diff options
Diffstat (limited to '26317.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 26317.txt | 2723 |
1 files changed, 2723 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/26317.txt b/26317.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10e997c --- /dev/null +++ b/26317.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2723 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, May 1887, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, May 1887 + Volume 1, Number 4 + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. R. Buchanan + +Release Date: August 15, 2008 [EBook #26317] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN, MAY 1887 *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + BUCHANAN'S + JOURNAL OF MAN. + + VOL. I. MAY, 1887. NO. 4. + + + + +CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. + + + The Prophetic Faculty: War and Peace + Clearing away the Fog + The Danger of living among Christians: A Question of peace or war + Legislative Quackery, Ignorance, and Blindness to the Future + Evils that need Attention + What is Intellectual Greatness + Spiritual Wonders--Slater's Tests; Spirit Pictures; Telegraphy; + Music; Slate Writing; Fire Test + MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--Erratum; Co-operation; Emancipation; + Inventors; Important Discovery; Saccharine; Sugar; Artificial + Ivory; Paper Pianos; Social Degeneracy; Prevention of Cruelty; + Value of Birds; House Plants; Largest Tunnel; Westward Empire + Structure of the Brain + Chapter III. Genesis of the Brain + To the Readers of the Journal--College of Therapeutics + Journal of Man--Language of Press and Readers + + + + +THE PROPHETIC FACULTY: WAR AND PEACE. + + +In our last issue, the psychometric faculty of prophecy was +illustrated by predictions of peace, while generals, statesmen, and +editors were promising a gigantic war. In this number the reader will +find a grand prediction of war, while statesmen and states were +anticipating peace, and a southern statesman, even upon the brink of +war, offered to drink all the blood that would be shed. + +The strength of the warlike spirit and prediction at the time +psychometry was prophesying peace was conspicuous even as late as the +ninth of March, when the London correspondent of the _Sun_ wrote as +follows: + +"An eminent Russian general with whom I have talked believes the plan +of Russian attack on Austria is fully developed. Galicia is to be the +battleground between the two countries. Russia will enter the province +without trouble, as there is nothing to hinder her. Then she will make +a dash to secure the important strategic railroad which runs parallel +with the Galician frontier, and seek to drive the Austrians over the +Carpathians. + +"That Galicia will witness the first fighting is generally admitted, as +also that the possession of the strategic railroad, running as it does +just at the rear of the Austrian positions, would be the most vital +question. It may be interesting to say that military men of whatever +nationality look upon an early war as a certain thing. They are not +content to say they believe war is coming; they are absolutely positive +of it, and each little officer has his own personal way of conclusively +proving that this sort of peace cannot go on any longer. + + "Meanwhile there are lots of straws floating about this week, which +indicate that international winds are still blowing toward war. From +Russian Poland there is reported an interruption in all kinds of +business, owing to the war scare. Manufacturers refuse to accept orders +from private persons, and financial institutions have still further +weakened business by reducing their credit to a minimum. A letter from +St. Petersburg tells of the tremendous enthusiasm of the troops at the +review by the Czar on last Saturday, of the wild cheering for his +imperial Majesty, of the loud and strident whistles audible above the +roar of the cannon with which the officers command their men, and of the +general blending of barbaric fierceness and courage with modern +discipline and fighting improvements. + + "In Vienna the troops are hard at work practising with the Numannlicher +repeating rifle, with which all have been provided. The Sunday +observance act, usually rigorously enforced, has been suspended, that +the government orders for military supplies may be completed two weeks +earlier than contracted for. + + "The business of the Hotchkiss gun-making concern is shown to have +increased one hundred per cent with the war scare, and the eagerness to +secure the stock, which now stands at thirty per cent premium, shows a +conviction among monied men. The capital has been subscribed fifteen +times over." + +The persistent prediction of peace was speedily fulfilled. March 12 my +statement was sent to the press, and March 22 Bismarck said to Prince +Rudolph of Austria that "_peace is assured to Europe for 1887_," and +newspaper correspondents announce that the war alarm is over. Mr. +Frederick Harrison, who is travelling on foot in France, writes that +he has found no one who desires war, and that the people are not even +thinking of it. + +What is the popular judgment, or even the judgment of popular leaders +worth upon any great question? The masses of mankind have their +judgments enmeshed and inwoven in a web of mechanical habituality, +compelling them to believe that what is and has been must continue to +be in the future, thus limiting their conceptions to the commonplace. +Their leaders do not rise to nobler conceptions, for if they did not +sympathize with the popular, commonplace conceptions and prejudices +they would not be leaders. + +"We deem it safe to assert," says Mrs. Emma Hardinge Britten in her +most valuable and interesting "History of Modern Spiritualism," "from +opinions formed upon an extensive and intimate knowledge of both North +and South, and a general understanding of the politics and parties in +both sections, that any settlement of the questions between them by +the sword was never deliberately contemplated, and that the outbreak, +no less than the magnitude and length of the mighty struggle, was all, +humanly speaking, forced on by the logic of events, rather than +through the preconcerted action of either section of the country. We +say this much to demonstrate the truly prophetic character of many of +the visions and communications which circulated amongst the +Spiritualists prior to the opening of the war." + +Not only was it prophesied by the Quaker Joseph Hoag thirty years in +advance, but more fully prophesied from the spirit world by the spirit +of Gen. Washington, and again most eloquently predicted through the +lips of Mrs. E. Hardinge Britten in 1860. Yet who among all the +leaders of the people knew anything of these warnings, or was +sufficiently enlightened to have paid them any respect? The petition +of 15,000 Spiritualists was treated with contemptuous ridicule by the +American Senate, and even the demonstrable invention of Morse was +subjected to ridicule in Congress. Congressmen stand on no higher +moral plane than the people who elect them, and it is the moral +faculties that elevate men into the atmosphere of pure truth. + +But ah! could we have had a Congress and State Legislatures in 1860, +composed of men sufficiently elevated in sentiment to realize the +state of the nation and the terrible necessity of preserving the peace +by conciliatory statesmanship, that four years of bloody horror and +devastation might have been spared. + +Will the time ever come when nations shall be guided by wisdom +sufficient to avoid convulsions and calamities? Not until there is +sufficient intelligence and wisdom to appreciate the _science of man_, +to understand the wondrous faculties of the human soul, to follow +their guidance, and to listen to the wisdom of our ancestors as they +speak to us from a higher world. + +The prophecies to which I would call attention now, came from the +upper world, and came unheeded and unproclaimed! Great truths are +always buried in silence, if possible, when they first arrive. It is +probable that the grandest prophecies in their far-reaching scope will +always come from such sources, and the grandest seers will be +inspired. The grandest prophecy of the ultimate destiny and power of +"Anthropology" came to me direct from an exalted source in the spirit +world, and no human hand had aught to do with its production. But the +human psychometric faculty has the same prophetic power in a more +limited and more practical sphere. We have no reason to affirm that +the wonderful personal prophecies of Cazotte on the brink of the +French Revolution, stated in the "Manual of Psychometry," were at all +dependent on spiritual agency. + +The prophecy of our great American calamity, which purports to have +come from the spirit of Gen. Washington, appears in a book published +by Josiah Brigham in 1859, of which few of my readers have any +knowledge. The messages were written by the hand of the famous medium, +Joseph D. Stiles, between 1854 and 1857, at the house of Josiah +Brigham in Quincy, Mass., and were published at Boston in 1859, in a +large volume of 459 pages, entitled "Messages from the Spirit of John +Quincy Adams." The medium was in an unconscious trance, and the +handwriting was a fac-simile of that of John Quincy Adams. But other +spirit communications are given, and that which purports to come from +Washington was in a handwriting like his own, though not of so bold +and intellectual a style. I quote the portion of his message which +relates to the war of secession, as follows: + +"The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, when they had attained the summit of +imperial wickedness and licentiousness, as the Bible informs us, fell +from their high estate by the visitation of natural penalties, and the +righteous judgments of an overruling Providence. The fall of Rome and +other large cities proves to us that no individual or nation can disobey +the irrepealable enactments of the Infinite Father, and escape the fixed +penalties attached to such transgression! + +"And can boasting, sinful America indulge in the flattering, delusive +hope, that the heavy judgments which fell upon those ancient cities will +be averted from her, whose guilt is equal, if not even greater than +theirs? Does she think that Cain-like, she can escape the vigilant, +sleepless eye of that Divine Parent, + + 'Whose voice is heard in the rolling thunders, + And whose might is seen in the forked lightnings,' + +and that He will turn a deaf ear to the cry of 'mortal agony,' daily +borne on the 'four winds of Heaven' to His throne of justice, from the +almost broken hearts of His slavery-crushed children? + +"Far from it; America can no more expect mercy in her prosperous +wickedness, from the hand of Deity, that can the most degraded child of +earth expect to enjoy equal happiness and bliss with the more refined +and exalted intelligences of heaven. The Parent of all cares not for the +unity or perpetuation of a family of States, where the prosperity or +welfare of a single child of His is concerned. + +"God, the eternal Father, has commissioned us, His ministers of truth +and justice, to a great and important undertaking! He has invested us +with power and authority to influence and guide the actions of mankind, +and aid them in their struggles for right and truth. He has bade us arm +ourselves with the weapons of love and justice, and hasten to the rescue +of our struggling brother man. His call is imperative and binding, and +we _must_ and WILL obey! + +"We are able to discern the period rapidly approximating when man will +take up arms against his fellow-man, and go forth to contend with the +enemies of Republican liberty, and to assert at the point of the bayonet +those rights of which so large a portion of their fellow-creatures are +deprived. Again will the soil of America be saturated with the blood of +freedom-loving children, and her noble monuments, those sublime +attestations of patriotic will and determination, will tremble, from +base to summit, with the heavy roar of artillery, and the thunder of +cannon. The trials of that internal war will far exceed those of the war +of the Revolution, while the cause contended for will equal, if not +excel, in sublimity and power, that for which the children of '76 +fought. + +"But when the battle-smoke shall disappear, and the cannon's fearful +tones are heard no more, then will mankind more fully realize the +blessings outflowing from the mighty struggle in which they so valiantly +contended! No longer will their eyes meet with those bound in the chains +of physical slavery, or their ears listen to the heavy sobs of the +oppressed child of God. But o'er a land dedicated to the principles of +impartial liberty the King of Day will rise and set, and hearts now +oppressed with care and sorrow will rejoice in the blessings of +uninterrupted freedom. + +"In this eventful revolution, what the patriots of the past failed to +accomplish their descendants will perform, with the timely assistance of +invisible powers. By their sides the heavenly hosts will labor, +imparting courage and fortitude in each hour of despondency, and urging +them onward to a speedy and magnificent triumph. Deploring, as we do, +the existence of slavery, and the means to be employed to purge it from +America, yet our sympathies will culminate to the cause of right and +justice, and give strength to those who seek to set the captive free, +and crush the monster, Slavery. The picture which I have presented is, +indeed, a hideous one. You may think that I speak with too much +assurance when I thus boldly prophesy the dissolution of the American +Confederacy, and, through it, the destruction of that gigantic +structure, human slavery! But this knowledge was not the result of a +moment's or an hour's gleaning, but nearly half a century's existence in +the seraph life. I have carefully watched my country's rising progress, +and I am thoroughly convinced that it cannot always exist under the +present Federal Constitution, and the pressure of that most terrible +sin, slavery!" + +Had the people of this country been sufficiently enlightened to +investigate these messages fairly, they would have seen that there was +sufficient evidence that this warning really came from Washington, and +the pulpit would have enforced its solemn truths. But our destiny was +fixed; Washington knew that his voice would not be heeded, and that +war could not be prevented. + +Again came the warning in 1860, through the lips of a more +intellectual medium, more capable of expressing the bright thought of +the higher world. Mrs. E. Hardinge Britten tells the story in her +"History of American Spiritualism," pages 416-419. She refers to the +stupid and criminal action of the Legislature of Alabama; and a +similar piece of brutality has been recommended by a committee in the +Pennsylvania Legislature recently. The following is quoted from the +History. + + +THE ALABAMA LEGISLATURE AND THE SPIRITS--PROPHECY IN THE ALABAMA +LEGISLATIVE HALLS--RETRIBUTION. + +Sometime about the month of January, 1860, the Legislature of Alabama +passed