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diff --git a/25703-8.txt b/25703-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..561c880 --- /dev/null +++ b/25703-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10484 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting + Rochester, N.Y. August 31 and September 1, 1953 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25703] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + +_44th Annual Report_ + +OF THE + +Northern Nut Growers Association + +Incorporated + +AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY + + * * * * * + +_Annual Meeting at_ + +ROCHESTER, NEW YORK + +August 31--September 1, 1953 + +[Illustration: NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOC. + +ROCHESTER N.Y.-1953] + + + + +Table of Contents + + Officers and Committees 1953-54 4 + State and Foreign Vice-Presidents 6 + Constitution and By-laws 8 + Call to Order, 44th Annual Meeting 11 + Address of Welcome--Wilbur Wright 12 + Business Session--Secretary's Report--Treasurer's Report 13, 14, 15 + Blossoming Habits of the Persian Walnut--H. F. Stoke 18 + President's Address--Richard B. Best 22 + About Nuts--Ira M. Kyhl 28 + Natural Variation Observed in Shagbark Hickory, Carya ovata + (Mill.) K. Koch. in Central New York--David H. Caldwell 29 + The Control of the Hickory Weevil (Curculio caryae) 39 + Round Table Discussion--What's Your Problem 43 + The International Chestnut Commission and the Chestnut Blight + Problem in Europe, 1953--G. Flippo Gravatt 52 + Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood Cuttings--Roger W. Pease 56 + Evaluating Chestnuts Grown under Forest Conditions--Jesse + D. Diller 59 + Panel Discussion--Chestnuts 62 + Development of the Nut Industry in the Middle West--J. F. + Wilkinson 70 + Some Aspects of the Problem of Producing Curly-Grained + Walnuts--L. H. MacDaniels 72 + Late Rev. Paul C. Crath--L. K. Devitt 80 + The Eastern Black Walnut as a Farm Timber Tree--John Davidson 84 + The McKinster Persian Walnut--P. E. Machovina 89 + Carpathian Walnuts in the Colombia River Basin--Lynn Tuttle 94 + Walnuts and Filberts in Southern Wisconsin--C. F. Ladwig 95 + Biology, Distribution and Control of the Walnut Husk + Maggot--F. L. Gambrell 98 + Panel Discussion: The Persian Walnut Situation 104 + Banquet Session--Resolutions Committee Report 109 + Walnuts in Lubec, Maine--Radcliffe B. Pike 115 + My Thirty Years Experience with Nut Trees--Carl Weschcke 116 + Growing American Chestnuts and Their Hybrids Under Blight + Conditions--Alfred Szego 119 + Experiences and Observations on Nut Growing in Central + Texas--Kaufman Florida 121 + Propagation of the Hickories--F. L. O'Rourke 122 + A Root Disease of the Persian Walnut--G. Flippo Gravatt 127 + Factors That Influence Nut Production--W. B. Ward 129 + Pictorial Record of Grafting at Climax Michigan--W. M. Beckert 134 + Rock Phosphate for Nut Trees--Harry B. Burgart 135 + A Report from Southern Minnesota--R. E. Hodgson 136 + Chestnut Breeding--Report for 1953--Arthur Harmount Graves and + Hans Nienstaedt 136 + Dr. W. C. Deming--John Davidson 144 + The Nomenclature of Nut Varieties--George H. M. Lawrence 145 + The New Code for the Naming of Cultivated Plants--J. S. L. Gilman 149 + Exhibit at the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts Horticultural + Society 158 + Attendance Register, Rochester, N. Y. 1953 159 + Membership List 160 + + + + +Officers for 1953-54 + + President Richard B. Best, Eldred, Illinois + Vice-President Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan + Secretary Spencer B. Chase, Knoxville, Tennessee + Treasurer William S. Clarke, Jr., State College, Pennsylvania + Directors Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York + Dr. William Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Iowa + Dean of the Association Dr. W. C. Deming, Litchfield, Connecticut + + + + +EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS 1953-54 + + Program Committee: + Dr. Lloyd L. Dowell, Royal Oakes, Dr. J. W. McKay, Roy D. Anthony, + J. G. McDaniel, Lewis E. Theiss, W. B. Ward. + + Local Arrangements: + Mrs. Herbert Krone, R. P. Allaman, John Rick, Elwood B. Miller, + Victor Brook. + + Place of Meeting Committee: + To explore meeting places for three years, Michigan and Connecticut + as possible places for the 1955 and 1956 annual conventions. W. M. + Beckert, R. P. Allaman, Carl Prell, Lloyd L. Dowell. + + Publication Committee: + Professor George L. Slate, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels. + + Varieties and Contests Committee: + J. C. McDaniel, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Sylvester M. Shessler, H. F. + Stoke, Royal Oakes. + + Standards and Judging Committee: (Section of Varieties Committee) + Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. H. L. Crane, Louis Gerardi, Spencer B. + Chase, Professor Paul E. Machovina. + + Survey and Research Committee: + H. F. Stoke (With all state and foreign vice-presidents). + + Exhibits Committee: + Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Fayette Etter, H. F. Stoke, Royal Oakes, J. F. + Wilkinson, G. J. Korn. + + Understock Committee: + J. C. McDaniel, Albert B. Ferguson, Dr. Aubrey Richards, Louis + Gerardi, Dr. A. S. Colby, Max Hardy, Gilbert L. Smith. + + Auditing Committee: + Raymond E. Silvis, Sterling A. Smith, Edward W. Pape. + + Legal Advisor: + Sargent H. Wellman, Esq. + + Finance Committee: + Carl F. Prell, Ford Wallick, Sterling A. Smith. + + Necrology Committee: + Mrs. H. L. Crane, Mrs. C. A. Reed, Mrs. Wm. J. Wilson. + + Nominating Committee: + (Elected at Rochester, N. Y.) Paul E. Machovina, Raymond Silvis, + George Salzer, Dr. H. L. Crane, Ira M. Kyhl. + + Membership Committee: + Gilbert Becker, Raymond E. Silvis, Edward W. Pape, Gordon Pulliam, + Hon. Paul C. Daniels, Max B. Hardy. + + Publicity Committee: + Paul E. Machovina, Wm. J. Wilson, Carl F. Prell, Frank M. Kintzel. + + Change of Name Committee: + Elwood B. Miller, John Davidson, Dr. J. W. McKay, Dr. H. L. Crane. + + + + +State and Foreign Vice-Presidents + + Alabama Edward L. Hiles, Loxley + Alberta A. L. Young, Brooks + Arkansas W. D. Wylie, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville + Belgium R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo + British Columbia, + Canada J. U. Gellatly, Box 19, Westbank + California Thos. R. Haig, M.D., 3021 Highland Ave., Carlesbad + Colorado J. E. Forbes, Julesburg + Connecticut A. M. Huntington, Stanerigg Farms, Bethel + Delaware Lewis Wilkins, Route 1, Newark + Denmark Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Bandholm + District of + Columbia Ed. L. Ford, 3634 Austin St., S.E. Washington 20 + Florida C. A. Avant, 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami + Georgia William J. Wilson, North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley + Hawaii John F. Cross, P. O. Box 1720, Hilo + Hong Kong P. W. Wang, 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central + Idaho Lynn Dryden, Peck + Illinois Royal Oakes, Bluffs (Scott County) + Indiana Edw. W. Pape, Rt. 2, Marion + Iowa Ira M. Kyhl, Box 236, Sabula + Kansas Dr. Clyde Gray, 1045 Central Ave., Horton + Kentucky Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg + Louisiana Dr. Harald E. Hammar, 608 Court House, Shreveport + Maryland Blaine McCollum, White Hall + Massachusetts S. Lothrop Davenport, 24 Creeper Hill Rd., North + Grafton + Michigan Gilbert Becker, Climax + Minnesota R. E. Hodgson, Southeastern Exp. Station, Waseca + Mississippi James R. Meyer, Delta Branch Exp. Station, Stoneville + Missouri Ralph Richterkessing, Route 1, Saint Charles + Montana Russel H. Ford, Dixon + Nebraska Harvey W. Hess, Box 209, Hebron + New Hampshire Matthew Lahti, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro + New Jersey Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Route 1, Flemington + New Mexico Rev. Titus Gehring, P. O. Box 177, Lumberton + New York Stephen Bernath, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie + North Carolina Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro + North Dakota Homer L. Bradley, Long Lake Refuge, Moffit + Ohio Christ Pataky Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, Route 4, + Mansfield + Oklahoma A. G. Hirschi, 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City + Ontario, Canada Elton E. Papple, Cainsville + Oregon Harry L. Pearcy, Route 2, Box 190, Salem + Pennsylvania R. P. Allaman, Route 86, Harrisburg + Prince Edward Is. + Canada Robert Snazelle, Forest Nursery, Route 5, + Charlottetown + Rhode Island Philip Allen, 178 Dorance St., Providence + South Carolina John T. Bregger, P. O. Box 1018, Clemson + South Dakota Herman Richter, Madison + Tennessee W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson + Texas Kaufman Florida, Box 154, Rotan + Utah Harlan D. Petterson, 2076 Jefferson Ave., Ogden + Vermont A. W. Aldrich, R. F. D. 2, Box 266, Springfield + Virginia H. R. Gibbs, Linden + Washington H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston + West Virginia Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale + Wisconsin C. F. Ladwig, 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit + + + + + CONSTITUTION + of the + NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED + (As adopted September 13, 1948) + + +NAME + +ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers +Association, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization. + +PURPOSES + +ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promote +interest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in their +breeding and culture; standardization of varietal names; the +dissemination of information concerning the above and such other +purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularly +in the North Temperate Zone. + +MEMBERS + +ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all persons +interested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes of +members are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Life +members, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications for +membership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or the +treasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues. + +OFFICERS + +ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of a +President, a Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combined +Secretary-treasurer as the Association may designate. + +BOARD OF DIRECTORS + +Article V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of the +Association who shall be the officers of the Association and the two +preceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurer +are combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board of +Directors. + +There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, or +country represented in the membership of the Association, who shall be +appointed by the President. + +AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION + +ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the +members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having +been read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed +amendments having been mailed by the Secretary, or by any member to each +member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + +BY-LAWS + +(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948) + + +SECTION I.--MEMBERSHIP + +Classes of membership are defined as follows: + +ARTICLE I. ANNUAL MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of +the Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3.00). + +ARTICLE II. Contributing members. Persons who are interested in the +purposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10.00) +or more. + +ARTICLE III. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of +the Association who contribute Seventy-Five Dollars ($75.00) to its +support and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues. + +ARTICLE IV. HONORARY MEMBERS. Those whom the Association has elected as +honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special +fields of the Association and who shall pay no dues. + +ARTICLE V. PERPETUAL MEMBERS. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any +one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such +membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the +name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as +"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received +therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing +securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the +interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in +the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event +the Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, the +Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose +for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at +the time he makes the bequest of the donation. + + +SECTION II.--DUTIES OF OFFICERS + +ARTICLE I. The President shall preside at all meetings of the +Association and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Board +of Directors when he believes it to be the best interests of the +Association. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standing +committees, except, the Nominating Committee, and such special +committees as the Association may authorize. + +ARTICLE II. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, the +Vice-president shall perform the duties of the President. + +ARTICLE III. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executive +officer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relating +to the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships and +otherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and report +to the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board of +Directors as they may request. + +ARTICLE IV. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and record +memberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association and +shall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shall +give such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legally +be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Board +of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordance +with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts and +disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as the +Board of Directors may from time to time require. Before the final +business session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accounts +of the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the Auditing +Committee appointed by the President at the opening session of the +Annual Meeting. + +ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of the +association between meetings. Four members, including at least two +elected officers, shall be considered a quorum. + + +SECTION III.--ELECTIONS + +ARTICLE I. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and hold +office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the +Annual Meeting. + +ARTICLE II. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers +on the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place +at the closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented from +the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding +the election. + +ARTICLE III. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949 +and thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at +the preceding Annual Meeting. + +ARTICLE IV. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall be +fifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the elected +officers. + +ARTICLE V. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible +to vote and hold office. + + +SECTION IV.--FINANCIAL MATTERS + +ARTICLE I. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October +1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shall +begin October 1st. + +ARTICLE II. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid by +January 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices of +non-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or about +December 1st. + +ARTICLE III. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members who +have paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have not +been paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will not +be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the +Association until dues are paid. + + +SECTION V.--MEETINGS + +ARTICLE I. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected by +the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at +this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time for +the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem +desirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors. + + +SECTION VI.--PUBLICATIONS + +ARTICLE I. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year and +such other publications as may be authorized by the Association. + +ARTICLE II. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of +the Committee on Publications. + + +SECTION VII.--AWARDS + +ARTICLE I. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstanding +contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable +recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate. + + +SECTION VIII.--STANDING COMMITTEES + +As soon as practical after the Annual Meeting of the Association, the +President shall appoint the following standing committees: + + 1. Membership + 2. Auditing + 3. Publications + 4. Survey + 5. Program + 6. Research + 7. Exhibit + 8. Varieties and Contests + + +SECTION IX.--REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES + +ARTICLE I. The Association shall encourage the formation of regional +groups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organize +their own local field days and other programs. They may publish their +proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society +subject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications. + +ARTICLE II. Any independent regional association of nut growers may +affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourth +of its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association. +Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3.00 +to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at the +meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of +the parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee on +Publications. + + +SECTION X.--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS + +ARTICLE I. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by a +two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall +have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days +prior to that meeting. + + + + +Proceedings + +44th Annual Meeting + +Northern Nut Growers Association + +Rochester, New York + +August 31--September 1, 1953 + + +MONDAY MORNING SESSION + +PRESIDENT BEST: We are opening this 44th Annual Meeting of the Northern +Nut Growers Association with this historic gavel which was made from +wood grown in the Thomas Littlepage pecan grove near Washington, D. C. +Opening each session with this gavel has been a custom of this +organization for many, many years. + +We are very anxious to have you folks meet some of the men who have made +our meeting possible here at Rochester. I would first like to introduce +Mr. W. Stephen Thomas, Director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and +Sciences. Mr. Thomas. + +MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Mr. Best. + +We are always glad to welcome groups such as yours. You represent a +unique organization to us with interests not in our field. We are a +public institution, and are glad to have you here. + +I feel there are many things of interest in this museum and in our +program to interest you, because you are horticulturists and people +interested in the out-of-doors. + +This museum is owned by the City of Rochester. By the way, there are +only about 12 museums throughout the country that are supported as we +are. We get 98 per cent of our funds from the City of Rochester. It is +not endowed. It is the people's museum. In the exhibit upstairs are +three dimensional models showing the evolution of the Genesee Valley in +New York from early times to the present. Here you will see a beautiful +panorama of what it looked like two hundred million years ago right +where we are sitting and standing now when the seas overlay the area +during the Devonian and Silurian times. We have reconstructed the little +sea creatures that lived in the rocks in their natural colors. + +Another exhibit is the Indian story, primitive man, not just before the +white man came, but going back 1500 years. On the top floor you may see +how the pioneer man worked here as a woodcutter and running flour mills +and how the city came about. The whole story of our region is in the +museum. + +But more important than these exhibits is what we do through the +educational system; adult lectures, and so forth. That is just a little +background of our work. I know you have your important business at hand, +but I hope you will have a little time to view the exhibits. We want to +help you in any way we can. If there is anything we can do, don't fail +to ask. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you, Mr. Thomas. Most of you met Mr. Wilbur Wright +last night out at the park. He is going to make an address of welcome +from the City of Rochester and from the parks. Mr. Wright. + +MR. WRIGHT: Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the City of Rochester and +the Park Department, we want to welcome you to The Friendly City. We +want you to feel that Rochester has its hand out for a wide open welcome +for anything we can do to make you happy while you are here. + +The parks are particularly interested in the fact that you have chosen +Rochester as your conference city for 1953. The parks, as you know, are +a good deal like the museum. They are botanical collections in the heart +of the city, the money coming from the city; the taxpayers pay the bill. +We have a tremendous botanical collection here, and are known the +country over for our lilac and other collections. + +We have, in the past two years, appointed Bernard Harkness to take +charge of our plant collections, with the title of taxonomist. It took +quite a bit of backing to get Civil Service to break down and make such +a title. There wasn't such a title in the State of New York, and they +couldn't understand why they should give it. + +Mr. Grant is another good Cornellian coming along as Assistant +Superintendent of Parks, and he is, again, looking after the maintenance +and upkeep of the various plant materials that we have. + +We have a very large organization here, the Parks Division includes the +cemeteries, 90,000 street trees, 56 playgrounds, and about 2,000 acres +of parks. Our peak employment is 756 people. All-in-all we have a +tremendous amount of interest in our parks, and they are increasing. We +are exchanging plants with about 25 foreign countries right now, and we +expect to expand that now with the various facilities we are setting up +at our new herbarium, which you visited last night. + +We are proud of Rochester, and the park system. We are doing our best to +continue the excellent work of Dunbar, Laney, and Slavin who built up +the park collections. Our aim is to increase the collections, and make +the park system better for the people to enjoy. We hope you have a fine +time while you are here. Thank you. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Dr. MacDaniels, ex-president of our Association will +give our organization's response. + +DR. MACDANIELS: Chairman Best, Director Thomas and Director Wright, I +don't know whether I am particularly well qualified for this particular +assignment, but I am certainly very happy to express the thanks of the +Northern Nut Growers Association for the excellent cooperation in +arranging the facilities which we have found here in Rochester. Few of +us can recall any situation in which the Association has been helped all +along the way, as they have been here, and we feel most welcome in this +truly friendly city. + +Before the meeting I thought I was going to be able to claim a sort of +paternal interest in the training of Director Wright in that he studied +just prior to the war in the Department of Floriculture and Ornamental +Horticulture at Cornell University where I am stationed. Although we saw +a good deal of him after the war, he came directly here, so I can't say +that I knew him "way back when" he was an undergraduate student. Still +we do have a proprietary interest in all Cornellians, and we like to see +the home team make good as has certainly been the case here. + +Fortunately, Ithaca is close enough to Rochester, so that our classes +can come to the Rochester parks on field trips where we have always +received the most friendly cooperation and help just as the Northern Nut +Growers is receiving today. I assure you that we are most grateful. + +PRESIDENT BEST: We will proceed with the business of the organization. +On the Resolutions Committee which will give us resolutions for adoption +at our final night session, I appoint Mr. Davidson, Mr. Allaman, Mr. +Oakes and Mr. Snyder. + +The next item of business is the election of a Nominating Committee. +This committee is to nominate the officers which will be elected at our +next annual meeting. Nominations are now in order. + +DR. MCKAY: I nominate Mr. Machovina. + +MR. DAVIDSON: Mr. Silvis. + +DR. CRANE: I'd like to nominate Mr. Salzer. + +MR. DAVIDSON: I think Dr. Crane ought to be nominated. + +MR. STOKE: I nominate Mr. Kyle from Iowa. + +DR. DOWELL: I move nominations be closed. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Is there a second to Dr. Dowell's motion that +nominations be closed? (Motion seconded and passed.) + +PRESIDENT BEST: Nominations are closed. Those in favor of this list, Mr. +Kyle, Dr. Crane, Mr. George Salzer, Mr. Silvis, Mr. Machovina, for +Nominating Committee for next year make it known by saying "Aye." +(Chorus of "ayes") Opposed? (None.) + +PRESIDENT BEST: May we have the report of the Program Committee. They +have been at work, we can see that. The evidence is on every hand. Dr. +McKay? + +DR. MCKAY: The program you have in your hands represents the work of the +Program Committee. The work of the Program Committee is done prior to +the meeting and I want to say that this year I really did have fine +cooperation from the members and from the members of the committee in +responding to requests for numbers on the program. That always makes the +work of a committee easy. Because of this fine cooperation I can say +truthfully that the effort on my part was relatively small. + +As all of you know, we now have a larger group of people to draw from +for our programs than formerly. We always go back, of course, to our +tried and true members who, year after year, give us numbers for the +program, but we also like to give the new members a chance and recruit +from new sources whenever possible. I haven't analyzed the program +enough to know exactly how many new members are listed on the program +this year, but I think you will find a few, and as the organization +continues to grow, it will be desirable to use these new sources of +information for items on the program as much as we can. + +PRESIDENT BEST: That's fine. I don't think we can emphasize that too +much, this new-member proposition. + +We are ready now for the report of the Secretary, Mr. Chase. + +MR. CHASE: About the only report that I have to make is one that was +prepared by Mr. Carl Prell, and I don't see why in the world he didn't +give it, since it's such a fine job of getting together the information +on membership. I am going to try to sum this up for you, in order that +you will know the progress we made in the membership drive to which so +many of you contributed. + +On the books as of today we have 1013 paid up members. (Applause.) In +addition to that, we have 15 more who will begin membership the +beginning of our fiscal year, and in addition to that, there are ten +more too new to be acknowledged yet. So we are in pretty good shape on +membership. + +New members total is 455, which is, I think, just about double from last +year, if my memory serves me correctly. Leader in the members by state +is our good, old friend Ohio with 126. They produced 42 new members this +year. Second on the list is Illinois, with 102, and they came up with 38 +new members. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I think this is the first year we have had a hundred +members from any state. + +MR. CHASE: Pennsylvania has 83, with 26 new members. New York 78, with +27 new members. Indiana 70 with 31 new members. Michigan 58 with 28 new +members. That covers the top six states. + +During the year we lost 71 members. That breaks down to five deceased, +12 resigned and 54 that we haven't heard from. Out of the 12 that +resigned, seven were one-year old and only 5 older members. Now, of the +54 not heard from, 40 were one-year members and 14 were older members. +Total loss is 71, actually. We had 14 reinstatements this year. + +Does anyone have a question on membership? There are quite a few folks +in the Association who are really working hard to get new members, and a +great number have come up with at least one. But, actually, I believe, +Carl, it's a very small percentage of the membership that's really +working, is that correct? + +MR. PRELL: I am afraid so. + +MR. CHASE: And the 71 lost, you considered about normal, didn't you? We +have to figure on losing about 10 per cent. Well, we can't afford to +lose a hundred. + +I don't have too much to report as Secretary, except we might briefly +review this hectic year since the little sub-zero walnut story appeared +in the Farm Journal. In June a year ago I received a request for an +article on the hardy English walnut. I handled it as a routine request +and sent it to the Farm Journal. Of course, Joe McDaniel was secretary, +and I referred all the interested readers to him for further +information. The first batch of mail hit Joe right after our meeting in +Rockport, and he had 1500 inquiries within two weeks. I forgot to warn +him that this might be coming up, and he went ahead and handled about +1500 of these inquiries, and then I don't know what happened to him, he +started sending them down to me. Between myself, my secretary, my wife, +and my boy we handled the other 4,000, and they are still, as Joe says, +actually coming in. + +To handle that, took some of our funds as you see under "promotion +business", in the treasurer's report. The mimeographing was gratis, also +the assembling and mailing, but the postage we had to pay for. + +So all we have to show for that is about how many members, Carl? + +MR. PRELL: I will say 200. + +MR. CHASE: That's about right. As these inquiries came in we compiled +lists of names and sent them to Mr. Best. Then Mr. Best mimeographed a +letter and some other material, along with an application folder and +followed up these inquiries except the last 500. So we hit them once +with a three-page information sheet from the Secretary's office, then +Mr. Best at least once again with a follow-up letter, and out of almost +5,000 we get about 200 members, which is pretty good. And there are a +lot of other folks I know would join if somebody would contact them. + +MR. CHASE: So ever since last October I don't know what side is up so +far as N.N.G.A. is concerned. I don't pretend it hasn't taken a good +deal of effort and a lot of time from some things that I should have +done, but I enjoyed doing it for the Association, and I have no regrets. +The only thing I am sorry about is that we didn't get 500 instead of +just 200 members. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you. Spencer. (Applause.) That's a fine report. + +May we hear from our Auditing Committee, Mr. Silvis. + +MR. SILVIS: The report of the Treasurer, which I have just had an +opportunity of inspecting, is the most professional document I have ever +had the pleasure of examining as a member of this Auditing Committee on +which I have been several times. And I think a testimonial is due our +Treasurer, Mr. Carl Prell, who has combined the rare talents of +bookkeeping and comparative reporting. + +The Auditing Committee, composed of Sterling Smith, who was not able to +be here, Mr. Pape of Indiana, and myself, accept this report of Carl +Prell on behalf of this Northern Nut Growers Association, + +PRESIDENT BEST: Let's have the Treasurer's report. Mr. Prell + + + + +Report of the Treasurer + +CARL PRELL, _South Bend, Indiana_ + +At the beginning of this fiscal year it seemed likely to your Board of +Directors that the Association's investment in government bonds would +have to be converted into cash to meet the year's expenses. There was +barely enough money in the treasury to pay for the 42nd Annual Report, +which should have been billed the preceding year. + +Normally, the treasurer collects only enough money to pay for one +report, plus the year's operating expenses. The problem this year was to +pay operating expenses and to discharge our obligation on two reports. + +Anticipating this problem, and in an effort to correct recurring +deficits, your Board made plans back in 1951 for a drive to increase +membership. Some momentum was gained by the end of last year, which +carried into this year with increasing force. The result was the +substantial gain in membership reported upon by your Secretary--with a +substantial increase in revenue. + +Membership drives, of course, are a mixed blessing. They may produce +more dues; but they certainly cost money. Our promotion expenditure +jumped from practically nothing in 1951 to $115 in 1952 to $620 in 1953. +However, our dues collection from new members thus gained, were more +than $1200 in 1953 alone--twice as much as was spent. And it is +important to note that an expenditure to gain a member is made only +_once_, whereas the member's dues continue year after year. + +In any event, increased membership was a factor in keeping us from +cashing our reserves. + +Another important factor was the very generous response of the +membership to a plea for Sustaining and Contributing dues. Thirty +percent of our old members responded with $10.00 payments for +Contributing Memberships or $5.00 payments for Sustaining Memberships. +This help was needed. It is deserving of special mention in this report. + +One other factor contributed to successful operation this year, as it +has in other years. This factor does not show up in figures in a +financial statement for the simple reason that the figures are modestly +withheld from the treasurer. I refer to the out-of-pocket and unreported +expenditures of officers and committeemen, which expenditures sometimes +are sizeable. Certainly they were this year. The fact that such +contributions were made should be noted. + +The sum total of all this is a financial showing for the year that may +be considered satisfactory. Our debts are all paid. No bonds were +cashed. Nothing was borrowed. And we have money in the bank. + +At this time last year we had a cash balance of $1313.78. Today our +balance is $303.70. We spent $1,000 more than we took in. But we paid +for two Annual Reports. The lesser report cost $1200. If this were +subtracted from this year's business, where it does not belong, our cash +balance would be $1500.00. In short, on this year's business--even with +all its unusual expenses for promotion--our income was more than our +disbursements--by $200.00. This reverses the deficit trend of recent +years. + + _RECEIPTS_ + Membership Dues $3,638.05 + Sale of Annual Reports 394.00 + Advertising in Nutshell 110.00 + Contributions 39.00 + Interest on Government Bonds 37.50 + _________ + TOTAL $4,218.55 + + _DISBURSEMENTS_ + 42nd Annual Report (Urbana) $1,205.53 + Printing (1000 copies) $1,050.00 + Reporting (addi. billing) 97.05 + Postage & Addressing 58.48 + 43rd Annual Report (Rockport) $1,760.72 + Printing (1200 copies) $1,477.42 + Envelopes, 800 19.60 + Reporting 100.00 + Postage & Addressing 163.70 + The Nutshell + Printing, 4 issues 353.11 + American Fruit Grower 39.00 + 73 Subscriptions at 50˘ 36.50 + 2 Subscriptions at 75˘ 1.50 + 1 Subscription at 1.00 1.00 + Association Promotion 620.47 + Application folder, printing 11,200 164.28 + Stationery for Sub-Zero and V. P. campaigns 337.24 + Mimeo Sub-Zero and follow-up, 1500 59.00 + Postage, Things of Science 59.95 + Secretary's Fee, 50˘ per member 517.50 + 1952-53 Fee to date 506.50 + Balance of 1951-52 11.00 + Stationery and Supplies 268.22 + Secretary's Expense 315.87 + Treasurer's Expense 143.21 + Dues, American Horticultural Society 5.00 + _________ + TOTAL $5,228.63 + + Cash on deposit, First Bank, South Bend $ 303.70 + Disbursements 5,228.63 + _________ + $5,532.33 + + On hand, August 18, 1952 $1,313.78 + Receipts 4,218.55 + _________ + $5,532.33 + U. S. Bonds in Safety Deposit Box $3,000.00 + +MR. PRELL: I am going to close right now with this information which the +Association, I think, should have. The membership promotion consisted of +a campaign called the "Vice-president's Campaign" sparkplugged by Mr. +Best. Thousands of letters were sent out through the vice-president's +and from the president's office to the membership. You may have received +some of them. In addition to that, thousands of other letters were sent +out to people who had responded to a story that appeared in Farm Journal +wanting to know about the Association. I can't calculate how many went +out, I have never been told, but I would guess about 5,000 of them. And +those all went out from Mr. Best's office. In addition, our +addressograph plate system was not in very good shape, due to the fact +the organization was too poor to keep it up. Mr. Best supplied +addressograph plates for the whole list. + +I wrote to Mr. Best on April 27th, as I wanted all the bad news, and I +wrote to some other people. I said, "You have not yet rendered a bill +for postage on your mailing. Will you please make your request?" And he +answered, + +"I was surprised you asked about the postage charge from here. It has +been my intent from the beginning of the campaign to carry the postage +charge myself." + +Thank you very much. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Carl, I know you have done a lot of hard work, and I'd +like to say for the organization that we do appreciate what you have +done for us. + +I see Mr. Slate has come in back here. Mr. Slate have you a word from +the Publications Committee? + +MR. SLATE: I have no formal report. The part of the Publications +Committee with which I am concerned is the proceedings. The speed with +which that job was done depends upon how fast the papers come in and the +transcript of the proceedings finished. The transcript is rather +complicated and a lot of things are said that shouldn't go into the +report. It takes a lot of work with the blue pencil to boil the material +down to something that's useful and worth paying a printing bill for. + +One other thing that I should mention is the cost of mailing. I don't +know whether that has been mentioned previously or not. We had a little +difficulty with the Post Office Department. Carl Prell can tell you +about that. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Yes, he did. I have heard only good reports of your fine +job. I think we all agree that it was a scholarly production. + +Do we have anything from the Survey Committee? + + + + +Blossoming Habits of the Persian Walnut + +H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Va._ + + +The Survey Committee, as its project for the current year, has +undertaken a study of the blossoming habits of the Persian walnut. The +prime object of this study is to solve the problem of pollination, so +that the planter may be reasonably sure of a satisfactory crop, whether +his planting be a single tree or an orchard. + +While this study has dealt exclusively with the Persian species, +_Juglans regia_, the habits and principles involved apply equally to all +walnut species. + +In most plants the reproductive function inheres in a single bisexual +flower, consisting of both male and female elements. In walnuts, as well +as most other nuts, the male and female functions are performed by +unisexual flowers of very different type and appearance. + +Both the male or staminate flower and the female or pistillate flower +spring from buds that are formed in the axils at the base of leaves of +the previous season's growth. In the Persian walnut they may be detected +as early as July. The staminate bud that forms the pollen-producing +catkin of the next season, can be distinguished by its checkered +appearance, something like a tiny pine cone. They occur in the axils of +the lower leaves of the shoot of the current season. + +The pistillate bud, which produces the nut, occurs at or near the tip of +the growth of the current season. It can usually be distinguished from +leaf buds by its larger size and plumpness. + +When these blossom buds develop the following season, the male or +staminate blossom assumes the form of a catkin, which elongates rapidly +a few days before maturity. As the pollen is shed, beginning at the +stem end, the pale yellow-green of the bursted pollen capsule turns dark +or black, proceeding to the tip of the catkin. This change readily shows +that pollen is shedding, which may be confirmed by touching such a +catkin with the tip of the finger, and noting the yellow pollen that +adheres, or rises in a tiny cloud. + +Making note of the date when a given variety begins shedding pollen, and +the date when all catkins on the tree have opened, gives the period +during which that variety is effective as a pollinizer. + +The female, or pistillate flower, does not, like the catkin, spring +directly from the wood of last season's growth, but occurs at the end of +the new growth of the current year, being preceded by a number of leaves +which nourish the young nut to maturity. + +The pistillate blossom assumes the form of one or more tiny nutlets with +little sharp-pointed tips. When the blossom has become receptive to +pollen, each tip has separated into two separate pistils which spread +apart and present fresh, slightly sticky surfaces, which are known as +stigmas. This is the time that pollination can take place, which period +continues until the stigmas have lost their freshness and stickiness. +This period marks the time during which pollination can occur. + +In many cases Persian walnut trees remain barren when planted alone, not +because of incompatibility between the pollen and the pistillate flower, +but because pollen shedding and receptivity do not occur at the same +time. Sometimes pollen shedding is over before pistils are receptive. +Such blooming is termed protandrous by botanists. In about an equal +number of cases the pistils lose their receptivity before pollen is +shed. Such blooming is termed protogynous. There are quite a number of +varieties, however, that mature both types of blossoms simultaneously, +in which the variety is self-fertile and will produce crops, even if +isolated from other trees of the species. Of these Hanson and Bedford +are representative. On some other trees there is some overlapping of the +shedding and receptive periods, enough to produce partial, but not full +crops. + +Warm weather hastens blooming; cool cloudy weather retards it. A warm +spell may start blossoming early, but if broken by a cool wave the +period of bloom may be greatly extended. + +A southern exposure with a light soil will cause a variety to blossom +earlier by some days than in the same locality in heavy soil. The +blossoming period is generally shorter in the North than in the South. + +Climax, Michigan reports blooming beginning May 10 and ending May 31, a +period of 21 days. Millerton, N. Y., and Massillon, Ohio, report the +same. + +Urbana, Ill., reports blooming beginning May 5 and ending June 1, a +period of 27 days. + +At Roanoke, Va., the period begins April 9 and ends May 10, running 31 +days. + +At Greensboro, North Carolina, the season began April 2 and ended May 5, +a total of 33 days. + +The report of Mr. Royal Oakes of Bluffs, Ill., is unique in the +shortness of the blossoming period, both of individual varieties and as +a whole. Blossoming began April 29 and ended (estimated) May 13, a +period of only 14 days. The reason may partly lie in the weather and +partly because the planting is on high bluffs overlooking the broad +Illinois River valley, affording excellent air drainage. + +One major difficulty the Committee encountered in tabulating the reports +was the fact that so few of the same varieties were being grown by the +various reporters, making it difficult and sometimes impossible to +synchronize the blossoming period of the various varieties from +different places with sufficient accuracy. Because of this, two tables +have been prepared. + +Table Number 1 shows named varieties, for the most part. + +Table Number 2 shows varieties that are being propagated asexually, but +have not yet been given variety names. Seedlings not propagated by +budding or grafting, if recognized have been omitted because of +individual variability. + +Each table consists of five vertical columns, earliest to the right, +successively later towards the left. + +Varieties above the dividing line are shedding pollen at the time +varieties in the same column below the line are receptive. A variety +like Hanson, appearing in the same column both above and below the line, +is self-pollinizing. Varieties appearing in more than one column +indicate a long blooming period. + +MR. BECKER: The Crath No. 1 I have been able to propagate is what Mr. +Neilson gave to me as Crath No. 1--I guess he called it Crath. + +MR. STOKE: We may have to discard a number of other Crath No. 1's, +because the variation between them indicates a mixture of several clones +with the same name. + +PRESIDENT BEST: The next thing to consider is this resolution which is +given word for word on page 26 of our 1952 annual report. + + TABLE 1. + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + Broadview Bijur Carpathian D Beckman Parnell + Lancaster Cutleaf S Bayer Bedford Watt + McDermid Fort Custer Beckman Caesar + [symbol: male] Hanson Breslau Etter + Hilltop Caesar Eureka + Ill. No. 23 Eureka Lake + Mundt Grande S-24 + Metcalfe James + Lancaster + Littlepage + McKinster + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + Caesar Beckman Bijur Bayer Burtner + McKinster Bijur Cutleaf Bedford Dewey + Breslau Colby Broadview Etter + Fort Custer Fickes No. 22 Etter Eureka + Carpathian D Hanson Fort Custer Franquette + Colby Hilltop Grande Mayette + Cutleaf S Jacobs Ill. No. 23 L-2 + [symbol: female] Fickes No. 22 James Lake + Hansen Lake Lancaster + Jacobs Lancaster Mundt + Keener S-24 S-24 + McDermid Metcalfe Metcalfe + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + + TABLE 2. + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + Early Medium early Midseason Medium late Late + + S-6 S-6 S-12 S-22 S-17 + [symbol: male] S-12 S-12 S-22 S-24 S-57 + S-33 S-66 S-24 S-25 + Littlepage S-XD S-25 S-29 + S-29 S-32 + S-33 S-41 + S-35 S-45 + S-66 S-66 + S-XD + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + S-5 S-5 S-6 S-6 S-7 + [symbol: female] S-25 S-17 S-17 S-12 S-12 + S-29 S-22 S-22 S-17 S-33 + S-32 S-24 S-32 S-35 + S-35 S-25 S-38 S-46 + S-66 S-29 S-41 S-57 + S-35 S-45 Littlepage + S-38 S-46 + S-41 S-48 + S-45 S-XD + S-48 Littlepage + S-XD + Littlepage + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +It was made by Mr. Dowell of the Ohio group, although it is of interest +to every state that has an affiliated group or a chapter. Last year the +matter was referred to the Board for their consideration. The Board +carefully considered the resolution of the Ohio group, and the spirit of +the Dowell resolution, was approved. + +The matter was finally left with a committee made up of J. C. McDaniel, +Mr. Carl Prell and Mr. Machovina. It is now in order to hear from these +men the changes necessary in our by-laws to create the right atmosphere +for the formation and operation of our state organizations, because we +do want to encourage them. After hearing the proposals, a motion will be +in order that they be approved. If approved, a year from now we will +vote on the amendments to the by-laws. Mr. McDaniel will give the report +of the committee. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Your committee agreed on the suggested revision of Section +IX, which covers chapters and affiliations. If this meets with the +approval of the members here, final action must be deferred until the +45th annual meeting. Proposed amended Section IX of the by-laws reads as +follows: + + "Section IX.--Chapters and Affiliations. + + "Article 1. The Association shall encourage the formation of + regional groups of its members into chapters, which may elect their + own officers and organize local field days and other programs. Such + chapters need not limit their membership to members of the parent + organization. They may publish their proceedings and selected + papers in the proceedings of the parent society subject to review + of the Association's Committee on Publications. + + "Article 2. Any independent association or society interested in + nut tree culture may affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers + Association by payment of an annual affiliation fee of $5.00. + Selected papers presented at the meetings of such an affiliated + society may be published in the proceedings of this society subject + to review of the Association's Committee on Publications." + +It is the thought of this special committee that the new wording +simplifies and clarifies these two articles in regard to organization of +chapters or sections, and second, affiliation of independent +organizations. We thought we shouldn't limit it to affiliation of nut +growers associations as such but to extend affiliation possibility to +any society from garden club on up which is interested in nut growing. +And under Article 1, whether we call this state group a chapter or a +section doesn't seem to matter materially. I believe the Michigan group +prefers to be called a chapter. The Ohio group, I think, will take it +either way. At the present I think we have called that the Ohio Section +of the Northern Nut Growers Association. + +Any discussion? I submit this proposed amendment, Mr. President, to be +printed in the 44th annual report for action at next year's meeting, the +45th annual meeting of this Association. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Do we have a motion to accept the report? (The motion to +accept was made by Dr. Crane, seconded and passed without dissent.) + +PRESIDENT BEST: I was in hopes that we wouldn't have time for the next +feature, but since some of the committees haven't reported yet, I am +afraid that we have. That is the address by the president. + + + + +President's Address + +RICHARD B. BEST, _Eldred, Ill._ + + +The task of setting down ideas for the reflection of the NNGA fills me +with consternation. My scanty rills of thinking are inadequate. + +You remember the old Arabian tale of the poor student who was shut up in +an enchanted room in the bosom of the earth. You remember how the earth +opened only once each year. The student was waited upon by demons and +spirits who furnished deep and dark knowledge. When the door opened, the +student emerged, loaded with great lore and pertinent facts. Like this +Arabian student, by delving into antiquity and our old annual reports of +the NNGA, I have put together some thoughts from men living and dead. + +Irving says: this pilfering disposition which some of us have may be +implanted in us for a good reason. Maybe through us pilferers or +borrowers, Heaven takes care of the seeds of knowledge and wisdom from +age to age. The worthwhile thoughts which some of our early members gave +us may be purloined by me and made to sparkle again in today's light, +even though the early members' general idea is obsolete. + +So, just as nature has provided for the distribution of her plant +varieties through the maws of birds and animals, so it may be that +Heaven has provided for the fine thoughts of our old members to be +caught by us predatory individuals and made to bear fruit again in this +new day. Really this is one way we exist and go forward in our +organization. + +A crop of "tares" which we read about in the scripture enriches the soil +for the next crop. As a forest dies, a new crop of trees spring up. Even +a dead tree gives rise to a whole creation of countless bacteria and +fungi. + +So on "ad infinitum." Members who have talked and studied our problems +in the past have made possible our work here today. So, likewise, our +words will sleep with the others from whom we have borrowed. So, to +escape with a good conscience, to avoid having fingers pointed at me, of +hearing cries of--"you stole this from me," I will try to give credit +where credit is due. + +Otherwise, I might be, figuratively speaking, stripped of my material +here piece by piece, and I would finally stand before you with hardly a +loin cloth of an idea which I could call my own. + +There is a popular appeal to the nut business which most of us are +susceptible to,--like wanting to produce large nuts,--and of seeing the +first nut,--and to again gather nuts like we did as children. Ask a man +how large a nut he found and he will lie as he will about a fish he has +just caught. + +Then, there is the romantic visionary who would transform the whole +universe into a sort of fairyland nut grove--where there are no insects, +diseases, or squirrels,--and where the nuts fall polished into open +bags. + +Then, there are those of us--and I am one--who reasoning that the +"groves were God's first temples," flee to a twilight hill top or to a +forest shade, and, as Mr. Stokes said, "Sit humbly at the feet of the +great mother of us all. There is wisdom and healing in the shadow of her +wings." + +We need this philosophical attitude to generate encouragement and +inspiration to withstand the hard knocks that we have had--and will have +coming. But, the NNGA must be more realistic and really do some +grappling. + +Read the experiences which all our reports are filled with. Mr. G. A. +Miller on page 99 of the 1940 report handles this matter of success and +failure very well. We live on our successes and not on our failures. Nut +culture is pioneering, and it is well to be fully aware of the +possibility of failure so that we may be steeled for it when it comes. +Failure makes our successes sweeter. + +Abraham Lincoln's life was a series of failures. Thomas Edison usually +failed. Plant breeders at our stations nearly always fail. But, once in +a while they succeed. In the nut business, if we succeed 1 in 10,000 +times, success may be cheap at that. + +Dr. MacDaniels stated so many important aspects of the NNGA that I want +to list his outline here and then simply hang some thoughts on the +skeleton of his report. For your own enjoyment and understanding, please +read again Dr. MacDaniels's address "The Forward Look," which is found +on page 27 of our 1952 report. I just mention his subjects and comment +on them for emphasis. + +1. _Variety Evaluation_ + +The Ohio Nut Growers did a fine job of getting this job of evaluation in +the groove. Read about it on page 29 of the 1946 report. How many of us +here have wasted years on varieties that good evaluation might have +discarded, before we started to plant the nut. + +2. _Judging Standards_ + +Which covers such things as-- + + (a) Sealing of nuts + (b) Recovery of halves + (c) Size, quality, etc. + +Evaluation and judging include all those fine things we look for in a +nut. + +3. _The Naming of Varieties_ + +Many of us have the same tree growing but calling it a different name. + +4. _Securing New Varieties_ + +And getting them into as many channels. Mr. Wilkinson started several +"Chief" pecan trees last year and gave them all away. Chief is a fine +new variety of pecan. If we had a few more Ford Wilkinsons in this +organization, "God bless him," we wouldn't have so many problems. + +5. _The Work of Individuals_ + +There is always the possibility of finding the "perfect nut," so we need +to continue our search through the earth for better varieties. + +Scientific techniques must be applied before we breed better nuts. + +We simply cannot have nuts put in our coffins expecting to continue our +work in the next world; so we need to do the next best thing to +this--that is of instructing our sons in the little we have found and +where our different varieties are planted. Then, some of our sons will +start where we left off. + +Private research is playing a more important part in the world today. +Private research, using the large amount of basic research available, +could accomplish wonders in the nut world. + +I am deeply grieved when I see vast estates which have had a fortune +spent in plantings that had little practical value. The men who spent +this money would gladly have furnished the land, labor, capital and +management for a nut breeding program had we been there to have sold +them on nut trees. + +As Mr. Churchill said--"Too little and too late." + +But members of the NNGA forget "what might have been." New estates are +developing and younger men are wondering how they can immortalize their +lives and work. Men pass away; their names perish from record and +recollection; their history is only a tale and their tombstone becomes a +ruin, but a good nut tree bearing a man's name, gives that name +immortality. + +6. _Work of the Experiment Stations._ + +In the most practical vein, our basic research and most of our actual +breeding must still be done by our Experiment Stations. + +Any nut project is a long-time program and it lends itself best to an +Experiment Station which is not set up on "a three score and ten" basis +like we as individuals are. Stations also have trained workers and +information at hand. + +7. _The Real Aim of the NNGA_ + +Is better living on the farm and the improvement of the garden and +farmstead. Almost every farm and home, especially in the great corn +belt, needs shelter, shade trees, and the beautifying effect of trees. + +Psalm 19:1-4 says: "The heavens declare the glory of God; and the +firmament showeth his handiwork. Day unto day uttereth +speech and night unto night showeth knowledge. Their voice goes out +through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world." + +8. _Nut Growing as a Hobby._ + +For people who like to see things growing, there are few projects that +yield more genuine satisfaction than hardy-adapted varieties of nut +trees. + +Few people know what a heart nut or chestnuts are, and most have never +cracked a butternut. Most of us have never tasted a good persimmon, and +the paw-paw is practically unknown. We of the NNGA have something to +offer our members. + +9. _Keep our Organization Solvent and Functioning._ + +All costs have increased. Our strength lies in our letters, reports and +information which we send to our membership. To keep this information +coming through letters and our annual report takes money. + +10. _How to Finance the NNGA._ Dr. MacDaniels makes the following +suggestions after stating that we have reached the point where +increasing the dues will not give us more income, because of loss of +membership. + + (a) Increase our number of members. + (b) Provide different types of membership to encourage contributions. + (c) Gifts. + (d) Special fund raising projects. + +Increasing the membership seems to have the most promise in the future. + +We are now at the cross roads. Do we want a strong, hard-hitting +organization, capable of doing these things which we know NNGA can do, +or do we want to ease down the other road to a whimpering senile +existence, in the plant society world? + +We have increased our membership 40% the past year, and after hurriedly +congratulating ourselves, let us hurry on to this problem of setting +ourselves another goal for 1954. + +What shall our new goal be? 30%, 50%, 100%--let us think "high." It is +easier to come down than to go higher. + +I'd like to have someone's idea in the audience here. Does anybody have +some figure we should hit at? 10%, 20%, 25%? + +MR. KINTZEL: I think since we have a thousand members, for each of the +thousand to bring in one more member and make it a hundred per cent. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Now, the high man is going to win here, you know. Is +there anyone that can raise this man, that can say that we increase our +membership more than a hundred per cent? If not shall we take that as a +goal? + +We have now reached the point in this discussion of goals where we can +make the following profound deduction--"Nothing is worth two cents until +it is sold." + +Our church bells ring to tell the world that something good is being +offered and that the church has something to sell. Everything in this +world must be sold. The NNGA is competing not only with the resistance +people offer it, but also against every other human activity. People buy +what they think will give them the most satisfaction. + +We are living in a cold-blooded society and people are not going to +choke with emotion when we mention the old hollow tree where the possums +hatched, or the wide spreading chestnut. People may not even want to +join our NNGA. This is a free country and people can just sit in the sun +on the bare ground if they want to. They may not want trees and can eat +grape nuts if they want. We know they need the hobby--the shade--the +beauty--the protection or even nuts which nut trees will bring them. + +Because we know people need these fine things, then we must ask them to +join the NNGA. If everybody knew what you know about the NNGA, we would +have a membership of 100,000 members. But they do not. + +This is what we mean by selling our organization. Indirectly as we sell +our memberships to help other people, we help our organization. + +Finally, let me suggest that we build up a backlog of ideas here at +Rochester to add to what we have on increasing our membership. + +Give your ideas to our Vice President, Mr. George Salzer and his +publicity committee and you will be helping to solve our NNGA problems. + +MR. DAVIDSON: It seems to me the most successful thing that was done +during the past year, as far as the raising of membership was concerned, +was done by Mr. Chase, when he wrote that article on Persian walnuts +that survived sub-zero temperatures. That had a tremendous impact on the +public imagination, and it got a tremendous number of inquiries. I think +it had more effect than even the work of individual members, so I would +suggest that anybody who has an idea that can be sent to a magazine that +would have a public appeal should do that thing. + +MR. MACHOVINA: The thought strikes me that in addition to the goal for +new members, we should also work to keep these members we have picked up +this year. That means the older members should contact the newer +members, help them, give them trees. Otherwise, a lot can be lost +quickly. + +PRESIDENT BEST: In this world no matter whether we are selling seed +corn--if you will pardon that little plug--or you are running a +restaurant or any form of human activity, you can figure each year about +a 10 per cent loss in your clientelle or your customers, whatever you +want to call them, and we of N.N.G.A. are no exception to that rule. We +do have to keep working for that replacement; otherwise, in 10 or 12 +years we are going to be out of business entirely. + +MR. KERR: I am a Spanish War veteran. At the national convention in +Portland, Oregon, in 1938, one of my comrades showed me a walnut tree +that he planted before he went to the Philippines during that war. It +was on the banks of the Willamette River where he had planted three +nuts. Two were so near the river that a log boom had torn them out, but +one was left. It was 80 feet high, four feet in diameter, and on one +occasion had produced almost a ton of very good nuts. + +I told that to the science editor of the Associated Press, and he put a +little article in the local paper, but no picture. If he had a picture +with that article, everybody would have read it. I think we need more +publicity on these old trees that are bearing nuts. I live in Plymouth, +Mass., where the Pilgrims settled. In their settlement papers they +mentioned the groves of walnuts and other wild nuts in the territory. We +found a low-branched walnut 5 feet in diameter and over 450 years old. + +MR. BROOK: Let me suggest Mr. Kerr write such an article for such a +magazine, because he is just the person. + +MR. KERR: I have already written a few articles for several men's clubs, +and I am writing another article. + +MR. BROOK: When are you releasing it? + +MR. KERR: Pretty soon. The Northern Nut Growers will get a copy. + +PRESIDENT BEST: The report of the Place of Meeting Committee, Mr. +Allaman? + +MR. ALLAMAN: A year ago this summer I went to Lancaster to visit the +Franklin Marshall College to see if we could hold our convention there +next year. They considered it quite an honor to have us there, feeling +that it is an educational feature. They can furnish us a nice auditorium +with a cafeteria nearby. Sleeping quarters would be scattered throughout +the grounds. They can furnish our meals and a banquet. About ten days +ago I checked to see if things were still all right, and they said, +"Come ahead," so I am suggesting that the Association hold its next +annual convention at Lancaster, Pa. at Franklin Marshall College. + +Our field trip at Lancaster would be to Mr. W. W. Posey's orchard. He +has by far the biggest planting in the state with trees of various ages +and many different varieties. He entertained the Pennsylvania group a +year ago. He has a nice pavilion up on the hill, where we can have our +lunch. We had a most enjoyable time, and he is delighted to have us. Mr. +Posey is owner of the Posey Iron Works in Lancaster. + +For 1955 we were thinking about Michigan, probably Michigan State +College. For the following year we were wondering about Connecticut. +Just the place in Connecticut has not been given any thought. + +Session adjourned. + + + + +MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION + + +PRESIDENT BEST: In the morning session Mr. Allaman proposed that we hold +our next convention in Lancaster, Pa. Is there a motion to that effect? + +MR. RICK: I move that our next meeting, 1954, be held in Lancaster +County, Pennsylvania. That is supposed to be one of the garden counties +in the country. It has stood first and second in production. I don't +know what it stands now, but it wouldn't be far from the top. It would +be most interesting to all our members, I am sure, to pay Lancaster +County a visit. Motion seconded by Mr. Ellis and passed. + +PRESIDENT BEST: According to the by-laws, we get a report of the +Nominating Committee at this time. We have our election at the last +business session. + +MR. SLATE: The Nominating Committee, consisting of Max Hardy as chairman +and some others, including myself, presents the following candidates: +For President, R. B. Best. For vice-president, Gilbert Becker; for +Treasurer, W. S. Clark; and for Secretary Spencer Chase. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Are there other nominations? (No response.) You will +have a chance for further nominations at our last business session. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Now, then, we have an opportunity to hear from a group +of what we might call authorities in their various fields. We have quite +an assortment. The only way I know of to express it is to say we have +the wise men out of the east and the wild men out of the west. I think +we first might hear from Mr. Kyhl of Sabula, Iowa. Mr. Kyhl, you come up +and give us your version of the nut business. + + + + +About Nuts + +IRA M. KYHL, _Sabula, Iowa_ + + +What we all have in mind at this time is nuts and more nuts. One way to +get them is to plant more nut trees. Why not start a campaign in this +direction? Where I live in the midwest the black walnut is at home and +likewise the hickory, hazel, etc. Farmers may be reluctant to set aside +acreage for this purpose but they could be planted along fence rows +around the entire farm and would produce shade for livestock, an +abundance of marketable nuts, and later a fortune in saw logs. The +average size farm of 160 acres could support a great many black walnuts +if planted along fence rows which ordinarily grow up to brush and weeds. +Seedlings are cheap or one could buy 2 or 3 bushels of Thomas nuts and +raise their own. One could also plant hickories, heartnuts, filberts and +chestnuts if variety is desired along fence rows, but the main thing is +to get this work started. We could no doubt get cooperation from County +Agents and Conservation Departments because of wind breaks and erosion +control. Farmers who could be induced to do this work would no doubt +become nut enthusiasts in due time. + +I feel that at this time it may be in line to pay a slight tribute to +our friend the squirrel. I wonder how many of us gave a thought as to +who was responsible for all of our wild trees, such as black walnuts, +butternuts, hickories, hazels and so forth, and how they came about. +The answer is simple, the squirrels, of course. They have been planting +nuts for centuries and without their good work in the past, there would +be very few wild nut trees. + +The squirrel has been wrongfully condemned for his apparently good work +and has even been cussed a little for living on the efforts of his own +labor, and due to my appreciation of his good work, I have grafted or +rather topworked some of the trees he planted to Persian walnuts, +pecans, etc., so that he may have more of a variety of nuts. Someday I +expect to have some of the largest and fattest squirrels in America. I +cover some of the choice varieties with stove pipe. They seem to take +the hint and don't bother the nuts. One more thing, there does +not seem to be enough nuts to go around, that is, enough for both the +squirrels and ourselves. So let's plant more trees so that the squirrels +can't possibly eat them all and when we have done that, then let's plant +a lot more. + +We now have many species of nuts and many varieties of each species, +many of which have proven hardy in cold climates. It is very encouraging +to note the good work that is being done to produce better and more +varieties. One very fine nut that doesn't seem to have had much work +done on it is the hard shell almond. It does very well for me, is +self-pollinating, bears very heavily, and can be grafted on peach stocks +with good results. I have also had very good success with Persian +walnuts, heartnuts, filberts, chestnuts, hickories, pecans, hazels and +black walnuts. + + + + +Natural Variation Observed in Shagbark Hickory, _Carya ovata_ (Mill.) K. +Koch. in Central New York + +DAVID H. CALDWELL, _N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y._ + + +The shagbark hickory has been extremely important in the economy of the +United States during its period of early development. The handles of the +axes which leveled extensive forested areas in Colonial days were +frequently made from sturdy hickory wood. The nuts furnished food for +man in the form of oil or nutmeats and often hogs were fattened on +hickory nuts, beechnuts and chestnuts. As settlement progressed, the +demand on hickory as wood for wagon parts increased while the use of the +thick-shelled nuts for food decreased except by the country boy or girl +who wandered from tree to tree in the fall collecting nuts for cracking +by the fireside in the wintertime. + +The author remembers bounding out of bed as a child in the fall before +dawn on the nights when there had been a frost or a heavy wind, in an +effort to beat the squirrels in the race to obtain the rich harvest of +hickory nuts to be found lying beneath the fine old trees near Herkimer, +N. Y. By some coincidence, both the boys and the squirrels knew of the +same trees which were most sought after for their crops of nuts. It was +at this time that the variability of hickory nuts was first observed. +Thus it was that the nuts of certain trees were never gathered, while +the grass beneath other favorite trees was gleaned carefully for all +fallen nuts. + +The present investigation of the shagbark began in the fall of 1949 and +continued through the summer of 1953. It was initiated with the previous +knowledge of the extreme variability to be observed between the nuts of +individual shagbark hickory trees and was conducted for the purpose of +determining whether or not that variability was also expressed through +other features of the tree such as buds, leaves, bark or form. +Consequently, a systematic study was begun of individual trees totaling +158 found mostly in Onondaga County, New York plus the edges of +surrounding counties. The trees were observed throughout the growing +season so that the various tree parts could be observed for comparison. +It was a preconceived idea by the author that there might be several or +more distinct subdivisions into which individuals of shagbark might be +placed through the use of macroscopic characters. + +Observations were made over a period of three growing seasons on the +following characters of each tree: + + (1) bark + (2) buds and twigs + (3) leaves + (4) flowers + (5) fruit + +Each character was observed more than once for each tree as a check on +possible yearly variation for specific characteristics in the trees from +which data was collected. + +The generalized description for shagbark hickory is as follows: + + SIZE--a tree ranging at maturity from 50 to 100+ feet in height, + generally 2 to 3 feet in diameter and very occasionally reaching 4 + feet in diameter. + + BARK--usually under 3/4 of an inch in thickness, occasionally up to + 1 inch thick with a characteristic light or smoky-gray color when + dry and breaking up into long plates or strips loosely attached to + the trunk near the middle of the plate. + + BUDS--terminal buds usually 3/8 to 3/4 of an inch long, subglobose + to narrowly ovate, with 8-10 imbricate scales, the outermost of + which are a blackish brown with dark brown tomentum, and a short + mucronate or attenuate apex, inner scales light brown with longer + lanate pubescence and apex acute to obtuse; lateral buds smaller, + about 1/4 of an inch with tightly appressed scales. + + TWIGS--angled or rounded, reddish brown to yellowish brown, or gray, + turning more or less gray with age; pubescent the first year. + + LEAVES--compound--ranging from 3-7 ovate to oblong lanceolate + leaflets, usually 5, terminal leaflet as large or larger than the + first two laterals, usually 4-8" long, generally glabrous on both + surfaces but with a finely serrate, ciliate margin; total leaf size + ranging from 8-15" for mature leaves. + + FLOWERS--(a) _female_--occurring in 2 to several flowered spikes, + with a one-celled ovary, about 1/4 to 1/3 inch long covered with + tomentum; flowers rusty to yellowish green in color; stigma with two + stigmatic lobes; bracts much longer than the lateral bractlets. (b) + _male_--in three parted or branched aments, each flower usually + containing 4 stamens with a 2 or a 3 lobed calyx; aments 3-4" long + with glandular hairs. + + FRUIT--oval, globose or pear shaped, consisting of a woody husk 1/4 + to 1/2" thick breaking usually along 4 lines of suture exposing a + flattened nut generally 4 ridged, smooth or slightly roughened; + usually white or cream in color, seed sweet with 2 cotyledons. + + +RESULTS OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS + + BARK--Most of the shagbark hickory trees observed were found to have + a smoke-gray, shaggy bark from 20 years of age to maturity. However, + among the 158 individual hickory trees observed, there were found 7 + trees which had a bark much more blackish than the normal shagbark + type and with closely furrowed bark consisting of inter-lacing scaly + ridges more similar in character to that of _Carya ovalis_ + (Wangenh.) Sarg. + + The trees found growing under timberland conditions rather than as + open field or hedgerow trees did not have the characteristic shaggy + bark except for the upper trunk which had been exposed to the + weather conditions of the forest canopy. Where the trunks of the + trees were somewhat protected from direct rays of the sun and force + of the wind, the bark was smooth, gray and but slightly plated with + none of the shagginess typical of open field grown shagbark. + + BUDS AND TWIGS--The buds of shagbark were observed to divide + themselves into two general groups based upon terminal bud shapes + and two more groups based upon the sizes of the attenuated apex of + the outermost bud scales. In all cases the bud scales were observed + to be pubescent though the degree of pubescence varied considerably + in the outer scales only. + + The two general bud shapes were globose-ovate and narrowly + elliptical. The broadly oval (Fig. 1a) type of buds were smaller, + generally under 1/2 inch in length while the elliptical (Fig. 1b) + type of buds were usually over 1/2 inch in length. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1a Fig. 1b + +Shagbark Hickory Terminal Buds (1-X)] + +The long attenuated apex on the outer bud scales of the elliptical type +of buds is evident in Figs. 1b and 2b. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2a Fig. 2b + +Shagbark Hickory Terminal Bud Scales (1-X)] + +The number of lateral buds at one position varied considerably with the +usual number being one (Fig. 3a) bud located just above the lobed leaf +scar. On exceedingly vigorous sprout growth, or on very vigorous +terminal growth twigs, it was found that 2, 3, 4 and occasionally 5 +superposed buds might occur (Fig. 3b). + +Twigs of shagbark varied considerably both in the rapidity of growth and +in color. Frequently the color seemed to be associated with the incident +rays of the sun and orientation of the twig on the branch seemed to +largely control color. + +Twigs upon the same tree would vary from gray to reddish brown to +yellowish brown or tan. The majority of observed trees had a reddish +brown as the predominant color. Terminal shoot growth of as much as 40 +inches was observed and as little as 2-3 inches in very slowly growing +mature trees. + +[Illustration: Fig. 3a Fig. 3b + +Shagbark Hickory Lateral Buds (1-X)] + +[Illustration: Fig. 4a Fig. 4b + +Shagbark Hickory Leaves (1/3X)] + +The degree of pubescence on the surface of the twigs varied considerably +and was found to frequently follow group location patterns. Thus nearly +all of the individuals growing in one field might be found with dense +pubescence on the twigs while a similar group several miles away might +have, for all practical purposes, no pubescence on the twigs. In +general, the most rapidly growing trees (or twigs) had the least amount +of pubescence on the twigs. + +LEAVES--There was extreme variability found with the leaves of the 158 +individual trees observed. All trees were found to have compound leaves, +but the leaflet numbers varied greatly. The typical number for shagbark +is 5, but 3 to 7 were found; three leaflets were common, 5 were abundant +and 7 leaflets were rare. Six cases of leaves with 7 leaflets were +obtained from the vast number of leaves checked on the 158 trees; thus +the frequency of occurrence is quite low for the group as a whole. Where +7 leaflets were observed, 5 of the leaves were normal pinnately compound +leaves (Fig. 4a), while one leaf consisted of five palmately arranged +leaflets plus two normal pinnately compound leaflets (Fig. 4b). The +leaflets on each tree were fairly uniform in shape but the shape of +leaflets between trees varied considerably. Thus one tree might have 5 +leaflets quite broadly ovate to obovate in shape while another equally +valid shagbark would be found with narrowly elliptical to lanceolate +leaflets similar to those of red hickory (oval pignut hickory), _Carya +ovalis_ (Wangenh.) Sarg. + +[Illustration: Fig. 5a Fig. 5b Fig. 5c + +Shagbark Hickory Fruits (1/2X)] + +The margins of the leaflets were generally finely serrate and disposed +to be ciliate--i.e. with a fringe of hairs along the serrate margins. +The presence of cilia tend to differentiate shagbark hickory from red +hickory in the field. This feature is a consistently good one if a hand +lens is available but the degree of ciliation varies considerably from +tree to tree and during different parts of the growing season. The +presence of cilia on the margin of the leaflets should not be used as a +means of differentiating shagbark from shellbark hickory, _Carya +lacinoisa_ (Michx. f.) Loud., since shellbark also has a ciliate margin +on the leaflets. + +FLOWERS--The female flowers of shagbark are found on short 1 to 5 +flowered spikes produced on the current season's growth. Most of the +flowers are around 1/3" long, sessile and covered with a tawny tomentum. +Each flower tends to have two yellowish green stigmatic lobes but +three-lobed stigmas may be found and one case of a 4-lobed stigma was +observed. Various amounts of an amber, or yellow scurfy, substance was +also observed on the new flowers. The male flowers occur on 3 parted, +slender, glandular-hairy aments from the basal portion of the current +season's growth. The aments are usually 3-4 inches long with individual +flowers consisting of 4 stamens with their surrounding bract and calyx +lobes. The anthers are yellowish or greenish yellow. Occasionally a two +branched ament may be found but this seems to occur when one branch of +the ament has failed to develop due to an injury of some sort. One case +of an unbranched ament was observed. + +Both female and male flowers are found to be mature after the leaves +have grown to nearly their fully expanded mature size. There are more +male aments to be found on the lower branches than female spikes of +flowers, which would tend to aid in cross pollination of the flowers by +wind action. In general the stigmatic lobes are not quite mature at the +time that the bulk of the pollen is being shed, yet individual trees, at +a considerable distance from another pollen bearing shagbark tree, will +bear considerable quantities of nuts indicating self fertility. + +FRUIT--The husk of the shagbark is extremely variable in size, shape, +thickness and opening habits. In general the husk consists of 4 segments +which split along 4 sutures and fall apart at maturity dropping the nut +to the ground. In many cases the husk falls to the ground with the nut +and does not break apart until it reaches the ground. A few of the trees +examined had husks which were not quite deciduous to the base and were +retained on the tree until after the nut had been released. One tree +among the 158 examined consistently had a 5 parted husk. + +The husks varied considerably in thickness, the dried measurements +ranging from 1/8 to 1/2 inch with the bulk of the measurements averaging +around 1/4" thick. Two trees had husks so thin as to be more typical of +red hickory while only 6 trees had husks 1/2 inch thick or more. + +The overall shape of the husk around the nut ranged from globose (Fig. +5a) to ovoid (Fig. 5b) to obovate (Fig. 5c). + +It would seem that the shape of the nut enclosed within the husk might +be predetermined by examination of the husk itself. The obovate husk +shape could most frequently be depended on to produce either elliptical +or obovate nuts but this was not an absolute certainty. The thickness of +the husk effectively concealed the true shape of the nut beneath; the +thinnest husks most nearly conforming to the true nut shape. + +The size of the mature shagbark hickory nut and husk ranged from as +small as one inch in a tree which had a seed barely 3/8" wide to as +large as 2-1/4 inches. The size of husk and nut is variable and adjacent +trees which may have developed from the same parent seldom have similar +nuts in the area examined. + +The nut itself exhibited the greatest variability of all features +examined on the test trees. These trees exhibited striking +dissimilarities in: + + (1) nut size + (2) nut shape + (3) shell color + (4) thickness of shell + (5) sweetness or palatability of nutmeat. + +One tree was discovered with a nut which might have caused a taxonomist +to coin the name _Carya ovata_ var. _microcarpa_ due to the very small +dimensions of about 3/8 x 3/8 x 3/4 inches in width, thickness and +depth. Even the squirrels of the area did not feel that this tree +deserved their attention The largest nut +obtained had overall dimensions of 1 x 3/4 x 1 inches in width, +thickness and depth. The majority of average sized nuts were roughly 3/4 +x 1/2 x 3/4 inches. + +The nut shapes have fallen into a general pattern which include the +following normal types: + + Type A--The normal 4 angled nut, nearly rectangular in cross section + (Fig. 6a). + + Type B--An elliptical form, nearly oval in cross section (Fig. 6b). + + Type C--A smooth oval nut, oval or elliptical in cross section (Fig. + 6c). + + Type D--An obovate nut, oval to angled in cross section (Fig. 6d). + + Type E--A fat globose nut, broadly oval to orbicular in cross + section (Fig. 6e). + +[Illustration: Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E + +Fig. 6a Fig. 6b Fig. 6c Fig. 6d Fig. 6e + +Normal Fruit Forms of Shagbark Hickory (1X)] + +[Illustration: Type F Type G Type H + +Fig. 6f Fig. 6g Fig. 6h + +Abnormal Fruit Forms of Shagbark Hickory (1X)] + +In addition to the afore mentioned 5 normal types, three abnormal types +were encountered: + + Type F--A smooth or angled nut, triangular in cross section--found + in the same trees as normal nut forms (Fig. 6f). + + Type G--A smooth or angled nut square in cross section--found + on the same trees as normal nut forms (Fig. 6g). + + Type H--A Siamese twin form occurring very rarely on the same + trees as other normal forms (Fig. 6h). + +Type A was the commonest form of nut found in the Onondaga County area. +It roughly exceeded Types B, D and E by a 2:1 ratio. Type C exceeded +Types B, D and E with a ratio of about 7:5 in frequency of occurrence. +Types B and D were the two most easily cracked nut forms when using a +hammer and anvil for a cracking device. It should be noted at this time +that _all_ of the abnormal fruit types were found in _conjunction with_ +normal fruit types. Thus, one individual tree used as a collection might +produce _both_ a normal nut type (A, B, C, D or E) _and_ an abnormal nut +type (F, G or H). Occasionally a few nuts in a collection from one tree +might be classed as a _second_ normal type. This was rare however (5 +cases) and only occurred in "borderline trees" which were then +classified and recorded as per the dominant nut type for the tree. It +should be noted here that the nut type did _not_ vary from year to year +for the trees examined. Also the frequency of nut crops varied +considerably; less than 1/4 of the sample trees produced nuts each year. +Most of the trees produced crops in alternate years, and a very few have +not fruited in the third year following a heavy nut crop. + + The 158 trees examined provided the following distribution by fruit types: + ---------------+------------------+-------------------------------- + | Number of | Number of abnormal types found + Fruit Type | Individual Trees | in conjunction with + | | normal types + -----------+---+------------------+-------------------------------- + | | | F G H + -----------+---+------------------+-------------------------------- + Normal | A | 54 | 5 2 1 + | B | 23 | 2 1 + | C | 36 | 1 2 + | D | 21 | 7 1 + | E | 24 | 4 1 + -----------|---+------------------+-------------------------------- + | | 158 collections | + -----------+---+------------------+-------------------------------- + Abnormal | F | 15 | 15 + | G | 8 | 8 + | H | 4 | 4 + ---------------+------------------+-------------------------------- + 27 collections + +Shell color of the nuts varied between a brownish white and a pinkish +white color when fully dried. From the trees used as a sample, there +were 14 which might be classed in the brownish white categories, and the +remainder (144) as pinkish white or creamy white. Types B and C were the +ones which most frequently were found with the brownish white nutshell +color. Type A was typically pinkish or creamy white in color. + +Nutshell thickness varied somewhat. In all but 2 cases, the nuts were +too hard to crack with the teeth. The thin-shelled ones are +_comparatively_ thin only, being about like paper-shelled pecans with +the shell thinnest on the sides of the nut. It is not suggested that +these two thin-shelled nuts be exploited as paper-shelled shagbarks +since they are poorly formed nuts and of small size. One of the two +trees might be a hybrid since it does not have a ciliate leaflet margin +although the buds, bark and leaves are typical of shagbark hickory. The +minimum shell thickness observed for the side of the nut was 1/2 a +millimeter (0.5 mm.) and the thickest was 2.0 millimeters. As previously +stated, nut types B and D (the elliptical and obovate nut forms) were +the easiest to crack. Nut type A was the most difficult and had +generally the thickest shell. + +The seed coat color range was from a light tan to a bronze color. The +seed itself was in all cases sweet although certain of the nuts had a +more pleasing taste than others. The nuts eventually became rancid +though 3 years of storage in a heated room did not cause the bulk of the +test samples to change in flavor. This is unlike the pecan which, stored +in the same room with the hickory nuts, became rancid by the following +year after collection. + + +Summary of Observations + +The following observations concerning shagbark hickory may be made from +this study: + + (1) The buds of shagbark fall into 2 classes based on bud shape, (1) + globose-ovate and (2) elliptical, the latter being the largest bud + as a rule. + + (2) The buds of shagbark fall into 2 classes based upon the length + of the attenuated apex of the outer bud scales. The elliptical form + of bud consistently had the longest drawn out apex. + + (3) Normal buds of shagbark occur singly on the twigs above the + lobed leaf scar; however, 2, 3 or 4 superposed buds may occur on + very fast grown sprouts or terminal shoots of vigorously growing + trees. + + (4) The twigs of shagbark are pubescent but range in degrees from + almost none to densely pubescent. The fastest grown twigs are apt to + be the least pubescent. + + (5) Leaves are compound with 3-5 leaflets commonly found and 7 + leaflets rarely found. + + (6) Leaflet shapes varied from tree to tree being ovate, obovate or + elliptical. + + (7) Leaflet margins with one exception were more or less ciliate. + + (8) Most female flowers of shagbark have 2 stigmatic lobes, however, + 3 stigmatic lobes resulting in triangular nuts are not uncommon. + + (9) The typical male ament is three branched but one and two + branched aments have been observed. + + (10) The husk of shagbark varies in thickness from 1/8 inch to 1/2 + inch in thickness when dry. The usual husk is 4-parted but one tree + bore 5-parted husks consistently. + + The average husk thickness is around 1/4 inch. + + (12) There are three general fruit shapes, (1) globose, (2) ovoid + and (3) obovate. + + (13) There are at least 5 general types of normal nut shapes for + Onondaga County, N. Y. as listed in the text of this paper. + + (14) Three abnormal nut types were also encountered growing + concurrently with the normal types. + + (15) Nutshell color varied from brownish to creamy white. The darker + colors were generally associated with the elliptical, oval or + obovate nut forms. + + (16) Nutshell thickness varied between 1/2 and 2 millimeters; the + more angled the nut, the thicker the shell. + + (17) All of the hickory nuts tested had sweet, edible seeds. The + seed coats varied from a light tan to a bronze in color. + + +Conclusions + +Within the single species of nut tree called shagbark hickory, _Carya +ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch., in central New York, there exists a great +degree of diversity. However, in spite of these differences, the +examined sample trees may be placed without a question in their proper +genus and species and the author would venture the opinion that the +advisability of placing variety names on portions of the species is a +doubtful and hazardous procedure until much more is known concerning the +species than is known at present. + +MR. PAPE: This paper is the result of the fact that some of us down in +Indiana are losing 75 to 95 per cent of our hickory crop each year by +the curculio, and what we are trying to do is work up a little interest +with this paper, so at the conclusion of this we can get a discussion +started and learn the experiences of other people. Maybe you will be +able to help us down in Indiana. + + + + +The Control of the Hickory Weevil (Curculio caryae) + +EDWARD W. PAPE, _Marion, Indiana_ + + +It is our thought that if some effort were made to bring to this +assembly, a digest of what has been done to control the Hickory weevil, +we might arouse enough interest to carry on some experiments. + +If, at the conclusion of this paper, we can get enough discussion, we +will be able to avail ourselves of the knowledge and experiences of +others who have made attempts to control this pest, it would be to our +advantage. + +The Pecan weevil of the south and the Hickory weevil are identical and +we learn the following from the experiments carried out by G. F. +Moznette, Bureau of Entomology, U.S.D.A. + +Pecan weevil damage is of two types--(1) that resulting from attack +before the shell-hardening period in July and August and causing all +affected nuts to drop, and (2) that resulting from attack after kernel +formation and usually causing the shuck of infested nuts to stick tight +to the shell instead of opening normally. Weevil-injured nuts of the +second type contain grubs which destroy the kernels, or they contain +holes about one-eighth inch in diameter which mature grubs have bored +and through which they escaped after destroying the kernels. The first +type of damage often passes unnoticed and is due to the feeding of early +emerging weevils, which puncture the immature nuts with their long +lancelike beaks to feed on the juices within. Since all nuts punctured +in this way before the shell-hardening period drop to the ground, the +entire crop may be lost if weevils are abundant and the crop is light. +Such damage may be heavy even when a large crop is attacked. The second +type of damage is generally noticeable at harvest-time in October and +November, and in seasons when large numbers of weevils have been present +practically the entire crop may be wormy at harvest. + +Since the weevils do not feed very much on the outer surface of +developing pecan nuts, stomach poisons applied to trees have been of +little practical value in control. In 1944, however, laboratory tests +showed that DDT could kill the adults, and that it was worthy of field +trial. + +Field tests were made at Fort Valley, Georgia, with DDT and the +conclusions drawn from these tests show that the effectiveness of two +applications of DDT at the rate of 6 pounds of a 50-percent wettable +powder to 100 gallons of water in reducing harvest infestations to 1 +percent gives rise to the hope that this treatment, applied for several +seasons, will eliminate a pecan weevil infestation in an orchard, or +will reduce it to such an extent that spraying every year will not be +necessary. + +The time of the first application of DDT cannot be based on the time of +the first drop of nuts, because other pecan insects also cause the nuts +to drop during July and August. However, pecan growers who wish to make +the effort can time the first application accurately by spreading a +sheet on the ground beneath an infested tree and lightly jarring the +branches to dislodge the weevils. When the weevils are disturbed they +fall and "play possum" and can be easily collected. When a minimum of +six weevils can be taken by jarring the branches on any one tree, it is +time to make the first application. + +While the above will probably give an indication as to what can be done, +using DDT to control the Hickory weevil, for those who have large +plantings and can afford the expensive spraying equipment necessary, it +will be necessary to look farther for control methods for the small +orchard, where expensive equipment is not feasible. + +The following is part of a letter from Dr. C. C. Compton, Entomologist +for the Julius Hyman and Company. + +"It is our thought that since DIELDRIN is so highly toxic to +Curculionids it might be possible to take advantage of the habits of +this insect and control it by spraying the soil surface. The larval +stage of this insect leaves the nuts and enters the soil sometime in the +fall. It is believed that the larvae penetrate the soil rather deeply, +to a depth of perhaps a foot or more and remain in the soil over winter. +In the spring or early summer the larvae transform to adults and emerge +to lay their eggs. In some regions at least the adults do not emerge +until the second year after the larvae enter the ground. + +It is our thought that if DIELDRIN was applied to the surface of the +soil that many of the larvae would be killed upon entering the soil or +would be killed at some later time when the adults emerge. + +Dr. C. L. Fluke at the University of Wisconsin has been working for the +past several years with DIELDRIN applied as an orchard spray for the +control of plum curculio. In Dr. Fluke's work he applied the DIELDRIN to +the orchard floor or cover. He has had some very promising results. Dr. +Fluke has used two application rates, namely, six pounds and three +pounds of DIELDRIN per acre. Since he obtained a high degree of control +at the three pound level, it would seem worthwhile to investigate the +possibilities of applying even a lower rate, say one and a half pounds +per acre. In Dr. Fluke's work he applied the DIELDRIN to the soil in the +orchard using a DIELDRIN emulsifiable concentrate containing one and a +half pounds per gallon. + +DIELDRIN is now available impregnated on a 30-60 mesh attapulgus clay. +Such formulations are now available containing 5%, 10%, and 15% +DIELDRIN. The DIELDRIN granules would appear to have certain advantages +over liquid sprays where the grove has considerable ground cover. A high +percentage of the insecticide is retained by the cover and does not +reach the soil. The 30-60 mesh granules have the advantage of +penetrating even the densest cover and their application results in a +maximum deposit of the insecticide on the soil surface. + +Groves or orchards under cultivation can be sprayed or treated with the +granules. In either case it is advisable to disc the insecticide into +the soil following application. + +The granules are free flowing and can be applied quite readily with any +fertilizer or distributor. + +Without any field experience to go by it would seem that a 5% 30-60 mesh +DIELDRIN granule formulation would be most convenient to use. By using a +5% DIELDRIN granule material you would obtain a dosage of 1-1/2 pound of +actual DIELDRIN per acre by applying 30 pounds of granules per acre. +Likewise, 60 pounds of the granules per acre would give a dosage of 3 +pound of DIELDRIN. On the basis of work done with DIELDRIN for the +control of the Japanese beetle, 3 pounds of DIELDRIN per acre will +control this insect for more than 5 years. While it is not safe to +assume that we could expect the same results in the case of the Hickory +weevil, it does give us something to go by." + +It seems likely that the foregoing will create some interest and that by +the time of the next annual meeting we should have the results from the +use of DIELDRIN to control the Hickory weevil. + +MR. PAPE: It is my thought now if we could get a little discussion here +concerning what some of you have been doing to control this pest, we +might get somewhere, or at least get enough suggestions or get enough +parties interested to carry on some experiments in different parts of +the country. + +MR. SILVIS: What company makes Dieldrin? + +MR. PAPE: Julius Hyman Company is the one that sent the most literature +and Shell Corporation local agents handle it. Also in Indiana the Farm +Bureau Cooperative store handles it. The cost in small quantities is two +pounds for 85 cents. + +MR. KYHL: Is Dieldrin poison? + +MR. PAPE: It's poison like all of these modern sprays, but it isn't as +dangerous as Parathion. + +MR. STOKE: In Virginia I have had no experience with DDT, except with +chestnut, and it takes three sprays at two-week intervals to control the +pest. + +DR. GRAVES: What time of the year? + +MR. STOKE: Apply the last spray about two weeks before the nuts ripen. +That means, with us, starting in late July. You have to figure it for +your own region. + +MR. GRAVATT: There is literature available from the Bureau of Entomology +in Washington on spraying to control pecan and chestnut weevils. They +have done quite a bit of research on it. + +MR. STOKE: If this ground treatment is effective, I'd like to try it. +It's a lot easier. + +MR. PAPE: That would be very nice if you would repeat the work in +Virginia. I know that the Pecan Growers will work on the problem in the +South. If we could get work done in the Central States, it would be an +advantage for all of us. + +MR. STOKE: In my area the control of the pest is complicated by the +presence of the chinquapin. + +PRESIDENT BEST: We have a surprise feature this afternoon. Dr. Graves of +the Connecticut Experiment station, who, as you know, is the father of a +lot of this work on chestnuts, has consented to discuss with us certain +new procedures that he used in grafting chestnuts. + +DR. GRAVES: We have worked with this method of inarching blighted +chestnuts so long and found it so successful that I felt it my duty to +tell you people something about it. It's really a method of cure for the +blight on Oriental chestnuts and their hybrids. I have not found it to +work well on the American chestnut. + +Now, suppose we have our tree, with a blighted area on the trunk. I am +assuming that the blight starts near the base of the tree as it usually +does. + +When you see it, you cut it out with a sharp knife removing the bark to +the wood. Blighted trees send up shoots from the base, below the +blighted bark. So you take one of these shoots, sharpen it at the top +and insert this sharpened tip under the healthy bark at the top of the +blighted area. The shoot should be a little longer than the blighted +area so that you can get a spring to the shoot as you push its tip in +between the bark and the trunk. Even if it goes up above and breaks the +bark a little bit, it doesn't matter. This inarched shoot renews the +connection between the leaves and the roots across the blighted area. + +You know the leaves make the food of the tree, which goes down in the +bark to the roots. The reason blight kills these trees is that it begins +to girdle and sometimes does girdle the tree and destroys the connection +between the leaves and the roots, so the roots eventually die. But by +this method of inarching you restore that connection between leaves and +roots. + +Now, you'd be surprised to see how well that's worked with us. We tried +it first in 1937. We have been doing it now for 16 years. Every spring +we take our trees that show the blight, our hybrids and Oriental +chestnuts, and inarch, and the whole thing doesn't take more than a few +minutes. Then after our shoot is inarched here, we tie it with +old-fashioned string. The tips of the inarched grafts should be covered +with grafting wax or paraffin. + +The scion will probably send out shoots which should be removed. And +another thing, cut the string when you know the graft has taken above. + +If the blighted area is higher up in the tree, you can use bridge graft. +This, you can see, is a kind of bridge grafting. But in bridge grafting, +the scion must be anchored in the bark both above and below the lesion. + +As I say, we have cured our hybrids. There doesn't need to be anybody +losing a Chinese chestnut tree ever, using this method. No sense in it. +You can usually do this grafting in the spring about April when the +leaves and the buds are beginning to show their green. + +Any questions? + +MR. DAVIDSON: You say you paint the wood? + +DR. GRAVES: Yes, with any ordinary paint. There is a tree wood paint, I +know, that's better, but we use ordinary paint. + +Meeting adjourned at 4:50 o'clock, p.m. + + + + +MONDAY EVENING SESSION + +"What's Your Problem?"--Round Table Discussion + +_Moderator_: J. W. McKay + +_Panel_: J. C. McDaniel, D. C. Snyder, Jesse D. Diller, Stephen Bernath + + +DR. MCKAY: In these panel discussions the moderator usually lays a +little background as an introduction to the subject of the evening. This +title came from a conversation with Dr. Crane. We were talking about +people asking questions about their problems, and decided to have a +panel discussion. Right there we chose the title, "What's your problem?" + +All of us have problems to deal with in every walk of life. We run up +against difficulties, and usually much of our time is taken up in +solving or coping with them. At Beltsville we answer a great many +letters, and a great many people ask us about their problems. In +answering problems, we push the industry forward, because we remove +something that is holding it back. + +Sometimes the answer to a problem is found by trying to analyze our +successes. In growing nut trees we may have an unusually good crop on a +particular variety or tree. The question is, why does that tree bear +well that particular year, and very frequently it is difficult to +understand why. It is very difficult, for example, in the case of one +success, to repeat that success, because the second time you try to do +it, something else comes in, and you probably have a failure and, well, +you don't know why. It is frequently very difficult to analyze our +successes. Another way of stating it is, of course, that our successes +are often Nature's gift, and we do not know the factors and the forces +that go into that gift. + +I want to digress here just a little bit by quoting one thing that Mr. +Best said. I wish, by the way, that we could incorporate some of his +homey philosophy into some of our minutes so as to really benefit by +some of his remarks. I was impressed this morning by his statement in +dealing with a "fairyland of nuts," you remember that language he used, +"no diseases, no insects, no failures." + +DR. MACDANIEL: No squirrels. + +DR. MCKAY: Wouldn't that be wonderful? I was impressed with another +thing he said; I wrote it down here: "People are not going to break down +with emotion when we talk about the old hollow tree down in the corner +of the pasture where the 'possums were hatched." Language like that, to +me, strikes a very harmonious note. I want to continue this digression a +little to consider the fact that all of us, in a sense, are hobbyists in +nut growing. + +Hobbies in this day and age are coming to be more important all the +time, because of the fast pace at which we live. We need to leave our +regular duties once in a while and get out in the garden or the forest +where we can observe nature and get away from some of the stresses and +strains that modern living places upon us. + +On this trip we were taking a hike along the north rim of Grand Canyon +in an organized nature walk. The trees, bushes and flowers were all +labelled right down the walk, and we came to this little poem on a +regulation label. It goes like this: + + "If you keep your nose to the grindstone rough, + And you keep it there long enough, + You will cease to hear the birds that sing, + And the brooks that babble in early spring, + And finally all that your world will compose, + Will be the grindstone and your poor, old nose." + +So that little poem strikes a real note about a person's hobby. You keep +your nose to the grindstone, you will forget all these things. You need +to get away from the grindstone once in a while. I don't mean to neglect +your work, but I do mean to at least take a little time to go out and +look at your trees and forget your troubles and relax and get away from +the stresses and strains that modern living places on us. + +Going back now to the subject; we asked you, through the Nutshell and +through members of the Program Committee, to send in the biggest problem +in connection with whatever nut species you grow. + +The seventeen replies received included eight problems as follows: (1) +brooming disease of walnut; (2) early vegetating particularly of +Carpathian walnut and frost damage resulting therefrom; (3) delayed +fruiting of chestnut seedlings; (4) season too short for ripening of +fruit; (5) squirrels get the nuts; (6) failure of hicans to set fruit; +(7) grafting problems under which are grouped all asexual propagation +and cuttings; and, finally, (8) getting hickory trees established. + +This is a rather low number, but I think out of those eight problems +submitted you have a good representation of some of the things about +which members of this Association talk when they come to meetings. I +will first ask the audience if there is any one who would like to ask a +particular question at this time. + +MR. BECKER: At the Weber planting at Rockport, Indiana last year, we saw +no nuts on the trees. I would like to know what is the cause for those +trees not bearing. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I would think that failure to bear was caused by a +combination of things; lack of soil fertility, in the first place, soil +physical conditions, probably insect damage and diseases like +anthracnose keeping the trees from being vigorous, overcrowding now, +with many of them, and perhaps to some extent genetic, some varieties +that just naturally don't fruit very heavily. + +DR. McKAY: Any others in the audience care to comment on that question? + +MR. STOKE: Weather conditions, freezing may have caused it. + +DR. MACDANIELS: My impression was that the trees were starving to death. +Cutting down the competition with the weeds and feeding them nitrate +would help. + +DR. MCKAY: I think most members felt there that the trees were probably +crowding each other. + +MR. BECKER: They had never borne, had they? + +MR. WILKINSON: I don't like to comment on it. My opinion is it's due to +the undergrowth under the trees. Keeping the circulation of the air to +the roots of the trees has an effect on its non-bearing. Up until they +quit cultivating and pasturing the orchard, it bore, but after they +quit, production stopped. There is a two- or three-year growth of grass +and weeds, a mat on the ground, and I think it's a lack of air to the +roots of the trees. + +DR. MCKAY: Mr. Wilkinson, I heard the question raised as to whether the +orchard had ever produced heavily or not. Can you answer that? + +MR. WILKINSON: Yes, it certainly did for several years. As long as it +was cared for, it was a heavy producer. + +DR. MCKAY: How long ago was that, could you say? + +MR. WILKINSON: That's been eight years and farther back. Nothing has +been done for it in the past eight years. + +MR. BEST: May I make a comment? Last year in our part of the country, +which is a little bit west of the orchard we are talking about, we had +almost zero weather in November before the leaves were off of the trees, +and I felt that that took all the buds off our trees. We didn't have any +nuts even on varieties that would bear every year. There are hardly any. +And I think that cold freeze in the fall before the buds really got +ready for it did a lot of damage. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I believe that was a factor in the light walnut crop in +that area last year, though some trees did bear. + +DR. MCKAY: Of course, I think many of us fail to realize that a tree is +a thing that's confined to one spot, and when it fills the ground with +feeding roots and mines the soil of all nutrients near it, it's stymied, +so to speak, until we give it some more food. Isn't that right, Dr. +Crane. + +DR. CRANE: That's right. + +DR. MCKAY: And trees, when they reach out as far as they can and can't +get any more food and no more leaves are allowed to fall on the ground, +nature doesn't add any nutrients anymore, naturally, those trees are in +a bad way and will continue to be until fertilizer is applied in some +way. + +A MEMBER: I'd like to trim my Persian walnuts so I can walk under the +lowest limb. Does that have an adverse effect upon the bearing of the +tree? + +MR. BERNATH: I don't think that's good, to trim them too high. I think +the lower the tree the better it handles all along. Take the fruit +growers, they aim to have the trees as low as possible to make picking +and spraying easy. If you prune a tree, especially the Persian walnut, +too much, it will have a bad effect on the tree. + +DR. McKAY: What about the effect on bearing? + +MR. BERNATH: You won't have fruit for several years until the tree +recovers what it has lost in foliage. + +MR. KINTZEL: I have followed the orchards in California, and I have +noticed they follow the practice of leaving the lower branches on the +trees, and I have noticed that the lower branches have a lot of nuts on +them, also. The branches are hanging down on the ground. + +MR. KERR: In France and Germany, they are crazy to get wood, and so they +cut off all the low limbs. I have a Persian walnut that is beside the +walk, and they cut off the low limbs because they hit the sidewalk. This +year I got a tremendous crop. + +MR. SILVIS: I think this man has a tree that he wants to walk under. +Under these circumstances he can cut off the low limbs. I agree with Mr. +Bernath, however, that it will reduce the crop for two or three years. + +MR. BERNATH: Yes, but he should start pruning when the tree is young. A +tree is just like a child: you have to start to train them while they +are young. + +MR. STOKE: You must consider the tree at all ages. In the young tree Mr. +Bernath is right, it will produce sooner if you leave all the leaves on. +But we must consider the mature tree. The branches that are low to the +ground have to have the sunlight and if they do not get it they become +practically barren during later years. If the lower branches are cut +back when they are young and the tree headed higher, the Persian walnut +will have a trunk, say, 10 feet to 14 feet to the first limb, but these +will produce walnuts ultimately. I think the gentleman is right in +having the tree pruned high enough to walk under, and he will get more +nuts in the long run than if he lets the lower limbs develop and then +eventually cut them down. + +DR. MACDANIEL: We had an example of that with that huge black walnut tree +with black walnuts starting out 30 feet in the air arching down and +touching the ground. But you wouldn't want to do that immediately with a +young tree, take all the branches up so high. + +A MEMBER: Do you have any control for the stink bug on filberts? + +DR. MCKAY: We haven't worked with the control of stink bug, because it +is what might be classed as one of our minor problems. The damage is not +so great but what we can overlook it at the present time. + +DR. CRANE: In pecan and almond growing in California the effective +control measure for stink bug is the elimination of the host plants on +which the stink bug breeds. Peach growers have the same problem. Stink +bug will, if allowed to multiply in a peach orchard, ruin the peaches, +making injuries very similar to that caused by the plum curculio. The +only satisfactory method of control of stink bug injury is to eliminate +the host plants on which they live, such as most legume plants, +blackberry briars and other brambles. In an orchard, in a grass sod, +stink bug is no problem, but where we have soy beans or cow peas or +something like that growing in the orchard, or we have blackberry briars +or wild raspberries nearby, stink bug is a bad problem. + +DR. GRAVATT: I have filbert trees, and the stink bug gets practically +all the nuts. The entomologists looked into the situation, and the +condition that Dr. Crane mentioned was borne out. If there are +blackberries around, it will be quite a problem to control the stink +bugs. + +DR. MCKAY: Now I am going to take up the problems that have been sent in +by mail. The one dealing with early vegetating and frost damage to +Persian walnuts was sent in by the most people. + +Mr. Snyder lives in a fairly cold country. I am going to ask him to give +us his ideas on this problem and what might be done with it. + +MR. SNYDER: I am not qualified to discuss that problem, because we can't +do anything much with Carpathian walnuts. We do have some grafted this +year, and we will have one, in particular, Carpathian, No. 5--I don't +know where it got that number--Crath No. 5, I believe it is, on a young +grafted black walnut tree which is ripening up almost ahead of the black +walnut, and both have made a remarkable growth. But so far as the spring +is concerned, I don't know how they will come out. + +DR. MCKAY: Mr. Bernath, what are your views? You live in a fairly cold +area. You propagate Persian walnuts. What is your opinion of this +problem? + +MR. BERNATH: Well, there is a way to help that situation. After the +ground freezes, keep that ground frozen. That will delay the growth of +that tree, if you have the time and patience to keep the ground frozen. + +MR. SNYDER: I don't believe it. + +MR. BERNATH: Yes, it will. + +DR. MCKAY: It seems to me we have a difference of opinion here between +Mr. Snyder and Mr. Bernath. The question is this: During a warm spell in +the spring will a tree with frozen roots grow up here in the air. That's +the question. + +(There was a chorus of "yes"es from the audience). + +MR. STOKE: I would say that one good solution is to select late +vegetating varieties. Mr. Oakes in a report to me on the blooming habits +of Persian walnuts, stated that the variety Schaeffer did not start +growth until the 29th of April. That is almost four weeks later than +most other varieties. And I know from the tabulations that I have made +that some varieties are weeks ahead of others. So let's select the late +varieties that are good and worthwhile and plant those. + +In my section our latest spring frost averages the 20th of April, and +yet I have several varieties that do not bloom until after the first of +May. That's the ideal condition. + +DR. MCKAY: That's true, Mr. Stoke, but here is another point to +consider. Persian walnuts have a short cold requirement, you know that. +Hence, in February or early March or any time, even in January, when we +have a warm spell of a week or ten days or even shorter, sap will rise +in the trees, and they will start to grow. + +MR. STOKE: Not all. In plants of some varieties new growth will hardly +start. + +DR. MCKAY: Perhaps you may have varieties that will not start, but the +tendency is to start. + +MR. STOKE: If you have one with that early tendency, cut it out. + +DR. MCKAY: I'd like to get back to this opinion here on the question of +frozen ground, dormant roots and the effect it has on the top of the +tree. Now, how about our academicians over here, Dr. MacDaniels or Dr. +Crane. Let's hear from one of you. + +DR. MACDANIELS: It is my opinion that with a walnut tree of good size +the frozen ground would have little or no effect on the buds starting +growth. The twigs and the trunk would warm up to the temperature of the +air, and when that happens growth occurs. Water is available from that +in the trunk and the deeper roots. This would happen regardless of how +the surface roots were treated. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Or whether the tree had any roots on at the time. + +DR. MACDANIELS: The best solution to the frost damage problem is to find +trees which vegetate late enough to avoid the spring frosts. Somewhere +on this terrestrial globe there must be some, because I remember years +ago J. F. Jones sent out some Persian walnuts of Chinese origin. I +planted three, and they did not start any growth until about the first +of July, and they were still growing strong when frost hit them in the +fall. Now, somewhere in between these extremes, somewhere in the +climatic analogue of our region we will find Persian walnuts which will +have a delayed vegetating period, and that will be the final answer. At +least, I think so. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I'd like to ask a question. In F-2 hybrid walnuts do you +find much segregation of those for later initiation of vegetation? + +DR. MCKAY: Yes, we find in those seedlings in some cases the tendency to +vegetate very early and others very late. The most striking case that I +know is an F-1 hybrid which is a very, very late starter in the spring. +It is perfectly dormant when the other young walnuts are in practically +full leaf. We do not have any offspring from that particular one yet, +but it gives us some hope that from this hybrid we may get something +later. + +MR. BECKER: With us I don't think this early vegetation means anything. +We are in Michigan. Dark, cold weather continues until about the middle +of May, when frost ends, and then all of a sudden spring breaks loose, +everything comes out, and we don't have any setback, as a rule, from +then on. So early vegetation matters little, means nothing, the way I +feel about it. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, you ought to point out that most of the United +States isn't Michigan. If we had climatic conditions that Michigan has, +we wouldn't have that problem, but this problem becomes much more acute, +for example, as you go south. + +The north knows nothing about cold injury, absolutely nothing. If you +want to see cold injury, you go south. I told Dr. George Potter that +twelve years ago. He was born and raised in Wisconsin and spent 17 years +in the mountains of New Hampshire. I told him he never saw any winter +injury, and he said, "Why, I never heard such a wild statement in my +life." Well, that was because of the fact he had never seen it. He has +been in the South now for 12 years, and he says, "You made a very +truthful statement." He has seen the injury. + +In Oregon in 1950 or '51 we had a fall freeze. The temperature was +measured by the Experiment Station in Eastern Oregon, where they are +trying to grow some fruit and nut trees so they will have something else +to eat besides sage brush. They had extensive plantings of walnuts, +Mayette, Franquette and all of those hardy varieties, and along with +them they had some Carpathians. The temperature there in the fall +dropped to 36 degrees below zero, and all of their walnuts of these +other strains were killed to the ground, but the Carpathian came through +uninjured. In the spring of the year however it warmed up, the +Carpathians leafed out and were about ready to bloom when there was a +sharp freeze, and the Carpathians sure got it in the neck. So what +difference does it make whether you lose the trees in the winter or you +lose them in the spring? You have lost them just the same. I think we +ought to hear Spencer Chase cite the history of their big collection of +Carpathians in Tennessee Valley Authority. I understand from him that +they have never fruited any Carpathians down there at all. It's not +winter hardiness, it's this early foliation. So we have got a lot of +areas that are vastly different from that peninsula in Michigan which +the Good Lord designed to make a favored country in a lot of respects. + +DR. MCKAY: I recognize Mr. Devitt, who is here from Canada and is well +qualified to discuss Reverend Crath's work there. + +MR. DEVITT: It is interesting to me to hear of this early budding and +late fruiting. Along the north shore of Lake Ontario and down through +the Niagara Peninsula our climate is quite consistent. There was only +one year when we had a late frost--it was on May 19th. That was in the +year 1936. Every other year since they have bloomed every year. + +MR. STOKE: I'd like to speak of a tree Mr. Crath sent me. The tree was +bearing in Toronto 20 years ago. With me it winter kills sometime in the +winter each year, I don't know when. In some years it has been killed +back to 5-year-old wood, and this spring I found it was all dead. This +tree comes out of dormancy as soon as the sun gets warm. It's hardy in +Toronto but not hardy in Virginia. + +DR. MCKAY: I think you can all see why this problem is one of the most +acute ones we have to deal with today. This variation over the country +in the behavior of this so-called hardy strain of walnut is of great +interest now to people everywhere. People are believing that it can be +grown, and there are still problems we have not solved. I would like to +have just a brief statement from Spencer Chase on the performance of +Carpathian varieties at Norris, Tennessee. + +MR. CHASE: We reported this, I think, at our Beltsville meeting several +years ago. Trees we had at Norris are Carpathian types secured from the +Wisconsin Horticultural Society about 1940. After two years in the +nursery they were planted, and last year, 1952, was the first year that +they bore any nuts. But that was simply because we did not have a late +frost last year. This year, they were all frosted again. So we have, in +the South, from Virginia and Tennessee to a little farther southward, +a problem of early vegetation of English walnuts. We should encourage +everyone to watch for any late vegetating kinds for trial in the South. + +MR. STOKE: Dr. Dunstan reported two walnut trees in North Carolina, +where the season is about ten days earlier than at my place in Virginia +that blossomed after the first of May. I am going to investigate these +trees further. + +DR. MCKAY: We have about five minutes that we might devote to some other +problem. Nearly all of us do grafting work of one sort or another. Do I +have a question from the floor on grafting? + +MR. MACHOVINA: With cleft grafts or splice grafts held with grafting +rubbers, do you have to cut the rubbers? + +DR. MACDANIEL: If it's a chestnut and you have it waxed, I think the +answer is yes. + +MR. MACHOVINA: The wax is a hot wax and the rubber does not disintegrate +very quickly. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Probably you will have to cut it on species in which the +growth bulges up between the turns of the rubber. This is true of +chestnuts in particular, possibly persimmons, walnuts probably not quite +so much trouble. Let's hear from one of the nurserymen. + +MR. BERNATH: I think the best way is after the union is firm enough, to +cut the rubber with a sharp knife. + +MR. STOKE: I'd make one qualification. I said I didn't think you had to +cut rubber. I think that's true with grafting above ground. Underneath +ground, with moisture around it, it should be cut. + +MR. BERNATH: If you leave the rubber on and bury it, that lasts for +years. Even above ground you find it sometimes. + +MR. PATAKY: If you get a fast-growing callus, you have to cut the rubber +band, but if it is rather slow you don't. I do a lot of budding with +roses. I don't cut the rubber bands off, because they will eventually +drop off. If you graft a black walnut or Persian, you will have to cut +it or it will girdle the graft. + +MR. STOKE: It doesn't do it for me. + +A MEMBER: Has anybody done work with polyethylene film in grafting? + +MR. BECKER: I hesitate to tell you my experiment. I don't think much of +it. I used polyethylene bags on chestnuts early in the season, and +practically every one grew, but everything else that was out in the hot +sun boiled. In the hot weather of June the grafts actually cook in the +bags. + +MR. MACHOVINA: Did you use a bag over the whole graft, or just a tube +around it? + +MR. BECKER: A bag over the whole thing. I have a few Carpathian grafts +that grew well. I think I have better luck with hot wax than anything +else. + +DR. McKAY: Our time is up. I want to thank the panel, although we didn't +work you too hard. The panel is adjourned. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Dr. Gravatt will show a film entitled: "It Bringeth +Forth Much Fruit." + + * * * * * + +DR. GRAVATT: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, you all are familiar +with the fact that the chestnut blight is loose in Europe. It was +reported in Italy in 1938, and it spread rather rapidly in Italy. It had +been there many years before they found it. In spite of our numerous +warnings to get them to watch for it, they let it get away. It has +spread into Switzerland, caused a great deal of damage there with no +hope of saving the larger chestnuts there or in Italy. It's spreading +into Yugoslavia. They are making very energetic efforts to control the +disease in Yugoslavia, trying to delay it as much as possible. It +happens the forest pathologist who handles this work is a young lady, +and she has got the forester and other people interested to try to hold +it back as long as possible. + +The threat of the chestnut blight to the entire chestnut growth in all +of Southern Europe helped to bring about the organization of an +International Chestnut Council and Congress. This is made-up of +delegates from a number of the European countries, Spain, Portugal, +France, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Japan and the United +States. They have been meeting every other year, first for two years in +succession, but the plan now is to meet every other year. They had a +meeting in Spain and Portugal this past June, and the State Department +paid my expenses over, and so forth, to attend as a delegate from the +United States at this international meeting. + +The meeting was very enjoyable. They have a very fine system there. They +hire big buses to take you around over the country. Your hotel is all +arranged for in advance, and you go sightseeing to the orchards and +utilization plants. We have meetings just here and there along the way +where we stop a half day or a day. + +The next meeting will probably be held in about two years. They have +decided now that the meetings will be more in the way of conferences, +because the last three meetings have been partly sightseeing to observe +chestnut orchards and laboratories. + +The possibility of holding the meeting in the United States has been +discussed by the delegates there. But it involves a lot of expense and +the delegates were of the opinion that there would be a very small +meeting in the United States, because the countries over there simply +couldn't afford the expense of sending them over here. + +The problem in Italy is very serious, because they have something over a +million acres of grafted chestnut orchards, all of which they are +probably going to lose, and something like a million acres of coppice +growth that is going to be damaged but not such a severe loss. In +connection with the work in Italy I suggested the production of a movie +film that could be shown to the Italian people showing the chestnut +industry and also the chestnut blight. This was to be shown in different +parts of Italy to arouse more interest in watching out for the disease. +They have more opportunity there of slowing up the disease if they will +work hard at it, but they are not doing too much. + +As some of you know when a lot of different people and agencies work on +a movie film there must be all sorts of compromises. This was done by a +temperamental Italian director, and other people had parts in it, so +what you see is a compromise. They made 30 copies in Italian. H has been +shown in many moving picture houses, and it is also on the loan basis to +the United States. There are extensive film loan libraries, located in +different parts of Italy, so any high school, college forestry group can +borrow films showing different operations, many of them prepared in the +United States and part of them in Italy. + +DR. MACDANIEL: What about this so-called Korean chestnut? Is it actually +a third species? + +DR. GRAVATT: I don't think so, We had quite a bit of argument on this +question, because in Spain where I found chestnut blight on chestnuts +brought from Japan, we found the name Korean chestnut. Sometimes the +Korean chestnut looks more like a Jap, sometimes it looks more like a +Chinese, and usually it's sort of a blend between the two. We prefer to +recognize these two species and call the Korean a natural hybrid. Both +species are grown in pure form in Korea, and they intercross readily, +and we do not regard it as a new species. + +MR. WILSON: Are the Italian enough aware of their problem so that they +will have developed an Asiatic chestnut in time to replace their present +orchards, so that there will not be an interim? + +DR. GRAVATT: There will be a big interim. That's an opportunity in this +country to get the market before the Italians ever come back, I think. + +(The film, "It Bringeth Forth Much Fruit" was shown.) + + + + +The International Chestnut Commission and the Chestnut Blight Problem in +Europe, 1953 + +G. FLIPPO GRAVATT, _Senior Pathologist, U. S. Plant Industry Station, +Beltsville, Maryland_ + + +The International Chestnut Commission was organized under the auspices +of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The aim +of the Commission is to promote international cooperation in the study +of all scientific, technical, and economic questions relating to +chestnut growing. The main problem facing all chestnut culture in Europe +is the rapid spread of the chestnut blight. France, Italy, Japan, +Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United States and Yugoslavia are +members of the organization. A representative from the F.A.O. in Rome +serves as Secretary of the Commission. An international conference on +chestnut problems was held in France in 1950, the first meeting of the +Commission was held in Italy and Switzerland in 1951 and the second in +Spain and Portugal, June 18-30, 1953. The average attendance at the +meetings was 50 to 60 persons. I have attended all three conferences as +the representative from the U.S. Departments of State and Agriculture. + +The International Chestnut Commission meetings differ from the meetings +of the Northern Nut Growers Association in many ways. Our Northern Nut +Growers Association meets annually for 2-1/2 days while the meetings of +the International Chestnut Commission last from 10 to 12 days but not +every year. In Europe the members travel mostly in a large tourist bus, +which carries the party for hundreds of miles, visiting nurseries, +orchards, chestnut utilization plants and not neglecting the scenic +parts of the route. All lodging and meals are carefully arranged for in +advance. The group in Europe is made up quite largely of Federal and +State professional workers, University professors, and representatives +from the chestnut utilization industries. + +Among the places which the delegates visited in Spain in 1953 was the +Agricultural Experiment Station at La Coruna, where the Phytophthora ink +disease of the chestnut has been studied extensively. They also visited +the Experiment Station at Pontevedra, where new methods of propagating +chestnuts are being studied. At Bilboa and at Villa Presente Nursery, +Santander, we inspected plantings of Asiatic chestnuts; I found chestnut +blight present on several trees at both locations and recommended +immediate removal of the diseased trees. Fortunately, the Asiatic +chestnuts are some distance from any native European chestnuts at each +place and, according to the local foresters, the blight has not spread +to the distant stands of native chestnut. Some years ago the Spanish +authorities imported seed from Asia; chestnut blight probably was +brought in on these nuts. All infected trees that are found are being +destroyed, but a thorough inspection and eradication program is needed +to control the disease before it spreads into the native European +chestnut stands, from which the disease probably would spread into +Portugal and southwestern France. + +In Portugal we inspected many very fine chestnut orchards. These +orchards are composed of grafted varieties, with only 3 or 4 varieties +in each locality or region. Because of this there is a more standard nut +product in most of Portugal than in the other European countries where +mixtures of local varieties are frequently grown. A very large portion +of the European chestnut orchards in Portugal are made up of seedling +trees, topworked with local selections. In Portugal most of the orchards +are located on the lower slopes and various crops are grown among the +trees. In most other European countries the orchards are on rougher +mountain land which is grazed. + +In Portugal the State Road Department has established a number of +roadside plantings of chestnut. These plantings are very productive. The +State Road Department sells the nut crop to the highest bidder and uses +the funds for additional roadside tree plantings. + +In northern Portugal authorities have conducted a large-scale program to +control the Phytophthora ink disease of chestnut by the following +treatment: The soil is removed from the base of the tree and larger +roots. The base and roots are sprayed with a sticker compound and then +dusted with copper oxide and copper sulfate before the soil is replaced. +Treatment is repeated every 5 to 7 years. Government officials secured +the cooperation of owners of chestnut stands in treating practically all +trees over large areas. Although this treatment for the Phytophthora ink +disease was originally worked out by the Spanish pathologists at La +Coruna, it has not been used extensively in Spain. The Phytophthora root +disease is damaging chestnut orchards throughout southern Europe. In +1950 I noted that this disease was causing severe damage even in Asia +Minor. In the southern part of the United States this same disease (here +called Phytophthora root rot) caused heavy losses at lower elevations. + +The 1953 Chestnut Commission meeting terminated on June 30 at the famous +Palace Hotel at Bussaco, Portugal, where the Under Secretary of +Agriculture gave the delegates an official farewell dinner. No definite +plans were made for the next meeting of the Commission. It was the +general opinion that a meeting in the United States would be poorly +attended because of the expense of sending the delegates from Europe. + +After the conclusion of the meeting, the U. S. Foreign Agriculture +Services sponsored my trip to France, Italy, Switzerland, and +Yugoslavia, to consult with Federal and local authorities on their +chestnut blight problems. This disease was found in Genoa, Italy, in +1938; later it was determined that the disease was present at that time +in other localities in Italy. The blight is spreading rapidly and is +almost completely destroying the orchard and larger forest trees of +European chestnut in Italy in localities where the disease has been +present for some time. The blight occurs in many areas in northern Italy +and as far south as Naples. The young chestnut coppice is not so +seriously affected, but the losses caused by the blight will make +growing coppice on a 10- to 20-year rotation basis less profitable than +formerly. + +The chestnut blight is abundantly present on the east slopes of the +mountains along the French-Italian border; although it has not yet been +found in France, its distribution in adjoining Italy makes it highly +probable that advance spot infections are already present in France. The +blight has spread into Tessin Province in southeastern Switzerland where +it is destroying many of the orchards and forest trees. A large chestnut +extract plant in this Province uses wood in making tannin for leather +manufacturers. However, this plant, as well as some of the extract +plants in northern Italy, is unable to utilize the chestnut wood as fast +as the blight is killing chestnut trees. + +In Yugoslavia, chestnut blight is spreading rapidly in the orchards and +native growth along the Italian border. Authorities are actively cutting +out all advance spot infections, to delay or possibly stop its spread +across their country. In Yugoslavia, chestnut stands frequently are +widely separated, a natural advantage in delaying the spread of the +blight. + +Chestnut blight has been controlled in western North America, where +chestnut orchards and plantings are not numerous. Scattered infections +have been found during the last 30 years in California, Oregon, +Washington, and British Columbia; infected trees have been removed. +Strict State Quarantine regulations have been enforced, to prevent +chestnut blight from spreading to the West Coast. + +The chestnut blight fungus is attacking three of the important oaks of +Europe. The typical fanlike mycelial growth can be observed in the bark +of infected oaks. In 1953 in Yugoslavia I observed vigorous young +durmast oak (_Quercus petraea_) being killed by the blight. In Italy I +found the disease killing pubescent oaks (_Q. pubescens_) and causing +minor injury to the holly oak (_Q. ilex_). Before we can estimate the +probable damage to these European oaks, we need more information on the +effects of this disease on oaks of various ages and under various +environmental conditions. In the United States the post oak (_Quercus +stellata_) is the only oak species that has been seriously damaged by +the blight. + +Thus, the blight is threatening not only the native chestnut forest +growth and orchards of Europe, but also the oaks. A steady extension of +the blight throughout Italy can be expected. Advance infections in +Yugoslavia are being cut out but how long the disease can be held back +depends on future efforts along this line. Delay work in Yugoslavia also +delays the time of loss of the chestnut and damage to the oak growth of +Greece and Turkey. The inspection and eradication work being carried out +in Spain may result in the elimination of this threat to the chestnuts +and oaks in Spain, Portugal and southwest France. However, there is the +possibility of the blight occurring anywhere in Europe. People working +with chestnut should be on the alert to find and eradicate the first +infections. + +The film entitled "It Bringeth Forth Much Fruit", shown here today, was +prepared at my suggestion by the U. S. Foreign Agricultural Services at +Rome. It is being used to aid local authorities in Italy in attempts to +delay the spread of the chestnut blight. + +The Italian authorities, with assistance from the United States Foreign +Agricultural Service, have purchased blight-resistant chestnuts in this +country for planting in Italy. These resistant chestnuts are doing very +well in Italy so far. However, the development of a new orchard industry +with the Chinese chestnut and its hybrids in Italy will be a slow +process. It is expected that shipments of chestnuts from Italy to this +country, which is now going on at a rate of 15 to 18 million pounds per +year, will gradually decrease. + +DR. GRAVATT: I will talk on while they are fixing this next film. + +Much of the trouble in Italy is that so many of the chestnut orchards +are overgrazed, sadly overgrazed, and as these chestnut orchards are +killed by the blight, the land is going back into this overgrazed +condition, which leads to serious erosions. Italy needs all the water +that can be saved. The mountains are eroded down to the rock in many +areas and when you get to the rock, you can never bring the soil back. +It's a serious problem to meet because of the tremendous +over-population. Every little twig of wood is used. As these chestnut +orchards are killed it's going to be a very difficult problem to plant +them again because the land is overgrazed. Protecting the plantings +against sheep and the goats is quite a problem. + +(The film, "The Filbert Valleys," was shown.) + +MR. STOKE: I noticed them grafting chestnut trees several feet from the +ground. Why are they doing that? + +DR. GRAVATT: They are doing it in order to develop a quick supply of +scion wood. But the procedure is bad. It is much better to graft close +to the ground, and mound it up with dirt. The blight gets in below the +graft if the graft is high on the trunk. They have had success grafting +below the ground level and find they may get a shoot six feet high the +first year. + +DR. MACDANIEL: How about the incompatibility in the graft? Does that +show up much? + +DR. GRAVATT: We don't know yet, because they always get a certain number +of failures. I looked over quite a lot of grafting of Chinese chestnuts +on Japanese-European hybrids, and they are thriving. After four years +they are already regular trees with big crops on them. + + +TUESDAY MORNING SESSION + +PRESIDENT BEST: Our first paper is "Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood +Cuttings" by Roger W. Pease. + + + + +Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood Cuttings + +ROGER W. PEASE, _West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, +Morgantown, W. Va._ + + +Some 15 or 20 years ago the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment +Station undertook to develop, if possible, blight resistant chestnuts +from American chestnut stock. With the passage of time the approach to +the problem has changed. During the early days little thought was given +to procedures for propagation, but recently the emphasis has shifted +toward methods for propagation when and if there are found hardy, +timber-type, blight-immune chestnuts of any species. + +The practicability of budding or grafting chestnuts is debatable. We are +leaving budding and grafting to experienced workers throughout the +country and are endeavoring to develop a method for rooting chestnuts +from softwood cuttings. Results so far are encouraging, but the work is +still in the experimental stage. We do not advise anyone to start +rooting chestnuts on a commercial basis, but we hope that further +experimental work will be done by interested agencies. + +To give complete details of several years' work would take more time +than is feasible here. Circular 87, _Growing American Holly from +Cuttings--Cold Frame Method_, obtainable from the Mailing Room, West +Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, +gives construction details of a suitable bottom-heated cold frame. +However, with chestnuts, natural shade was not used and half of the +sunlight was excluded. An article in the October issue of _The National +Horticultural Magazine_--"Rooting Chestnuts from Cuttings"--outlines +procedure and results through 1952. + +In this paper I will present a resumé of our experiences and +observations. Our facilities were limited so that the number of cuttings +set in each case was very small. Percentages of failure or success +should be taken as indicative only. + +In the propagation experiments, preliminary observations were made by +placing softwood cuttings in a bottom-heated cold frame at intervals +during the growing season. The soil medium was two thirds washed sand +and one third peat moss. Daily watering was by a hand hose. The +root-inducing substance was indole-butyric acid crystals in a talc based +mixture, one to one hundred. The results were completely negative. + +The next season a small cold room was constructed in which conditions +thought to be desirable could be maintained. Air temperature was kept at +approximately 65° F., fog nozzles were operated continuously except for +an occasional airing of the cold room, and about 200 foot candles of +white fluorescent light were delivered upon the rooting surface. The +rooting medium was white, washed, building sand placed over one half +inch of sphagnum moss. The moss, in turn, had been laid in a rooting +bench with a hardware cloth bottom exposed to the air. The interior air +circulation was maintained by an electric fan operating day and night. +The soil temperature was held at 70° F. + +Cuttings were taken at intervals throughout the season and their basal +sections soaked in a water-based solution of indole-butyric acid +crystals at concentrations varying around 60 parts per million. During a +70-day period roots were formed on cuttings taken in June, July, and +August. Among the successful cases the poorest result was 66-2/3%, and +the best was 100%. + +The young plants were fed nutrient solution and later transplanted to a +light, sandy soil within a bottom-heated cold frame. Some roots were +dead at the time of transplanting, burned, perhaps, by the nutrient +solution. The soil temperature within the cold frame was maintained at +70° F. until late in the fall, and then the plants were hardened by +reducing the water content of the soil medium and lowering the +temperature. All of the plants were dead when they were inspected in +March. + +The next year a bottom-heated cold frame was equipped with fog nozzles. +The soil medium was white, washed, building sand. Softwood cuttings, +treated the same as the previous year, were inserted on August 20. +Cuttings from juvenile American chestnut seedling trees, juvenile +Chinese trees, and mature Chinese trees were used. Within a 70 day +period heavy root systems were formed on 54-6/11% of the cuttings from +the juvenile Chinese trees, 50% from mature Chinese trees, and 20% from +juvenile American trees. No nutrient solution was applied, the young +plants were transplanted to a sandy soil in another cold frame, were +hardened as during the previous year, but the soil medium was not +allowed to freeze during the winter. In April the plants showed +well-formed terminal buds starting to swell and turn green. Some were +transplanted into pots and placed in the greenhouse; others were +transplanted into a light soil in a lath house. All died subsequent to +transplanting. Inspection of the roots showed severe breakage. It was +concluded that repeated transplanting had been fatal, and that in the +future cuttings would be rooted in plant bands or pots and transplanted +only once. + +It is too early in the current season for accurate results to be +recorded. However, modifications have been tried and observations made. +These are presented here in outline. + + _Type of cutting:_ + + a. Cuttings with soft, growing tips will apparently root more + quickly than hardened shoots, but the leaves tend to turn brown and + the plant dies. Conversely, cuttings from short, lateral growth, + well-hardened, will retain their leaves better and eventually show + a higher percentage of success. + + b. Cuttings made from the basal and intermediary sections of long + shoots show a greater death incidence than do well-hardened, + terminal sections. Both types root satisfactorily. + + c. Apparently sucker shoots and water sprouts are useless. + + _Time of taking cuttings:_ + + a. Cuttings taken in late May, with soft growing tips, rooted + quickly--some within two weeks. On the other hand, their foliage + darkened quickly, and death followed. Short, lateral shoots, + well-hardened, were not available in May. + + b. As the season progressed, the percentage of rooted cuttings with + healthy foliage apparently rose, at least through July, but roots + were formed more slowly by the late season cuttings. + + +_Condition of parent tree:_ + +Apparently tree vigor as indicated by healthy, dark green foliage, is +more important than vigor as indicated by the length of current season's +growth. In Morgantown this has been one of the driest seasons on record. +Cuttings from trees with pale or brown foliage, or with foliage tending +to be brittle from lack of water soon lost their leaves. Whether this +was caused by the condition of the parent tree or of the individual +cutting is not apparent. It is too early to determine whether or not the +drought will cause a general lowering of rooting percentages this year. + + +_Root formation:_ + +Cuttings may or may not callus. Roots seldom if ever spring from the +extreme base of a cutting. Well above the base the stem enlarges, turns +white, cracks, and sends out roots. Often the bottom inch of the cutting +is black and dead, with a healthy and vigorous root system above the +blackened portion. + + +_Plant bands and pots:_ + +Plant bands are apparently preferable to small pots. The slope of the +pots tends to pack the soil medium and interfere with aeration. Bands or +pots less than three inches in diameter tends to cramp the rapidly +growing roots. + + +_Cold room vs. cold frame:_ + +Last year higher percentages of success were obtained in the cold room +than in the bottom-heated cold frame. This year the cold frame was +definitely superior. Because construction and operation of a suitable +cold room is expensive, we do not plan to continue its use in chestnut +work. + + +_Fog nozzles:_ + +In the cold frame, fog nozzles operating during eight hours each day are +apparently more effective than nozzles operating continuously. + + +_Auxin:_ + +No success has been attained with indole-butyric acid crystals in a +talc-based powder or with untreated cuttings. + + +_Formula for preparing auxin:_ + +The auxin solution is prepared as recommended by G. H. Poesch in the +Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bimonthly Bulletin, 191, April, +1938. One gram of indole-butyric acid crystals is dissolved in 125 cc. +of 95% alcohol. Then 125 cc. of distilled water is added. This makes a +stock solution of four thousand parts to a million in strength. The +stock may be cut to the desired strength with distilled water. For late +August cuttings, well-hardened, 80 parts per million is not too strong. +For early June cuttings, forty parts per million appears to be adequate. +The softer the cuttings, the weaker should be the solution. + + +_Algae:_ + +In both the cold frame and the cold room the growth of algae is a +problem. The sand medium becomes crusted, with subsequent interference +with aeration. The algae sometimes creeps up the stems of cuttings, +coats the leaves, and covers terminal buds. Starting each season with +completely clean sand and equipment will not prevent the appearance of +algae over a long season of continuous operation. On August 20 of this +year the interior of the cold frame, including all of the plants, was +well dusted with tri-basic copper sulphate, according to manufacturer's +directions. To date no effect is noticeable either on the algae or on +the plants. + +The various observations reported here should be verified by further +tests. They are offered merely as aids to anyone planning to experiment +with rooting chestnuts. When sufficient data and experience have been +gained, a complete Station circular will be published. + +PRESIDENT BEST: If you have any questions, please save them until later. +It's been suggested that we hear from Dr. Jesse D. Diller next, and that +will give our good work horse, Dr. Crane, a chance to build up again for +us, because we are going to work him mighty hard. + +DR. DILLER: I'd like to have the title of my paper changed to, +"Evaluating Chestnuts Grown Under Forest Conditions." + + + + +Evaluating Chestnuts Grown under Forest Conditions + +JESSE D. DILLER, _Pathologist, Division of Forest Pathology, Bureau of +Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, U. S. Department of +Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland_ + + +During the 49-year period since chestnut blight was first reported from +New York City, the U. S. Department of Agriculture has made more than +500 importations of chestnut seeds and scions, including nearly every +species of chestnut in the world, as well as some closely related +chinkapins and Castanopsis species. As early as 1909 the Department +initiated chestnut breeding work. It was known that few, if any, of the +chestnut, or related species, possess the timber-type characteristics of +our American chestnut. It was also known that, in general, the Asiatic +species show great natural resistance to the blight. But little, or +nothing, was known about their site requirements. + +In 1927 the U. S. Division of Forest Pathology began breeding chestnuts +to produce timber-type trees. The chestnut breeding work was expanded +and has been carried on actively to date. From 1927 to 1930, the +Division conducted an extensive exploration in search of orchard and +timber-type chestnut in China, Korea, and Japan, and imported over 250 +bushels of chestnut seed, representing four species. + +During the early 1930's the Division of Forest Pathology distributed +thousands of chestnut seedlings, grown from the imported chestnut seed. +The planting stock was made available to interested Federal and State +agencies, as well as to owners of farm woodlands, located in 32 Eastern +States. The cooperators were asked to establish small experimental +forest plantings with the trees furnished them. It was believed that +such wide distribution of the many kinds would readily demonstrate which +ones possess the desired timber-tree form, or possessed the ability to +bear large crops of nuts suitable to wildlife; and would furnish +valuable information on their site requirements. + +As we now know, most of these early cooperative experimental forest +plantings were doomed to failure because often the chestnut trees were +planted on dry, grassy areas having infertile, shallow soil. Another +serious contributing factor in poor establishment was the severe general +droughts that occurred over most of the eastern half of the United +States in the early thirties. But despite these heavy losses, a few +plantations succeeded, in part, and from these limited areas, and from a +few earlier plantations that succeeded, valuable information on their +general site requirements was obtained; however, we still lacked +information on specific differences in behavior between the progeny, as +fast-growing forest trees or nut producers in the forest. + +From these early plantings we learned that (1) Asiatic chestnuts and +hybrids are more likely to develop into forest trees when planted on +cool, moist, fertile situations; (2) in their silvicultural +characteristics they are more nearly like our native yellow-poplar, +northern red oak, and white ash, than like our American chestnut and +native chinkapins; (3) with respect to tolerance of shade, they are much +like our northern red oak; and (4) neither the Chinese nor the Japanese +chestnut has quite the same forest-type growth as that of our native +American chestnut. + +With this background of experience, the U. S. Division of Forest +Pathology from 1936 to 1939 established a series of 21 climatic test +plots on above-average sites on Federal- and State-owned forest land in +eight Eastern States. Fortunately, we still had available suitable +planting stock of the many kinds of chestnut, chinkapins, and hybrids +for conducting such an extensive test. At this point we should also +mention that from 1947 to date, the Division of Forest Pathology, in +cooperation with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, also +established 11 hybrid test plots in Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois, +Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West +Virginia. In 1930 the Brooklyn Botanic Garden also began breeding +blight-resistant chestnuts of timber type, and in 1947 transferred this +project to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. + +The 21 climatic test plots ranged from one to two acres each, and were +planted with more than 20 progenies represented, as well as forest-tree +chinkapin and some hybrids. Nearly all of the 21 climatic test plots +were fenced against deer and domestic livestock. The 11 hybrid test +plots, approximately 1/4 acre each, were planted with 100 hybrids (50 +furnished by each of the two agencies), and 50 Chinese chestnuts--P.I. +58602, the most outstanding Chinese chestnut from the forestry +standpoint, thus far discovered. The climatic test plots were +established on freshly cleared forest sites, with trees randomized, and +planted 8 feet apart. In the hybrid test plots, the seedlings were +planted under forest growth and the overstory trees were girdled; the +seedlings were randomized in these plots, with spacing of 10 by 10 feet. + +The 1- to 6-year period of testing for the hybrid chestnut, and the 14- +to 17-year period of testing of the chestnuts planted in the climatic +test plots are too short for final judgment of performance; however, +certain characteristics are appearing with reference to blight +resistance, winter hardiness, timber-tree form, early fruiting, and rate +of growth. The present paper does not attempt to summarize all of the +data obtained from all these climatic plots but rather to point out some +striking results obtained from several widely separated climatic plots. +Results from the hybrid test plots are not included in this discussion. + + +Discussion + +A performance rating of 28 chestnuts, chestnut hybrids, and forest-tree +chinkapins, tested in forest plantings for 12 to 13 years in Indiana, +Iowa, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania showed that certain kinds always +produce better trees than others. P.I. 58602 is the best Chinese +chestnut tested thus far, as determined by performance in the +above-mentioned test plots and in several plantations established in +1926. In the Middle Western States, all Japanese chestnuts, Henry +(forest-tree) chinkapins, and the "ever-blooming" Sequin chestnuts have +shown poor growth or have died. They do not appear to be winter hardy. + +On the basis of these findings, the Division of Forest Pathology since +1946, has made available to Federal and State agencies only one +introduction of Chinese chestnut--P.I. 58602--for planting as forest +trees. They were distributed in lots of 50 trees, and used to establish +1/4-acre demonstration forest plots. All are located on public-owned +land on favorable forest sites where Asiatic chestnuts would be expected +to do well. The underplanting-and-girdling method was recommended in the +establishment of all the plots. + +Chinese chestnut P.I. 58602, because of its superiority in performance +as a forest tree, is now also being used extensively at Beltsville, +Maryland, in hybridizing work. Nearly all of the Japanese chestnut, +Henry chinkapin, and Sequin chestnuts, as well as inferior hybrids in +the climatic test plots during the past several years have died a +natural death or have been destroyed. They have been replaced with +Chinese chestnut (P.I. 58602) replants--thus gradually converting the +climatic test plots into future Chinese chestnut "seed" plots of the +very best Chinese chestnuts. + +During the spring of 1953 several nurserymen members of the Northern Nut +Growers' Association furnished the Division of Forest Pathology a total +of 2,600 Chinese chestnut seedlings for tests to determine their +suitability for forest planting. These and 600 seedlings of Chinese +chestnut P.I. 58602 are now being tested for performance, in randomized +plots, on favorable forest sites in North Carolina, Ohio, and Illinois. + + +Conclusions + +Of 28 Asiatic chestnuts, forest-tree chinkapins, and hybrids grown in 21 +climatic test plots in the eastern United States under forest +conditions, only certain Chinese and hybrid chestnuts show promise of +becoming satisfactory timber-type trees. The best Chinese chestnut +discovered thus far is P.I. 58602--a seed importation made by the U. S. +Department of Agriculture in 1924, from Nanking, China. Foresters, as +well as farm woodland owners, interested in growing Asiatic chestnuts as +timber trees, should accept only planting stock that, through +performance under forest conditions, is known to develop into straight, +single-stemmed trees. + +PRESIDENT BEST: I think that Dr. Crane has his panel ready. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. President, before I start, I have a few slides here to +illustrate a couple of points before we call the panel to the rostrum. +(Several slides were shown illustrating sunscald injury to the Southwest +side of high headed Chinese chestnut tree trunks.) + +DR. CRANE: On this panel, I want to get representatives from the various +states. Mr. Wilson, from Georgia. Mr. Stoke from Virginia. Mr. Silvis +from Ohio. Mr. Allaman from Pennsylvania. There is another good man down +there who grows a lot of chestnuts, by the name of Gibbs. + +Now, there seems to be a lot of disagreement in regard to the Chinese +chestnut in two or three respects. One is the problem of named varieties +versus seedlings. Another big problem is hardiness, how hardy they are, +these Chinese chestnuts. Where can we grow them and where are they going +to fail? A third question is the ability of the Chinese chestnut to +compete with other vegetation as Dr. Diller has discussed. I think we +ought to settle some of these questions for once and maybe for all, or +at least for this meeting, through a discussion. Nurserymen and others +have emphasized that chestnuts, to be successful in the United States +and hardy, should come from North China, at the Great Wall or beyond. +Others don't agree, claiming that chestnuts in China are grown from the +extreme south to the extreme north and that we ought to do the same in +this country also. + +MR. STOKE: I haven't enough knowledge on it to express an opinion. I +planted a good many seeds I got from the Yokahama Nursery Company, and +the nuts were rather inferior as to size. They were healthy and hardy, +but I don't know where they came from. I presume they came from Korea, +but I am not sure. The size and productivity wasn't too high of that +seedling stock I secured there. + +DR. CRANE: What do you folks think? Anyone in the audience that has an +idea? + +MR. PATAKY: At our fall meeting in the Ohio group we had two bushels of +chestnuts from Sterling Smith. As far as I know the seed is Korean +chestnut, which is obviously a Chinese variety. He had three bushels +last fall and they looked identically like the American chestnut. Mr. +Stoke said the quality wasn't so good in what he had. That might be +true, but I tested a lot of these chestnuts from Sterling Smith, and +compared them with American chestnuts. They were just as good or better +than the American. + +MR. CALDWELL: I spent about a year in China travelling pretty well +throughout the country. I believe you will find the better seed sources +in the southern part. China is like Southern Florida or warmer for part +of the year and yet in the other six months it would be colder than it +is right here in Rochester. + +They have timber trees, some as big as 50 or 60 feet high and two or +three feet in diameter. In the warmer area you find better seed by far. +What Dr. Diller describes as No. 58602 is not just one tree, but a whole +collection of trees from a certain area where the trees have proven +their resistance not only to cold but to frost injury in the spring or +in the fall, which is even more important than the straight cold +hardiness. Some people have mistaken ideas about the value of seed from +trees in the northern part of China above the Great Wall. This area may +have intense cold in the wintertime, but not in the spring or fall. + +DR. GRAVES: Dr. Caldwell is right about No. 58602 being a mixture. Dr. +Gravatt could tell you about that. It is a strain coming from several +trees. It's evidently a very fine type, and I think we ought to know for +the record just what 58602 is. + +DR. GRAVATT: Professor Reisner's 58602 that Dr. Diller has been testing +so widely is made up from a collection of seed from a number of isolated +valleys of the Nanking area. It is rather southern in its native home, +but Dr. Diller's tests and other tests have shown that it's hardy up +north and it's hardy down south. As some of you have noticed, the nuts +are very variable, with a number of different types mixed in together. + +Dr. Diller and I have been discussing the question of hybrid vigor. It +may be involved that each of these seedlings is a cross between +different local strains. We must remember that the foresters have gone +into this question of hardiness in great detail. You will find that you +can't plant trees in Germany in a certain area unless the parent trees +grew in a certain area, with comparable altitude and latitude. Minimum +and maximum temperatures and other factors are also taken into +consideration. + +Pennsylvania started a program along the same line. They have divided +their state into about five areas, and in each of those areas they are +locating sources of seed that are going to be suited to those areas. +They have evidence that many of these Chinese introductions coming from +way down south are going to be hardy way up north, but in this matter of +hardiness you sometimes have to wait for 50 or 100 years before you are +sure of your conclusions. + +DR. CRANE: That's right. + +The next question I was going to ask these growers in the areas growing +chestnuts is how much trouble they have had with hardiness or cold +injury to chestnut trees that they have had. Has there been any? + +MR. STOKE: I have had none. + +MR. SILVIS: We have had none in Massillon. + +DR. CRANE: Wilson, how about Georgia? + +MR. WILSON: None. + +MR. KEPLINGER: Dr. Meader sent me some stock from seed that he brought +from near Seoul, Korea in 1947. They are very productive up there at +Durham, New Hampshire. I have two trees from seed from these trees. They +have much more narrow leaves, than any Chinese chestnuts I have seen so +far. + +DR. CRANE: Are you sure they are pure Chinese? + +DR. MACDANIEL: I am sure they are not. I have seen pictures and had some +correspondence with Dr. Meader on them. They seem to be the Japanese +species, C. crenata type, or possibly hybrid, not strictly Japanese. + +MR. PEASE: I want to throw in something a little bit aside. I think we +kid ourselves and the public in assuming, tacitly, that Chinese +chestnuts, no matter how narrow the strain, are going to breed true or +anywhere near true. Any one lot of seedlings are likely to show great +variation in hardiness, disease resistance and other characters. There +is a great difference between resistance and immunity. I speak this way +because I have seen plenty of people selling Chinese chestnuts who +actually believe they are immune, and I have seen customers mad enough +to shoot them when they have seen half of them die of blight. + +MR. MILLER: When considering hardiness, climate is one thing and air +drainage is another. In any climatic zone the exact location or site, +particularly air drainage is important. I have my orchard on a southwest +slope with perfect air drainage. I have 250-some trees that are six or +seven years old growing very nicely, and I have not had any loss, even +with English walnut, the Carpathian or any of the other trees. I think +that many of us are overlooking the fact that air drainage and location +of the orchard is one of the main things. I don't think this has +anything to do with the particular seed or the varieties, but I think +that is one thing that we must consider. + +DR. CRANE: No question about that. Chinese chestnuts are like peaches, +and they start pretty early in the spring. + +MR. GIBBS: Chinese chestnuts are hardy from Maine to Florida. I think +they winter kill because of unhealthy condition of the tree. The place +that I did live, at McLean, Virginia, was low in a frosty place, and the +first spring they killed back three times before they took off. Where I +live now in the Blue Ridge Mountains, which is orchard country, the +Chinese chestnut killed back in the spring, but there is nothing the +matter with their winter hardiness. They stand winter cold as good as a +walnut tree. + +DR. GRAVES: I want to make the point that it is in part a question of +age, to my mind, as to whether these trees get winter killed. I know we +had some trees from the Department of Agriculture, Division of Forest +Pathology, back in 1925, and in the very cold winter, 1933-34, they +killed back almost to the ground. Again in the severe winter of 1943 +Chinese chestnuts were killed. But I feel that when a tree is of good +size with its roots down in the ground, it's not so liable to winter +kill as are the small seedlings. + +DR. CRANE: We have spent enough time on this matter. The question of +growing seedlings as compared to grafted trees is up for discussion. Mr. +Wilson is a big operator growing chestnuts in Georgia. I would like to +have him tell what he thinks of this matter of seedlings versus +varieties for nut production. + +MR. WILSON: Dr. Crane, I am fully convinced if we ever make an industry +out of this chestnut business it's going to have to be based on grafted +trees of good varieties. I have one block of approximately 200 grafted +trees of Meiling and Kuling. Those trees have a nice crop on this year. +They have different age tops, but we have a nice crop of nuts on them. +I have another block of some 260 seedlings that were planted in 1948. +The crop on these trees, with the same fertilization and cultivation +ranges from no nuts to a heavy crop of nuts. You can't have an industry +on that kind of yield. There are probably only 30 trees out of 260 that +have a paying crop of nuts. That won't go as a paying proposition. You +have got to have nuts on all the trees, and I am fully convinced if we +ever make an industry out of it, the grower has got to produce nuts. +Trees are not enough, he can't sell the tree; he wants to keep his tree. +He wants nuts to sell, and you can't get them on the seedling trees. I +am fully convinced you can't do it. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Have any of your grafts gone bad? + +MR. WILSON: I have had no incompatibility, except on one tree. My oldest +grafts are four and five years old, top grafted in place on two and +three year old seedlings. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. Stoke, what is your experience? + +MR. STOKE: I have two trees in my yard at home. Dr. Reed gave me credit +for doing the first grafting of Mollissima in this country. I don't know +whether it's true or not. Those were grafted in '31. They made perfect +union, and they are perfect today, and they will be perfect when I am +dead and gone. I find no incompatibility between Mollissima and +Mollissima. One acre of good, select varieties, grafted, will produce as +many nuts as three or four acres of seedlings. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. Bernath, how about the situation up in the Hudson Valley? + +MR. BERNATH: My trees are of small size. We have some in bearing, but as +far as having any difficulty with them or freezing back, we have none. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. Snyder, how about the situation out in Iowa? + +MR. SNYDER: I am not trying to grow Chinese chestnuts anymore. We have +had two different lots from U.S.D.A. and both of them have gone out in +the winters sooner or later. We have had nice seedling rows, and Dr. +Colby sent over a collection of scions, enough to graft each one. Every +one grew. This winter they are all gone. We can grow American chestnuts, +but we can't grow the Chinese. + +DR. CRANE: Joe, you have had a lot of experience, made a lot of +observations of this matter of seedlings versus grafted varieties. What +do you think of the situation? + +DR. MACDANIEL: I will follow Mr. Stokes' opinion on that. I think grafted +trees, if you have a compatible graft, are worth several times as much +as average seedling trees. At the University of Illinois most of our +trees are seedling trees. We are just getting started with grafted +Chinese chestnuts. + +DR. CRANE: That's the way it is with us. Anybody in the audience that +has an opinion that they think seedlings are better than grafted trees? + +MR. CALDWELL: I was going to say seedlings are better, but I think this +is one thing everybody should realize: The emphasis has been based on +early production. In many cases we have found in forest trees that early +seed production doesn't necessarily mean heavy late seed production. +Some of those that didn't produce early went ahead and 40 or 50 years +later produced heavily. So be a little bit careful when you start +swinging too heavily on early production. + +DR. CRANE: Yes, but, Dr. Caldwell, we in the United States haven't time +to wait. We haven't time to wait. + +MR. CALDWELL: You are going to have to take it. + +DR. CRANE: It's just like Mr. Wilson said. He planted seedlings in 1948, +and he is telling me that most of them haven't come into bearing, so he +is going to ply the axe or top work them. He hasn't time to wait. He's +got to make his bread and butter out of that, and when it comes to +growing nuts, we can't wait 40 or 50 years for a tree to come in. That +might be all right for posterity, but we have got to be sure of it, or +our posterity is not going to be able to pay the national debt. + +DR. MACDANIELS: According to the experience I have had, the chestnut is +only a little more hardy than the peach, and behaves pretty much the +same as regards wood injury. At 30° below zero the trees have been +killed outright or to the ground. At about 25° below they will black +heart with killing of sapwood and serious injury to the bark. At 20 they +will survive. This experience involves perhaps 125 seedling trees from +various sources, but mostly from the U.S.D.A. It is quite likely that +there may be more hardier strains that will withstand these low +temperatures. The other point is the matter of grafted trees. It is my +opinion that the failure of the graft is a form of cold injury related +to delayed maturity of the tissues at the graft union. Certainly failure +of grafts is much more persistent in the north than in the south. + +My experience has been that I haven't been able to keep grafted trees. +They appear to thrive for three or four years and then die. I have tried +it over and over again. It appears that the grafted tree in Georgia and +Virginia is one thing. In New York it's another. + +MR. WALLICK: I have never bought a grafted chestnut tree that grew. They +all die. And seedlings mostly do not have the kind of nuts you want. +Also they may be susceptible to disease. + +DR. MCKAY: I want to make one observation about our experience at +Beltsville on the question of seedlings versus varieties as regards +bearing. We topworked scions of some of our good varieties, like Nanking +and Meiling, onto large seedlings we have at Beltsville that are poor +bearers. These grafted portions in the top of these trees under poor +conditions--our soil is poor at Beltsville--set tremendously heavy +crops, but the nuts are smaller in size than normal, and therefore the +crop is not as desirable as it would be if it were grown under good +conditions. The point is that those varieties bear even under poor +conditions. Bearing is a variety characteristic, and wherever it grows +it will bear though it may not produce a good-sized nut. + +MR. PEASE: I believe what's coming out in this discussion on bearing is +also true in hardiness, growth, and any characteristic we want. We may +select seeds from trees at an elevation of 6,000 feet, and still have +some which will be not hardy. + +DR. CRANE: That's right. + +MR. SILVIS: I'd like to make a point. If in your observation you find a +tree seedling in your locality that is producing good crops plant that. +Don't get one from Georgia. We can take a little bit of advice from the +fruit grower, and not plant too much from the south, even though it came +from China. + +DR. GRAVATT: I'd like to Comment about conditions in Europe with +reference to seedlings and varieties. The general practice there is for +each little farmer to graft from the best variety in his section, +especially in Italy where you find hundreds of varieties. + +In Portugal we were all very much impressed with one area where the +government has had an active program in persuading the chestnut owners +to topwork all their trees to three varieties. These varieties are very +good ones, and they are getting a very greatly increased price on +account of the high quality and uniformity of the nuts they export. + +It seems to me that in the discussion on the Chinese chestnut in this +country we have done a little bit of injustice to the seedlings, so far +as the discussion has gone. I am in perfect agreement with what's been +said about the low production the first few years, but over on the +Eastern Shore Mr. Hemming's trees are producing just about as much in +the way of a crop as the tree can bear, and the grafted varieties there +don't produce any more than his 17 or 18 seedlings. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I believe Hemming has some exceptional seedlings in that +lot. + +DR. GRAVATT: Yes, they are very valuable, don't misunderstand me. After +the first ten years you may find a seedling orchard is going to produce +a very good crop, tree by tree. We have had a lot of experience, similar +to that reported in New York, with grafted trees dying. We get seedling +trees dying, too, but I agree that there is more damage from fall +freezes, spring freezes and perhaps from straight low temperature winter +injury with the grafted trees than with the seedling trees. Furthermore, +I am very critical of the tactics of some of the nurseries. They have +grafted on seedlings of absolutely unknown origin or mixed origin. They +will take a South Chinese variety and graft it on seedlings that for +hundreds of years have been grown in North China. That's just inviting +trouble. The nearer you can get to having seedling and scion from the +same climatic origin, the better off you are. In fact, we have advised +growers to get seedlings of the Nanking and graft Nanking on them. + +Dr. McKay is doing a lot of good, basic research work on this problem, +and he will have more information for us in times to come. I am firmly +convinced that we are going to come some day to the grafted chestnuts, +especially in the South, because a lot of the southern producers right +now are giving a black eye to Chinese chestnuts, because they are +shipping lots of mixed nuts, and by the time they get to the consumer +half of them are rotten. This will ruin the market. We have been buying +some six or seven thousand pounds of nuts to ship to Italy, and we know +something about the conditions of nuts when they reach us. There is no +quicker way of killing a market than to be shipping in a whole lot of +nuts that are going to spoil or are in the process of spoiling when they +reach the consumer. Grafted varieties are one way of getting away from +this, especially in the South. + +MR. WILSON: I am far enough south so that in peach production we often +have winters so warm that the trees don't wake up. This question of rest +period is quite important with us. We have a warm winter, and the +Mayflower peach just keeps on sleeping. Eventually bloom will break, and +a little peach will sit up there waiting for the leaf to come out. There +is apparently a rest period with the Chinese chestnut there also. The +time of breaking of the rest period in my seedling trees varies as much +as three to four weeks, and that would lead me to believe that, in the +long run, we will have to plant locally adapted varieties. + +PRESIDENT BEST: I am sorry that we have to stop this very interesting +discussion. + +At this time is there any item of general interest to the group that +anyone would like to bring up? + +MR. MILLER: For sometime I have been considering the desirability of +changing the name of the Northern Nut Growers. I am inclined to think +that maybe some of our southern friends or from the Far West or +Southwest would be a little dubious of joining the Northern Nut Growers, +because they think we are perhaps exclusive for the north tier of states +and we didn't want them. + +I thought perhaps the International Nut Growers, or the United States +Nut Growers Association were names worth considering. I think that would +have a desirable psychological effect on our membership. We are a big +organization, and I think a lot of people would think it was a whole lot +larger if the name would imply that. I think the "Northern Nut Growers" +just looks like we are concerned with the northern tier of states, and I +think we would do a whole lot better by changing the name. I would like +to have some suggestions. Possibly, it could be American Nut Growers. + +MR. KERR: Mr. Chairman, I am a charter member of the American Farm +Bureau, and that goes over big. It's a real success as an organization, +and I think the American Nut Growers--take in South America and North +America--would hit our proposition about right. + +PRESIDENT BEST: All right, is there another suggestion? We mustn't take +so much time on this, but it is mighty important. + +MR. BECKER: My final opinion is that it's best to leave it as it was. + +MR. STOKE: It seems to me that this matter was well decided some time +ago. We have certain definite problems to work out. I think we had +better stay on those problems and work them out before we spread over +the whole universe. We will have too many other problems coming in our +lap. + +MR. DAVIDSON: That matter was taken up some five or six years ago, and +for the reason that Mr. Stoke mentioned, the fact that we have special +problems and the very difficult problems that don't concern southerners +was the reason for voting that proposition down before. I think it would +be better, at least, for us to consider the matter rather thoroughly +before we vote on it, maybe postpone it until another year. + +DR. MACDANIELS: It just occurs to me that the Northern Nut Growers +Association was formed to tackle problems that weren't being covered +anywhere else. There are other local organizations which are concerned +with the Persian walnut and the Northwest Filbert and the Southern +Pecan. The Northern Nut Growers Association was organized to save +America's nut heritage, as somebody said, in a rather restricted area. +Possibly the time has come to get into a larger organization with a +greater scope, but I will say with Mr. Davidson that we want to +consider very carefully what the gain or loss might be for the change in +emphasis. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Would someone make the suggestion here that we keep this +thing in mind for a year and maybe at our next meeting take a little +time to discuss it thoroughly. + +DR. CRANE: I'd like to make a few remarks and offer a motion. I believe +I am correct as to the history of the organization when I state that the +oldest nut growers' organization was the old National Nut Growers +Association, and that covered the nut interests of the country of all +kinds. Then out of that came the National Pecan Growers Association, and +almost at the same time, the Northern Nut Growers Association. The old +National Nut Growers Association folded up, as did the National Pecan +Growers Association. They were victims of the depression. I think we +could discuss this at great length and not get anywhere, and therefore I +make the motion that the president appoint a committee of three members +to study the possibilities, both advantages and disadvantages of a +change in the name of the association and report back to the association +their recommendations at the next meeting. + +(Motion seconded.) + +PRESIDENT BEST: The motion has been made and seconded that we appoint a +committee to handle this thing and report back to us. Is there any +discussion? + +DR. GRAVATT: I'd like to point out that research work is being started +in Europe that is going to be very valuable to us. They are now working +on the Chinese chestnuts on a very large scale, starting in Yugoslavia, +France, Switzerland, and they are already doing quite a bit of breeding +work in Spain and Portugal along these lines. The things that they +develop, will be Chinese chestnut hybrids so they are going to have the +same problems in Europe working with the chestnuts that we have here. In +the past they have been working entirely with the European chestnut. I +think we are now on a basis whereby the European growers can feel that +they can profit by taking our publication, and, that both continents +will benefit. + +DR. GRAVES: Do you put that as an argument for changing our name to +American Nut Growers? + +DR. GRAVATT: I don't think "American" would help at all. And, +furthermore, when you talk about "American", a lot of people think of +South America. + +MR. SLATE: It's what the members get out of the proceedings and meetings +that brings them in and keeps them, it's not the name of the +organization. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. President, as former state vice-president in Alabama, +Florida and Tennessee, I don't believe the change of name would result +in any great immediate increase in membership in the Southeast. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Now, are you ready for the question? + +(The question was called for, and carried unanimously.) + + + + +Development of the Nut Industry in the Midwest + +J. F. WILKINSON, _Rockport, Ind._ + + +The development of the northern nut tree industry in the midwest really +began about 1910. Prior to that time W. C. Reed and son of Vincennes, +Indiana had done some experimental work with the Indiana and Busseron +varieties of pecan, as they had located these two parent trees. E. A. +Riehl of Godfrey, Illinois had been experimenting with the walnut and +chestnut, and it was at this time that T. P. Littlepage, R. L. McCoy and +established our nurseries here in southern Indiana. + +We then began the search for the best parent trees for propagation in +the midwest. + +We located Warrick, Hoosier, Major, Greenriver, Posey, Kentucky, +Butterick and several other varieties most of which have since been +discarded. + +A number of varieties have since been introduced, by Messrs. Gerardi, +Whitford, Snyder, Burkhart, Bolten, and others who are either nurserymen +or propagators, of pecan, walnut, hickory and chestnut. + +The Littlepage and McCoy nurseries were discontinued about thirty years +ago though I have continued the search for new and better varieties, and +several years ago located, named, and introduced the Giles pecan, in +southeast Kansas which is proving very satisfactory. I have recently +located, named, and am now introducing a new variety, CHIEF, from +Illinois. This is the largest northern pecan that I have ever seen and +it promises to be an outstanding variety. + +In the territory from southern Indiana to eastern Kansas are countless +thousands of native pecan trees in the valleys of the Ohio, Mississippi +and Missouri rivers and their tributaries. + +On the uplands in this same territory, the black walnut is found almost +everywhere. Thousands of pecan and walnut are of suitable size for +top-working and could be made valuable by being grafted over to these +fine varieties. These may be found in any quantity from a single tree to +a native grove (especially pecan) of thousands of trees. + +One of the largest pecan groves is in Gallatin county, Illinois along +the Wabash river where it has been estimated there are as many as twenty +thousand pecan trees of bearing size in one locality. + +Other sections where large native groves may be found are in Henderson +county, Kentucky near the mouth of Green River, along the Mississippi +river in western Kentucky, across the river in southern Illinois, along +the Illinois river in central Illinois, along the Missouri river in +central Missouri, in eastern Kansas, along the Neosho and Spring rivers, +and in Bates county Missouri along the Osage river, in southwestern +Missouri. + +It has been my pleasure to visit one or more times each of the above +places as well as every other section of note where the northern pecan +grows naturally. + +One of the most interesting places that I have seen is in Bates county, +Missouri. I was there in May to top-work trees for Mr. Wesley Heuser, +where he has a tract of land along the Osage river on which there is a +large native pecan grove making it a profitable possession. Mr. Heuser +is increasing its value by planting budded, or grafted trees in the open +land and top-working the small native seedlings. + +Adjoining this place is one owned by Mr. Fred Marquardt who recently +bought it from the estate of the late J. F. Tiedke who had spent years +of work there cleaning up the native grove, and top-working the small +seedlings to the better varieties. Mr. Marquardt told me there was an +estimated four thousand bearing size native trees, and two thousand +top-worked trees most of which are of bearing size and many of them +top-worked as long as twenty years ago. Mr. Marquardt is taking splendid +care of this place making it a profitable as well as a most beautiful +nut orchard. + +Mr. Tiedke in topworking these small trees, selected those as nearly as +possible in rows giving it the appearance in places of a planted +orchard. + +Along the Illinois river in central Illinois is a great pecan section. +It is there that Mr. R. B. Best is located, and he probably has more +grafted and top-worked trees than any other person in the midwest. The +late Charles Stephens of Columbus, Kansas, had topworked several hundred +trees in southeastern Kansas and Stanley Walberts planted a 35 acre +pecan orchard there at Columbus that at the last time I visited it was a +beautiful and well kept orchard. + +Mr. W. F. Thielenhaus of Buffalo, Kansas is doing a lot of work there +both in planting and top-working trees. + +In western Kentucky, Professors W. W. Magill, and W. D. Armstrong of the +University of Kentucky with county agent John B. Watts of Hickman, +Kentucky cooperating, interested Mr. Roscoe Stone, who had a large +acreage of land in developing the young seedling pecan trees by +top-working them to better varieties. Mr. Sly and I went there the first +time in the spring of 1948 and each spring since then we have worked +trees on this land, and for others around Hickman to the number of +possibly 500 trees. + +Last year a number of the trees that were worked in the spring of 1948 +produced quite a few nuts. I was there in May at which time there was a +splendid crop of nuts on these trees. On August 3, I had a letter from +Mr. Watts stating "I feel that many of these trees will bear a good crop +of nuts this year, and although we are having a drought here, the trees +on the Stone farm are not suffering much. + +The largest planting of nut trees that I know in the midwest is that +planted by the late Harry R. Weber near Rockport which consists of about +70 acres mostly walnuts, with some pecans, hybrids, hickories, and +filberts. + +Many smaller plantings of nut trees have been made throughout the +midwest and thousands of seedling trees having been top-worked. + +Most of the native walnut trees through this section have been cut for +timber and the native chestnut has been killed by the blight, making a +shortage that should be replaced with the better varieties of walnut and +the Chinese chestnut. + +The earlier plantings of the Persian walnut from France and England were +not hardy in the midwest but the Carpathian walnut from Poland seems to +be doing well. + +Some parts of this territory are suitable for almost any kind of nut +trees. There is a vast field in the Midwest awaiting development in nut +culture. + + + + +Some Aspects of the Problem of Producing Curly-Grained Walnut + +L. H. MACDANIELS, _Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y._ + + +About 15 years ago a tree of the Lamb Curly Walnut was planted at +Ithaca, N. Y. After the tree had grown to a height of about 12 feet, it +was topworked about 8 feet from the ground to scions of the Cornell +variety of Black Walnut with the idea that it would be possible to grow +a trunk of curly walnut and a top of a named variety. The tree grew +rapidly and in the fall of 1952 had a trunk 10 inches in diameter at the +base. Sometime in 1952 the tree became infected with bunchy-top disease +and was cut in an attempt to eliminate this disease from the premises. +It was expected that the trunk would show figured curly grain and plans +were made to have at least a part of the log cut into veneer. On cutting +the tree, however, and examining the wood, there was no evidence of +curly grain detectable either by casual personal observation or from +samples sent to the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin. +This, of course, was a disappointment because J. F. Wilkinson had shown +samples of walnut grown from scions of the Lamb Walnut obtained from the +late W. B. Bixby which showed evidence of curly grain. A photograph of +the wood secured from Mr. Wilkinson is shown in figure 1. Wood samples +from a tree growing at Beltsville, Maryland, which was also secured from +Mr. Bixby by C. A. Reed, does not show evidence of curly grain. + +The simplest explanation of the failure of the tree in Ithaca to show +curly grain would be that somehow the tree was not properly labelled or +that scions were mixed in propagation and that the trunk was not derived +from the original Lamb Curly Walnut. However, the fact that only a few +trees were concerned makes it improbable that trees were mislabelled in +the Ithaca planting and there is no good reason to believe that the tree +planted at Beltsville was not authentic. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Radial face of wood of grafted Lamb black walnut +grown by J. F. Wilkinson. Wavy or curly grain is apparent on right side +which is the outer part of the log (about natural size).] + +Another possibility is that the original Lamb Walnut was a chimera. Such +a tree would have mixed tissues in its growing points, some having the +curly grain character and others not. In such a tree some scions would +produce curliness and others straight grain. It may be that these were +mixed in the original collection. + +A third possibility is that curliness is produced by the interaction of +several factors, one a tendency to curliness inherent in the Lamb tree +and the others environmental such as growth rate, nutrient supply, the +nature of the soil or other such conditions. + +Theoretically curly grain in walnut or any other tree is related to the +nature of the growth of the cambium layer. In normal growth the cells of +this layer are much elongated as seen in tangential section and are +relatively straight. The nature of these cambium cells is shown in +figure 2. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. The cambium of a straight-grained black walnut +tree as seen in tangential section. The nature and regularity of these +cells determines the nature and regularity of the cells of adjacent wood +and bark (× 150).] + +It is well known from studies of cambial growth that irregularities in +the growth of the cambium are reflected in the irregularities in the +shape and position of the wood fibers and vessels, which it forms. +Ordinarily, if the cambium is wounded, the first cells formed are +irregular in shape and orientation but after a wound is healed over the +cambium cells resume their normal position. In parts of trees in which +the grain is irregular or confused such as in the inner angle of +crotches the shape of the cambium cells determines the nature of the +grain beneath as shown in figure 3 (Ref. 1). This has been established +also in the study of the nature of spiral-grained Douglas Fir and in +various experimental work where it has been possible to change the +direction or extent of the cambium cells through various experimental +means. (Ref. 2) + +[Illustration: Fig. 3. Section through cambium and underlying wood in a +crotch of an apple tree where the grain of the wood is not straight. The +shape and direction of the wood fibers or grain of the wood, and bark is +determined by the shape and direction of the cambium cells that form +them (X 100).] + +There seems to be no doubt, therefore, that curly grain in walnut is +directly related to the curly condition to be found in the cambium, +which produces such curly grain. The basic question to be resolved is +what makes the cambium of a curly-grain tree assume the curly or wavy +character. As indicated above, one hypothesis is that several factors +may be operating. For example, a tree might have the inherent capacity +to produce wavy grain but would only do so under special environmental +conditions. These environmental conditions might be related to rapidity +of growth, water and nutrient supply, or various other habitat +characteristics, which affect the nature of growth. The fact that the +tree in question at Ithaca was growing rapidly might have been +responsible for the failure of the curly grain to develop. There is +evidence that trees with figured grain grow slowly. (Ref. 3, 4) On the +other hand the specimens from the tree at Beltsville, Maryland, were +from a slowly growing plant and did not show curly grain. + +Another hypothesis is that development of the curly grain is dependent +upon the foliage of the tree. This has been demonstrated to be true in +instances where the foliage of fruit plants determines the +characteristics of the growth of the trunk and roots and of the fruit +itself. (Ref. 5, 6) It might be, therefore, that the failure of this +particular trunk to show curly grain is related to the fact that the top +of the tree at Ithaca was of another variety than the original Lamb. +Possibly the foliage of the original variety producing the curly +character is necessary to produce the curly grain. An argument against +this interpretation is that the tree at Beltsville, Maryland, is not +topworked. + +It would be valuable at the present time to survey all the trees of the +Lamb walnut, which are growing in various parts of the country, to see +under what circumstances they may be showing the curly characteristic of +the original tree. Dr. M. Y. Pillow of the Forest Products Laboratory at +Madison, Wisconsin, in an unpublished report, has pointed out that it is +possible to determine the curly nature of the grain by shaving off the +outer bark, exposing the inner bark just outside of the cambium. +Inasmuch as the same cambium cells form fiber cells both on the inside +to make the wood and towards the outside to make the bark, the direction +and nature of the fibers in the bark are a direct indication of the +direction of the fibers underneath the cambium in the wood. + +The appearance of the normal straight grained wood and bark and wood and +bark of a curly grained tree are shown in figures 4 and 5. Shaving off +the outer bark in this manner will not harm the trees, if it is done +carefully so it would be possible to make this survey without injury to +the trees. Examining a number of trees of the Lamb walnut in this way +and finding that some were curly, might give evidence as to the +conditions under which the Lamb walnut will produce curly grain. + +Dr. Pillow of the Forest Products Laboratory, kindly furnished me with +his file on curly and birdseye grained wood. In this file is a very +interesting group of manuscripts and letters including a report from Mr. +Willard G. Bixby reporting a trip to New Hampshire to study the +occurrence of birdseye maple and also his early experiments with the +Lamb walnut. The Lamb walnut trees at that time were too young to give +any indication of curly grain. Other letters of interest on the subject +were from Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, A. S. Colby and C. A. Reed. These letters +mention the desirability of propagating figured walnut but aside from +indicating that trees of the Lamb had been propagated there was no +indication that curliness had developed. The first definite indication +that curliness would develop in a grafted tree was reported by Mr. +Wilkinson (Ref. 7) at the Norris meeting of the Northern Nut Growers +Association. At that time the wood photographed in figure 1 was shown. + +In the literature somewhat conflicting reports are found as to whether +or not curliness will show up early in the growth of a tree or late. +Apparently it was possible to trace curly grain into the twigs a few +years old in the original Lamb walnut (unpublished letters). Various +statements, however, indicate that curliness may not develop until the +trees are 20 years old or more. It would seem that with the propagation +and introduction of the Lamb walnut in 1926-27 and distribution soon +thereafter it ought to be possible to locate and examine these trees +which are now more than 20 years old. + +[Illustration: Fig. 4. Slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with +straight grain in the wood (light-colored area) and also in the bark +(dark-colored area). U. S. Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory +Photo.] + +In the various literature and other material available on the subject of +birdseye and curliness, it appears that the birdseye grain is different +in its origin from curliness although both may be related to the +functioning of the cambium and definitely seem to be related to slow +growth. (Ref. 8) + +[Illustration: Fig. 5. Slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with +curly grain in the wood (light-colored area, upper left) and also in the +bark (dark-colored area). U. S. Forest Service Forest Products +Laboratory Photo.] + +Curliness is reported in other kinds of trees. Curly grained white +poplar has been propagated from hybrid trees by growing cuttings of +shoots from the roots of the curly trees (Ref. 9). In Sweden it has been +possible to grow figured birch, much of which has the curly type grain. +In birch, seedling strains producing curly grain have been developed and +are being grown. It is of interest to note that with these birches, the +trees with curly grain grow only about half as fast as the normal trees +and have to be staked during their early growth years in order to make +straight trunks or to stand erect (Ref. 4). + +The original Lamb walnut tree was curly throughout. Other trees, +particularly maples and birches may be curly only in part of their +trunks and sometimes only in restricted segments. Trees frequently have +curly grain at the base where the trunk joins the roots but not +elsewhere. Such curliness may be related to the shortening of the curve +where the root joins the trunk, thus causing distortion. W. G. Bixby +states (Ref. 3) that a birdseye maple tree 170 years old was only about +a quarter as large in diameter as normal trees of the same age. I know +of no comparison of curly walnut with other types of walnut. The +original Lamb walnut tree was apparently a very large one. + +In conclusion, it is obvious that our knowledge of the possibility of +producing curly grained walnut logs by grafting is as yet incomplete. +Much more information is needed and at the present time undoubtedly much +can be gained by examining the Lamb walnut trees, which are growing in +various parts of the country. This can be done without seriously +injuring the trees as described earlier in this paper. Those in the +Northern Nut Grower's Association, who have Lamb trees are urged to +examine them to find out if we can gain further useful information +regarding this rather important subject. Obviously, if it is possible to +grow curly walnut through vegetative propagation, we should know under +what conditions a grower can expect to successfully produce a curly +grained log. + + +References + + 1. MacDaniels, L. H. The apple tree crotch, histological studies and + practical considerations. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 419: + 1-22. 1923. + + 2. ---- and Otis F. Curtis. The effect of spiral ringing on solute + translocation on the structure of the regenerated tissue of the + apple. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 133:1-32. 1930. + + 3. Bixby, W. G. Field work at Warren, New Hampshire. Unpublished + Report. 1932. (On file with U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, + Madison, Wisconsin.) + + 4. Heinkinheimo, O. Om odling ar masurbjork (The cultivation of + figured birch). Skogen 27:165-167. 1940. (Translation in U. S. + Forest Products Laboratory.) + + 5. Heinicke, A. J. Influence of scion leaves on the quality of apples + borne by the stock. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 24:143-146. 1927. + + 6. Swarbrick, Thomas and R. H. Roberts. The relation of scion variety + to character of root growth in apple trees. Wisconsin Univ. Agr. + Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 78:1-24. 1927. + + 7. Wilkinson, J. F. The grafted curly walnut as a timber tree. Northern + Nut Growers Ass'n. Proc. 39:139-142. 1948. + + 8. Pillow, M. Y. Dormant buds are not the cause of bird's eyes in + maple. Wood Working Industries 5:26-27. Sept. 1929. + + 9. Grober, Samuel. Science shows the way. Chemurgic Digest 5:152. + 1946. + +DR. CRANE: Dr. MacDaniels, the idea prevails on the part of some I know +that this curliness would show up more at the base or crown of the tree +than it would be likely to show on the trunk, and at the base of large +limbs we tend to have curliness. Of course, the Lamb walnut was supposed +to be curly throughout, but in the case of other trees I wonder if +that's true. You have emphasized the change in the direction of the +grain at the crown between the root and trunk and in the crotches. I +wonder just where would be the best place to scrape this bark or pare it +down in examination to determine whether it was curly or not. Would that +be, in your opinion, more likely to show up on the trunk of the tree or +base of some limb or near down to the crown? + +DR. MACDANIELS: I'd be inclined to take it where you can work at it most +easily; down towards the base. If the grain is curly only in restricted +areas the log is not very valuable. + +A MEMBER: I have been told by a sawmill man that he could tell by the +convolutions of the bark. Instead of being straight, they would be +fluted. + +DR. MACDANIELS: That might be. I was told during the First World War +when they wanted straight-grained spruce for airplanes they found they +could tell a straight-grained spruce from a spiral, so they wouldn't +waste their time getting logs with spiral grain. + + +TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION + +PRESIDENT BEST: The first item on the program is the life story of the +Late Reverend Crath and the Crath Carpathian walnut in Ontario. We are +going to have Mr. L. K. Devitt of Toronto, Canada, get into this subject +for us. Mr. Devitt did know Reverend Crath since 1934. Mr. Devitt +supported his expedition to the Ukraine in 1934. He has a few slides for +us and then he is going to talk to us about a number of features. + +Mr. Devitt is in the school system in Toronto, and he is a graduate of +the University of Toronto, and so without further introduction, take +over and give us your story. + +MR. DEVITT: Thank you. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, when I wrote +a letter to the secretary of the Association about Reverend Crath, I +thought it was also fitting that at the next meeting I should come here +and say a little more about the life and work of the Reverend Crath and +the Crath Carpathian walnut in Ontario and the progress for the last 20 +years. + + + + +Late Rev. Paul C. Crath + +L. K. DEVITT, _Toronto, Ontario_ + + +Rev. Crath was born near Kiev in Greater Ukraine, Poland, in 1883. He +was the son of an Agricultural College Professor. It is assumed that he +enjoyed the life of the upper class, being a graduate of two +universities; and speaking fluently at least six languages of Central +and Western Europe, and having travelled almost everywhere in Europe. He +possessed a wide knowledge of the peoples, the history and the culture +of all the Central European Countries. + +He migrated to Canada in 1908 and settled in Western Canada. He was +employed at various, clerical occupations before entering the +Theological College of the University of Manitoba from where he +graduated as a Presbyterian minister in 1922. + +He was the minister of a Ukranian Presbyterian Church in Toronto for two +years. From 1924 to 1936 he served as a Presbyterian missionary in +Poland, organizing some thirty missions in Galicia and Volynia. For some +years before the war, he spent considerable time on a farm near Welcome, +Ontario, building up a European Nursery and in the winters he served +with the Home Missions mostly in Western Canada. During the last ten +years of his life he had to curtail his activities more and more, owing +to poor health and a heart condition. + +I met Rev. Crath when he was on furlough in 1934. + +I went to the National Exhibition and among the various exhibits I came +across a rather unique exhibit of nuts, grown by the late Geo. H. +Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington. + +In the course of our conversation along came the late Prof. Jas. Neilson +and we continued to talk about nut-growing. Prof. Neilson was +interesting indeed. I could see he was a sincere man and most +enthusiastic about the subject. He told me there was a Presbyterian +Ukranian missionary in town who had brought out some hardy English +walnuts from the Carpathian Mountains--a variety which he was sure would +survive in Ontario and the Northern States and that it had great +possibilities. The missionary was returning to Europe to bring out a +shipment but needed, backing for the expedition. I met Prof. Neilson the +following day. The sum required was $400.00 and he agreed to guarantee +the sale of $400.00 worth in the U.S. at least. The next day I met Rev. +Crath at the Exhibition display. We met off and on for two or three +days. I could see no flaw in the project, so I raised the $400.00 by a +bank-note. The banker thought I was crazy--and the missionary was on his +way by the end of the week. + +He arrived by mid-September and having had so many charges in the +Ukraine, he knew where to go and just when the crop was being harvested. +The walnuts were selected, dried, boxed and shipped by the middle of +October. The shipment arrived in Toronto the first week of +November--nearly two tons of them. I received with them, a bill of +lading with port charges, export duties and freight. I was out another +$100.00. + +In two weeks, the Winter Fair opened and Mr. Corsan was invited to put +on his nut exhibit as an attraction. In the meantime he was on the +radio once a week to talk on health, food and various subjects, always +getting around to nuts as a food--and this new discovery, the Carpathian +walnut. The radio broadcasts brought interested people right to his +exhibit. He gave an hourly talk on nuts and a pamphlet was given out. +The Winter Fair sales grossed $300.00 and there was another $100.00 on +follow-up sales by Christmas. The situation was at least easier. + +Prof. Neilson before Christmas had taken ill and passed away in +February. However into the picture came another man, H. J. Rahmlow, +secretary of the Wisconsin Horticultural Association with about 600 +affiliated societies. He wrote an article in the Country Gentleman and +circularized the expedition of Rev. Crath to the Carpathian Mountains. +We sent four shipments to Mr. Rahmlow in 25 and 50 lb. lots. Sales came +in from all over Canada and the United States until spring. By spring we +had cleared all expenses and had about $200.00 on hand, but the next +problem was, what to do with the rest of the walnut seeds? + +On Mr. Corsan's Echo Valley, there were two fields, one in the valley +and one over the road. We broke up out of sod an acre in each field and +planted about 40,000 seeds. Rev. Crath took to a farm near Welcome, Ont. +about another 20,000. Our plantation required a good deal of attention, +work and expense during the growing season. However 90% of the walnuts +germinated and grew to trees about 6 inches high. Over 30,000 trees +survived the next cold winter. + +The following year we could scuffle them between the rows. Our nursery +required less care and expense. During the summer they grew about a foot +higher (15 in. average) but developed a very thick carrot-like tap root +with numerous root hairs. By autumn 1936 it was evident we had to +transplant. The seeds were planted originally 8 inches apart. So we +divided up the lot by each taking one out of every three trees, thus +leaving the trees in Echo Valley now 2 ft. apart. Rev. Crath took his +trees to the farm at Welcome, 80 miles east of Toronto. They were +planted on a slope below a thick woods from where melting snow and +spring rains kept the field cold and wet until mid-summer. Rev. Crath's +trees were practically a failure; in fact the area seemed to be +unsuitable for walnut seedlings. Mr. Corsan's trees continued to grow, +but even here the soil did not seem to be the most suitable. + +I took mine to a sandy garden soil that had been under sod for 20 years. +The sod was broken and thoroughly disced. The spring was wet and very +favourable for transplanting. The trees on this soil grew very well +without any fertilizer at all; nor did they require any spraying. The +trees continued to grow deep and do better each succeeding year. + +In the spring of 1939 I started to sell trees wholesale to the Dominion +Nursery, Georgetown, Ont. Mr. Bradley, the president, carried more +novelty items in his catalogue than any other nurseryman in Canada. I +continued to plant more seeds until 1939.--The war stopped further +importations, and I sold out all the trees by the spring of 1943. + +So from my nursery probably went out some 10,000 trees; the weaker +seedling always perished during the winter. From Mr. Corsan's nursery, +another 10,000 trees--about half of these went to his son, Hebden Corsan +in Michigan. Rev. Crath's nursery yielded not more than 5000. He +imported a number of cherries, plums, grapes and others fruits, all of +which did not do too well either. + +During the period before the war, orders came in from everywhere--from +British Columbia to Nova Scotia, even Newfoundland, besides nurseries in +the United States. Orders from the prairie provinces were dissuaded but +some customers insisted on a trial basis. Walnut seed, the first two +years went mostly to Western Ontario, British Columbia and Nova Scotia. +By 1939 the seedling nursery business that I had apparently fallen into, +looked good. Rev. Crath and I talked the situation over. We decided to +go to the country, lease some land. I would select +the land and continue to grow seedlings and besides, import selected +grafts to develop in Canada a hardy high quality grafted walnut tree. + +In September we prepared to make another expedition. My banker was most +agreeable this time. Rev. Crath got as far as New York where, awaiting +the S. S. Batory to sail, the war broke out. The S. S. Pilsudski was +sunk just out of Gdynia the next day. The S. S. Batory never did sail +back to Poland. When he arrived home we went to the bank on a Saturday +morning. The travellers' cheques were cancelled. + +Rev. Crath in the 1936 expedition brought out a shipment of walnuts +selected from the most northerly port of the Ukraine for Mr. Weschcke, +St. Paul, Minn. I am not familiar with this part of his work. + +Rev. Crath was a cheerful soul, an interesting and pleasant individual +to talk to. He loved people and, especially, meeting people. He +possessed a great love for humanity; he bore malice toward no one and +charity to all except the Bolsheviks. He was a restless man--"always on +the go". One could see he preferred to be missionary rather than a +resident minister. Although he was away a good part of the time he was +dearly loved by his family. + +Shortly after his death, as an appreciation of his services as a +minister among Ukranian families, special memorial services were held in +Toronto, Oshawa and Detroit. I was invited to attend the Toronto +service. + +On a visit one day last August, 1952, to places where his Carpathian +walnut trees were coming into bearing, he examined them and gazed at +them with a look of joy and sadness. On the way home he was somewhat +upset, he looked at me and said "Mr. Devitt, my good friend, at last our +experiment is a success. Promise me two things; continue our work and go +to the convention and tell our American friends to continue the work." + + * * * * * + +This is the story of the introduction of hardy Carpathian walnuts +(_Juglans regia_) into Canada and the United States by the late Rev. +Crath. + +Looking back on the whole adventure (now twenty years ago) it would be +only fair that I mention the names of three other men for the work they +did to make the expedition a success. The late Professor James Neilson +whose research in nut growing in Ontario and the United States was +already well known should be mentioned. It was he who really "sparked" +the expedition. To the late George H. Corsan whose nut growing +experiment at Echo Valley was something unique in Ontario, credit is due +for his enthusiasm and support of the late Reverend Crath. The American +nut growers who were fortunate to obtain walnut seeds at the time +through Wisconsin Horticultural Society can thank Mr. H. J. Rhamlow, +then secretary. He took over the task of distributing the walnut seeds +through the affiliated societies. He insisted that the seeds be tested +for germination, kept in proper storage, and did everything possible to +ensure success. However none of these men as I knew them then, and +including myself, would want any credit, but we give full recognition to +Reverend Crath for his work. + +During the years spent in Poland Reverend Crath must have given the idea +of growing hardy walnuts in Ontario and the Northern States considerable +thought. He examined trees and nuts wherever he went; and continued +gathering information each year. When I first met him I could see he had +given walnut growing a great deal of study. He had great faith in his +idea, and when leaving on his expedition 1934 he felt he was on a great +mission. It should be remembered he made this arduous trip without pay +and that he made very little money from the sale of walnut seeds or +trees. No one did for that matter. It is also significant that in +bringing these Carpathian walnuts out of Poland at that time, 1934, he +did something that could never be done again. The trees he saw then +probably went into rifle butts for use in World War II. The introduction +of these walnuts into Ontario, met with varied success. Many bought them +on a trial basis and were eventually rewarded; some looked on with +skepticism and ridicule and a few thought that the growing of walnuts in +Ontario was impossible. The intervening years, however, have brought +forth a different picture. These seedling walnut trees are now bearing +in Ontario and as late Reverend Crath predicted more than half of them +are producing fair to good quality nuts. This is also true in the United +States. In Ontario they grow well in the commercial apple districts and +with variations mature nuts fully in 90 to 120 days (between Sept. 15 to +October 15.) All of the best varieties should now be propagated by +grafting to produce hundreds of hardy Crath Carpathian walnut trees. +This project should always be one of the foremost with the members of +the Northern Nut Growers Association. Twenty years from now and later, +the number of hardy walnut trees producing nuts (Crath strain) should +make a living monument to this obscure missionary--Rev. Paul C. Crath. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you very much, Mr. Devitt, for this very +intriguing story. Truth is sometimes stranger than fiction. And we want +to keep in touch with you, and we want to keep hearing from you, because +you have got a big job to do yet. + +MR. DEVITT: There is only one thing, ladies and gentlemen: I don't want +to run into 5,000 letters to answer. Keep my name out of this. That is +my walking-out request now. That's the story. I am going to continue to +keep collecting samples. I hope some day to have a number myself of the +best, and I might come back again sometime. I can't say every year; +circumstances may be that I can't come. However, it's been a great +pleasure for me to be here. I have wanted to come for 20 years, and I +thought this year that I should come, because I am on this special +mission of Reverend Crath's. Now you know what's going on in Ontario. + +MR. SLATE: Mr. Chairman, I think the Association will answer the 5,000 +letters, if he will ask. + +MR. DEVITT: I didn't ask. Are there any questions? + +DR. MCKAY: I'd like to ask a question. Was any scion wood ever brought +over? + +MR. DEVITT: There was some scion wood brought over by the Reverend Crath +in the spring of 1935, and it was brought over on the boat. I remember +in those years only one that grew on a tree belonging to Mr. Corsan. I +don't think the other scion wood proved any good at all. + +MR. STOKE: I got a little of that scion wood, and it had been waxed. The +bark was nice and green, but the buds were dead. + +MR. CALDWELL: Do you have a plantation of young, producing trees? + +MR. DEVITT: No. My place, where I had those trees is now $3 million +worth of buildings on 15 acres. You'd be looking down a street. They +moved in in 1944, and built up 15 acres where I had one acre in the 15. + + + + +The Eastern Black Walnut as a Farm Timber Tree + +JOHN DAVIDSON, _Xenia, Ohio_ + + +Most people instinctively love trees. Perhaps this is an inherited +result of arboreal ancestry. Even so, very few of us realize what an +astonishingly close tie exists between the survival of trees and the +well-being of the human race. Probably even fewer realize the very great +importance, in the economy of animal life, of trees which bear nuts. Not +alone for the sake of their nuts are they important, valuable as nuts +are, but also for the sake of the unmatched timber which some of them +produce, as well as for the sake of their service as soil conservers and +builders, as beautifiers, and as silent, persistent builders of capital +values. + +In view of these outstanding qualities, it is strange that nut trees are +today unfortunately and shamefully neglected in the north. Especially, I +claim, is this true of the Eastern Black walnut. Here is a mystery. Why +do not northern planters of trees plant more Eastern Black walnuts for +their exceedingly valuable timber? + +"Backward" Burma could give us lessons in intelligent forestry. It is +said that the Burmese are permitted to clear their thickets and tropical +woodlands for agricultural use only after they agree to plant a definite +amount of that land in teak, perhaps the most valuable of all woods. It +is said that, due to the effectiveness of this system, some 35,000 acres +have now been stocked with this valuable timber. + +There are two or three main reasons why the planting of Eastern Black +walnut for timber is thus far not very common in America. (1). The +native and favorable area of this tree is limited to a comparatively +small section. (2), The tree grows well only in deep, fertile soil where +quick-money crops have had the first call. Strip-mine planting is better +than none at all, but such soil as is left after a strip-mine operation +is hardly the best. (3) We are in too great a hurry. (4) Most farmers +must have annual incomes, or they must quit farming. + +What, then, are the offsetting reasons why this kind of planting should +have an appeal to far-seeing people who are favorably located? In the +first place, the Eastern Black walnut yields wood of unique quality. +Pattern makers, who must work within tolerances of thousandths of an +inch, prefer it. Walter Page, a well known sports writer has this to +say: "Few woods come as close as walnut to fulfilling all the demands of +a good gunstock: beauty of grain, workableness with cutting tools, +resistance to warpage, weight or density in proportion to strength." + +Another example of the many-sided versatility of this wood can be found +in those timbered regions of America where termites are a problem for +home owners. Termites seem to leave black walnut wood very much alone. +It probably has a taste which termites cannot stomach. This is one +reason why so many of the old rail fences of our ancestors in the walnut +area were made of black walnut. The "ground-chunks," in particular, +which were laid upon the ground under the corners of the worm-fences +were often either of rock, or of walnut. + +Just this year I watched the demolition of part of an old log cabin +which was being riddled by termites. Many of the ordinary logs were in +ruins but the walnut boards which had served as weather-boarding over +the ends of some of the termite-infested logs were as sound and as +beautifully preserved as they had been when they were placed there. + +Is it any wonder that so many of the pioneers who had lived long enough +in the termite area to see what could happen to other lumber, chose +walnut, whenever they could get it, for structural work and for +weatherboard protection? + +Safety of operation is still another matter for consideration. If I wish +to create an estate for my family or for my last years, how can I go +about it with the best chance for success? Shall I go prospecting for +precious metals? Thousands have failed at that job where but few have +succeeded. Shall it be manufacturing? Count up the failures. For each +success, at least ten go broke. Wall Street? The Wall Street journals +themselves give the statistics. More than 90 percent of all persistent +Wall Street gamblers lose money in the end. Farming? Much safer, but +most farmers who have made much money in the past have accomplished it +by way of an increase in the value of their land rather than through +their farming operations. This is the result of fluctuating prices. Bad +years often eat up the savings of good years. Then, too, the good farmer +is a busy man. The better the year the busier he is. Very little time +remains for side issues, such as the planting of trees. + +As a matter of fact, as erosion of the soil progresses, as good, +productive land becomes more scarce, and as farm labor becomes more and +more difficult to employ, the attention of informed farm owners and +operators has been turning more and more to soil-building, perennial, +permanent and labor-saving crops. Of these, grass and tree crops are, +far and away, the most promising today. + +In view of what I have found out during the last 20 years, I am quite +sure that, if I were starting now, I should expect to make farming a +major element in my estate building, but it would be mostly tree and +grass farming, not grain farming. I should need livestock, of course, to +make use of the grass. And I like livestock. + +This is what I ask of life: First of all, I must enjoy my work. I do not +care to spend all my days in getting ready to live. My job must lie +along the road I like to travel. I do not care to work at a task so +burdensome, so time-consuming that I have no heart for the enjoyment of +living. At the same time, a big part of the plan must be to find a good, +safe way to build an estate. It must be feasible, practical, enjoyable. + +I believe, in the light of my own recent experience, that if one is +properly situated, there is much to be said for the idea of undertaking +the practice of forestry upon a rather liberal scale using Eastern Black +walnut trees as a foundation. + +In the first place, I ask, what living thing upon one's farm will cause +less labor than a forest tree? I know of none. This fulfills the first +requirement. A forest tree calls for a minimum of attention as +compared with other crops. This is especially true if one permits +livestock to keep down weeds and brush. And here I am likely to be +called a heretic. The authorities say, "No grazing in a forest". +However, in this field of forestry there are some traditional maxims +which, to say the least, are not capable of universal application. The +authorities, too, have been known to rely upon what other authorities +tell them--without investigating the facts for themselves. It is not +well to rely too implicitly or trustfully upon the "authorities", either +ecclesiastical or scientific. "No grazing" is a valid enough rule to +follow in the ordinary forest, but I have found that after the trees are +well grown we can graze the land under a deep-rooted walnut tree which +is planted in deep, rich soil as we would graze any meadow land--in +reason and in moderation. The practice is profitable for annual income +and it keeps down the fire hazard. One bad fire in an ungrazed or unmown +piece of brush-covered undergrowth can destroy in an hour 50 years of +timber growth. If we plant deep-rooted nut trees in deep, rich soil, and +if we fertilize that soil as any valuable permanent pasture land is +fertilized, we can graze that land without injury to the trees or the +land. + +One other reason which is given for the prohibition of grazing is the +desire to save young tree growth. This is justified in ordinary forestry +practice by the need to get annual income through successive cuttings. +The young growth must be encouraged to come on. Even so, it must be +thinned as it comes. However, a forest of black walnut trees yields its +annual income in another way--through its nuts and its livestock. + +Trees in such a forest should be planted close enough together to cause +them to reach straight up as they grow. They will not all reach straight +up, of course, but enough will do so to produce as many saw-logs as will +normally grow in a forest; that is, if they have been properly planted +in the first place. + +In my own modified forest-type planting, the black walnut trees stand 8 +feet apart in rows 20 feet apart. The 20-foot spacing between rows was +planned to provide more sunlight for nut production during the early +years. No one ever planted a forest in that way, so far as I know. The +trees are now 17 years old, about 3250 of them in all. In the best soil +of this 20 acres I can count about 1000 forest-type, straight, +well-grown trees. There are about 1500 lesser trees, low-limbed trees +which will eventually be used, perhaps, for posts or some such purpose. +There are, I regret to say, about 750 trees that will never be worth +anything. An eroded slope and a hidden clay bed explain these +misbegotten dwarfs. + +The variable growth of these trees proves that the first care in making +a planting of walnut for timber should be to plant in good soil, deep +and well drained. Bottom land, even some that is occasionally +overflown with flood-water, and therefore not the best wheat land, +should be excellent for Eastern Black walnuts if the drainage is good. +Rule two:--Select your seed or seedlings from large, straight-growing, +healthy parents. This rule needs explanation. + +In last October's NUTSHELL, an organ of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association, Spencer Chase, its editor, called attention to a showing of +Carpathian Persian walnuts by Mr. H. F. Stoke which illustrated what was +called "the variability of seedling trees." The progenitor +of these seedlings was a Lancaster Carpathian Persian walnut tree. +Differences in size, appearance and quality of nuts from these seedlings +were said to have been remarkable. Such differences, we know, are +greater with some species than with others. A variable ancestry often +results in a variable progeny. On the other hand, I know that my Eastern +American black walnuts do tend to reproduce the characteristics of their +parents. I have long rows of seedling trees, all from one parent tree, +standing alongside long rows of seedlings from another parent. The +similarity of the tree growth and nut production of the trees in their +own rows, and their contrast in growth of trees and nuts to those in +adjoining rows is striking and to me conclusive. A photograph taken by +Dr. O. D. Diller, of Ohio State University, in 1946, shows trees in a +right-hand row grown from seed of a tree on the Kinsey farm, while on +the left are seedlings of a tree on the McCoy farm. The circumference of +trunks of Kinsey seedlings averages more than twice that of McCoy trees. +Same soil, same age (11 years), same treatment. + +Those same trees, now 17 years old, still show these striking +characteristics. It is true that each tree in a row of seedlings is an +individual in its own right. No others are exactly like it. +Nevertheless, the family resemblances in that row are very like those in +human families. They are especially noticeable in the nuts--with, for +example, rough shells in one row and smooth shells in another; mainly +large nuts in one and mainly small nuts in an adjoining family. Also, +some rows have mostly straight-growing trees, others are predominantly +branchy, like the Thomas. + +It should be said in this connection that practically all of the parent +trees of these seedlings stood in isolated positions and little subject +to pollination from other trees. + +So much for the Eastern Black walnut's evidence of hereditary influence. +So, let us take inventory. + +Today, I figure that the thousand well-grown trees in this planting are +each adding a dollar per year to the value of the 20 acres upon which +they stand. $1000 per year in all. This estimate, which of course seems +optimistic, is based upon the statement of a walnut tree buyer--a +sawmill man--who tells me that a well grown, deep-soil, 50-year-old +Eastern Black walnut tree should average about $50 in value. Thus far, +my 17-year-old youngsters, some of them nearly 3 feet in girth (9-1/2 to +11 or more inches in diameter at breast height) look promising. + +In addition to the potential added value of $1000 per year, this 20 +acres has produced about two tons of in-hull nuts from selected trees +only, in each of the past two years, (with more than that in prospect +this year), while the land beneath the trees grows good pasture and +helps to support a small herd of cattle and calves. + +Once the trees were thoroughly established, the labor investment has +been very small. Nature, for the most part, has done her own pruning, +and has done it better than I deserve. Since the first half-dozen years, +there has been no cultivation. The trees have been practically +trouble-free. Winds have damaged a few and one wet spot has killed three +trees. There are a few black locust trees among the walnuts. I can see +no evidence that the walnuts have made either better or poorer growth +because of the proximity of these nitrogen storers. Perhaps the evidence +will show up later. We shall see. + +The last item in this inventory, added value to the estate, is still +potential, but the potential is surprising. If my walnut timber buyer's +estimate is trustworthy, in 17 years the best 1000 trees have added +17,000 potential dollars to the value of that 20 acres. And they have +done it with safety, with little labor on my part and, lately, with +annual dividends of excellent nuts and good pasture. No other kind of +forestry that I know of can do that. + +It would, of course, be foolish to claim that the kind of management +here described would be wise or workable with other forest species. Wise +forest management requires, first of all, that the choice of species +shall be adapted to the soil and climate favored by that species. It +requires a proper density of stand. Finally, good management demands +that a choice be made of the most valuable type of timber that can be +produced upon your land. If you can grow walnut successfully, it would +be foolish to grow Willow or Box Elder. + +One necessary thing I must do, a thing that I should advise others +similarly situated to do, namely, place a tight legal fence around this +twenty acres in order to assure the trees' survival until 50 years have +proved or disproved my faith. For, after all, these trees are guinea +pigs--pioneering. They break some traditional rules. The land they stand +on is grazed. They are not set the traditional 80 feet apart. Their nut +crops may dwindle away. One never sees walnut trees growing in pure +stands--always with other species which scatter their seeds and push in. +They are not monopolists--like the pines. + +Very well, we shall see. My own small experiment in unorthodox ways has +the temerity to suggest a new treatment for a species of timber tree +which I personally regard as America's very best gift of its kind to the +world. For 17 years my modified forest-type planting of black walnut +trees has not disappointed me. That is why I now believe that the farmer +in the Eastern black walnut's native habitat who fails to set out these +nut trees wherever he can is losing a good opportunity. + + + + +The McKinster Persian Walnut + +P. E. MACHOVINA, _Columbus, Ohio_ + + +The McKinster Persian walnut first attracted public attention when it +received first place in the preliminary Persian walnut contest conducted +by the Northern Nut Growers Association in 1949. In the follow-up +contest of 1950, the variety was granted third place. The McKinster tree +resulted from Crath Carpathian seed secured through the Wisconsin +Horticultural Society by Mr. Ray McKinster of Columbus, Ohio. The seed +was obtained and planted in the spring of 1938, hence the tree is now 15 +years of age. Probably this seed was secured by Rev. Crath during his +last trip when, presumably, he made some of his most careful selections. + +Altogether, Mr. McKinster planted eleven Crath nuts in the back yard of +his small city lot, nine of which germinated. All but two of the +resulting seedlings were distributed to friends and relatives living in +the countryside. Many of these trees have disappeared due to accidents +and lack of care; a few, however, have produced nuts which apparently +are not exceptional. One such nut examined was of medium size with a +fairly thick shell; the kernel was of good flavor but somewhat bitter. +Of the two trees retained by Mr. McKinster, both were permitted to grow +where the seed was planted, however one died of an unknown cause when +five years of age. Nuts produced by this tree were inferior to those +produced by the survivor which later became known as the McKinster +variety. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +The McKinster tree may be viewed in the accompanying illustrations which +show it without foliage and with foliage. The pictures were taken in +March and August, respectively, 1953. Since it is a very beautiful and +relatively clean tree, the McKinster would be desirable in any yard. +From the pictures, it will be noted that the site is unfortunate being +restricted by two garages, an alley, and with numerous overhead utility +wires. Some effort was made two years ago to keep the tree out of the +wires by cutting back top growth. The trimming stimulated the usual +vigorous, annual growth to produce terminals as great as 10 feet in one +year. Ordinarily, annual growths of 6 feet of husky wood are not +unusual. New wood and buds are hardy in appearance and assume a rich +brown color upon maturing. With such growth, cutting 1000 feet of scion +wood annually would be no problem. The tree is now about 35 feet in +height with a like spread. + +The bearing record of the McKinster Persian has been excellent. Its +first crop of five or six nuts was borne at five years of age and large +crops have been consistently set each year since with but one exception. +Crop records have been impossible to maintain since the tree is located +in a section of the city where squirrels abound. Any nuts saved must be +protected by screen-wire cages. The hunger of the squirrels for the nuts +is amazing. For example, in 1951, they descended upon the tree during +the first week of July and destroyed all nuts of the large crop within +two weeks. These nuts could not possibly have been filled and, +consequently, could have been of little nutrient value. In their +voracity, the squirrels frequently work on the cages and sometimes +manage to break through. To facilitate this endeavor, limbs up to one +inch in diameter carrying cages are sometimes cut off so the squirrels +can attack more conveniently from the ground. + +[Illustration] + +It could be that nuts saved by caging are sometimes inferior. The cages +used are made by folding window screen into a doubled, 4 to 6 inch +square, producing an "envelope" with wire sewn edges. Crowding from one +to three nuts into a cage may result in inhibited development, +especially since considerable leaf surface must be removed when +installing a cage. Because Mr. McKinster has been ill for several +years, it has been difficult to accomplish the caging; consequently, but +few nuts are saved. For example, in 1950, there were insufficient nuts +to meet the 25 nut sample required by the contest judges. All available +nuts, some probably inferior, were entered, and it is a matter of +conjecture whether the nuts might have been judged higher under +different circumstances. Also conjectural are the questions of crop size +and regularity of bearing in the event the tree was permitted to mature +its nuts. + +The McKinster nuts, which were the principal consideration in the +contests rather than the tree itself, are excellent in nearly all +aspects. They are of medium size, averaging around 35 to the pound, with +about 52 per cent kernel. The shell is moderately thin, light in color, +well sealed, of a satisfactory shape (see illustration), and with +excellent cracking qualities. The kernel is light, plump, of excellent +flavor, and in the words of one authority, "probably rank with the best +in freedom from bitterness." The nuts are matured by the middle of +September and, later, drop, free of the husk. + +Blooming of the parent tree usually occurs during the first week of May. +In 1951, the staminate flowers were first observed April 29 and the +pistillate flowers May 2. The narrator visited the tree on May 4 at +which time some catkins had fallen; it was estimated that one-half to +two-thirds of the pollen had been shed. The pistillate flowers appeared +to be either receptive or slightly past at this stage. Mr. McKinster +commented that the blooming period of 1951 was from a few days to a week +earlier than usual. In 1952, the shedding of pollen started on April 29. +From the foregoing, it may be noted that the McKinster Persian is +entirely or largely self-pollinating. No other Persian walnut trees +which might assist in pollination occur in the vicinity and all known +seedlings raised from nuts of the parent McKinster tree have appeared to +be pure Persian. Leafing out starts about a week before the bloom +appears. In the fall, leaves are colored a beautiful bronze and are +brought down in a great shower by the first frost. + +A sample of the soil in which the McKinster tree is growing, taken at a +depth of 6 inches, was tested in July 1950. The results specify that the +soil is mostly silt with an average amount of organic matter and that +evidence indicates it to contain ashes. The acidity is specified as +"neutral", potash "high", and phosphate "low". No mention is made of +available nitrogen; however, the dark green color of the leaves and +vigorousness of growth would indicate a satisfactory supply. Fertilizer +in small amount was applied once or twice during the early life of the +tree; also, during this period, Mr. McKinster "spaded in" garbage, etc., +to increase the humus content of the soil. In 1951, the narrator checked +the pH of the soil near the surface and obtained a value of 6.5. + +Only one instance of damage due to climatic conditions and none +whatsoever from insects and diseases has ever been observed with the +parent McKinster tree. Undoubtedly, the city location offers some +protection from frost, but may also be detrimental, on occasion, through +heat reflected from the many surrounding white-painted buildings. For +example, an unseasonable warm spell occurred in Columbus during the +latter part of the first week in April of the current year. The heat, +lasting for several days, reached a high of 80.4 degrees and, as a +result, the McKinster tree started vegetating. Leaf growths of from +one-half to one inch had been reached when normal conditions returned. +Two weeks later, a cold spell with snow and temperatures of 22 degrees +killed the new growth but did not injure the wood. Following this, +leafing re-occurred, but at a slower rate and somewhat later than +normal. The size ultimately attained by the leaves is about one-half +their usual size, and, consequently, the accompanying illustration, +taken this summer, does not exhibit the usual luxuriant appearance of +the tree. A large part of the bloom was damaged by the cold, hence the +tree set a lighter crop of nuts than usual. + +In connection with early vegetating, it may be remarked that Mr. +McKinster, several years ago, presented two small grafted trees of his +variety to a relative living in eastern Kentucky. These trees were +planted on low ground and were killed the first year by late spring +frosts after leafing out twice. Thus it seems evident that the McKinster +tree has the fault, common in Carpathians, of leafing out too early and +being injured by late spring frosts, especially when planted too far +south. Three other trees, grafted by Mr. McKinster and now about four +years from the graft, are situated in the countryside several miles +south of Columbus, Ohio, where they are doing excellently, having never +been damaged. + +The writer has several three year old McKinster grafts at his property +in southeastern Ohio which were deliberately set on stocks located in a +bad frost pocket. The grafts, which are adjacent to a woods, have made +fair growth each spring but are injured during the summer by an insect +laying eggs in the succulent growth. The portion of terminal above the +point of sting invariably dies the following winter and has the +appearance produced by winter killing. This damage has not been unique +with the McKinster, having also occurred with the McDermid, Watt, +Burtner, and other Persian varieties growing nearby; some of the latter +were killed outright the first winter after grafting. + +A one-year McKinster grafted tree with three feet of growth above the +graft was cut back and transplanted by the writer to the yard of his +Columbus, Ohio, home during the winter of 1952. Growth the following +spring was about two feet and obtained in rather poor soil. After a long +absence during the summer which was attended by a prolonged drouth, the +tree was found in a dying condition, having lost all its leaves. Hurried +watering resulted in a complete new coat of leaves and a small amount of +additional terminal growth. The tree matured its growth and withstood +the winter nicely, but suffered, similar to the parent, from the April, +1953, unseasonable weather. Growth this summer from adventitious buds +has been poor. + +Unfortunately, the McKinster variety saw but little testing in other +parts of the country prior to its recognition in 1949. So that this +report might be as complete as possible, requests were sent to several +dozen experimenters who are known to have grafted the McKinster, asking +for their experiences and opinions of the variety. The requests went to +people scattered generally throughout the northeastern portion of the +country, a very few of which had received scion wood in 1950, a larger +portion in 1951, and the bulk in 1952. For the most part, replies +indicate satisfaction and even enthusiasm; very few report failure. +Definite conclusions cannot be drawn because of the short time of +trial; however, a general description of experiences will provide +indications. + +Few experimenters report failure in grafting, most stating the variety +to be "easy to graft." Any who mention the characteristic, +state that "grafts are vigorous," or that "it is a fairly rapid grower." +For the experimenters, the McKinster seems to be about "average" in its +time of leafing out. Many report a set of nuts the second year after +grafting. As to time of maturing new growth, the reply of Mr. Stephen +Bernath of New York, "New growth matures about the end of September," is +fairly typical, as is the reply of Dr. R. T. Dunstan of North Carolina, +"It appears to harden wood well ahead of frost." Most reports indicate +no winter injury but are tempered by cautious observations that +temperatures had not been low. Mr. H. F. Stoke of Virginia, who grafted +the McKinster in the spring of 1950, reports: "Pistillate buds developed +during the summer of 1951 were killed by a frost catching new growth in +the spring of 1952." Mr. John Howe of Missouri was the sole reporter of +catastrophe when he stated: "My McKinster graft was killed by the +November, 1951, cold while the Lake and McDermid varieties close by were +not hurt." Mr. Sylvester Shessler of northern Ohio reports: "The +McKinster withstood, without injury, the 1951 winter which killed 4 +hybrids and a Crath, and injured several others." Mr. Harry P. Burgart +of Michigan reports the variety as doing extra well for him. The only +reply mentioning disease came from Dr. Dunstan who says: "It has been +fairly clean in foliage so far, less susceptible to leaf spot than +some." Mr. John Gerstenmaier of Massillon, Ohio, grafted the McKinster +in 1951 and reports excellent growth with a diameter of 2 inches at the +graft after two years. He reports temperatures of 16 degrees very early +in November which caused no harm, and pistillate bloom from May 8 to 16, +1952, which materialized into a crop of two nuts; pollen was supplied by +adjacent Carpathians. Leafing out ordinarily starts about a week prior +to the bloom for Mr. Gerstenmaier; but, in April, 1953, the unseasonable +weather conditions also occurring in his vicinity caused early +vegetating and killing, while at nearby Orrville, the variety was +undamaged. + +Mr. Gilbert Becker of Michigan, who is enthusiastic about the McKinster +variety, believes the qualities