its members were called
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _i.e._ any one upon whom the claim upon the next-of-kin might at
+any time fall.
+
+The speech of Demosthenes against Makartatos affords considerable
+information as to the constitution of the family-group or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The five
+sons of Bouselos,(141) we are told, on his death divided his substance
+amongst them, and each started a new {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and begat children and
+children's children.(142) The action, which was the occasion of the
+speech, lay between the great-grandsons of two of these five founders of
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Stratios and Hagnias, and had reference to the disposal of the
+estate of the grandson of the latter, which had come into the hands of the
+great-grandson of Stratios.
+
+One might have supposed that the descendants of Bouselos, with their
+common burial ground(143) and so forth, would have ranked as all in the
+same {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} under their title of Bouselidai. But it is clear from this
+speech of Demosthenes, that too many generations had already passed to
+admit of Bouselos being considered as still head of an unbroken {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and
+that his _great_-great-grandsons were subdivided into separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} under
+the names of their respective great-grandfathers, Stratios, Hagnias, &c.
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}).(144)
+
+
+
+
+� 2. Limitations In Respect Of Succession Outside The Direct Line Of
+Descent.
+
+
+(M67) The Gortyn law quoted above in the previous section goes on:--
+
+
+    v. "If (a man or woman die and) they have no children, the
+    deceased's brothers and brother's children or _grandchildren_
+    shall have the property. If there are none of these, the
+    deceased's sisters, their children or _grandchildren_. If there
+    are none of these, to whom it descends of whatever grade they be,
+    they shall inherit the property."
+
+
+This clause takes the evidence one step further, and it is noticeable how
+the right of inheritance is determined by the great-grandchild of the
+common ancestor. In the direct line, a man's descendants down to his
+great-grandchildren inherited his estate. In dealing with inheritance
+through a brother of the deceased the heirship terminates with the
+_grandchild_ of the brother, who would be great-grandchild of the nearest
+common ancestor with the previous owner of the estate. If there is no
+brother, the child of the cousin limits the next branch, as will be seen.
+
+(M68) Isaeus(145) describes the working of the then-existing (c. 350 B.C.)
+law of inheritance at Athens as follows:--
+
+The law gives "brothers' property" (i.e. property without lineal
+succession) to
+
+
+    1. _Brothers_ by the same father, or brother's children, for these
+    are related to the deceased in the nearest degree;
+
+
+    2. _Sisters_ by the same father, or sister's children;
+
+
+    3. _First cousins_ by the father's side as far as _cousin's
+    children_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+    _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}_).
+
+
+    Failing these, recourse is had back again into the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) and the law makes those related through
+    the _mother_ of the deceased, masters ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) of the family (and
+    inheritance) in the same order as on the father's side from the
+    beginning.
+
+
+That is to say, failing first cousins once removed, the inheritance goes
+back and begins again at the mother of the deceased, who however, being a
+woman, can only inherit on behalf of her issue, present or
+prospective.(146) If she has married again and has a son (half-brother to
+her deceased son) he would inherit. Failing her issue, her brother and so
+on to first cousin's children of the deceased, through his mother, would
+have the inheritance.
+
+Failing these, the nearest kinsman to be found on the father's side, of
+whatsoever degree, is to inherit.
+
+(M69) The law as stated by Demosthenes(147) coincides with this:--
+
+
+    "If there are no sons, brothers by the same father (shall
+    inherit): and their true born children, if there are any, shall
+    have the share of their father: if there are no brothers or
+    brother's children the issue of the latter in the same way shall
+    partake: males and children of males shall have preference (over
+    females) if they are born of the same (parents), even if they are
+    further off by birth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) [_i.e._ are a generation lower down].
+    If there are none on the father's side as far as _cousin's
+    children_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), the relations on the mother's
+    side in the same way shall have possession ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}). But if
+    there are none on either side _within these degrees_, the nearest
+    of kin on the father's side shall have possession."
+
+
+Whenever this law is quoted the limit of relationship laid down therein
+for the immediate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is always that of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or sons of
+first cousins, who inherit from their first cousins once removed (_oncle a
+la Bretagne_, or Welsh uncle as this relation has been called).
+Occasionally the patronymic form {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} is used, apparently with the
+same signification, though properly {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} would mean sons of two first
+cousins, _i.e._ second cousins.(148)
+
+(M70) It appears from the evidence reviewed hitherto, that any
+great-grandson could inherit from any grandson of a common ancestor, and
+the conclusion also seems to be justified, that the group of
+great-grandsons were considered to divide up their right to inherit once
+for all, and that having done so, with respect to that inheritance they
+were considered to have begun a new succession. To put it differently, in
+case of the death of one of these second cousins, after the final division
+of their inheritance had taken place, the rest of the second cousins would
+have no right to a share in his portion; an heir would have to be found
+within his nearer relations. Thus, they share responsibilities towards any
+of their relations within the group and higher up in their families, and
+also stand shoulder to shoulder in sharing such burdens as pollution and
+so on, but are outside the immediate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} with respect to each
+other's succession. The reason for this will perhaps be more apparent as
+the argument proceeds.
+
+That the grandson of a first cousin was outside the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is clear
+from the speech of Demosthenes already mentioned,(149) where the
+plaintiff, who originally stands in that relationship to the deceased
+whose inheritance is in dispute, is adopted as son of his grandfather
+(first cousin of the deceased), in order to come within the legal
+definition of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+That the son of a second cousin was also without the pale is directly
+stated in several passages in Isaeus.
+
+(M71) It must be remembered that by "inheritance" is meant the assumption
+of all the duties incumbent on the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and that the man who
+"inherited" took his place for the future as son of the deceased in the
+family pedigree, and reckoned his relationship to the rest of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+thenceforth from his new position, in the house into which he had
+come.(150)
+
+(M72) Now if it is true that to the great-grandson was the lowest in
+degree to which property could directly descend without entering a new
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and if that great-grandson was also looked upon as beginning with
+his acquired property a new portion of the continuous line of descent; any
+one, who "inherited" from him and ranked in the scale of relationship as
+HIS SON, would necessarily fall outside the former group and would be
+considered as forming the nearest relative in the next succeeding group.
+This, it seems, is the meaning of the language of the law which limits the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} to the children of first cousins who could inherit from their
+parent's first cousins, and still _retain their relationship as
+great-grandsons_ of the same ancestor. Whereas any one taking the place of
+son to his second cousin would be one degree lower down in descent, and
+pass outside the limit of the four generations. The law makes the kinsmen
+therefore exhaust all possible relationships _within the group_ by
+reverting to the mother's kindred with the same limitation before allowing
+the inheritance to pass outside or lower down.
+
+(M73) In confirmation of this view the following passage may be quoted
+from _Plato's Laws_:--
+
+
+    "He who in the sad disorder of his soul has a mind, justly or
+    unjustly, to expel from his family a son whom he has begotten and
+    brought up, shall not lightly or at once execute his purpose; but
+    first of all he shall collect together his own kinsmen, extending
+    to (_first_) _cousins_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), and in like manner his
+    son's kinsmen by the mother's side,(151) and in their presence he
+    shall accuse his son, setting forth that he deserves at the hands
+    of them all to be dismissed from the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(152)
+
+
+Before dishonouring one of the family and so bereaving it of a member
+owing duties which, by his disinheritance, may fall into abeyance or be
+neglected, the parent calls together all to whom his son might perhaps
+ultimately become the only living representative and heir, and who might
+at some future time be dependent on him for the performance of ancestral
+rites. That this was in Plato's mind when he wrote is shown by the next
+sentence, in which he provides for the possibility of some relation
+already having need of the young man and being desirous to adopt him as
+his son, in which case he shall by no means be prevented. The concurrence
+of all relations in such a position was therefore necessary.
+
+In other cases where Plato mentions similar gatherings of the kin but for
+different purposes, he extends the summons to _cousin's children_. But
+here it can be seen they would have no place. They would be second cousins
+to the disgraced youth; they might have to share privilege or pollution
+with him, but had no claim on him for duties towards themselves. He would
+be "cousin's son" to his father's first cousins--the limit of such a claim
+in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+(M74) In the speech of Isaeus concerning the estate of Hagnias, a real
+second cousin is in possession of the estate. He won the case at the time
+and died in possession, and an action against his son Makartatos for the
+same property is the occasion of one of the speeches of Demosthenes. To
+fully understand the relationships referred to in these cases, the
+accompanying genealogical tree of the descendants of Bouselos may be of
+assistance. It will also serve as an example of how a kindred hung
+together, and how by intermarriage and adoption the name of the head of an
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was carried on down a long line of male descendants.
+
+[Illustration: Family tree of Bouselos.]
+
+Theopompos, in the speech of Isaeus, had taken possession of the estate of
+his second cousin Hagnias, as his next of kin and heir. Throughout the
+speech he is styled {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so as to bring him within the phraseology
+of the law, and he successfully defends himself from the claims of the
+next generation below--viz., his brother's son. But in the speech of
+Demosthenes against his son Makartatos, who had taken possession at his
+father's death of the disputed property, it is represented that his father
+had got possession only by defeating another claimant, Phylomache II., by
+"surprise," as it was called, by stating that her grandmother through whom
+she traced her claim was only half-sister to Hagnias' father. But
+Phylomache's husband, having caused their son Euboulides III. to be
+adopted as the son of Euboulides II.--his wife's father and Hagnias' first
+cousin, a quite regular course for the grandson inheriting through his
+heiress mother--proved that his wife's grandmother was whole sister to
+Hagnias father, and brought the action under the guidance of Demosthenes
+against Makartatos. This Euboulides III. sued as true {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} of Hagnias.(153) He is described as having "one of
+the titles mentioned in the law _as far as which_ the law bids the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} go, for he is _cousin's son_ to Hagnias."
+
+On the other hand, Theopompos, father of Makartatos and second cousin of
+Hagnias, is mentioned(154) as "being of a different {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} altogether," and
+not at all related in such a way as to be heir of Hagnias ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} _{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}),
+being too far off in the family (or by birth).
+
+That the title of Theopompos (viz., second cousinship) was not valid, may
+be inferred partly by the ruses he adopted to get possession, but more
+especially by the fact(155) that none of the other second cousins on a par
+with him, and with whom he ought to have shared, seem to have believed in
+the validity of their titles, or at any rate taken the trouble to sue for
+part of the estate.
+
+However this may be, there does not seem anything in these speeches other
+than confirmatory of the view stated above of the composition and
+limitation of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+
+
+
+� 3. Division Amongst Heirs.
+
+
+(M75) Succession to the inheritance of an estate was ordained by law in
+strict accordance with the ancient conception of the unity of the family.
+On the death of the head of a family, unless the paternal {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was
+voluntarily continued unbroken by his descendants, the natural course was
+for each son ultimately to live apart and found a separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+consisting of himself and his offspring. Equal division amongst heirs was
+therefore the rule in Greece; equal division, that is to say, between all
+of equal grade.
+
+(M76) The Gortyn Laws have already been referred to as enforcing the
+principle.(156) If a man died, his heirs were either his sons, or his
+grandsons, or his greatgrandsons. If he had no children, his brothers, and
+their children, or their grandchildren succeeded.
+
+The Athenian law was conceived in the same spirit, but mentions a further
+point--viz., that in the division amongst sons, the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of any one of
+their number who had died before the division, could be represented by his
+sons or grandsons, who thus received their father's share.
+
+This system of representation probably existed also among the Gortynians,
+though no mention of it is made in their laws, for it is inconceivable
+that any of the grandsons could be deprived of all share in their
+grandfather's estate by the mere death of the intermediate generation.
+
+But the division _per stirpes_ was not maintained throughout. It is
+probable from the words of the Attic orators that equal division amongst
+all of the same grade, such as nephews or cousins, took place _per
+capita_, any deceased member of that grade being represented by his sons.
+Representation, of course, could not take place in the case of a division
+amongst cousins' sons, owing to the strict limitation of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} to
+four generations from the common ancestor; any deceased relation in that
+degree therefore simply dropped out of the succession.
+
+(M77) It has generally been assumed that grandsons inheriting directly
+from their grandfather, all the intermediate generation being already
+dead, inherited none the less the shares of their respective fathers _per
+stirpes_. But if the foregoing account of the unity of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and its
+resemblance in its composition to the household of the Welsh tribal system
+be correct, it seems more reasonable to suppose that, all the intermediate
+generation being dead, the grandsons, in virtue of being all equally
+related to their grandfather, would inherit in equal shares _per capita_.
+Any dead grandson would of course be represented, as before, by his son or
+sons.
+
+(M78) The evidence is not sufficient to justify more than a suggestion on
+either side with regard to divisions amongst lineal descendants. With
+regard to successions by relations outside of the direct line of descent,
+such as nephews or cousins, it is almost certain that all of the same
+degree took equal shares _per capita_.
+
+Following the law for daughters, quoted by Demosthenes(157)--viz., that
+though all shared the inheritance of the property, only one need be dealt
+with in view of securing the succession--the assumption can be made that,
+when there were several heirs related in the same degree to the former
+owner of the estate, one of their number would be set apart to continue
+the household of their kinsman as his son, whilst the others merely took
+their shares of the property divided to continue their own {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+respectively.
+
+The equal division of inheritance amongst kinsmen of equal degree _per
+capita_, in combination with the system of representation above described,
+is entirely consistent with the tribal conception of the household as
+hanging closely together, its members always looking up to their venerable
+head, in whom the ownership of the property vested, until by the death of
+older generations and the consequent subdivision, each in his turn became
+head of an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and owner of its share in the ancestral property.
+
+
+
+
+� 4. Qualifications For The Recognition Of Tribal Blood.
+
+
+(M79) It has been remarked above with what jealousy the purity of the
+blood of the community was guarded. No child was admitted into the kindred
+of its father until all concerned were fully convinced of the
+blamelessness of its pedigree. In such circumstances it was no easy matter
+to acquire the privileges attached to the possession of tribal or citizen
+blood. It seems to have been considered that however great otherwise the
+claims of a stranger might be, time alone could really render the
+qualifications of his family complete.
+
+(M80) Under the ancient Laws of Wales no stranger's family could acquire
+the full privileges of a Welsh tribesman or Cymro, as regards location on
+land, until after many generations. But if they married Welshwomen, and
+held land from generation to generation, the _greatgrandsons_ became fully
+privileged tribesmen.(158) Similarly if a stranger voluntarily assumed the
+position of serf to a Welshman, and his descendants did not choose to
+depart, but remained in that position to the descendants of the Welshman,
+the _greatgrandsons_ of the Welshman became proprietors of the
+greatgrandsons of the stranger.(159)
+
+(M81) But for the stranger who merely resided in Wales and did not marry
+into any Welsh tribe the period of probation was _three times as
+long_--viz., the greatgrandson of the greatgrandson of his greatgrandson
+was the first to attain to full tribal privilege--
+
+
+    "Strangers and their progeny are adjudged to be aillts; also a
+    reputed son who shall be denied and his progeny, and evildoers of
+    federate country and their progeny, _unto the end of the ninth
+    descent_."(160)
+
+
+_i.e._, the tenth man would no longer be reckoned an _aillt_ but a free
+Cymro.
+
+The issue of a stranger obtains the privilege of a tribesman _in the
+fourth person_ by legitimate marriages.(161) But the aillt or stranger,
+who dwells in Cymru, does not attain until the _end of the ninth descent_.
+
+So too inversely:--
+
+The title to inherit by kin and descent in the tribal land and rights of
+his ancestors does not become extinct _till the ninth man_. The ninth man
+in descent from a banished tribesman coming home and finding his title as
+representative of his family seemingly extinguished, is to raise an outcry
+that from a proprietor he is becoming a nonproprietor, and the law will
+shelter him and adjudge him an equal share with the occupants he finds on
+the land. This is called the "outcry across the abyss." The tenth man's
+outcry cannot be heard. "Others say" that the ninth man is too late to
+raise the cry.(162)
+
+This is exactly parallel to the case of the stranger resident in Cymru.
+For _nine_ generations he is a stranger, and in _the tenth_ a Cymro. Here
+for _nine_ generations is the Cymro abroad a tribesman, and in _the tenth_
+he is a stranger.
+
+(M82) From a passage in Deuteronomy it would appear that the
+qualifications for admission as a full tribesman amongst the Israelites
+were identical with those just mentioned.
+
+The Israelites had purified themselves of the ancestor worship, that so
+long survived in Greece, and had, if one may say so, amalgamated all their
+minor deities and tribal superstitions in their one great monotheistic
+religion. Even then their tribal minds could not carry back their theology
+behind the known history of their own ancestors. Their God was the God of
+Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and was in their conception the greatest of
+Gods--_i.e._, greater than the Gods of other peoples, the existence of
+which their own beliefs did not preclude. Thus where in Attic writers we
+have mention of the religious rites of the family (which a stranger or
+polluted man might not approach), and of the partaking therein as proof of
+the whole admission and pure blood of those present, so in Deuteronomy the
+expression "the Congregation of the Lord," is used to denote that sacred
+precinct, forbidden to all save pure tribesmen of Israel.
+
+It may be inferred from the following passage that if a stranger resided
+in Israel, and his family continued to do so for nine generations, the
+tenth generation would in any ordinary case be admitted to the
+Congregation of the Lord as full Israelites.
+
+
+    Deut. xxiii. 2 and 3. "A bastard, or an Ammonite, or Moabite shall
+    not enter into the congregation of the Lord _even to their tenth
+    generation_, for ever."
+
+
+(M83) In special cases (exactly as was the rule in Wales)--such as the
+Edomite who was partly akin already, and the Egyptian who was united to
+the Israelites by the mysterious bonds of hospitality--a shorter sojourn in
+the land was held to qualify for full tribal privilege.
+
+
+    Deut. xxiii. 7 and 8. "Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite, for he is
+    thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, because thou wast a
+    stranger in his land. The _children_ that are begotten of them
+    shall enter into the congregation of the Lord _in their third
+    generation_."
+
+
+The third generation of _children_ would be the _greatgrandchildren_ of
+the original settler, and this is just one third of the length of time
+implied as required from the ordinary stranger, who only attained the
+tribal privilege in the third succession of greatgrandchildren.
+
+It is worth notice in this connection that the land of Canaan was divided
+up in the names of the _greatgrandchildren_ of Abraham, to whom the
+promise was made; Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph, taking their
+place amongst the others by adoption as sons by their grandfather Jacob,
+on an equality with his other sons.(163)
+
+(M84) These rules are not to be found with the same distinctness surviving
+at Athens, but there is a good deal of evidence showing how jealously the
+introduction of strangers to citizenship--which retained much that made it
+the later equivalent of the tribal bond--was regarded.
+
+Strangers made citizens (formally, ceremoniously, and by public vote) by
+the Athenian people cannot hold office as archon or partake of a holy
+office ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}); but their _children can_, if they are born from a
+citizen wife duly and lawfully betrothed.(164) That is to say, that the
+Athenians considered it necessary that there should be actually citizen
+blood in the veins of all who held office amongst them.(165)
+
+(M85) The abhorrence in which the introduction of alien blood was held is
+illustrated by the Athenian law concerning marriage with aliens, quoted by
+Demosthenes in his speech against Neaera.