a bill declaring that any person or persons giving public +spiritual manifestations in Alabama should be subject to a penalty of +five hundred dollars. + +We have given the substance, though not the exact wording of this +edict, which was met by considerable opposition, not only on the part +of great numbers of Spiritualists resident in the State, but also by +the governor himself, who refused to give his sanction to the bill. + +Mr. George Redman, the celebrated physical test medium, had just +passed through the South, and remained long enough to create an +immense interest throughout its length and breadth. + +The author was already engaged to deliver a course of lectures in +Mobile, and numerous invitations were sent to her from other parts of +the State. + +As Mrs. Hardinge's visit was anticipated at the very time when the +bill above named was in agitation, its friends in the Legislature +considered themselves much aggrieved by the governor's refusal to +sanction its passage, and deeming either that he was suspiciously +favorable to the cause it was designed to destroy, or that their own +case would be aggravated by the advent of the expected lecturer, they +passed their bill over the governor's veto, just twenty-four hours +before the explosion anticipated on her arrival could take place. + +On landing in Mobile, Mrs. Hardinge was greeted by a large and +enthusiastic body of friends, but found herself precluded, by +legislative wisdom, from expounding the sublime truths of immortality +in a city whose walls were placarded all over with bills announcing +the arrival of Madame Leon, the celebrated "seeress and business +clairvoyant, who would show the picture of your future husband, tell +the successful numbers in lotteries, and enable any despairing lover +to secure the affections of his heart's idol," etc. Side by side with +these creditable but legalized exhibitions, were flaming announcements +of "the humbug of Spiritualism exposed by Herr Marvel," with a long +list of all the astonishing feats which "this only genuine living +wizard" would display for the benefit of the pious State where angelic +ministry might not be spoken of. + +Mrs. Hardinge passed through Mobile, leaving many warm hearts behind +her, who would fain have exchanged these profane caricatures for the +glad tidings which beloved spirit friends were ready to dispense to +the world. + +In passing through the capital city, Montgomery, a detention occurred +of some hours, in forming a railway connection _en route_ for Macon, +Georgia, when Mrs. Hardinge and some friends travelling in her +company, were induced to while away the tedious time by visiting the +State House. The Legislature was not sitting that day, and one of the +party, a Spiritualist, remarked that they were even then standing in +the very chamber from which the recent obnoxious enactment against +their faith had issued. + +The day was warm, soft, and clear. The sweet southern breeze stirred a +few solitary pines which waved on the capitol hill, and the scene from +the windows of the legislative hall was pleasant, tranquil, and +suggestive of calm but sluggish peace. + +At that period--January, 1860--not an ominous murmur, not the faintest +whisper, even, that the war spirit was abroad, and the legions of +death and ruin were lighting their brands and sharpening their +relentless swords to be drenched in the life-blood of millions, had +made itself heard in the land. + +The long cherished purposes of hate and fratricidal struggle were all +shrouded in the depths of profound secrecy, and the whole southern +country might have been represented in the scene of stillness and +tranquility that lay outstretched before the eyes of the watchers, who +stood in the State House of the capital city of Alabama, on that +pleasant January afternoon. + +There were present six persons besides the author, namely: Mr. and +Mrs. Adams, of Tioga County, Pennsylvania; Mrs. Waters and her son, a +Scotch lady and gentleman from Aberdeen; Mr. Halford, of New York +City; and Mr. James, of Philadelphia. All but the mother and son from +Scotland were acquainted with the author, and more or less sympathetic +with her belief; all are now living, and willing to testify to what +follows. + +Suddenly Mrs. Hardinge became entranced, when the whole scene, laying +outstretched before her eyes, appeared to become filled with long +lines of glittering horse and foot soldiers, who, in martial pomp and +military discipline, filed, rank after rank and regiment after +regiment, through the streets of Montgomery, and then passed off into +distance, and were lost to view. + +Meantime the crash of military music seemed to thrill through the +clairvoyant's ears, at first merely marking the tramp of the vast +bodies of infantry with a joyous rhythm, but anon, as it died off in +their receding march, wild, agonizing shrieks commingled with its +tones, and the thundering roll of the drums seemed to be muffled by +deep, low, but heart-rending groans, as of human sufferers in their +last mortal agony. + +At length all was still again; the last gleam of the muskets flashed +in the sunlight and melted away in the dim horizon; the last echo of +the strangely mingled music and agony ceased, and then, over the whole +radiant landscape, there stole an advancing army of clouds, like a +march of tall gray columns, reaching from earth to the skies, and +filling the air with such a dense and hideous gloom that the whole +scene became swallowed up in the thick, serried folds of mist. In the +midst of these cloudy legions, the eye of the seeress could discern +innumerable forms who seemed to shiver and bend, as if in the whirl of +a hidden tempest, and flitted restlessly hither and thither, aimless +and hopeless, apparently driven by some invisible power from nothing +to nowhere. + +And these mystic shadows, flitting about in the thick grayness, were +unbodied souls; not like visitants from the bright summer land, nor +yet beings resembling the dark, undeveloped "dwellers on the +threshold," whom earthly crimes held bound near their former homes, +but they seemed as if they were misty emanations of unripe human +bodies, scarcely conscious of their state, yet living, actual +individualities, once resident in mortal tenements, but torn from +their sheltering envelope too soon, or too suddenly, to have acquired +the strength and consistency of a fresh existence. And yet the numbers +of these restless phantoms were legion, and their multitude seemed to +be ever increasing, when, lo! this weird phantasmagoria too passed +away, but not before the seeress had, with entranced lips, described +to the listeners every feature of the scene she had witnessed. + +Then the influence seemed to deepen upon her, and she pronounced words +which the young Scotchman, Mr. Waters, a phonographic writer, +transcribed upon the spot to the following effect: + + "Woe, woe to thee, Alabama! + + "Fair land of rest, thy peace shall depart, thy glory be + shorn, and the proud bigots, tyrants, and cowards, who have + driven God's angels back from thy cities, even in this + chamber, have sealed thy doom, and their own together. + + "Woe to thee, Alabama! Ere five drear years have fled, thou + shalt sit as a widow, desolate. + + "The staff from thy husband's hand shall be broken, the crown + plucked from his head, the sceptre rent from his grasp. + + "Thy sons shall be slain, thy legislators mocked and bound + with the chains thou hast fastened on others. + + "The blind ones, who have proscribed the spirits of love and + comfort from ministry in thy homes, shall be spirits + themselves, and ere those five years be passed, more spirits + than bodies shall wander in the streets of Alabama, homeless, + restless, and unripe, torn from their earthly tenements, and + unfit for their heavenly ones; until thy grass-grown streets + and thy moss-covered dwellings shall be the haunts of legions + of unbodied souls, whom thy crimes shall have violently thrust + into eternity!" + +When this involuntary prophecy of evil import was read by the young +scribe to the disenthralled medium, her own horror and regret at its +utterance far exceeded that of any of her aghast listeners, not one of +whom, any more than herself, attached to it any other meaning than an +impression produced by temporary excitement and the sphere of the +unholy legislative chamber. + +How deeply significant this fearful prophecy became during the ensuing +five years, all who were witnesses to its utterance, and many others, +to whom it was communicated in that same year, can bear witness of. + +Swept into the red gulf of all-consuming war, many of the unhappy +gentlemen who had legislated against "the spirits in Alabama," became, +during the ensuing five years, spirits themselves, and have doubtless +realized the inestimable privileges which the communion they so rashly +denounced on earth was calculated to afford to the inhabitants of the +spheres. + +In other respects, the fatal prophecy has been too literally +fulfilled. Many a regiment of brave men have marched out of the city +streets of Alabama, only to return as unbodied souls, and to behold +the streets grass-grown and deserted, and the thresholds which their +mortal feet might never again cross, overspread with the moss of +corruption and decay. + +Alabama has truly sat "as a widow, desolate." Her strength has been +shorn, her beauty gone. No State has sent forth a greater number of +brave and devoted victims to the war than Alabama; no Southern State +has suffered more fearfully. May God and kind angels lift the war +curse from her widowed head! + +The following extract from a letter, written by Mr. Adams, one of the +witnesses of the above scene, to the author, in 1864, from New York, +during a temporary sojourn there, will carry its own comment on the +fulfilment of the fatal prophecy: + + "Now that my two poor boys are in daily danger of themselves + becoming 'unbodied spirits,' Emma, I continually revert to + that terrible prophecy of yours uttered in the assembly + chamber at Montgomery. Heaven knows I was then so little + prepared to expect war or any reasonable fulfilment of the + doom, that I could only look to see some great pestilence, + fire, or other sweeping calamity falling on poor Alabama. Last + night, when I read in the _Herald_ of the sweeping + extermination that had visited those two fine Alabama + regiments, I could not help going to Mrs. Adams's desk, where + she keeps the copy that young Waters made us of your prophecy, + and reading it aloud to the whole company. + + "Our friend J. B., who was present, insisted upon seeing the + date, and when he saw that it was January, 1860, they were all + fairly aghast, and said if ever there was genuine prophecy it + was contained in that paper." + + + + +CLEARING AWAY THE FOG. + + +An esteemed correspondent writes, "For several years I have been a +reader of some of the treatises you have published in the interest of +progressive thought, and have found much to admire and reread; yet an +occasional paragraph containing the formula of orthodox theology, with +its dogma of God and Jesus, interwoven into your sequences of +argument, mystifies and perplexes my reason and judgment, and I +indulge in much speculation regarding your exact position,--whether +Christianity is to be vitalized and conserved by the discoverer of +modern science, or the Bible dogmas and traditions reinterpreted to +coincide with scientific method." + +I am not aware of having ever written anything that could make my +position at all doubtful, nor do I see how doubts could arise in any +one who attends carefully to my language, and does not indulge in +drawing inferences therefrom which my language does not warrant. Upon +this very question I have expressed myself fully in published +lectures. I have never manifested any sympathy with the theology of +the churches, have never failed to speak of it in terms of absolute +denunciation, and see no reason why any one should suspect me of +leaning in that direction. + +As to the recognition of God to which my correspondent objects, I +think science, as I understand it, sanctions the idea that the basic +power of the universe is spiritual and not material; that spirit may +evolve, create, and modify matter, but matter never originates spirit, +though they have a continual interaction, which it is the function of +scientists to investigate, in which investigation, anthropology, +especially in its department of sarcognomy, is a long step of +progress. My investigations have given me some additional evidence as +to the Divine existence beyond what has been recorded, but do not +sanction the personal anthropological conceptions of Deity, which +bring the Divine within the conceptions of narrow and superstitious +minds. + +Having discarded the whole scheme of Christian theology, there is no +reason why I should reject the fundamental principles of religion, +which are at the basis of all religions, and which are sanctioned by +the study of man's religious nature. The spirit of the Christian +religion as it appeared among the founders of Christianity appears to +me a more perfect expression of religion than I find in any other of +the world's religions, more spiritual, devoted, loving, and heroic, +more in accordance with the true religion which belongs to man's +noblest faculties. + +As for Jesus, I think the general opinion of historians and scholars +as to his historic existence is correct, but whether the historic +accounts are reliable or not I am entirely certain of his existence +to-day as one of the most exalted beings in the spirit world,--the +spirit of the Teacher who appeared in Palestine, whose principles and +purposes are the same advocated by myself, and who like all the other +exalted and ancient spirits is profoundly interested in human welfare +and in the progress of spiritual science, and reformation of the +_so-called_ Christian Church. I have had sufficient psychometric +perception at times to realize the _present_ character of such beings +as Jesus, Moses, St. John, John the Baptist, St. Peter, Confucius, +Joan of Arc, and Gen. Washington, as well as many other admirable +beings whose influence falls like dews upon many sympathetic souls. + +I realize most profoundly and sadly the absence from all the high +places of society of those nobler qualities which I recognize in the +higher world, but I labor in the hope that when mankind have advanced +into the light of anthropological science they shall become +enlightened enough to sympathize with the supernal life in reverent +love, and to organize a social condition here which will bring even +the lowest classes into so satisfactory a condition that +philosophizers will no longer have to wrestle with the problem of evil +and explain the great mystery that a universe so full of the marks of +a grandly benevolent purpose should still be marred and dishonored by +human misery and degradation. It would be an unsolvable problem to-day +did we not perceive through spiritual science the immense +preponderance of good in the glorious plan of life of which this world +shows only the beginning. + +As an anthropologist, I cannot but esteem and