of the nut to be superb and the +characteristics of the tree satisfactory. He is of the opinion that the +too-short dormancy of the variety is not a serious objection, +particularly with climatic conditions such as those experienced in +Michigan. Even in central Ohio, where peach and apple crops are +frequently lost due to spring frosts, the McKinster has not been injured +when located in the countryside and injured but once during its 15 +years, with a resultant smaller than usual crop, when located in the +city. + +In closing, it might be well to comment on the fact that nuts of the +McKinster, Hansen and Jacobs varieties alone placed high in both the +1949 and 1950 N.N.G.A. contests and that different panels of judges +served in the two events. Certainly the nuts of these varieties are of a +superior quality, and it would seem important to determine those parts +of the country where these varieties are sufficiently hardy to be of +commercial value. Certainly these varieties should be given every +opportunity to prove themselves. + + + + +Carpathian Walnuts in the Columbia River Basin + +LYNN TUTTLE, _Clarkston, Wash_. + + +Mr. Chairman and friends of the nut culture, I regret that I cannot meet +with you at this time, but fate seems to have decreed otherwise. The +pleasant memory of the meeting at Guelph is still with me and I must +admit a feeling of humility as I prepare this paper for a group of +sincere and devoted people united in a common interest. + +The Pacific Northwest extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific +Ocean. This area is divided by the Cascade Mountains which run north and +south. Between the Cascades and the Pacific we have a coastal area +wherein winters are generally mild, summers cool, and rainfall abundant. +Under these, conditions many plants do not attain a high degree of +dormancy. Zero weather in Seattle will damage walnuts as much as will +twenty-five degrees below zero in the more continental climate east of +the Cascades. Carpathian walnuts have proved their value under both +coastal and interior conditions. This hardiness is at least partially +due to their tendency to mature their buds and harden their growth +earlier in the fall than do other types of English walnuts. + +Between the Cascades and the Rockies is a vast area part plateau and +part mountains. It is scarred with deep canyons and crossed by swift +streams fed from springs and mountain snows. Roughly the elevation of +farm lands varies from five hundred to over forty-five hundred feet. +Depending largely on slope and elevation, rainfall varies from about +eight to twenty-five inches. In general, summer days are bright, dry, +and fairly hot. Nights are clear and cool. Winters are unpredictable but +always vary much according to location and elevation. Infrequently +temperatures may drop to more than twenty below zero at Clarkston. Other +areas of similar elevation may be five to ten degrees colder. + +For the sake of clarity and to reduce the territory covered, we will +confine ourselves largely to that part of the Columbia Basin irrigated +and to be irrigated in Central Washington. The application is general, +however. + +Grand Coulee Dam has made feasible the irrigation of about 1-1/4 million +acres of sage brush, bunch grass, and marginal wheat lands. Irrigation +is already practised over other vast acreages. This land is level to +rolling, and is of sandy loam nature. It is deeply under-laid by layers +of lava rock--in places thousands of feet thick. As in most arid +climates the soil is rich in minerals but low in nitrogen and organic +matter. Under irrigation production is amazing. The growing season is +sufficiently long for Carpathian walnuts anywhere in the irrigated area. + +Walnuts originally from Southern Europe have proved unsatisfactory +because they killed at 20 to 25 below zero. It was discouraging to have +a ten or fifteen year old tree killed outright by an unusual winter. But +it was just these conditions that led to the discovery of the Schafer +walnut. This tree survived the winters of 1936 and 1937 in a part of the +Yakima valley where all other varieties similarly located were killed. +So far as I know, none of these were Carpathians. + +Many Carpathians are now being planted, mostly for yard trees, but +promise to eventually become one of the big commercial crops of the +area. However, skepticism on the part of the public and scarcity of +nursery stock has delayed commercial planting. A fair portion of good +growers are now convinced that commercial growing is profitable and +stock, our own and others, is becoming more plentiful. + +Our experience has been confined largely to the Schafer walnut and it +is, aside from some promising seedlings, so far as we know, the only +proven Carpathian in this area. We do not wish to discredit +possibilities of any other variety, but must speak out of our own +observations. There are numerous small, commercial plantings now +producing, the nuts being sold locally. Accurate production figures are +not available and if available would vary greatly due to the care given +the trees. The Schafer, and this will undoubtedly hold true of some +other Carpathians, bears more at five years than a Franquette does at +ten. I have seen apple boxes (about one bushel) of nuts harvested from +five and six years old trees. Production increases rapidly with age. + +As with fruit trees good air drainage and good soil drainage are +desirable for the walnut orchard. The Schafer starts fairly early in the +spring and new leaves are easily nipped by late frosts. A severe late +freeze might also injure new growth although I do not recall a crop +having been lost due to this cause. Although pollinizers have not been +used, we think that on young trees and in some years they might insure a +better crop. We are now propagating two pollinizing varieties the +catkins of which come out later than the Schafer. + +Trees planted sixty feet apart permit inter-planting to row and other +crops for several years. Columbia Basin lands under irrigation produce +enormous crops of potatoes, beans, sugar beets, rutabagas, green peas, +clover or alfalfa seed, peppermint oil, and fruit. Average potato--20 +tons, alfalfa hay--7 tons (three cuttings), alfalfa seed--800 pounds, +dry beans--2,500 pounds, wheat--70 to 100 bushels. In some areas peach +or apricot trees make good fillers. + +Carpathians also fit into the picture as yard trees, for border +plantings,--either to utilize run-off water or to use water wasted along +ditches and pipe lines and for wind breaks. This open country is +naturally windy and trees greatly reduce the ground velocity of wind. + +Nut production in this area appears to be much heavier than on the coast +or in California with varieties now being grown there. So far we are +pest-free. The potentials of good Carpathian walnuts in this area are +unlimited. + + + + +Walnuts and Filberts in Southern Wisconsin + +C. F. LADWIG, _Beloit, Wisc._ + + +My farm is located a few blocks north of the Illinois-Wisconsin line on +a rise overlooking the city of Beloit, whose western limits are almost +adjacent to my land. Temperature in this section ranges from 100 degrees +above to 30 degrees below zero; rarely reaching either extreme--with an +average frost free period of 173 days. Rainfall averages approximately +35 inches. Walnut, butternut, bitternut, hazel and hickory are native, +but just about non-existent in my vicinity except on my place in the +young state. + +The land on my place has been tobaccoed and corned out for over 100 +years and its once rich clay loam with sandy streaks was unable to grow +ragweed over 2 inches high when I bought it. Trying to grow nut trees in +this soil presents problems as you well know. My problem was not to get +them to grow vigorously but to get them to grow at all. However, by +using fertile spots, formerly barnyard and around the house, I got +several walnuts and filberts started. + +I have an eight year old Crath #1, two Myers black walnuts, about the +same age, Cochrane and Thomas, 6 years, all obtained from Mr. Berhow, +and a fine assortment of Jones hybrid filberts from Mrs. Langdoc, a Rush +filbert from Mr. Burgart, two European filberts from the New York State +Fruit Testing Association, some hybrid seedlings, some native hazels +from seed, some bitternut seedlings from Mr. Weschcke, a few native +hickory seedlings, an American chestnut seedling from Scarff, 2 +butternut seedlings, 2 nice Chinese tree hazels from Mr. Shessler, +several Jacobs walnut seedlings, and _regia_ & _hindsii_ hybrids from +seed of Mr. Pozzi, some Crath seedlings and a number of Thomas black +walnut seedlings--also native walnut seedlings. + +Mr. Shessler and Prof. J. C. McDaniel have been a source of +help, advice, and inspiration to me and I am +deeply indebted to them, as well as to many other members of the +N.N.G.A. who have shared their experiences with me. + +How have the trees done? The Crath #1 is bearing a few nuts this year. +It had no catkins, but the Cochrane was loaded with staminate bloom at +the right time. I got busy with the Cochrane pollen and a brush and went +to work on the Crath pistillate bloom. Very pleased with this cross I +looked the Crath over a few days later to check on progress. I picked +the little nutlets off the ground and inspected them carefully, then +threw them into the chickens to see if they would eat them. Back in my +mind was the feeling that Mother Nature thought I was getting too big +for my britches and decided to teach me a lesson. However she generously +allowed a few air pollinated nutlets to grow, and so there will be a +small crop of the round and plump smooth green balls. + +The Crath #1 is not perfectly hardy as it freezes back an inch or two in +the cold winters. Two years ago the warm wet fall left it unprepared for +the sudden onslaught of winter and several whole branches died and the +trunk split open, the split sounding like a rifle shot one cold, crisp +evening. I happened to be standing by it at the time. + +The Myers black walnuts are splendid trees and just about hardy. They +bore a few nuts and second and third year from planting, which sapped +their vitality. They then bore nothing for about three years, which +happened to be unfavorable years for walnuts anyway, and began to bear +again this year with a moderate crop. It looks like the plum curculio, +my arch insect enemy, is trying the nuts for size. I saved some Cochrane +pollen and went to work on the Myers, with you know what results. +However three of the nutlets stayed on the tree; so that I may have +effected a cross between Myers and Cochrane. + +Thomas has acted peculiarly for me. It went thru the devastating +winters of 1950 and 1951 in fine shape, then froze back last winter when +the temperatures never went below 5 degrees below zero. The very dry +fall should have ripened all branches to perfection. My mule, Zombie, +took a liking to the branches and leaves of this tree, so it is now +trimmed up like an umbrella. The small nut crop must have also gone down +Zombie's gullet. He is more destructive to walnut and plum than the +curculio. (Tie him up. Ed.) Thomas does not seem to have a great future +up here. + +Now Cochrane is different. If that little tree has as many nuts on it as +it had catkins this year, I'm going to have to move the corn out of the +crib and put the walnuts in there. It is not a fast growing tree, but +this may be the fault of the spot it is in, judging by the color of the +leaves. I never got around to fertilizing it. + +Now that I told you about the Cochrane, I'll have to tell you about the +"Wayne" black walnut. It is eight years old, stands about eight feet +high and is hardy. My Black Walnut seedlings stand from six inches to +six feet high. They go back to six inches every other year when I cut +them down to graft them. Nobody in the nut tree field can call me a +grafter. I'll make him prove it! + +The hickory, butternut, bitternut, and chestnut are step children and +fend for themselves on less desirable soil. All are small. The +regia-hindsii hybrids are small and young and are being given special +care, but may not be perfectly hardy. They grow well. + +The Jones hybrid filberts stand from six to eight feet high, except +those planted recently. This year they have a fair crop. The catkins +came thru the winter in good shape for the most part. My two European +filberts, which have lost their identity, but are either Italian Red, +Cosford, or Medium Long, (one of the three perished) usually suffer the +loss of their catkins and occasionally lose a branch or two to +winter's icy fingers. + +To me, the filberts are fascinating at all times of the year. When the +snow is deep and the cold bites deep, their tight little catkins always +hold forth the comfortable promise of spring. When spring does come the +thrill of the tiny red blossoms and lumbering catkins is as real and +enduring as the promise of a crop of the shiny nuts is fickle. Then, of +course, after the last tiny blossom has faded and the last catkin has +withered, the leaves push forth. To me, these tiny leaves are a sight +comparable to the opening and unfurling of the various varieties of the +grape. Then enters the element of suspense, between the time of leafing +out and the time when the little nut clusters appear. + +My bushes are all growing together on a rise of ground near an old barn +foundation. The ground is rich and they love it. Each bush is individual +and distinctive as are their nuts--some tucked far in the husk, some +bulging out in a precarious fashion, some fat and round, others long and +narrow. They're interesting. I can let the butternuts, bitternuts and +hickories pass, the heartnuts, chestnuts, and pecans can wait until I am +sure they will bear here. The walnut will grow up along with the other +trees--blending into the landscape, but the filberts, like Zombie, call +attention to themselves every day of the year. + +Somebody said recently that the emphasis in England is in being, and in +our country in becoming. I imagine our land stopped being with the +disappearance of the Indian and the primeval forest and is now in the +process of becoming something else. What that something else is we don't +know, and each generation carries a new set of values, but we all know +that to become something better, trees must and will figure in the plans +of all generations--better and more useful and more disease resistant +trees. It is significant that nut trees lead in these requirements. + + + + +Biology, Distribution and Control of the Walnut Husk Maggot + +DR. F. L. GAMBRELL, _New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, +Geneva, N. Y._ + + +DR. GAMBRELL: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, some 22 years ago, I +believe it was, I attended one of your meetings at the Experiment +Station in Geneva, and at that time I gave a little talk on the walnut +husk maggot. Perhaps some of you are old enough to have been there and +remembered something about it, or maybe you are old enough so that you +have forgotten as much as I have, so it would be worth talking over +again. At any rate, when the chairman of your program committee wrote +Dr. Chapman, asking him if he might talk, he came to me and said, "Would +you be willing to do this?" I said I'd be willing but I didn't know +whether I'd be able. But finally, the pressure was so great that I said +yes, and I am here. + +After I accepted the invitation, I made up my mind that I would like to +bring myself up to date as much as possible on recent developments on +walnuts, so I took the liberty of writing to a lot of our entomological +colleagues and talking to one of your members, Mr. Slate, in the hope +that I might get some more recent information on the maggots, or, +particularly, the control of this walnut husk maggot. I wrote to some 10 +or 15 entomologists in 15 states, as well as the United States +Department of Agriculture in Washington and to our neighbors on the +north in Ottawa. I must say that I have had a very fine response from +everybody. They were all very willing to help, but practically all of +them had the same answer: while they knew there was such a bug, they +didn't know too much about it as an economic pest. So that left us all +right in the same boat, with about two exceptions, as when we began. Our +friends to the north in Canada sent some very nice information. We also +had some information from the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant +Quarantine, Washington, D. C., together with some illustrated material. +Also our good friend, Dr. Boyce, at the Citrus Experiment Station, in +Riverside, California, with whom I have discussed the walnut husk maggot +problem quite a few years ago, had a very nice bit of information and +illustrative material which he provided. Incidentally, he is the man who +has been mainly responsible for the development of the walnut husk fly +control program for the nut industry in California. I would certainly +like to take this opportunity to acknowledge any contributions he or the +other people have made towards this discussion. + +In New York State we have in our official list of insects about 30 +species of fruit flies that are catalogued, but only about five of these +can be classified as of economic importance. Two of these occur on the +cherries, both sweets and sours, and are called the cherry maggots. +Another one on apples, known as apple maggot, and a related form on +blueberry. And then, of course, the walnut husk maggot, and one other +which occasionally occurs on currants, but this one, of course, is of +less importance than the others. + +The fruit industry, of course, in New York is quite large, both apples +and cherries, so that there is a considerable problem there as far as +control is concerned. The growers spend thousands of dollars every year +in combatting the various species of fruit flies. The interesting thing +in this connection is that throughout the last 25 years with which I am +familiar with the cherry fruit flies--in fact, that was one of the first +projects I worked on in cooperation with Dr. Hugh Glasgow when I came to +the Experiment Station in 1925--the control measures which we developed +in 1925 to 1927 are essentially the ones which we are still using today; +that is, for the most part. There have been various attempts to change +the control program through the introduction of these newer +insecticides, and some progress has been made, but in every case they +have been wrought with some difficulties. At the present time the +official state recommendations for the control of apple maggot and +cherry maggot still include the use of arsenate of lead under some +conditions. I mention that at this point because it is of some +significance in the overall control. I am going to discuss that later +on. + +As far as the host plants and distribution of the walnut husk maggot is +concerned, according to the original description which was published +almost a hundred years ago, it was listed as occurring in and to the +Middle States. That is a little bit indefinite, but at least it occurs +all over the Eastern United States and as far west as Kansas. Then the +one which occurs in California, which has since been called _Rhagoletis +completus_ (?) looks very similar to the one that we have here, but +there are slight taxonomic differences, so at least it is considered a +different species. At any rate, it is very similar to the one we have +here, and this whole group of fruit flies that we have been talking +about have a lot of similarity in their wing patterns and things of that +sort. + +And the fact that I mentioned the control as generally as I did is of +significance in that all of these flies of the various species are +apparently susceptible to the same type of control measure. + +As far as the host plants are concerned, I have personally observed +injury on all of our common _Juglans_ species that I have run across in +New York State and in some of the states to the south of us, including +butternut, Japanese walnut, English walnut and black walnut. I have seen +reports of infestations which were recorded in hickory, but I personally +have not seen them. + +I'd just like to have a show of hands. How many in the audience here +have had experience with the walnut husk maggot or had injury on the +fruit? (Showing of hands.) I see the majority of you certainly know what +it is, but just as a brief reminder, the type of injury, of course, +varies somewhat depending possibly on the variety and time of year at +which the fruits first become infested. We know, of course, that the +flies do not begin to puncture the husk until they attain a certain +degree of softness. Early in the season they are not able, apparently, +to penetrate the husk with the ovipositor, and that, of course, varies +not only with hardness but with varieties. The flies, of course, may be +seen on the fruit even though they are not able to penetrate the husk +and deposit their eggs. These husks, of course, many of them, become dry +and hard after they have been tunnelled out, and it is almost impossible +to clean the shells. Occasionally you have nuts in which you have a +separation of the suture, and in those cases you very frequently get the +exudate from the husk penetrating through the suture in the shell onto +the kernels themselves, and in those cases molds may grow on the kernels +so that those fruits are no good. + +In connection with this injury I am going to show you some slides in a +few minutes, but the preceding speaker made reference to a type of +injury which occurred on the terminal growth of a walnut tree and that +is one that we have had a lot of inquiries at the Experiment Station +about, injury to the new terminal growth fairly early in the season. +That probably, in most cases, is caused by the butternut or the walnut +curculio. Early in the season these adults begin feeding on the new +terminal growth, and they even puncture the new growth and lay their +eggs there before the nuts are large enough for them to attack and very +often considerable killing back of the terminal growth occurs. I have +seen it on English walnut seedlings in nursery rows where there would be +very large kill-back from the walnut curculio. Superficially the injury +on the fruit is quite similar to that of the husk maggot. + +(First slide.) This first slide is just to give you some idea of the +general areas of fruit growing and distribution in New York State. The +eastern section, right-hand side, Champlain Valley and Hudson Valley, +are primarily apple maggot regions. Some walnut husk fly probably occurs +there, but they are predominantly apple-growing areas. In the central +part of the state, northern, particularly, we have fruit, and as far as +I know, there are no plantings of walnuts there, though you people may +know of some. In The Ontario Plains section south of Lake Ontario is one +of our big fruit belts in the State. Some walnuts are also grown here. +Consequently this area has in it apple, walnut and cherry maggot flies, +and, of course, they will be lapping over in all those areas into +surrounding territories. But this gives you an idea, in a general way, +of the distribution of the host plants and the flies about which I have +been speaking. + +(Next slide.) Those flies get pretty big when you get them up there. +They are not that easy to see in the field. The ones on the top are the +species found on cherries. The one on the lower left is the apple +maggot, the one on the lower right is walnut husk maggot. The only +difference you can see here is in the wing pattern but in nature they +differ in color. They all have a little different wing pattern. Also, +there is a little difference in size, the walnut husk maggot being the +biggest of the four species shown here. + +(Next slide.) I have shown here the emergence date of the various +species, including the cherry fruit flies, the apple maggot and the +walnut husk fly. And you notice that beginning over about the first week +in June you have emergence of the cherry fruit flies, and you have a +continuance of emergence of some of these species up until at least the +first or second week in August. These points going up and down just show +the number of flies that were taken on given dates, and there is a very +definite correlation between the proportion of flies that emerge on any +given day with the temperature or moisture condition. Some years, when +you have very hot, dry weather, there is considerable mortality of these +flies as they just do not seem to be able to emerge from the soil, which +is a good thing. + +(Next slide.) This photograph is one that I wasn't sure I was going to +get back in time for the meeting, but it is a Kodachrome of a pair of +flies mating on an English walnut. This happened to occur on some of our +own trees at the station, so that we are not immune from attack by this +bug. + +(Next slide.) That is a close-up of an egg puncture, just a very tiny +little hole in the husk, and once in a while they lay an egg even on the +surface. Those eggs are quite small, about a millimeter in length and +about two-tenths of a millimeter in width, but the next slide will show +you that what they normally do is to put them inside that puncture in +groups. They vary quite a bit, but the average number of eggs is about +20 in each puncture. But that doesn't mean you won't have maybe four or +five different punctures on a given nut, so you may end up with at least +a hundred or more maggots in a shuck. + +(Next slide.) And the next picture is a photograph of the same English +walnut taken about six or seven days later, showing the young maggots +that have just hatched out. What they will do, they will begin boring +in, and they will just radiate out in all directions into the shuck. +When they have gotten that far along, of course, there is no hope for +control. + +(Next slide.) This slide is one taken when the maggots were almost +mature, showing the type of damage that you get. + +(Next slide.) This is the resting stage, or the pupa, the one which +spends the winter in the soil and from which the flies emerge in New +York, at least in our section, beginning about July 15th and going +through up until August 15th. + +(Next slide.) The one at the top is normal fruit. I mentioned a while +ago that this butternut curculio causes quite a bit of concern and also +spoke about its being in terminals. If you look carefully you see a very +definite hole here in the husk. That is where the adult punctured the +husk. It may have been a feeding puncture first and later an egg was +laid inside, and then you get the maggot or the grub of the curculio +developing in there, so that superficially that discoloration looks very +much like the walnut husk maggot. But in this case you may not find over +one or two maggots in a nut. And the other difference is that these +fruits which are attacked usually fall during July and August, whereas +the ones that have maggots in, many of them stick right on the trees and +don't come off at all. + +(Next slide.) I have two or three slides just showing the variations in +the degree of injury on English walnuts from the point where you'd have +an egg puncture. The puncture was made on the other side of the nut, on +top here, and this is just the exudate running down around the nut which +dries and becomes black. But these walnuts up above show just a lot of +dark spots where the maggots are beginning to find their way through the +husk. I have with me some injured nuts similar to those shown on the +screen if you'd like to see them when I have finished my talk. They will +give you a little idea what maggot injury looks like. + +(Next slide.) This is the same type of injury on butternut. Maybe you'd +have one egg puncture and as many as a hundred or 120 maggots inside the +shuck. + +(Next slide.) This is a picture of maggot injury on black walnut. They +don't seem to like the black walnuts as well as they do the Persian +walnut and butternut. + +(Next slide.) This is one of the hybrid English walnuts that is located +on the grounds at the Geneva Experiment Station. It's quite a large +tree. I don't know the name of it. Maybe you do, George. + + +MR. SLATE: It has no name. + +DR. GAMBRELL: It's not very fruitful, anyway, is it? But it is also +susceptible to injury. + + +(Next slide.) This photograph was made quite a few years ago, and that +explains some of the lines around it, but at any rate, this pile of nuts +shows the damaged ones that came from one tree, and also the ones that +were not infested. In other words, about two-thirds of the nuts on that +particular tree had been infested with maggots. + +(Next slide.) That's a close-up view and is the type of thing I was +trying to describe to you earlier where the shucks dry up and stick to +the nut so that you cannot remove them. Those on the left, of course, +would be absolutely no good for commercial purposes. + +(Next slide.) Now, I suppose you are all interested in this matter of +control. Unfortunately, I must admit that I have not worked on the +walnut husk maggots very much in the last 15 or 20 years. You may recall +that we had a severe freeze back in 1933 or 1934, which took out quite a +lot of our Persian walnuts in Western New York, and only the hardier +trees remained. But prior to that time we had been getting numerous +complaints, from growers about injury from walnut husk maggots, and we +did some work at that time and also worked with the Farm Bureau people +in the counties where walnuts were grown fairly commonly. In many cases +these Persian walnuts were grown on fruit farms where they also have +apples and other fruits. So that in those cases it was not a difficult +problem to obtain control. We worked out a program whereby, say, +beginning about July the 20th to the 25th, at which time quite a few of +the flies would have emerged, if the orchardist, when he was going +through with his regular spray operation on his fruit trees, would give +his walnuts at least two applications at about two weeks intervals, he'd +cease to have a maggot problem. That pretty well solved it, as far as +they were concerned. But there were also these other plantings where +you'd have just a few trees, or possibly one tree in a back yard, +something of that sort, which is a little bit more difficult to control. + +Dr. Glasgow and I found that on cherry maggot in the city, while a +material like lead arsenate is very effective in a commercial orchard, +it's very ineffective for just one little tree in your own back yard, +providing your neighbors have some trees and they don't spray them. The +reason is very obvious: the flies don't necessarily stay on the same +tree. They visit around from tree to tree, they feed on the surface of +the leaves or fruit. Therefore, it's possible for them to be over on +someone else's unsprayed tree and still come over and lay eggs in the +nuts of a sprayed walnut tree before being killed. So you can see that +such activity may create somewhat of a problem. + +At any rate, the lead arsenate spray of three pounds to a hundred +gallons, with or without fungicides, has given good control in the past. +That No. 3 combination of lime sulphur and lead arsenate was used west +of Rochester here around Hilton where this grower had a commercial fruit +planting, but he also had a number of English walnuts. The year prior to +the time these trees were sprayed he had about 40 per cent of the nuts +infested, and the year these were sprayed the infestation dropped they +came down to about one percent. Notice the comment at the foot of the +table which states that the trees that were not treated the following +year went back up to 20 per cent of the nuts infested. There were about +20 per cent of the trees that had infestation. Of course, the flies +moved around enough that the trees became reinfested. It simply brings +out the point that unless you have a pretty good-sized planting, you are +going to have to spray pretty thoroughly in order to get control, and +also, if you only have one or two trees and you have a lot of +surrounding shrubbery and a lot of trees, it would be very wise to also +spray those, unless they are plums or peaches, which are quite +susceptible to arsenical injury. But most things would stand the +arsenate of lead, and it would be very desirable, wherever you can, to +spray surrounding trees and shrubs close to the walnuts themselves, and +in so doing you would get pretty effective control. It is quite possible +to use this control method and obtain over 80 per cent reduction in +infestation. + +I am sorry to say I don't have any information on these newer materials, +like DDT, methoxychlor and parathion. You have probably read about all +of those in the magazines. Some of the men in our department have done +quite a bit of work with these insecticides on the apple maggot in the +Hudson Valley and in Western New York and they find, as I mentioned +earlier, while it's possible to obtain control of apple maggot, say, +with DDT, it requires much more frequent application. In that case, if +any of you are orchardists or follow the apple-growing insect problems +at all, the first application of the walnut maggot spray should go on at +about the time the last cover spray for the coddling moth goes on for +the first brood. That sounds a little involved, but from the calendar +point of view it would be about July 25th in Central or Western New +York. Normally, with us here the cherries are being harvested by about +July 15th, sometimes a little earlier, but at any rate, that's the time +the flies usually begin to emerge. + +We have what we call a pre-oviposition period of about two weeks, during +which time the flies are not laying any eggs in the shucks and are +moving around feeding. Of course, that is the time you have to get this +spray material on, before they have punctured the nuts and deposited +eggs inside. + +I think, unless there are questions, that's all I have to say. + +A MEMBER: You recommend No. 3 to be used? + +DR. GAMBRELL: Lead arsenate at 3 lbs./100 gallons and 2 gal. of lime +sulphur would be an effective insecticide-fungicide mixture. I have used +both the wettable sulphur and lime sulphur, as shown here, without any +injury to foliage. Sometimes, as you know, if it's real hot, like today, +sulphur could cause you a lot of foliage injury. Dr. MacDaniels will +certainly bear me out on that. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Now I think Joe McDaniel has a little idea here he wants +to introduce at this time. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I have been talking with Mr. Devitt. He is interested in +following up these Carpathian trees in Ontario and is willing to act as +our agent in securing seed nuts from some of the better selected trees. +As I understand it, this Association couldn't properly act as a sales +agency for them, but I believe there are some of the members who would +like to get these superior seed nuts of Ontario, and I would be willing +to take the names of persons who are interested in them, either for +their personal planting or for resale. Mr. Devitt thinks he can secure +the nuts at about 60 cents a pound from the owners who have these good +trees and deliver them to the United States at around a dollar a pound. +Anyone who is interested in that, see me or Spencer Chase during the +remainder of the meeting. + + + + +Panel Discussion: The Persian Walnut Situation + +_Moderator_: S. B. CHASE; _Panel Members_: H. L. CRANE, GILBERT BECKER, +J. C. MCDANIEL, H. F. STOKE. + + +MR. CHASE: To introduce the subject, Lynn Tuttle sent a paper, and in +addition he sent a few slides. We won't give the paper, but we are going +to run through a few slides very hurriedly, because he took the trouble +to send them. I am going to read the captions off very quickly. (A +series of slides of Persian Walnut were shown). + +The moderator isn't going to do anything other than ask for any +questions that you folks have on Carpathians at this time. I am going to +ask Dr. Crane to comment on this question: Are we going overboard +building up our varieties as we know them now? In other words, we have +selected four or five varieties that won a contest and our judges +selected them as best, and these are the only ones we are hearing about. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, I don't believe we are, provided that we +maintain high standards in the varieties distributed and tested. I feel +that when we select a variety we should select it because it is a good +nut, not that it's a world beater, for big size and thick, rough, rugged +shell that is not sealed, and which is of no value for human use or +consumption, excepting for firewood or fuel. Those big nuts won't fill. +The best nuts are of reasonably large size, well filled with a well +sealed shell and with a kernel that is sweet. Don't figure on selling +nuts that have bitter kernels to anybody else. We have nut varieties of +the Carpathians that are not going to go over because of the faults that +I have mentioned. I should say, too, that we do not know how widely a +variety is going to be adapted to different climates. If we select +rigidly for good, outstanding varieties that bear good nuts and good, +vigorous trees, we won't get too many. + +MR. CHASE: That was one point I wanted brought out, that we are now just +in the preliminary stage of this Carpathian variety selection business. +Of the selections made some have been made by default, because there +weren't enough of other samples to compete with. On the other hand, the +several we have we all consider outstanding in some respect, or other, +and are of value as a beginning provided we bear in mind that we haven't +scratched the surface on Carpathian walnuts yet. + +MR. STOKE: And let's not confine ourselves to Carpathian walnuts, +because Hanson is not Carpathian walnut, and that's an excellent nut. + +MR. CHASE: Mr. Stoke, what is going to be NNGA's policy in trying to +give recommendations for the planting of Carpathian or Persian walnuts? +In other words, does it make any real difference whether it's a +Carpathian or whether it is not, as long as it has proved hardy and of +good quality? + +MR. STOKE: We are dealing with Persian walnuts, and Carpathian happens +to be one class of Persian, and Broadview happens to be a Persian that +came from Russia, and Lancaster is one that came from somewhere in +Europe and landed up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. I would emphasize the +name Persian as the over all name. The Carpathian is merely a Persian +walnut which has been brought from the Carpathian mountains of Poland. + +MR. BECKER: Last summer a group of nut growers went to Lee Sommers', +which is in the central part of Michigan. In the invitation to our nut +growers I said, "This is the only pure Carpathian orchard we know in +Michigan." That didn't set well with some of them and they took issue +with me. In answering this issue, I said that Mr. Sommers had planted +Carpathian Persian walnut seed that came from Poland direct. Many of us +have a mixture. Even Mr. Shessler has the Hanson and Jacobs and a number +of others. If he sells you seed, you are going to get it mixed. In a few +years we will have a job keeping pure Carpathian. + +DR. MACDANIELS: Isn't it a matter of straight terminology? _Juglans +Regia_ is the Persian walnut. Carpathians are a regional strain of +_Juglans Regia_. + +MR. CHASE: I think we all understand that. + +MR. MACHOVINA: Can we speak of a Carpathian strain. Crath himself said +there were many. He even found walnuts growing in clusters like grapes. + +DR. MACDANIELS: It would be a regional group of clones with a certain +origin not a strain in the genetic sense. + +MR. STOKE: They are just Persian walnuts that happened to come from the +Carpathian region. + +DR. CRANE: There is a little difference. I believe that in the northern +countries we have had more or less inbreeding and we could consider them +more nearly a line, not a strain, because of that. When the original +seed was introduced by Reverend Crath, probably each one of those lots +of nuts come from different trees, as a line, but, now this second +generation stuff that's coming along, it's just _Juglans Regia_. It's a +hardy Persian walnut. + +MR. STOKE: I think I can offer a word of explanation of those growing in +clusters. I have no doubt that when the barbarians swept over the wall +centuries ago they brought Asiatic walnuts with them from as far as +Manchuria. They grew in clusters there like butternuts and heartnuts. No +doubt some of them reached Europe, and some of them may have hybridized +with the Persian, and I think really that's the answer. + +DR. MACDANIELS: The same situation existed with peaches 20 years ago. We +had five geographical races of peaches that were more or less distinct. +With the exception of one, the Peento, they have all lost their identity +now because there has been no attempt to keep them distinct. + +DR. CRANE: That's right. + +MR. CHASE: Then we end up, there is no such thing as a Carpathian, it's +just a name for a hardy walnut that came from a certain region, that +distinguishes it from others. + +MR. KEPLINGER: In my parents' old home in Eastern Germany in the +Bohemian mountains there is an English walnut tree that's 300 years old +and bears a hundred bushels of walnuts a year. They stand 40 below zero +there, too, and the nut cracks and hulls well. It has a record on +standing the cold, but there hasn't been any of them brought out here +and planted in this country, but they are there. I know they are there, +because they are on our estate. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, there is one remark that I want to make. Here +we are, the Northern Nut Growers Association, and yet we still use the +term, "English walnut," when we are talking about Carpathian walnut and +Persian walnut. This "English walnut" is the worst form of terminology +that can be used. England doesn't have any walnuts; they have never +grown any Persian walnuts or English walnuts, they haven't in the past +and they aren't today. They have a few trees but are in the same fix +that we are in the Northern Nut Growers Association; they are trying to +find a variety of Persian walnut that they can grow in England, and yet +here we call them English walnuts. They should be Persian walnuts, or +Chinese walnuts. We don't know where they came from. The best +authorities seem to think that they originated in Persia; others think +they originated in China, but the abundance of evidence is on Persia. + +We want to get this thing kind of straight. They are all the same thing, +_Juglans Regia_. + +MR. CLARKE: I'd like to make a suggestion. I don't know as you have any +authority or power to change, but the term _Juglans Regia_ means "royal +walnut." Why not work for the adoption of a name like that, and it will +include all of them. + +DR. MACDANIEL: That's what they call them in France. This country has a +little complication; there is another Royal walnut, one of the hybrids +between the California black and the Eastern black. + +DR. GRAVATT:-While we are talking about bringing English walnuts, +Persian walnuts, whatever you want to call them, from Europe, I want to +give a warning about a disease that is killing thousands of trees in +Southern France. Just recently I saw quite a few of them in France and +the edge of Italy. I don't know whether it's virus or what it is, but +it is certainly killing out the English walnuts there at a very rapid +rate, and I advise very strongly against introducing walnut seed, scions +and such, from those areas in France and Switzerland or other areas in +southern Europe where this disease is prevalent. We will know more later +about it, because quite a team of pathologists is working on it in +Europe. + +MR. CHASE: Has anybody else got any comments about _Juglans Regia_? I am +afraid to say anything else. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I will say that this Carpathian strain, of _Juglans +Regia_ is the first walnut of the Persian type that we have had for +Illinois. The Pomeroy, other Eastern strains and California varieties +have not survived very long in the climate of the state of Illinois. We +do know now that some of the Carpathian seedlings have been fruiting for +10 or 12 years and do show considerable promise there. I don't know +whether it will ever develop into a commercial industry but they are +worth growing. + +MR. CHASE: Thank you. I'd like to ask George Slate what he knows about +the Northern Star Persian walnut. Very hardy, and so forth? I think +maybe the members might be interested in that. + +MR. SLATE: Spencer asked me to find out about the North Star _Juglans +Regia_, which was advertised in the Flower Grower. I called up the local +nursery that was selling them, and they said they got their seeds from +some Pomeroy trees in the western part of the state. I guess they are +just _Juglans Regia_. + +MR. STOKE: Down in Virginia we have Virginia Thin Shell purchased +sometimes one place and sometimes another. + +MR. CHASE: The secretary's office had an inquiry from the executive +secretary of the American Nurserymen's Association wanting to know if +those claims could be substantiated. I couldn't say on the basis of what +information I had, and I so told him. Apparently they, through their +organization, have stopped further advertising of that strain under the +claims that they made for it. + +MR. KORN: We find our public at large, not only our members, seem to be +fascinated by the fact that the Persian walnut can be grown in this +latitude. So in speaking to them about it, when I am speaking to our +members, I try to say Persian walnut, but when speaking to the public at +large, they don't know what I am talking about so I come out flatly and +say English walnut. I tell them that we can't expect to grow the +California type, but we have a hardier type coming from the Carpathian +mountains or Germany or Russia or Holland, that can be grown +successfully in this part of the country. + +MR. CHASE: I think that's the only approach you can use. + +MR. KORN: That's the one I use, and I think it quickly helps people to +understand what you are talking about, and doesn't get them confused. If +you talked to them about Persian walnuts, they wouldn't know what you +were talking about, but if you say English walnuts, immediately they +understand, or should, at least. + +MR. CHASE: I believe Dr. Crane meant that in our inner sanctum he would +prefer _Juglans Regia_. + +DR. CRANE: I would like to ask if there are any growers here who have +propagated the Persian walnut on Eastern black walnut, that is, +experienced any trouble with graft union failure on them. + +MR. STOKE: I haven't. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. Oakes? + +MR. OAKES: I haven't. + +MR. CHASE: No graft union failure on _Regia_ and _Nigra_. + +MR. STOKE: And my experience is they come in much quicker than on their +own roots as seedlings. + +DR. CRANE: How old are your oldest grafts? + +MR. OAKES: Put on in 1938? + +DR. CRANE: That's 15 years. + +MR. STOKE: I have them at least 20 years. + +MR. BECKER: Mine are twenty. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. Moderator, I have in my brief case a translation of +the French book on walnut culture, and there is a section on root +stocks. This was a publication issued about 1941, and according to that +book, _Juglans Nigra_ is the best stock they have for general use in +France. They have reported no difficulty on this. A second one they were +trying of the American walnuts, with some promise, was _Juglans major_, +the Arizona black walnut. + +DR. CRANE: The reason why I asked, as I reported in previous +meetings--they are having very serious difficulty in Oregon and in parts +of Washington with graft union trouble which is known as "black line." +All or practically all of the walnuts in both Oregon and California and +also what few are grown in Washington have been propagated on the +Northern California black walnut, _Juglans Hindsii_. No graft union +trouble evidence shows up before the tree has been grafted about 8 +years, and then such cases are very rare. But after the trees or the +grafts attain an age of 15 years or more, graft union failures are +numerous. For three years now we have been making surveys in the State +of Oregon, and we have surveyed tree by tree, year after year, the same +orchards, the same trees, and our observations now go into the +thousands, and we find that this black line is a terrifically serious +thing. In some orchards 22 per cent of the trees will develop black line +in one year's time. So, you see, at that rate it would only take you +five or six years with a good bearing orchard until you wouldn't have +any. + +DR. MACDANIEL: Is that always with the Franquettes? + +DR. CRANE: That is not only true with Franquettes but also with other +varieties in California, even in Contra Costa County. + +MR. STOKE: Where those trees are so grafted, does it tend to overgrow, +or just the opposite? + +DR. CRANE: No, it appears much like our _Crenata-mollissima_ chestnut +graft union failure. + +MR. STOKE: Is there a tendency for the top to be more vigorous, to have +more growth, or vice versa or is growth uniform? + +DR. CRANE: It may be uniform. Depends somewhat on the varieties and the +seedlings. There may be some overgrowth or some outgrowth, but there is +only one test for it, and that is at the graft union. With an axe or +knife and you cut out a strip of bark across the union. It may look +absolutely perfect, but if there is a black line developed there that is +just like a lead pencil line between the stock and the scion, the tree +is on the way out. It's just a matter of time. Ultimately the bark +between the stock and scion will split, and you get infolding, just like +on the chestnut. + +One of the reasons that they have propagated their trees on Northern +California black walnut was that they had the idea that the Northern +California produced a stronger, more vigorous seedling and that they +grew much faster than seedlings of the Persian walnut. And, furthermore, +somebody at some time circulated the idea that Northern California +walnuts were immune to infection by the mushroom root rot fungus. We +have surveyed thousands of trees of Persian on Persian roots, and we +have never found a single case of black line developing or graft union +failure as long as it's a Persian on Persian, and we find the same +percentage of infection from mushroom root rot fungus on Persian as on +Northern California black. + +MR. CHASE: In other words, we should watch our stocks and perhaps try +out some _Regia_ on _Regia_? + +DR. CRANE: That's right. + +MR. CHASE: Now, folks, we could talk for a long time, but let me make +one request before we close our panel: I would be interested in +receiving from any member pictures, good, glossy photographs of the +newer Carpathian varieties so that we can perhaps publish them in the +newsletter and give some folks an opportunity to see what these nuts +look like. Some of the folks who never come to a meeting never see a +sample and just read about it. It's much better if we can show them a +picture now and then. So if you have some good pictures, or plan to take +some good pictures, remember, I'd like to have a copy. + + + + +TUESDAY EVENING BANQUET SESSION + +PRESIDENT BEST: We will now hear from the Resolutions Committee, Mr. +Davidson. + +MR. DAVIDSON: Before reading any resolutions, I have been asked to read +a letter that came to Mr. Chase dated August 16th of this year, from Dr. +W. C. Deming: + + "Mr. Spencer B. Chase, Secretary, NNGA. + + "My Dear Child and Grandchildren:" What a beautiful greeting, that. + + "This is to let you know that your father and grandfather still + holds a house at this hospital and rejoices in your vitality and in + your coming convention but especially in the energy and ability of + your secretary who gets out those wonderful Nutshell letters which + are so stimulating to all nut growers. + + "More than 20 years ago I planted an Italian chestnut tree on the + grounds of this hospital. The main trunk was killed by blight, but + many shoots have come and now it appears to be flourishing because + there are no other chestnut trees near. About that time I grafted + nut trees commercially in Westchester County, New York at the + Westchester Country Club, asking and getting $50 a day for my + services and material and never a kick. But I have forgotten the + results and the name of the beneficiaries. From my home in + Litchfield, Connecticut, my sister, aged 85, saved for me--that is, + saved from the squirrels--a double handful of nice chestnuts--no + other chestnut tree nearby--and three green walnuts, Carpathians. + Both were from my grafts. + + "I shall never forget the NNGA and your splendid services. Ever + faithfully devoted, Dr. W. C. Deming." + +A beautiful letter. + +Now, then, the Resolutions Committee recommends that we send this +letter; + + "Dear Dr. Deming: + + "Once more we are happy to greet you and to wish you well. Today + the representatives of more than a thousand members of your thought + child, the Northern Nut Growers Association, are here gathered in + Rochester, New York, to carry on the work in which you had so large + a part in starting. It must be a source of great satisfaction to + you to be able to see so important a project which you helped to + start continuing and expanding fruitfully. We envy you. + + "May your tribe increase. Affectionately, the Northern Nut Growers + Association." + +Now, shall I go on with the rest of the resolutions, and perhaps you can +act on them all at once. + + "_Be it Resolved_: That we hereby acknowledge our longstanding + indebtedness to the men of the United States Department of + Agriculture and of similar departments of the various states who + have so faithfully and efficiently upheld the work of this + Association. Without their loyal help, doubtless our efforts would + languish or suffer severely. It is such a spirit as theirs that + continues to make America the great pioneer it has always been." + + "_Be it Resolved_: That the members of this Association acknowledge + with deep appreciation the outstanding' hospitality of the City of + Rochester at the hands of its representative Park Commissioner + Wilbur Wright, Dr. Roy B. Anthony, Mr. Harkness, and their helpers + who have done so much to make the visit of this organization not + only welcome but extremely enjoyable and informative. We shall + always remember Rochester's exceptional hospitality and its + generously free provision of so beautiful a meeting place. This is + sincerely appreciated." + + "_Be it Resolved_: That this Association extends to Mr. George + Salzer, Mr. Victor Brook its thanks for their work which has + resulted in so pleasant and profitable a meeting here in Rochester; + also to many others due our thanks, to Dr. McKay for organizing a + splendid program, to Mrs. Negus for organizing the registration, to + Mrs. Gibbs and finally to our outstandingly efficient officers who + have so skillfully organized our work and the Association's + expansion." + + "In order to correct a tendency toward increasing confusion arising + from the too great multiplicity of names and nut varieties, the + Resolutions Committee offers the following motion: We move that the + President be authorized to appoint a self-perpetuating Northern Nut + Growers Association Committee on Variety Nomenclature, and we + recommend to our members that they refer to this committee for its + official approval any new nut discoveries they may wish to name + and to propagate." That is in the form of a motion, which, I + believe, requires a second and some action. + +PRESIDENT BEST: I think we had better act first on this motion of Mr. +Davidson's about this committee for naming of nuts, and then we can have +another motion to accept the resolutions. Is there a second to that +motion that we have a committee on nomenclature of nuts? + +DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. President, I second that motion. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Is there any discussion? + +DR. CRANE: I wanted to suggest that the motion should provide that the +committee use the rules of nomenclature approved by the American +Pomological Society. + +DR. MACDANIEL: I will accept that amendment, Mr. President. + +(A vote was taken on the amendment, and was passed.) + +MR. MACHOVINA: Is that a proposal to amend the by-laws of this +organization? It would, if it's a self-perpetuating committee. + +MR. DAVIDSON: May I suggest you withdraw the word "self-perpetuating." +The idea, Mr. Best, was to make this a permanent committee, if possible. +That was the reason for putting that word in there, but if it is an +abridgment of the constitution, we don't want to do it, of course. + +MR. KINTZEL: I'd like to know what the rules of nomenclature of the +American Pomological Society are. + +DR. MACDANIEL: The rules cover about two pages. I can give you the gist +of it, I think. One provision is that the discoverer or introducer of a +new variety has the privilege of selecting a name for it. Another rule +is that it shall not duplicate a name given previously for a variety of +the same class of fruit or nut. The name should preferably be one word +or, at most, two words, without hyphens, without possessives. That a nut +not be named for a person without his permission during his lifetime. +That covers the meat of it. + +MR. CHASE: Such a committee would give official status and recognition +to your discovery. I believe it would prevent, on a large scale, such +things as this Morning Star hardy English walnut. In other words, we'd +have a committee to examine a nut sample from your tree, anybody's tree, +pass on it and see that the name that you select meets the requirements +of this American Pomological Society's rules of nomenclature, which are +quite reasonable. I think it is an excellent step that we should take at +this time. + +MR. CALDWELL: Mr. President. The variety we are using is not a variety, +it's a clone. Maybe we had better get together with taxonomists and +botanists. That's all they are, selections, they are not varieties, in +the botanical sense, even though the term has been badly misused by the +nut growers. I don't see why we should continue with mis-application of +a term just because somebody set up rules for application of names. + +DR. CRANE: Mr. President, I want to get this straight. This Association +is talking about horticultural varieties, not botanical varieties. A +correct term for a horticultural variety is a clone. + +The American Pomological Society is over a hundred years old, and they +have followed all types of experiences and usages, and they are up to +date, and we can't follow any better pattern than what the American +Pomological Society has done all down through the years. The Northern +Nut Growers Association would be the laughing stock of the world who are +in the know if they don't adopt the rules of nomenclature as set forth +by the American Pomological Society. + +MR. SLATE: Mr. President, we already have a committee on Varieties and +Standards. I don't see why that committee can't be revived. If we set up +another committee by resolution, we are duplicating the work of that +committee, or overlapping. I'd like to see this matter referred to the +Committee on Varieties or Judging Standards and possibly report another +year. I am not in favor of setting up this committee at the present +time. + +I would like to amend that motion to refer this matter to the present +Committee on Varieties and Judging Standards. + +DR. MCKAY: Second that amendment. + +DR. MACDANIELS: There is one other angle to this. The International +Committee on Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, has during the past year +published a report. I think it would be only wise for us to delay our +action on this matter until our committee at least gets the opportunity +to study the suitability of this international code for nomenclature of +cultivated plants and see how it applies to our situation. In other +words, I am complete in accord with Mr. Slate's motion. + +MR. DAVIDSON: I would suggest that we refer it to that committee and +think about it for another year. + +(A vote was taken on the amendment, and it was passed.) + +PRESIDENT BEST: The motion of the Resolutions Committee is now referred +to the Committee on Varieties and Judging Standards. + +MR. STOKE: I move we proceed with the adoption of the resolutions that +were presented before the motion. + +(Motion seconded and passed.) + +PRESIDENT BEST: We'd like to hear from the Nominating Committee. + +MR. SLATE: For president the Nominating Committee proposed R. B. Best. I +think he is about one of the best presidents we have ever had. For +vice-president Gilbert Becker of Michigan. For treasurer W. S. Clarke of +Pennsylvania, and for secretary, our very efficient and very effective +Spencer Chase of Tennessee. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Are there further nominations? + +A MEMBER: I move nominations be closed. + +A MEMBER: Second the motion. (Motion passed.) + +DR. CRANE: Mr. President, I move that the Secretary of the Association +be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for the nominations made by the +Nominating Committee. Seconded and passed. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Is there any further business to come before the group? +Spencer Chase here has an item. + +MR. CHASE: Now, for the feature of the evening, that honor which is +bestowed upon the most deserving member of the organization, I will call +on Mr. Wilkinson for the comments about the Big Nut. Mr. Wilkinson. + +MR. WILKINSON: Four years ago at Beltsville, Maryland, Dr. Crane made a +suggestion that someone ought to be the King Nut of the Association. If +I remember, Mr. Stoke immediately took the floor and nominated Dr. +Crane, and he was unanimously elected the Big Nut. One year later he +bestowed that honor on Spencer B. Chase. The next year Mr. Chase passed +it on to Dr. Colby. One year ago Dr. Colby passed it on to me. Now it's +my duty to pass this on to someone else tonight. + +Well, I didn't know just exactly how to do it, so I fell back on my +friend, Mrs. Negus for her suggestion. She suggested that the King Nut +should wear a crown, so I said, "Now, that's your suggestion; I will +leave it up to you." So here is the crown she made, with an ornament +from the Chief pecan, which in my opinion today is the king nut of the +Northern Nut Growers Association. + +I don't know whose head she measured to make the crown, she didn't tell +me, but it looks to me like it would just about fit George Salzer. +(Applause.) George, it's a pleasure that I pass that on to you as I +received it, and I hope you will wear it for a year or longer (putting +crown on Mr. Salzer's head). + +MR. SALZER: Well, they can't say I am big-headed. Why, honestly, folks, +my very good friends of the Association, honestly, I don't know what to +say. This is the greatest honor that I ever thought would come to me. I +always refer to myself as one of the buck privates in the rear rank, and +here I am the King Nut. I will assure you, every one of you that I +really appreciate this, I honestly do, right from the bottom of my +heart. + +Ever since I have been a member of this organization and attended the +meetings, I have had the finest times, most pleasant associations and +the closest friends I ever had in my entire life right here among you +people. Thanks a million. + +MR. CHASE: Now I think we are entitled to a few words from our new and +best president, Mr. Best. + +PRESIDENT BEST: Ladies and gentlemen, it is quite a responsibility to +take this job on again. It's the first time that I have ever questioned +your judgment about anything, but I think there are other people here +that could have done the job better than I could. + +When I was asked if I would accept if I were elected, I turned to my +wife, and I said, "Are you willing to do the work again for another +year?" and she said, "Yes, I suppose I'll have to." And I said, "Well, +then, I will accept." There is a lot more truth in that than there is +poetry. Honestly, we just don't give these officers that work for us +enough recognition. There is a whole page of them, as you know, about 11 +committees, and all those folks have all done a fine job, at the expense +of their work at home. I am not talking about myself, because I don't do +any of it, I have it done, as I explained. But Carl Prell made a great +sacrifice when he handled the Northern Nut Growers business in a very, +very fine, thorough, business-like way. + +I ought to give you a good example of what salesmanship really means and +how it operates. This morning Carl was going down to the museum in a +taxi. The taxi man professed an interest in nuts. Well, what did Carl +do? Did he say, "Well, that's all right, but I can't get into that?" No, +he said, "Man, you ought to belong to the Nut Growers Association. The +fact that you don't know anything about it, that's nothing. Come right +into the museum here, and I will show you the exhibits," and he took the +taxi man in, and I don't know whether he sold him a membership, but he +passed him on to the next man. He's got him going out to see +Irondequoit, and we, are going to get a sale there. That's the spirit +that it's going to take to get this job done. + +I am reminded of a little story in Kipling. You know the story about the +sergeant in India. He was a sergeant in the cavalry. They had been out +in the hills, and the weather was hot, and they had an awful, awful +time. Well, when the men came in and lined up, this sergeant got off his +horse and he said, "Well, boys, I realize it's been hot, I know you +sweat. But," he said, "from here on in this campaign we are not going to +sweat, we are going to lather." That's what it's going to take to get +this 2,000 members that we have set for our goal. It's going to take a +lot of hard work, and our job is not to peer into the dim future, but to +attack those problems which are right with us every day and ask some of +our friends to join the Nut Growers Association. We are all widely +separated in different walks of life, and each in his own world is just +apt to see things a whole lot like the goldfish in a bowl. That is, he +will see it twisted and distorted. So when all is said and done, it's up +to us to support these committee heads and help get this job done. + +A preacher had in his congregation an old lady who was ill. On one of +his visits to her she appeared to be growing weaker all the time, and +fearing the worst he said as he left her, "Well, sister, I suppose that +we will meet Up There." And she looked at him and she said, + +"Well, Parson, it's up to you." So from here on out now it's up to you. +Thank you. (Applause.) + +MR. CHASE: Now I think we ought to have just a brief word from Gilbert +Becker, our new vice-president. Mr. Becker. + +MR. BECKER: This was really a great surprise to me. It is humbly I tell +you this, because I was on the Nominating Committee myself, and that is +a very embarrassing position to be in, to find that I, as a member of +Nominating Committee, appear as an officer. But it was a pleasant +surprise, and in doing vice-president work I shall try my best, and I +shall surely spend much time and much thought to it. Thank you. +(Applause.) + +MR. CHASE: Now, Bill Clark, will you come up here for a few words? Bill +will succeed Carl Prell as Treasurer and handle your finances during the +coming year. + +MR. CLARK: Friends, I thank you for this honor and that you should have +enough confidence in me to trust me with your funds for the coming year. +I will do the best I can, and thank you very much. + +MR. CHASE: There will be a joint meeting of the new officers and old +officers immediately after we adjourn. + +George Salzer says the last time we met in Rochester was 1922, and we +figure the next time we will be here is 1984. + +(Whereupon, the meeting was adjourned.) + + + + +Walnuts in Lubec, Maine + +RADCLIFFE B. PIKE, _University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H._ + + +In the 1930's, when the Wisconsin Horticultural Society distributed +seeds of the Carpathian Walnut from Poland, my brother secured some and +we planted them. From these nuts we now have four trees, one of which +has been bearing for the last four years. + +Lubec, Maine is located at the extreme eastern tip of the United States +just a few miles south of the 45th parallel. The site where the trees +are planted is on a peninsula extending out into the Bay of Fundy which +gives very low summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures. The +night temperature in the summer is usually in the 50°s F. with day +temperatures rarely reaching 80° F. Winter temperatures seldom go to +-10° F. and only lower than this about once in ten years. During the +early summer, fogs are usually heavy and continuous. Day length is, of +course, longer in the summer than in most of the United States but it is +similar to that of the Northern tier of States from the Great Lakes +West. + +The trees have grown well being about 18 feet tall and even more in +spread. They are multiple trunked having never been pruned. The foliage +is remarkably clean and glossy and has not been bothered by insects or +disease and it ripens and turns yellow in the late fall before killing +frosts at the end of October. Excessive late terminal growth is usually +winter-killed but this sort of growth has not been as great since +bearing started. The staminate flower buds are more likely to be winter +killed than the pistillate but the whole of them have never been +entirely killed. + +The trees do not leaf out until mid-June, after the danger of killing +frosts is over. They have not been frost injured at any time in the +spring. The nuts ripen and are shed from the husks in late September and +early October while the tree is in full foliage. The nuts are shed +perfectly clean with husk either falling separately or remaining on the +tree. The nuts will germinate and seedlings have been raised. In 1953, +one tree bore 315 nuts. This number represents just a fraction of the +pistillate bloom, for while this tree is self fertile, the catkins bloom +for a much shorter period than the pistillate blossoms, the latter +extending over nearly a month. + +In the same year that the above Carpathian variety of _Juglans regia_ +was planted, my brother and I also planted some _Juglans mandshurica_ +secured from F. L. Skinner of Dropmore, Manitoba which had originated in +Harbin, Manchuria. The resulting trees agree well with many of the +specimens in the Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum at Boston labelled +_Juglans mandshurica_. These trees have done remarkably well in Lubec, +the trunks being 8-9 inches in diameter, while the height is 15 feet or +more and the spread 20 feet. They have borne annually since 1939. They +are planted less than 1000 feet from the ocean exposed to the summer +storms, winter gales and salt spray. These trees leaf-out a month +earlier than the Carpathians yet the foliage has only been partially +frost injured once. Wind whipping sometimes injures the leaves in early +summer while they are still tender but this sort of injury has never +been serious. + +The nuts are borne in clusters of up to six and the shells are hard and +thick. The flavor of the kernels is excellent having more character than +the butternut yet not as strong as the black walnut. Cracking is easy +with the Hershey nut cracker. The kernels resemble our American +butternut in shape which may account for the fact that _J. mandshurica_ +is sometimes called the Oriental butternut. + +The nuts germinate well and make trees quickly. In one case, I had +mature nuts five years after planting the seed. This particular tree was +unusually vigorous having leaves 36 inches long and 23 inches wide. + +In my experience, _J. regia_ and _J. mandshurica_ do not hybridize +easily if at all, at least with the individuals and under the conditions +with which I have been working. After several attempts I now have two +progenies of reciprocal crosses of which a few seedlings seem to show +hybridity in the vegetative parts. However, there is such a range of +characters in the herbarium specimens labelled _J. mandshurica_ that +there will be a doubt in my mind until I see the mature trees, or it may +be possible that some of the herbarium specimens may have been collected +from naturally occurring hybrids, as the two species overlap in their +distribution in Manchuria. If the best vegetative and fruiting +characters from these two species can be combined the result should be +good for our northern sections. + + + + +My Thirty Years Experience With Nut Trees + +CARL WESCHCKE, _St. Paul, Minn._ + + +From time to time I have submitted articles for our annual report, as +well as other publications, which had to do more or less specifically +with certain species of nut trees, but since there are so many species, +and since most nut growers are interested in at least two or more, it +might be well to bring the story up to date of how a nut orchard might +be viewed or evaluated after twenty years. + +Thirty years ago we did not have knowledge which has been gained by the +experimenters in the nut growing industry in the interim. Therefore no +one could foresee what the future would be. We hopeful ones of that era +planted trees and experimented with seeds from all over the world +because we thought nut trees deserved a place not only in the orchard +but in the dietary needs of the human being as well. Many of the wisest +and most respected experimenters of this era have passed beyond this +life; however, their lives were made much more interesting because of +their horticultural activities. + +Here in the midwest in the 45th parallel we have established probably +what would be considered the practical northern limits of nut tree +cultivation. When I purchased trees it was by the hundreds, and +sometimes thousands, because I knew from reading Luther Burbank's works +that this work had to be done on a rather large scale in order to make +any kind of an adequate test. + +Let us start by taking the most obvious species, the black walnut, +which, because of its native hardiness, and public popularity might have +succeeded the best in a commercial way if everything had gone right. I +have planted at least five hundred black walnut trees altogether; these +included the Thomas, Ohio, Ten Eyck and Stabler, and later on the +Patterson, Rohwer, Pearl, the Throp, Adams and others were added. The +Ohio probably produced the first nuts, with the Thomas a close second. +For a few years I was able to make good reports on the Stabler and its +behavior but since that, our severe test winters of recent years have +wiped them out and have substantially proved that the only one of the +older varieties which can be trusted in this territory is the Ohio, and +although derogatory things have been said of the Ohio because of its +hull, I am inclined to put it high on the list because of its fine +cracking quality and excellent flavor, also it has been a prolific +variety, bearing good crops most of the years. + +The Thomas grew faster, and the nuts were considered a better commercial +product when hulled, but, alas, it could not take our winters nearly so +well, and today the Thomas has a poor physical appearance although it +shows tremendous power of recovery and seldom a tree will die entirely. + +The Ten Eyck was a negligible experiment, and the Stabler as mentioned +before, is much too tender for this climate. The Rohwer and the +Patterson from Iowa did much better and even in an off year, like this +one, some of these trees had fairly good crops. I like the Patterson the +best of these--it is a roundish nut that cracks quite well and the +kernels are on the sweet side. + +The Throp was a curiosity and we did not have any of our grafted Throp +trees bear. + +Pearl has borne several crops of good nuts; they are large but are +inclined not to ripen in time. + +Vandersloot was considered the largest nut of any variety at one time. +It has a very rough appearance but aside from its size it is of no +particular interest as compared to others. + +Adams, a long narrow type of nut similar to the Ohio, but still more +elongated, was one of the best crackers I have ever seen, but did not +seem to be prolific although it has lived and demonstrated its +hardiness. + +I am patenting a new walnut at this time which I consider the best for +our locality. Some day it may produce well in orchard form if trees +become available. One thing is certain about it--it is very hardy and is +reasonably easy to propagate. + +And so we can conclude the walnut chapter by saying that at least we +have some giants in the orchard to show for our trouble and expense, +which bear nice edible walnuts in favorable seasons. When comparing this +with the wild butternut crop from butternuts in the adjacent woods, +which has consistently failed each year for the last ten years, it is +quite encouraging. + +It was my hard luck to have an uncongenial soil for my experiments in +chestnuts, and the knowledge of this came so late that I thought the +chestnut was not meant to succeed in our territory. So I put my efforts +on hickory nuts and filberts. Both of these succeeded to a degree and +with my present knowledge and experience on hickory nuts I would not be +a bit afraid to start an orchard on good deep clay or other +satisfactory soil which hickories like, using grafted trees of +Bridgewater and Weschcke. + +A few Kirtland and Deveaux No. 2 would be planted for extra pollination +and the extra variety in nuts. There are of course many other varieties +of hickories that have succeeded in this territory but those above +mentioned, have possibilities of commercial success in orchard +formation. + +The hickory is a difficult tree to transplant and I would advise that +grafted trees be dug with a ball of dirt for shipping, similar to an +evergreen, as I have found that, with the greatest of care and +experience, the hickory is very slow to re-establish itself unless +handled that way. + +The hybrid hazels are perhaps the hardiest and certainly bear the +earliest of any of the nut trees. My own hybrids show great +possibilities for commercial enterprise, but as yet no nurserymen are +carrying these varieties and I have not found help enough to promote +them myself. + +I am convinced that had I spent as much time with the chestnuts on +favorable soil as I did with hickories that they would probably head the +list of successful nut trees growing. Recently I have purchased an +adjoining piece of property which has the necessary well-drained, sandy +or gravelly soil, which chestnuts seem to like, and I have started my +chestnut orchard there along with a sprinkling of hickory and walnut +trees, merely as a matter of test. + +This year the chestnuts are again putting on a fair crop for the number +and the size of the trees involved. As yet, in order to get a reasonable +number of nuts for planting, I have to cross-pollinize them by hand, and +I was surprised and pleased this year to find one Chinese chestnut tree +with staminate bloom, allowing me to make a cross pollinization with an +American sweet chestnut and a Chinquapin type chestnut, which grows to +be a tall tree. These crosses ought to insure trees with a great degree +of hardiness, and should the blight ever strike this territory in the +future they should be highly resistant as well. A few of my chestnut +trees produce nuts that may be the size of the best Chinese chestnuts, +but I am just as fond of the smaller and sweeter chestnuts of the +several Chinquapin type trees which seem to be consistent bearers and +certainly are prolific. There are three trees in a close group which are +strains of the European chestnut combined with American chestnut. These +bear rather large nuts and usually every year have a few and of high +quality. It is conceivable that by crossing this hybrid with Chinese +pollen that something unusual could be produced. + +The pure Chinese strain has not proved hardy in this territory and I +have never matured a pure variety. However, there are dozens of +seedlings that are not old enough to prove whether there might be a +hardy specimen among them that may at some time in the future be relied +upon for this species of chestnut. + +One other species of nut requires a little space here since it has shown +that it can bear crops and is hardy enough to be included among the +hardy nuts. It is the Gellatly heartnut. It is very subject to the +butternut curculio, but in spite of that it continues to grow quite well +when grafted on black walnut,--a difficult piece of propagation, +however. A tree in St. Paul, on the boulevard, thrives next to a large +butternut, and bears nuts practically every year which the squirrels +delight in cutting down while still green. This tree is not bothered by +the curculio since the curculio does not infest the large butternut near +it. + +In summing up the whole situation, I would say that my experiments over +thirty years quite adequately prove that the walnuts, hickories, hybrid +hazels and chestnuts can most certainly be set out in orchard form and +in favorable locations. However, pecan, hiccan, English walnuts and +almonds have not proved hardy enough to indicate that they can be relied +upon for steady crops of nuts although in some instances varieties show +a great hardiness such as the Rockville hiccan. Of course the native +butternut is perfectly hardy and prolific but until such time as the +butternut curculio ceases to be a major pest we cannot expect to have +good crops of them. + + + + +Growing American Chestnuts and Their Hybrids Under Blight Conditions + +ALFRED SZEGO, _Jackson Heights, N. Y._ + + +An interesting group of young American chestnut trees growing on my land +near Pine Plains, N. Y. has been under observation since 1946. As they +are growing closely together which suggests a common parental origin, we +have named this group the "Dutchess Clone" for reference purposes. This +name was chosen merely because Pine Plains is situated in Dutchess +County. + +Their reaction to the deadly chestnut blight was studied at great length +and at different seasons. Sometimes branches were inoculated with the +fungus to test resistance more precisely. It was learned that blight +resistance, in this group of trees, was at an apparently low ebb from +March until May. After this period the fungus seemed to make almost no +progress at all. This might suggest that the resistant substance was +manufactured by the leaves. Of course, such conclusions cannot be +accepted in a scientific sense without an involved system of checks and +measurements. + +Pollination problems are exactly the same as with our Chinese Chestnuts +that we are more familiar with today. Unlike the latter, in the +American, species the bloom is concentrated near the top of the tree. + +The burs are so high up as to create difficulties if we intend to +anticipate nature and harvest our crop prematurely. The burs open during +the month of October with or without frost. High temperatures in 1953 +did not interfere with the harvest. The best method of harvesting is to +use a long slender pole with a metal hook at the extreme end, and by +gently pulling and twisting, remove the burs from the tree. + +Unless this is done promptly before the nuts fall, the rodents will get +almost every nut. + +Tree growth is about 2 to 3 feet per year in height. At present some are +nearly 40 feet tall. Bearing starts at about 12 years of age. The nuts, +three in a bur are somewhat wedge shaped and average 5/8 of an inch in +diameter. One tree has nuts almost an inch in diameter. This is +definitely worth propagating and I will gladly furnish scions in the +spring free to anyone who is interested. These are probably +incompatible with Chinese understocks, but may be grafted on European +and some Japanese seedlings. + +As we are listed as cooperators with the U.S.D.A., Division of Forest +Pathology, Beltsville, Md., we prepare semi-annual reports for Dr. +Frederick H. Berry and also send a portion of our American chestnut seed +to him. In this way we insure the continuation of the "Dutchess" clone +after our lifetimes. + +The American chestnut is not as sweet as Chinese chestnut but is much +finer in texture and richer in subtle pleasing flavor. We would say that +the quality is higher. _Castanea dentata_ has the most uniformly +delicious nuts. It is excelled, however, by many individuals of _C. +pumila_. In our opinion these possess the highest quality nuts in the +entire genus. + +Our American chestnuts hybrids, especially those with _C. Sequinii_, are +very interesting. The latter make a dwarf tree that bears incredible +amounts of small chestnuts. They have pollination problems to be solved +and the nuts are seldom filled. Pollen sterility is a common feature +with them. They are also everbearing. + +Some Northern strains of Chinese chestnut seem barely hardy but promise +to survive. Of the grafted varieties we have, Abundance is the most +vigorous. "Nanking" has winter-killed here and it has been replanted +this year. These are very blight resistant, and rarely lose a branch to +this disease after winter injury. The Japanese behave in much the same +way. + +We have many obscure chestnut species and hybrids growing here. They are +grown for study, hybridizing purposes, and as a source of supply to +interested members. When mature, we hope to obtain some cash crops from +our Chinese and Japanese Chestnut trees. Blight in Europe will no doubt, +in about 5 years more, reduce imports of chestnuts thus creating higher +prices and a more favorable market. + +Chinese chestnuts do not keep well when stored using standard commercial +practices. European chestnuts are shipped in barrels and kept in open +fruit boxes for weeks at a time in front of fruit and vegetable stores +in New York City. Storekeepers never moisten these believing that rot +would result. These are viable even in January and sometimes as late as +March. Will our present Chinese chestnuts keep as well under these +conditions? We think not. American Chestnuts can be kept in bulk only. + +We are continually striving to obtain by selection and subsequent +hybridization, the best chestnuts that can be grown in our severe +climate. The Chinese chestnut has performed miracles in the Southeast, +but we regret that it is not the answer to our problems. Only a long +period of seed selection will turn up better trees of this species. + +Prolonged heat and drought caused us much concern this year. Some one +year old seedlings died outright but older trees only suffered varying +degrees of defoliation. In some areas, the subsoil was reported powder +dry to a depth of six feet. Even the native forest trees dropped much +foliage and went into premature dormancy. Oddly enough, the American and +Japanese chestnuts suffered much less defoliation than the common +Allegheny chinkapin, _C. pumila_. _C. henryi_, a rare species, a native +of China, and the several chinkapins native to the Gulf Coast seemed +inherently adjusted to drought and heat, and thrived without apparent +damage. The Ozark tree chinkapins did well also. + +Hybrid hazels and choice native seedlings have been set out here in the +last few years. We are adding a few every year and planting them between +chestnuts to prevent the latter from forming extensive root grafts. This +is done in anticipation of oak wilt, which has not yet made its +appearance here. + + + + +Experiences and Observations on Nut Growing in Central Texas + +KAUFMAN FLORIDA, _Rotan, Texas_ + + +In view of my membership in the Association for some twelve or fourteen +years it would be quite reasonable to expect of me more observations in +connection with nut growing in my area than I'm able to make. Though +I've followed the proceedings of NNGA with great interest, the +difficulty of earning a living (from farming) and putting a little +something aside has caused me to neglect and put off from year to year +the planting of the kind of experimental orchard I've long hoped for. I +have lately acquired a reasonably well situated plot of land and, +barring a continuation of the drouth of the past two or three years, +plan to put out a few young trees next year. + +My original interest in nut trees sprang from the hope that a tree +combining beauty, utility and long-life might be found to replace the +Chinese elm--a "weed tree" if there ever was one. In spite of many +shortcomings the Chinese elm (along with two or three other equally +undesirable trees) is to be found in most homestead plantings in my +area. + +Here, in my locality of north-west central Texas, the total rainfall +ranges from a low of about twelve inches in some years to a high of +about forty-two inches in others, and the annual average is about +twenty-one inches. Our principal limiting conditions in nut tree growing +is want of sufficient rainfall, though late spring frosts following a +period of balmy weather would be a hazard in some instances. It appears +to me that if a nut tree planting in this part of the country is to +live, every drop of water that falls must be conserved; if it is to +thrive, additional water falling on adjacent uplands and carried down in +flash floods must be diverted to it. Terraces and retainer dams are +usually essential. Cultivation and weed control are necessary. The +addition of a mulch helps. + +I have tried the Chinese chestnut here. The plants arrived in good +condition and had excellent care with what I believe was adequate water +and fertile soil. They put out in April and grew off most encouragingly +until about July, and then, in an interval of about a week, every tree +withered and died as though from heat and drouth. But until other +evidence to the contrary comes in, I shall strongly suspect that the +real trouble was that the Chinese chestnut demands an acid soil and is +highly allergic to even a slight alkalinity. My impression is that the +soil here has a reading of about pH 7-7-1/2. + +Experience and observation here on the western fringe of the native +pecan belt lead me to believe the pecan, black and Persian walnuts do +well when they can be irrigated, or when they are planted on a site +where a first class water conservation system can be devised and +properly constructed. + +The black walnut has not been damaged by any insect, disease or mineral +deficiency of the soil that I know of. A very limited and inconclusive +experience with Clark, Thomas, Myers, Mintle, Sifford, Snyder and +Sparrow varieties led to the suggestion that the Thomas might be a +slightly more thrifty tree. + +The pecan (both nut and tree) seems more subject to insect damage than +the walnut. It is also sensitive to a zinc deficiency in some soils. But +a proper mineral and insecticide spray usually serves to control these +problems when they occur. + +I have observed only one named variety of Persian walnut--a Mayette. The +tree was a vigorous grower and precocious in putting on nutlets, but to +my knowledge never bore staminate blooms and over a period of several +years matured only one nut. No other Persian walnuts grew in the +locality and I assumed the matured nut must have been pollinized by a +black walnut. The tree never seemed damaged by late spring frosts or +other cause. + +A few members of NNGA have manifested an interest in the honey locust +and the Chinese jujube. Both of these trees grow well in this region +with a minimum of care. The Oriental persimmon, like the nut trees, +requires more than casual attention and ordinary growing conditions. + +The Chinese jujube, a little known but hardy and attractive tree may +deserve more attention in the southwest. I have trees of the Li and Lang +varieties which bear annually and have never been bothered by insects or +disease. I am not overly enthusiastic about the fruit but understand it +"compares favorably with the fig and date in food value. Dried jujubes +carry more protein than dried figs or dates and more (50%) sugar than +figs."--T.A.E.S. Bulletin no. 41. But the jujube has the disagreeable +habit of sending up root sprouts which are a nuisance to destroy and, +because the tree is grafted, the sprouts are worthless seedlings. It has +occurred to me that this bad feature of the jujube might be partly +offset if cuttings of the improved varieties could be made to grow by +means of some of the root inducing chemicals. + + + + +Propagation of the Hickories[1] + +F. L. O'ROURKE, _Department of Horticulture, Michigan State College_ + + +The genus _Carya_ comprises all the hickories and pecans found in the +United States. The eighth edition of Gray's Manual of Botany lists the +following species as being native to the United States: + +[1] The survey of literature pertaining to this review was completed in +August, 1952. + + _Carya aquatica_--Water hickory, Bitter Pecan + _Carya cordiformis_--Bitternut, Swamp Hickory + _Carya glabra_--Pignut + _Carya illinoensis_--Pecan + _Carya laciniosa_--Shellbark, Kingnut + _Carya ovalis_--Sweet Pignut, False Shagbark, Red Hickory + _Carya ovata_--Shagbark + _Carya pallida_--Pale Hickory + _Carya texana_--Black Hickory + _Carya tormentosa_ (C. alba)--Mockernut + +Nut growers are interested primarily in the pecan and the shagbark, +although a few selections have been made of the shellbark species. The +bitternut is quite often used for rootstocks for the shagbark and +shagbark hybrids. + +Hickories, like other nut and tree species, do not come true from seed, +so superior selected clones are propagated by budding and grafting on +other trees known as rootstocks. These rootstocks are produced from +seed. + + +Seed Propagation + +Investigations by Barton(1) showed that some seedlings were produced +when the nuts were planted immediately in a warm greenhouse without +pretreatment, but that germination was markedly increased when the nuts +were held in a cool moist environment from one to four months before +bringing into the greenhouse. She also found that fall planting of +hickory nuts resulted in a good stand of seedlings the following spring +if the soil was mulched, but that the freezing and thawing of +unprotected ground resulted in an exceedingly poor stand of seedlings. + +Burkett(6) advocated stratifying pecan seed over winter in moist sand +and planting in moist soil in the very early spring. He observed that +thin-shelled nuts germinate more quickly than thick-shelled ones, and +warned against "damping-off" fungi which often killed young seedlings. + +Brison(5) stated that some nurserymen prefer seed of certain pecan +varieties as Riverside and Burkett for rootstock purposes as these +produce strong vigorous seedlings. He reported that while the pecan seed +does not have a rest period, germination is increased by stratifying in +moist sand for 2 to 3 weeks or soaking in water, changed daily, for 4 to +5 days previous to planting. + + +Propagation by Layering + +No records are available in regard to any hickory species or variety +other than pecan having been propagated by any method of either soil or +air layering. The writer(14) while experimenting with aerial layering in +1945 found one instance of root production on a hickory where the branch +was girdled at the base of the one-year wood. This method offers +possibilities, especially now that polythene plastic is available for +retaining moisture in the moss about the girdle or wound on the layered +branch. + +Gossard(9) reported success in producing roots from the tops of small +grafted and budded pecan trees by trench layering and from older trees +by aerial layering with marcot boxes. He indicated that a favorable +combination of etiolation, moisture, rooting medium, and a root-inducing +chemical was desirable for successful rooting. + +Propagation by Cuttings + +Hardwood cuttings of pecan were rooted by Stoutemyer and O'Rourke(23) in +1938 by first callusing the bases of the cuttings in warm moist peat +moss, and then treating with an aqueous solution of indole butyric acid +before planting. Both roots and shoots grew well for three to four weeks +and then the shoots wilted and died. It was observed that the roots were +thickened and presented an abnormal appearance. Trials during succeeding +years gave no better results and the experiments were discontinued. +Cuttings taken from native hickories during these same years failed to +produce roots. + +Romberg(17) reported a small measure of success in rooting hardwood +stem cuttings to which young seedlings had been grafted by the inarch +method. The influence of the seedling on the nourishment of the cutting +was gradually diminished by girdling caused by a copper wire which was +tied about the seedling stem. + +Apparently root cuttings of pecans and other hickories have never been +tried. In 1896 Corsa(7) observed that "when the lateral roots of the +pecan are broken by the plow, the ends of these roots frequently send up +thrifty shoots." Such a response would indicate that adventitious shoots +may arise from roots and that root cuttings may be successful. + + +Propagation by Grafting + +A search of the literature failed to reveal a discussion of any method +of bench grafting with hickories, although presumably it must have been +tried. Propagators may have been discouraged in using bench graft +methods by the sparse roots usually found on two-year seedlings. It is +suggested that undercutting and root pruning the seedlings several times +while in the nursery row should produce a more adequate root system +which would transplant well after grafting. Brison(5) remarked that +bench grafting is not used in the propagation of pecans in Texas on +account of transplanting difficulties. + +Commercial nurserymen now prefer to bud hickories and pecans rather than +to graft, but formerly Reed(15) reported the whip-and-tongue method was +used on thrifty one-year seedlings in the nursery row. It is conceivable +that the cleft graft could be used at this stage when the diameter of +stock and scion are quite similar but no record of its use is available. + +Top-working or grafting in the branches is commonly practiced on +seedling trees and sometimes used to change varieties in the orchard. +Reed(15), Sitton(19), Rosborough et al(18), MacDaniels(11), and +Stoke(22) have described various methods that have proven successful. +Practically all agree that the bark graft or a modification thereof is +best. Morris(12), Benton(3), MacDaniels(11), Wilkinson(25), and others +have shown that a greater per cent of survival is secured when the +stocks are cut 10 days to 2 weeks before grafting. During this time the +stubs heal somewhat and excess bleeding is decreased. It has been +reported by Becker(2) that the success of walnut grafting is greater +when the grafts are set just after the leaves are full grown but no such +data is available for hickories. The use of paper bags or other shading +device over the scion is advocated by Morris(13), MacDaniels(11), +Shelton(20) and others. + + +Propagation by Budding + +Patch budding is now almost universally used by commercial nurserymen in +the propagation of hickories and pecans. Patches are usually cut with a +double-bladed knife although some use the rectangular Jones +patch-budding tool. The "plate" or "skin" bud is also used to some +extent. The thick bark of hickories and pecans discourages the use of +the shield or "T" bud. + +Budding is usually done in late summer with mature buds of the season +growth which remain dormant until the following spring. Occasionally +dormant budwood taken in winter is held in cold storage until the bark +of the stock slips in the spring. These spring-set buds are forced the +same season by cutting the stocks back shortly after setting. +Patch-budding is described by Reed(15) and by Rosborough et al(18). +Reed(15) mentioned that it may be advisable to make the cuts in the +stock from one to three weeks before the bark is removed so that the +healing process may be under way at the time the bud patch is inserted. + + +Storage and Handling of Scions and Budwood. + +Shelton(20) reported an easy and unique method of keeping scions moist +by storing in a closed container with a small amount of sodium sulphate +(Glauber's salt). Slightly moist peat moss is an excellent packing +material. Brison(4) reported that a temperature of 32° F to 38° F in +storage is satisfactory for keeping the buds dormant, and that a few +days from 80° F to 85° F will stimulate cambial activity so that the +patches will "slip" easily when cut. Scionwood is sometimes dipped in +wax, paraffin, or plastic resin before storing in order to prevent loss +of moisture and guard against pathogenic organisms. + + +Waxes and Wound Dressings + +Sitton(19) used a large number of variously formulated waxes on pecan +and found that the most successful from the standpoint of graft survival +was one composed of 10 parts rosin, 2 parts beeswax, and 1 part filler +such as kieselguhr, talc, or aluminum powder. Under Louisiana conditions +a light-colored wax was preferable to dark colored one. Asphalt +emulsions were not satisfactory. + + +Rootstocks and Interstocks for Hickories + +Reed(16) summarized the rootstock studies at Beltsville, Maryland, by +stating that pecans were best on pecan seedlings and that shagbarks were +successful on either shagbark or pecan rootstocks. He reported a lack of +congeniality between shagbark and bitternut hickory. Smith(21), however, +found that pecan stocks were unsuccessful for shagbarks as few scions +lived and growth of those which survived was poor. He also reported that +bitternut was practically as good as shagbark for shagbark varieties. +He stated that pignut was absolutely useless as a stock for shagbark. +Weschcke(24) reported that shagbark varieties grew well on bitternut but +also indicated that a slow growing variety would be stimulated in growth +by working on pecan stocks which are more vigorous in growth than the +other hickories. Dunstan(8) reported that pecan provides a perfectly +satisfactory rootstock for shagbark, shagbark hybrid, and hican +varieties. A number of varieties have been tested over a period of +several years with favorable results as shown by lasting unions and +better than average yields. + +The Fairbanks hybrid has often been used as an intermediate stock +between bitternut and some shagbark varieties and Last(10) has stated +that the variety Rockville is useful for interstock purposes on account +of its exceptional vigor. + + +Nursery Problems + +Hickories and pecans have long tap-roots with few branches and hence do +not transplant well. Some few have grown the seedlings for one year in +beds underlain with wire screen netting or have undercut the seedlings +to promote branching of the roots. The stocks must grow two years from +seed to attain a diameter permitting of patch budding and must remain +one or two years more to allow the scion to form a tree. The resulting +plant is large in both root and stem and requires careful handling in +digging, shipping, and planting in the permanent location. The +vicissitudes which befall the production of the northern hickories are +often so great as to discourage nurserymen who otherwise would grow +them. This is an unfortunate fact but a real one, as the would-be +purchaser often learns when he attempts to buy named varieties of +hickories. The situation with the pecan is much better, due perhaps to +the greater demand for such trees but also to the greater ease of +propagation in general nursery practice. + + +Conclusions + +Good varieties of hickories bear good nuts and more people should plant +good trees which should be produced by nurseries with well-branched +fibrous root systems so that they will transplant easily. Research is +needed to determine practical methods of propagation which will permit +of inexpensive quantity production of superior named varieties of +shagbark and shagbark hybrid hickories. + + +Literature Cited + + 1. Barton, Lela V. Seedling production in _Carya ovata_, _Juglans + cinerea_, and _Juglans nigra_. Cont. Boyce Thompson Institute 8:1-5. + 1936. + + 2. Becker, Gilbert. Notes from Southwestern Michigan. Rpt. North. + Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:135-136. 1937. + + 3. Benton, Wm. A. Report on propagation of nut trees. Rpt. North. + Nut Grow. Assoc. 29:90-92. 1938. + + 4. Brison, Fred R. The storage and seasoning of pecan budwood. Texas + Agric. Expt. Sta. Bul. 478. 1933. + + 5. ----. Personal correspondence. 1952. + + 6. Burkett, J. H. The pecan in Texas. Texas Dept. of Agric. Bul. + 111. 1932. + + 7. Corsa, W. P. Nut culture in the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric. + Div. of Pomology. 1896. + + 8. Dunstan, R. T. Personal correspondence. 1952. + + 9. Gossard, A. C. Rooting pecan stem tissue by layering. Proc. Amer. + Soc. Hort. Sci. 38:213-214. 1941. + + 10. Last, Herman. Personal correspondence. 1952. + + 11. MacDaniels, L. H. Some experiences in nut tree grafting at + Ithaca, N. Y. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:52-55. 1937. + + 12. Morris, R. T. Top working hickories. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. + Assoc. 11:105. 1920. + + 13. ---- Nut growing. 1931. Macmillan, New York. + + 14. O'Rourke, F. L. Unpublished data. 1945. + + 15. Reed, C. A. Nut-tree propagation. U. S. Dept. Agric. For. Bul. + 1501. 1926. + + 16. ----. Hickory species and stock studies at the Plant Industry + Station, Beltsville, Md. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 35:88-121. + 1944. + + 17. Romberg, L. D. Use of nurse seedlings in propagating the pecan + from stem cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 40:298-300. 1942. + + 18. Rosborough, J. F., F. R. Brison, C. L. Smith, and L. D. Romberg. + Propagation of pecans by budding and grafting. Texas Ext. Ser. Bul. + B-166. 1949. + + 19. Sitton, B. G. Pecan grafting methods and waxes. U. S. Dept. + Agric. Circ. 545. 1940. + + 20. Shelton, E. M. Glauber's salt for humidity control in scion + storage. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:70. 1937. + + 21. Smith, Gilbert L. Our experience with root stocks. Rpt. North. + Nut Grow. Assoc. 40:62-64. 1949. + + 22. Stoke, H. F. Grafting methods adapted to nut trees. Rpt. North. + Nut Grow. Assoc. 37:99-102. 1946. + + 23. Stoutemyer, V. T. and F. L. O'Rourke. Unpublished data. + 1938-1940. + + 24. Weschcke, Carl. The importance of stock and + scion relationship in hickory and walnut. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. + Assoc. 39:190-195. 1948. + + 25. Wilkinson, J. Ford. Preparation of stocks for propagation. Rpt. + North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:65-66. 1937. + + + + +A Root Disease of Persian Walnut + +G. FLIPPO GRAVATT, _U. S. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md._ + + +On three recent trips to southern Europe I noted large numbers of dying +Persian (English) walnuts, _Juglans regia_, in France and Switzerland +and scattered trees in other countries. Dying of Persian walnuts from a +root disease of undetermined cause has been reported from various +European countries for many years. The extensive dying of mature Persian +walnut in a number of areas in southern France is very serious. Farmers +and orchardists are discouraged from planting the Persian walnut even +though it is a very profitable tree when not attacked by the root +disease. In area after area I noted that the farmers had scattered their +Persian walnut trees, separating them as much as possible or planting +them along the boundary of fields instead of in orchard plantings. They +had found too frequently that solid plantings of walnut die from the +root disease. The total number of Persian walnuts in southern France has +decreased alarmingly in the last sixty years. In Tessin Province in +Switzerland many unhealthy Persian walnuts were noted this past summer +showing the same symptoms as in southern France. + +Studies By French and Italian pathologists have indicated that the +fungus _Phytophthora cinnamomi_ is the most likely cause of this dying +of walnuts. I was informed that it is worse on soils inclined to be wet +or poorly drained at certain times of the year, conditions favorable for +attack of many hosts of this Phytophthora. The work reported by B. S. +Crandall and me in Phytopathology, March 1945, showed there was a rather +direct relation between soil conditions and _Phytophthora cinnamomi_ +damage to black and Persian walnut seedlings. Long periods of heavy +rainfall were very favorable for an epidemic outbreak of this fungus on +walnut and other nursery stock. Another species of _Phytophthora_, _P. +cactorum_, has also attacked black walnuts in nurseries in eastern +United States; this fungus has also been reported on Persian walnuts. + +We are interested in receiving reports of the dying of Persian or black +walnuts in orchards or rows of trees in the Eastern half of the United +States. Persian walnuts suffer from winter injury in many areas and +sometimes this injury is confused with the root disease. However, where +there are indications of continuing dying of walnuts year after year +with a progression from one part to another of the planting, we would +like to receive a report. + +Some root diseases are difficult to diagnose, especially when the small +roots are the parts affected. + +The symptoms of the root disease of the Persian walnut in Europe are in +many ways very similar to those of the Phytophthora root disease of +chestnut and chinkapin in this country as described in the report by +Gravatt and Crandall in the Northern Nut Growers Association Proceedings +for 1944. In some cases Persian walnuts die slowly and in others death +is rapid, with the entire tree browning in summer. Some trees will show +less green color than normal during the summer and gradually die over a +year or two. Trees in different stages of dying can be seen in the same +planting. + +Persian walnuts in the Western States in recent years have been dying +from a disease of undetermined cause. Dr. Paul W. Miller and others have +reported on the black line graft union failure, _Armillaria mellea_ and +dying of roots from undetermined causes. As _Phytophthora cinnamomi_, an +imported fungus, is a comparative recent invader of many parts of the +west, Dr. Miller is giving the fungus some attention as a possible +parasite. On some hosts, this fungus attacks primarily the very smallest +roots at certain favorable times of the year, which makes determination +of its role as a parasite rather difficult. + + + + +Factors That Influence Nut Production + +W. B. WARD, _Extension Horticulturist, Purdue University, Lafayette, +Ind._ + + +The profitable production of fruit on nut trees under cultivation has no +doubt been influenced by several factors. Assuming that the present-day +seedlings and propagated varieties are winter hardy and the tree of +bearing age, 10 to 15 years old, one may expect a reasonable harvest. It +is somewhat disappointing to the owner of a single nut tree or for the +grower on a semi or commercial basis to find that the tree or several +trees have failed to set fruit. + +The commercial fruit grower of apples learned, many years ago, that +certain varieties when planted in solid blocks failed to set +satisfactory crops. Rather than lose several years of growth and +expense, the better growers top-worked the trees with a good pollinizer. +The result was a profitable harvest of red and yellow apples, or +varieties of different maturity. The peach grower liked the looks of a +very fine peach and after a short trial found that the variety was not +hardy enough to withstand the winter and early spring temperatures. The +experiences of the commercial fruit growers could be well used by the +nut grower. Only trees adapted to local conditions should be planted +regardless of the recommendations of the nurseryman. Hardiness of wood +and bud, ample production of pollen, reasonable climate during the +growing season, and the control of insects or diseases determine, for +the most part, the success of the harvest. + + +Soils and Fertility + +The nut trees require good drainage and a good supply of moisture. A +reasonably fertile soil should be selected for a planting site but +through mulches, manures, and commercial mineral fertilizers any soil +may be built up to a high state of fertility. A weak tree has little +chance and may come into bearing too late to be of value for the present +owner. The annual growth should be checked each year and, unless 10 to +12 inches of growth has been made the previous year, some means of +stimulating more growth should be employed. The hickory, pecan and black +walnut, as a rule, make little new annual growth while the Persian or +Carpathian walnut, heartnut and chestnut ordinarily produce good annual +growth and an abundance of good foliage grown where it counts the most, +on the new wood. + +Those who have observed the growth habits of nut trees know that the +catkins are found on last year's growth, or two year old wood, and the +fruiting flowers at the end of the present season's growth. There are +times when the new growth developed in a matter of a few days to +sometimes as long as two weeks. During the period of prolongation of the +new growth and the formation and receptiveness of the pistillate flower +much can happen. The catkins shed pollen when the temperature and +atmospheric conditions are normal. Many times the pollen is dispersed +before the pistillate flowers are formed. + + +Cross vs Self-Pollination + +There is no assurance that a nut tree which fruits on the average of +eight out of ten years will continue to do so in the future. +Occasionally trees take on an alternate year bearing habit that could be +caused from injury, insect or disease damage, or the relocation of plant +food. The nut trees on their own roots should do better than when +grafted or budded. The compatability of stock and scion is yet to be +worked out and any constriction at the union may alter the fruiting +habits. + +The possible sources of pollen for hickory and pecan are from +self-fertile trees, seedlings, and various natural crosses that may or +may not produce edible fruit. The walnut family, which includes the +black and Persian or Carpathian walnut; butternut and Asiatic nut +(heartnut) have been used as pollinizers on the Persian walnut with some +success. The butternut is the first to shed pollen in Indiana with the +catkins dropping, in some years, by late April and the first week in +May. Some years the black walnut has produced the peak pollen from May +5th to 12th but during the spring of 1953 the Thomas, Stabler, Rowher, +Ohio and Stambaugh dropped the pollen from May 18th to 22nd. The Asiatic +walnuts were in full bloom on May 14th and 15th. The above dates do not +correspond to observations of other years, except for the butternut. The +pistillate flowers on the Persian walnuts were fully opened by May 16th. +The catkins of the Persian trees had dried by May 12th. Catkins from the +Asiatic walnuts were kept fresh and distributed throughout two Persian +walnut trees and by mid-afternoon a heavy rain came. On May 18th a few +catkins were again removed from the Asiatic walnut and only enough for +one Persian walnut tree were found and hung in the tree. The first tree +has no fruit while the second tree has a fair crop in the making. + +A letter from H. F. Stoke, Chairman of the Survey Committee on the +blossoming dates of the Persian walnut said: "Payne, Lancaster and +Broadview staminate flowers were out on April 9, 10 and 11. The +pistillate flowers of McKinster, Caesar and Crath #1 were receptive on +April 11, 10 and 10." The above dates were over a month before spring +came to Indiana. Whether or not the Stoke varieties in Virginia would do +the same in Indiana or elsewhere is still the problem. + +The black walnut varieties mentioned previously set very few fruits at +Lafayette this year while a promising new variety, Sol, from Ferd +Bolten, Linton, Indiana, has a full crop, and has been a consistent +producer for the past several years. + + +How Many Pounds per Tree + +Throughout the Middle West the elm, native chestnut and some of the oaks +are dying from disease troubles. The homemaker wants to plant a tree +that will provide shade, fit well in the landscaping of the home, be a +clean tree and yet be fruitful and bear early. + +The age of the tree and the growth has much to do with production. Some +pecan varieties have produced several hundred pounds per tree and the +same for black walnuts with hickory, butternut and chestnut in smaller +quantities. There are four Persian walnut trees growing in Franklin, +Indiana, that are 20 years old and have fruited continuously for the +past 10 years. The trees were seedlings, two of which are very promising +for distribution. Tree #1 produces an average of 10 pounds; tree #2, 15 +pounds; #3, about 40 pounds and #4, 100 pounds. Good pollination under +common growing conditions of the Midwest and a good variety acclimated +for general planting will no doubt make a host of good friends and a +wonderful contribution from the members of the N.N.G.A. + + + + +Rootstocks for the Walnut in France[2] + +J. C. MCDANIEL + +[2]This is a translation, by Dr. R. T. Dunstan, of the section on +"Rootstocks" in Chapter XI of _Les Noyers_, by two Doctors of Pharmacy, +P. Peyre and E. Lancosme. This 447 page book with 140 figures was +published in 1942 by Jouve et Cie, 15, rue Racine, Paris, and is a very +complete treatise on the subject of walnuts. + +The French experience with the eastern black walnut and the related +Arizona walnut as rootstocks is interesting, as is the discussion of one +method of propagation, where dormant whole-root grafts are started in +pots under glass. This differs somewhat from the indoor grafting +procedures described in our recent Reports by Mr. Stephen Bernath and +Dr. Philip Brierley. (Incidentally, Dr. Brierley tells me that he got +uniformly good grafts--96 to 100% growing--in his 1953 experiment. The +use of growth substance powder did not significantly increase the +"take". The controlling factors seem to be the use of healthy scions and +rootstocks, followed by high enough temperature and humidity to promote +rapid callusing of the grafts.) + +The "old Royal Walnut" of the French is, of course, what we call Persian +(or English) walnut, and not Luther Burbank's "Royal Hybrid", the +unfortunately named cross of two black walnuts, _J. nigra_ x _J. +hindsii_. _J. torreyi_ is a synonym for _J. major_, the Arizona walnut. + +Rootstocks fulfilling two essential conditions should be chosen, those +capable of adapting themselves to soil and climate where they are to be +planted and of resisting diseases that may attack them under unsanitary +conditions or under too intense cultivation. Among the numerous +varieties tested, two deserve attention as choice rootstocks, one +native, the other American = _J. regia_ and _J. nigra_. + +_J. regia_, our old Royal Walnut, so common in France, is excellent when +planted in new, light and fertile soils, preferably clay-lime or +clay-silicon. + +But as the roots are very spreading it is important to stir the soil +well but slightly and avoid deep plowing, for it is well known that +through accidental injury to the roots the various "armillaria" enter +the trees to develop the "pourridié" or "pus disease", or "circle +disease". It is better, then, to use a rootstock immune to this malady +so wide-spread among our native walnuts. + +_J. nigra_ enjoys this happy advantage of offering no foothold to this +parasite, so harmful to its sister species. It accommodates itself well +in many soils in which _J. regia_ will grow, even dry and gravelly, but +prefers soils which are fresh, open, rich, and especially, deep. Its +roots are long and vertical and their development stops in contact with +an impermeable layer of soil. + +It produces specimens magnificent in height and rapidity of growth. +Color of bark differs, though diameter of tree is more or less the same. +This slight objection may be easily avoided by grafting regia on nigra +at ground-level when wood is well matured and in mild weather. + +Proof that this species of walnut is resistant to "pourridié" was given +in a report to members of the Congress of Grenoble in 1936 by Mr. Bourne +of Saint Marcelin. "At Blache de Vinay, we are told, some black walnuts, +planted more than thirty years ago in an infested field, have shown full +resistance. One tree, grafted at ground-level and planted too deep, was +infected many years ago by the "pus" above the graft on the _J. regia_ +part. The diseased part was treated as was the custom then, with +sulphuric acid, etc. The wound healed and the rootstock remained +absolutely clean. A photo by Mr. Roy, Director of Agricultural Services +at Isčre, establishes this absolute proof. + +Other varieties of walnut have been tested as rootstocks--_cinerea_, +_cordiformis_, and _Siebňdiana_, but only the first seems to have given +any satisfactory results. + +Reporter Bourne concludes, "The primary purpose of our research on +rootstocks will be to obtain a hybrid of _regia_ x _nigra_ that will +combine the resistance of nigra to the "pourridié" and regia's habit of +vegetating late in spring. + +By virtue of the ability of the female element to transmit its rusticity +and vegetative form it seems, _ŕ priori_, that we shall get a good +rootstock by crossing _nigra_ as mother by Franquette (sic) and then if +need be, by backcrossing to Franquette in the second generation. + +There exists a 4th type of walnut graft, dating from 1880, which if done +intelligently, permits the rapid multiplication of the walnut--the root +graft. + +In a short but very interesting report to the Nut Congress of Grenoble +in October, 1936 by Mr. Léon Treyves, and very kindly sent on to us, the +author says, "This procedure, devised by my family around 1880, consists +of grafting on one year old roots, branches from selected, vigorous +trees, either by cleft or English grafts, whichever gives best fit of +scion (which is generally smaller than root) and stock. Graft is then +tied with raffia and waxed to avoid all contact with air and placed in a +moderately heated frame. After a month of this treatment the graft has +taken. Then it is gradually accustomed to open air and the frame is +removed. In the fall or the following spring the graft may be planted in +its permanent location or in nursery row. + +This system presents numerous advantages: + + 1. Rapidity, since the plants can be grafted after one year, + instead of three or four. + + 2. Economy of time and expense, since considerable numbers of grafts + can be made rapidly and in limited space. + + 3. More rapid development of growth and fruiting. Saplings of 1 to 2 + meters planted in winter of '28-'29 measured in October '36 25-27 + cm. in circumference at one meter from ground. Trees two and three + years old, still in nursery, are bearing one to two normally + developed fruits. + +The author indicates that he uses _nigra_ for stocks, "since that is the +only one that has proved its adaptation to grafting and its resistance +to the "pus disease"." + +At the time he gave his paper in '36 Mr. Treyves announced that he was +continuing his grafting experiments on _J. Sieboldiana, cordiformis_ and +_torreyi. [J. torreyi_ = _J. major_--J. C. McDaniel.] + +Mr. Treyves, whom we cannot thank too much for his favor, was kind +enough to set forth the preliminary techniques of his method of +root-grafting. We give a resume of them here. + +1. Preparation. Plant nuts well-spaced in rows in good soil, convenient +to irrigation, if needed. Clean nuts of good quality, previously +stratified, should be planted in winter. Plants are lifted before the +following spring and heeled in. For scions wood of 7-8 cm. is cut from +young, healthy and vigorous trees and passed to the grafter at the same +time as the roots, which have been previously lifted, washed and cut off +at the crown or a little below. Scion, bevelled, is set either in +English or cleft graft, tied with raffia or with a numbered wool strip, +waxed and potted in rich but light soil, moderately firmed around roots. +Pots are then set in some homogeneous material (waste tan-bark or +sawdust) and left in a moderately heated bed. + +2. Care. Watering. Temperature of beds should be kept constant around +grafts and they should be watered every other day. Of course, grass and +mold should be prevented. + +As soon as grafts begin to grow (usually around 15 days) the pots are +gradually removed from sawdust, and when plants have made 15-20 cm. of +growth (after 30-40 days) they are slowly hardened to air and sun, +replanted in well-shaded beds, properly watered and cared for until they +are set in nursery row. + +3. Planting in nursery. The following spring they are set 60 cm. apart +in nursery rows 1 m. apart in well-manured and well-prepared plots. +Usual care during growth. With the 2nd year plants attain 1-1/4-1-1/2 m. +and it is not uncommon to discover a nut. The 3rd year they make 2-1/2 +m. at least with 8-12 cm. of girth and are ready for transplanting to +permanent site. + +4. Soils and situations. Mr. Treyves tells us that the walnut plantings +in "lower Grésivuaudan" are on old alluvium of the Isčre Valley and in +limy marl soils of the upper slopes. A little farther away in Savoy, the walnut is +vigorous in Jurassic or clay limestone soils. The same is true in +Dordogne, in Corrčze, and in the Lot, where soils are of similar origin. + +Walnuts are found at an average altitude of 600 m. but grow up to 1200 +m. in Savoy, and particularly in Switzerland. + +The best exposures are SW, W, and SE, sunny slopes, well protected from +the north wind and late frosts. + +Mr. Treyves has personally some plantings of walnut in Sologne, (where +calcareous soils are lacking) and in Champagne, where the soils lack +lime. He has noted that these trees grow and fruit normally. + +Cultivation. It is important to keep soil around isolated trees well +stirred and to increase the area of cultivation as the rootspread +increases. + +5. Rootstocks. For the present the plants chosen for stocks have come +from nigra, the only one that has proved itself in the matter of "take". +It does well in moist soils. + +Mr. Treyves has personally tried to graft Mayette and Franquette on +_Torreyi_. He has found the "take" and the union perfect. But even +though vegetation is promising we must wait 22 years for a full test. + +He proposes to lest all the "rootstocks placed at his disposal in order +to acclimatize the good French varieties to all the soils which suit +these stocks. Grafting on _J. Torreyi_ will be useful to a [_sera utile +a un_] stock that grows in dry soil, like _nigra_. + +"But that is a matter we shall have to examine again in ten years, first +as regards vegetation and then in 20 years as concerns fruit +production." + +Since these experiments date from '36 at the time of the Grenoble +Congress we have only 13 years to wait to learn what sort of fruit these +trees will bear and only 5 to see how they behave vegetatively. + +It remains, then, only to wish "good luck" to our kind and devoted +correspondent and to thank him for his valuable documentation. + + + + +Pictorial Record of Grafting at Climax, Michigan + +W. M. BECKERT, _Jackson, Mich._ + + +Top-working black walnuts to Persian Walnuts has long been practiced by +various members of this organization. It is hoped by this series of +Kodachrome slides that a record of such top-working by one of our +members would be of interest and also show the details of just how the +work is done under actual field conditions. + +Mr. Gilbert Becker, of Climax, Michigan, has been quite successful in +top-working black walnuts. Needless to say, these pictures were taken to +show how an expert goes about grafting black walnuts. Mr. Becker was +contacted as to when he would do his grafting and he mentioned that on +May 80, 1953, he would be top-working his stock. Plans were made to be +present on that date and we were fortunate in having bright weather for +taking the pictures. + +The first two slides show Mr. Becker removing the scionwood from his +storage pit, selecting the scions and preparing to go out to do the +grafting. On the way to the trees that were to be grafted, the pictures +for the next two slides were taken to show the stage of leaf development +and the length of the catkins of the Thomas Black Walnut, so members in +other sections of the country can see how far out in leaf the Thomas +variety was when the grafting was done. + +The following series of slides show how Mr. Becker top-works the black +walnuts. + +First, removing that portion of the stock, note he used a pruning saw, +makes a cut at the point where he wants to graft. He uses the bark slit +method. The scion is shaped by one stroke of the grafting knife; a long +slanting cut is made and the scion inserted in the stock. Just prior to +placing the scion, the bark of the stock is slit, two cuts with the +point of the knife, approximate width of the scion and down along the +bark to the length the scion is to be inserted, then the scion is +placed. The next step is to cut off the little sliver of bark which is +pushed out, at the point where it does not contact the scion. In this +tree, two scions were placed, the scions being wrapped tightly with +waxed muslin which was prepared beforehand, using strips about one-half +inch wide. Enough was used to firmly bind the scions to the stock. +Please note that a small piece of wax muslin was placed on the inside of +the scion to prevent the wax from going down between the scion and +stock. The final step is waxing the scion and brushing with hot wax, in +order to prevent the scion from drying out; to provide shade, Mr. +Becker, in this case, used grass and made a hood over the scion, tying +it with string. + +The following slides show the same procedure of grafting other trees. +You will note in one case he has climbed up into the branches of the +tree. To shade the scions, he used aluminum foil, folded around the +scion and tied with a rubber grafting strip. In all these pictures the +scions used were Colby. + +Mr. Becker is very adept, quick, and does the grafting so that it +actually seems effortless. His technique is so fast, there is very +little chance of the scion drying out before it is placed. + +On July 26th, I returned to Climax and the grafts were successful, as +you can see by the following series. The one failure was the first tree +that was grafted, and which had the grass for shading of the scion. + + + + +Rock Phosphate for Nut Trees + +HARRY P. BURGART, _Union City, Mich._ + + +My soil is of the sandy type and I have to watch the mineral content +rather closely for nitrogen and phosphate deficiencies. Winter-killing +of one year black walnut and pecan seedlings is serious during seasons +when our winters are less severe than usual and during winters when we +had had plenty of snow cover for protection. This worried me a great +deal and I decided there must be a deficiency. Soil tests repeatedly +showed a lack of phosphate. + +I applied ground rock phosphate to my larger bearing English walnut +trees and there has not been the least sign of winter injury since. + +Many of my smaller nut trees have been bearing earlier for me since I +have been using the phosphate. Customers who come here often remark at +the way some of my little grafted trees are bearing crops and I tell +them that I believe in keeping plenty of phosphate in the soil for root +growth and nut production. + +I am writing this brief article thinking that it might help solve the +problems of other nut growers who have repeatedly been having trouble +with winter-killing of their Carpathian, or English walnut trees. +Phosphate seems to prevent a late sappy-condition from causing winter +injury. + +I prefer to apply the phosphate and nitrogen early in April or early +May. Fall applications of any kind of fertilizer are apt to cause winter +injury. I usually scatter the rock phosphate around the trees using +about four handfuls around a first year tree. Then I turn over the sod +bottom with a shovel, which puts the phosphate down where the roots can +get it. I use the phosphate around all the young trees we set out and +seldom lose a tree as the phosphate encourages the starting of new +feeder roots on the nut trees. + + + + +A Report From Southern Minnesota + +R. E. HODGSON, _University of Minnesota, Southern School and Experiment +Station, Waseca, Minn._ + + +We have 20 odd Carpathian walnut trees growing from nuts planted about +1931. So far, I have never seen a flower on any of them. They grow up 6 +or 8 feet in a year and that seems to be their difficulty. They do not +stop growing in time to harden off before cold weather comes. I think a +lot of the winter killing is also due to sun scald which would indicate +an inability to retain dormancy during a January thaw. Some of the trees +have lived through two winters with only minor damage and then when the +right conditions come along, they are killed to the ground. Wrapping the +trunks with aluminum foil has not solved the problem. I have purchased +one or two grafted trees which were recommended as more hardy but so far +they have had the same experience as the one I grew from nuts. + +Black walnut and hickory do well here and I have a hiccan perhaps 20 +feet tall but it has never borne any nuts. Chinese chestnuts are not +entirely hardy and grow very slowly. This year I set out about 20 +American chestnuts from Minnesota grown seed and I hope that we are far +enough from other trees of this variety to escape the blight. Tree +growing is just a hobby and lately there has been very little time for +hobbies. + + + + +Chestnut Breeding + +Report for 1953 + +ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES and HANS NIENSTAEDT, _The Connecticut +Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut_ + + +The chief aim of this breeding work, which has been carried on now +without interruption since 1930, is to develop a tall timber type of +chestnut by breeding the American species with the blight resistant but +comparatively low-growing Japanese and Chinese chestnuts, _Castanea +crenata_ and _C. mollissima_, respectively. Practically all trees of our +valuable American chestnut of any appreciable size have now been killed +to the ground by the blight fungus, _Endothia parasitica_. Shoots +arising from the base of the old stumps often live long enough to bear +pollen, and this we have lately been forced to use in our breeding work +with the disadvantage that we can not know definitely the nature of the +genotype of the pollen parent. American pollen from a good phenotype +near Washington, D. C., was kindly furnished us in the early 30's by the +then Office of Forest Pathology of the U.S.D.A., and this stock is now +incorporated with our older Japanese-American and Chinese-American +hybrids. + +As indicated in the following pages, we are not neglecting the +nut-bearing potentialities of the chestnut tree. + + +Weather Conditions in 1953 + +The disastrous ice storm of the 9th and 10th of January caused slight +damage to some of the Chinese trees. Their numerous, more or less +horizontal branches and characteristically brittle wood make them prone +to damage of this sort; nevertheless, only a few branches were lost. +After a comparatively warm February, the warmest since 1925, March +brought us more rain than for any March in the 81 years records have +been kept[3]--a total of 10.78 inches. This was all to the good, as +later events proved. Because of the preceding warm February the ground +was for the most part unfrozen, so that, instead of running off, the +water was largely absorbed in the soil, and thus added to the water +table. The precipitation of April was again heavy--5.6 inches--the +normal per month for this area being about 3-1/2 inches. After an +unusually good growing season in May, June and July, about the middle of +August a long drought of nearly 10 weeks duration commenced. The +conditions were similar to those in 1952, except that in that year the +drought began later, in October. However, the large amount of water in +the soil from the spring rains prevented serious consequences, just as +in 1952 the heavy rainfall in August and the normal one in September +mitigated any serious results from the later drought of that year. + + +[3] Weather records are taken from the monthly reports of the municipal +airport at New Haven, Conn., and are compared with the New York City +records for the same period, kept by the U. S. Weather Bureau at 17 +Battery Place, New York City. + + +Hybrids of 1953 + +As in former years we continued the formation of hybrids of the +combination C×J×A[4] which has to date given the most resistant +individuals and the best timber form. 277 hybrid nuts of this +combination were obtained by crossing JA with C, and C with JA. JA×J +crossed with C yielded 25 nuts. CJA crossed with pollen from the Roxbury +Americans gave 20 nuts. The Chinese-American hybrids are also promising +both in form and in blight resistance. By crossing these with American +pollen from Thomaston, Conn., and from Clinton Corners, N. Y., we +secured 48 nuts. CA crossed with a good native American in Thomaston, +Conn., resulted in 30 nuts, and the same combination using an American +in Newfoundland, N. J., produced 9 nuts. The total number of nuts +derived from all crosses was 504, a much smaller figure than that for +the two preceding years. The reason for this is that considerable time +was consumed in experiments designed to determine the length of the +receptive period in the pistils. + +[4] C = Chinese, J = Japanese, A = American chestnut. + +The 1953 nut production (Table I) compared well with last year's. The +total yields were as good as, or better than, the 1952 crop and the +average weight per nut was not significantly lower than in 1952. +Apparently the late summer and fall drought had no effect on nut yields +and average weights. Obviously we have the warm winter and abundant +early rains to thank for this situation. + + Table I. Natural Yield of Nuts (open pollinations) From Sample Trees. + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Total yield Av. weight per Approximate + Age in Species Location in lbs. nut in grams no. of nuts + years 1952 1953 1952 1953 per lb.[A] + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 23 _C.crenta_ 13-2 27.5 43.3 14.5 14.0 32 + 27 _C.mollissima_ 1-3 22.2 20.8 10.6 10.5 43 + 27 _C.mollissima_ 1-9 28.2 26.2 9.9 9.7 46 + 27 _C.mollissima_ 1-15 6.8[B] 20.6 12.9 11.7 39 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + A. based on the 1953 weights + B. a considerable part of crop lost before it was collected + +Fig 1. gives a fair idea of the extremes in size of the Japanese +chestnut. Since the smaller size is probably close to that of the wild +chestnut in Japan, the figure illustrates what has been done by the +centuries of selection and cultivation that the chestnut has undergone +in Japan. + +[Illustration: Fig 1. Nuts of _C. crenata_, Japanese chestnut, showing +approximately the limits of size in the species. Left: from a tree on +Long Island, N. Y, owned by Mr. John Vertichio. Right: from one of our +forest type Japanese trees given to us by the Office of Forest Pathology +in 1930 and now growing at the Sleeping Giant Plantation, Hamden, Conn. +The tree is probably representative of the wild type of nuts in Japan--a +little larger than the native American chestnut. However, it is probable +that smaller nuts of the Japanese species exist. About 1/2 natural size. +Photo by B. W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., Nov. 27, 1953.] + +Anent the large nuts in the photograph, which weigh about an ounce +apiece or about 28 g. (compare figures in table I), Mr. Ferguson, +Instructor at the Long Island Agricultural and Technical Institute, +through whom we received the nuts, states that "the nuts of the +seedlings from the tree do not average better than half the size of +those of the parent tree." This illustrates the fact, now well known, +that the chestnut tree is self sterile. Nuts are always (with +exceptions) a result of fertilization of the flowers with the pollen +from _another_ tree. + +We should like to reproduce this tree in our plantations, but the only +way it can be done is by grafting scions of it on to some other, +preferably Japanese, stock, or by rooting cuttings from it--a method +which we still have not been able to accomplish readily. + + +Moll-Seg, or Chinese Prolific + +In the report of the senior writer for 1934 (_Brooklyn Botanic Garden +Record 24:62_) it was stated: "In our form of the Chinese chestnut only +one, if any, bur appears at the base of the flowering branch. The dwarf +species, _C. seguini_, from eastern and central China, on the other +hand, is most prolific; and in addition, blooms from June to October. It +will be seen that crosses of these two species may produce valuable +breeding stock." As a result of this cross, made in 1934, we obtained +seven nuts, and from these nuts we have today, nineteen years later, +four trees, three of which have shown marked blight resistance. One of +these three is much larger, partaking more in its stature and form of +the character of its Chinese parent, and in contrast to the latter, +bears burs and nuts in profusion, usually clustered at the ends of the +branches. (Fig. 2). The nuts are small but of good flavor. It is a good +nut tree, not suitable for timber. However, as we stated in our 1951-2 +report, it is subject to considerable twig blight, caused by the attacks +of the weak parasite, _Cryptodiaporthe castanea_ (Tul.) Wehmeyer, and +this is due apparently to the influence of its tender parent, the Seguin +chestnut, which habitually dies back in the winter. The parasite easily +enters the dying ends of the twigs. We should like to see this tree +tried out in a warmer climate--Georgia, Florida, Alabama, etc. Possibly +it might prove adaptable to a southern European environment.[5] + +[5] Systematic descriptions of this and other valuable chestnut hybrids +are being prepared for publication. + + +Pollen Receptivity of Female Flowers + +Chestnut is monecious. The flowers are borne on the present year's +growth in long catkins. These are of two distinct types; near the base +of the flowering branch they consist of male flowers only. The catkins +near the apex, on the other hand, are bisexual; pistillate flowers are +found, solitary or in clusters of two or three, near the base of this +type of catkin. The remainder of the catkin bears male flowers similar +to those on the all-male catkins. + +The unisexual male catkins are the first to start flowering and not +until two to three weeks later will the male flowers of the bisexual +catkins be in full bloom. Normally, the pistillate flowers will reach +full development sometime between these two periods of pollen shedding. + +_The Length of the Receptivity Period._--During the summer of 1953 an +experiment was conducted to determine more definitely when the pistils +became receptive and how long they remain in this condition. Two +Chinese, two Japanese and two hybrid chestnuts of the combination (Jap. +x C. pumila) x Jap., the so-called S8xJ, were used as the females in the +study. Emasculation and bagging was done at the beginning of anthesis, +that is, when the first unisexual male catkins began to shed pollen. +Three different pollen sources were used on each female parent; they +were of the same species or hybrid combination as the female. The +following diagram shows the pollination schedule used. + + Pollen source Time of pollination in days + No. after beginning of anthesis + 5 9 13 17 22 + ----------------------------------------------- + 1 X X X + 2 X X X + 3 X X X + +For example, the Chinese female trees were pollinated with pollen from +three other Chinese trees (in the diagram "Pollen source No. 1, 2 and +3), which open their anthers on successively later dates. This +pollination schedule was used to avoid prolonged storing of the pollen. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Showing, above, _C. mollissima_, Chinese +chestnut, left, and _C. seguini_, seguin chestnut, right, parents of +_mollissima_ × _seguini_ hybrid below. Note clustered burs in +hybrid--more than twice the number appearing in the _mollissima_ parent. +Leaves and habit of tree resemble more the _mollissima_ parent. About +1/6 natural size. Photo by B. W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., +Sept. 25, 1953.] + +To carry on pollination the bags are removed and the pollen-bearing +catkins are brushed lightly over the stigmas several times, one or more +fresh catkins being used in each bag. These catkins are left in the bag. +The bags are then replaced and permanently removed when danger of +outcrossing is eliminated, in this case 10-14 days after the last +pollination. + +The number of nuts collected at the time of harvesting compared with the +number of female flowers pollinated was taken as a measure of how +successful the pollinations were. + +The results showed that five days after the commencement of anthesis a +high proportion of the female flowers is receptive. The Japanese and +hybrid trees have a definite peak of the period of receptivity between 9 +and 17 days after anthesis begins; thereafter, receptivity drops off +sharply. The data from the Chinese trees indicated that the period of +maximum receptivity is longer than in the Japanese and hybrid chestnuts +tested. They maintained full receptivity on the 22nd day after the +beginning of anthesis. + +It is commonly believed that bagging as well as emasculation may +seriously affect the yield from controlled pollination. This is not +always the case. One of the Japanese trees and one hybrid tree (S8 × J) +yielded fully as many nuts from controlled (under best conditions) as +from open pollination. On all other trees the effect of bagging was more +or less adverse. + + +The Effect of Emasculation on Nut Yield + +Emasculation involves the removal of the unisexual male catkins and the +male part of the bisexual catkins. In the course of the controlled +pollination work it has often been found that the female flowers drop +off in the bag before the burs start to develop. This has especially +been encountered in Japanese × American hybrids and back-crosses. It was +thought that this perhaps was due to injuries resulting from +emasculation. The following small experiment was carried out in order to +determine if this was actually true. + +A Japanese × American and a Japanese × (Japanese × American) hybrid were +used as the female parents. On these trees some flowering branches were +bagged which had been emasculated normally, on other branches only the +unisexual catkins were removed, while the bisexual catkins were left +intact. Some branches were bagged without any emasculation, and some +flowering branches were just tagged. The number of female flowers was +counted in all cases. Pollinations were performed 3 times, that is, were +repeated on the third and fifth day after the first pollination. This is +the procedure ordinarily used for our controlled pollinations. Chinese +pollen was used on both trees. Nut set expressed as per cent of the +number of pollinated flowers, times three, (because ordinarily there are +3 nuts in every bur) was taken as a measure of how successful the +pollinations had been. The results are shown in Table 2. + + Table II. The Effect of Emasculation on Nut Yield + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Type of Treatment No. of [Symbol: female]'s at Nut set as + time of first expressed in % + pollination of [Symbol: female]'s + at time of + 1st pollination ×3 + [Symbol: female] parent [Symbol: female] parent + 4-4 7-4 4-4 7-4 + (J×A) (J×JA) (J×A) (J×JA) + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Normal emasculation 39 17 29.1 13.7 + Only unisexual catkins removed 23 19 14.5 0.0 + Not emasculated, but pollinated 28 18 25.0 3.7 + Not emasculated, } + not pollinated } Control 28 25 1.2 0.0 + Not bagged, branches tagged, + open pollinated 26 23 44.9 17.4 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Bagging apparently was partly injurious on these two trees and caused +some decrease in nut yield. There is, however, no evidence that +emasculation in itself causes a decreased nut yield, rather it appears +to be somewhat beneficial if we are to judge from the results of this +experiment. At least, one would be justified in concluding that any +harmful effect is negligible. Completely emasculated flowers yielded +29.1 and 13.7 per cent as compared to 14.5 and 0.0 per cent where only +unisexual male catkins were removed, and 25.0 and 3.7 per cent where no +emasculation was done. The controls which were not emasculated and not +hand pollinated, show that the trees are practically completely self +sterile; only an occasional nut is set from self-fertilization. + + +Vegetative Propagation + +In vegetative propagation the tree breeder has a very important tool. +For instance, if a number of desirable phenotypes have been selected in +the forest, they can be propagated vegetatively and planted under +uniform conditions where it will be possible to "estimate" their +genotype, without the time-consuming progeny testing. Trees propagated +vegetatively from old mature trees usually will start flowering very +soon after they become established; thus the necessity of doing +pollination work in very large trees can be eliminated. Furthermore, it +enables the tree breeders to maintain trees of a desirable genotype +unaltered for an indefinite length of time without first establishing +pure lines through inbreeding. Finally, it may be possible to make +valuable individuals available to the forest owners for field planting +if they can be propagated vegetatively in large enough numbers at low +cost. + +Compared to propagation by grafting, the rooting of cuttings is both +simpler and cheaper, if it can be done. Chestnut cuttings are, +unfortunately, very difficult to root. In the past six years numerous +experiments have been conducted in order to find a way to root the +various chestnut species. We have tried to root dormant, as well as +greenwood, cuttings, the conventional twig cuttings as well as leaf-bud +cuttings; numerous hormone treatments using several different hormones +in solution and as powders, over a wide range of concentrations, have +been tried; a special chamber in which an automatic atomizer nozzle +sprays the cuttings intermittently has been used. Results have always +been poor. Dormant cuttings have broken dormancy, sent out new leaves, +formed an abundance of callus on the basal end, but failed to develop +any roots, and finally after several months have died. Greenwood +cuttings also have failed to develop roots in almost all cases. The best +results have been obtained with leaf-bud cuttings. In some cases 10 to +20 per cent have rooted; here, however, the difficulty has been the +failure of the bud to break dormancy and start growth, and all the +rooted cuttings have eventually died. + +The rooting by airlayering has been tried in a few cases. Airlayering is +the rooting of twigs while they are still attached to the tree. Some +distance from the terminal end of the twig an oblique cut is made, or +the bark is removed around the twig for about 3/4". The cut or ringed +area is treated with a hormone powder, wrapped in sphagnum moss and +covered with a wrapping of polyethelene. Attempts to root twigs on older +trees by this method have so far failed. Recently successful rooting of +twigs on young seedlings by airlayering has been reported from Spain, +and from France comes the report that stooling of young seedlings is +highly successful. In the stooling method the young plants are cut off a +short distance above the ground level. As new shoots grow out, their +basal ends are gradually covered with soil until a 5-6" mound has been +formed. Left in this manner they may develop their own root system and +can eventually be detached from the mother root. That the rooting of +young seedling material should be possible, while that from older trees +will not root, is not unusual. It is generally accepted that the younger +the tree from which the cuttings are taken, the easier the cuttings are +to root. Experiments along these lines are planned for 1954. + + +Cooperative Hybrid Chestnut Plantations + +In last year's report we described our hybrid test plots established in +cooperation with the U.S.D.A., Bureau of Plant Industry, Division of +Forest Pathology. + +On March 18, 1953 a new plantation was started at Grafton, West +Virginia. As usual, we furnished 50 plants for this test plot. + +From the reports from Dr. J. D. Diller, of the then Division of Forest +Pathology, our hybrids so far have shown a promising performance, +although their average growth rate so far is slightly slower than that +of the U.S.D.A. hybrids and straight Chinese chestnut. From the +standpoint of blight resistance and growth habit they are at least equal +to the two other sources and may be slightly better; however, it is +still too early to make any definite evaluation of the results. + + +Insect Injuries + +The most damaging insect pests in the Sleeping Giant Plantation are the +spring canker worms, the mites (_Paratetranychus bicolor_), Japanese +beetles and the chestnut weevils. + +A spraying schedule has now been worked out which keeps these pests +under control: + +1. Dormant spray with "Scalecide" in middle April against the canker +worms and mites. + +2. Two applications of "Aramite" (6-7 lbs. per acre) in the middle and +toward the end of June. These sprayings have given good control against +mites. Where the outbreak is very severe it may be necessary to spray +with "Aramite" also in July and again in August. + +3. Spraying with DDT in middle August and the first week in September +has controlled the weevils successfully. + +In concluding this report we desire to express our thanks to the many +interested persons who have contributed pollen, nuts and/or scions to +further this project. + + +Dr. W. C. Deming + +On November 17th, 1910, twelve dreamers met in the Botanical Museum, +Bronx Park, New York City, to form an organization of nut growers in the +north. It was largely an organizational meeting. No papers were read, +but some solid foundations were laid. Dr. W. C. Deming served as +temporary chairman of the meeting and, fortunately for the cause, was +then elected as the new body's Secretary-Treasurer, an office which has +always called for executive ability and untiring industry. + +This election paid off. At the second meeting, held at the New York +State College of Agriculture, in Ithaca, it appeared that the new +Secretary had communicated with a large number of leading nurserymen, +with national and State horticulturists and with others. It was reported +at this meeting that only two nurserymen had accepted the invitation to +attend. "So", reported Secretary Deming, "evidently the others do not +think the northern nut grower is one whose acquaintance is worth +cultivating. We hope to convince them to the contrary." + +This was done. At the second meeting, the Association could count sixty +members. Professor John Craig, of Cornell, in noting this growth, said, +"Dr. Deming has not merely performed the routine duties of the +secretary, but he has studied the case and has presented a good many +facts not apparent on the surface. It seems to me that this augurs +well." + +The augury proved prophetic. The Association continued to grow. But +without this first intelligent, persistent effort upon the part of. Dr. +Deming, it could hardly have survived. + +This small bit of history is illustrative of the whole life of Dr. +Deming. His deep interest in the purposes and hopes of our Association +has never ceased. Upon his own ground he planted, and budded and +grafted many nut trees, and has given away the fruits of his labors with +a prodigal good will. Deming's Burnham pecan and the Deming Purple black +walnut are the only introductions, so far as this writer knows, which +bear his name. + +Again, some thirty years after the first meeting mentioned above, Dr. +Deming thought up and carried through another project which makes the +Association repeatedly his debtor, an Index of the first thirty volumes +of the Association's Annual Reports. It is a work which saves the +conscientious worker in northern nut culture hours and hours of labor. + +And now our Dean, the last of the founding fathers, has left us for the +Elysian Fields. His gentle, kindly face will be sadly missed by those +who knew him, but he lives on in every tree whose planting his labors +inspired and in every mind which has been, even unconsciously, his heir. + +A letter from Miss Charlotte Deming, a sister, assures us, somewhat +touchingly, but happily, of this fact: + +"My brother's heart was with and in the work of the Association. He was +happy to know of its expansion into such a wide-spread organization, and +very proud of having been made its Dean." + +Dr. Deming lived a full life. He was a physician of distinction, a +graduate of Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons and +was retired from the army after World War I with the rank of Major. +After graduation from Columbia, he served his internship in a New York +hospital, then on the medical staff of the State Immigrant Hospital, +Ward's Island. He began private practice in Westchester County, New York +and, later, for many years, served as examining physician with the +Veterans' Administration in Hartford, Connecticut. + +It is interesting to know, as told by his son, Hawthorne, that Mrs. +Deming, formerly Imogene Hawthorne, was the youngest granddaughter of +the immortal Nathaniel. It is evident that Dr. Deming, both in private +life and in his public interests, was a strong believer in the value of +good blood-lines. + + _John Davidson_ + + + + +The Nomenclature of Nut Varieties + +GEORGE H. M. LAWRENCE, _Bailey Hortorium, Ithaca, N. Y._ + + +This article is intended to introduce to you the International Code of +Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants[6] and to point out the ways in which +that Code serves the interests and needs of members of the Northern Nut +Growers Association. + +[6] The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, +formulated and adopted by the International Botanical Congress Committee +for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants and the International +Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature and Registration at the +Thirteenth International Horticultural Congress, London, September 1952. + +Copies of the full text of the Code are available from the Secretary, +American Horticultural Council, Inc., Bailey Hortorium, Cornell +University, Ithaca, N. Y., (25˘ postpaid). + +The Code as published by the Royal Horticultural Society is a booklet of +about 30 pages, containing an excellent historical introduction by W. T. +Stearn, a summary or abridged version of the Code, and the full text. It +is of necessity somewhat technical in its phraseology, and in places its +jargon is overwhelming. Recently, Dr. John S. L. Gilmour, Director of +the Cambridge Botanic Gardens, and formerly Director of the R. H. S. +Trial Gardens at Wisley, published a very lucid and down-to-earth +interpretation of the principle provisions of the Code. It is reproduced +with permission at the conclusion of this introduction. + +The questions asked about the Code include, + + "What's it got that earlier codes did not have?" + "What's new about it?" + "How does it affect me?" + +There are several answers to the first query, but the most significant +is that here for the first time we have a Code that represents the +thinking of horticulturists from all leading horticultural centers of +the world. I was a member of a committee of thirteen (representing 6 +countries), that met for nine days in Stockholm in 1950 to prepare and +edit the first international draft of this Code. Those of each +nationality had met in their country previously, with their own leaders, +and had come to this round-table session with fixed ideas of what they +wanted. By mid-evening of the first session it became apparent that the +Swedes, the Dutch, the British, and the Americans had sent some of their +most persuasive, vocative, and determined countrymen to represent them. +The Swiss representative restrained himself admirably until after the +initial lines had been drawn. It looked then as if there might be +several codes, but before recessing several hours later some concessions +had been made, and discussion on the more volatile points had been +deferred. The differences of opinion were well founded and held with +good reason. Some reflected an unawareness of situations in an unrelated +horticultural field, e.g., a nurseryman did not know the problems +encountered by the Danes in developing so-called varieties of +vegetables, or by the American in producing hybrid-corn--each calling +for different provisions in the Code, nor could the rose specialist be +expected to comprehend the genetic situations encountered in many types +of hybridity. One botanist in the group had no appreciation of the +intricacies of problems and situations found when trying to name some +complex groups of cultigens. Add to these reasons the fact that most of +these men were representatives or spokesmen for larger groups or +national organizations "back home" and were not authorized to act +independently from earlier decisions by those groups, and one can only +marvel that at the end of the 9-day period we came up with a detailed +and workable draft accepted unanimously, and which was modified in no +major respect at the more recently International Horticultural Congress +in London. + +The period between the Stockholm meeting and the London Congress was +utilized to distribute mimeographed copies of the Stockholm draft to +horticultural leaders in all countries, to provide opportunity for +suggesting changes and new provisions for the Code, and to hold one +committee meeting of international level, at London in November 1951. +As a result, the present Code is the first truly international +regulating guide that has been produced as an aid to persons concerned +with the nomenclature of cultivated plants. The individual who may +object to some provision of the Code must remember that its presence in +the Code has had the support of scores of specialists, representing no +less than 16 nations and that there is no part of the Code that was not +acceptable to a majority of the delegates of each nation and to the +groups representing them. The significance of this international +character of the Code is not to be discounted. + +It is only proper at this point to tell you how the U. S. A. was +represented at the International Horticultural Congress in London. +Practically every country except the United States has a national +horticultural organization, comparable in some respects to the Royal +Horticultural Society, with which you are surely familiar. This country +had none. When the "call" went out for representatives and delegates to +the International Horticultural Congress, that for this country was +delivered to the agricultural attaché at our Embassy in London. It is +reported that he referred it to his home office and attended some +preliminary meetings in London. The matter was referred to the U. S. +Department of Agriculture in Washington and there sat, apparently, for +months. In the interim, private communications were flying across the +Atlantic in both directions between interested horticulturists and +finally the matter was referred by the Honorable Secretary of the +Congress direct to American societies of horticulture to ensure that +American views and interests would be adequately represented. It boiled +down to the United States being represented by those persons who were +going to be at the Congress anyway and by men who were not specialists +in nomenclatural matters. Appraised of their lot, these persons made +every effort to be briefed and informed on as many aspects of the +provisions of the proposed Code as possible. As stated later by Dr. S. +L. Emsweller (a member of the committee, representing U. S. D. A. and +the American Society for Horticultural Science), this situation brought +into sharp focus the need in this country for a single horticultural +organization of organizations that could serve as authorized in matters +at the international level. The American Horticultural Council, to which +the Northern Nut Growers Association belongs may become that +organization, but only when authorized by its membership. + +Many readers may be familiar with earlier codes, as that adopted by the +American Pomological Society (which dates from 1847), that by the +American Society of Agronomists (formulated in 1917-18), and with a +third code adopted at the sessions of the Botanical Congress meeting in +Cambridge, England, in 1935. Knowing of the provisions of these codes, +you may ask, "What has the new one got that is different?" There are +many new features of which the more significant are given below. + +Perhaps foremost is the recognition that, for the most part, the +so-called varieties of garden plants are not uniform in their behavior. +Some are nothing more than transplants of variations found in the wild, +such as the Japanese _Juglans Sieboldiana_ var. _cordiformis_, a +population having its own geographic range and distinguished from the +typical element of the species by several morphological characters. It +is a botanical variety that is cultivated. It is not a product of +domestication. + +The code distinguishes from this botanical variety those so-called +varieties that are the result of domestication, variants that have been +produced in cultivation but are not known to occur and perpetuate +themselves in the wild, such as Schwedler's maple known as _Acer +Platanoides_ var. _Schwedleri_. Plants of this group, that may be grown +from seed and which do show a limited variability, are distinguished +from botanical varieties by placing them in a new category called +cultivar (a name coined long ago by L. H. Bailey and meaning, a variety +from cultivation). The abbreviation for the category is cv. Furthermore, +in an effort to differentiate cultivar names from botanical names, it is +provided that they be treated as are vernacular or fancy (common) names. +That is, that the name be placed in single quotes and not italicized +e.g., _Acer Platanoides_ cv. 'Schwedleri'. + +A third category is that of clone. A clone is an individual propagated +not from seeds but by asexual means, as by grafting, budding, cuttings, +etc. Most so-called varieties of nuts are clones. A clone may be +selected from a species population, from a botanical variety, from a +cultivar, or from anyone of several types of hybrid complexes. It may +appear as a mutant of another clone. The name for it may, where there is +need for precision, be attached to the name of the species (or hybrid) +from which it was selected, as _Corylus Avellana_ cl. 'DuChilly' or +reduced to _Corylus_ cl. 'DuChilly.' + +For the hybridizer naming and introducing new hybrids to cultivation, +the Code is more helpful than any previous set of rules and the needs of +hybridizers of various groups have been considered. Many examples +illustrating application of each provision are given in the unabridged +version. + +The person naming plants will find much helpful guidance with regard to +the selection of names which should be considered if international usage +is to prevail. The Code is just that, a set of dicta provided for +guidance by horticulturists throughout the world that there may +prevail + + a greater uniformity, accuracy, and fixity of names, + a lessening of procedures that would lead to confusion and error if + adequately supported or widely adopted, and + a provision for change and revision. + +One section of the code ("C") dealing with Registration might well come +within the framework of interest and activity of the Northern Nut +Growers Association. This section, which suffers materially by +condensation in the abbreviated text that follows, occupies nearly a +page in the unabridged edition. It envisages the establishment of an +international registering body, with headquarters for different groups +located in different countries, e.g., that for tulips in the +Netherlands, for rhododendrons in Britain, for roses in the United +States, etc. The task of compiling, maintaining, and publishing such a +registrar (and rejecting names not in conformance with the Code) will +fall in many cases on the special plant societies concerned. When +societies for a given group of plants exist in 2 or more countries, they +will be expected to collaborate. Insofar as I know the Northern Nut +Growers Association has not set up any mechanism for the registration of +names given to cultivars, hybrids, and clones of nuts. To do so would be +to perform a very real service for your membership, for the industry in +this country, and would place the Association in a key spot when the +proposal for an international registry is activated. The agitation for +this phase of international application of the Code is considerable and +is more evident in Europe than here. If the Association takes an active +stand in the matter and develops a center of registry of nut names for +this continent, it may very well display a quality of initiative and +service that will make it pre-eminent on the international level and +will cause others to look to it for guidance, information, and +leadership. + +A careful consideration of this Code is commended to all and those +interested in the topic are urged to procure a copy of the booklet +giving the unabridged edition and Stearn's excellent historical account +of the subject. + + + + +The New Code For the Naming of Cultivated Plants[7] + +[7] Reproduced with permission from Journal of the Royal Horticultural +Society, vol. 69, pp. 12-21, 1954. + + +J. S. L. GILMOUR, _Chairman of the International Committee on +Horticultural Nomenclature and Registration_ + + +Anyone who deals in any way with cultivated plants uses plant names. +This glimpse of the obvious ought to mean that the appearance of a new +Code for the naming of cultivated plants should be a memorable event for +all gardeners. I say "ought to mean" advisedly, because there is no +doubt that, in the past, Codes of Nomenclature have made little appeal +to gardeners, the great majority of whom have been blissfully unaware of +their existence. As a consequence, many horticulturists--on hearing of +"a new Code"--will, no doubt, raise a respectful (or contemptuous) +eyebrow and get on with reading their latest catalogue. The aim of this +article is to persuade readers of the Society's JOURNAL, not only that +this attitude is against their own interests, but that a good deal of +quiet entertainment can be extracted from trying to use plant names +correctly--if only the entertainment of putting their neighbour right! + +It is true that, hitherto, there has been ample excuse for ignorance. +Although Codes for the naming of cultivated plants have existed, in some +shape or form, for nearly 100 years, they have been printed in obscure +publications, quite inaccessible to ordinary mortals. This excuse no +longer holds. The full text, plus a summary, of the new Code can be +purchased for one shilling and three pence (post free) from the Society, +and, in addition, reference to it has been made in many horticultural +and other periodicals. What, then, is the new Code about, how does it +affect gardeners, and what should they do about it? + +In the first place it is _not_ about the Latin names of wild species or +varieties--names like _Rhododendron ponticum_ and _Aesculus octandra_ +var. _vestita_. Whether wild plants are grown in gardens or not, their +Latin names are governed by quite a separate Code, devised by botanists +for the purpose. It is true, of course, that gardeners have to use Latin +names for many of the wild plants that they grow, and equally true, +unfortunately, that the frequent changes in these names are a source of +annoyance to everyone; but that is quite another story, with which we +are not concerned here. At the last International Horticultural Congress +steps were taken which we all hope will result, with the cooperation of +botanists, in the stabilization of widely used Latin names of cultivated +plants. + +No, the new Code deals, not with wild species, varieties and hybrids, +but with what are commonly called "garden varieties"--namely, forms +which have been brought into existence by selection, hybridization, or +other similar processes devised by man, and are maintained in +cultivation as clones or pure lines by man's care and skill--such plants +as Rose 'Peace,' Apple 'Beauty of Bath,' and thousands of others. The +distinction between "wild" plants and "garden varieties" is not +absolutely clear cut, and in the Code a closer definition is +attempted--but for our present purpose the difference is obvious enough. + +In the Code, it is recommended that "garden varieties" should +technically be called "cultivars." This has been their official name for +many years and it is clearly desirable, if the two categories of "wild" +and "cultivated" varieties are to be recognized, to have a short and +internationally current word for each of them. "Variety" and "cultivar" +serve this purpose admirably, but it is not to be expected that all +gardeners will make the distinction and adopt the word "cultivar" in +ordinary parlance, at any rate immediately. Personally, however, I hope +and believe that eventually "cultivar" will find favour. It is a clear +and easily understood word and will, I think, prove useful to those +gardeners who care for accuracy and precision in their craft, and +especially to those who have dealings with fellow-gardeners in other +countries. + +The Code, then, deals with the _names of cultivars_. It may be helpful, +I think, to consider its rules and regulations under three headings: +firstly, those of interest to all gardeners who have occasion to write +the names of cultivars; secondly, those which are concerned with the +coining of new names; and thirdly, those more technical provisions which +are of interest primarily to horticulturists studying a particular group +and trying to establish what are the correct names for its cultivars. + + +1. The Writing of Cultivar-Names + +The most important point, perhaps, concerning the names of cultivars is +that they should not be in Latin, but in any modern language using the +so-called Roman alphabet (_i.e._ the alphabet in which English, French, +German, etc., are written). The reason for this is, of course, to +distinguish, at a glance, names of cultivars from names of wild +varieties, which are in Latin. In the future, Latin names for cultivars +will definitely not be allowed by the Code, but we are faced with the +_fait accompli_ of hundreds of existing Latin names which have been +widely used for many years. For example: the dwarf conifers abound with +cultivars called 'nana,' 'prostrata,' 'compacta' and the like, and such +names as 'albus,' 'variegatus,' and 'plenus' occur in almost every +cultivated genus. It would clearly be foolish to try to alter all these, +and the Code accepts such legacies from the past as permanently with us. +(As we shall see, however, a distinction is made between the writing of +Latin cultivar-names and Latin varietal-names.) + +The vast majority, then, of cultivar-names are vernacular or "fancy" +names like 'Winston Churchill.' How should the full name of a cultivar +be written? The complete and technically correct form, including the +Latin name of the species from which the cultivar has been derived, is +illustrated in the following example: _Sedum spectabile_ Boreau, cv. +'Brilliant,' but I hasten to add that this lengthy designation is for +use only on full-dress occasions! In the example, _Sedum_ is the name of +the genus, _spectabile_ the name of the species (technically called the +"specific epithet"), Boreau the name of the man who first described the +species under that name (technically called "the authority" for the +name), cv. the abbreviation of cultivar, and 'Brilliant' the +cultivar-name for the particular cultivar concerned. It should be noted +(1) that the generic name and specific epithet are printed in italics, +(2) that the cultivar-name begins with a capital letter, is printed in +ordinary Roman type, and is enclosed in _single_ quotation marks, and +(3) that there is no "authority" after the cultivar-name. These three +points are important, and apply to the writing of all names of +cultivars. If we wish to cut down this rather formidable string of words +for every-day use, the authority can be omitted in all except very +technical writing. Secondly, the abbreviation cv. can normally be left +out, as the vernacular form, single quotes, and Roman type of +'Brilliant' indicate quite clearly that it is a cultivar-name, and not +the name of a wild variety. In this shortened form, therefore, the name +would read simply: + + _Sedum spectabile_ 'Brilliant' + +and this is the normal method of writing the names of cultivars. + +There are, however, two additional refinements that should be +mentioned--apart from the special case of cultivars derived from +hybrids, which I will deal with later. The first concerns those Latin +cultivar-names which are left over from the past. These should be +printed in Roman type and enclosed in single quotes to distinguish them +from Latin varietal names; thus one would write _Thuja orientalis_ +'elegantissima,' where 'elegantissima' is a cultivar-name, but _Aesculus +octandra_ var. _vestita_, where _vestita_ is the name of a wild variety. + +The second point refers to the omission of any authority after a +cultivar-name. Many cultivars are first described in reports of trials, +in catalogues, and other anonymous publications; this makes the quoting +of an authority impractical, but there is provision in the Code for +writing the raiser's or introducer's name in brackets after the +cultivar-name if so desired, thus: _Weigela_ 'Avalanche' (Lemoine). + + +2. Naming New Cultivars + +_General_ + +Let us suppose that a nurseryman, park superintendent, or amateur +gardener has just flowered a batch of seedlings of, say, _Helenium_, +and that he spots one as being of a new type and worthy of propagation. +In due course he shows the plant at a fortnightly show, under a number, +and an Award of Merit is given to it. He must now find a cultivar-name +for his new plant. His first problem, of course, is to choose a name +that has not been used before in the genus _Helenium_. If he picks on a +very unusual personal name he can be fairly certain that he is the first +to use it. If, however, he prefers a more general name, like 'Innocence' +or 'Venus,' there is a danger that it has been used before. If there +existed a registration authority for _Helenium_ names, as there does, +for example, for names of Daffodils, he could, of course, consult this +authority, but in its absence he must do his best to comb the likely +literature--for example the Index to this JOURNAL, nurserymen's +catalogues, etc.--and to assure himself that his chosen name has not +already been used. His next step is to make certain that the name is in +accordance with the best practice for coining such names. Here is where +the Code will help him. In it he will find (under Section F) a series of +rules for his guidance, based on the accumulated experience of +horticulturists of many nations. I will not repeat these rules +here--they can be read in the Code--but perhaps the most important, +apart from the rule already quoted that the name must not be in Latin, +is that it should be short (not more than two words), should avoid forms +of address liable to be confused (_e.g._ Mr., Mrs. and Miss) and, as far +as possible, should be easily pronounceable by all nationalities. As the +Code says, 'Centenaire de Rozain-Bourcharlat,' +'Diplomagartenbauinspektor,' and 'Eldwyth Cholmondeley' are not looked +upon with favour as cultivar-names! Having chosen a name, it is +essential to ensure that it is published, together with an adequate +description, since the Code does not recognize names that are not +published, or are published with no description. The Code lays down what +is meant by publication, and by adequate description. The names of +plants which receive an Award at Vincent Square are automatically +published, with a description, in this JOURNAL, but for other methods of +publication the Code should be consulted. + + +_Hybrids_ + +The naming of cultivars derived from crosses between two or more +different species, belonging to the same or different genera, involves +rather special problems. By "derived from" I mean not only the _first_ +generation from a species cross, but all subsequent generations and +back-crosses with the original parents or with members of the first or +later generations. Any cultivar which is the progeny of a species cross, +however remote, comes, for the purpose of the Code, under the heading of +a hybrid and its naming is subject to definite rules. The full name of a +"hybrid cultivar" must be regarded as consisting of three distinct +parts: (1) the name of the genus (or "hybrid genus" if a hybrid between +two or more genera is concerned); (2) a "collective" name or phrase +covering _all_ the progeny resulting from the particular species-cross +concerned; and (3) a cultivar-name for the particular form (cultivar) +under consideration. In the name _Viburnum_ × _bodnantense_ 'Dawn,' +_Viburnum_ is the generic name, × _bodnantense_ is the collective name +for all progeny of the cross _V. fragans_ × _V. grandiflorum_, and +'Dawn' is the cultivar-name for a particular seedling of this +parentage. It is essential always to bear in mind these three distinct +parts of the name of a garden hybrid, even if, as it often done, one or +other of the parts is omitted in actual usage; the three parts broadly +correspond, of course, to the generic name, specific epithet, and +cultivar-name of a non-hybrid cultivar (see above). + +Let us consider these three parts in turn and see what types of name can +be used in each part in actual practice--and how this affects the naming +of new "hybrid cultivars." + +The _first part_, the generic name, presents no difficulties, except in +the case of new hybrids between two or more genera. Names of such +"hybrid genera" are usually "manufactured" from a combination of the +names of the parent genera (_e.g._ × _Heucherella_, from _Heuchera_ and +_Tiarella_); in the case of hybrids between more than two genera, +however, where a "combination" name would be unwieldy, it is permissible +to make a new name by adding the termination _ara_ to the name of a +person connected with the plant concerned (_e.g._ × _Sanderara_ for a +tri-generic orchid hybrid). Before making a new "hybrid generic" name, a +botanist should be consulted, as a Latin description in proper, +botanical form must be provided. It will have been noticed that a +multiplication sign is placed _in front of_ the names of "hybrid +genera," but _after_ the generic name in the case of hybrids within a +single genus; further details on this point are given later. + +The _second part_ of the full name of a hybrid is a more tricky +business. It is, as I have said, a collective designation for all the +progeny of the particular cross concerned, and it may take one or all of +three possible forms:-- + +(1) If the parentage is known, a bare _formula_ consisting of the names +of the parents, in alphabetical order, connected with a multiplication +sign, _e.g._ _Lewisia cotyledon_ × _rediviva_. + +(2) A name in Latin form (corresponding to a non-hybrid specific +epithet), preceded by a multiplication sign, _e.g._ _Viburnum_ × +_bodnantense_. + +(3) A vernacular phrase containing the word "hybrid," "cross," "grex" +(Latin for flock or group), or other similar word, making evident the +collective nature of the phrase, _e.g._ _Lilium_ 'Bellingham Hybrids.' + +Why do we have to have these three different forms for the second part +of the full name, and when, to put it briefly, should we use which? + +I must admit that practice on this particular point is as yet by no +means fixed, and no doubt it will be modified considerably during the +next few years, as more horticulturists try to apply the Code to the +groups in which they are interested. + +In order to understand the alternatives available, it will be helpful, I +think, to consider first the _third part_ of the full name, as the use +of this, and of the second part, are very closely connected. The third +part, as I have said, is a cultivar-name of a particular form of the +hybrid concerned, and, in the first place, it is extremely important to +realize that _every cultivated hybrid that is considered worth naming at +all should receive a cultivar-name from the outset of its "career," +even_ _if, at the time, only one form is known, or is considered worth +naming._ To take an actual example, at the time when the new hybrid +_Viburnum_ × _bodnantense_ was described in the _Botanical Magazine_, +only one form, or clone, of it had been "put into circulation," and yet +that single clone was given a cultivar-name, 'Dawn.' The object of doing +this was to be able, in the future, to refer by name to this particular +clone and so avoid confusion with any later, and possibly inferior, +forms of the same cross that might be produced. In the absence of the +name 'Dawn,' less desirable clones could legitimately be passed off +under the collective name _V_. × _bodnantense_ without the acquirer +realising that he was not getting the original and superior form. + +Bearing in mind, then, the principle that _all_ cultivated hybrids +should have a third part, cultivar-name, we can turn again to the use of +the various possible designations for the second part listed above. The +choice of designations depends, broadly speaking, on _convenience_, that +is to say, on what, in practice, will be found the most useful method of +referring to the plants concerned. In principle, of course, every hybrid +whose parentage is known has an appropriate formula-designation, and in +certain cases such a formula would be sufficient as a second part +designation without inventing either a Latin name or a vernacular +collective name. For instance, when there are only a very few forms of a +particular cross, it might not be considered necessary to be able to +refer to the forms collectively, and a second part name would not then +be given. For example, _Rubus_ 'Merton Thornless,' when raised, was the +only form of the hybrid _R. rusticanus inermis_ × _thyrsiger_ to be put +into circulation, and it was not given a second part designation other +than the appropriate formula. On the whole, however, it is usually +desirable to have a second part, collective designation, rather than a +formula only. Whether such designation should be a Latin name or a +vernacular phrase, or both, depends on a number of factors which, as I +have said, are not yet fully worked out or appreciated. Broadly +speaking, if there are a large number of cultivars of a particular cross +and these cultivars form a well-marked group, distinct from other hybrid +groups in the genus, it is useful to have a vernacular designation for +general use, _e.g._ 'Bellingham Hybrids' for all cultivars of the cross +_Lilium Humboldtii_ × _pardalinum_. This purpose can, however, be +equally well served by a Latin name, _e.g. Camellia_ × _Williamsii_ for +all cultivars of the cross _C. japonica_ × _saluenensis_. Whichever +method is chosen, two points are of great importance. Firstly, if a +Latin name is given, it _must_ be accompanied by a Latin description. +Secondly a vernacular designation _must_ contain some such word as +Hybrids, Crosses, or the like, to distinguish it from a cultivar-name. +The practice, in some groups, of giving "straight" cultivar-names as +second part collective designations, followed by "var. so-and-so," is +condemned by the Code. Existing names of this kind, however, can easily +be brought into line by adding a word such as Hybrids or Grex to the +old, second part, cultivar-name, and omitting the "var." thus, +_Cattleya_ 'Fabia' var. 