+
+
+    _Law_: "If an alien shall live as husband with an Athenian woman
+    by any device or contrivance whatever, it shall be lawful for any
+    of the Athenians who are possessed of such right, to indict him
+    before the judges. And if he is convicted, he shall be sold for a
+    slave and his property confiscated, and the third part shall
+    belong to the person who has convicted him. And the like
+    proceedings shall be taken if an alien woman live as wife with an
+    Athenian citizen, and the citizen who lives as husband with an
+    alien woman so convicted shall incur the penalty of 1,000
+    drachmae."
+
+
+(M86) Citizenship was considered the highest of privileges, and was
+conferred only on persons worthy of great honour. Any citizen could bring
+an action against the newly-admitted stranger to test his real merits, and
+even after formal acceptance by the people of Athens, if he failed to
+justify his claims at such a trial, his new honours were stripped from him
+and he remained an alien. This being so, it cannot be expected in the
+comparison that he should rank with the ordinary resident in Cymru in the
+Welsh Laws, but rather as the chieftain whom the people wished to honour
+by admission to their tribe.
+
+It is stated in the Welsh Laws that the _son_ of a stranger chief, to whom
+honour was to be given, entered the whole privilege of the tribe.
+
+(M87) According to Aristotle,(166) candidates for archonship at Athens
+were asked their father's name and his deme, their grandfather's name and
+his deme, their mother's and her father's name and his deme;(167) whether
+the candidate had an Apollo Patroios and Zeus Herkeios, and where these
+shrines were: also if he treated his parents well and paid his taxes.
+
+In order to be perfectly sure that the candidate was of full and pure
+blood, they investigated the condition of both his grandparents, and, as
+further proof, assured themselves that he had a house and property of his
+own, and that too inherited from his ancestors. Furthermore, he must be
+guilty of no impiety towards his parents or the State.
+
+If it were the case at Athens that the fourth generation from a stranger
+was considered as having attained to the rights of a citizen, it mattered
+little what a man's _greatgrand_father was. He might have been an alien,
+yet if the intermediate ancestors were "in order," the candidate would
+have acquired the full blood.(168)
+
+(M88) In the _Oedipus Tyrannus_,(169) Sophocles apparently uses the
+expression "slave from the _third_ mother" as implying that three descents
+were considered to confirm the position of the fourth generation as slave
+or citizen, or whatever the case might be. Oedipus assures Jokasta that
+_her_ pedigree and status will remain unimpugned, even though the enquiry
+he is prosecuting establish him thrice-born a slave from slave mother,
+slave grandmother, and slave greatgrandmother.
+
+In elections for sacred offices, which appear to have been about the last
+things laid open to the new citizen, the possession of three generations
+of privileged ancestors was in some places insisted on. There is an
+inscription to this effect belonging to Halikarnassos;(170) and some
+similar rule seems to have held good among the Jews.
+
+
+    "These sought their register among those that were reckoned by
+    genealogy, but it was not found; therefore were they, as polluted,
+    put from the priesthood (_{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(171)
+
+
+The book of Nehemiah closes with the triumphant verse: "Thus I cleansed
+them from all strangers."
+
+(M89) The rule in the _Ordinances of Manu_ for the recovery of Brahman
+caste is just halfway between the tenth and the fourth generations--namely,
+the seventh, or _greatgrandson of the greatgrandson_ of the first
+halfcaste. This is only the case when each generation marries a Brahman
+wife.
+
+
+    "If (the caste) produced from a Brahman by a Cudra woman keeps
+    reproducing itself by nobler (marriage) this ignoble attains a
+    noble family _at the seventh union_ (Yuga)."(172)
+
+
+Thus:--
+
+
+    If (1) the halfcaste marries a Brahman woman and
+    (2) his son do.
+    (3) his grandson do.
+    (4) his _greatgrandson_ do.
+    (5) _his_ son do.
+    (6) his grandson do.
+    (7) his _greatgrandson_ do.--at last his family is restored to
+    their lost high caste.
+
+
+
+
+� 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.
+
+
+(M90) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, limited to relations within the same degrees as for
+other purposes, seems to be the unit in the case of pollution of the
+kindred by the death--violent or natural--of one of their number.
+
+
+    "Whosoever(173) being related to the deceased on the male or
+    female side of those _within the cousinship_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),
+    shall not prosecute the murderer when he ought and proclaim him
+    outlaw, he shall take _upon himself_ the pollution and the hatred
+    of the gods ... and he shall be in the power of any who is willing
+    to avenge the dead...."(174)
+
+
+    "The pollution cannot be washed out until the homicidal soul which
+    did the deed has given life for life and has propitiated and laid
+    to sleep the wrath of the whole family" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(175)
+
+
+    "If a brother wound a brother ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) the parents ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})
+    and the kinsmen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) to _cousins' children_ on male and
+    female side shall meet and judge the case."(176)
+
+
+Ransom was forbidden; citizen was bound to citizen with ties that had
+inherited too much of the tribal sanctity to admit of any extenuation of
+the extreme penalty.
+
+It was no doubt a wise policy on the part of the legislators, with the
+view to the preservation of respect for life and property, to make the
+responsibility for murder rest as widely as possible, and include as many
+relations and connections on both sides as might be. In order also that
+the wife, in case her husband was killed, and the daughter, in case her
+father was killed, might be fully protected and represented among the
+prosecuting kindred, the law of Draco seems to lay the necessity for
+action also on the father-in-law and the son-in-law. The _phratria_, being
+such a compact organisation and exacting such formal admission of its
+members, would naturally be concerned to see that justice was dealt to any
+of its number. Though we cannot include the _phratores_ amongst those
+directly responsible equally with the near kinsmen for crimes committed by
+one of their number, they would always have to take a certain part in
+whatever was necessary to bring him to justice, besides being generally
+concerned in all matters relating to kinship, which affected any member of
+their _phratria_.
+
+(M91) "Proclamation shall be made against the murderer in the agora within
+[? his] cousinship and (the degree) of a first cousin, and prosecution
+shall be made jointly by cousins and _cousins' children and descendants of
+cousins_, and sons-in-law and fathers-in-law and _phratores_."
+
+That Demosthenes here quotes a genuine law of Draco is proved by an
+inscription found at Athens belonging to the year 409 B.C., recording this
+sentence as part of the law of Draco about murder.(177)
+
+In another place Demosthenes thus refers to the action of this law:--
+
+"The law commands the relations to go forth and prosecute as far as
+descendants of cousins; and in the oath it is defined what the
+relationship actually is, etc."(178)
+
+The use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} in addition to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Draco's law above is
+emphatic as implying that as regards pollution the group of relations to
+second cousins were treated _en masse_ as under the stain; they had not
+yet, so to speak, reached the point where they could divide up their
+responsibility.
+
+(M92) If the murder was committed within the narrow limits of the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} itself, the double pollution of the bloodspilling and the blood
+spilled rested upon the whole group with overwhelming force.
+
+Plato(179) treats of such a calamity and prescribes the remedy. If a man
+slay his wife, or she her husband, his children are orphans; their debt of
+maintenance to their parent is cancelled; he must flee; they possess his
+goods. If he is childless, his relations shall meet _to the children of
+his cousins_ on the male and female side (_i.e._ all his possible heirs)
+and shall elect not one of themselves, but a younger son of some other and
+pious family to bring in new blood with better fortune to counteract the
+curse, as heir to the house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), introducing him to
+the father of the banished (or deceased) man and to those further back in
+the family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), calling him their _son_, the continuer
+of their family ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}), their hearth-keeper ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and minister
+of their sacred rites.... But the guilty man they shall "let lie,"
+nameless, childless, portionless for ever.(180)
+
+(M93) In the ancient Laws of Wales the blood-fine takes a very important
+position. But whereas all the relations of the murderer are liable to be
+called upon to pay the "Spearpenny," as it is called, only the inner
+kindred within fixed degrees contribute proportionally to the payment of
+the price. The group upon which this responsibility falls is twice as
+large in the Welsh Laws as at Athens, and includes _fifth_ cousins, or the
+greatgrandchildren of greatgrandchildren of a common ancestor.
+
+The Dimetian Code describes the relations who pay galanas as follows.(181)
+Those beyond only pay "spearpenny."
+
+      Father and mother.
+      Grandfather.
+      Greatgrandfather.
+      Brother and sister.
+      First cousins.
+      Second cousins.
+      Third cousins.
+      Fourth cousins.
+      Fifth cousins.
+
+According to the Gwentian Code, _fifth_ cousins share. "There is no proper
+share, no proper name in kin further than that."(182)
+
+The Venedotian Code states that galanas is paid by the kindred: two parts
+by the relations of the father, one part by the relations of the mother,
+to _sixth cousins_. All kindred after sixth cousins pay spearpenny.(183)
+
+The sixth cousin is also called "kinsman son of a fifth cousin, and then
+_the father (i.e. the fifth cousin) pays it_, because his relationship can
+be fixed, _but the relationship of his son to the murderer cannot_."
+
+(M94) The defilement of carrying out a corpse and assisting at a funeral
+also covered the same area of relationship at Athens--_i.e._ the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+The house of the dead man was only to be entered by those naturally
+polluted.
+
+
+    "After the funeral no woman to enter the house save only _those
+    defiled_; to wit--mother, wife, sisters, and daughters; beside
+    these not more than five women and two girls, _daughters of first
+    cousins_: beyond these, none."(184)
+
+
+Demosthenes quotes the law of Solon to the effect that--
+
+
+    "No woman under sixty years old to enter the house or follow the
+    corpse except those within {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): no woman _at all_ may enter the house after the carrying
+    out of the corpse except _those within_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}."(185)
+
+
+All those near of kin assist in the funeral.
+
+The payment of the blood-fine by the whole family of the murderer was
+considered necessary to allay the vengeance and anger of the family of the
+murdered man within the same area of relationship. In Wales the members of
+the family who received the galanas, did so in proportion to the
+importance of their position in the transmission of the kindred blood,
+according to a classification identical with their proximity in
+relationship to the dead man, and their expectation of inheritance from
+him or succession to his place.
+
+(M95) The inclusion of the mother's relatives and their liability in these
+circumstances, in addition to the paternal relations, follow naturally
+enough in Wales as in Greece when once the transmission of inheritance
+through a woman, in default of male heirs, had become a recognised
+possibility. A woman's sons might always be called upon under certain
+circumstances to take inheritance from _her_ father or next of kin. They
+therefore quite fairly shared in the claims as well as the privileges of
+their position. And _vice versa_, in exchange for the priceless guarantee
+of continuity provided by a woman's offspring to her relations, they too
+would be prepared to undergo a part of the penalties incurred by any of
+those who might rank some day as their next of kin, or as their sons.
+
+This view of the source of their recognition as members of the kindred
+responsible for the blood-fine in Wales is confirmed by a statement in the
+Venedotian Code.(186) Those women and clerks who can swear that they will
+never have children, and so are useless for the preservation of continuity
+in the families to which they belong, are specially exempted from
+contribution to the galanas, inasmuch as they have forsworn the privilege
+of attaining through posterity a share in the immortality on earth of
+their kindred.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV. THE RELATION OF THE FAMILY TO THE LAND.
+
+
+{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, ...
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+Homeric Hymn.
+
+
+
+
+� 1. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And Its Form.
+
+
+In trying to realise the methods of land tenure amongst the Greeks, we are
+baffled by the indirectness of the evidence available.
+
+(M96) We know that the estate which descended from father to son, and was
+in theory inalienable from the family of its original possessors, was
+called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or "lot," but the familiarity with which the poets,
+historians, and orators use the word does not afford information as to
+what the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} really was and how it was made use of in practice. The law
+concerning these family holdings, says Aristotle,(187) and concerning
+their possible transmission through daughters was not written. It was a
+typical example of customary law. This statement gives a hint as to the
+usual treatment of questions arising under this head. Methods of land
+tenure were not of rapid growth, nor were they easily changed; they had
+their source with the slow devotion to agriculture of pastoral tribes, and
+were dependent on a class unaffected by the growth of education and the
+arts.
+
+(M97) The intricate connection of the system of land tenure with the
+composition of the family removed the consideration of questions of
+ownership from the sphere of written law, and delegated them to the most
+conservative department of customary procedure, ranking them on a par with
+questions of family religious observances.(188) The deposit of some
+ancestor's bones in a certain field was occasionally a valuable link in
+the title to possession of that piece of land as private property;(189)
+and the possession of land at all was in part a guarantee of the pure
+native blood in the veins of the possessor.(190) It is a striking
+illustration of the truth of this that, throughout all the extant speeches
+of Isaeus dealing with the disposal of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of dead citizens, not a
+single case turns upon evidence for or against a sale or transfer of
+property. The speeches all deal exclusively with family matters; the line
+of argument always leads to the proof of near kinship by blood or adoption
+to the previous owner; and the right of possession of the inheritance
+seems taken for granted as following incontrovertibly the establishment of
+the required relationship.(191)
+
+
+    "It seems to me that all those who contend for the right of
+    succession to estates, when like us they have shown themselves to
+    be both nearest in blood to the person deceased, and most
+    connected with him in friendship ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), are dispensed from
+    adding a superfluity of other arguments."(192)
+
+
+(M98) In the early settlements, as Thucydides tells us, necessity was the
+ruling motive. Each man devoted his attention to providing the necessaries
+of life. There was superfluity neither of chattels nor of tilth. Men
+hesitate to sow when the harvest is to be reaped by their enemies.(193)
+The flocks and herds of the pastoral tribes could be driven for safety
+into the mountain strongholds; yet even they were liable to frequent
+losses. On one occasion Odysseus had to go to Messene "to recover a debt;
+which, to wit, the whole people owed him ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}): for the Messenians
+had lifted 300 sheep with their shepherds from Ithaka."(194) As the
+newcomers increased in numbers and gained a reputation for ability to
+defend their own, sufficient to discourage the attacks of their
+neighbours, they would have leisure to devote some of their energies to
+the cultivation of the plains around them. Troy was founded first up in
+the hills,(195) and afterwards was moved down to a good position on the
+lower ground for the sake no doubt of the better pasture in the river
+meadows, and of the agriculture which had long been carried on over the
+"wheat-bearing plain" around the city,(196) before the ravages of the ten
+years' war.
+
+It is not proposed to enter in detail into the _methods_ of cultivation of
+the soil in vogue at various times in Greece; but inasmuch as whilst
+studying the kernel, assistance may often be obtained from knowledge of
+the shell, mention may be made in passing of such few points of interest
+in the physical features of agriculture as may be available.
+
+(M99) In the Consular Reports on Land Tenure in Europe made in 1869,
+descriptions are given of the existing methods of tenure and cultivation
+in Greece and the Islands.
+
+In Greece the usual holding of a small proprietor is said to be of fifteen
+to twenty-five acres (or sometimes double that area), and is called a
+_zeugarion_.(197) Many have only a couple of acres.
+
+
+    "The greatest inconvenience and frequent lawsuits arise from the
+    manner in which these properties intersect each other. Moreover
+    none of the usual precautions are adopted to mark the limits of
+    the different properties, which, in the absence of any reliable
+    land survey, are often very vaguely described in the title
+    deeds."(198)
+
+
+In cases of intestacy real property is divided equally among the children
+or nearest relatives. When there is a will the testator can only reserve
+for his disposal a share of the estate equivalent to that which, after an
+equal division, descends by right to each of the direct heirs.
+
+(M100) Professor Ansted, in his book on the Ionian Islands in the year
+1863, thus describes the management of an estate on the Island of Santa
+Maura:--(199)
+
+
+    "According to Ionian law, all the members of a family share
+    equally in the family property after the death of the father; but
+    it does not follow as a matter of course that the property is
+    divided. It is much more usual that the brothers and sisters, if
+    young, continue to live together till they either marry or
+    undertake some employment or business at a distance. If a sister
+    marries, she is dowered with a sum equivalent to her share. If a
+    brother however earns a separate income, from whatever source,
+    whether he be married or remain single, and whether he live in the
+    same or a different house, or even remove to another town or
+    island, he pays in all his income to a joint fund, _the foundation
+    of which is the income obtained from the paternal estate_. Those
+    who do nothing else manage the estate. One brother, perhaps,
+    remains in the village as cultivator, another lives in the town
+    acting as factor, or merchant to the estate, receiving and selling
+    the produce and managing the proceeds, whatever the case may be;
+    and in addition selling, exporting, and otherwise conducting a
+    general business in the same department. A third may perhaps
+    receive and sell the goods in a foreign country. A fourth may be a
+    member of the legislature, and a fifth a judge. Some marry and
+    have families, others remain single: but the incomes of all are
+    united, each draws out a reasonable share, according to his needs,
+    and a very close account is kept of all transactions. If one
+    brother dies, his children come into the partnership; and as time
+    goes on, these again will grow up and marry, the daughters
+    receiving a proportional and often large dower out of the joint
+    fund, entirely without reference to the special property of their
+    parents. This may go on indefinitely: but as family quarrels will
+    arise, _there are always means of terminating the arrangement_,
+    and closing accounts, either entirely as regards all, or partially
+    as with reference to a _mauvais sujet_, or troublesome member of
+    the partnership.... This curious patriarchal system, though
+    obtaining more perfectly and frequently in Santa Maura than in the
+    other islands, exists in Cephalonia and is said to be not quite
+    unknown in Zante, where the state of society approximates far more
+    to that common in the western countries of Europe. Santa Maura,
+    being the most isolated of all the islands and that which retains
+    all ancient customs most tenaciously, is naturally that in which
+    this sort of communism can exist with smallest risk of
+    interference."
+
+
+According to the Consular Reports, the relations between landlord and
+tenant are governed more by local usage than by law, and the landlord
+generally takes on an average about 15 per cent. of the produce in kind on
+the threshing-floor, as rent, in cases where he does not supply more than
+the bare use of the land.(200)
+
+(M101) There is little manuring; the light plough barely turns the surface
+of the land. Land is usually allowed to lie fallow every other year,
+sometimes two years out of three. Sheep and goats are the chief stock;
+they of course graze in summer on the mountains; villages sometimes own
+forests and waste lands in common.
+
+(M102) In the islands of the Archipelago,(201) the holdings are frequently
+divided into separate plots consisting of a quarter or half acre apiece or
+even less, intersected by those belonging to other parties. Cattle are
+pastured on the fallow, roadsides, &c., near the village.
+
+In Cephalonia,(202) holdings consist of from five to twenty-five acres,
+seldom in a continuous piece, but "cut up into patches and intersected by
+other properties."
+
+In Corfu,(203) the holdings are similar--infinitesimally small and
+intermixed pieces of land, especially in the olive groves, where however
+there are no divisions on the land and the "oldest inhabitant" has to be
+asked for evidence of ownership in disputed cases.