cherish the religious +element of human nature. Sincere worship is simply the most exalted +love, and fills human life with nobility and benevolence; let those +who can, worship the divine; let those who shrink from the thought of +the Infinite, worship the most exalted beings they may conceive, and +let those who cannot quite reach the exalted beings of the spirit +world, worship their parents or children, or conjugal companions,--for +worship is but unlimited love,--and they who recoil from humanity may +perhaps find something to adore in the beauty and grandeur of nature +on this globe, which every summer arrays in beauty, and in the +grandeur of stellar worlds. From love and adoration come +obedience,--which is the perfect life, for it is not slavery, but +harmony and delight. + +Profound science does not take away religion, as superficial or false +science does, but develops a far nobler, holier, and more beneficent +religion than any churches comprehend. It corresponds to that ideal +religion which belongs to the higher realms of the spirit world, and +which has sometimes appeared on earth in inspired mortals, and most +often in women whose souls were devoted to love. That this religious +sentiment appeared in the time of Jesus among inspired men, I believe, +and their lives and sentiments have been to me an inspiration, +enabling me to believe in the _practicability_ of that which +philosophy teaches concerning the religious life, which without those +illustrious examples might have seemed an unattainable excellence in +the present conditions of society. + +I do not object to any worship of Jesus and his illustrious associate +reformers, for true worship will lead to the imitation of their heroic +lives. They were not divine, and were too heroically faithful to truth +to put forth any such false claims, nor could they in that dark age be +profound in science, or correct in all their opinions, as they are now +in a higher world. As they were on earth I honor them; as they are in +heaven to-day I honor them far more. They silently invite us to reach +that higher plane of life on which their beneficent influence and +inspiration may be felt. Fortunate are they reach that plane. + + + + +THE DANGER OF LIVING AMONG CHRISTIANS. + +A QUESTION OF PEACE OR WAR. + + +It is seldom that any of the great questions of the time are treated +from an ethical standpoint. Old opinions and old usages furnish the +standpoint for our press writers, our politicians, and our clergy. The +question of national defence has been under discussion for years, and +Samuel J. Tilden, who was regarded by millions as the ablest of our +statesmen, gave his whole mental power to urging its consideration +upon the American people; but if this question has ever been seriously +discussed from the ethical standpoint it has escaped my notice. The +nearest approach to the ethical view was the suggestion of the _Boston +Herald_ that in putting on the full armor of national defence the +effect might be to stimulate the haughty and warlike impulses of our +people, and thus increase the danger of war, while a defenceless +seacoast would tend to inspire prudence and moderation in our national +government. + +There is a great deal of truth in this view. We have a score of +prominent politicians whose sentiments on international questions are +too much like those of a bully in private life, and they have a +dangerous amount of influence in public affairs. + +Turning aside from these popular discussions, the JOURNAL OF MAN +maintains the ethical standpoint for the consideration of such +subjects; and its first suggestion would be, Why should the people--of +this country spend $120,000,000 as a preparation for slaughtering our +brethren the Christian population of Europe, the only people from whom +any danger can be apprehended--our brethren in civilization and +Christianity, our brethren too by the ties of blood? + +Do they not all maintain the Christian religion (at least nominally) +by all the power of their governments and public opinion? Would not +our good people in visiting them or they in visiting us be invited to +participate in the communion service which commemorates the martyred +Teacher of the law of love? Are they not our brethren, the neighbors +to whom the command applies, "Love thy neighbor as thyself"? Is this +our Christian love, to spend a hundred and twenty millions for the +assassination of our beloved brethren--avowedly for that purpose? It +is needless to object to the word _assassination_,--wholesale murder +by armies is substantially the same thing as separate murders by each +individual of the army. + +But, it is urged, we are in danger of invasion, and the bombardment of +our cities. Does any one seriously believe that a powerful nation intent +on peace--the strongest power in the world, the friend of all mankind, +ready to submit any international question to arbitration--would be in +danger of an unjust, lawless, causeless assault from the Christian +nations of Europe, who have so much to lose and nothing to gain by +war, and who have already, in their groaning, tax-burdened people, a +sufficient reminder of the folly and criminality of war? They have not +money for another war, which would bring on the dangers of bankruptcy +and the revolt of the oppressed masses. + +It must be that this is seriously apprehended, or else that it is +feared that the arrogant and bullying temper of our own people or our +politicians may originate and exasperate international irritation to +the insane extreme of war. + +What a horrible theory is this! Is all the civilization, +statesmanship, and Christianity of the leading nations of the earth +incapable of withholding them from such gigantic crimes? Is +Christendom the only dangerous portion of the world, where an +honorable and peaceful nation cannot exist in safety? + +The heathen nations are not a source of danger. If Christendom were +annihilated to-morrow, there would be no occasion to speak of +defending our coasts or building up a powerful navy. It is apparent, +then--it is confessed--that it is very dangerous to live among these +Christian nations, or in other words, it is very _dangerous to live +among Christians_, as they are called! But do our statesmen or our +clergy suggest this view? Do they recoil from war or inspire the +people with thoughts of peace? Never! One of the conspicuous clergymen +of England was the fiercest advocate of war with Russia. The +fundamental principle of the Christianity of Jesus is dead in the +so-called Christian church, except in that little fragment, the church +of the Quakers, who, for their fidelity to the fundamental principle, +were scourged and _hanged_ in Boston by the _pious_ predecessors of +our present churches, until they were forbidden by the unsanctified +monarch, Charles II. Has the old spirit died out? Look at the +hostility to Theodore Parker--to spiritual investigation, even. See +the scornful and hostile attitude of the descendant of Cotton Mather, +Col. Higginson. + +It may be a shocking proposition to say that it is dangerous to live +among Christians, but it is a sober reality, to which I invite the +attention of clergymen and moralists who wish to live up to their +profession, and who have enough of the ethical faculty to realize the +central principle of true Christianity. + +If our statesmanship, religion, and education cannot protect us +against such horrors, may we not justly say it is a false +statesmanship, a false religion, and a false education? Indeed, our +whole fabric of opinion and morals is fundamentally false, and the +JOURNAL OF MAN goes to record as an indictment at the bar of heaven +against the polished barbarism of modern society, against which we +hear only a feeble and almost inaudible protest. + +Boston has a highly respectable and _immensely perfunctory_ Peace +Society, amply endowed with names and numbers, of which our late +postmaster was the president, and whose presidency was vastly more +inefficient than his postmastership. + +A peace society might possibly be established in Boston, if its best +people could be roused, but the society that we have is little better +than a piece of ornamental nomenclature. When there is anything to be +done it understands how not to do it. When Mr. Gladstone had performed +the most glorious act of his life in the preservation of the peace of +Europe against the fierce opposition of the turbulent element in +England, an act which will make the brightest jewel in his crown of +honor, there was an opportunity of sustaining him by American +sympathy. The voice of Americans, if they cared aught for peace, +should have been heard in Europe in commanding tones,--the voice of +the people, the voice of Legislatures, the voice of the Federal +government. An effort was made by half a dozen or less of enlightened +gentlemen in Boston to have a fitting response emanate from this city. +Dr. Miner and Hon. Stephen M. Allen realized its importance when I +first suggested it, but on that occasion the Peace Society was a +lifeless corpse. The society might have been waked up if Mr. Lowell, +then returning from England, could have been induced to co-operate. He +was approached on the subject, but would not respond,--he only said +that he _desired rest_! Alas for the hollowness of American religion +and philanthropy! + +There is a nobler religion than that of American churches, a nobler +statesmanship than that of Mr. Tilden (which is a good specimen of the +popular sort), a nobler education than that of our American schools +and colleges--an education, a statesmanship, and a religion which will +wash the blood from the sword, bury the sword in the earth, and +proclaim the fraternity of man in all the nations of the earth. + +Ah! when shall the demand for the supremacy of the moral law be +anything more than "the voice of one crying in the wilderness"? Is it +not possible to have a protest against the barbarism of war from men +of influence, who have sufficient mental power and strength of +character to command the attention of the nation? When Elihu Burritt +and Robert Dale Owen were alive I thought it might be possible, but it +was not attempted. Is it possible now? Is all the genius and energy of +the American people bound in fidelity to the Moloch of war? I do not +believe it, and would invite correspondence from those who share this +belief and wish to co-operate in such a movement. + +We have to-day a practical subject of discussion: Shall we, the people +of the United States, tax ourselves $120,000,000 at once and an +unknown amount hereafter, to place ourselves upon a par with the +homicidal nations of Europe, and sanction by our example the +infernalism in which they have lived from Caesar to the Napoleonic +period, or shall we endeavor to introduce a true civilization, lay +aside the weapons of homicide, and urge by our powerful mediation the +disarmament of Europe, relieving the oppressed millions from +accumulating war debts, and from that infernalism of the soul which +makes the duel still an established institution in France and even in +German universities? Shall we move onward toward humane civilization, +or cling to a surviving barbarism? + +The measure now proposed is an abandonment of Divine law, and a +practical pledge of this country to the infernalism of war. It is a +declaration that we do not believe peace attainable at all, and that +we indorse and seek to renew forever the blood-stained history of the +past. + +Is there not among our politicians who sustained the Blair Education +bill some one whose voice may be heard in behalf of peace? Is Col. +Ingersoll too much of a pessimist to believe that American moral power +will be sufficient in time to calm the world's agitation? Let him +espouse this cause, and he will find it more practical by far than +riding down the ghosts of an effete theology. Let Henry George turn +his attention to this question, and he will find in it even more than +in the question of sovereignty over the land; for every acre on the +globe, if confiscated to-day, would pay but a portion of the boundless +cost of war. The blood alone that has incarnadined all lands is worth +vastly more than the dead soil into which it has been poured. Let Dr. +McGlynn, who has already entered on the perilous path of the reformer, +look at this question in the light of religion and philanthropy, and +he will find it more worthy of his attention than any other +practicable reform, for it is practicable now and here to roll back +the warlike policy from its approach to our national government. + +Are not such questions as these worthy of the profound attention of +such men as Rev. Dr. Miner, Rev. M. J. Savage, Rev. J. K. Applebee, +and Rev. W. H. Thomas of Chicago? They are not theological dilettanti, +but earnest thinkers. Should not every Universalist and every Quaker +realize that it is time for them to stir when our nation's destiny is +under discussion, and that their voices should be heard at Washington? + +The proposition is made and sustained by the influence of Mr. Tilden, +to place this country in the list of mail-clad warrior nations, and it +is rather a fascinating proposition to those who entertain pessimistic +ideas of man, and believe that all nations are ready to slay and rob +when they have a good opportunity. + +Capt. F. V. Greene, late of the U. S. engineering corps, appears as +the advocate of American fortifications, and at the Massachusetts +Reform Club he presented his views substantially as follows: The +United States have 3,000 miles of Atlantic and Gulf coast, 2,200 on +the lakes, and 1,200 on the Pacific, and have cities on these coasts +aggregating a wealth of $6,000,000,000--all exposed to a hostile +fleet, which could in a short time destroy everything within +cannon-shot from the water, and drive five millions of people from +their city homes. The fortification board estimates $120,000,000 as +the sum necessary to supply cannon and forts for protection, which is +but two per cent upon the amount of property protected. + +This is a very satisfactory statement of the case from the average +standpoint, which is not the ethical. But in the first place I +consider it morally sure that this country will never have a foreign +war if it models its national policy on the Divine law; and secondly, +whenever war is foreseen as probable in consequence of an intolerable +spirit of aggression and the refusal of the hostile party to submit to +arbitration, a sufficient number of cannon can be cast and placed on +floating batteries or behind iron walls to protect every endangered +point. It would be necessary only to know that our foundries were +adequate to the task; and the fact that such an armament was preparing +would be a sufficient warning to avert a hostile movement. Yet the +costly steel cannon, which require such enormous appropriations to +prepare for their manufacture on a large scale, are not absolutely +necessary. It has been shown by recent experiments that dynamite +shells of 150 pounds can be thrown two miles and a quarter by air +pressure or steam pressure from light, slender-built cannon, or steel +tubes of unusual length, which may be enlarged to compete