'Prince of Wales,' would become _C._ ('Fabia +Grex') 'Prince of Wales' (Grex can he abbreviated to G. if desired). +This alteration may seem over-pedantic, but if, in the naming of +cultivated hybrids, a clear distinction is not kept between second and +third part names, confusion, as I have pointed out, is likely to result. + +I will finish this section on the naming of hybrids with one or two +additional points on the correct method of writing their names. Here are +the full names of three cultivated hybrids:-- + + _Rubus_ (_rusticanus inermis_ X _thyrsiger_) 'Merton Thornless.' + _Camellia_ X _Williamsii_ 'Donation.' + Rose (Hybrid Tea) 'Richmond.' + +The following points should be noted:-- + +(_a_) If a formula or a vernacular designation is used as a second part +name, it should be placed in brackets between the generic name and the +cultivar-name. + +(_b_) If a Latin name is used as a second part name, and the hybrid is +between plants belonging to the same genus, a multiplication sign should +be placed between it and the generic name. + +(_c_) The third part cultivar-name follows directly on the second part +name and is placed in single quotes, as for cultivar-names of +non-hybrids. + +In many contexts it would not be necessary to write the second part name +at all, but if it is omitted, the cultivar-name, strictly speaking, +should be preceded by a multiplication sign, thus: _Camellia_ X +'Donation,' but it would be no great crime to omit it, except perhaps in +technical publications. + + +3. What Is the "Correct" Name for a Cultivar? + +It is a painfully familiar fact that many cultivars are known by more +than one name, and that many cultivar-names have been applied to more +than one cultivar--although the position is not so bad as it is in the +case of botanical names! This multiplication of names is the inevitable +result of many people naming many plants over a period of many years. It +is a situation which we must accept and do our best to mitigate. The +Code has a number of necessarily rather complicated provisions aiming at +selecting the correct name for any cultivar. These provisions are +important mainly to the comparatively few horticulturists and botanists +who take on the unenviable job of sorting out the nomenclature of +cultivated plants, though the results of their labours affect us all. +The rules are set out fully in the Code, and here I will attempt only to +pick out one or two of the more important. + +The Code lays down two basic principles; though, as we shall see, these +may be modified if undesirable name-changing can be avoided thereby. + +(_a_) No name can be used if it does not conform to the various rules +laid down in the Code (including proper publication of the name, with a +description). + +(_b_) If there are two or more names that conform with the Code, then +the _earliest_ name is the correct one; this is known technically as the +principle of priority. + +Now, obviously, as happens with botanical names, the strict application +of priority might mean that a universally used name--say, Plum +'Victoria'--would have to be given up and replaced by a completely +unknown one. This is unthinkable, and, as in the Botanical Code, there +are clauses to prevent it happening. With cultivar-names, however, there +is a particular complication, which does not apply to botanical names. +The latter are all in Latin, whereas cultivar-names may be in many +languages. This means that a cultivar, raised in one country under a +name acceptable in that country, may be introduced into another country +where the original name is quite unpronounceable or otherwise +unsuitable. A new name is, of course, immediately invented by the +introducer, and clearly, in many cases, it is useless to try to make the +second country adopt the earlier, strictly correct, but unsuitable name. +The Code, therefore, allows the retention of the second name as what it +calls a "commercial synonym." Thus, Rose 'Permanent Wave' is a +commercial synonym in the United States for the Rose raised in Holland +as 'Mevrouw van Straaten van Nes.' In any formal list of Roses, both +names should be given, together with any other commercial synonyms that +may exist. The coining of commercial synonyms is not, of course, to be +encouraged, and should only be done if the original name is clearly +unsuitable for the new country. Frequently names are translated or +transliterated when a cultivar is introduced into another country, and +such a translation or transliteration is not regarded in the Code as a +_new_ name, but as the original name in another form; no difficulty, +therefore, arises as to priority in these particular cases. + +Perhaps the most important section of the whole Code deals with the +_Registration_ of cultivar-names. In certain groups (_e.g._ Daffodils) +international registration schemes already exist, and it is urged that +further schemes, covering all important groups of cultivated plants, +should be established as soon as possible. The function of such +authorities would consist, primarily, of (1) registering new names and +ensuring that they are in accordance with the Code, and (2) preparing, +and keeping up to date, lists of cultivars in their groups. In addition, +the authorities would choose a particular publication as the +"starting-point" of the nomenclature in the group (so as to avoid +dipping too deeply into the past in search of ever earlier +cultivar-names), and would act as arbiters when a decision has to be +made between two or more widely used names for the same cultivar. There +is no doubt in the minds of those responsible for the Code that the +existence of internationally trusted and respected registration +authorities would do more than anything else to stabilize and simplify +the naming of cultivated plants. It will obviously take some time before +authorities can be set up for all--or even the majority--of important +groups, but the International Committee is doing its best to push ahead +quickly with this very important side of their work. + +At the end of the Code there are sections dealing with certain special +categories such as re-selected and improved cultivars, con-varieties, +clones, apomicts and line-hybrids, which are of interest mainly to +specialists in breeding and taxonomic work on cultivated plants. + +I hope I have said enough, in this short article, to convince readers of +the JOURNAL that the Code is of some interest to them if they want to +use the names of plants so that other gardeners, both here and abroad +can understand what they mean. The next step is to read the Code +itself--first the Summary and then the full text that follows it. No +doubt many who do so will be put off at first by the somewhat legal +language used. One can only repeat the time-honoured defence by lawyers +when similarly attacked--that to avoid ambiguity experience has shown +that a certain amount of jargon is necessary! We have tried hard, in the +Code, to keep it to a minimum. + +The International Committee is anxious to receive suggestions for +improving the Code, so that they can be discussed at the next +Horticultural Congress. All such suggestions should be sent to the +Secretary of the Committee (DR. H. R. FLETCHER), c/o The Royal +Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, London, S.W.1. + +In the Historical Introduction to the Code (written by MR. W. T. STEARN, +Secretary of the International Committee, during the production of the +Code), Fellows of The Royal Horticultural Society will note, I trust +with pride, the important part played by their Society, in cooperation +with many other bodies and individuals in many parts of the world, in +the preparation, drafting and publication of the Code. I hope that they +will feel it their not unpleasant duty to make themselves and others +familiar with the provisions of the Code, to follow its rules and +recommendations when they use the names of cultivated plants, and to let +the Secretary of the Committee know how they think it might be improved. +Article I of the Code states that its aim is "to promote uniformity, +accuracy and fixity ... with the minimum disturbance of existing +nomenclature"--an aim surely close to the heart of every Fellow of The +Royal Horticultural Society. + +I am grateful to MR. A. SIMMONDS, MR. W. T. STEARN AND MR. P. M. SYNGE +for help in the preparation of this article. + +[Illustration: Exhibit at the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts +Horticultural Society--Boston, Mass. October, 1953.] + + + + +Attendance Register, Rochester, N. Y., 1953 + + + Ontario, Canada + L. K. Devitt, Toronto + + Connecticut + Paul C. Daniels, Lakeville + Arthur H. Graves, Wallingford + + District of Columbia + Beth Ford, Washington + Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Ford, Washington + Miss Gretta Wilson, Washington + + Georgia + Lou Kahn, Albany + Mr. & Mrs. Wm. J. Wilson, Fort Valley + + Illinois + Mr. & Ms. R. B. Best, Eldred + C. R. Blyth, Urbana + J. C. McDaniel, Urbana + Mr. & Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs + + Indiana + John Andrews, Marion + Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Andrews, Marion + Mr. & Mrs. K. Dooley, Marion + Ray Kaufman, Peru + E. W. Pape, Marion + Carl Prell, South Bend + Ford Wallick, Peru + J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport + + Iowa + Roy E. Ferguson, Center Point + E. F. Huen, Eldora + Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula + Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City + D. C. Snyder, Center Point + + Maryland + Dr. & Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville + C. T. David, College Park + Dr. G. F. Gravatt, Beltsville + Dr. & Mrs. J. W. McKay & family, College Park + Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Negus, Hyattsville + Mrs. C. A. Reed, Takoma Park + + Massachusetts + Mr. & Mrs. Andrew Kerr, Plymouth + + Michigan + Mrs. Alpha Allen, Jackson + Howard Allen, Jackson + Gilbert Becker, Climax + W. M. Beckert, Jackson + R. M. Burr, Ann Arbor + F. J. Keplinger, Farwell + G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo + + New Jersey + P. H. Cox, Bloomfield + + New York + Mr. & Mrs. Victor Brook, Rochester + Ernest Brooks, Monroe + Wm. G. Brooks, Monroe + David Caldwell, Syracuse + Mrs. L. M. Caldwell, Canastota + Mrs. S. H. Graham, Ithaca + Prof. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca + Mr. & Mrs. George Salzer, Rochester + Rodman Salzer, Rochester + George Slate, Geneva + Jay L. Smith, Chester + Dr. Mary B. Spahr, Ithaca + + North Carolina + W. J. Ellis, Advance + + Ohio + George E. Craig, Dundas + Mr. & Mrs. John Davidson, Xenia + Barbara and Doris Dowell, Massillon + Dr. & Mrs. L. L. Dowell, Massillon + John A. Gerstenmaier, Massillon + Dr. & Mrs. Edward A. Grad, Cincinnati + Frank M. Kintzel, Cincinnati + Shumzo Kodera, Columbus & Tokyo, Japan + Mr. & Mrs. P. E. Machovina & Family, Columbus + Christ Pataky, Mansfield + Mr. & Mrs. Raymond Silvis, Massillon + Wm, C. Silvis, Massillon + Mr. & Mrs. A. W. Weaver, Toledo + Emmet Yoder, Smithville + + Pennsylvania + R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg + Wm. S. Clarke, Jr., State College + Mrs. Helen Davis, Allentown + Mr. & Mrs. E. B. Miller, Hazelton + John Rick, Reading + Mr. & Mrs. Wm. S. Weaver, Macungie + + Tennessee + Roy Chase, Knoxville + Spencer B. Chase, Knoxville + + Virginia + Jesse O. Diller, Arlington + Mr. & Mrs. H. R. Gibbs & Family, Linden + Mr. & Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke + + West Virginia + R. W. Pease, Morgantown + + Wisconsin + L. W. Coulson, Slinger + + + + +Northern Nut Growers Association + +Membership List + +October 1, 1952, to September 30, 1953 + + *Life member + **Honorary member + §Contributing member + +Sustaining member + + + ALABAMA ++Hiles, Edward L., Hiles Repair Shop, Loxley + Long, Pope M., Box 33, Cordova + + ARKANSAS + Croley, Victor A., Route 4, Box 45, Green Forest + Crozier, O. N., Route 2, Searcy + Schlan, Mrs. Agnes, Route 2, Mountainburg + Sibley, Mrs. J. W., Sulphur Springs + Vaile, Joseph E., Dept. of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, + Fayetteville + Wade, Clifton, Forest Ave., Fayetteville + Wylie, W. D., Dept. of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville + + BELGIUM + Vanderwaeren, R., Horticultural Adviser, Bierbeekstraat 217, Korbeek-Lo + + CALIFORNIA + Andrew, Col. James W., Box 12, Hamilton, A. F. B. + Bridges, Mrs. H. G., R. F. D. No. 4, Box 60, Tulore ++Buck, E. H., 16 N. Portola, Three Arch Bay, South Laguna + Darling, Mrs. Leah, Wilsona Route, Box 313, Lancaster + Fowler, Floyd L., Route 2, Box 5636B, Redding + Fulcher, E. C., 5707 Fulcher Ave., North Hollywood + Gililland, Guy S., L. V. S. R. Box 342, Lucerne Valley ++Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3021 Highland Drive, Route 2, Box 2357, Carlsbad + Jeffers, Chaplain Harold W., U. S. N. A. S., Los Alamitos, Long Beach ++Kemple, W. H., 216 W. Ralston St., Ontario + Pentler, Dr. C. F., 1322 Martin Ave., Palo Alto + Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa ++Serr, Dr. E. F., Agricultural Experiment Station, Davis + Stewart, Douglas N., 633 F Street, Davis + Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft + + CANADA + Blyth, Donald, Blythwood Farm, Guelph, Ontario + Clarkson, A. G., R. R. 1, Islington, Ontario + Collens, Adam H., 42 Seaton St., Toronto 2, Ontario + Devitt, L. K., 409 Armadale Ave., Toronto, Ontario + English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, British Columbia + Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, British Columbia + Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 7, St. Thomas, Ontario + Henderson, George, R. R. No. 7, Guelph, Ontario + Holmes, B. T., 320 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ontario + Housser, Levi, Route 1, Beamsville, Ontario + Kimmerly, Fred A., R. R. No. 3, Cottam, Ontario + Kimmerly, Haven E., R. R. No. 2, Harrow, Ontario ++Lefevre, H. E., 354 St. Catharine St., East; Montreal 18, Quebec + Lossing, Elgin, Norwich, Ontario +*Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Ave, Guelph, Ontario + Papple, Elton E., Route 1, Cainsville, Ontario + Porter, Gordon, R. R. No. 2, Harrow, Ontario + Sheppard, H. H., Box 46, Queenston, Ontario + Smith, Edward A., Box 6, Sparta, Ontario ++Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Route 5, Charlottetown, Prince Edward + Island + Trayling, E. J., 509 Richard St., Vancouver, British Columbia + Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario ++Walker, J. W., McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave., Toronto 1, + Ontario + Wharton, H. W., Route 2, Guelph, Ontario + White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave., Toronto 5, Ontario + Willis, A. R., Route 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, British Columbia + Young, A. L., Brooks, Alberta + + COLORADO + Boyd, A., 1232 Clayton, Denver ++Forbes, J. E., Julesburg + Lieb, Mrs. Henry H., 3195 Gray St., Denver + McKinstry, Blair G., Julesburg + Morrison, Mrs. Doris E., Carr + Stoll, Harland, 3070 Pierce, Denver 14 + + CONNECTICUT + Ayling, Mrs. Charles L., Foothills, Washington + Bennett, George S., Southbury + Corcoran, H. F., The International Silver Co., 169 Colony St., Meriden + David, Alexander M., 480 S. Main St., West Hartford + Deming, Miss Charlotte, P. O. Box 403, Litchfield + Deming, Hawthorne, Hamilton Lane, Darien +**Deming, Dr. W. C, Litchfield + Frueh, Alfred J., Route 1, Sharon ++Graves, Dr. Arthur H., P. O. Box 129, Wallingford + Grebosky, Joseph L.'s Nursery, 50 Taylor Ave., South Norwalk 17 + Hapgood, Miss Dorothy A., 745 Farmington Ave., West Hartford + Henry, David S., Blue Hills Farm, Route 2, Wallingford + Howe, Mrs. Paul, Umpawang Hill, R. F. D. No. 1, West Redding +*Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel + King, Mrs. Una, 57 Meadowbrook Road, West Hartford + Newcomer, Dr. Earl, Storrs +*Newmarker, Adolph, R. R. No. 1, Rockville + Nienstaedt, Dr. Hans, Conn. Agr., Expt. Station, P. O. Box 1106, + New Haven 4 + Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater + Schukoske, John A., Route 2, Box 257, Saybrook Road, Middletown + White, George E., R. R. No. 2, Andover + + DELAWARE + Brugmann, Elmer W., 108C Thomas Drive, Monroe Park, Wilmington + Keller, Walt C., Rice Farms, Felton ++Logue, R. F., General Manager, Andelot, Inc., 2098 du Pont Building, + Wilmington + + DENMARK + Butzow, O., 49 Bredgade, Copenhagen + Grandjean, Julio, Hillerod + Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm + Reventlow, Johan Otto, Damgaard, Fredericia + Sřrenson, Director K. Kaae, Dyrehavevej 22, Klampenborg + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + American Potash Institute, Inc., 1102 16th St., N. W., Washington + Curtis, Miss Diane, 1903 Kalorama Road, N. W., Washington + Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., S. E., Washington 20 ++Hale, A. C., FOA-STEM to Thailand, c/o Dept. of State Mail Room, + Washington, D. C. + Reed, Mrs. Clarence A., 7309 Piney Branch Road, Washington 12 + Woycik, Dr. Peter W., 1835 Eye St., N. W., Washington + + ECUADOR + Daniels, The Honorable Paul C., American Ambassador, Quito + O'Rourke, Prof. F. L., Tropical Agr. Expt. Station, Pichilinque, + c/o U. S. Consul, Guaycil + + + ENGLAND + Wood, J. F., Moor Orchard, North Honiton, Devon + + FLORIDA ++Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. Tenth Ave., Miami ++Estill, Miss Gertrude, 153 Navarre Drive, Miami Springs ++Holmes, Harry A., P. O. Box 323, Boca Raton + + GEORGIA + Bixler, Dr. H. H., 134 Superior Ave., Decatur + Cannon, J. W., Jr., Box 388, Cordele + R. E. Funsten Co., Arthur O. Sandison, P. O. Box 1046, Albany + Gibbs, Robert I., 1007 Clifton Road, N. E., Atlanta 6 ++Hardy, Max B., Leeland Farms, P. O. Box 128, Leesburg + Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lakeshore Drive N. E., Atlanta + Kahn, Lou, P. O. Box 1046, Albany + Noland, S. C., Skyland Farms, Box 1747, Atlanta 1 + Sasseville, Ezra, M., 605 Rhodes Building, Atlanta + Wallace, Clifford L., Route 1, Riverdale + Wilson, William J., North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley + + HAWAII + Keaau Orchard, John F. Cross, Manager, Hilo + + HONG KONG + Wang, P. W., China Prod. Trading Corp., 6 Des Voeux Road + + IDAHO ++Bailey, Robert G., 332 Main St., Lewiston + Clarkson, Ernest V., R. F. D. No. 2, Jerome + Dryden, Lynn, Peck + Hazelbaker, Calvin, Rt. 2, Box 382, Lewiston + Horn, Anton S., 920 N. 20th St., Boise + Ingle, Jack, Mountain Home + Kindall, Mrs. Leslie L., Route 3, Boise + + ILLINOIS + Allbright, R. D., Allbright Nurseries, 4287 Western Ave., Western Springs + Allen, Theodore R., R. R. No. 1, Delevan + Anderson, Ralph W., R. F. D. No. 3, Morris ++Anthony, A. B., Route No. 3, Sterling + Armel, Eli, R. F. D. No. 3, Mount Sterling + Baber, Adin, Kansas + Ballard, Thomas E., Rural Route, Carrollton + Barrow, J. M., P. O. Box 209, Urbana +§Best, R. B., Columbiana Seed Co., Eldred + Best, Mrs. R. B., Columbiana Seed Co., Eldred + Best, Richard C., Eldred + Best, Robert L., Eldred + Best, Virgil, R. R. No. 4, Mattoon + Blaine, Homer H., 901 White Oak Road, Bloomington ++Blyth, Colin R., Mathematics Dept., University of Illinois, Urbana +*Boll, Herschel L., 2 Horticultural Field Laboratory, University of + Illinois, Urbana + Booth, Earl, R. F. D. No. 2, Carrollton + Borchsenius, Wayne L., R. F. D. No. 2, Sheridan + Brock, Arthur S., 1733 N. McVicker Ave., Chicago 39 + Canterbury, C. E., Cantrall + Carlson, Dr. R. J., 320 Sherman Ave., Macomb + Carvel, Mayo, R. F. D. No. 1, Golconda + Chandler, S. C., 607 W. College St., Carbondale + Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwald Ave., Chicago 15 + Clark, Thomas F., Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria + Colby, Dr. Arthur S., Department of Horticulture, University of Illinois, + Urbana + Corzine, Troy F., Dongola + Crabb, Richard, Box 306, Wheaton ++Dahlberg, Albert A., D. D. S., 5756 Harper Aw., Chicago 37. ++Daum, Philip A., 203 N. Sixth St., Carrollton + Deaner, Willard G., R. F. D. No. I, Mendota + Decker, Honas H., R. F. D., Rutland + Diener, Menno A., Route 2, Lovington + Dietrich, Ernest, Route No. 2, Dundas + Dintleman, L. F., State Street Road, Belleville + Dopheide, Henry A., 1331 Jackson St., Quincy + Eigsti, Dr. O. J., Funk Brothers Seed Co., Bloomington + Floreth, W. H., Carrollton + Fordtran, E. H., Route No. 3, Box 92, Palatine + Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 43 + Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 43 ++Fuller, Owen H., 1005 Oneida St., Joliet + Gerardi, Louis, Route No. 1, Caseyville + Gettings, William A., R. R. No. 1, Eldred + Glidden, Nansen, West Lincoln Highway, De Kalb + Govaia, R. M., O. D. Room 19, Greer Block, Vandalia + Graham, George W., Rural Route, Carrollton + Grefe, Ben, Route No. 4, Box 22, Nashville + Griffith, Chris, West Filmore St., R. F. D., Vandalia + Hall, E. L., R. F. D. No. 1, Drew Ave., Hinsdale + Hall, William A., M. D., 217 Pacific Road, Forrestal Village, North + Chicago + Hazelwood, Everett, Hillview +§Heberlein, Edwin W., Route No. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe + Helmle, Mrs. Herman C., 526 S. Grand Ave., W., Springfield ++Hockenyos, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield + Howard, Frank S., Rollins Road at Melrose, Route No. 1, Round Lake + Hoyle, Mrs. B. G., McNabb + Illyes, Dr. R. O., 1302 Lexington Ave., Lawrenceville ++Junck, Adolph E., Route No. 1, Jerseyville + Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St., Chicago 49 ++Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Route No. 1, Hammond + Krug, Carl B., Route No. 2, El Paso + Kruse, William, c/o Honey Lee Apiaries, Godfrey + Laatz, Mrs. Lenore, R. F. D. No. 3, Morris + Langdoc, Mrs. Mildred Jones, P. O. Box 136, Erie + Leighton, L. C., Arthur ++Marsh, Victor W., Aledo + Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Route No. 2, Aledo + Massey, Paul E., Box 202, Caseyville + McDaniel, J. C., 104 Horticultural Field Laboratory, University of + Illinois, Urbana + McDaniel, J. C., Jr., 1203 W. California Ave., Urbana + McKee, Mrs. Myrtice, Mount Morris + Mohr, Victor C., Route No. 1, Box 21, Dallas City ++Musgrave, Carl, 5200 S. Laflin St., Chicago 9 + Newman, Roy, P. O. Box 51, Martinsviile +§Oakes, Royal, Bluffs ++Opat, Joseph C., Opat Chinchilla Fur Ranch, R. R. No. 3, Hinsdale + Peers, Frank B., Box 321, Highland Park + Pierson, Stuart E., Carrollton + Pond, Merton, Bluffs + Raab, Irvin M., R. R. No. 4, Belleville + Reid, Robert J., 1137 Winona St., Chicago 40 ++Reisch, Louis C., Route No. 4, Carrollton + Richie, Robert E., Carrollton + Robbins, W. J., 885 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 10 + Schmisseur, L. R., Caseyville + Schubert, Kenneth, Route No. 1, Millstadt + Seng, Charles W. & Son, 920 Lafayette Ave., Box 247, Mattoon + Sokolowski, F. W., M. D. 2503 Donald Ave., Alton ++Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia + Sparks, Maurice E., 1508 Ash, Lawrenceville + Spencer, H. Dwight, 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur + Tucker, Lowell R., 607 W. Mill St., Carbondale + Twenhafel, Paul, Gorham + Ullrich, W. D., 108 W. McClure, Peoria 5 + Vogt, William G., Greene County National Bank Bldg., Carrollton + Voiles, William, Eldred + Vortman, Elmer, Route No. 1, Bluffs + Wahle, Fred, Route No. 1, Fieldon + Whitford, A. M., Farina + Wright, William W., 101 Taylor St., Vandalia + Young, Mrs. Hugh E., Maple Springs Farm, R. F. D., Ashton + Zethmayr, Gordon, Route No. 1, Box 130, West Chicago + + INDIANA + Andrew, John, Matter Park Road, Marion ++Andrew, Ralph, Matter Park Road, Marion + Aster Nut Products Co., Inc., George Oberman, Manager, 1004 Main St., + Evansville 8 + Babcock, Dan, R. R. No. 14, Box 342, Indianapolis 44 + Barnhart, M. A., Delphi + Bauer, Paul J., 123 S. 29th St., Lafayette + Bird, E. C., 160 Federal Building, South Bend + Boller, G. Evert, Route No. 6, Box 101, Marion + Bolten, Fred, Route No. 3, Linton + Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb + Buchner, Dr. Doster, 533 W. Washington Boulevard, Fort Wayne 2 ++Clark, C. M., C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, Route No. 2, Middletown + Cole, Charles W., Jr., Madison Road, Route No. 6, Box 112A, Marion + Cunningham, Earl E., 612 E. 4th St., Anderson + Deeg, E. E., R. R. No. 9, Koring Road, Evansville + Doeden, Johan, R. F. D. No. 4, Attica ++Dooley, Kenneth A., Route No. 2, Marion + Dougherty, Paul B., 4319 S. Harmon St., Marion + Eagles, A. E., The Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville ++Fateley, Nolan W., 26 Central Ave., Franklin + Glaser, Peter, Route No. 9, Box 328, Koering Road, Evansville ++Grater, A. E., Route No. 2, Shipshewana + Gross, Mrs. Margaret E., 808 Fenton Road, Marion + Harrell, Franklin M., Route No. 1, Griffith +§Hirschman, J. Clifton, 4141 E. 62nd St., Indianapolis 20 + Jasperson, Marion E., R. R. No. 5, Box 55, Indianapolis 3 + Johnson, Raymond M., 8605 Manderiey Drive, Indianapolis + Kaufman, Ray, Route No. 4, Peru + Kem, Dr. Charles E., R. R. No. 3, Box 52, Richmond + Kenworthy, Owen, R. F. D. No. 3, Crown Point + Kestle, Margaret K., John Deere Store, Winamac + Kyburz, Benjamin E., Route No. 1, Idaville + La Rue, A. R., Box 147, Bloomington + Layman, J. C., R. F. D. No. 1, Peru + Lennon, Robert E., R. R. No. 1, Warren + Letsinger, J. E., 1202 Lower Huntington Road, Fort Wayne 6 + Lukemeyer, Edwin J., 825 Line St., Evansville + Moldenhauer, Carl J., R. R. No. 7, Huntington + Neimeyer, Harry D., West Lebanon + Newman, Jesse D., Jr., R. R. No. 2, Culver + Oare, William T., 650 Associate Building, South Bend 1. + Palmer, Frank, Jr., 1011 Donmoyer, South Bend ++Pape, Edward W., Route No. 2, Marion +§Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Ave., South Bend 17 + Randolph, Frederick F., Route No. 1, Edinburg + Reed, Frank, Route No. 1, Box 227, Daleville + Rehm, Walter T., R. R. No. 4, Logansport + Richards, E. E., 2912 York Road, South Bend + Risko, A., Tioga Orchards, Monticello + Rodenbeck, Miss Ruby, R. R. No. 2, Losantville ++Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine St., South Bend 14 + Schram, Emil, Route No. 1, Peru + Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry St., New Albany + Shafer, John, Jr., 3031 N. Roselawn Drive, Logansport + Shannon, Charles, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 324, Greenwood + Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Route No. 1, Thorntown + Sly, Miss Barbara, Route No. 3, Rockport + Sly, Donald R., Route No. 3, Rockport + Sly, Miss Lucinda Beth, Route No. 3, Rockport + Summers, Floyd, R. F. D., No. 2, Box 68, Winchester + Talbott, John E., R. F. D. No. 3, Linton +§Wallick, Ford, Route No. 4, Peru + Ward, W. B., Horticulture Building, Purdue University, Lafayette + Welton, Forrest O., R. F. D. No. 1, Burns City ++Westerhouse, George F., East Ohio St., Monticello + Wichman, Robert P., Route No. 3, Washington + Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Route No. 3, Rockport + Wittick, Eugene C., Route No. 4, Box 68A, Valparaiso + Wood, Darl F., 201 Miami Club Drive, Mishawaka + Woodward, Howard, Route No. 3, Syracuse + + IOWA + Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley + Bird, C. A., Box 66, Odebolt + Boice, R. H., Route No. 1, Nashua + Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic + Eads, Carroll, R. F. D., Miles + Eller, W. E., Eldora + Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point ++Ferris, Wayne, Hampton + Goettler, Fred, R. F. D. No. 1, Bellevue + Goodwin, William T., 1121 S. Riverside Drive, Iowa City + Gray, Kenny, Sabula + Greig, John E., Box 157, Estherville + Hoke, Russell O., Route No. 2, Anamosa + Huen, E. F., Eldora ++Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg ++Kaser, Mrs. J. D., Winterset + Kern, Dr. W. R., 741 Rundell St., Iowa City + Kosek, Frank J., 87 Sixteenth Ave., S. W., Cedar Rapids + Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula + Lysinger, Addison, Lamoni ++Martzahn, Frank A., Route No. 1, Davenport + McLeran, Harold F., Mount Pleasant + Meyer, Clemens, Route No. 1, West Union + Neprash, Bob, Nursery, Route No. 3, Cedar Rapids 5 + Orr, J. Allen, 4000 West Fourth St., Sioux City 3 + Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 811 E. College St., Iowa City + Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route No. 2, Fort Madison + Snyder, D. C., Center Point + Steffen, R. F., P. O. Box 1302, Sioux City 2 ++Wade, Miss Ida May, Route No. 3, La Porte City + Welch, G. L., Mount Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah ++White, Herbert L., Box 264, Woodbine ++White, Rev. L. P., Greeley + Williams, R. Alan, 1990 Eighth Ave., Marion + Williams, Wendell V., Route No. 1, Dansville + + + JAPAN + Deming, Olcott, U. S. Embassy, Tokyo + Yamato Seed & Implement Co., Tokyo + Yoshizaki, Chiaki, 17 Ichi Bancho Chiyodaku, Tokyo + (International Collaboration of Farmers Association) + + KANSAS + Baker, Fred C., Troy + Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth +§Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, Box 296; 7th + and Central, Kansas City + Funk, M. D., 600 W. Paramore St., Topeka + Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1015 Central Ave., Horton + Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville + Jackson, Walter, Osage City + Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route No. 3, Leavenworth + Mondero, John, Lansing ++Pittser, L. R., Oswego + Stanley, G. E., 235 Ward Parkway, Kansas City + Starke, M. F., Hawthorne Place, Hiawatha + Thielenhaus, W. F., Route No. 1, Buffalo + Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown ++Wales, Max, 1534 Macvicar St., Topeka + + KENTUCKY + Alves, Robert H., 302 Clay St., Henderson + Armstrong, W. D., Western Kentucky Experiment Station, Princeton + Collier, Leroy, 1514 Smallhouse Road, Bowling Green + R. E. Funsten Co., Robert Walker, P. O. Box 142, Henderson + Hopson, J. R., Route No. 2, Cadiz + Magill, W. W., Horticulture Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington ++Miller, Julien C., 220 Sycamore Drive, Paducah + Moss, Dr. C. A., Box 237, Williamsburg ++Rouse, Sterling, Route No. 1, Box 70, Florence + Siler, Robert W., Box 241, Williamsburg + Stone, Dr. Thomas, Mayfield + Taliaferro, Philip, Box 85, Erlanger + Tatum, W. G., Route No. 4, Lebanon + Usrey, Robert, Star Route, Mayfield + Widmer, Dr. Nelson D., Lebanon + Yost, John M., Pikeville + + LOUISIANA + Crow, John, R. F. D., Coushatta + Hammar, Dr. Harald E., U. S. D. A. Chemical Laboratory, 606 Court House, + Shreveport 47 + Lowrey, Brunner E., P. O. Box 168, Mansfield + Perrault, Mrs. Henry D., Route No. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches + Smith, Dr. C. L., U. S. D. A. Pecan Laboratory, 607 Court House, + Shreveport 47 + + MAINE + Hamilton, Mrs. Benjamin P., Waterboro, York County + + MARYLAND + Barrett, Harvey E., P. E. 17 Maple Ave., Catonsville 28 + Berry, Frederick H., Div. of Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Station, + Beltsville + Crane, Dr. H. L., U. S. D. A., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville + Dengler, Harry William, Extension Forester, University of Maryland, + College Park + Diller, Dr. Jesse D., U. S. D. A., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville ++Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., P. O. Box 743, Easton +§Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Div. of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., Plant Industry + Station, Beltsville + Hughes, Clinton K., Potomac Ave., Braddock Heights + Jones, George R., R. F. D. No. 2, Aberdeen + Kaan, Dr. Helen W., 8335 Grubb Road, Silver Spring + Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne + McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville ++Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 5031 55th Ave., Roger Heights ++Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown + Rayner Brothers, Salisbury ++Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 West North Ave., Baltimore 16 + Swipp, Stanley W., 4218 71st Ave., Landover Hills + + MASSACHUSETTS + Babbitt, Howard S. 221 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield + Barthelmes, George A., Route No. 1, Leicester ++Bradbury, Rear Admiral H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly + Brooks, Henry H., Boxboro + Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State Street, Boston ++Bump, Albert H., P. O. Box 275, Brewster ++Davenport, S. Lothrop, 24 Creeper Hill Road, North Grafton + Desfarges, Osias J., Granby ++Faulkner, Luther W., R. F. D., Westford + Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro ++Ganz, Robert Norton, M. D., 262 Beacon St., Boston + Gardner, E. E., Box C, Station A, Boston 18 + Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon ++Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable + La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosac Road, Williamstown + Lincoln, Roger N., 8 Stagecoach Road, Ware + Rice, Horace J., 515 Main St., Wilbraham +*Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley + Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton. Ave., Hyde Park 36 + Vance, Robert G., M. D., 262 Beacon St., Boston 16 + Viera, Manuel, Main Street, Vineyard Haven ++Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topfield + Wood, Miss Louise B., Pocasset, Cape Cod + York, Stanley E., 480 Branch St., Mansfield + + MICHIGAN + Allen, Howard H., 2925 Francis Street, Jackson + Andersen, Charles, Route 2, Box 236, Scottville + Armstrong, Robert J., M. D., Oak Shadows Farm, Route 8, Box 83, Kalamazoo + Auringer, Mrs. Gjertine T., 4441 Steward Road, Metamora + Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5 ++Becker, Gilbert, Climax + Becker, John Andrew, Climax ++Beckert, W. M., Michigan Dept. of Conservation, 408 Kalamazoo Plaza, + Lansing 33. + Biackwell, Norman A., 17 Oakdale Boulevard, Pleasant Ridge + Boylan, P. B., Route No. 1, Cloverdale + Breitmeyer, Howard T., 12955 Dale Ave., Detroit 23 + Bruce, Stanford P., 4016 Kendall, Detroit 38 + Bumler, Malcolm, 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15 + Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City + Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Co., 67 E. Battle Creek St., + Galesburg + Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. Fifth Ave., Ann Arbor + Chester, Dr. William P., 742 Maccabees Building, Detroit 2 + Corsan, H. H., Route No. 1, Hillsdale ++Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8 ++Desmet, Mrs. Agnes, 14450 Houston Ave., Detroit 5 + Dillow, Harold R., P. O. Box 479, Franklin + Driver, Louis, 9151 Silverside Drive, Silver Lake, South Lyon + Dronka, Joseph, 19256 Gable St., Detroit 34 + Emerson, Ralph W., 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3 + Goodfellow, James, Secord Lake Road, Leonard ++Grindstaff, Mary I. Haynes, 1309 Jones Drive, Ann Arbor + Groos, Alfred P., Route No. 1, Gladstone + Hagelshaw, W. J., Route No. 1, Box 394, Galesburg ++Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence + Hubbard, William G., Box 146, Hudsonville + Johnson, Leonard A., 620 E. Buno Road, Route 3, Milford + Keplinger, Frank J., Farwell + Klarr, Mrs. B. L., R. R. No. 2, West Nine Mile Road, Northville + Klever, Edward F., Route No. 2, Grant + Korn, G. J., R. D. No. 2, Dorr + Krueger, Henry R., South River Road, St. Clair + Law, Joseph W., North Branch + Lee, Michael, P. O. Box 16, Milford + Lemke, Edwin W., 62277 Campground Road, Washington + Long, Louis C., 6117 State Road, Goodrich + Maycock, Harry J., 580 Fairground St., Plymouth + Michigan Nut Growers Association, A. J. Barlow, Secretary, 13079 + Flanders Ave., Detroit 5 ++Miller, Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis + Nitschke, Robert A., Tilbury Place, Birmingham + Prushek, E., Route No. 3, Niles + Ricky, Lowell L., 1009-A Birch St., East Lansing + Riopel, Mrs. Irene M., 8700 Second Boulevard, Detroit 2 + Robbins, Walton T., 6495 Waldon Road, Clarkston + Simons, Rev. R. E., Flat Rock ++Somers, Lee, Route No. 1, Perrinton + Strong, Forrest C., 1213 N. Walnut St., Lansing 6. + Sweet, Dale V., 530 S. Capitol, Lansing ++Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester Way, Birmingham + Tolles, G. S., Route No. 5, South Haven + Ullrey, L. E., Route No. 1, Vicksburg + Wieber, Giles E., Fowler + Windon, Maurice, Route No. 9, Kalamazoo ++Wyman, Miles L., 40 North St., Highland Park 3 + + + MINNESOTA ++Dubbels, Charley, Elgin + Frame, William G., R. R. No. 4, Northfield + Hodgson, R. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Waseca + Hormel, Jay C., Austin + Lamberson, G. E., Route No. 4, Warren + Law, Ken, Jewell Nurseries, Inc., Lake City + Luedtke, H. F., Box 287, St. Cloud + Sanders, Parker D., Fifth & Jefferson Sts., Redwood Falls + Wedge, Don, R. F. D. No. 2, Albert Lea + Weir, T. H., Fruit Breeding Farm, Excelsior ++Weschke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul + + + MISSISSIPPI ++Golding, W. T., Stewart ++Gossard, Atherton C., U. S. Horticultural Field Station, Route No. 6, + Meridian ++King, Mrs. John Andrew, Tolten Road, Lodi + Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville + + + MISSOURI + Bauman, Ivan T., Bauman Brokerage Co., 4350 Tait Ave., St. Louis + Biggs, Dutton, R. R. No. 1, Hickman Mills + Block, Elmer L., Route No. 1, Sarcoxie + Buck, Charles L., La Crosse + Choisser, Elden, P. O. Box 442, Poplar Bluff + Conaway, Claude N., Poyner + Davis, Ben, P. O. Box 176, Van Buren + Degler, Roy H., 1305 Moreland Ave., Jefferson City + Ellston, John, Box 72, Exeter + R. E. Funsten Co., Don McDonald, 1515 Delmar Boulevard, St. Louis 3 + Hay, Leander, Gilliam + Heuser, Wesley E., Rich Hill ++Howe, John, Route No. 1, Box 4, Pacific + Huber, Frank J., Route No. 1, Weingarten ++James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick + John, W. H., Pacific + Jones, Vernon W., 5111 Walrond, Kansas City 4 + Lambert, J. O., Laclede ++Logan, George F., Oregon + Marquardt, Fred, Rich Hill + Neosho Nurseries Co., A. E. Weston, Neosho +§Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove + Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem + Oliver, L. P., 511 Monroe Ave., Campbell + Owens, Le Roy J., Willow Springs + Pies, Edward G., Route No. 2, Farmington + Ralston, John H., 240 E. Whittier St., Kansas City 17 + Richterkessing, Ralph, Route No. 1, St. Charles + Rose. Dr. D. K., 230 Linden, Clayton 5 + Salman, Kenneth A., Route 3, Box 178A, Mountain Grove + Shideler, Harry, Finance Building, Kansas City + Sims Fruit & Nursery Farms, Hannibal + Stark Brothers Nursery & Orchards Co., Mr. H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana + Tainter, Nat A., 420 Jackson St., St. Charles + Wuertz, H. J., Route No. 1, Pevely + Wylie, Wilber J., 902 Grand Ave., Doniphan + + MONTANA + Ford, Russell H., Dixon + Kirchner, Harold J., Rapelje + + NEBRASKA ++Brand, George, Route No. 5, Lincoln + Brandenburgh, A. R., R. F. D. No. 2, Bellwood 3 + Caha, William, 350 W. 12th St., Wahoo + Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron + Manning, Arch J., 4202 Emmet St., Omaha 3 + Schick, Robert A., 233 N. Fifth, Seward + Sherwood, Jack, Nebraska City + Tolstead, Dr. W. L., Dept, of Botany, University of Nebraska, Lincoln + Ziegenbein, Mrs. Helen M., Box 671, Wasau + + NEW HAMPSHIRE + Demarest, Charles S., Lyme Center ++Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro + + NEW JERSEY + Anderegg, R. D. No. 3, Sommerville + Audi, Eugene J., M. D., 466 S. Maple Ave., Glen Rock + Bakst, Myron, 18 N. Spring Garden Ave., Nutley + Bottoni, Robert J., 41 Robertson Road, West Orange + Buckwalter, Alan R., Jr., Route No. 1, Box 47, Flemington + Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Route No. 1, Box 45, Flemington + Cherry, George D., "Paulsdale", Hooten Road, Moorestown + Cox, Philip H., Jr., 30 Hyde Road, Bloomfield + Cumberland Nurseries, William Wells, Prop., Route No 1, Millville ++Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Newark St., Hoboken + Dougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton ++Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Route No. 1, Box 137, Keyport + Grosshans, George, 1309 Summit Terrace, Linden + Huslig, Frank E., R. F. D., Stewartsville + Lamatonk Nurseries, A. S. Yorks, Prop., Neshanic Station + Lehman, Edwin L., 811 North Fourth St., Camden 2 + Lippencott, J. C, 15 Mundy Ave., Spotswood + McCarty Gardens, Box 89A, English Creek, Mays Landing + McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar + Rinker, Ralph S., 572 Bellevue Ave., Trenton 8 ++Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover + Schroeder, Harold W., R. F. D. No. 2, Boonton ++Sheffield, O. A., 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack + Siegel, Mrs. Ralph, 121 Market St., Perth Amboy + Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City + Van Doren. Durand H., 310 Redmond Road, South Orange + + NEW MEXICO + Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 117, Lumberton + + NEW YORK + Barton, Irving Titus, Box 13, Montour Falls + Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo 14 + Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst ++Benton, William A., Wassaic + Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie + Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie + Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester 7 + Brooks, William G., Brooks Nut Nurseries, Monroe + Caldwell, David H., New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse + Caldwell, Mrs. Lynn M., 217 W. Hickory St., Canastota ++Cassina, Augustus, Valatie + Center, Bernard M., 51 Van Buren St., Massapequa Park + Connor, Mrs. Charles J., 460 Flint St., Rochester 11 + Dunckel, Lewis A., 2023 S. Salina St., Syracuse 5 ++Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton Spencerport Road, Hilton + Ferguson, Donald V., Long Island Agriculture and Technical Institute, + Farmingdale + Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo 14 + Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Road, Fairport ++Gibson, Stanford J., 56 Fair St., Norwich ++Glazier, Henry S., Jr., I. S. William St., Room 1001, New York 4 + Goyne, W. E., 741 Sound View Drive, Mamaroneck + Graham, S. H., Route No. 5, Bostwick Road, Ithaca ++Hasbrouck, Walter, 19 Grove St., New Paltz + Hewitt, Prof. Oliver, 135 Hudson St., Ithaca + Hill, Francis I., Sterling + Hirshfeld, Dr. J. W., 109 W. Upland Road, Ithaca + Ingalls, Chester W., 82 Chestnut St., Cooperstown ++Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Route No. 1, Valatie ++Kettaneh, F. A., 745 Fifth Ave., New York 22 + Knipper, George M., 333 Chestnut Ridge Road, Churchville + Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park West, New York 23 + Kortright, W. E., R. D. No. 1, Liberty +§Kraai, Dr. John, 84 S. Main St., Fairport + Lambert, Raymond H., 199 Van Rensselaer St., Buffalo 10 +*Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York + Lowerre, James D., Route No. 3, Middletown +*MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca + MacLennan, Walter, 1091 E. 19th St., Brooklyn 30 + Metcalfe, Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Road, Webster ++Metcalfe, Mrs. Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Road, Webster + Miller, J. E., J. E. Miller Nurseries, Canandaigua + Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo + Norman, Norinan B., 64 Rocklidge Road, Hartsdale + O'Brien, Esmonde M., 25 South St., P. O. Box 2169, New York 4 + Owen, Charles H., Supt. of Schools, Sennett + Pickard, Mrs. Frederick, Freehold, Greene County + Pura, John J., Route No. 82, Hopewell Junction + Purdy, Lawson, 76 Murray Ave., Port Washington + Renshaw, Alfred, Fiddler's Lane, Loudonville + Reynolds, C. L., Route No. 2, Binghamton + Rickard, William, c/o Chief William Rickard, Tuscarora Indian Reservation, + Sanborn + Roat, Gordon J., Route No. 1, Canandaigua + Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester 9 + Salzer, Rodman G., 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9 ++Schlegel, Charles P., 990 South Ave., Rochester 7 ++Schlick, Frank, Munnsville + Schlick, John, Mill Road, Vernon Center + Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo + Schwab, Fred L., P. O. Box 31, KB Station, Bronx 63 + Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca ++Sheffield, Lewis J., 61 N. Magnolia St., Pearl River +§Slate, Prof. George L., State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva + Smith, Gilbert L., R. D. No. 2, Millerton + Smith, James B., 34 Cedar Place, Yonkers 5 + Smith, Jay L., Nut Tree Nursery, Chester ++Spahr, Dr. Mary B., 116 N. Geneva St., Ithaca + Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook + Swanson, Prof. Gustav, R. D. No. 4, Compton Road, Ithaca ++Szego, Alfred, 3550 78th St., Jackson Heights + Volcko, Andrew, 607 W. Colvin St., Syracuse 5 + Wadsworth, Millard E., Route No. 5, Oswego ++Wheeler, Robert C., 36 State St., Albany 7 ++Wilson, Frank C., 27 Liberty St., Arcade + Windisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet Co., 11 Wall St., New York 5 +*Wissman, Mrs. F. de R. + + NORTH CAROLINA + Andrus, E. Rex., Route No. 1, Franklin + Bass, Claude D., Route No. 1, Kenley + Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Euka ++Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro ++Ellis, W. J., R. F. D. No. 2, Advance + Finch, Jack R., Route No. 1, Bailey + Henry, W. V., R. F. D. No. 2, Candler + McCain, H. C., Box 794, Tryon + Moorman, L. L., 801 N. Washington St., Rutherfordton + Poe, D. W., P. O. Box 807, Hickory + Stadler, L. E., Route No. 1, Reidsville + + NORTH DAKOTA + Bradley, Homer L., Long Lake Refuge, Moffit + Row, W. W., Cando Seed Company, Cando + + OHIO + Ackerman, Lester, Route No. 3, Ada + Alden, R. W., Golf Drive, Painesville + Antioch College, Glen Helen Dept., Yellow Springs + Beede, D. V., Route No. 3, Lisbon + Bitler, W. A., R. F. D. No. 1, Shawnee Road, Lima + Borchers, Perry E., 412 W. Hillcrest Ave., Dayton 6 + Boyce, Dr. E. L., 26 Wildfern Drive, Youngstown + Brewster, Lewis, Route No. 1, Swanton + Bridgwater, Boyd E., 68 Cherry St., Akron 8 + Bungart, A. A., Avon + Bussey, Roy K., Jr., 1056 Florida Ave., Akron 14 + Button, Fred, Route No. 2, McArthur + Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20 + Clark, Richard L., 1517 Westdale Road, South Euclid 21 + Collins, Laurence E., 1316 44th St., N. E., Canton 4 + Cook, H. C., Route No. 1, Box 149, Leetonia + Cornett, Charles L., Railroad Perishable Inspection, 27 W. Front St., + Cincinnati + Craig, George E., Dundas + Cunningham, Harvey E., 420 Front St., Marietta + Daley, James R., Route No. 3, Foster Park Road, Amherst + Davidson, John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia + Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia + Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept, of Forestry, Ohio Agricultural Experiment + Station, Wooster + Donaldson, Robert G., R. D. No. 3, Wooster + Dowell, Glenn C., Jr., M. D., 116 26th St., N. E., Canton 4 ++Dowell, Dr. Lloyd L., 529 North Ave., N. E., Massillon + Farr, Mrs. Walter, Route No. 1, Kingsville + Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Route No. 1, Wooster + Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave., + Cleveland 6 +§Gerber, E. P., Kidron + Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond St., S. W., Massillon + Grad, Dr. Edward A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23 + Gwynn, Frank, % P. H. Harriman, West Mansfield + Hake, Henry, Route No. 3, Edon + Hammock, Edwin H., 345 E. State St., Columbus 15 ++Hansley, C. F., Box 614, Sugar Grove + Harmon, C. J., R. F. D., Graytown + Hayes, Okey, Route No. 1, Lockbourne + Heinzelman, Edward G., 267 Southern Ave., Chillicothe ++Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Road, Cleveland 9 + Hinde, John G., Route No. 1, Sandusky + Hlywiak, Andy, 2214 S. Tod Ave., Warren ++Hornyak, Louis, Route No. 1, Wakeman + Houlette, William R., Route No. 2, Columbiana + Howard, James R., 2908 Fleming Road, Middletown + Humphries, Dr. John K., 5101 Hilliard Cemetery Road, Hilliard ++Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland + Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent + Jagodnik, Anthony, 5360 Richmond Road, Cleveland 24 + Jay, Don, Route No. 1, Box 230, Ludlow Fall + Kappel, Owen, Bolivar ++Kerr, Dr. S. E., Route No. 1, North Lawrence ++Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13 + Kistner, Albert M., 1525 Herald Ave., Cincinnati 7 + Kodera, Shunzo, 47 E., Twelfth Ave., Columbus 1 + Kovar, Emil, 2505 Oakes Road, Brecksville + Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9 ++Leaman, Paul V., Route No. 1, Creston + Lechleitner, Rev. R. D., D. D., 270 Westview Ave., Worthington + Lemmon, R. M., 577 Vinita Ave., Akron 20 + Levandosky, Chester, 2299 E. Sprague Road, Seven Hills Village, + Cleveland 9 ++Lippa, Julius, 4464 Lee Heights Road, Warrensville Heights + Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont + Lucas, R. J., 907 E. Main St., Newark + Lynn, Edith, Route No. 2, Canfield +§Machovina, Paul E., 1228 Northwest Boulevard, Columbus 12 + Manbeck, Willard O., 1359 Croyden Road, Cleveland 24 + McKinster, Ray, 1632 S. Fourth St., Columbus 7 + McQueen, Dr. A. F., 163 Church St., Amherst + Meier, Walter L., R. F. D. No. 2, Port Clinton + Meister, Richard T., Editor, American Fruit Grower, Willoughby + Meister, Robert T., SRE. DEF., APO. 58, % PM., New York + (Home address, Barnesville). ++Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5 + Miller, Clifford, Route No. 1, Elmore + Miller, H. J., R. R. No. 1, Elmore + Oches, Norman M., Route No. 3, Brunswick + Page, John H. Box 34, Dundas ++Pataky, Christ, Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, M. R. S., Mansfield + Pattison, Miss Aletheia E., 5 Dexter Place, E. W. H., Cincinnati 6 + Pomerene, Walter H., Route No. 3, Coshocton + Pomeroy, Howard A., 4803 Rambo Lane, Toledo 13 + Pribonic, Joseph C., Box 107, Warwick + Purdy, Clyde W., 19 Public Square, Mt. Vernon ++Ranke, William, Route No. 1, Box 248, Amelia +§Riegel, Joseph S., Box 184, Sylvania + Robb, Harry C., 216 S. Lisbon St., Carrollton + Rogers, T. B., Box 296, Lakemore + Rohrbaugh, Lynn, R. F. D. No. 1, Delaware ++Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11 + Sasak, Edward A., 9094 Columbia Road, Olmstead Falls + W. N. Scarff's Sons. R. F. D. No. 1, New Carlisle + Schmidt, Wilhelm G., 321 West Broadway, Maumee ++Schoenberger, L. Roy, Green Pines Farm, Route No. 2, Nevada + Seas, D. Edward, 721 S. Main St., Orrville + Shelton, Dr. Elbert M., 1468 W. Clifton Boulevard, Lakewood 7 + Sherman, L. Walter, 220 Fairview Ave., Canfield ++Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa + Short, Robert M., 122 E. Park St., Westerville ++Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N. E., Massillon + Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermillion + Sonnanstine, Earl C., R. F. D. No. 1, Tipp City + Spencer, Carl A., Sr., Route No. 3, Salem + Springer, Lemar M., 3510 Kathleen Ave., Dayton + Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City + Steinbeck, A. P., Route No. 2, Ravenna ++Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F St., Lorain + Swope, Wilmer D., Route No. 3, Box 183, Leetonia + Thomas, Fred, 773 Bedford Road, Masury + Toberg, John R., 1708 Leona Drive, Cincinnati 388 + Toney, Hewitt S., R. R. No. 2, Cedarville + Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Boulevard, Columbus 12 + Tyirin, William C., 5050 Burley Hills Drive, Cincinnati 27 + Underwood, John, Route No. 4, Urbana ++Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Road, South Euclid 21 + Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B-1, Newark + Von Gundy, Clifford R., 851 Nordyke Road, Cincinnati 8 ++Walker, Carl F., 2851 Overlook Road, Cleveland 18 + Warren, Herbert L., 518 W. Central Ave., Delaware + Weaver, Arthur W., R. F. D., Box 196-B, Cass Road, Maumee ++Willett, Dr. Gaillard P., Elmore ++Williams, Harry M., 221 Grandon Road, Dayton 9 + Williams, L. F., Box 386, Mt. Vernon + Yates, Edward W., 3108 Parkview Ave., Cincinnati 13 + Yoder, Emmet, Smithville + Zimmerman, Erie C., 594 Fairwood Road, R. D. No. 1, Clinton + Zuercher, Jacob, R. D. No. 2, Orrville + + OKLAHOMA + Back, Ernest O., 1300 S. Keeler, Bartlesville + Butler, Roy J., Route No. 2, Hydro + Cross, Prof. Frank R., Dept. of Horticulture, Oklahoma A. & M. College, + Stillwater + Dean, Marion, Jr., Tuxedo Road, Bartlesville + Gray, Geoffrey A., 1628 Elm Ave., Bartlesville + Hartman, Peter E., Hartsdale Nursery Co., 3002 S. Boston Place, Tulsa 5 + Hirschi's Nursery, 1124 N. Hudson, Oklahoma City + Hughes, C. V., Route No. 3, Box 614, Oklahoma City 7 + Keathly, Jack, Marland + Meek, E. B., Route No. 3, Box 16, Wynnewood + Price, Harold C., Star View Farm, P. O. Box 801, Bartlesville + Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave., Bartlesville + Riter, John R., 115 E. First St., Bartlesville + Shroyer, James R., 1112 Dakota Ave., Chickasha + Straight, H. R., 935 Cherokee, Bartlesville + Warzel, F. Morgan, R. R. No. 2, Box 189-C, Bartlesville + + OREGON + Bebeau, A. V., Box 136, McNary + Countryman, Peter F., Route No. 1, Box 275, Ontario + Graville, Ed, Route No. 3, Box 363, Junction City + Miller, John, Treasuredale, 2200 S. W. Child's Road, Oswego + Pearcy, Harry L., Route No. 2, Box 190, Salem + Smith, Earl G., R. F. D. No. 1, Newberg + Thomas, Miss Ella S., Sixth & Stanley Sts., Amity + Trunk, John E., Northwest Nut Growers, 1601 N. Columbia Boulevard, + Portland 11 + + PENNSYLVANIA + Allaman, H. C., 1812 S. Pine St., York ++Allaman, R. P., Route No. 86, Harrisburg ++Amsler, E. W., 707 Main St., Clarion + Anthony, Roy D., 125 Hillcrest Ave., State College ++Arensberg, Charles F. C., First National Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 22 + Banks, H. C., Route No. 1, Hellertown + Beard, H. K., Route 1, Sheridan + Beck, Dr. William M., 200 Race St., Sunbury ++Berst, Charles B., 11 W. Eighth St., Erie + Bering, Joseph, Bering Bowling Center, Second Ave. and Weidman St., + Lebanon + Berlich, Mrs. Sylvester, Box 81, Broughton + Blittle, George, 107 Lincoln Highway, Penndel, Bucks County + Bowen, John C., Route No. 1, Macungie ++Brewer, J. L., Yellow House ++Bricker, Calvin E., Route No. 1, Mercersburg + Brown, Morrison, Ickesburg + Burket, J. Emory, R. F. D. No. 1, Claysburg +§Clarke, William S., Jr., Box 167, State College + Clewell, Gen. Edgar L., Dimde Farms, R. F. D. No. 2, Harrisburg + Comp, Alton, 5 N. Second St., Newport + Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg 21 + Deagon, Arthur, 61 E. Main St., Mechanicsburg + Ebling, Aaron L., Route No. 2, Reading + Eshenbaugh, E. W., 1920 Elm, New Cumberland + Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters + Fry, Mrs. Reba F., R. F. D. No. 1, New Galilee + Gardner, Ralph D., 4428 Plymouth St., Colonial Park, Harrisburg + Glasgow, Joseph M., 406 S. Second St., Bellwood + Good, Orrin S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven + Gorton, F. B., Route No. 1, East Lake Road, Harborcreek + Hales, Alfred R., Jr., 1901 Second Ave., Altoona + Halsey, A. Louise, 63 Walnut St., Forty Fort + Hamlin, Dallas W., 1012 Elizabeth St., Williamsport + Hartman, Dr. G. W., Keystone Hospital, Third and Briggs Sts., Harrisburg + Heyn, W. C., Hunsecker Mill & Butter Road, Route No. 5, Box 82, Lancaster ++Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 1, Bird in Hand. + Hughes, Douglas, 1230 E. 21st St., Erie + Johnson, Robert F., 1630 Greentree Road, Pittsburgh 20 + Jones, Curwin F., R. D. No. 3, Harrisburg ++Kaufman, Mrs. M. M., Box 69, Clarion + Knouse, Charles W., Colonial Park, Harrisburg + Krone, Herbert B., R. R. No. 2, Box 330, Lancaster + Krone, Mrs. Herbert B., R. R. No. 2, Box 330, Lancaster + Leach, Will, Route No. 1, Box 45, Scranton + Leja, Paul, 5263 Keystone St., Pittsburgh 1. + Mack, C. H., M. D., Main Road, Lake Ariel ++Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narbeth + McKenna, Philip M., P. O. Box 186, Latrobe + Mecartney, J. Lupton, 918 W. Beaver Ave., State College ++Miller, Elwood B., Mill & Chapel Sts., Hazelton + Miller, Henry N., R. R. No. 1, Mt. Joy + Miller, Robert O., Third & Ridge Sts., Emmaus + Moyer. Philip S., 8082 U. S. F. & G. Building, Harrisburg + Murray, James H., Route No. 3, Cambridge Springs + Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie + Nonnemacher, H. M., 128 Front St., Alburtis ++Oesterling, H. M., Route No. 1, Marysville ++Reidler, Paul G., Front & Chestnut Sts., Ashland + Reighard, E. Don, R. D. No. 2, Box 247, Halifax + Rhoades, Frank S., Route No. 1, Sigel +*Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading + Ruhman, Frank A., 1225 Clymer Road, Hatfield + Sandt, Floyd H., M. R. 35, Easton + Schaible, Percy, Box 68, Upper Black Eddy + Schieferstein, William B., Box 457, Temple + Schrader, Fred L., 732 E. Fifth St., Berwick + Shank, Paul E., Box 45, Marion + Sims, Prof. Hugh. D., P. O. Box 310, Lewisburg + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore + Smyth, C. Wayne, 1 Prospect St., Troy + Springer, Herbert W., 218 Penrose St., Quakertown + Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Route No. 2. Homer City + Stroh, Major Oscar H., R. D. No. 1, Linglestown + Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., 110 University Ave., Lewisburg +§Thompson, Howard A., 311 W. Swissvale Ave., Pittsburgh 18 + Tomm, Joseph G., R. D. No. 2, McDonald +§Twist, Frank S., Box 127, Northumberland ++Washick, Dr. Frank A., S. W. Cornet Welsh & Veree Roads, Philadelphia 11 + Weaver, William S., Weaver Orchards, Macungie + Weber, George G., 748 S. Queen St., York + Weinrich, Whitney, Engle Road, Route 20, Media + Welliver, Mrs. Eugene C., 367 Light Street Road, Bloomsburg + Wilcox, George S., Montrose +*Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore ++Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. Sixth St., Erie + Yohe, Russell, East Texas + Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., R. D., Linglestown + + RHODE ISLAND +*Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence + Loomis, Charles B., 61 Elisha St., East Greenwich + + SOUTH CAROLINA + Bregger, John T., Clemson + Gordon, G. Henry, Union Dry Cleaning Co., 13-1/2 Main St., Union + + SOUTH DAKOTA + Krueger, George, Madison ++Restore America Association: Ivan Drift, Sponsor, P. O. Box 38, + Hot Springs ++Richter, Herman, Madison + + TENNESSEE + Alpine Forest Reserve, c/o J. Edwin Carothers, Alpine + Byrd, Benjamin F., Jr., M. D., Granny White Pike, Nashville + Caldwell, Sam, Route No. 4, Holt Road, Nashville 11 + Carter, Oscar W., M. D., 2610 Woodlawn Drive, Nashville ++Chase, Spencer B., 2338 Parkview Ave., Knoxville + Collier, Robert H., Lutie Road, Route No. 2, Knoxville + Cox, Dr. T. S., 103 Hotel Ave., Fountain City ++Dulin, Charles R., Brownsville + Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, 1902 Hayes St., Nashville + Hardy, J. H., 1315 Minnekahda Place, Chattanooga 5 ++Holdeman, J. E., 855 N. McNeil St., Memphis 7 + Hoyt, Prof. Garner E., Bryan University, Dayton + Jones, D. T., Route No. 2, Midway + Mattern, Don H., 513 Union Building, T. V. A., Knoxville + McSwain, Barton, M. D., 3514 Hampton Road, Nashville ++Meeks, Hamp, c/o Jackson Elec. Dept., Jackson + Murphy, H. O., 12 Sweetbriar Ave., Chattanooga + Neas, Ogle, Greenville + Olson, Earl F., Norris + Patterson, R. L., M. D., Suite 207, Interstate Building, Chattanooga + Puryear, Dr. T. R., P. O. Box 339, Lebanon + Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville + Roark, W. F., Malesus + Robinson, W. Jobe, Route No. 7, Jackson + Roettger, Everett, R. F. D. No. 1, Lancing + Saville, Chris, 118 Church St., Greenville + Sells, Paul S., 700 Boylston St., Chattanooga + Shadow, Arthur J., Shadow Nursery Co., P. O. Box 521, Winchester + Shipley, Mrs. E. D., R. R. No. 17, Knoxville + Southern Nursery & Landscape Co., Winchester + Zarger, Thomas G., T. V. A., Norris + + TEXAS + Allen, H. H., Plant Research Station, Route No. 2, Paris + Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart + Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan + Hamilton, J. Tom, P. O. Box 488, Matador + Hander, Nelson H., Star Route, Belton + Kelly, Paul, Box 428, Seymour ++Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., P. O. Box 867, Tyler + Mason, G. L., Route No. 3, Hico + Praytor, T. J., Box 667, Seymour + Rubrecht, J. F., Plant Research Station, Route 2, Paris + Shelton, David, Box 369, Gonzales + Springer, Herbert W., 590 Reagan St., San Benito + Thomas, Joe W., Overton + Winkler, Andrew, Route No. 1, Moody + Winkler, Charlie, Route No. 1, Moody + + UTAH + Braegger, Henry W., Providence + Burton, J. O., Meadow + Dabb, Clifford H., Route No. 3, Box 448, Ogden + Ericksen, Keith, 883 N. State St., Orem + Kimberlin, R. E., 2020 Arbor Lane, Salt Lake City 7 + Nyland, J. S., 230 17th St., Ogden + Petterson, Harlan D., 3910 Raymond Ave., South Ogden + Price, Harold G., Sr., 1270 E. Crystal Ave., Salt Lake City 6 + Shurtleff, William H., D. D. S., R. F. D. No. 3, Box 384, Ogden + + VERMONT + Aldrich, A. W., R. F. D. No. 2, Box 266, Springfield + Ellis, Zenas H., Perpetual member "In Memoriam" + Hill, Lewis, Hillcrest Nurseries, Greensboro + Johnson, John R., Deer Valley Farm, Townshend + Pennington, Rev. Leslie, Moretown + Reynolds, T. Hedley, 79 Main St., Middlebury + Woodford, Mrs. Edna Almeda, Brockway's Mills, R. F. D., Chester + + VIRGINIA + Burton, George L., 722 College St., Bedford ++Curthoys, George A., P. O. Box 34, Bristol + Davies, A. B., Jr., 741 Clifton St., Clifton Forge + Dickerson, T. C., Jr., 316 56th St., Newport News + Filman, O., Box 3551, Virginia Tech Station, Blacksburg + Gibbs, H. R., Linden + Jaycox. Warren C., 2869 S. Buchanon St., Fairlington + Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Building, Roanoke 11 + Miller, T. R., Swords Creek + Moore, R. C., Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg 13 + Marten, Perry F., 6110 N. Washington Boulevard, Arlington 5 + Pinner, Henry, P. O. Box 155, Suffolk + Poole, A. V., R. F. D. No. 4, Box 113, Roanoke 15 + Showalter, Rev. Lewis P., R. F. D. No. 2, Box 56, Broadway ++Stoke, H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke + Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke + Stoke, Dr. John H., 21 Highland Ave., S. E., Roanoke 13 + Taylor, Merritt I., Honey Meadows, Atlee + Thompson, B. H., Route No. 4, Box 212, Harrisonburg + Trader, George T., Parksley + Trump, V. A., Crewe + Welchlin, Arthur C., Route No. 1, Box 312, Farmville + + WASHINGTON + Bechtol, O. W., Coulee City + Denman, George L., E. 1319 Nina Ave., Spokane 10 + Eliot, Craig P., P. O. Box 158, Shelton + Erkman, John O., 2113 Symons, Richland + Fulmer, W. L., 505 Boylston Ave., Seattle 2 + Ingram, Bud, Box 213, Clarkston + Jacky, Mrs. Jacob P., Route No. 3, Walla Walla + Kane, Mrs. A. E., R. F. D. No. 1, Wenatchee + Latterell, Miss Ethel, 408 N. Flora Road, Greenacres + Linkletter, Frank D., 2209 Ninth Ave., Seattle 1 + Naderman, G. W., Route No. 1, Box 353, Olympia + Parker, Robert E., 412 Maple Court, Toppenish + Ross, Verel C., 4025 Rucker Ave., Everett + Shane Brothers Nut Growers, Vashon + Taylor, Harry I., Route No. 2, Cheney +§Tuttle, H. Lynn, Lynn Tuttle Nursery, Box 186, Clarkston + + WEST VIRGINIA + Bailey, Gilbert E., 316 Mercer St., Princeton + Bartholomew, Miss Elizabeth Ann, West Virginia University, Morgantown ++Cook, Dr. Ernest A., 106 First St., Oak Hill + Dolin, Clarence S., Box 8, Foster + Eckerd, John K., 305 William St., Martinsburg ++Engle, Blaine W., Mutual Fire Insurance Co. of West Virginia, Goff + Building, Clarksburg +*Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale + Gardner, Sigel O., 709 Louise Ave., Morgantown + The Gold Chestnut Nursery, Arthur A. Gold, Cowen + Haines, Earl C., Shanks + Haislip, Fred, P. O. Box 1620, Logan +§Hale, Daniel. M. D., Princeton + Hartzell, Benjamin, Shepherdstown + Howard. Mrs. Carl E., The Charleston Gazette, Charleston ++Long, J. C., Box 491, Princeton + Looney, Rev. Carl, Matewah + McClung, H. E., 2100 Midland Trail, Milton + McDonald, Dr. Walter, Augusta + McGraw, S. L., Athens ++Miller, Edward, Romney ++Mish, Arnold F., Inwood + Newlon, Emmett, Rupert + Pease, Roger W., Department of Horticulture, University of West Virginia, + Morgantown ++Reed, Arthur M., Glenmont Nurseries, Moundsville + Williams, Mrs. Dan, Romney + + WISCONSIN + Conway, W. M., 2105 Jefferson St., Madison ++Coulson, L. W., R. R. No. 1, Slinger + Dennis, W. J., 601 N. 97th St., Milwaukee 13 + Dohlin, Edward, 208 Hollister Ave., Tomah + Eiler, William, Benton + Jach, Peter, 8613 N. 60th St., Milwaukee 16 + Kral, Ray, 1121 Langlade St., Antigo + Ladwig, C. F., Route No. 2, Beloit + Martinson, John L., 408 N. Lake, Madison + Mortensen, M. C., 1119 Emmertson Road, Racine + Pederson, Harry A., 350 Jewett, Plattville + Raether, Robert, Route No. 1, Augusta + Running, M. H., 5220 North 29th St., Milwaukee 9 ++Snowden, Dr. P. W., The Monroe Clinic, Monroe + Traurig, Arthur F., 13315 W. Forest Drive, Milwaukee 14 + + WYOMING + Muecke, Karl, Powell + + +W. F. HUMPHREY PRESS INC. +GENEVA, N. Y. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 25703-8.txt or 25703-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/5/7/0/25703/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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