+
+Throughout the Greek nation, the peasants live in their houses in villages
+and not on separate estates. They help one another to avoid the expense of
+hired labour, and themselves work for hire on the estates of the large
+proprietors.
+
+(M103) Professor Ridgeway has drawn attention to the knowledge of this
+open field system in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_;(204) and indeed the
+division of the land tilled by occupants of villages into small pieces or
+strips, in such a way that the holding of each consists of a number of
+isolated pieces lying promiscuously amongst the strips of others, over the
+whole area under plough, is a world-wide custom and is the habit alike of
+the east as of the west.
+
+Though the assertion cannot yet be made that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was thus arranged
+on the soil, it can do no harm at any rate to bear in mind this ancient
+and still used method of dividing land, whilst considering the question of
+the relation of the ownership of the soil to the rank and status of the
+tribesman.
+
+
+
+
+� 2. The Relation Of The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} To The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+(M104) The connection of the possession of land with the headship of the
+family finds its counterpart in the right of maintenance of those who had
+the true blood of that family. And in those countries where the sons
+remained until their father's death under his _patria potestas_ they had
+to look to him for maintenance derived from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} which descended to
+him as the means of sustenance for himself and his family. Where the head
+of the family alone was responsible for the rites to the dead at the
+family altars, the position of a son would always be incomplete if he
+tried to establish during his father's lifetime a hearth and household of
+his own. And it has been already mentioned that it was necessary to
+emancipate a son from the family of his own father, before he could take
+property, passing on the death of his mother's relations to her issue, and
+assume his rightful position as their representative and the living head
+of their household.(205)
+
+According to Harpocration, the initiation into the mysteries of the hearth
+only took place on the actual assumption of the inheritance.(206)
+
+(M105) Occasionally a father feeling the weight of years would be glad to
+pass on to his son during his lifetime some of his burden of
+responsibility by making him master of his estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(207) In this case, the son would be responsible for the
+maintenance of his parent, a duty much insisted on by Plato and Isaeus. In
+fact the conclusion is justified that the family, until final subdivision
+into separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, drew its supplies from the common inheritance, and
+that the subdivision of the means of subsistence was contemporaneous and
+co-extensive with the differentiation of the various branches of the
+original {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} along the lines of the rising generations.
+
+The same may be inferred from the words of Demosthenes describing the
+division of the property of Bouselos amongst his sons and the foundation
+of their several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+
+    "And all these sons of Bouselos became men, and their father
+    divided his substance amongst them all, with perfect justice. And
+    they having shared the substance, each of them married a wife
+    according to your laws, and there were born children to them all,
+    and children's children, and there grew up five {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} from the one
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of Bouselos, and each dwelt apart, having his own house and
+    his own offspring."(208)
+
+
+In the meanwhile, before division, all sons had equal right to participate
+in the family goods after the father's death, and dowries had to be paid
+therefrom to the daughters. The eldest brother was guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of
+his sisters and those of his brothers who were minors, inasmuch as he
+succeeded to his father's position of head of his kindred at the altars of
+their ancestors. But in Greece at any rate his authority over his brothers
+when once a division had taken place seems to have been slight if it
+existed at all.
+
+(M106) Amongst the Gods, the three brothers Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades,
+sons of Rhea, shared their inheritance from their father Kronos. They
+divided everything in three, shaking lots thereover ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Each
+took equal share of honour ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), but earth and Olympos were
+common ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) to all.(209) But Zeus was the first-born and "knew more
+things"--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}(210)--and Poseidon
+therefore avoided open strife with him, however unwillingly. Though Zeus
+be the stronger, grumbles the Sea-god, let him keep to his third share and
+not interfere with his brothers' pleasure on their common ground, the
+earth. Let him threaten his sons and daughters who needs _must_ listen to
+him ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}). Yet because the Erinnyes ever take the side
+of the eldest born--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}--it were good
+counsel to knock under, even though the division was made in perfect
+equality ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}).(211)
+
+(M107) This passage contrasts the recognised autocracy of the head of the
+family over his own household with the courteous deference of the younger
+brothers towards the eldest; and it is evidence, so far as it goes, that
+the eldest brother did not succeed to his father's power over his grown-up
+brothers, but owed what influence he did not obtain from the superior
+advantages of his age and experience, to a superstitious feeling that
+something was due to him in his position of head of the eldest branch of
+the family.
+
+In the _Odyssey_,(212) Zeus gives Poseidon the title of "eldest and
+best"--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--and elsewhere Hera lays claim to the same
+birthright.(213)
+
+The power of the head of a household must have been something much more
+real. Telemachos declares that he is willing that some other _basileus_ in
+Ithaka should take the kingship, but he will be master over his own
+house--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}--"and over the slaves that the divine Odysseus
+won for me."(214)
+
+In the Homeric Hymn to _Hestia_, that deity receives the title of honour
+of firstborn: the poet, by a fanciful blending of ideas, implying that the
+honour paid to the sacred hearth by the eldest of the family, fell to her
+share as the eldest born of the children of Kronos.(215)
+
+Aristotle says that every household is ruled ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) by its oldest
+member,(216) and gives this prerogative of the household-_basileus_ as the
+type and origin of the kingship in the village and the State. Reference
+has already been made, in the section on the limitations of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~},
+to the passage in the Gortyn law, viz.--
+
+
+    "The father shall have power over the children and the property to
+    divide it amongst them.... As long as they (the parents) are alive
+    there is no necessity for division."(217)
+
+
+(M108) But it must be borne in mind that though the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was set apart
+in theory for the use and sustenance of a head of a family with all his
+descendants, and was supposed to be inalienable therefrom, there is no
+reason to suppose that there existed among the Greeks a system of joint
+holding between father and son. The ownership and management of the
+property vested in the head of the family. It is true that brothers did
+not always divide their inheritance on the death of their father, but
+their undivided right to their respective equal shares remained to each
+one and his descendants as an individual property, and they always seem to
+have had the expectation of an ultimate subdivision amongst the separate
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} that had sprung into being.(218)
+
+(M109) The Gortyn Laws throw some light on the subject.
+
+As long as the father is alive, no man shall buy or receive in pledge from
+the son any of the father's property. But what the son himself has earned,
+or inherited, he may sell if he like.
+
+So too the father may not dispose of the goods of the children which they
+have earned or inherited.
+
+Yet may a son's prospective share in his paternal inheritance be sold to
+pay any legal fine he has incurred.(219)
+
+(M110) There is no joint holding here between father and son. The father
+is in undisputed possession, and nothing the son can do by private
+contract can affect his father's occupation. But if the son had a right of
+maintenance from his father during the lifetime of both, his expectation
+of succession to an equal share with his brothers would give him, so to
+speak, a value in the public eye. In the event of his incurring a
+blood-fine, his father would presumably be obliged to pay it out of the
+patrimony; and when exaction of such penalties passed into the hands of a
+court, exception would hardly be made for long on behalf of the fine for
+murder over penalties for other crimes coming before the court. Although
+therefore for all ordinary purposes a son had no claim on the paternal
+estate beyond his maintenance, his right of succession might easily grow
+up in the eye of the law as an available asset capable of forfeiture with
+the theoretical assumption that the scapegrace was unfit to hold his
+position in the family.(220) His future portion, thus becoming deprived of
+a representative, might be wholly or in part confiscated to the State.
+There are many inscriptions confiscating to the State the goods of
+criminals who transgressed the laws therein; but Plato evidently
+contemplated the possibility of wiping out the individual without
+depriving his descendants of their inheritance.(221) In such a case as
+wife-murder, he says, the husband's right of maintenance is extinguished
+from amongst his family, he should be banished and his name wiped out for
+ever, whilst his sons or relations enter upon the inheritance of his
+property _immediately_. No distinction is made by Plato, or in the Gortyn
+Laws in such a case between chattels and land. But inasmuch as all fines
+would be levied in the first instance upon the property of the guilty
+individual, it may be assumed that his own earnings went first, and that
+only in extreme cases would the ancestral land of the family be sold. Even
+then, in Israelite law, it was expected that the land would be _redeemed_
+by the nearest relative,(222) so that the result would be that the land
+would go out of the family only when no relative could be found rich
+enough to pay the fine out of his chattels.
+
+(M111) It is interesting to find analogous provisions in the customs of
+Gavelkind of ancient Kent. Under the system of Gavelkind equal division of
+property amongst sons obstinately held its own against the incursions of
+the right of primogeniture; and the connection of the family with their
+land seems to have been regarded as especially privileged in spite of the
+growth of Feudalism.
+
+
+    "If any tenant in Gauelkinde be attainted of felonie, for which he
+    suffereth execution of death, the king shall have all his _goods_,
+    and his heire forthwith after his death shall be inheritable to
+    all his _landes_ and tenements which he held in Gauelkinde in fee,
+    and in inheritance: and he shall hold them by the same services
+    and customes as his auncestors held them: whereupon, it is said in
+    Kentish:
+
+
+"The father to the boughe,
+"And the sonne to the ploughe."(223)
+
+(M112) It had become customary to allot to a bastard son who was prevented
+by his birth from ranking with his brothers, and who had no place in the
+kindred, some smaller substance as a means of subsistence.
+
+(M113) Odysseus pretends he was in this position, and relates how his
+proud brothers allotted him but a small _gift_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and a house
+as his portion.(224)
+
+Isaeus mentions that, only on the acquiescence of the true son, was
+admission granted to a bastard into the phratria. Even then he was not
+apparently taken into his father's family, but allotted a farm ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})
+by his brother and, as it were, launched into the world to start a family
+of his own, without any further claim upon the property of his
+father.(225)
+
+His introduction and admission to a phratria and deme, as a descendant of
+an old family, so far removed the stigma of his birth as to give him the
+title of citizen, and thus afforded him the qualification for holding
+land. Yet the knowledge of his real parentage bereft him of the right of
+sharing equally with the rest of his father's sons, and compelled him to
+be satisfied with the bare means of subsistence wherewith to found and
+continue a house of his own.(226)
+
+(M114) When citizenship was conferred upon a beneficent stranger, it was
+the custom at the same time to assign him and his descendants a house and
+some land. We hear of grants on such occasions consisting of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in
+the plain, a house, and a garden free of taxes; a _half_-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the
+plain, a house and a garden of half the area of the preceding grant, &c.
+In the fourth century B.C. a similar grant takes the form of so many
+plethra as a patrimony or ever. Sometimes, as at Sparta in the second
+century B.C., the estate was allotted to the newly-made citizen only on
+condition of residence within the borders of the State.(227)
+
+
+
+
+� 3. The Householder In India: The Guest.
+
+
+(M115) Sir Henry S. Maine in his _Early Law and Custom_(228) quotes Narada
+in illustration of the composition of the early Indian family. A son "is
+of age and independent in case his parents be dead: during their lifetime
+he is dependent, even though he be grown old."
+
+Further information on this subject is afforded by the Ordinances of Manu,
+where the position of the first-born with regard to his younger brothers
+is given at some length.(229)
+
+
+    (M116) "After both the father and the mother (are dead), the
+    brothers, having come together, should divide the paternal
+    inheritance: for while the two (parents) are alive the (sons) have
+    no power (over the property).
+
+
+    "Now the eldest (or best) alone may take the paternal property
+    without leaving anything, and the remaining (brothers) may live
+    _supported by him_ just as (if he were their) father."(230)
+
+
+    (M117) "By means of the eldest (son) as soon as he is born a man
+    becomes possessed of a son, and is thus cleared of his debts
+    towards the manes; therefore this (eldest son) deserves the whole
+    (inheritance)."
+
+
+Likewise: "If among brothers born of one father, one should have a son,
+Manu said _all those brothers_ would be possessed of sons by means of that
+son."(231) But this seems to apply only to the son born to the eldest, for
+if a younger brother married before the eldest and performed the daily
+sacrifices, he sent himself, his brother, and his wife "to Hell."(232)
+
+The eldest, if he performs his duty, "causes the family to flourish" and
+"is most honoured among men." He alone is "duty-born," through him his
+father "pays his debt"; other sons are only "born of desire." As long as
+his conduct is befitting, he must be honoured "like a father, like a
+mother," but if not, he only receives the respect of an ordinary
+relative.(233)
+
+The brothers may live together in this way,(234) but if they divide and
+live apart, the separate ceremonies necessitated by their separate
+households will multiply the performance of religious duties, to the
+advantage of all.
+
+(M118) The title of _Householder_, moreover, was more than a name.
+
+
+    "As all beings depend on air, so all orders depend on the
+    householder."
+
+
+    "Because men of the three (other) orders are daily supported by
+    the householder alone with knowledge and with food, therefore the
+    householder (is) the chief order. That order must be upheld
+    strenuously by one desiring an imperishable heaven, and who here
+    desires perpetual happiness...."
+
+
+    "The seers, manes, gods, beings, and guests also make entreaty to
+    those heads of families for support. (This duty must, therefore,)
+    be done by a man of discernment."(235)
+
+
+    "As all rivers, ... go to (their) resting-place in the ocean, so
+    men of all orders depend on the householder."(236)
+
+
+    Let a householder perform the household rites according to rule
+    with the marriage fire and the accomplishment of the five
+    sacrifices and the daily cooking. The sacrifices are:--
+
+
+    Teaching the Veda is the Veda sacrifice:
+    Offering cakes and water is the sacrifice to the manes:
+    An offering to fire (is the sacrifice) to the gods:
+    Offering of food (is the sacrifice) to all beings:
+    Honour to guests is the sacrifice to men.
+
+
+    "Whoever presents not food to those five, the gods, guests,
+    dependents, the manes, and himself, though he breathe, lives
+    not."(237)
+
+
+(M119) The guest takes a very high place, and his presence is a revered
+addition to the family sacrifices; so much so that it was thought
+necessary to state definitely that "if the guest appears after the
+offering to all the gods is finished, one should give him food as best one
+can, but should not make (another) offering."(238)
+
+The same virtue seems to have been considered by the Greeks also to lie in
+the presence of the guest. In Euripides' Elektra, Aigisthos, hearing from
+Orestes that he and his friend are strangers, promptly invites them to
+share as his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in his impending sacrifice of a bull to the nymphs,
+promising to send them on their way in the morning.(239)
+
+Earlier in the play during the plotting of Aigisthos' death, it is taken
+for granted that directly he sees them he will call them thus to join him
+at the sacrifice and the feast.(240)
+
+Alkinoos expresses the feeling of the Homeric age when he says:
+
+
+    "In a brother's place stand the stranger and the suppliant, to him
+    whose wits have even a little range."(241)
+
+
+Nestor at Pylos, making sacrifice to Poseidon with his sons and company,
+welcomes the unknown Telemachos and Mentor to the sacrificial feast.(242)
+When the duty of feeding the guests has been satisfactorily accomplished,
+he then asks them whether they are merchants or _pirates_, that "wander
+over the brine at hazard of their own lives bringing bale to alien men!"
+
+It would appear that the virtue lay in the hospitality of the host and not
+in the worthiness of the guest, and that therefore it was worth while to
+run the risk of having invited the presence of a polluted man whose
+impiety in not refusing to partake would doubtless fall on his own head.
+
+(M120) To return to the organisation of the Indian inheritance:--The duty
+of maintenance(243) of the younger members of the family devolves upon the
+eldest son at the death of his father. If the brothers are all "perfect in
+their own occupations," and they come to an equal division, "some trifle
+should be given to the elder (brother) to indicate an increased respect
+for him."(244) Also if in division there remains over an odd goat or
+sheep, or animal, it goes to the eldest brother.
+
+If any brother has disgraced himself, he does not deserve a share in the
+property.(245)
+
+Sisters' portions are allotted out of all the brothers' shares
+equally.(246)
+
+Property is divided once only.(247) But if "on living together after being
+separated, they divide (the inheritance) a second time, in that case the
+division should be equal, (as) in that case no right of primogeniture
+occurs."(248)
+
+The father's wealth acquired during his lifetime is at his own disposal,
+and need not be divided amongst his sons.(249) Likewise with any property
+acquired by the sons.(250) If "any one of the brothers, being able (to
+support himself) by his own occupation, does not desire (his share of the)
+property," he may be excluded from the division, but "something for his
+support" should be given him to discharge his claim of maintenance from
+the family at any future time.(251)
+
+
+
+
+� 4. Tenure Of Land In Homer: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+(M121) In the Homeric poems, written, as they are, from an aristocratic or
+heroic point of view, a great gulf always exists between the royal or
+princely class and the ordinary tribesmen.
+
+The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--the lion of his people(252)--has his select estate, his
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, with orchards and gardens of considerable extent; while the
+swarms of tribesmen are allotted their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in the open field, their
+share in the common pasture, and depend on each other for help in the
+vintage and harvest.
+
+(M122) The possession of large estates and of multitudinous flocks and
+herds was one of the privileges of the chieftain or tribesman of princely
+rank.
+
+
+    "For surely his livelihood (_i.e._ Odysseus') was great past
+    telling, no lord in the dark mainland had so much, nor any in
+    Ithaka itself; nay, not twenty men together have wealth so great,
+    and I will tell thee the sum thereof. Twelve herds of kine upon
+    the mainland, as many flocks of sheep, as many droves of swine, as
+    many ranging herds of goats, that his own shepherds and strangers
+    pasture. And ranging herds of goats, eleven in all, graze here by
+    the extremity of the island with trusty men to watch them."(253)
+
+
+Bellerophon migrated from his own country and settled under the patronage
+of the king of Lykia.(254) He married the king's daughter, and to complete
+his qualification and to confirm his princely status as a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+Lykia, he was allotted by the Lykians an estate where the plain was
+fattest on the banks of the river, consisting half of arable, half of
+vineyard, the latter presumably on the slopes of the sides of the
+valley.(255) Besides these no doubt he had flocks and herds on the
+mountains, with steadings and slaves for their protection. It is
+improbable that the fattest of the plain was unoccupied before, and it
+must therefore be supposed that the system of agriculture was such as to
+admit of such a partition and the consequent readjustment, or that the
+dispossessed tribesmen had to compensate themselves with land out of the
+common waste.
+
+In somewhat similar wise Tydeus at Argos wedded one of the daughters of
+Adrastos, and dwelt in a house full of livelihood; and "wheatbearing
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} enough were his, and many were his orchards of trees apart, and
+many sheep were his."(256)
+
+In the description of the Shield of Achilles in the _Iliad_ a vivid
+contrast is drawn between the rich harvest of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the busy
+toil of the tribesmen.
+
+
+    "Furthermore he set therein a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} deep in corn(257) where
+    hinds ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) were reaping with sharp sickles in their hands ...
+    and among them the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in silence was standing at the swathe
+    with his staff, rejoicing in his heart."