with the +most formidable artillery. A single steel-clad vessel of the Monitor +type with such an armament could destroy a squadron. + +But let arbitration be known as our fixed national policy--let us +secure also the co-operation of other nations pledged to the +arbitration policy, and war would be almost an impossibility. + +Capt. Greene's exposition of the necessity of coast defence was clear +and forcible, but his concluding remarks gave a glimpse of peaceful +purposes. "He supplemented his speech by remarking that the United +States will probably be called on before long to be the arbitrator +between the nations of Europe. The latter cannot stand the financial +strain much longer, and inside of twenty years we shall probably be +the equal in population and wealth of any two, if not three, nations +of Europe, and to us will be referred all their disputes for +settlement. When we become the referees of the world we must have the +force behind us, so that when we give a decision we shall be able to +enforce it; and this can only be adequately effected by a perfect +system of coast defences." + +Commander Burke of the U.S. Navy, who followed Capt. Greene "thought +that if the Irish question be settled satisfactorily, there will be no +danger of a war with England unless we desire war. He had been advised +that the English people, Great Britain and her colonies, look to the +Americans to assist them in case of war with any foreign powers, and +there is a strong sentiment of friendship for the American people for +that reason, if for no other. He believed that the use of high +explosives, by which war could be rendered more dangerous, would +result in reducing the probability of war." + +Certainly if the United States would lead in a pacific policy, Great +Britain, under Gladstone, would unite in the movement, and arbitration +would ere long become the policy of the world, and would not long be +the established policy before disarmament would follow and the sword +be buried forever. + + + + +LEGISLATIVE QUACKERY, IGNORANCE, AND BLINDNESS TO THE FUTURE. + + +In Iowa, by the management of a medical clique, a law has been juggled +through the Legislature, under which the founders of Christianity +would have been criminals, and prolonged imprisonment might have been +as effective as crucifixion. That any class of men could have been +mean enough and shameless enough to ask for such a law is a sad +commentary on the demoralizing influence of medical schools, from +which they derived their inspiration; and that any legislative body +could have yielded to the demand is another illustration of the well +known corruption of political life. + +The Iowa papers state that Mrs. Post, of McGregor, Iowa, has been +twice arrested, convicted, and fined fifty dollars and costs for +praying with the sick and curing them. European tyranny is eclipsed in +Iowa. The old world is freer than the new, if the medical clique are +allowed to rule. G. Milner Stephen performs his miraculous cures in +London with honor, and Dorothea Trudell had her house of cure by +prayer in Switzerland, which has been made famous in religious +literature. All over Europe the people enjoy a freedom in the choice +of their physicians which has been prohibited in Iowa. + +The Legislature of Maine which adjourned March 17 was induced, by the +newspaper comments on two bogus institutions which had been chartered +some years ago, to depart from their settled policy and pass a law +prepared by the medical clique, but not quite as stringent as that of +Iowa. Gov. Bodwell, however, vetoed the bill, pointing out its +objectionable features, and the Senate, which had passed it +unanimously, after being enlightened by the governor rejected it by a +nearly two thirds majority, showing how thoughtlessly a great deal of +our legislation is effected. + +Under the laws which the colleges and their clique seek to establish, +Priessnitz could never have introduced hydropathy, Pasteur could not +have inoculated for hydrophobia without danger of imprisonment, and +the great American Medical Reformation, which abolished the lancet and +mercurial practice, and which is now represented by seven colleges, +would have been strangled at its birth, for its primitive origin was +outside of college authority. There are other great ideas, great +discoveries, great reforms, not yet strong enough to be embodied in +colleges, which medical legislation is designed to suppress, to +enforce a creedal uniformity. + +Another piece of legislative quackery is revealed in the action of +Congress as stated in the following paragraph concerning "a new +bureau." + +"One of the acts of the retiring Congress has not been noted so far, +but, though not a large item in itself, it is the entering wedge of +subsequent legislation which will be of the highest importance to the +country. It is the item in the legislative appropriation bill which +allows of the expenditure of $10,000 by the bureau of labor "for the +collection of statistics of and relating to marriage and divorce in +the several states and territories, and in the District of Columbia." +This gives the opportunity, which has heretofore not existed, to +obtain reasonably accurate statistics of what is going on as concerns +the integrity of the family throughout the whole country. This will be +a department under Col. Wright, in the work of the bureau of labor, +and is one of the results of persistent work which the National +Divorce League has done, under the direction of its secretary, Rev. S. +W. Dike. Col. Wright has already formulated plans which are likely to +make this new branch of the labor bureau the channel for one of the +most valuable reports which have yet come from his hands. It will be +the gathering of facts whose study will suggest wise legislation in +the future." + +It may not be absolutely unconstitutional for Congress to collect such +statistics, but it is contrary to the spirit of the constitution. +Congress has nothing whatever to do with such social questions, which +are exclusively matters of state legislation. It has allowed itself to +be made a cat's paw by the National Divorce League for its +retrogressive policy. The welfare of society is deeply concerned in +breaking up all unhappy, discordant marriages, which are simply +nurseries of misery and crime. Every generous sentiment should prompt +us to go to the relief of the large number of women who suffer in +secret from tyranny and brutality, while from poverty, timidity, +helplessness, and a dread of publicity or censure, they endure their +wrongs in silence, and continue to bear children cursed from their +conception with intemperance and brutality. And when they seek to +escape, a barbarian law comes in to give the brutal husband the +ownership of their offspring; and thus they are bound fast as galley +slaves in their unhappy position. + +The Legislature of Massachusetts had the opportunity of redressing +this wrong at their present session; but, like other masculine +legislatures in the past, they were deaf to the voice of mercy, and +the press quietly reports (March 18) that "Inexpedient was reported +by the House judiciary committee on equalizing the respective rights +of husband and wife in relation to their minor children, and on +equalizing their interest in each other's property." + +The ladies who are so active in behalf of woman suffrage might have +taken more interest in this vital question, which was so easily +disposed of. A great wrong remains unredressed. + +The barbarous policy of the church of Rome, which has been finally +abolished even in Catholic France, where divorce is now permitted, our +clerical bigots would revive in this country, as if it were the +business of the state to encourage or compel the propagation of the +worthless and criminal classes! + +It is not the interest of the state to encourage human multiplication +at all, for it is already too powerful and progressive. It is the +public interest to check all propagation but that of good citizens, +and to protect all women from enforced maternity, whether enforced +under legal powers or by the arts of seduction and libertinism. + +Prostitution, in the light of political economy, is far less of an +evil than the enforced maternity of wretched and discordant families, +which becomes the fountain of an endless flow of crime, while +prostitution shows its evils only in the parties immediately +concerned, and effectually purifies society in time by arresting the +propagation of its most worthless members. In the same manner it may +be said that some epidemics are an advantage to society, by cutting +off the feeble and worthless constitutions so as to leave a better +race. Any one who recollects the history of the Jukes family, and the +number of criminals infesting society who were descendants of one +depraved pair, will not believe that such a propagation of crime +should be permitted. The worthless class should not be allowed to +marry, and the criminals whom the state finds it necessary to confine +in the penitentiary should be permanently deprived of the power of +parentage. + +Few ever reflect upon the necessary consequences of the growth of +population. The great wars, famines, and pestilences as in the past +will not be able to keep down population, and where it has free course +under favorable circumstances it doubles in twenty-five or thirty +years. In two centuries more we shall begin to feel a terrible +pressure, and that pressure will be aggravated by the exhaustion of +coal mines, of petroleum, of gas, and of forests. In Great Britain +alone 120,000,000 tons of coal are annually mined. + +It may be safely assumed that one thousand to the square mile is about +the limit of population of the world, a limit at which population must +be arrested. Massachusetts is already within less than a century of +its utmost possible limit. It has at this time about 250 to the square +mile, and at the American rate of growth it would reach its utmost +limit by the year 1950, and begin to realize the crush and crisis of a +crowded population, which must either cease to grow or encounter the +horrors of famine and social convulsions arising from the struggle for +life, or the calamities arising from unfortunate seasons which in +China and India have in our own time hurried millions into their +graves. + +If Massachusetts is within sixty years of this collision with destiny, +other countries are still nearer the dead line of the coming century. +Italy is parallel with Massachusetts and Rhode Island, but Great +Britain and Ireland are considerably further advanced. British India +and the Netherlands are still further advanced, and half a century, if +they had the American ratio of growth, would bring them to their +limit, while Belgium's progress would be arrested in thirty years. + +A wise statesmanship would not seek to hurry mankind on to this great +crisis, the results of which have never been foreseen or provided for, +but would realize that the greater the amount of inferior and +demoralized population the more terrible must that crisis be when it +comes--a crisis which can be safely borne only by elevating the entire +population to a higher condition than any nation has ever heretofore +attained. + +Calculate as we may, the crisis must come, as certainly as death comes +to each individual; and whether our social system can bear the strain +of such conditions is beyond human ken. Look even two centuries ahead, +and what do we see? At that time the prolific energy of the people of +this republic, if continued as it has been in the past, will give us +more than twice the estimated population of the entire globe at +present--more than three thousand millions. + +It is possible that our vast territory (including Alaska) of three +million, six hundred thousand square miles may, with the greatly +improved agriculture of the future, maintain such a population, +especially if relieved by overflow to the north and south. + +If the evil elements at work to-day predominate in our population, +which retrogressive legislation would promote, it will be a time of +calamity and social convulsions; but if the benevolent and +enlightening influences now at work predominate (as we may hope), two +centuries hence will bring us to a consummation of prosperity, +enlightenment, and happiness, of which the pessimistic and sceptical +thinkers of to-day have no conception. A thorough comprehension of the +science of man will lead us in the path of enlightened progress. + + + + +EVILS THAT NEED ATTENTION. + + +The public mind has been greatly stirred upon the subject of +monopolies and legislative abuses; but there are some glaring evils, +which a short statute might suppress, that are flourishing unchecked. + +Speculative dealers in the necessaries of life have learned how to +build colossal fortunes by extortion from the entire nation, and the +nation submits quietly because gambling competition is the fashion. +The late Charles Partridge endeavored to show up these evils and have +them suppressed. We need another Partridge to complete the work he +undertook. + +A despatch to the _Boston Herald_, March 5, shows how the game has +been played in Chicago on the pork market: + +"'Phil Armour must have been getting ready for this break for three +months,' said a member of the board of trade to-day. 'Since September +last he has visited nearly every large city in the country. He knows +from observation where all the pork is located, and, having cornered it, +his southern trip was a scheme to throw his enemies off the scent, and +enable his brokers to quietly strengthen the corner. His profits and +Plankinton's cannot be less than $3,000,000.' + +"But if Armour and his old Milwaukee side partner have made money, so +have hundreds of others here. A messenger boy in the board of trade drew +$100 from a savings bank on Monday last at 11 o'clock and margined 100 +barrels of pork. To-day the lad deposited $1,000, and has $300 for +speculation next week. + +"Those poor snorts who are expecting to have pork to-day to make their +settlement, paid $21. Anything less was scouted. 'You will have to pay +$25 next Saturday night,' was all the comfort afforded. + +"An advance of 2 cents a bushel in wheat was also scored by the bulls +to-day. The explanation is that the several big wheat syndicates +encouraged by the action of pork have made an alliance. The talk at the +hotels to-night is that Armour has started in to buy wheat." + +We have laws that forbid boycotting, and they are enforced in New York +and New Haven by two recent decisions. Financial extortion is an equal +crime, and needs a law for its suppression. Why is the metropolitan +press silent? Have the syndicates too much influence? Will editors who +read these lines speak out? + +In the last _North American Review_, James F. Hudson, in an essay on +"Modern Feudalism," says:-- + +"The conquest of all departments of industry by the power of combination +has just begun. But the mere beginning has imposed unwarrantable taxes +on the fuel, light, and food of the masses. It has built up vast +fortunes for the combining classes, drawn from the slender means of +millions. It has added an immense stimulant to the process, already too +active, of making the rich richer and the poor poorer. The tendency in +this direction is shown by the arguments with which the press has teemed +for the past two months, that the process of combination is a necessary +feature of industrial growth, and that the competition which fixes the +profits of every ordinary trader, investor or mechanic, must be +abolished for the benefit of great corporations, while kept in full +force against the masses of producers and consumers, between whom the +barriers of these combinations are interposed." + + + + +WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL GREATNESS? + + +A large amount of that which the world calls greatness is nothing more +than vigorous and brilliant commonplace. Taine, who is the most +splendid writer upon Bonaparte, ascribes to him intellectual +greatness, but it was greatness on a common plane--the plane of animal +life. He had a grand comprehension of physical and social forces, of +everything upon the selfish plane, for he was absolutely selfish, but +of nothing that belongs to the higher life of man, to the civilization +of coming centuries. To him Fulton was a visionary and so was Gall. It +was not in his intellectual range to see the steamships that change +the world's commerce, and the cerebral discoveries that are destined +to revolutionize all philosophy. + +The pulpit orator, Beecher, who has just passed away, was estimated by +many as intellectually great; but Mr. Beecher never took the position +of independence that any great thinker must have occupied. He never +moved beyond the sphere of popularity. He never led men but where they +were already disposed to go. Upon the great question of the return of +the spirit, one of the most important and fundamental of all religious +questions, Mr. Beecher was silent. That silence was infidelity to +truth, for Mr. Beecher was not ignorant of the truth he concealed. Nor +was he faithful to any true ideal of religion. With his princely +salary he accomplished less than other men, living upon a salary he +would have scorned. He lived for self--he spent thousands of dollars +on finger rings, and a hundred thousand on a fancy farm, but little if +anything to make the world better. + +The _Boston Herald_ estimates very fairly his intellectual status, +saying: "He spoke easily. His stories were well told, his points well +put. He invested people with a new atmosphere, but he did not set them +to thinking, and can hardly be called a thinker himself. Much as he +has done to forward the vital interests of humanity, he has +contributed nothing to the vital thinking of his generation. The +secret of his power is the wonderful combination of animalism, with a +certain bright way of stating the thoughts which are more or less in +the minds of all men. Few preachers have lived with their eyes and +ears more open to the world, and few have better understood the art of +putting things. Mr. Beecher knew supremely well two persons--himself +and the man next to him. In interesting the man next to him he +interested the multitude. He had in a great degree the same qualities +which made Norman McLeod the foremost preacher of his day in the +Scotch pulpit. Such a man lives too much on the surface to exhaust +himself. He has only to keep within the sphere of commonplace to +interest people as long as he lives.... Mr. Beecher lived on the +surface of things. He never got far below the surface. If he ever was +profound it was only for a moment at a time.... His work was to +illustrate the ideas which were operative in the world at the time, +not to originate or formulate them." + +This is a just estimate. Brilliant commonplace is not greatness, but +the man who is thoroughly commonplace in his conceptions, who +expresses well and forcibly what his hearers think, is the one to win +applause and popularity. Had Beecher been a great thinker, a church of +moderate size would have held his followers. But he was not and +thinkers knew it. The Rev. George L. Perin, of the Shawmut +Universalist Church, Boston, said of Beecher, "As we have tried to +analyze the influence of his address we have said to ourselves, 'There +was nothing new in that, for I have thought the same thing a thousand +times myself;' and yet at the same time everything _seemed_ new, and +we have gone away thinking better of ourselves because he taught us to +see what we were able to think but had not been able to express. He +had the remarkable faculty of dressing up the things that everybody +was thinking, and making us see that they were worth thinking. And +there was something contagious about his wonderful faith in human +nature. He believed in the divinity of man and made others believe in +it." In other words, he added much to the sentiment of his hearer, but +little to his thought. This was greatness of character and personal +power, but not intellectual greatness. Beecher was a great man, but +not a great thinker. The great thinker overwhelms his hearers with new +and strange thought. The multitude, fixed in habit, reject it all. +Clear and dispassionate thinkers feel that they cannot reject it, but +it is too new even to them to elicit their enthusiasm. They sympathize +with him only so far as they had previously cherished similar +thoughts. + +Hence we see it is ordained that the teacher of great truths must +struggle against great opposition; and in proportion to his resistance +by his contemporaries is the grandeur of his reception by posterity; +in proportion to the power arrayed against him is the remoteness of +the century in which that power shall be extinct and his triumph +complete. + + + + +SPIRITUAL WONDERS. + + +SLATER'S WONDERFUL SPIRITUAL TESTS (described by a Brooklyn newspaper +correspondent).--"I have something to say to that gentlemen with the +black hair and high forehead," he continued, turning to another part +of the house; "you have a business engagement to-morrow morning at 10 +o'clock with two men. I see you go up a flight of steps into a room +where there are two desks. In the second drawer of one of these are +the papers of the transaction which you had in your hand to-day. You +are going to invest $4,000. Is that all so?" + +"Perfectly," said the man, in amazement. + +"Well, now, these two men are sharpers, and if you want to save that +$4,000 keep out of that bargain. Legal advice is good, but mine is +better." + +"I believe it," said the man, emphatically. His name was C. G. Bulmer, +and he lives at 229 Macon Street, Brooklyn. Your correspondent has +since verified the accuracy of the test. + +"And don't you suffer with your limbs?" he inquired of a lady just in +front of him. + +"Well, not now; I used to; I feel it now." + +"Well, I am going to show you that I know all about your limbs. The +pain is here," he continued, touching the calf of his leg. "You have a +peculiar feeling of drowsiness and then sharp pains run through you, +right there. Is it true?" + +"Yes, sir." + +"I'll tell you something else. You missed what your sister called a +big chance when you were seventeen years old, and she said you were a +great fool to let it go by. Is that so?" + +"It is," said the lady reddening. + +"There's a man in the hall," he continued, pacing restlessly up and +down with clasped hands. "He has been sitting here and saying to him +self, 'Well, this is all mind-reading. Now, if he will tell me +something that is going to happen I may believe something in +Spiritualism.' He has been rather scoffing me. Now, I want to know if +this is true. I am talking to you," pointing his long, thin finger at +a gray-haired man who sat on his left. "All correct?" The man bowed +his head. "Well, I tell you, that one Christmas day," he continued, so +solemnly that a hush fell on the audience--"I don't think the spirits +ought to tell these things, but I am forced to say that one Christmas +day a member of your family will die." A startled look passed over his +face, and a shiver ran through the audience at the uncanny message. +The man's name could not be learned, but on the succeeding Sunday your +correspondent heard two women get up in the audience and admit that +the young Spiritualist was correct. + + +SPIRIT PICTURES.--Henry Rogers, a slate writing and prescribing medium +of established reputation, recently located at 683 Tremont Street, +Boston, has wonderful powers in the production of spirit pictures of +the departed. His most recent success is certainly a fine work of art, +resembling a crayon portrait of a young lady. His previous pictures +are entitled to a high rank as works of art. They are purely spirit +productions, no human hand being concerned. San Francisco has similar +productions under the mediumship of Fred Evans, but the pictures have +not the artistic merit of those produced by Rogers, whose beautiful +pictures, however, require many sittings for their production; while +those of Duguid of Glasgow, and Mrs. De Bar of New York, are produced +in a few minutes and are also highly artistic. One of the very finest +works of art at San Francisco is the portrait of Mrs. Watson, made by +a medium, Mr. Briggs. + +Our highest productions in art, music, poetry, philosophy, and +medicine, are destined yet to come from the co-operation of the spirit +world. We have no music at present superior to that of the medium +Jesse Shepard. + + +SPIRIT TELEGRAPHY.--In 1885 we were informed of the success of spirits +at Cleveland, Ohio, in communicating messages by the telegraphic +method in rapping, in which our millionaire friend, Mr. J. H. Wade, +has taken much interest. A little apparatus has been constructed, with +which the spirits give their communications in great variety. I have +repeatedly stated that the diagnoses and prescriptions of deceased +physicians have always proved in my experience more reliable than +those of the living. This has been verified at Cleveland. The late Dr. +Wells of Brooklyn has been giving diagnoses and prescriptions through +the telegraph. One of these published in the _Plain Dealer_ exhibits +the most profound and accurate medical knowledge. The full account of +these telegraphic developments in the Cleveland _Plain Dealer_ I +expected to republish, but my space was already occupied. It may be +found in the _Banner of Light_ of April 9. But we shall have other +reports hereafter. + + +SPIRITUAL MUSIC.--Maud Cook, a little blind girl nine years of age, at +Manchester, Tenn., is an inspired musical wonder,--a performer and +composer. She is said to equal Blind Tom, and the local newspapers +speak of her in the most enthusiastic terms. She needs a judicious and +wealthy friend to bring her before the public in the best manner. + + +SLATE WRITING.--Dr. D. J. Stansbury, of San Francisco, is very +successful in obtaining spiritual writing in public as well as in +private. The _Golden Gate_ says:-- + +"There came upon the slates at Dr. Stansbury's public seance, last +Sunday evening, the following message from Judge Wm. R. Thompson, father +of H. M. Thompson, of this city: 'The essential principles of primitive +Christianity and the precepts of Modern Spiritualism are essentially one +and the same, which, if practised, would lead to the highest standard of +morality and be the means of grace by which all might be saved.'" + + +THE FIRE TEST.--At the great spiritual convention held at Cincinnati +for several days at the end of March, (the spiritual anniversary) the +report states,-- + +"Mrs. Isa Wilson Porter, under control of an Oriental spirit, held her +bared hands and arms in the flames of a large coal oil lamp. She also +heated lamp chimneys and handled them as readily as she would in their +normal condition, and made several gentlemen cringe and some ladies +screech by slightly touching them with the hot glass. The test was made +under supervision of a committee of doctors and well known physicians, +who reported at the conclusion that previous to its commencement they +examined the lady's hands and arms, and that they were in their natural +condition, and that her pulse beat was seventy. While the test was in +progress the pulse indicated forty. After its conclusion the pulse beat +was sixty-five; the arms and hands were a little red, but unscorched, +and the hair upon them not even singed. This incident seems weak in the +description after witnessing the fact of tender flesh and blood held in +such a flame for several minutes." + + + + +MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. + + +ERRATUM.--In the April number, the view of the upper surface of the +brain, by mistake of the printer, was turned upside down--see page 29. +The engraving on page 31 must be referred to, to illustrate the +description in this number. + + +CO-OPERATION is making great progress. A colony similar to that at +Topolobampo is to be established on 3,000 acres at Puget Sound. +Manufacturers are beginning to adopt the principle of giving a share +of profits to their employees, but space forbids details. Topolobampo +has 400 busy colonists, and is not ready yet for any more. + + +EMANCIPATION.--Brazil has about a million of slaves. Emancipation is +proceeding slowly. It may be thirty years before slavery shall be +entirely extinguished. + + +INVENTORS.--A correspondent remarks very justly that "Inventors have +rescued the race from primitive barbarism. They have transformed the +primeval curse into a blessing. True saviors they, whose every gift +has multiplied itself a thousand-fold by opening new fields of +industry, and scattering luxuries even among the poorest. To the +inventor, and not to the statesman, politician, or warrior, do we owe +our present prosperity." + + +IMPORTANT DISCOVERY.--"Tests were recently made at Louisville of a new +and not expensive process for hardening and tempering steel, by which +hardness and elasticity are carried forward in combination. A drill +made of the new steel penetrated in forty minutes a steel safe-plate +warranted to resist any burglar drill for twelve hours. A penknife +tempered by the process cut the stem of a steel key readily, and with +the same blade the inventor shaved the hairs on his arm. The inventor +is a young blacksmith. He has also a new process for converting iron +into steel." + + +SACCHARINE.--This new substance said to be 200 times as sweet as sugar +is manufactured from coal tar. It was discovered about six years ago +in the laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, by +Prof. Remsen and a student named Fahlberg, who has since taken out +patents upon it. It is greatly superior to sugar, as it is free from +fermentation and decomposition. A small quantity added to starch or +glucose will make a compound equal to sugar in sweetness. It is a +valuable antiseptic and has valuable medical properties. + + +SUGAR has been discovered to have great value as an addition to +mortar, as it has a solvent action on lime. An English builder wrote +an important letter to the authorities of Charleston, S. C., on this +subject, after that city had suffered from the earthquake. + + +ARTIFICIAL IVORY.