+
+
+Meanwhile henchmen are preparing apart a great feast for himself and his
+friends, and the women are strewing much white barley to be a supper for
+the hinds.(258)
+
+(M123) But in the great common field all was toil and action; many
+ploughers therein drave their yokes to and fro as they wheeled about.(259)
+The holding of the common tribesman was not an estate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) cut out of
+the plain, but an allotment ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), probably of strips as in Palestine
+to-day, in the open fields that lay around the town. On the wheatbearing
+plain round Troy(260) lay the stones that former men, before the ten
+years' war, had used to mark the balk or boundary of their strips ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(261) One of these Athena uses to hurl against Ares, who, falling
+where he stood, covers seven of the _pelethra_ that the stones were used
+to divide. A pinnacle of stones is the only boundary to be seen to this
+day between the strips of cornland in Palestine. Easily dislodged as these
+landmarks were, they were specially protected by a curse against their
+removal, and were with the Greeks under the awful shadow of a special
+deity of boundaries.(262) They seem however to have been liable to
+considerable violation. The ass, according to Homer, being driven along
+the field-way, if his skin was thick enough, easily disregarded the
+expostulations of his attendants, and made free with the growing
+crop.(263) Homer also describes a fight between two men with measuring
+rods in the common field,(264) and Isaeus(265) relates how an Athenian
+citizen flogged his brother in a quarrel over their boundary so that he
+afterwards died, whilst the neighbours, working on their land around, were
+witnesses of what took place.
+
+Land was brought into cultivation, no doubt, as it was wanted. Achilles
+contemplates that some of the rich fields of his friends may be
+exceedingly remote, so that it would be a great thing to spare the
+ploughman a journey to the nearest blacksmith. And no doubt the powerful
+men of the community would, by means of their slaves or retainers, acquire
+additional wealth by reclaiming lands out of the way and therefore
+requiring a strong hand to protect them, which were profitable by reason
+of their very fatness.(266) Such acquisitions would not be included in the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the prince, the very word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} implying an area of land cut
+out of the cultivated land of the community, generally described as being
+in the plain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).
+
+(M124) Such allotments of land seem only to have been made to princes and
+gods, but when once allotted, remained as far as can be seen the property
+of their descendants. It was a common fancy of the Homeric prince that he
+was worshipped as a god, and they often mistook each other for some deity.
+The godlike Sarpedon asks his cousin Glaukos, wherefore are they two
+honoured in Lykia as gods, with flesh and full cups and a great
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(267)
+
+As the possession of full tribal blood was necessary for the ownership of
+a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, so princely blood was the qualification for the enjoyment of a
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The honoured individual need not be a king or overlord, but
+besides his valour he must have in his veins the all-potent blood royal,
+without which his privilege was no greater than that of other rich
+tribesmen.
+
+It was not till the king of Lykia had satisfied himself that Bellerophon
+was "the brave offspring of a god," that he gave him honour, and the
+Lykians meted him out a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(268) This great {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} on the banks of
+the Xanthos, half arable and half vineyard, remained in the possession of
+his grandchildren, Sarpedon and Glaukos, apparently still undivided,
+though they were not brothers but first cousins.(269)
+
+The king of the Phaeakians had his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and fruitful orchard near but
+apart from the fields and tilled lands of his townsfolk.(270) Odysseus it
+seems had more than one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(271)
+
+(M125) Once in the _Iliad_ the epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is applied to a chief's
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(272) According to Hesychius, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means "handed down to one's
+father from his ancestors,"(273) and Homer evidently uses the word in this
+sense.(274)
+
+The kingship itself in Ithaka was considered as part of Telemachos'
+patrimony: "Never may Kronion make thee king in sea-girt Ithaka, which is
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} to thee by birth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~})."(275)
+
+But though the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and the kingship were both equally {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, they
+did not together constitute an indivisible inheritance. Any one of the
+blood could enjoy possession of the land, whilst the over-lordship must
+necessarily descend in the eldest or the most able line.
+
+In his answer to the malignant wish quoted above, Telemachos does not
+speak as if he contemplated giving up any tangible property. The bestowal
+of the kingship, though due to him by inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) is in the
+hands of the gods; he means to be master ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}) of whatsoever Odysseus his
+father won for him.
+
+(M126) It is interesting to compare this choice of Telemachos with the
+exactly opposite choice made by Iason, as told by Pindar, when he came
+back to claim his inheritance which had been seized in the meantime by his
+second cousin, Pelias.
+
+He has come home, he tells Pelias, to seek his father's ancient honour
+which Zeus had of old bestowed on his great-grandfather Aiolos and his
+sons. It is not for them now, being of the same stock ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), to
+divide the great honour of their forefathers with sword and javelin. He
+will give up all the sheep and herds of kine, and all the fields of late
+robbed from his sires, though they make fat beyond measure the house of
+Pelias ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). But the kingly sceptre and throne of
+his father must be his without wrath between them. And Zeus, the ancestral
+god of them both ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), is witness to their
+oath.(276)
+
+(M127) Property in land could also be accumulated in the hands of
+individuals not necessarily of princely station. Odysseus tells a tale of
+how he took a wife of "men with many {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) by
+reason of his valour.(277) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must therefore at that time have
+been at any rate roughly of some recognised area. Perhaps the tendency, so
+fatal to Sparta, for the possession of the original shares or allotments
+of many families to accumulate in the hands of the powerful or rich, had
+already set in. In later colonisations and assignments of new land the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were often equally divided,(278) and the gift of citizenship, as
+has been already mentioned, was sometimes accompanied by a grant of a
+_half-kleros_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Did the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} then represent in theory an
+area of cultivated ground capable of sustaining a single household?
+
+
+
+
+� 5. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+(M128) There are signs in Homer of the existence, already insisted upon
+for later times, of the connection of the ownership of property with the
+headship of a household. It follows that if the head of a family was the
+only owner of land, the desire of establishing a family and thereby
+preserving at the same time the acquired property and the name of the
+possessor, made the acquisition of a wife a real necessity for the owner
+of land.
+
+Eumaios, the swineherd, says that Odysseus would have given him a property
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), both an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and a shapely wife.(279) And Odysseus
+in one of his many autobiographies speaks of taking a wife as if it were
+the necessary sequel to coming into his inheritance.(280)
+
+Even Hesiod, the son of a poor settler, without much property to keep
+together, if we can take Aristotle's reading of the line, gives the
+necessary outfit for a peasant farmer in occupation of a small {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as
+a house, a wife, and a plough-ox.(281)
+
+Aristotle quotes this line of Hesiod, in his argument that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was
+the association formed to supply the wants of each day,(282) its members
+being called by Charondas, he says, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (sharers in the mealbin),
+and by Epimenides the Cretan {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (sharers of the same plot of
+ground).(283) And he might have added that Pindar uses the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+to mean "twins."(284)
+
+(M129) A household, according to Aristotle, consisted thus partly of human
+beings, partly of property.(285)
+
+So closely is the idea of livelihood bound up that of the house or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+that Telemachos can say without incongruity that his house is being
+_eaten_ by the wooers:--
+
+
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.(286)
+
+
+The sanctity shared by the hearth and its sustenance may be illustrated by
+Odysseus' oath, which occurs three times in the _Odyssey_: "Now be Zeus my
+witness before any god, and the hospitable board and the hearth of
+blameless Odysseus whereunto I am come."(287)
+
+(M130) When once the hospitable board had laid its mysterious spell on the
+relations of host and guest, the bond was not easily dissolved. Glaukos
+and Diomedes meet "in the mid-space of the foes eager to do battle,"
+fighting on opposite sides. Nevertheless because the grandfather of one
+had entertained the grandfather of the other for twenty days and they had
+parted with gifts of friendship, their grandsons refrain from battle with
+each other, pledge their faith, and exchange armour as a witness to others
+that they are guest-friends by inheritance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}).(288)
+
+If such force lay in the entertainment of a guest for a few days, some
+idea can be formed of the virtue underlying the meaning of such words as
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and binding together those habitually nourished at
+the same board.
+
+(M131) If sons married during their father's lifetime without any
+particular means of livelihood, they could live under his roof and
+authority, forming a great patriarchal household like that of Priam and
+his married sons and daughters at Troy. But when a household dispersed
+before the marriage of the sons and the inheritance was divided amongst
+them, it was deemed indispensable for them to take wives, and each provide
+for the establishment of his house and succession. This necessity is the
+underlying motive of the compulsion over the only daughter left as
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to marry before a certain age, exercised by the Archon at
+Athens. There the idea of the need of a continuous family (as well as for
+other purposes), to keep together the property, had grown up apparently as
+a reflection, so to speak, of the obvious importance of the property to
+the family for the maintenance of itself and its ancestral rites.
+
+Though evidence is wanting for the _raison d'etre_ of this sentiment in
+Homer, the existence of the feeling can hardly be denied.
+
+The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, at any rate, continued to pass from father to son in the
+family of the tribesman or citizen. Hector encourages his soldiers by
+reminding them that though they themselves fall in the fight, their
+children, their house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} will be unharmed, provided
+only that the enemy are driven back.(289)
+
+The sentiment that a man was not really "established," according to the
+estimation of the Homeric Greeks, until the continuity of his house was
+provided for, seems to explain the two references to Telemachos in the
+_Iliad_. Odysseus is twice mentioned, as Mr. Leaf points out in his
+_Companion to the Iliad_,(290) as the father of Telemachos, simply because
+it was considered a title of honour to be named as sire of an established
+house. No other mention of Telemachos occurs in the _Iliad_.
+
+Failure of heirs was, as in later times, the great disintegrating factor
+and danger to the continuity of the family holdings. As long as a direct
+descendant was to be found, the property was safe.
+
+Eurykleia comforts Penelope in her fear for the absent Telemachos,
+saying:--
+
+
+    "For the seed of the son of Arkeisios is not, methinks, utterly
+    hated by the blessed gods, but someone will haply yet remain to
+    possess these lofty halls and the _fat fields_ far away."(291)
+
+
+Is it by accident that she here chooses the name of Arkeisios to describe
+the head of the family of Laertes and Odysseus? He was Laertes' father,
+and in Telemachos, if he was preserved alive, he would thus have a
+_great-grandson_ to represent his line in the succession to his property.
+
+(M132) The diversion of inheritance to any property from the direct line
+is spoken of in Homer as a lamentable circumstance greatly intensifying
+the natural grief at the death of the direct heir.
+
+
+    "Then went he after Nanthos and Thoon, sons of Phainops,
+    striplings both; but their father was outworn of grievous age, and
+    begat no other son for his possessions after him. Then Diomedes
+    slew them and bereft the twain of their dear life, and for their
+    father left only lamentation and sore distress, seeing he welcomed
+    them not alive returned from battle: _and kinsmen divided his
+    substance_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(292)
+
+
+In the tumultuous times of the _Odyssey_ the right of succession must
+often have been interrupted by war and violence. Possessions, not only of
+land, had to be defended by the sword even during the lifetime of the
+acquirer. This prompts one of the wishes of Odysseus in his prayer at the
+knees of Arete:--
+
+
+    "And may each one leave to his children after him his possessions
+    in his halls and whatever dues of honour the people have rendered
+    unto him."(293)
+
+
+The same anxiety prompts his question to his mother in Hades, to which he
+obtains answer:--
+
+
+    "The fair honour ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) that is thine no man hath yet taken, but
+    Telemachos holdeth in safety (thy) demesnes ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})."(294)
+
+
+(M133) The belief in the inseparability of the ancestral holding and the
+family was strong in Samaria at the time of Ahab. The King offered Naboth
+another vineyard better than his own in exchange for the one at Jezreel
+near the palace, or, should he prefer it, its worth in money. But Naboth
+said to Ahab, "The Lord forbid it me, that I should give _the inheritance
+of my fathers_ unto thee."(295)
+
+Both the Hebrew narrators and the Greek translators describe Ahab finally
+as taking the vineyard at Naboth's death _by inheritance_ (LXX.
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), in spite of the violence of the means of acquiring it
+adopted by Jezebel.
+
+The limited right of the prince to alienate from his family any part of
+his possessions is thus alluded to by Ezekiel:--
+
+
+    "Thus saith the Lord God; If the prince give a gift unto any of
+    his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be
+    their possession by inheritance. But if he give a gift of his
+    inheritance to one of his servants, then it shall be his to the
+    year of liberty: after it shall return to the prince: but his
+    inheritance shall be his sons' for them."(296)
+
+
+
+
+� 6. Early Evidence _continued_: The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} And The Maintenance Of The
+Chieftain.
+
+
+(M134) It must be borne in mind that the tribal idea of the chieftainship
+sanctioned the custom that the maintenance of the chieftain and his
+companions or retainers should be levied at will upon the property of the
+people. This privilege is very wide spread, and had its origin in the
+earliest times.
+
+The levies were claimed under the name of _gifts_, and earned for the
+princes the title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. As Telemachos declares, "it is no bad
+thing to be a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and quickly does his house become rich and he
+himself most honoured."(297)
+
+The royal family and nobles(298) levied contributions on their own or
+conquered peoples apparently at will in Homer. Agamemnon calls together
+the Greek chiefs:--
+
+
+    "Ye leaders and counsellors of the Argives ... who drink at the
+    public cost ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and each command an host ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(299)
+
+
+Priam chides his sons:--
+
+
+    "Ye plunderers of your own people's sheep and kids ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(300)
+
+
+Telemachos declares that if the wooers eat up all his sheep and substance,
+he will go through the city ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}) claiming chattels until all be
+restored.(301)
+
+Alkinoos proposes to give gifts to Odysseus, and they themselves going
+amongst the people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) will recompense themselves:
+"for hard it were for one man to give without return."(302)
+
+
+    "Then I led him to the house," says Odysseus, "and gave him good
+    entertainment ... out of the plenty in my house, and for the rest
+    of his company ... I gathered and gave barley meal and dark wine
+    from the people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) and oxen to sacrifice to his heart's
+    desire."(303)
+
+
+(M135) These passages throw light on Agamemnon's offer to Achilles of
+seven well-peopled towns, whose inhabitants would enrich him with
+plenteous gifts.(304) The proposal of Menelaos to empty a city _of Argos,_
+to accommodate Odysseus and his people, seems to be of quite a different
+order, and betrays to us that the tyranny of the tribal chieftain, so
+conspicuous in other nations, was no less a reality also amongst the
+Greeks under Achaian rule.(305)
+
+(M136) In the Indian society that was regulated in accordance with the
+_Ordinances of Manu_, the king appointed a chief of a town whose duty it
+was to report to the higher officials on any "evil arising in the town."
+He likewise represented the king, and had the king's right to receive
+supplies from those under his oversight.
+
+
+    "What food, drink, (and) fuel are to be _daily_ given by the
+    inhabitants of a town to the king let the head of a town
+    take,"(306)
+
+
+the line always being drawn between legitimate demands and tyrannical
+extortion.
+
+
+    "For those servants appointed by the king for protection (are)
+    mostly takers of the property of others (and) cheats; from them he
+    (_i.e._ the king) should protect these people."(307)
+
+
+(M137) Under the rule of the Persians, all Asia was parcelled out in such
+a way as to supply maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) for the Great King and his host
+throughout the whole year.(308) The satrap of Assyria kept at one time so
+great a number of Indian hounds, that four large villages of the plain
+were exempted from all other charges on condition of finding them
+food.(309)
+
+(M138) Solomon's table was provided after the same method.
+
+
+    "And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel which provided
+    victuals for the king and his household; each man his month in a
+    year made provision.... And Solomon's provision for one day was
+    thirty measures of fine flour and threescore measures of meal, ten
+    fat oxen and twenty oxen out of the pastures and an hundred sheep,
+    beside harts, and roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl....
+    And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the land
+    of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt; they brought
+    presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life.... And
+    those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all that
+    came unto king Solomon's table, every man according to his
+    charge."(310)
+
+
+(M139) Sesostris is said to have obtained his revenue from the holders of
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Egypt in proportion to the amount of land in each man's
+occupation;(311) and Pharaoh, having bought all the land at the time of
+the famine in Egypt except that which supported the priests, took
+one-fifth of all the produce, leaving the remainder "for seed of the
+field," and for the food of the cultivators, and their households and
+little ones. "And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto this
+day, that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the
+priests only, which became not Pharaoh's."(312)
+
+In this case Pharaoh became proprietor by purchase of the land in Egypt.
+But it must not be supposed that by exacting a payment from the occupier,
+the overlord as a rule had any power over the ownership of the soil. He no
+doubt had proprietary rights over his own estate, and may or may not have
+had power to regulate any further distribution of the waste. But the right
+of receiving dues, or of appointing another to receive them, gave him no
+power over the actual tillage of the soil.
+
+(M140) The maintenance of the prince was a first charge apparently upon
+the property of his subjects; and it is easy to see how the lion's share
+would always be allotted to him, alike of booty as of acquired territory.
+As long as the community was pastoral, it is also easy to imagine how the
+chief both increased his own wealth and admitted favoured companions or
+resident strangers to a share in the elastic area of the common pasturage.
+After agriculture had assumed equal importance in the economy of the tribe
+as the tending of flocks and herds, one is apt to forget that for
+centuries--perhaps for thousands of years--the system of agriculture that
+grew up, still possessed much of the elasticity of the old pastoral
+methods. Under the open field system, such a custom as that described by
+Tacitus and in the Welsh Laws, viz. of ploughing up out of the pasture or
+waste sufficient to admit of each tribesman having his due allotment, and
+letting it lie waste again the next year, admitted of considerable
+readjustment to meet the exigencies of declining population, as well as
+providing an easy means whereby any stranger prince, like Bellerophon, who
+might be admitted to the tribe, could be allotted either a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} apart,
+or a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the open plain.
+
+Pindar describes this method of cultivation when he says:--
+
+
+    "Fruitful fields in turn now yield to man his yearly bread upon
+    the plains, and now again they pause and gather back their
+    strength."(313)
+
+
+(M141) It is noticeable that the Aetolians offered Meleagros a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in
+the fattest part of the plain, wherever he might choose, as a _gift_
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}); and as the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} would certainly be cultivated by slave or
+hired labour, what they really gave him was the right of receiving the
+produce from the 50 _guai_ composing the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. But this gift was meant
+as a special honour or bribe, and took a special form in being in land as
+a means of permanent enrichment.
+
+In similar wise Ezekiel suggested the capitalisation, as it were, by a
+gift of land of the contributions to the princes, which no doubt were felt
+to be very irksome. In the division of the land, a portion was to be set
+aside first for the use of the temple and priests, then a portion for the
+prince.