--We shall no longer need the elephant for ivory. +Compounds of a celluloid character, made from cotton waste, can now be +made hard as ivory, or flexible or soft as we wish. White and +transparent, or brilliantly colored, it can be handled like wood cut +and carved, or applied as a varnish. An artificial ivory of creamy +whiteness and great hardness is now made from good potatoes washed in +diluted sulphuric acid, and then boiled in the same solution until +they become solid and dense. They are then washed free of the acid and +slowly dried. This ivory can be dyed and turned, and made useful in +many ways. + + +PAPER PIANOS.--Pianos have lately been made from paper in Germany, +instead of wood, with great improvement in the tone. + + +SOCIAL DEGENERACY OF THE WEALTHY.--The _Boston Herald_ says: "The +spirit of the age is censorious. There is no doubt of that, or that +with every new day the tendency toward pessimism increases. But even +taking these facts into consideration, there is no denying that the +young man about town of the nineteenth century is a blot upon our +boasted modern civilization. His is not a pleasant figure to +contemplate, though it is one that we all see very often and know very +well--clothed irreproachably in the most expensive raiment that London +tailors and unlimited credit can supply. He lives lazily and +luxuriously on his father's money and his wife's, and, being after his +natural term of days laid away in a tomb at Mt. Auburn, ends his +existence without making any more impression upon the world's history +than a falling rose leaf, or an August cricket's faintest chirp." + + +PREVENTION OF CRUELTY.--In Congress, Feb. 14, Mr. Collins, for the +judiciary committee, has given a favorable report on the bill and +memorial of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to +Animals, asking the passage of a law to protect dumb animals in the +various territories from unnecessary cruelty. In the report Mr. +Collins says: "This body occupies the foremost place among the +organizations of men and women who in our time have done so much to +repress and punish human cruelty, abuse, and neglect in dealing with +dumb animals. In all the States, we believe, laws now exist to prevent +and punish unnecessary exposure, neglect, or cruel treatment of beasts +of burden and other animals. To bring the federal legislation into +co-operation and harmony with the laws of the States on the subject, +and provide a uniform rule for the District of Columbia and the +Territories, your committee recommend the passage of the bill." + + +VALUE OF BIRDS.--Maurice Thompson contends that the failure of +orchards in this country is largely or mainly due to the war upon +birds. The mocking bird he considers the most valuable of all. "No +Scuppernong vine," he says, "should be without its mocking bird to +defend it." Let ladies think of this who patronize cruelty by wearing +birds' plumage on their bonnets. + + +HOUSE PLANTS.--Dr. J. M. Anders has decided after eight years' +investigation that house plants are very sanitary agents, and even +thinks that they help to ward off consumption and other diseases. + + +THE LARGEST TUNNEL IN THE WORLD has been completed at Schemnitz in +Hungary. It was begun in 1782, and is ten and a quarter miles long, +nine feet ten inches high, and five feet three inches wide, costing +nearly $5,000,000. Its purpose is to drain the water of the Schemnitz +mines, which is worth $75,000 a year. + + +"WESTWARD THE STAR OF EMPIRE," ETC.--"The Fall River (Mass.,) iron +works, which have been in operation for fifty years, have shut down +permanently and all the hands have been discharged. It was found +impossible to compete with western works that are situated near the +base of natural gas and iron supplies." + + + + +STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN. + +(_Continued from page 32._) + + +Nevertheless, in men and animals killed in full health there is very +little serum in any part of the brain, the blood requiring all the +space there is for fluids; and as the blood distends one part of the +brain more than another in consequence of local excitement, the other +portions of the brain, which are in a passive state, are compressed +and deprived of their full supply of blood, so that they are of less +nourished and their development declines. + +Thus do we hold our destiny in our own hands. If we will cultivate the +faculties which are most in need of cultivation, their organs, +receiving more blood, will grow faster than any other portions of the +brain, while the organs that are kept in check and deprived of +activity will gradually decline in power and size, so that the +character will become essentially changed. It is in the power of every +individual who has the necessary determination to change essentially +his own nature for better or worse, as well as to modify and enlarge +his capacities, changing the structure of his brain; and this should +encourage every young man and woman to make for themselves a noble +destiny. Moreover, it is still more practicable to accomplish this by +means of education, with all proper appliances for the young; and this +should encourage philanthropists to struggle for that social +regeneration which is so clearly possible for all the world, as I have +shown in "The New Education." The study of the anatomy of the brain +and the innumerable experiments I have made on the brain, showing how +completely the brain of the impressible can be revolutionized in its +action in a few minutes, make it very apparent that society as a whole +is responsible for the continued existence of criminals, paupers, and +lunatics; for there should not be one, and would not be, if mankind +could be aroused from their criminal apathy and ignorance to the +performance of our duty in education. But alas! "the light shineth in +darkness and the darkness comprehendeth it not." + +The study of the brain continually leads us into grand philanthropic +conceptions by showing the splendid possibilities of humanity,--showing +how near we are to a nobler social state from which we are debarred by +ignorance, by moral apathy, by ignorant self sufficiency, by intolerant +bigotry, and by selfish animality,--qualities which, alas! pervade all +ranks to-day. + +But returning from this digression to our study of the interior of the +brain: the great ventricles of which we have considered the position, +and which are called lateral ventricles, are interesting for another +reason, that they are the central region around which the cerebrum is +developed, as it folds over upon itself in its early growth, and +consequently must be borne in mind as its centre when we are studying +its comparative development in different heads. The basilar organs lie +below the ventricles and the coronal organs above. + +If we have inserted a finger under the corpus callosum, the fibres of +which are above our finger, we may feel below, the structure which may +be called the bottom of the ventricle, and which is likewise the base +or trunk of the superincumbent parts from which they spring, as a tree +from its stump. + +This structure is one mass, called anteriorly the corpus striatum, or +striated body, and posteriorly the optic thalamus or bed of the optic +nerve, though the optic nerve has its principal origin in another +part, called the optic lobes. The thalamus and corpus striatum are +called together, the _great inferior ganglion_ of the brain. They are +masses of gray substance, with white fibres from below passing through +them, and white fibres originating in them to ascend and spread, so +that their entire masses of fibres, ascending and spreading out like a +fan, constitute an extensive structure which folds together toward the +median line somewhat like a nervous sac, inclosing the cavity of the +ventricle and sending its representative fibres across the median +line,--which are called the corpus callosum. This will be more fully +explained when we consider the genesis of the brain as it grows in the +unborn infant. + +As the reader now understands the principal parts around the +ventricles, let him look lower down to complete the survey and +understand the plan of the brain, though not its anatomical minutiae. +The optic thalamus is indicated in the engraving, but the corpus +striatum, being more exterior and anterior, does not appear. +Practically they may be regarded as one body. + +Where the thalami come together and touch or unite on the median line, +the junction is called a commissure (commiss. med.) and the space +between them where they do not touch is called the third ventricle +(ventric. III), which, like the lateral ventricles, may also hold a +little serum. It is unnecessary to consider the small parts above the +thalami, the choroid plexus of blood vessels, the fornix or strip of +nerve membrane, and the septum lucidum or delicate fibres under the +corpus callosum. + +Beginning at the bottom of the figure, we observe the medulla +oblongata rising from the spinal cord to reach the cerebrum. Behind +this we see the cerebellum divided on the median line, and thus +presenting where it is divided the appearance called _arbor vitae_, +from its resemblance to the leaf of that evergreen. + +As the fibres of the medulla oblongata ascend they pass between the +cerebellum and the _pons Varolii_ (bridge of Varolius) mingling with +its substance. The pons or bridge (for if the brain were laid on its +upper surface the pons would appear like a bridge over the river +represented by the medulla oblongata) is the commissure or connecting +body of the cerebellum, as the corpus callosum is of the cerebrum. +When the head is held erect the fibres of the pons arch forward from +the interior of the cerebellum on one side across the median line to +the other side, so that a straight line through from the right to the +left ear would pierce its lower portion. It looks toward the front, +corresponding with the upper jaw, just below the nostrils, through +which region it may be reached for experiment. + +My experiments upon the brain of man show that the pons on each side +of the median line is the commanding head of the respiratory impulse, +and in marking the organ of respiration on my busts, it is located +around the mouth from the nose to the chin. When this region +(especially its lower portion) is prominent it indicates active +respiration and a forcible voice. Hence there is a great contrast in +the vocal power of two such heads as are shown in the adjoining +figure. This discovery has been verified by the pathological +researches of Dr. J. B. Coste, published at Paris, 1857. + +[Illustration] + +Following the line of the ascending fibres, after passing through the +pons they continue expanding and plunge into the thalamus and corpus +striatum. Their first appearance above the pons (marked in the +engraving by the word _Pedunc._) is usually called the _crura_ or +thighs of the brain. The right crus, running through the thalamus, +expands by successive additions into the right hemisphere, and the +left crus into the left hemisphere, of the cerebrum, and the two +hemispheres unite together on the median line by the corpus callosum. + +There is very little space for the crura (plural of crus) between the +pons and the thalamus, but if we look at the posterior surface of the +ascending fibres or crura we see a larger surface, on which we find a +quadruple elevation called the _corpora quadrigemina_ (the four +twins). This is an important intermediate structure between the +cerebrum and the cerebellum, and in fishes is the largest part of the +brain, but in man is the smallest portion, as will be explained +hereafter, and is the origin of the optic nerve, as well as a +commanding head for the spinal system, from which convulsions may be +produced. + +The quadrigemina are distinguished also as the location of the pineal +gland, which rests upon them, to which we may ascribe important +psychic functions. The engraving shows the fibres connecting the +quadrigemina with the cerebellum, and a channel under them (aqueduct +of Sylvius) connecting the ventricles of the cerebrum with those of +the spinal cord. What is called the fourth ventricle is the small +space between the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum. At this spot +the posterior surface of the medulla oblongata, as it gives origin to +the pneumogastric nerve, which conveys the sensations of the lungs, +becomes the immediate source of the respiratory impulse on which +breathing depends, and hence is of the greatest importance to life. A +very slight injury at this spot with a lancet or point of a knife +would be fatal. It is recognized by converging fibres which look like +a pen, and are therefore called the _calamus scriptorius_, or writer's +pen. + +If the reader has not fully mastered the intricacy of the brain +structure, he will find his difficulties removed by studying two more +skilful dissections. The following engraving presents the appearances +when we cut through the middle of the brain horizontally and reveal +the bottom of the ventricles, in which we see the great ganglion, or +optic thalamus and corpus striatum, and the three localities at which +the hemispheres are connected by fibres on the median line, called +anterior, middle, and posterior commissures. These commissures are of +no importance in our study; they assist the corpus callosum in +maintaining a close connection between the right and left hemispheres. + +[Illustration] + +Behind the thalami we see the quadrigemina, the posterior pair of +which is labelled _testes_, and resting upon them we have the pineal +gland, a centre of spiritual influx. Behind the thalami, the posterior +lobes are cut away that we may look down to the cerebellum, and the +middle of the cerebellum is also removed so that we may see the back +of the medulla oblongata and its fibres, called restiform bodies, +which give origin to the cerebellum. The fibres from the cerebellum to +the quadrigemina are shown, and the space at the back of the medulla, +called the fourth ventricle. + +As the fibres of the medulla pass up through the pons to the great +inferior ganglion, and the fibres of the corpus striatum pass outward +and upward to form the cerebrum, this procession of the fibres is +shown in the annexed engraving, in which we see the restiform bodies +passing up to form the cerebellum, and the remainder of the medulla +fibres passing through the pons, and then, under the name crus cerebri +or thigh of the cerebrum, passing through the thalamus and striatum to +expand in the left hemisphere of the cerebrum. We see the quadrigemina +on the back of the ascending fibres and their connection by fibres +with the cerebellum behind, as they connect with the thalami in front. +This is as complete a statement of the structure of the brain as is +necessary, and further anatomical details would only embarrass the +memory. + +[Illustration] + +The engraving above represents not an actual dissection, but the plan +of the fibres as understood by the anatomist. The intricacy of the +cerebral structure is so great that it would require a vast number of +skilful dissections and engravings to make a correct portrait. +Fortunately, this is not necessary for the general reader, who +requires only to understand the position of the organs in the head, +and the direction of their growth, which is in all cases directly +outward from the central region or ventricles, so as to cause a +prominence of the cranium--not a "bump," but a general fulness of +contour. Bumps belong to the growth of bone--not that of the brain. + +Let us next consider the genesis of the brain, which will give us a +more perfect understanding of its structure, by showing its origin, +the correct method of estimating its development. + + + + +CHAPTER III.