+
+
+    "In the land shall be his possession in Israel, and my princes
+    shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall
+    they give to the house of Israel according to their tribes. Thus
+    saith the Lord God, Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel;
+    remove violence and spoil and execute judgment and justice, and
+    take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord God."(314)
+
+
+And again:--
+
+
+    "Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance by
+    oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he shall
+    give his sons inheritance out of his own possession; that my
+    people be not scattered every man from his possession."(315)
+
+
+But there can be no doubt, that although the prince may have had no power
+to dislodge any of the free tribesmen of his own people from their
+holdings, yet no one could gainsay him if he chose to enrich himself by
+planting or reclaiming any part of his domains, as Laertes is represented
+as having done.(316)
+
+(M142) The modern usage in Boeotia and in the island of Euboea may very
+well represent the procedure of ancient times, and if it can be imagined
+that some method of the same sort was in vogue in Boeotia in the time of
+Hesiod, it will be understood how possible it was for Hesiod's father to
+settle at Askra and gradually to acquire possession of a house and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+    "There is some cultivation from Plataea to Thebes, but strangely
+    alternating with wilderness. We were told that the people have
+    plenty of spare land, and not caring to labour for its artificial
+    improvement, till a piece of ground once, and then let it lie
+    fallow for a season or two. The natural richness of the Boeotian
+    soil thus supplies them with ample crops. But it is strange to
+    think how impossible it is, even in these rich and favoured
+    plains, to induce a fuller population."(317)
+
+
+At Achmetaga, in Euboea,
+
+
+    "The folk pay for their houses a nominal rental of a bushel of
+    wheat per annum, in order to secure the owner's proprietary claim,
+    which would otherwise pass to the occupier by squatter's right
+    after thirty years of unmolested occupation. They are at liberty
+    to cultivate pretty well as much land as they care to, paying to
+    the landlord one-third in kind.... The produce here is almost
+    exclusively wheat or maize, but every family maintains a plot of
+    vineyard for home consumption."(318)
+
+
+(M143) Whether the free tribesman ever looked upon the contribution he
+made to the maintenance of the princes, under whose protection he had the
+privilege of living, as a condition of tenure of his land, is open to
+doubt; but from the right to demand indiscriminate gifts, to confiscate or
+eject in case of refusal, it is only one step to the exaction of a regular
+food-rent as a return for the occupation of land.
+
+
+
+
+� 7. Summary Of The Early Evidence.
+
+
+It may be useful here briefly to summarise the results of the inquiry of
+the last three sections into the relation of the ownership of land to the
+structure of society in Homer and in early times.
+
+(M144) the princes had their compact estates divided off from the other
+land of the community, so that a passer-by could point and say, "There is
+the king's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."(319) The ordinary tribesman on the other hand had a
+share in the common fields under cultivation, probably consisting of a
+number of scattered pieces of land lying mixed up with those of others,
+and therefore only referred to on the face of the land, under the
+comprehensive terms {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.(320)
+
+This share of the tribesman was, as in later times, called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, it
+being possible for a man to enjoy several such holdings and deserve the
+epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whilst the lowest class of freemen consisted of those
+who possessed no land, under the ignominious title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+(M145) The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, descending from father to son, was apparently connected
+with the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or household, and supplied its maintenance. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} grew
+fat or was consumed in accordance with the capacity of its head, and its
+continuity was regarded as a matter of the utmost importance. Its members
+were bound together at their ancestral hearth by mutual ties of common
+maintenance. The sanctity of thus sharing the same loaf extended also to
+guests, whose relations to their hosts might last for several generations.
+It is the necessity of supplying the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and its dependents with the
+means of sustenance and hospitality among a pastoral people gradually
+adapting themselves to agriculture, that regulates the tenure of land and
+the duties of the householder.
+
+(M146) The power of the chieftain to draw upon the resources of his people
+for the entertainment of his household and his guests by exactions payable
+in kind, supplemented by the power he also seems to have possessed to
+transfer at will the right of receiving these "gifts" to any one he chose,
+seems to contain the germs of the more complicated system of food-rents as
+a condition of land tenure, which is so important a feature of the Celtic
+tribal arrangements.
+
+(M147) Inasmuch as the prince was a member of the tribe, he was entitled
+to an allotment in the land under cultivation, the very word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+implying the equal right of all members of the tribe to a share in the
+soil. But inasmuch as the prince possessed blood royal and claimed his
+descent from the very gods that the tribesmen worshipped, his dignity was
+above partaking with his tribesmen of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the common fields. He
+was therefore allotted a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} apart, and worthy of his divine
+parentage. Besides the bare single allotment of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, land was set
+apart for him as a gift of honour by the people, from whom honour and
+gifts to their prince were due. Gifts in land formed a special mark of
+honour, and may at the same time have served another purpose from the
+giver's point of view by way of a permanent source of income or endowment,
+as it were, whereby the continuous exactions towards the maintenance of
+the prince from the lands of the people might tend to be alleviated. Thus
+much of power over the property of his inferiors he undoubtedly retained,
+and he probably cultivated what he liked of the outlying lands under his
+sway.
+
+(M148) But the evidence does not show that he ever had the right of coming
+between the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his tribesmen and their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: the only means at his
+disposal of severing the link between the family and the land, were those
+employed by Ahab and Jezebel to acquire the "inheritance" of the ancestral
+vineyard of Naboth at Jezreel.
+
+
+
+
+� 8. Hesiod And His {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+
+In the time of Hesiod, the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(321) could be sold in case of need and
+added to the possession of another.
+
+(M149) But the case of Hesiod is in itself somewhat exceptional. His
+father had fled from his own country by stress of poverty, and settled on
+the barren land of Askra in Boeotia, where he was allowed to acquire some
+land.(322) He was therefore somewhat of a sojourner (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of
+Homer),(323) and, true to the Homeric doctrine, was unencumbered by the
+claims of kindred. Hesiod contrasts the ready help of the neighbour with
+the perfunctory slowness of the kinsman, duty-bound. The neighbour, he
+says, is prompted by the need of mutual protection of material property,
+the kinsman stays to bind on his sandals and gird his loins for the labour
+he is forbidden to shirk.(324)
+
+Hesiod and his brother Perses had divided the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of their father into
+two, and lived apart. Perses had squandered his half, and spent his time
+and his livelihood in the gay life of the town, but none the less seems to
+have expected to be allowed to draw still further on the resources of the
+paternal property, to the distress of his industrious brother.
+
+Hesiod does not contemplate any possible means of making a living other
+than by tilling the soil; and his quaint ideas may be taken as typical of
+the small Boeotian peasant-farmer, allowance being made for the short time
+that his family had held land at Askra.
+
+
+
+
+� 9. Survivals Of Family Land In Later Times.
+
+
+(M150) In later Greek writers it is several times stated that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were inalienable. Yet all remark to what a deplorable
+extent the alienation and accumulation of land into few hands had been
+carried. Aristotle comments on the excellence of the ancient law, at one
+time prevalent in many cities, against the sale of the original {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},
+and the good purpose therein of making every one cultivate his own
+moderate-sized holding.(325)
+
+Innumerable passages could be quoted from the speeches of Isaeus,
+referring to the law that forbade any one to alienate by will his landed
+estate from his lawful sons. Plato warns his friends that buying and
+selling is desecration to the god-given {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(326)
+
+
+    "Now I, as the legislator, regard you and your possessions, not as
+    belonging to yourselves, but as belonging to your whole family,
+    both past and present."(327)
+
+
+Plutarch and Heraclides say that the same law against the sale of the
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} existed anciently at Sparta.
+
+(M151) Plutarch's evidence, late as it is, of the ancient customs among
+the Spartans is worthy of further consideration.
+
+In his _Life of Agis_ he states that the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} passed in succession from
+father to son--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--until the
+Peloponnesian war.
+
+In his _Life of Lycurgus_ he says that--
+
+
+    "When a child was born, the father was not entitled to maintain it
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), but he took and carried it to a place called 'lesche,'
+    where the _elders of his tribesmen_ were sitting, who, if they
+    found the child pretty well grown and healthy, ordered its
+    maintenance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), allotting to it one of the 9,000 kleroi
+    ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})."(328)
+
+
+Elsewhere in Greece at the introduction of the new-born child to the
+relations and friends a few days after its birth, symbolical gifts of food
+were made as the child was carried round the hearth.(329)
+
+(M152) The important part of this ceremony at Sparta, described by
+Plutarch, seems to be the introduction of the infant to the elders of the
+tribe, and the recognition by them of its right to maintenance, if it
+appeared to them physically worthy of admission to the tribe. It cannot be
+supposed that Plutarch believed that vacant {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} escheated, so to speak,
+to the community, because he elsewhere describes the lamentable tendency
+of estates to get into few hands, which the community would in that case
+surely have been able somewhat to prevent. Nor is it likely that a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+was actually set apart for the maintenance of each infant, who was
+apparently still nourished in its father's house until seven years old,
+when its education and occupations were regulated by the State.
+
+Reading this passage with the other in the _Life of Agis_, a natural
+inference is, that the child's right to succeed to the property of his
+father only was thereby assured to him by the elders, _i.e._ the right on
+his attaining manhood to enjoy the possession of land. This is the view
+taken by M. de Coulanges;(330) but surely there is more underlying the
+account of the ceremony. What actually took place with regard to the
+allotment of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to the infant member of the tribe, cannot be decided
+here. The State at Sparta undertook to educate all her sons after a
+certain age, and gave the parent no further rights over the child. Is
+there in this ceremony a transfer of the claim for maintenance from
+against the head of the household to the larger unit represented by the
+elders of the tribe, irrespective of the inheritance of the son from his
+father?
+
+It would be necessary for the adult Spartan citizen, of the class of
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at any rate, to have a right to the produce of some land, as
+otherwise it is difficult to see how he could contribute the necessary
+provisions that formed his share of maintenance at the joint table of his
+_syssition_; unless indeed he drew his allowance from his father's estate.
+
+(M153) In any case the idea of the dependence of a member of the tribe for
+sustenance upon his right to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is striking; and at the same time
+the evidence goes to show that his maintenance was a claim upon a group of
+kinsmen at Sparta, comprising more than the nearest relations, and was
+recognised as such by them.
+
+(M154) The link that bound the cultivators to their land was so strong in
+early times at Athens, that mortgages could apparently not be paid off by
+mere transfer of the land itself; but the whole family of the debtor went
+with their mortgaged property and became enslaved to the creditor, having
+in future to work the land for him at a fixed charge.
+
+This was the state of affairs that Solon set himself to mend, and it is
+instructive that the method, he seems to have chosen, was to loosen the
+tie between the owner and his land, and, by facilitating the transfer of
+land from one to another, to obviate the necessity of taking the debtor's
+person with his family into slavery on account of the debt.(331)
+
+Nevertheless, in spite of the radical legislation of Solon, the sentiment
+that bound the family to the soil remained long after his time.
+
+(M155) Besides the prohibition to sell the family land which Aristotle
+speaks of as prevailing in Lokris, the Hypoknemidian Lokrians insisted on
+actual residence on that land in the case of their colony at Naupaktos.
+Though unable apparently wholly to forbid the participation of the
+colonists in the ancestral rites of their kin in Lokris, they took
+advantage of the prevailing sentiment with regard to the permanence of the
+family, and insisted that the continuance of the hearth of the colonist at
+Naupaktos should at any rate be considered of equal importance.
+
+According to an inscription of the fifth century B.C.:--
+
+
+    "The colonist has the right to return to Lokris and sacrifice with
+    his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} both in the rites of his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} for
+    ever. He can only return permanently without paying the
+    re-establishment tax if he has left {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} at Naupaktos a
+    grown-up son or a brother. If a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the colonists is left
+    without a representative ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, the nearest of
+    kin ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in Lokris shall take the property, provided he go
+    himself, be he man or boy, within three months to Naupaktos. A
+    colonist can inherit his share of his Lokrian father's or
+    brother's property...."
+
+
+    "If a magistrate deals unfairly and refuses justice, he shall be
+    {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and shall lose his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}."(332)
+
+
+(M156) Though the sale of estates could be effected at Athens in the
+fourth century B.C., yet, when the owner died without having sold, the
+succession was regulated by the ancient custom. If there were legitimate
+children, the inheritance to the land could not be diverted from them,
+even by will;(333) provided only that the children had gone through the
+ceremony of being accepted and enrolled by the phratria. If the descendant
+had neglected this formality, and had failed to be recognised as a legal
+member of the kindred or clan, he or she lost all rights to the property,
+which went to the devisee or next of kin.(334) The right to possess land
+was thus at Athens, as at Sparta, intimately connected with the tribal
+organisation; and the claim for maintenance from the paternal estate could
+only lie, after full acknowledgment of the necessary qualification had
+been granted by the larger unit of relationship.
+
+
+
+
+� 10. The Idea Of Family Land Applied Also To Leasehold And Semi-Servile
+Tenure.
+
+
+(M157) Attention has been drawn to the reciprocal relations that existed
+between the family and its land, and their inseparability in the minds and
+phraseology of the Greeks at different times. There is a further
+development however arising from this point of view, without some notice
+of which the subject of the tenure of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} would be incomplete, and
+which serves to confirm the method with which this subject has been
+treated.
+
+Though alike in their estimation of the possession of land as a means of
+livelihood and for the accumulation of wealth, the Greeks had very
+different views with respect to the place of agriculture as a worthy
+occupation for a citizen. Sparta regarded it as entirely beneath the
+dignity of her sons and forbade their personal application to the
+cultivation of their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. There was at Athens, on the other hand, a
+large class of citizens whose energies were entirely devoted to the
+production of fruits of the earth, whilst the life of a country gentleman,
+combined with that of the farmer, was by no means despicable in their
+eyes.
+
+(M158) There were mainly two methods of enjoying the possession of a
+landed estate. Either the land was cultivated by the owner himself with
+the help of bought slaves or hired servants, few or many, as described in
+Hesiod and the _Oeconomics_ of Xenophon;(335) or the owner resided in the
+city or a neighbouring town, and the land was tilled by aliens or serfs
+(called sometimes {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), like the Helots of Sparta, who paid an annual
+contribution from the produce to their landlord. The serf was often
+attached hereditarily to the soil in the sense of being unable to give up
+his holding, but also had certain rights as against his master, both in
+the matter of his own possessions and in that he could not be sold out of
+the country.(336)
+
+(M159) There is a passage in the Gortyn Laws that states:--that if there
+are no rightful successors to inherit the property of a deceased
+Gortynian, his household's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ the persons composing it, shall
+inherit his property. That is to say, if a Gortynian family died out and
+no legal representative could be found, their proprietary rights were
+extinguished and the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} who lived upon the land took all their
+property. This provision favours the idea that at Gortyn also the
+citizen-population came of a race of conquerors, who were not exactly
+looked upon as ground landlords upon whose land a subject family was
+settled or had been allowed to remain, but that, whilst the relation of
+the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} to their land was of the closest if not an absolute bondage
+to the soil, the proprietary rights of their superiors and masters
+consisted of the conqueror's overlordship and the power to derive their
+maintenance from the joint produce of their serfs' labour and the
+land.(337)
+
+This comprehensive use of the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as meaning both the allotment
+of land and the family who were bound to occupy it, whose labour also
+created its value to its lord and master, is quite consistent with the use
+of the word in reference to the holdings of the Spartan citizens. The
+allotment of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Sparta evidently meant also a transference of
+rights over the Helots that worked it; and even if this further
+implication was not actually included in the meaning of the word, it was
+so inseparable in thought that no explanation was necessary of the
+composite significance of the allotment.
+
+(M160) The Athenians in their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} seem instinctively to have
+combined these two methods of agriculture. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were not
+colonists, who became citizens of a new city, but they remained citizens
+of Athens, holding however their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in a remote district. But the
+chief feature of this method of landholding was that the owner, though
+remaining a citizen of Athens and liable to the same claims from the
+mother city in respect of military service, &c, as before, was yet
+supposed to reside in the neighbourhood of his new {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. This was the
+case, even when the land itself was left in the hands of the conquered
+population at a fixed annual charge.
+
+(M161) An inscription found on the Acropolis of Athens, and relating to
+some date about 560 or 570 B.C., defines the legal status of the first
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} sent to Salamis. They were assimilated to Athenian citizens as
+to taxes and military service; but they must reside on their land under
+pain of an absentee's tax to the State.(338)
+
+(M162) In the year 427 B.C. the Athenians conquered the island of Lesbos.
+They imposed no tribute on the subjugated islanders, but, making the land
+into three thousand {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} "except the Methymnian land," they first set
+apart three hundred {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} as sacred to the gods, and on to the others
+they sent off {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} chosen by lot from themselves; to these the
+Lesbians paid annually for each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} two minae, and _themselves worked
+the land_.(339)
+
+According to the account of Aelian, the same method of procedure was
+adopted after the conquest of Euboea in about 510 B.C. The Athenians,
+having conquered the Chalkidians, apportioned their land to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}(340)
+in two thousand {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, _i.e._ the country called Hippobotos; and, setting
+aside {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} to Athena in the place called Lelantos, they let out(341) the
+rest according to the pillars that stand in the King's Stoa, which thus
+bear record of the leases.(342)
+
+(M163) The holding of each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} may have varied in size according to
+the character of the soil and features of the country; but it may safely
+be asserted that it must have been of sufficient dimensions, not only to
+provide subsistence for the native population left on the soil, but also
+to pay a considerable portion towards the keep of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} himself,
+during his enforced residence in the conquered country.
+
+The class of citizen from amongst whom the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} were chosen by lot,
+did not consist of families with much property in Athens.(343) Younger
+sons without occupation, whom their fathers had not been quite callous
+enough to "expose" in infancy,(344) and restless individuals without
+property in the mother country, would be most likely to offer themselves.
+And to such the two minae per annum, paid by the Lesbians from the produce
+of each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, would appear a reasonable if not a sumptuous provision of
+livelihood. There were a hundred drachmae in the mina, and if it is true,
+as asserted by Plutarch,(345) that in the time of Solon one drachma was
+the price of a sheep, a yearly income of two hundred sheep, or their
+equivalent, would be forthcoming to each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--surely a considerable
+contribution to the maintenance of his family.(346)
+
+Under these circumstances each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} served to provide maintenance for
+two households--both of whom had hereditary rights therein, though
+themselves in different strata of society. Both households also were in a
+sort attached to the soil, the one in practical bondage, the other bound
+by law to reside in the country wherein lay its substance, and (if we may
+use the common expression of the Welsh Laws) its privilege.
+
+(M164) This double and continuous ownership was not confined to the
+semi-servile tenure of lands annexed by Athenian conquests.
+
+Leases to be handed down from father to son _for ever_--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--subject of course to the regular payment of the rent, seem to have
+been quite usual.
+
+What is said to be the oldest Greek contract we have, is of this
+nature.(347) It was found in Elis at Olympia, and runs as follows:--
+
+
+    "Contract with Theron and Aichmanor with regard to the land in
+    Salamona of eighteen plethra. Rent, twenty-two manasioi of barley
+    in the month Alphioios; if he omits, let them pay double. _They
+    shall hold for ever._"(348)
+
+
+There is an instance of a proprietor of land at Mylasa, in Karia,
+deliberately selling his estates to a sacred community for the benefit of
+the god, and receiving them again (like the Roman _precaria_) from the
+trustees on perpetual lease--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}--as the patrimonial substance of
+his family, for himself and his issue or whosoever should take inheritance
+from him. He thus obtained a money value down in return for his property,
+but bound himself and his descendants to an annual rent of so many
+drachmae, to form part of the revenues of the god. Moreover his
+"family-land" in this case was apparently more inalienable now than
+before; for he might neither divide the land henceforth, nor share the
+responsibility for the rent with another.(349)
+
+(M165) Do not these instances show that even leases were included in the
+same category with actual ownership of land, being embraced within the
+characteristic idea that the land that contributed to the maintenance of
+the family and had come to be regarded almost as giving that family its
+social if not its political status, should descend unintermittently from
+generation to generation in that family, though its occupation was subject
+to providing support likewise to a superior owner and his family, whose
+descendants in their turn also would demand their share in the produce?
+
+Is the conclusion justified that the basis of this indomitable feeling was
+that the peculiar view of the family, as consisting of a long line of past
+and future representatives, precluded the individual, who happened to be
+the living representative at any given time, from taking an irresponsible
+position as absolute master of the property, upon which his family had
+been, was, and would be dependent?
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION.
+
+
+(M166) In weighing the results of this essay, it would be absurd to
+pretend that anything of the nature of a last word can be said on the
+subject. The process of the early development of Greek society cannot be
+ascertained merely from the study of a few survivals in historic times.
+The comparative method must be carried much further than has been
+attempted here, before the secrets of antiquity can be laid bare and an
+authoritative statement made.
+
+There would seem, however, to be at any rate some points, of those that
+have come under notice, worthy of further investigation, in so far as they
+indicate that Greek society was no isolated growth, but must be given a
+place in the general development of the systems of Europe.
+
+(M167) It is suggested that in the continuity of city life from an earlier
+stage of society under some form of the Tribal System, can be found the
+only natural explanation of the structure of the kindred at Athens in the
+fourth and fifth centuries B.C. Comparison with the customs of other
+nations,--the Hindoos, the Welsh, and the Israelites, the last two being
+the most typical examples of peoples of which we have written records
+whilst still living under the tribal system--has shown remarkable analogies
+in the organisation of their inner society.
+
+(M168) The actual similarity in the sentiment which surrounded the
+possession of the privileges of tribal blood and the title to citizenship
+at Athens, can hardly be exaggerated.
+
+(M169) The foundation of the bond in either case has a threefold aspect.
+The bond is one of blood, of religion, and of maintenance.
+
+(M170) The qualification for citizenship, as much as for the tribal
+privilege, was a question of parentage; and the citizen equally inherited,
+with his blood, responsibilities towards the community into which he was
+born, as to a larger kindred.
+
+(M171) Membership of the tribe or of the city was the only qualification,
+that admitted to the privilege and duty of partaking in the public
+religious observances. Tribesmen and citizens, by virtue of their
+privilege, shared in the worship of the greater gods, of Hestia in the
+Prytaneum, of Zeus Agoraios, and of the Heroes or special guardians of
+their community; in like manner as the member of the smaller group of a
+kindred, by virtue of his blood, shared in the worship of the Apollo
+Patroios, the Zeus Herkeios or Ktesios, and the heroes or ancestors of his
+family. Inasmuch as citizenship depended upon purity of descent, the
+possession of the latter qualification carried with it the right to share
+in the greater ceremonies. But the converse was equally stringent, in that
+the possession of shrines of Apollo Patroios and Zeus Herkeios was
+impossible, unless the family was one of those who had for many
+generations been recognised as belonging to the true stock of the
+community.
+
+(M172) Inasmuch as the worship of private or public gods consisted mainly
+of offerings of food, of beasts or produce of the earth, and wine, every
+tribesman or citizen must have had the means of providing his share in the
+offerings, besides supporting himself and his family. Those devoted to
+handicraft or merchandise were often despised by the regular tribesman or
+citizen, and sometimes therefore formed separate clans by themselves, like
+the smiths in Arabia. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that the
+membership of the tribe or city should have carried with it the right to
+the possession of some portion of the arable land and of the pasture, upon
+which all were regarded as being dependent. In this way the possession of
+land was intimately related to the status and the duties of the owner. It
+was the visible mark of his full tribal privilege, and was the practical
+means of his fulfilling his duty towards his fellows and the public
+religion, as well as to the needs of his ancestors and household. It seems
+also to have been believed that, in partaking of the hospitality or
+sharing in the sacrificial feast of any family, a bond was for the time
+being created which was in most respects practically equivalent to
+relationship by blood to the members of that family.(350)
+
+(M173) Apart from the tribal character of the qualification for
+citizenship, the most conservative organisation wherein had been
+stereotyped the most precious of tribal customs, was that of the kindred.
+
+It is suggested that the vitality of the customs surrounding the bond of
+family relationship was due to the importance attached to the religious
+and social functions incumbent on all members of a household united by
+kindred blood. The actions of the individual members were constrained by
+their weighty responsibilities towards the continuance and prosperity of
+the composite household, in which they moved, and apart from which their
+existence could not but be altogether incomplete.
+
+The worship of ancestors occupied a prominent place in the needs of the
+Athenian household, and, no doubt, had a corresponding influence in the
+preservation of its unity. The same of course cannot be said for Wales,
+where Christianity had replaced, in the records at any rate, whatever
+religious beliefs may have existed earlier. But the grouping of the
+kindred according to grades of relationship was adhered to by the Welsh as
+an intrinsic part of their very conception of a kindred; and this would
+point to the conclusion that such subdivisions were due to wider needs
+than can be found in any particular form of religious belief or worship.
+
+(M174) If, as has been suggested, in adhering to these customs, the Greeks
+were still treading in the tracks of their tribal ancestors, how is it
+that the most convincing evidence comes from as late as the fifth and
+fourth centuries B.C. and mainly from the most highly civilised of the
+cities of Greece?
+
+The _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_ may perhaps be trusted as truly portraying,
+so far as they go, the manners and customs of the great period of Achaian
+civilisation, known as Mycenean, which may be said to have culminated just
+before the Dorian invasion. Whence then came the public recognition of
+those household ceremonies of ancestor-worship, which filled such a large
+place in the life of the Athenian citizen, and which, it has been
+suggested, were consciously or unconsciously slurred over by the Homeric
+poets?
+
+(M175) Mr. Walter Leaf has already found an answer to this question,(351)
+viz. that these ceremonies were the long cherished customs of the ancient
+Ionian or Pelasgian inhabitants of Greece, who had formed the substratum
+of society under Achaian rule, and who only came into prominence on the
+removal of their superiors at the time of the Dorian invasion. And this
+continuity, underlying the superficial rule of the Achaians, seems to be
+borne out by recent research and discovery.(352)
+
+The Athenians always boasted their Ionian descent, and may well have
+inherited their habits with the traditions of their origin.
+
+(M176) But the customs reviewed in the foregoing pages seem to have a
+wider parentage than can be attributed to the Pelasgians alone. Spartan
+customs at any rate cannot thus be accounted for.
+
+(M177) In the course of argument reference has often been made to the
+Jewish records in the Books of the Old Testament, and indeed a remarkable
+parallel is presented in the history of the two peoples. Both peoples
+apparently reached their greatest period about the same time. The reign of
+Solomon with its gold and costly workmanship must have resembled that of
+the Mycenean kings in more than similarity of date, and outward splendour.
+Taking Homer again as the courtly chronicler of the Achaian age of gold,
+the Books of the Kings of both peoples are curiously conscious of their
+former tribal conditions, through which they easily trace back to the very
+fountain-head of their race.
+
+(M178) In the period of the decay of the Jewish people under the stress of
+invasion by foreign kings, strenuous efforts were made by their prophet
+leaders to purge them from the alien blood and alien influences contracted
+in the careless days of their prosperity. Their aim was to restore once
+more those strict tribal habits which had served them so well at the time
+of their own victorious invasion, and which still lay dormant in their
+constitution. In similar wise, the period of Achaian prosperity seems to
+have been followed by a rise into prominence at any rate, if not an actual
+resuscitation, of old tribal customs.
+
+(M179) The actual traces of tribal institutions in Homer need not be
+underrated. There is much that is of a tribal character in the Homeric
+chieftain in his relations to his tribesmen and to their gods. Survivals
+of tribal custom may also be seen in the reverence for the guest, and the
+sacredness of the bond of hospitality lasting as it did for generations;
+and in the blood-feud with its deadly consequences, especially when
+occurring within the tribe or kindred. Indeed if only the Pentateuch of
+the Achaians could be found in the ruins of Mycenae and added to the
+Homeric Book of the Kings, would it not then probably be evident that
+there was much more of a tribal nature in the organisation of the kindreds
+of the Achaians and surviving throughout the whole period of their
+splendour than the aristocratic poets of the Homeric schools allowed
+themselves to record?
+
+(M180) Although therefore nearly all our evidence of the internal
+structure of the kindred among the Greeks dates from the fifth century
+B.C., the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens must not be put down as belonging merely to
+that period. In the light of the close analogies to be found in the
+structure of other tribal systems, it is probable that such subdivisions
+of the kindred belong to an extremely early period in the history of the
+Greeks, whether as Achaians or Ionians or Dorians. Are they not indeed
+necessary features of tribal society itself wherever it is examined?
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Adoption, object of, 35;
+  out of unfortunate home, 36;
+  ceremony of, 36-7
+
+_Agora_, 2, 3
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 32;
+  its meaning, 55;
+  its limits, 58-9;
+  all within it liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._;
+  its tribal origin, 143
+
+Ancestor-worship, 10, 140;
+  in Homer, 5, 7;
+  in Israel, 8, 9;
+  in Egypt, 11;
+  pre-Homeric, 141, _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, one of a class, 107, 114;
+  honoured like a god, 105-6, 122;
+  owned {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 102, 106, 122;
+  influenced the seasons, 105, _note_;
+  over-lordship not altogether hereditary, 107;
+  levied maintenance on their people, 115, 122;
+  Solomon, 116;
+  household {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} 92
+
+Bastard, no place in family, 95-6;
+  allotment or gift for his maintenance, 95-6
+
+Blood, as basis of family, 13;
+  of tribe, &c., 4-5, 138;
+  its purity jealously guarded, 67 _et seq._;
+  acquisition of, 68 _et seq._
+
+Blood-fine, not within the tribe or kindred, 42-4, 77;
+  in Wales, the _galanas_, 78 _et seq._;
+  paid by whole family, 79 _et seq._
+
+Bloodshed, responsibility for, 42;
+  rested on {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, 75 _et seq._;
+  within the kindred, 44, 77
+
+Citizenship, admission to, 71, 96;
+  qualification for, by three descents, 73;
+  basis of, 138;
+  confirmed to son of stranger, 71, _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, grant of, to new citizen, 97, _note_; 123, _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, succession found through her, 23;
+  she must marry next-of-kin, 23-7;
+  in Gortyn laws, 26;
+  where more than one, 26;
+  inherited for her issue, 28;
+  Ruth as, 31, 34;
+  had right of maintenance from property, 23-4
+
+Family (_see_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), bound to the land, 127 _et seq._;
+  family estate in Santa Maura, 86;
+  head of family, 91
+
+Funeral, _see_ Sacrifices
+
+Gavelkind, in Kent, 95
+
+Guest, importance at sacrifice, 99-100;
+  hereditary guestship, 110
+
+Hearth, 3, 4;
+  as basis of the family, 13, 17;
+  in Prytaneum, 4, 15;
+  initiation of heir to, 89
+
+Heir, duties of, 18-19, 20;
+  importance of male heir, 21-3, 98 _et seq._;
+  daughter's son, 23-7;
+  always ranks as _son_ of deceased, 34 _et seq._, 59 _et seq._;
+  initiated to hearth, 89;
+  introduced to kindred, 36;
+  and to the deme, 38-9;
+  importance of introduction of, 41, 125-8;
+  co-heir in Wales, 51;
+  law of succession, 57 _et seq._;
+  disinheritance, 61;
+  division among heirs, 64 _et seq._, 101;
+  Ahab's 'inheritance' of Naboth's vineyard, 114
+
+Hesiod, his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 123;
+  the needs of a farmer, 109
+
+_Hestia_, 3, 4, 138;
+  called "princess," 13
+
+Inheritance, see {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and Heir
+
+Kinship, grades of, 48 _et seq._;
+  in India, 52;
+  in Wales, 49, 67 _et seq._;
+  the fourth degree, 73, 112;
+  the seventh, 78 et _seq._;
+  the ninth, 68 _et seq._;
+  wife's relations no kin to husband but are to son, 61, _note_
+
+Kinsmen, duties of, 18, 42;
+  next of kin marries "heiress," 23-7, 35;
+  his duty to redeem property in Israel, 32, 95;
+  kinsmen accept heir, 36, 41, 125-7;
+  sanction disinheritance, 61;
+  liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._;
+  Hesiod's idea of, 123
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 130
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, its form, 85 _et seq._;
+  supported the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 88 _et seq._, 110, 121, 127;
+  need not be divided, 47, 89, 93, 97;
+  no joint holding between father and sons, 93;
+  sold in case of need, 94;
+  in theory inalienable, 94, 113, 124, 127;
+  allotted to new citizen, 96;
+  in Homer, 102;
+  held by tribesmen, 108;
+  of Hesiod, 123
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, 131 _et seq._
+
+Land, ownership of, proof of civic rights, 83, 96 (_see_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and
+            {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})
+
+_Lar_ = "lord," 12;
+  _lares_ of king, 4
+
+Leases, for ever, 134-6
+
+Levirate, not in Greece, 27;
+  in India, 29;
+  in Israel, 30 _et seq._
+
+Maintenance of parents (_see_ Parents);
+  of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 110;
+  the bond of, 110, 139;
+  of the chief, 114 _et seq._; 122;
+  in Ezekiel, 119;
+  of children at Sparta, 125;
+  gift of food to babe, 125;
+  derived from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 127
+
+_Manes_, duties to, in India, 19
+
+Marriage, of heiress, 23-6;
+  of near relations, 29;
+  of widow (_see_ Levirate)
+
+_Octopus_, 125 _note_
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, part of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 17;
+  importance of continuity of, 9, 19-20, 30, 35, 111, 128;
+  the unit of ownership of property, 47, 109;
+  extent of, 54-6, 88-9;
+  the householder in India, 99;
+  supported by its land, 110, 113, 121;
+  of Bouselos, 55, 62;
+  power of head of, 91-2
+
+Open field system, in Greece, 85;
+  in the islands, 87;
+  in Homer, 88, 104;
+  its elasticity, 118-9
+
+_Parage_, in Normandy, an undivided tenure, 50
+
+Parents, maintenance of, 18, 48;
+  after death, 19
+
+_Phratria_, enrols legitimate sons, 36-7;
+  partly responsible for bloodshed, 76
+
+Primogeniture, not the rule in Greece, 90;
+  nor in India, 97 _et seq._;
+  eldest son had certain rights or dignity, 90 _et seq._, 97 _et seq._;
+  called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 91, _note_
+
+_Prytaneum_, 3, 4, 15, 138
+
+Register, of phratria, 36;
+  of deme, 38
+
+Ruth, as widow and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 31-4
+
+Sacrifices, object of, 6, 139, _note_;
+  to the dead, 8, 9-12;
+  of funeral cake in India, 51 _et seq._;
+  funeral rites at Athens, 20;
+  of householder in India, 99;
+  bond of common religion, 13, 53, 138
+
+Stranger, abhorrence of, 5, 71, 74;
+  as guest, 99 (_see_ Guest);
+  admission to tribe, 67 _et seq._, 96
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in Homer, 103, 113;
+  allotted to princes and gods, 102, 106, 118, 122;
+  called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, 106;
+  helped to support prince, 118-9
+
+Tonsure, in Greece, 39;
+  in India, 40
+
+Tribe, its basis one of blood, 4-5, 138;
+  possible development of, 14-15;
+  admission to, 68 _et seq._, 96 (_and see_ Citizenship)
+
+Widow, could not inherit from husband, 27-8;
+  returned to her kin or guardian, 28;
+  when allowed to remain, 28, _note_;
+  the case of Tamar, 30;
+  of Ruth, 31 _et seq._
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+   M1 Vitality of the tribal system.
+   M2 Its survivals form the subject of this inquiry.
+   M3 The centres of political and tribal society.
+
+_    1 Il._ ix. 63.
+
+_    2 Il._ ii. 400.
+
+_    3 Il._ xi. 807.
+
+_    4 Il._ ii. 788.
+
+   M4 The Prytaneum and Hestia.
+
+_    5 Journal of Philology_, xiv. 145 (1885), Mr. Frazer on Prytaneum.
+
+    6 Cauer, _Delect. Inser. Graec._ � 121. (Crete, c. 200 B.C.) "I swear
+      by Hestia in the Prytaneum ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), by Zeus of the Agora,
+      Zeus Tallaios, Apellon Delphinios, Athanaia Poliouchos, Apellon
+      Poitios, and Lato, and Artemis, and Ares, and Aphordite, and Hermes,
+      and Halios ... and all gods and goddesses." _Cf._ also � 116, and
+      _Od._ xiv. 158.
+
+      Plato, in _Laws_ � 848, says Hestia, Zeus and Athena shall have
+      temples everywhere.
+
+_    7 Thuc._ ii. 16.
+
+   M5 Their origin.
+
+_    8 Journal of Philol._ xiv. 145.
+
+_    9 Op. cit._ p. 153.
+
+   M6 Qualification for share in religious rites one of blood.
+
+   10 Exception, however, was sometimes made in the case of the stranger
+      as a favoured guest, _v. infra_, p. 99.
+
+   M7 Ancestor-worship not obvious in Homer.
+
+   11 Plato (_Laws_ 948) remarks that at the time of Rhadamanthos the
+      belief in the existence of the gods was a reasonable one, seeing
+      that at that time most men were sons of gods.
+
+   M8 Offerings of food to the gods,
+
+_   12 Il._ xxiii. 206. It is clear from _Il._ i. 466 _et seq._ that the
+      sacrifice was held to be a feast at which the choice portions were
+      devoured by the god by means of the fire on his altar. _Cf._ p. 139,
+      note.
+
+   M9 and to the dead.
+
+   13 It was not therefore only at the mouth of Hades that the dead could
+      benefit by such offerings.
+
+  M10 The continuance of his name quite as important as offerings of food.
+
+_   14 Od._ iv. 197. _Cf._ _Il._ xvi. 455.
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+   15 The speculative state of mind displayed in the _Iliad_ may be
+      illustrated from the effect on Achilles of the apparition of
+      Patroklos after death in a dream. As he wakes suddenly the
+      conviction comes upon him:--"Ay me, there remaineth then even in the
+      house of Hades a spirit and phantom of the dead, albeit the life be
+      not anywise therein: for all night long hath the spirit of hapless
+      Patroklos stood over me, wailing and making moan, and charged me
+      everything that I should do, and wondrous like his living self it
+      seemed." _Il._ xxiii, 113 &c.
+
+  M11 Offerings to the dead in the Old Testament.
+
+   16 Ps. cvi. 28. _v._ Maine's _Early Law and Custom_, p. 59.
+
+  M12 Resemblance between Homer and the Old Testament.
+
+   17 1 Sam. xx. 6. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.
+
+  M13 Ancestor-worship in India and Rome.
+
+   18 Soph. _Antig._ 659.
+
+   19 Coulanges, _Cite Antique_, p. 65.