--GENESIS OF THE BRAIN + + Beginning of the brain--Its correspondence to the animal + kingdom and the law of evolution--Inadequacy of physical + causes in evolution--The Divine influence and its human + analogy--Probability of influx--Possible experimental + proof--Potentiality of the microscopic germinal element and + its invisible life--Is it a complete microcosm?--The cosmic + teaching of Sarcognomy--The fish form of the brain--The triple + form of the brain--Decline of the middle brain--Brains of the + codfish, flounder, and roach--Embryo of twelve weeks--Lowest + type of the brain--Measurement of the embryo brain--Structure + of the convolutions--Unfolding of the brain--Forms of + twenty-one weeks and seven months--Anatomy shows the central + region--Its importance--Neglect of prior authors--Errors of + the phrenological school explained--Misled by Mr. Combe into a + false system of measurement--How I was led to detect the + error--Form of the animal head and form of the noble + character--Line of the ventricles--Coronal and basilar + development--Its illustration in two heads and in the entire + animal kingdom---Dulness of human observers--Anatomy shows the + central region--Circular character of cerebral + development--Accuracy of a true cerebral science, and errors + of the Gallian system. + + +The brain begins in a human being in embryonic life, as it begins in +the animal kingdom, void of the convolutions which are seen in its +maturity,--beginning as a small outgrowth from the medulla oblongata, +which after the second month extends into three small sacs of nervous +membrane inclosing cavities, making a triple brain, such as exists in +fishes, which are the lowest type of vertebrated animals,--animals +that have a spinal column or backbone. + +From this condition, the fishy condition of the nervous system of the +embryo human being at the end of the second month, there is a regular +growth which develops in the embryo the forms characteristic of higher +orders of animals in regular succession,--fishes, reptiles, birds, and +quadrupeds or mammalia, monkeys, and man. + +This is the same order of succession which geologists assign to the +development of the animal kingdom, the higher species coming in after +the lower; and if every human being, instead of developing at once, +according to the human type, is compelled to pass through this regular +gradation of development, is it not apparent that the lower forms are +absolutely necessary as a basis for the higher, and that the higher +forms cannot arrive except by building up and giving additional +development to the lower? In other words, the present status of +humanity above the animal kingdom was attained not by a sudden burst +of creative power, making a distinct and isolated being, but by the +gradual and consecutive influx, which evolved new faculties and +organs,--a process called _evolution_. How slow or how rapid this +process may have been, science has not yet determined; but it would +require incalculable millions of years if nothing but the common +exciting effects of environment and necessity have been operative in +evolution; and science has utterly failed to discover any power which +could carry on development so effectively as to produce an entire +transformation of species, and overcome the vast differences between +the oyster and the bird, the fish and the elephant. + +But as such transmutations of the nervous system do virtually occur in +man before birth, we cannot say that they are _impossible_, for that +which occurs in the womb under the influence of parental love may also +occur in the womb of nature under the influence of Divine love; for +love is the creative power, and as the maternal influx may determine +the noble development of humanity or the ignoble development of +monsters and animalized beings, it is obvious that the formative stage +of all beings is a plasmic condition in which the most subtle or +spiritual influences may totally change their destiny and development. + +That such an influx may come to exalt or to modify the animal type is +by no means unreasonable, for human beings in vast numbers are liable +to such influences from the unseen, which exert a controlling +influence, and many animals are as accessible to invisible influences +as man, while their embryos are vastly more so than the parents. If +then we recognize the spiritual being in man, and the same spiritual +being disembodied as a potential existence,--if, moreover, we +recognize the illimitable and incomprehensible psychical power behind +the universe, of which man is one expression, we cannot fail to see +that the embryonic development of animals from a lower to a higher +form is entirely possible and probable; and in the absence of any +other practicable method of evolution to higher types we are compelled +to adopt this as the most rational. + +What is difficult or utterly impossible when we rely on physical +causes alone, becomes facile enough when we introduce the spiritual, +and argue from what we see in the spiritual genesis of every human +being to the analogous processes of nature on the largest scale. + +If a false and brutal superstition did not stand in the way, clothed +in pharisaical assumption and political power, experiments might be +made on human beings and animals sufficient to settle most positively +all doubt as to transmutation of species by the semi-creative power +from the invisible world, combined with visible agencies. + +Indeed, the entire difficulty vanishes from the mind of a philosopher +when he refers to the fact that the potentiality of all being resides +in a microscopic germinal element containing within itself an +invisible spiritual energy, which determines for all time a continual +succession of animals of certain forms and characteristics which human +power has never been able to change. + +Why is it that a simple speck of protoplasm void of visible +organization--a mere jelly to hold the invisible life power--carries +within itself in that invisible spiritual element the destiny of +myriads of animal beings, and according to the nature of that +invisible spiritual element it may develop into a Humboldt or an +oyster, an elephant, a humming-bird, or a serpent? + + + + +To the Readers of the Journal of Man. + + +The establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensive +undertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost more +than he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of +editorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not therefore +ask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the +circulation of the Journal among his friends? + +The establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way +effectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge. +Buckle has well said in his "History of Civilization," that "No great +political improvement, no great reform, either legislative or +executive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling +class. The first suggestors of such steps have invariably been bold +and able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out +the remedy." + +This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the +advance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or +revolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church, +government, capital, and the press, present a solid combined +resistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome without +an appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science of +Anthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) "the dawn +of a new civilization," and in other departments an entire revolution +in social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has +experienced the same fate as all other great scientific and +philanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itself +against the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth +alone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of the +truth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would be +necessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can +give but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths are +given, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task of +sustaining and diffusing the truth. + +The circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere of +liberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a more +warm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to any +periodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirty +thousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but +they are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them can +be reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I most +earnestly request. + +Prospectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who will +use them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinity +may confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus or +specimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed to +those who canvas for subscribers. + + +Enlargement of the Journal. + +The requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are already +coming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelled +each month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to +human welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. The second +volume therefore will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per annum. + +[Hand pointing right] SEE NEXT PAGE. + + +BOOKS RECEIVED FOR NOTICE.--"Unanswerable Logic: Spiritual discourses +through the mediumship of Thomas Gales Forster," published by Colby +and Rich; $1.50. This is an able and scholarly discussion of spiritual +science. The style would not suggest mediumship as their source, but +rather study and research. There are several passages the Journal +would like to quote when space permits. Mr. Forster should be +remembered with gratitude as an able and fearless pioneer in the +diffusion of noble truths. + + +College of Therapeutics. + +The large amount of scientific and therapeutic knowledge developed by +recent discoveries, but not yet admitted into the slow-moving medical +colleges, renders it important to all young men of liberal minds--to +all who aim at the highest rank in their profession--to all who are +strictly conscientious and faithful in the discharge of their duties +to patients under their care, to have an institution in which their +education can be completed by a preliminary or a post-graduate course +of instruction. + +The amount of practically useful knowledge of the healing art which is +absolutely excluded from the curriculum of old style medical colleges +is greater than all they teach--not greater than the adjunct sciences +and learning of a medical course which burden the mind to the +exclusion of much useful therapeutic knowledge, but greater than all +the curative resources embodied in their instruction. + +The most important of these therapeutic resources which have sometimes +been partially applied by untrained persons are now presented in the +College of Therapeutics, in which is taught not the knowledge which is +now represented by the degree of M. D., but a more profound knowledge +which gives its pupils immense advantages over the common graduate in +medicine. + +Therapeutic Sarcognomy, a science often demonstrated and endorsed by +able physicians, gives the anatomy not of the physical structure, but +of the vital forces of the body and soul as located in every portion +of the constitution--a science vastly more important than physical +anatomy, as the anatomy of life is more important than the anatomy of +death. Sarcognomy is the true basis of medical practice, while anatomy +is the basis only of operative surgery and obstetrics. + +Indeed, every magnetic or electric practitioner ought to attend such a +course of instruction to become entirely skilful in the correct +treatment of disease. + +In addition to the above instruction, special attention will be given +to the science and art of Psychometry--the most important addition in +modern times to the practice of medicine, as it gives the physician +the most perfect diagnosis of disease that is attainable, and the +power of extending his practice successfully to patients at any +distance. The methods of treatment used by spiritual mediums and "mind +cure" practitioners will also be philosophically explained. + +The course of instruction will begin on Monday, the 2d of May, and +continue six weeks. The fee for attendance on the course will be $25. +To students who have attended heretofore the fee will be $15. For +further information address the president, + + JOSEPH RODES BUCHANAN, M. D. + 6 JAMES ST., BOSTON. + +The sentiments of those who have attended these courses of instruction +during the last eight years were concisely expressed in the following +statement, which was unanimously signed and presented to Dr. Buchanan +by those attending his course in Boston, of which we present only the +concluding resolution. + +"_Resolved_, That Therapeutic Sarcognomy is a system of science of the +highest importance, alike to the magnetic healer, to the +electro-therapeutist, and to the medical practitioner,--giving great +advantages to those who thoroughly understand it, and destined to +carry the fame of its discoverer to the remotest future ages." + +Dr. K. MEYENBERG, who is the Boston agent for Oxygen Treatment, is a +most honorable, modest, and unselfish gentleman, whose superior +natural powers as a magnetic healer have been demonstrated during +eighteen years' practice in Washington City. Some of his cures have +been truly marvelous. He has recently located in Boston as a magnetic +physician. + + + + + Buchanan's Journal of Man. + + $1.00 PER ANNUM. SINGLE COPIES 10 CTS. + + PUBLISHED AT 6 JAMES ST., BOSTON, BY DR. J. R. BUCHANAN, + + AUTHOR OF SYSTEM OF ANTHROPOLOGY, THE NEW EDUCATION, MANUAL OF + PSYCHOMETRY, AND THERAPEUTIC SARCOGNOMY. PROFESSOR OF + PHYSIOLOGY AND INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE IN FOUR MEDICAL COLLEGES + SUCCESSIVELY FROM 1845 TO 1881; AND DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF THE + PARENT SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ECLECTICISM AT CINCINNATI. + + + LANGUAGE OF THE PRESS. + +The reception of this JOURNAL by the press, when first issued from +1849 to 1856 was as unique as its own character. The following +quotations show the reputation of the JOURNAL thirty to thirty-seven +years ago. + +Buchanan's JOURNAL OF MAN. "Perhaps no journal published in the world +is so far in advance of the age."