+
+   20 Soph. _Antig._ 199.
+
+   21 Soph. _Phil._ 933. Soph. _Elekt._ 411.
+
+  M14 The need of food for the dead;
+
+   22 Aesch. _Pers._ 609-618. The speaker in this case is a Persian and a
+      woman; but many passages might be quoted from the Greek poets. _Cf._
+      Lucian, _De Luctu_, 9. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+  M15 the same in Egypt,
+
+   23 Edited by C. H. S. Davis (Putnam, 1894).
+
+_   24 Id._ chap. liii.
+
+_   25 Id._ chap. lxxii.
+
+_   26 Id._ chap. lxxvii.
+
+  M16 and in India.
+  M17 Ancestor-worship not necessarily post-Homeric.
+
+_   27 Cite Antique_, p. 93, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+  M18 The hearth and the tie of common blood.
+  M19 Possible course of social development.
+  M20 The change of tribesmen into citizens.
+
+_   28 Wks. & Days_, 327-332.
+
+_   29 Id._ 353-5.
+
+  M21 The study of the family introductory to the history of the tribe.
+  M22 The duties of the individual to his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+  M23 began with his living parents;
+
+_   30 Laws_ � 717, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 729 C and 931 A.
+
+  M24 and extended to their tomb.
+
+   31 Arist, _Ath. Pol._ lv. 3. Isaeus, viii. 32. "The law commands us to
+      maintain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) our parents even if they have nothing to leave
+      us." _Cf._ Ruth iv. 15 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+      _Iliad_ iv. 477 and xvii. 302.
+
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}...
+
+      Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 118.
+
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+   32 Plato, _Laws_, 877 C.
+
+   33 Aeschin. _c. Timarch._ � 13.
+
+   34 Isaeus, iv. 19 (_Nicostrat._).
+
+  M25 Continuity of the family;
+  M26 in the _Ordinances of Manu_;
+
+_   35 Ordinances of Manu_, translated by A. C. Burnell, edited by E. W.
+      Hopkins. London: 1884. Bk. ix. 106, 8, 182, 137, 161.
+
+  M27 and according to Plato.
+
+_   36 Laws_, 721 B, Trans. Jowett, _cf._ 923 A.
+
+   37 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1090, and _Il._ xxiii. 163, xvi. 455, xxiv. 793.
+
+   38 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1077.
+
+   39 Isaeus, ii. 36 and 42.
+
+   40 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+  M28 The importance of male succession.
+
+   41 Plut. _Lycurg. and Numa_ 4. Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 7 to 9.
+
+   42 From Xen. _Rep. Lac._ i. 9, it would seem that such children, born
+      into a family where there were already children of both father and
+      mother, had no share in the family property.
+
+   43 This was the practice also in Arabia (Rob. Smith, _Kinship &c._, p.
+      110).
+
+   44 Herod. v. 40.
+
+   45 Herod. vii. 205. Quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p. 71.
+
+_   46 Iliad_ xv. 497.
+
+   47 Is. vii. 30.
+
+   48 Is. ii. 36.
+
+   49 Is. iii. 59 and 60, vi. 28.
+
+  M29 Succession through a daughter.
+
+   50 For want of a better translation implying "going with the property"
+      this word will be rendered by "heiress."
+
+   51 Is. viii. 31. _Cf._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Dem. _in Neaeram_ 1386.
+
+   52 Demosth. _Steph_. ii. 1134. Son. of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} inherits ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+   53 Is. vi. 14. _Cf._ Ar. _Vesp_. 583 _et seq._
+
+_   54 Manu_ ix. 131 and 132.
+
+_   55 Ib._ 136.
+
+_   56 Ib._ 135.
+
+  M30 She must marry the next of kin.
+
+_   57 Laws_, 924.
+
+_   58 Cf._ Terence, _Phormio_ 125-6.
+
+      Lex est ut orbae, qui sunt genere proxumi,
+      Eis nubant, et illos ducere cadem haec lex jubet.
+
+      and Diod. Sic. xii. 18: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  M31 even though already married.
+
+   59 Isaeus, iii. 64.
+
+_   60 Ordinances_ iii. 11.
+
+   61 Isaeus, i. 39.
+
+  M32 Similar rules in the laws of Gortyn,
+
+   62 vii. 15-ix. 24. We may compare this with _Odyssey_ vii. 60 _et seq._
+      where Alkinoos marries his _niece_, Arete, the only child and
+      therefore {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of his brother Rhexenor.
+
+_   63 c. Macart._ 1068 (_Law_)
+
+   64 (Plut. _Solon_ 21. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Plato, _Laws_ 925. A heiress _must_ marry a citizen. In
+      the Gortyn laws, if any one marry the heiress contrary to law, the
+      next of kin shall have the property).
+
+  M33 and amongst the Israelites.
+  M34 The levirate proper not found in Greece.
+  M35 The widow returned to her guardian.
+
+   65 Dem. _c._ _Macart_. 1076. Widow only allowed to remain in her
+      deceased husband's house on plea of pregnancy and under the
+      guardianship of the archon.
+
+      Dem. _c._ _Boeot_. 1010. Wife leaves her husband's house and is
+      portioned out again by her brothers.
+
+   66 Cf. _Ord. of Manu_ v. 147-8. "No act is to be done according to
+      (her) own will by a young girl, a young woman, or even by an old
+      woman, though in (their own) houses.
+
+      "In her childhood (a girl) should be under the will of her father;
+      in her youth, of her husband; her husband being dead, of her sons; a
+      woman should never enjoy her own will."
+
+   67 Dem. _c._ _Spoud_. 1029. Father takes away daughter and gives her to
+      another.
+
+      _Cf._ also Dem. _c._ _Eubulid_. 1311.
+
+      Isaeus, v. 10. By coming into an inheritance from his first cousin,
+      a man also becomes guardian ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of his three
+      female first cousins, though all married.
+
+   68 Dem. _pro Phormio._ 953.
+
+   69 As in Isaeus, ii. 7 and 8.
+
+   70 ix. 70. &c.
+
+  M36 Marriage of near relations.
+
+   71 vii. 11 and 12.
+
+  M37 The levirate among the Israelites.
+  M38 The case of Tamar.
+
+   72 Gen. xxxviii. 10.
+
+  M39 The case of Ruth.
+
+   73 Ruth i. 8-12.
+
+   74 For the meaning of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see below p. 55.
+
+  M40 Dependence on the next of kin.
+  M41 The son of the heiress must leave his father's house,
+
+   75 xi. 49.
+
+  M42 and enter that of the deceased relative
+
+   76 Isaeus, vii. 31.
+
+_   77 c. Macart._ 1077.
+
+  M43 Hence the custom of adoption.
+
+   78 Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1093. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.
+
+   79 Is. x. 17.
+
+  M44 The introduction of the heir to the kindred.
+
+   80 Arist. _Pol._ 1, 2, 4 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+  M45 The same for true as for adopted son.
+  M46 The ceremony at Athens;
+
+   81 Is. ii. 14.
+
+   82 Is. vii. 1, 16, 13 and 27.
+
+   83 Dem. _c. Eubulid._ 1315.
+
+   84 Is. vi. 25.
+
+   85 Andoc. _de Myst._ 126.
+
+   86 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1054 and 1078.
+
+   87 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1091. Isaeus iii. 80 and viii. 18.
+
+  M47 and at Gortyn;
+
+   88 Isaeus ix. 7 (_Astyph._) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+   89 Isaeus vi. 44; ix. 2 and 33; x. 2 and 4. Dem. _c. Leoch._ passim.
+      _Cf. Manu_, ix. 142.
+
+   90 Dem. _c. Leoch._ 1094, 1099, and (_lex Solonis_) 1100.
+
+_   91 Ib._ 1090.
+
+  M48 and also in India.
+
+   92 Mayne on _Hindu Law_ (1892), p. 105 and 162.
+
+_   93 Op. cit._ p. 141-2 and 189. _Manu_ ix. 142. He offers no cake to
+      his original ancestors.
+
+  M49 The introduction to the deme.
+  M50 The custom of tonsure.
+
+_   94 Thes._ 5.
+
+   95 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: in Homer to "begin" a sacrifice by offering the _hair_
+      of the victim. Later, to "dedicate."
+
+_   96 Il._ ii. 542 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+   97 Herod, iii. 8. The Arabs cut their hair in a ring away from the
+      temples.
+
+_   98 Il._ xxiii. 141-6.
+
+   99 Paus. i. 37, 3.
+
+_  100 Char._ 21.
+
+_  101 Deipnosoph._ xi. 88.
+
+_  102 Manu_ ii. 65.
+
+_  103 Cf._ ii. 38. This was the last year that a Brahman could receive
+      investiture.
+
+  104 Isaeus, vi. 10.
+
+_  105 Anc. Grk. Inscr._ Brit. Mus. cccxv. cccxvii. and cccxviii. Oath of
+      mother required before legitimacy registered, in the island of
+      Kalymna.
+
+_  106 Cf._ Aristot. _Ath. Pol._ xlii.
+
+  107 Isaeus, iii. 75.
+
+_  108 Ib._ vi. 47. _Cf._ Deuteronomy xxiii. i.
+
+  M51 Liability for bloodshed rested on a group of kinsmen.
+
+  109 Robertson Smith, _Kinship, &c. in Arabia_, p. 262.
+
+  110 Dem. _in Euerg._ and _Mnesib._ 1160.
+
+  111 Dem. _Macart._ 1069. _Cf._ Deut. xxi. 1-9.
+
+_  112 Cf. Od._ iii. 195.
+
+  M52 No ransom for murders within the tribe;
+
+_  113 Il._ ix. 63.
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  114 Il. xiii. 695. _Cf._ xv. 335.
+
+_  115 Il._ xvi. 572.
+
+_  116 Il._ ii. 662.
+
+_  117 Cf. Od._ xiii. 259, xiv. 380.
+
+  M53 or between citizen and citizen.
+
+  118 Quoted in Dem. _c. Aristocrat._ 629.
+
+_  119 Laws_ 865 d.
+
+_  120 Ib._ 871. Soph. O.C. 407. Oedipus could not be buried on Theban
+      soil, because he had shed {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+_  121 Cf_. Aeschines in _Ctesiph._ 244.
+
+  122 ix. 17-19. _Cf._ Dem. _c. Pantaen._ 983, 59.
+
+  123 Plato, _Laws_ 871 D.
+
+  124 Plato, _Laws_ 871 B. _Cf._868.
+
+_  125 Ib._ 872 E. _Cf._ Tacitus, _Germania_, 21. Suscipere tam
+      inimicitias seu patris seu propinqui quam amicitias necesse est. Nec
+      implacabiles durant: luitur enim etiam homicidium certo armentorum
+      ac pecorum numero, _recipitque satisfactionem universa domus_,
+      utiliter in publicum, quia periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta
+      libertatem.
+
+_  126 Ib._ 873 E.
+
+  127 Herod. i. 44.
+
+  M54 All kinsmen were not equally responsible.
+  M55 The unity of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  128 v. _infra_ p. 90 _et seq._
+
+_  129 c. Leoch._ 1083.
+
+  130 Dem. _c. Macart._ 1055-6.
+
+  131 Isaeus, viii. 32.
+
+  M56 Grades of kinship in Western Europe.
+  M57 The position of the great-grandson,
+  M58 in Wales,
+
+_  132 Venedotian Code_, ii. xii.
+
+  133 Lady Charlotte Guest's _Mabinogion_, p. 234.
+
+  M59 and in feudal Normandy.
+  M60 The custom of _parage_.
+
+  134 cxxviii-cxxxi.
+
+  M61 Co-heritage in Wales.
+
+_  135 Dimetian Code_, ii. xxiii.
+
+  M62 Degrees of relationship in India.
+
+_  136 Manu_, ix. 186.
+
+_  137 Manu_, iii. 5.
+
+_  138 Manu_ v. 60.
+
+  M63 Four generations share in the cake-offering.
+  M64 Similar grouping of the pourers of the water libation.
+
+_  139 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii.
+
+  M65 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} includes four generations.
+
+  140 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1076.
+
+  M66 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Athens.
+
+  141 Cf. _infra_, tree on p. 62.
+
+  142 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1055-6.
+
+  143 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1077.
+
+_  144 Id._ 1078 _et seq._
+
+  M67 The right of succession limited to the great-grandchild of the
+      common ancestor.
+  M68 The law according to Isaeus.
+
+  145 Isaeus, vii. 22, and xi. i.
+
+  146 Isaeus, xi. 30.
+
+  M69 The law according to Demosthenes.
+
+_  147 c. Makart._ 1067.
+
+  148 In Dem. _c. Leochar._ 1088. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is used to denote the
+      relationship of a man to the adopted son of his great-uncle, or, as
+      we should say, first cousin once removed.
+
+  M70 No {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} beyond great-grandsons.
+
+_  149 c. Makart._ 1053.
+
+  M71 The heir always ranked as _son_.
+
+  150 Dem. _c. Makart._ and _c. Leoch._ 1100, &c.
+
+  M72 Hence the limit of the inheritance at cousin's children.
+  M73 Disinheritance must be sanctioned by kinsmen.
+
+  151 The wife's kin are no kin to her husband, but _are_ to her son.
+
+  152 Plato, _Laws_, 929 c. Trans. Jowett.
+
+  M74 The case of the estate of Hagnias in Isaeus and Demosthenes.
+
+  153 Dem. _c. Makart._ 1058.
+
+_  154 Id._ 1070.
+
+  155 Mentioned in Dem. _c. Makart._ 1056.
+
+  M75 Equal division amongst heirs of the same grade.
+  M76 The share of a dead son taken by his children.
+
+_  156 Supra_, p. 56.
+
+  M77 If sons all dead, grandsons probably divided _per capita_,
+  M78 as in the case of nephews and cousins.
+
+_  157 c. Makart._ 1068, _supra_, p. 26.
+
+  M79 Purity of tribal blood jealously guarded.
+  M80 In Wales, privileges attained in the fourth generation by
+      intermarriages.
+
+_  158 Welsh Laws_, iv. i. and x. vii. Exception is made for the _son of a
+      stranger chieftain_.
+
+_  159 Welsh Laws_, v. ii. and _Vened. Code_, ii. xvi. and elsewhere.
+
+  M81 Otherwise not until the tenth generation.
+
+_  160 Welsh Laws_, v. ii.
+
+_  161 Welsh Laws_, xiii. ii.
+
+_  162 Venedotian Code_, ii. xiv. and _Gwentian Code_, ii. xxx. _Cf._ the
+      Shunammite's _cry unto the King_ for restoration of her house and
+      fields after an absence of seven years. 2 Kings viii. 3.
+
+  M82 The same rule amongst the Israelites.
+  M83 Shorter time in special cases.
+
+  163 Gen. xlviii. 5. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ viii. 46. Troy to be subdued by
+      children of Aeacus in first and fourth generations.
+
+  M84 The privilege of citizenship jealously guarded at Athens.
+
+  164 Dem. _in Neaer._ 1376.
+
+_  165 Anc. Inscrip._ Brit. Mus. ccxxxviii. Citizenship had to be
+      confirmed on son of foreigner admitted to citizenship.
+
+  M85 Abhorrence of alien blood.
+  M86 Citizenship only conferred as the highest honour.
+  M87 Qualification dependent on ancestry and status of family.
+
+_  166 Ath. Pol._ lv. 3.
+
+_  167 Cf._ Pollux, viii. 85: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  168 Cf._ Aristot. _Pol._ iii. 2: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  M88 Fourth generation acquired new privilege or status.
+
+_  169 Oed. Tyr._ 742 and 1063 quoted by Hearn, _Aryan Household_, p.
+      206.
+
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} ...
+
+      _Cf._ Demosth. 1327. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  170 Handbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterthuemer_, von G. Gilbert, ii.
+      p. 298, quotation from Dittenberger 371, 4 ff.:--({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}){~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  171 Nehemiah vii. 64.
+
+  M89 Seventh generation in the Ordinances of Manu.
+
+_  172 Manu_, x. 64.
+
+  M90 All within the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} were liable.
+
+  173 Plato's _Laws_, ix. 871 B.
+
+_  174 Cf._ 868.
+
+  175 872 E.
+
+  176 878 D.
+
+  M91 The Law of Draco.
+
+  177 Dem. _c. Makart_, 1069.
+
+      There is some uncertainty in the text of this passage, but the
+      following is Blass' reading adopted by Kohler:--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Headlam for this information, and also
+      for the fact of the discovery of the confirmatory inscription.
+
+  178 Dem. _c. Euerg. et Mnesib._ 1161. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} etc.... _Cf._ Pollux, viii. 118 (obviously quoting this
+      passage).
+
+  M92 The case of murder within the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+_  179 Laws_, 877 c.
+
+_  180 Cf._ 2 Sam. xiv. 7. House extinguished for fratricide.
+
+  M93 The blood-fine or galanas in Wales.
+
+_  181 Dimetian Code_, ii. i.
+
+_  182 Gwentian Code_, ii. viii. _Cf._ Sapinda and Samanodaka: both owe
+      rites at death of kinsman. Manu, ix. 186, and v. 60, quoted above.
+
+_  183 Venedotian Code_, iii. i.
+
+  M94 Defilement rested upon the group of kinsmen.
+
+_  184 Inscript. Jurid. Grecques_ par Dareste, &c., 1891, p. 10.
+      Inscription found at Iulis in Keos. _Fifth century_ B.C. _Cf._
+      Numbers xix. 14.
+
+_  185 c. Makart._ 1071.
+
+  M95 The mother's relations included in Greece and in Wales.
+
+_  186 Welsh Laws_, vol. i. 229. Cf. _Ord. of Manu_, ix. 201, where list
+      of those incapable of receiving inheritance includes eunuchs.
+
+  M96 The usual holding of a citizen was called a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or "lot."
+
+  187 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. _Pol. Ath._ 9.
+
+  M97 The relation of ownership of land to the structure of the family.
+
+  188 Cf. _Cic. de Legibus_ ii. 21. Nam sacra cum pecunia pontificum
+      auctoritate, nulla lege conjuncta sunt.
+
+  189 Dem. _in Calliclem_, 13-14. Coulanges, _Problemes d'Histoire_, p.
+      19.
+
+  190 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ lv. 3; Harpocration, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ...
+
+  191 In other words, the devisee could not possess the property devised
+      to him until his place as heir in the succession by blood or
+      adoption was legally established.
+
+  192 Isaeus, i. 17. The "friendship" insured that his presence and
+      officiating at the tomb would be acceptable to the soul of the
+      deceased--always an important consideration.
+
+  M98 Early semi-pastoral habits.
+
+  193 Thuc. i. 2. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+_  194 Od._ 21. 16. Cf. _Il._ xi. 682 _sq._ where the booty consists of 50
+      herds of kine, 50 flocks of sheep, 50 droves of swine, 50 flocks of
+      goats, and 150 chestnut mares, many with foals at foot.
+
+_  195 Il._ xx. 216-8.
+
+_  196 Il._ xxi. 602. Cf. _Od._ iii. 495.
+
+  M99 Modern methods of land-tenure in Greece and the islands.
+
+_  197 Consular Reports_, p. 20.
+
+_  198 Ibid._
+
+ M100 Family-holdings in Santa Maura.
+
+  199 P. 199.
+
+_  200 Consular Reports_, pp. 23 and 30.
+
+ M101 The open field system in Greece,
+ M102 and in the islands.
+
+_  201 Ibid._ p. 26.
+
+_  202 Ibid._ p. 40.
+
+_  203 Ibid._ p. 49.
+
+ M103 The open field system in Homer.
+
+  204 "The Homeric Land System," _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885.
+
+ M104 Ownership of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} vested in the head of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  205 Isaeus, xi. 49 (Hagnias).
+
+  206 Harp. _s. v._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}.
+
+ M105 Dependence of other members of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  207 Isaeus, vii. 15 and 27, (Apollod.)
+
+  208 1055 _et seq._ _Cf._ 1149 where one brother lives with his father
+      after the division, whilst his brother has a house of his own: and
+      1086 where two brothers live apart but with undivided estate.
+
+ M106 The prerogative of the eldest brother,
+
+_  209 Il._ xv. 187 _sq._
+
+_  210 Ib._ xiii. 355.
+
+_  211 Cf._ the use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ("revered") as the stock epithet of the
+      _eldest_ brother in Homer _Il._ vi. 518, and elsewhere. Pollux,
+      _On._ 3, 24, states that this is the right use of the word.
+
+ M107 contrasted with the power of the head of the household.
+
+_  212 Od._ xiii. 142.
+
+_  213 Il._ iv. 59 _sq._
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~};
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  214 Od._ i. 397, _cf._ ix. 115.
+
+  215 xxix. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  216 Pol. I. 2, 6. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. _Cf._
+      use of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in _Aesch. Ag._ 1300, _Choeph._ 486 and 631.
+
+_  217 Gortyn Law_, iv. 24, _supra_ p. 47.
+
+ M108 No joint holding between a father and his sons.
+
+  218 In the island of Tenos, according to an inscription of the second or
+      third century B.C., the transfer of undivided fractions of houses
+      and property was of exceedingly common occurrence. Sales are
+      recorded of a fourth part of a tower and cistern; half a house,
+      lands, tower, &c. _Inscr. Jurid. Gr._: Dareste, &c. p. 63.
+
+ M109 Confirmatory evidence of the Gortyn Laws.
+
+_  219 Gortyn Laws_, iv. 29-31.
+
+ M110 But the land was in theory inalienable from the family.
+
+  220 Cf. _Ordinances of Manu_, ix. 213-4. "If an eldest (brother),
+      through avarice, commit an injury against his younger (brothers), he
+      should be made a not-eldest and _shareless_, and be put under
+      restraint by kings."
+
+      "None of the brothers who perform wrong acts _deserve_ (share in)
+      _the property_, ..."
+
+_  221 Laws_, 877 c.
+
+  222 Lev. xxv. 25; Jerem. xxxii. 8.
+
+ M111 Close analogy in the custom of Gavelkind in Kent.
+
+  223 Another version runs:
+      "The fader to the bonde
+      And the son to the londe."
+
+      Sandys, _History of Gavelkind_, 1851, pp. 5 and 150.
+
+ M112 Allotment or "gift" to a bastard son.
+ M113 But he was not admitted to his father's family.
+
+_  224 Od._ xiv. 209. _Cf._ Pindar, _Ol._ ix. 95-100. Bastard prince named
+      after his mother's father and given one {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  225 Is. vi. 23.
+
+  226 Cf. _Eur. Ion_ 1541.
+
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+ M114 Gifts of land to new citizens.
+
+  227 See inscriptions quoted in _Mittheilungen Athen._ vol. 9, pt. 1, p.
+      60. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (?) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, &c. ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      Cf. _Cauer Delect._ � 221. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. ... and � 232.
+
+      _Do._ � 395 (4th cent. B.C.). So many plethra each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+      _Do._ � 27. The importance of the grant of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} must lie in its
+      being the evidence of admission to full privilege. _V. infra_, p.
+      139.
+
+ M115 Dependence of sons during their father's life.
+
+  228 p. 122, note A.
+
+_  229 Manu_, ix. 104-106.
+
+ M116 His property divided amongst them at his death.
+
+  230 iv. 184. "An elder brother is equal to a father."
+
+ M117 But special respect shown to the eldest son.
+
+  231 ix. 182.
+
+  232 iii. 171-2.
+
+  233 ix. 110 and 213.
+
+  234 ix. 111.
+
+ M118 The duties of the householder.
+
+  235 iii. 77 _et seq._
+
+  236 vi. 90.
+
+  237 iii. 67, 70, and 72.
+
+ M119 Honour paid to the guest.
+
+  238 iii. 108.
+
+_  239 Elektra_, 784.
+
+_  240 Elektra_, 637.
+
+_  241 Od._ viii. 546. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+_  242 Od._ iii. 30-80.
+
+ M120 Right of maintenance of the younger members of the family.
+
+_  243 Cf. Manu_, ix. 163. "The son of the body is the one and only lord
+      of the paternal wealth: but to do the others no harm he should
+      afford (them something) to support life."
+
+_  244 Manu_, ix. 115.
+
+  245 ix. 214.
+
+  246 ix. 118.
+
+  247 ix. 47.
+
+  248 ix. 210.
+
+  249 ix. 209.
+
+  250 ix. 208. Though viii. 416 states the contrary. "A wife, _son_, and
+      slave are said to be without property: whatever property they
+      acquire is his to whom they (belong)."
+
+  251 ix. 207.
+
+ M121 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} contrasted with the tribesman and his
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  252 Il._ xx. 165.
+
+ M122 The possessions of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  253 Od._ xiv. 96.
+
+_  254 Il._ vi. 194.
+
+_  255 Il._ ix. 574; _cf._ xx. 184.
+
+_  256 Il._ xiv. 121.
+
+  257 Or "belonging to a _basileus_."
+
+  258 Cf. _Il._ xi. 67. "As when reapers over against each other drive
+      their swaths through the ploughland of a rich man of wheat and
+      barley, and thick fall the handfuls"...
+
+      This contrast is drawn by Professor Ridgeway: _op. cit._ p. 19
+      _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 1885.
+
+ M123 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the tribesman probably in the open fields in the
+      plain.
+
+_  259 Il._ xviii. 541.
+
+_  260 Il._ xxi. 602.
+
+  261 Ridgeway, _op. cit._
+
+  262 Plato, _Laws_, 842. E. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+_  263 Il._ xi. 558.
+
+_  264 Il._ xii. 421; _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._
+
+  265 Isaeus, ix. 17-19.
+
+  266 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. _Il._ xxiii. 832. _v._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p. 16.
+
+ M124 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} "honoured like a god with gift of a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."
+
+_  267 Il._ xii. 313. Cf. _Il._ ix. 297. A good king also has power over
+      the crops, etc., to bring plenty. See _Od._ xix. 110-5. Frazer,
+      Golden Bough, i. 8 _et seq._
+
+_  268 Il._ vi. 191.
+
+_  269 Il._ xii. 313. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (_not_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).
+
+_  270 Od._ vi. 291-3. Xenophon states that choice portions of land in the
+      territory of many neighbouring towns were set apart for the king of
+      Sparta. _Rep. Laced._ xv. 3.
+
+_  271 Od._ xi. 184.
+
+ M125 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} descended from father to son.
+
+_  272 Il._ xx. 391, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  273 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  274 Vide _Il._ ii. 46 and 101-8. Agamemnon's {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} had been
+      handed down to him in succession from Thyestes, Atreus, Pelops,
+      Hermes, and Zeus, for whom it had been made by Hephaistos.
+
+_  275 Od._ i. 386. Cf. _Od._ ii. 22. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+      Cf. _Od._ i. 407. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}?
+
+      Cf. _Od._ xi. 185. Telemachos {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of Odysseus.
+
+      Cf. _Od._ xx. 336. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+ M126 Iason's claim upon his great-grandfather's estate.
+
+  276 Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 255 _et seq._
+
+ M127 Rich tribesman might hold several {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+_  277 Od._ xiv. 211.
+
+  278 Cf. _Il._ xii. 421. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+ M128 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the holding of the head of an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+_  279 Od._ xiv. 62.
+
+_  280 Od._ xiv. 211.
+
+  281 Wks. and Dys. 405. The next line which explains that the woman is to
+      be slave and _not_ a wife is evidently a later addition. Aristotle
+      did not know it, and interpreted {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} as wife.
+
+_  282 Pol._ i. 2, 5-7.
+
+  283 I am indebted to Professor Ridgeway for the right meaning and
+      derivation of this word, which stands for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, having the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      long and not short as stated in Liddell and Scott's Dictionary.
+      Another reading is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} which would mean sharers of the smoke
+      or hearth.
+
+  284 Pindar, _Nem._ ix. 11.
+
+ M129 and supplied the maintenance the house.
+
+_  285 OEcon._ i. 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Pol. i.
+      4, 1. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+_  286 Od._ iv. 318.
+
+_  287 Od._ xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx 230. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}.
+
+ M130 Force of the bond of food.
+
+_  288 Il._ vi. 230.
+
+ M131 The need of an established household strongly felt.
+
+_  289 Il._ xv. 497.
+
+  290 p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions other countries where the father takes a
+      new name as father of his eldest son.
+
+_  291 Od._ iv. 754-7
+
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+      "Far away" implies width of sway and extent of influence; and the
+      protection of outlying properties would necessitate a great name and
+      a strong hand.
+
+ M132 Diversion of inheritance by death of heir a sore evil.
+
+_  292 Il._ v. 151 _et seq._
+
+_  293 Od._ vii. 150.
+
+_  294 Od._ xi. 184. _Cf._ xx. 336. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (= Telemachos) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+ M133 Naboth's vineyard bound to his family and heir.
+
+  295 1 Kings xxi 3.
+
+  296 Ezekiel xlvi. 16.
+
+ M134 The maintenance of the chiefs levied upon the people under the name
+      of gifts.
+
+_  297 Od._ i. 392.
+
+  298 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Homer means "prince" and is applied to a class, not a
+      single chieftain. _Il._ xii. 319 of Sarpedon and Glaukos. _Il._ iv.
+      96 of Paris. _Od._ i. 394 of the Ithakans. _Od._ viii. 41 and 390 of
+      the Phaeakians. _Cf._
+
+_  299 Il._ xvii. 250.
+
+_  300 Il._ xxiv. 262.
+
+_  301 Od._ ii. 74.
+
+_  302 Od._ xiii. 13.
+
+_  303 Od_. xix. 195.
+
+ M135 The right to receive such "gifts" could be transferred to another.
+
+_  304 Il._ ix. 291. Cf. _Il._ ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave
+      him much people ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) to be {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} over.
+
+_  305 Od._ iv. 174.
+
+ M136 In India the chief of a town might receive the king's supplies.
+
+_  306 Manu_, vii. 118.
+
+  307 vii. 123.
+
+ M137 The maintenance of the Great King,
+
+  308 Herod, i. 192.
+
+_  309 Ibid._
+
+ M138 and of Solomon.
+
+  310 1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of these officers was over "threescore great
+      cities with walls and brazen bars."
+
+ M139 Revenue from land in ancient Egypt.
+
+  311 Herod. ii. 109.
+
+  312 Genes. xlvii. 26.
+
+ M140 Grants of land to the prince easily made, in their elastic system of
+      agriculture.
+
+  313 Pind. _Nem._ vi. 11 (Trans. Myers), _cf._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._ p.
+      20.
+
+ M141 Such grants were a special honour, and served to relieve other
+      contributions.
+
+  314 Ezekiel xlv. 8, 9.
+
+  315 Ez. xlvi. 18.
+
+_  316 Od._ xxiv. 207.
+
+ M142 Modern specimens of the elasticity of Greek methods.
+
+  317 Mahaffy, _Rambles in Greece_, 3rd ed. p. 200.
+
+  318 Rennell Rodd's _Customs and Lore of Modern Greece_, p. 58.
+
+ M143 The gifts to the prince not actually food-rents for the land.
+ M144 The chief's land apart from the tribesmen's.
+
+_  319 Od._ vi. 293.
+
+_  320 Ib._ 259.
+
+ M145 The land sustained the householder in his duties to other members
+      and guests.
+ M146 The chief had the right to demand gifts from the people;
+ M147 he had tribal right to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as the tribesman to a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+ M148 but could not deprive the tribesman of his land.
+
+  321 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is spoken of as capable of good cultivation by means of a
+      yoke of oxen.
+
+ M149 Hesiod an immigrant: not a typical case of a family.
+
+_  322 Works and Days_ 637. Possession of land would presuppose admission
+      to full civic rights. _V. supra_, p. 97.
+
+_  323 Il._ ix. 648; xvi. 59.
+
+_  324 W. and D._ 345 &c. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+ M150 Land was in theory inalienable from the family.
+
+  325 Arist. _Pol._ VIII. ii. 5. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Cf. _Id._ iv. 4
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+_  326 Laws_ 741.
+
+_  327 Laws_ 923.
+
+ M151 In Sparta child must be accepted by its father's tribesmen,
+
+_  328 Lycurg._ xvi.
+
+  329 Suidas; and Harpocration _s.v._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}:--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Octopus is
+      still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean.
+
+ M152 who decided as to its maintenance.
+
+_  330 Nouvelles Recherches_, 1891, p. 63.
+
+ M153 Maintenance derived from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+ M154 The family bound to their land at Athens;
+
+  331 Arist. _Pol. Ath._ 2 and 5.
+
+ M155 and in Lokris.
+
+  332 Dareste, &c, _Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr._ xi.
+
+ M156 But heirs at Athens also must first be accepted by group of kinsmen.
+
+  333 Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42; vi. 48.
+
+  334 Isaeus, iii. 73 and 80.
+
+ M157 Further application of the idea of family land.
+ M158 Two methods of occupation of land: (1) by owner himself; (2) by
+      subject population.
+
+  335 Cf. _Thuc._ ii. 16 for Attica. Such are the numerous small farmers
+      who appear in the plays of Aristophanes.
+
+_  336 Athen._ vi. 85. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. _Cf._ Strabo, xii. 3, 4.
+
+ M159 At Gortyn on extinction of citizen-family the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} inherited.
+
+  337 Gortyn. v. 25. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. The words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      should be taken with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c, rather than with the preceding
+      words. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is equivalent to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+      See Dareste, &c, _Inscript. Jurid. Gr._ p. 463.
+
+ M160 Similar twofold tenure in the Athenian {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+ M161 Examples in Salamis,
+
+_  338 Mittheil. Inst. Ath._ ix. p. 117. The original number of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      in this case was apparently five hundred.
+
+ M162 in Lesbos,
+
+  339 Thuc. iii. 50.
+
+  340 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  341 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  342 Aelian, _V. II._ vi. I. _Cf._ Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100.
+
+ M163 Each {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} therefore supported two families.
+
+  343 Smith's _Dicty. of Antiquities_, s.v. _colonia_.
+
+  344 Bekker, _Charicles_, p. 218.
+
+  345 Ridgeway, _Origin of Currency_, &c., p. 324.
+
+  346 The ordinary Athenian dicast is supposed to have subsisted largely
+      upon his pay of three obols or a half-drachma _per diem_.
+
+ M164 The same double ownership in leases "for ever."
+
+  347 Dareste, &c, _Recueil Inscr. Grec._ p. 256 xiii.
+
+  348 Cauer, _Delectus_, � 263.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}]{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~};
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  349 Dareste, &c, _Inscr. Jurid. Grec._ xiii. quater. (Mylasa in Karia.
+      Second century B.C.) _summarised:_--
+
+      A. The tribe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}) of the Otorkondeis at the advice of their
+      treasurers and led by the priest of Artemis, decide to purchase from
+      Thraseas, son of Polites son of Melas of Grab ... and adopted son of
+      Heracleitos son of Heracleides of Ogonda, lands ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in the Ombian
+      plain with the sixty-two ranks of vines, three olive trees, and all
+      the other trees without reserve, also lands elsewhere with the trees
+      without reserve for 5,000 drachmae of light Rhodian silver, provided
+      that Thraseas has the sale registered with sureties. Moreover,
+      Thraseas coming to the ekklesia declared that he was ready to manage
+      these things: and the sale having taken place of the said
+      (properties) to the trustees in the name of the god. Thraseas
+      himself then and there took on lease all the said (properties) from
+      the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~})
+      for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whomsoever the
+      inheritance of his goods passes, and he shall pay annually to the
+      treasurers of the tribe 100 and ... drachmae, without fail or fraud.
+
+      B. ... all the land and trees which Thraseas has bought from
+      Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios of Ketambissos, without exception
+      in these places either in the matter of the share he took in the
+      division with his brother or of what he bought from Artemisia, all
+      for 7,000 drachmae of light silver of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas
+      register the sale and give sureties. And coming before the ekklesia
+      Thraseas declared that he was prepared to manage this; and the sale
+      of the foregoing having taken place to the trustees in the name of
+      the god, Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the
+      foregoing from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them
+      ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to
+      whom the inheritance passes, and he shall pay annually to the
+      treasurers of the tribe 300 drachmae.
+
+      The rent forms part of the revenues of the god. If Thraseas gets
+      more than two years in arrear, the contract is annulled.
+
+      He shall not divide the land or share the rent ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}.... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).
+
+ M165 Perhaps due to the prevailing idea of the family as a continuing
+      unit.
+ M166 No final word can yet be said.
+ M167 Explanation of the structure of the kindred to be found in the
+      descent of city life from earlier stage of tribal society.
+ M168 Similarity between the bond of tribal blood and that of citizenship.
+ M169 The threefold bond:--
+ M170 (1) the bond of blood;
+ M171 (2) the bond of religion;
+ M172 (3) the bond of maintenance.
+
+  350 Robertson Smith (_The Religion of the Semites_) holds that the
+      object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship
+      between the deity and the worshippers.
+
+ M173 Many tribal customs survived in the kindred and the household.
+ M174 But these survivals mostly found in post-Homeric records.
+ M175 They perhaps belonged to the pre-Achaian inhabitants of Greece.
+
+_  351 Companion to the Iliad_, pp. 6-7.
+
+  352 Since the foregoing chapters were in print, I have had the benefit
+      of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde's admirable work, entitled _Psyche_
+      (Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes
+      had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being
+      buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground, death
+      made no break in the membership of the family. And he claims that
+      the _Seelencult_ or ancestor-worship of the later Greeks must have
+      been continuous from pre-Homeric times.
+
+ M176 But many were probably of wider parentage.
+ M177 Comparison with the history of the Jews.
+ M178 Reaction in times of distress to earlier tribal habits by the Jews,
+      and perhaps by the Achaians.
+ M179 These tribal habits probably only dormant throughout and common to
+      all Greeks,
+ M180 if not practically even to all tribal systems.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRIBAL SOCIETY: AN ESSAY***
+
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