--_Plain Dealer, Cleveland._ + +"His method is strictly scientific; he proceeds on the sure ground of +observation and experiment; he admits no phenomena as reality which he +has not thoroughly tested, and is evidently more desirous to arrive at +a correct understanding of nature than to establish a system.... We +rejoice that they are in the hands of one who is so well qualified as +the editor of the JOURNAL to do them justice, both by his indomitable +spirit of research, his cautious analysis of facts, and his power of +exact and vigorous expression."--_New York Tribune._ + +"This sterling publication is always welcome to our table. Many of its +articles evince marked ability and striking originality."--_National +Era, Washington City._ + +"It is truly refreshing to take up this monthly.... When we drop +anchor and sit down to commune with philosophy as taught by Buchanan, +the fogs and mists of the day clear up."--_Capital City Fact._ + +"This work is a pioneer in the progress of science."--_Louisville +Democrat._ + +"After a thorough perusal of its pages, we unhesitatingly pronounce it +one of the ablest publications in America."--_Brandon Post._ + +"To hear these subjects discussed by ordinary men, and then to read +Buchanan, there is as much difference as in listening to a novice +performing on a piano, and then to a Chevalier Gluck or a +Thalberg."--_Democrat Transcript._ + +"No person of common discernment who has read Dr. Buchanan's writings +or conversed with him in relation to the topics which they treat, can +have failed to recognize in him one of the very foremost thinkers of +the day. He is certainly one of the most charming and instructive +men to whom anybody with a thirst for high speculation ever +listened."--_Louisville Journal_ (_edited by PRENTICE and SHIPMAN_). + +[Hand pointing right] The recent issue of the JOURNAL in Boston was +immediately hailed with the same appreciative cordiality by the press, +and by private correspondents. + +"Dr. Buchanan's name has been so intimately associated with the +foremost moral, social, and political reforms which have agitated the +public mind for the last half century that the mention of it in +connection with the foregoing publication under the old-time name will +doubtless draw to it an extensive patronage."--_Hall's Journal of +Health, New York._ + +"It is a real pleasure to be able to turn to such a journal after, as +a matter of courtesy, skimming over so much trash as is thrown +broadcast.... He seems determined to reverse this order and use words +that will not only _express_ his ideas, but, at the same time, _sink +them in_ so they will stay."--_Nonconformist._ + +"This JOURNAL reaches our table as richly laden with thought as ever. +When we read it in the days of our boyhood it was at least thirty-one +years ahead of its time."--_New Thought._ + +"It was at that time one of the most original scientific journals of +the day, advancing ideas that had not then been heard of."--_Hartford +Times._ + +"For this work we know of no one so well adapted as Dr. Buchanan. He +stands at the head of the thinkers of this nation, and has given to +the topics with which he regales his readers his best +thoughts."--_Golden Gate, San Francisco._ + +"This publication is unique in its aims, and by pursuing almost +untrodden mental paths, leads the reader into new and heretofore +unexplored fields of thought."--_Herald Times, Gouverneur, N. Y._ + +"We have read with interest the varied contents of the present number, +and feel eager for more."--_The New Age._ + +"All will be profited by the candid and able presentation of the +various topics by the distinguished anthropologist +editor."--_Spiritual Offering._ + +"The complete volume will be worth twelve times the cost to +progressive people."--_Medical Liberator._ + +"Undoubtedly this will be a journal of rare merit, and much looked for +by all thinking minds, as its editor has established a reputation in +new scientific researches, not attained by any man on this continent +or any other."--_Eastern Star_. + +"Several years ago, the _Advance_, in an article on pyschometry, +expressed the opinion that Dr. Buchanan was the greatest discoverer of +this age, if not of any age of the world. We regard the publication of +such a journal as an event of the century, greater than political +changes. Prof. Buchanan by his discoveries has laid the foundation for +the revolution of science."--_Worthington Advance, Minnesota_. + +"It is designed to occupy the highest realm of knowledge attainable by +man, hence will not attract those who have no aspiration toward such +knowledge. No brief notice would convey a good idea of the worth of +this magazine."--_Richmond (Mo.) Democrat_. + +"It is so full of valuable matter that to the thoughtful man it is a +mine of gold."--_Deutsche Zeitung, Charleston, S. C._ + +"His monthly is one of rare merits, as is everything that comes from +the pen of this advanced thinker....We never read an article from the +pen of this world-renowned thinker, but that we feel we are in the +presence of one whose shoes' latchet we are unworthy to +unloose."--_Rostrum, Vineland, N. J._ + +"We are more than pleased to know that Prof. Buchanan at his age of +life has taken upon himself such a broad, deep, beneficent task as +publishing the JOURNAL OF MAN. We welcome it as a harbinger of +knowledge that will send its light away down the corridors of time as +a beacon of the nineteenth century....We believe that its future pages +are destined to contain the vortex of questions, socially and morally, +which are whirling through the human mind, and their solution, in a +manner that will command the profound respect of philosophers, +scientists, professors, doctors, philanthropists, and all grades and +classes of thinkers....Every word is interesting and profitable to the +human family."--_Eastern Star, Maine_. + +"The article on the "Phrenological doctrines of Gall, their past and +present status," is grand and masterly, and whets the appetite for +what is promised in continuation. We hope our readers will give +attention to this one article; it is worth the whole price of the +magazine."--_Medium and Daybreak, London, England_. + + +THE LANGUAGE OF THE READERS OF THIS JOURNAL has expressed in every +variety of style their generous and profound appreciation. One of its +most enlightened and distinguished friends said that language could +not fully express his pleasure, and in addition to his subscription +sent an extra dollar _to pay for the first number_, which he +considered was alone worth the subscription price. Another +distinguished friend writes: "It is a leader, and leads in the right +direction." Another whose celebrity fills England and America writes: +"I follow your noble work ever with deep interest." + +The following quotations show the general drift of expression: "It is +a feast of good food for the soul."--A. C. D. "The Journal is a +literary feast of which I am more than proud to be a partaker."--W. S. +"Your "Moral Education" is one of the very best books ever written, +and one of the greatest as well. Your Journal charms me. You are +leading the leaders; lead on."--E. E. C. "I am much pleased with its +resurrected body, so bright and attractive."--DR. C. W. "As a reader +of the Journal more than thirty years ago who got his first weak +conceptions of the marvellous facts in man's spiritual nature, from +Dr. Buchanan's scientific discoveries, I hail the reappearance of the +Journal."--D. S. F. "Praying that your life may be prolonged to +complete the work you have planned, and fully accomplish the mission +appointed you by high Heaven, the elevation of the race to a higher +spiritual plane."--DR. E. D. "Your "New Education," a work destined to +play a mighty role in this world of social redemption,--we quote from +it and delight in it all the time."--M. H. "The truths that you so ably +set forth have been felt and known by me for the last six or seven +years, because I am unfortunately a victim of that one-sided +education, called literary, which dwarfs instead of developing true +and noble manhood."--L. I. G. of New Mexico. "The JOURNAL OF MAN +should startle the advanced medical man with transports of joy."--DR. +D. E. E. "I read it with great pleasure, as I do everything I can meet +that comes from your pen."--H. T. L. "If I were younger I should place +myself under your tuition."--W. B. "When I have read your thoughts I +have felt elevated, and have wanted to grasp you in body as I do +spiritually."--L. M. B. "I trust that you will be held in the form +years yet to come to carry out the important work."--J. L. (England.) +"I read every scrap of yours I can get my fingers over."--T. M. "I +feel thankful from the depths of my soul that in all this wide world +there is such a mind as your own."--P. C. M. "I do wish you could have +taken charge of our American Anthropological University."--W. W. B. +"Your method has been a much greater source of medical knowledge to me +than that I have gained here."--A STUDENT IN COLLEGE. "Sarcognomy has +been a source of wonderful aid to me; I cannot give in words my +estimation thereof."--G. P. B., M. D. "It seems that since our beloved +Denton's departure you are almost left alone to fight the great battle +of Psychometry. If you will make Psychometry the leading theme in your +JOURNAL, you will do more to hasten that dawn of a higher civilization +that your noble science is destined to usher in than all other +sciences combined."--DR. A. B. D. "I am delighted with it. I send for +ten more copies for friends."--DR. B. F. + +FROM OHIO.--"My father used to take the Journal many years ago, from +which I tried my first experiments in psychology; and have practised +magnetism for cure of diseases in an amateur way with as much success +as any I have seen operate."--A. K. + +FROM GERMANY.--"A journal of this kind would also be very much needed +in Germany, for here medical ignorance is equally strong. The people +on the whole have no comprehension for spiritual facts,--they are so +sunk into dogmatism and belief in authority."--DR. F. H. "As I myself +am a psychometer, your writings have a double interest for me. May God +protect you, dear, dear friend!"--COUNTESS A. V. W. + + * * * * * + + FACTS, + + A MONTHLY MAGAZINE, + + DEVOTED TO + + Mental and Spiritual Phenomena, + + + INCLUDING + + Dreams, Mesmerism, Psychometry, Clairvoyance, + Clairaudience, Inspiration, Trance, and Physical + Mediumship; Prayer, Mind, and Magnetic + Healing; and all classes of Psychical + Effects. + + Single Copies, 10 Cents; $1.00 per year. + + PUBLISHED BY + + Facts Publishing Company, + + (Drawer 5323,) BOSTON, MASS. + + _L. L. WHITLOCK, Editor._ + + + For Sale by COLBY & RICH, 9 Bosworth Street. + + * * * * * + + W. F. RICHARDSON, + + MAGNETIC PHYSICIAN, + + 875 Washington Street, Boston. + +Having had several years' practice, in which his powers as a healer +have been tested, and been surprising to himself and friends, and +having been thoroughly instructed in the science of Sarcognomy, offers +his services to the public with entire confidence that he will be able +to relieve or cure all who apply. + +For his professional success he refers to Prof. Buchanan, and to +numerous citizens whose testimonials he can show. + + * * * * * + + OPIUM and MORPHINE + HABITS + EASILY CURED BY + A NEW METHOD. + + DR. J. C. HOFFMAN, + + _JEFFERSON ... WISCONSIN._ + + * * * * * + + Religio-Philosophical Journal. + + ESTABLISHED 1865. + + PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT + + 92 La Salle Street, Chicago, + + BY JOHN C. BUNDY, + +TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION IN ADVANCE: + +One copy, one year $2.50 + +Single copies, 5 cents. Specimen copy free. + +All letters and communications should be addressed, and all +remittances made payable to + + JOHN C. BUNDY, Chicago, Ill. + +A Paper for all who Sincerely and Intelligently Seek Truth without +regard to Sect or Party. + +Press, Pulpit, and People Proclaim its Merits. + +_Concurrent Commendations from Widely Opposite Sources._ + +Is the ablest Spiritualist paper in America.... Mr. Bundy has earned +the respect of all lovers of the truth, by his sincerity and +courage.--_Boston Evening Transcript._ + +I have a most thorough respect for the JOURNAL, and believe its editor +and proprietor is disposed to treat the whole subject of spiritualism +fairly.--_Rev. M. J. Savage (Unitarian) Boston._ + +I wish you the fullest success in your courageous course.--_R. Heber +Newton, D. D._ + +Your course has made spiritualism respected by the secular press as it +never has been before, and compelled an honorable +recognition.--_Hudson Tuttle, Author and Lecturer._ + +I read your paper every week with great interest.--_H. W. Thomas, D. D., +Chicago._ + +I congratulate you on the management of the paper.... I indorse your +position as to the investigation of the phenomena.--_Samuel Watson, D. D., +Memphis, Tenn._ + + * * * * * + + THE SPIRITUAL OFFERING, + + LARGE EIGHT-PAGE, WEEKLY JOURNAL, DEVOTED TO THE ADVOCACY OF + SPIRITUALISM IN ITS RELIGIOUS, SCIENTIFIC, AND HUMANITARIAN ASPECTS. + + COL. D. M. FOX, Publisher. + + D. M. & NETTIE P. FOX .... EDITORS. + + + EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS. + +Prof. Henry Kiddle, No. 7 East 130th St., New York City. + +"Ouina," through her medium, Mrs. Cora L. V. Richmond, 64 Union Park +Place, Chicago, Ill. + +Among its contributors will be found our oldest and ablest writers. In +it will be found Lectures, Essays upon Scientific, Philosophical, and +Spiritual subjects, Spirit Communications and Messages. + +A Young Folks' Department has recently been added, edited by _Ouina_, +through her medium, Mrs. Cora L. V. Richmond; also a Department, "THE +OFFERING'S School for Young and Old," A. Danforth, of Boston, Mass., +Principal. + + +TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: Per Year. $2.00; Six Months, $1.00; Three +Months, 50 cents. + +Any person wanting the _Offering_, who is unable to pay more than +$1.50 per annum, and will so notify us, shall have it at that rate. +The price will be the same if ordered as a present to friends. + +In remitting by mail, a Post-Office Money Order on Ottumwa, or Draft +on a Bank or Banking House in Chicago or New York City, payable to the +order of D. M. Fox, is preferable to Bank Notes. Single copies 5 +cents; newsdealers 3 cents, payable in advance, monthly or quarterly. + +RATES OF ADVERTISING.--Each line of nonpareil type, 15 cents for first +insertion and 10 cents for each subsequent insertion. Payment in +advance. + +[Hand pointing right] The circulation of the OFFERING in every State +and Territory now makes it a very desirable paper for advertisers. +Address, + + SPIRITUAL OFFERING, Ottumwa, Iowa + + * * * * * + + + + + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first + issue of the volume. The article STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN is + continued from the previous issue's page 32. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, May 1887, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN, MAY 1887 *** + +***** This file should be named 26317.txt or 26317.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/6/3/1/26317/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |