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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting
+       Rochester, N.Y. August 31 and September 1, 1953
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25703]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+_44th Annual Report_
+
+OF THE
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Incorporated
+
+AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Annual Meeting at_
+
+ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
+
+August 31--September 1, 1953
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOC.
+
+ROCHESTER N.Y.-1953]
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   Officers and Committees 1953-54                                     4
+   State and Foreign Vice-Presidents                                   6
+   Constitution and By-laws                                            8
+   Call to Order, 44th Annual Meeting                                 11
+   Address of Welcome--Wilbur Wright                                  12
+   Business Session--Secretary's Report--Treasurer's Report   13, 14, 15
+   Blossoming Habits of the Persian Walnut--H. F. Stoke               18
+   President's Address--Richard B. Best                               22
+   About Nuts--Ira M. Kyhl                                            28
+   Natural Variation Observed in Shagbark Hickory, Carya ovata
+     (Mill.) K. Koch. in Central New York--David H. Caldwell          29
+   The Control of the Hickory Weevil (Curculio caryae)                39
+   Round Table Discussion--What's Your Problem                        43
+   The International Chestnut Commission and the Chestnut Blight
+     Problem in Europe, 1953--G. Flippo Gravatt                       52
+   Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood Cuttings--Roger W. Pease           56
+   Evaluating Chestnuts Grown under Forest Conditions--Jesse
+     D. Diller                                                        59
+   Panel Discussion--Chestnuts                                        62
+   Development of the Nut Industry in the Middle West--J. F.
+   Wilkinson                                                          70
+   Some Aspects of the Problem of Producing Curly-Grained
+     Walnuts--L. H. MacDaniels                                        72
+   Late Rev. Paul C. Crath--L. K. Devitt                              80
+   The Eastern Black Walnut as a Farm Timber Tree--John Davidson      84
+   The McKinster Persian Walnut--P. E. Machovina                      89
+   Carpathian Walnuts in the Colombia River Basin--Lynn Tuttle        94
+   Walnuts and Filberts in Southern Wisconsin--C. F. Ladwig           95
+   Biology, Distribution and Control of the Walnut Husk
+     Maggot--F. L. Gambrell                                           98
+   Panel Discussion: The Persian Walnut Situation                    104
+   Banquet Session--Resolutions Committee Report                     109
+   Walnuts in Lubec, Maine--Radcliffe B. Pike                        115
+   My Thirty Years Experience with Nut Trees--Carl Weschcke          116
+   Growing American Chestnuts and Their Hybrids Under Blight
+     Conditions--Alfred Szego                                        119
+   Experiences and Observations on Nut Growing in Central
+     Texas--Kaufman Florida                                          121
+   Propagation of the Hickories--F. L. O'Rourke                      122
+   A Root Disease of the Persian Walnut--G. Flippo Gravatt           127
+   Factors That Influence Nut Production--W. B. Ward                 129
+   Pictorial Record of Grafting at Climax Michigan--W. M. Beckert    134
+   Rock Phosphate for Nut Trees--Harry B. Burgart                    135
+   A Report from Southern Minnesota--R. E. Hodgson                   136
+   Chestnut Breeding--Report for 1953--Arthur Harmount Graves and
+     Hans Nienstaedt                                                 136
+   Dr. W. C. Deming--John Davidson                                   144
+   The Nomenclature of Nut Varieties--George H. M. Lawrence          145
+   The New Code for the Naming of Cultivated Plants--J. S. L. Gilman 149
+   Exhibit at the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts Horticultural
+     Society                                                         158
+   Attendance Register, Rochester, N. Y. 1953                        159
+   Membership List                                                   160
+
+
+
+
+Officers for 1953-54
+
+   President                             Richard B. Best, Eldred, Illinois
+   Vice-President                         Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
+   Secretary                        Spencer B. Chase, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Treasurer           William S. Clarke, Jr., State College, Pennsylvania
+   Directors                        Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+                                   Dr. William Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Iowa
+   Dean of the Association       Dr. W. C. Deming, Litchfield, Connecticut
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS 1953-54
+
+   Program Committee:
+       Dr. Lloyd L. Dowell, Royal Oakes, Dr. J. W. McKay, Roy D. Anthony,
+       J. G. McDaniel, Lewis E. Theiss, W. B. Ward.
+
+   Local Arrangements:
+       Mrs. Herbert Krone, R. P. Allaman, John Rick, Elwood B. Miller,
+       Victor Brook.
+
+   Place of Meeting Committee:
+       To explore meeting places for three years, Michigan and Connecticut
+       as possible places for the 1955 and 1956 annual conventions. W. M.
+       Beckert, R. P. Allaman, Carl Prell, Lloyd L. Dowell.
+
+   Publication Committee:
+       Professor George L. Slate, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels.
+
+   Varieties and Contests Committee:
+       J. C. McDaniel, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Sylvester M. Shessler, H. F.
+       Stoke, Royal Oakes.
+
+   Standards and Judging Committee: (Section of Varieties Committee)
+       Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. H. L. Crane, Louis Gerardi, Spencer B.
+       Chase, Professor Paul E. Machovina.
+
+   Survey and Research Committee:
+       H. F. Stoke (With all state and foreign vice-presidents).
+
+   Exhibits Committee:
+       Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Fayette Etter, H. F. Stoke, Royal Oakes, J. F.
+       Wilkinson, G. J. Korn.
+
+   Understock Committee:
+       J. C. McDaniel, Albert B. Ferguson, Dr. Aubrey Richards, Louis
+       Gerardi, Dr. A. S. Colby, Max Hardy, Gilbert L. Smith.
+
+   Auditing Committee:
+       Raymond E. Silvis, Sterling A. Smith, Edward W. Pape.
+
+   Legal Advisor:
+       Sargent H. Wellman, Esq.
+
+   Finance Committee:
+       Carl F. Prell, Ford Wallick, Sterling A. Smith.
+
+   Necrology Committee:
+       Mrs. H. L. Crane, Mrs. C. A. Reed, Mrs. Wm. J. Wilson.
+
+   Nominating Committee:
+       (Elected at Rochester, N. Y.) Paul E. Machovina, Raymond Silvis,
+        George Salzer, Dr. H. L. Crane, Ira M. Kyhl.
+
+   Membership Committee:
+       Gilbert Becker, Raymond E. Silvis, Edward W. Pape, Gordon Pulliam,
+           Hon. Paul C. Daniels, Max B. Hardy.
+
+   Publicity Committee:
+       Paul E. Machovina, Wm. J. Wilson, Carl F. Prell, Frank M. Kintzel.
+
+   Change of Name Committee:
+       Elwood B. Miller, John Davidson, Dr. J. W. McKay, Dr. H. L. Crane.
+
+
+
+
+State and Foreign Vice-Presidents
+
+ Alabama             Edward L. Hiles, Loxley
+ Alberta             A. L. Young, Brooks
+ Arkansas            W. D. Wylie, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville
+ Belgium             R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo
+ British Columbia,
+   Canada            J. U. Gellatly, Box 19, Westbank
+ California          Thos. R. Haig, M.D., 3021 Highland Ave., Carlesbad
+ Colorado            J. E. Forbes, Julesburg
+ Connecticut         A. M. Huntington, Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+ Delaware            Lewis Wilkins, Route 1, Newark
+ Denmark             Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+ District of
+   Columbia          Ed. L. Ford, 3634 Austin St., S.E. Washington 20
+ Florida             C. A. Avant, 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami
+ Georgia             William J. Wilson, North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley
+ Hawaii              John F. Cross, P. O. Box 1720, Hilo
+ Hong Kong           P. W. Wang, 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central
+ Idaho               Lynn Dryden, Peck
+ Illinois            Royal Oakes, Bluffs (Scott County)
+ Indiana             Edw. W. Pape, Rt. 2, Marion
+ Iowa                Ira M. Kyhl, Box 236, Sabula
+ Kansas              Dr. Clyde Gray, 1045 Central Ave., Horton
+ Kentucky            Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg
+ Louisiana           Dr. Harald E. Hammar, 608 Court House, Shreveport
+ Maryland            Blaine McCollum, White Hall
+ Massachusetts       S. Lothrop Davenport, 24 Creeper Hill Rd., North
+                                                                Grafton
+ Michigan            Gilbert Becker, Climax
+ Minnesota           R. E. Hodgson, Southeastern Exp. Station, Waseca
+ Mississippi         James R. Meyer, Delta Branch Exp. Station, Stoneville
+ Missouri            Ralph Richterkessing, Route 1, Saint Charles
+ Montana             Russel H. Ford, Dixon
+ Nebraska            Harvey W. Hess, Box 209, Hebron
+ New Hampshire       Matthew Lahti, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+ New Jersey          Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Route 1, Flemington
+ New Mexico          Rev. Titus Gehring, P. O. Box 177, Lumberton
+ New York            Stephen Bernath, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+ North Carolina      Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro
+ North Dakota        Homer L. Bradley, Long Lake Refuge, Moffit
+ Ohio                Christ Pataky Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, Route 4,
+                                                          Mansfield
+ Oklahoma            A. G. Hirschi, 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City
+ Ontario, Canada     Elton E. Papple, Cainsville
+ Oregon              Harry L. Pearcy, Route 2, Box 190, Salem
+ Pennsylvania        R. P. Allaman, Route 86, Harrisburg
+ Prince Edward Is.
+   Canada            Robert Snazelle, Forest Nursery, Route 5,
+                                                      Charlottetown
+ Rhode Island        Philip Allen, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+ South Carolina      John T. Bregger, P. O. Box 1018, Clemson
+ South Dakota        Herman Richter, Madison
+ Tennessee           W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson
+ Texas               Kaufman Florida, Box 154, Rotan
+ Utah                Harlan D. Petterson, 2076 Jefferson Ave., Ogden
+ Vermont             A. W. Aldrich, R. F. D. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+ Virginia            H. R. Gibbs, Linden
+ Washington          H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston
+ West Virginia       Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale
+ Wisconsin           C. F. Ladwig, 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+
+
+
+
+   CONSTITUTION
+   of the
+   NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
+   (As adopted September 13, 1948)
+
+
+NAME
+
+ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization.
+
+PURPOSES
+
+ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promote
+interest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in their
+breeding and culture; standardization of varietal names; the
+dissemination of information concerning the above and such other
+purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularly
+in the North Temperate Zone.
+
+MEMBERS
+
+ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all persons
+interested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes of
+members are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Life
+members, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications for
+membership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or the
+treasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues.
+
+OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of a
+President, a Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combined
+Secretary-treasurer as the Association may designate.
+
+BOARD OF DIRECTORS
+
+Article V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of the
+Association who shall be the officers of the Association and the two
+preceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurer
+are combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board of
+Directors.
+
+There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, or
+country represented in the membership of the Association, who shall be
+appointed by the President.
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the
+members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
+been read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed
+amendments having been mailed by the Secretary, or by any member to each
+member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)
+
+
+SECTION I.--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Classes of membership are defined as follows:
+
+ARTICLE I. ANNUAL MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3.00).
+
+ARTICLE II. Contributing members. Persons who are interested in the
+purposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10.00)
+or more.
+
+ARTICLE III. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who contribute Seventy-Five Dollars ($75.00) to its
+support and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues.
+
+ARTICLE IV. HONORARY MEMBERS. Those whom the Association has elected as
+honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special
+fields of the Association and who shall pay no dues.
+
+ARTICLE V. PERPETUAL MEMBERS. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any
+one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest of the donation.
+
+
+SECTION II.--DUTIES OF OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The President shall preside at all meetings of the
+Association and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Board
+of Directors when he believes it to be the best interests of the
+Association. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standing
+committees, except, the Nominating Committee, and such special
+committees as the Association may authorize.
+
+ARTICLE II. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, the
+Vice-president shall perform the duties of the President.
+
+ARTICLE III. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executive
+officer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relating
+to the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships and
+otherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and report
+to the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board of
+Directors as they may request.
+
+ARTICLE IV. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and record
+memberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association and
+shall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shall
+give such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legally
+be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Board
+of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordance
+with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts and
+disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as the
+Board of Directors may from time to time require. Before the final
+business session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accounts
+of the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the Auditing
+Committee appointed by the President at the opening session of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of the
+association between meetings. Four members, including at least two
+elected officers, shall be considered a quorum.
+
+
+SECTION III.--ELECTIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and hold
+office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE II. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers
+on the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place
+at the closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented from
+the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding
+the election.
+
+ARTICLE III. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949
+and thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at
+the preceding Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE IV. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall be
+fifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the elected
+officers.
+
+ARTICLE V. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible
+to vote and hold office.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--FINANCIAL MATTERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October
+1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shall
+begin October 1st.
+
+ARTICLE II. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid by
+January 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices of
+non-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or about
+December 1st.
+
+ARTICLE III. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members who
+have paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have not
+been paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will not
+be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the
+Association until dues are paid.
+
+
+SECTION V.--MEETINGS
+
+ARTICLE I. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected by
+the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--PUBLICATIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year and
+such other publications as may be authorized by the Association.
+
+ARTICLE II. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of
+the Committee on Publications.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--AWARDS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstanding
+contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable
+recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--STANDING COMMITTEES
+
+As soon as practical after the Annual Meeting of the Association, the
+President shall appoint the following standing committees:
+
+   1. Membership
+   2. Auditing
+   3. Publications
+   4. Survey
+   5. Program
+   6. Research
+   7. Exhibit
+   8. Varieties and Contests
+
+
+SECTION IX.--REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall encourage the formation of regional
+groups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organize
+their own local field days and other programs. They may publish their
+proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society
+subject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+ARTICLE II. Any independent regional association of nut growers may
+affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourth
+of its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3.00
+to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at the
+meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of
+the parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee on
+Publications.
+
+
+SECTION X.--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE I. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by a
+two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall
+have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days
+prior to that meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Proceedings
+
+44th Annual Meeting
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Rochester, New York
+
+August 31--September 1, 1953
+
+
+MONDAY MORNING SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We are opening this 44th Annual Meeting of the Northern
+Nut Growers Association with this historic gavel which was made from
+wood grown in the Thomas Littlepage pecan grove near Washington, D. C.
+Opening each session with this gavel has been a custom of this
+organization for many, many years.
+
+We are very anxious to have you folks meet some of the men who have made
+our meeting possible here at Rochester. I would first like to introduce
+Mr. W. Stephen Thomas, Director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and
+Sciences. Mr. Thomas.
+
+MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Mr. Best.
+
+We are always glad to welcome groups such as yours. You represent a
+unique organization to us with interests not in our field. We are a
+public institution, and are glad to have you here.
+
+I feel there are many things of interest in this museum and in our
+program to interest you, because you are horticulturists and people
+interested in the out-of-doors.
+
+This museum is owned by the City of Rochester. By the way, there are
+only about 12 museums throughout the country that are supported as we
+are. We get 98 per cent of our funds from the City of Rochester. It is
+not endowed. It is the people's museum. In the exhibit upstairs are
+three dimensional models showing the evolution of the Genesee Valley in
+New York from early times to the present. Here you will see a beautiful
+panorama of what it looked like two hundred million years ago right
+where we are sitting and standing now when the seas overlay the area
+during the Devonian and Silurian times. We have reconstructed the little
+sea creatures that lived in the rocks in their natural colors.
+
+Another exhibit is the Indian story, primitive man, not just before the
+white man came, but going back 1500 years. On the top floor you may see
+how the pioneer man worked here as a woodcutter and running flour mills
+and how the city came about. The whole story of our region is in the
+museum.
+
+But more important than these exhibits is what we do through the
+educational system; adult lectures, and so forth. That is just a little
+background of our work. I know you have your important business at hand,
+but I hope you will have a little time to view the exhibits. We want to
+help you in any way we can. If there is anything we can do, don't fail
+to ask.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you, Mr. Thomas. Most of you met Mr. Wilbur Wright
+last night out at the park. He is going to make an address of welcome
+from the City of Rochester and from the parks. Mr. Wright.
+
+MR. WRIGHT: Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the City of Rochester and
+the Park Department, we want to welcome you to The Friendly City. We
+want you to feel that Rochester has its hand out for a wide open welcome
+for anything we can do to make you happy while you are here.
+
+The parks are particularly interested in the fact that you have chosen
+Rochester as your conference city for 1953. The parks, as you know, are
+a good deal like the museum. They are botanical collections in the heart
+of the city, the money coming from the city; the taxpayers pay the bill.
+We have a tremendous botanical collection here, and are known the
+country over for our lilac and other collections.
+
+We have, in the past two years, appointed Bernard Harkness to take
+charge of our plant collections, with the title of taxonomist. It took
+quite a bit of backing to get Civil Service to break down and make such
+a title. There wasn't such a title in the State of New York, and they
+couldn't understand why they should give it.
+
+Mr. Grant is another good Cornellian coming along as Assistant
+Superintendent of Parks, and he is, again, looking after the maintenance
+and upkeep of the various plant materials that we have.
+
+We have a very large organization here, the Parks Division includes the
+cemeteries, 90,000 street trees, 56 playgrounds, and about 2,000 acres
+of parks. Our peak employment is 756 people. All-in-all we have a
+tremendous amount of interest in our parks, and they are increasing. We
+are exchanging plants with about 25 foreign countries right now, and we
+expect to expand that now with the various facilities we are setting up
+at our new herbarium, which you visited last night.
+
+We are proud of Rochester, and the park system. We are doing our best to
+continue the excellent work of Dunbar, Laney, and Slavin who built up
+the park collections. Our aim is to increase the collections, and make
+the park system better for the people to enjoy. We hope you have a fine
+time while you are here. Thank you.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Dr. MacDaniels, ex-president of our Association will
+give our organization's response.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: Chairman Best, Director Thomas and Director Wright, I
+don't know whether I am particularly well qualified for this particular
+assignment, but I am certainly very happy to express the thanks of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association for the excellent cooperation in
+arranging the facilities which we have found here in Rochester. Few of
+us can recall any situation in which the Association has been helped all
+along the way, as they have been here, and we feel most welcome in this
+truly friendly city.
+
+Before the meeting I thought I was going to be able to claim a sort of
+paternal interest in the training of Director Wright in that he studied
+just prior to the war in the Department of Floriculture and Ornamental
+Horticulture at Cornell University where I am stationed. Although we saw
+a good deal of him after the war, he came directly here, so I can't say
+that I knew him "way back when" he was an undergraduate student. Still
+we do have a proprietary interest in all Cornellians, and we like to see
+the home team make good as has certainly been the case here.
+
+Fortunately, Ithaca is close enough to Rochester, so that our classes
+can come to the Rochester parks on field trips where we have always
+received the most friendly cooperation and help just as the Northern Nut
+Growers is receiving today. I assure you that we are most grateful.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We will proceed with the business of the organization.
+On the Resolutions Committee which will give us resolutions for adoption
+at our final night session, I appoint Mr. Davidson, Mr. Allaman, Mr.
+Oakes and Mr. Snyder.
+
+The next item of business is the election of a Nominating Committee.
+This committee is to nominate the officers which will be elected at our
+next annual meeting. Nominations are now in order.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I nominate Mr. Machovina.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: Mr. Silvis.
+
+DR. CRANE: I'd like to nominate Mr. Salzer.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: I think Dr. Crane ought to be nominated.
+
+MR. STOKE: I nominate Mr. Kyle from Iowa.
+
+DR. DOWELL: I move nominations be closed.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Is there a second to Dr. Dowell's motion that
+nominations be closed? (Motion seconded and passed.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Nominations are closed. Those in favor of this list, Mr.
+Kyle, Dr. Crane, Mr. George Salzer, Mr. Silvis, Mr. Machovina, for
+Nominating Committee for next year make it known by saying "Aye."
+(Chorus of "ayes") Opposed? (None.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: May we have the report of the Program Committee. They
+have been at work, we can see that. The evidence is on every hand. Dr.
+McKay?
+
+DR. MCKAY: The program you have in your hands represents the work of the
+Program Committee. The work of the Program Committee is done prior to
+the meeting and I want to say that this year I really did have fine
+cooperation from the members and from the members of the committee in
+responding to requests for numbers on the program. That always makes the
+work of a committee easy. Because of this fine cooperation I can say
+truthfully that the effort on my part was relatively small.
+
+As all of you know, we now have a larger group of people to draw from
+for our programs than formerly. We always go back, of course, to our
+tried and true members who, year after year, give us numbers for the
+program, but we also like to give the new members a chance and recruit
+from new sources whenever possible. I haven't analyzed the program
+enough to know exactly how many new members are listed on the program
+this year, but I think you will find a few, and as the organization
+continues to grow, it will be desirable to use these new sources of
+information for items on the program as much as we can.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: That's fine. I don't think we can emphasize that too
+much, this new-member proposition.
+
+We are ready now for the report of the Secretary, Mr. Chase.
+
+MR. CHASE: About the only report that I have to make is one that was
+prepared by Mr. Carl Prell, and I don't see why in the world he didn't
+give it, since it's such a fine job of getting together the information
+on membership. I am going to try to sum this up for you, in order that
+you will know the progress we made in the membership drive to which so
+many of you contributed.
+
+On the books as of today we have 1013 paid up members. (Applause.) In
+addition to that, we have 15 more who will begin membership the
+beginning of our fiscal year, and in addition to that, there are ten
+more too new to be acknowledged yet. So we are in pretty good shape on
+membership.
+
+New members total is 455, which is, I think, just about double from last
+year, if my memory serves me correctly. Leader in the members by state
+is our good, old friend Ohio with 126. They produced 42 new members this
+year. Second on the list is Illinois, with 102, and they came up with 38
+new members.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I think this is the first year we have had a hundred
+members from any state.
+
+MR. CHASE: Pennsylvania has 83, with 26 new members. New York 78, with
+27 new members. Indiana 70 with 31 new members. Michigan 58 with 28 new
+members. That covers the top six states.
+
+During the year we lost 71 members. That breaks down to five deceased,
+12 resigned and 54 that we haven't heard from. Out of the 12 that
+resigned, seven were one-year old and only 5 older members. Now, of the
+54 not heard from, 40 were one-year members and 14 were older members.
+Total loss is 71, actually. We had 14 reinstatements this year.
+
+Does anyone have a question on membership? There are quite a few folks
+in the Association who are really working hard to get new members, and a
+great number have come up with at least one. But, actually, I believe,
+Carl, it's a very small percentage of the membership that's really
+working, is that correct?
+
+MR. PRELL: I am afraid so.
+
+MR. CHASE: And the 71 lost, you considered about normal, didn't you? We
+have to figure on losing about 10 per cent. Well, we can't afford to
+lose a hundred.
+
+I don't have too much to report as Secretary, except we might briefly
+review this hectic year since the little sub-zero walnut story appeared
+in the Farm Journal. In June a year ago I received a request for an
+article on the hardy English walnut. I handled it as a routine request
+and sent it to the Farm Journal. Of course, Joe McDaniel was secretary,
+and I referred all the interested readers to him for further
+information. The first batch of mail hit Joe right after our meeting in
+Rockport, and he had 1500 inquiries within two weeks. I forgot to warn
+him that this might be coming up, and he went ahead and handled about
+1500 of these inquiries, and then I don't know what happened to him, he
+started sending them down to me. Between myself, my secretary, my wife,
+and my boy we handled the other 4,000, and they are still, as Joe says,
+actually coming in.
+
+To handle that, took some of our funds as you see under "promotion
+business", in the treasurer's report. The mimeographing was gratis, also
+the assembling and mailing, but the postage we had to pay for.
+
+So all we have to show for that is about how many members, Carl?
+
+MR. PRELL: I will say 200.
+
+MR. CHASE: That's about right. As these inquiries came in we compiled
+lists of names and sent them to Mr. Best. Then Mr. Best mimeographed a
+letter and some other material, along with an application folder and
+followed up these inquiries except the last 500. So we hit them once
+with a three-page information sheet from the Secretary's office, then
+Mr. Best at least once again with a follow-up letter, and out of almost
+5,000 we get about 200 members, which is pretty good. And there are a
+lot of other folks I know would join if somebody would contact them.
+
+MR. CHASE: So ever since last October I don't know what side is up so
+far as N.N.G.A. is concerned. I don't pretend it hasn't taken a good
+deal of effort and a lot of time from some things that I should have
+done, but I enjoyed doing it for the Association, and I have no regrets.
+The only thing I am sorry about is that we didn't get 500 instead of
+just 200 members.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you. Spencer. (Applause.) That's a fine report.
+
+May we hear from our Auditing Committee, Mr. Silvis.
+
+MR. SILVIS: The report of the Treasurer, which I have just had an
+opportunity of inspecting, is the most professional document I have ever
+had the pleasure of examining as a member of this Auditing Committee on
+which I have been several times. And I think a testimonial is due our
+Treasurer, Mr. Carl Prell, who has combined the rare talents of
+bookkeeping and comparative reporting.
+
+The Auditing Committee, composed of Sterling Smith, who was not able to
+be here, Mr. Pape of Indiana, and myself, accept this report of Carl
+Prell on behalf of this Northern Nut Growers Association,
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Let's have the Treasurer's report. Mr. Prell
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Treasurer
+
+CARL PRELL, _South Bend, Indiana_
+
+At the beginning of this fiscal year it seemed likely to your Board of
+Directors that the Association's investment in government bonds would
+have to be converted into cash to meet the year's expenses. There was
+barely enough money in the treasury to pay for the 42nd Annual Report,
+which should have been billed the preceding year.
+
+Normally, the treasurer collects only enough money to pay for one
+report, plus the year's operating expenses. The problem this year was to
+pay operating expenses and to discharge our obligation on two reports.
+
+Anticipating this problem, and in an effort to correct recurring
+deficits, your Board made plans back in 1951 for a drive to increase
+membership. Some momentum was gained by the end of last year, which
+carried into this year with increasing force. The result was the
+substantial gain in membership reported upon by your Secretary--with a
+substantial increase in revenue.
+
+Membership drives, of course, are a mixed blessing. They may produce
+more dues; but they certainly cost money. Our promotion expenditure
+jumped from practically nothing in 1951 to $115 in 1952 to $620 in 1953.
+However, our dues collection from new members thus gained, were more
+than $1200 in 1953 alone--twice as much as was spent. And it is
+important to note that an expenditure to gain a member is made only
+_once_, whereas the member's dues continue year after year.
+
+In any event, increased membership was a factor in keeping us from
+cashing our reserves.
+
+Another important factor was the very generous response of the
+membership to a plea for Sustaining and Contributing dues. Thirty
+percent of our old members responded with $10.00 payments for
+Contributing Memberships or $5.00 payments for Sustaining Memberships.
+This help was needed. It is deserving of special mention in this report.
+
+One other factor contributed to successful operation this year, as it
+has in other years. This factor does not show up in figures in a
+financial statement for the simple reason that the figures are modestly
+withheld from the treasurer. I refer to the out-of-pocket and unreported
+expenditures of officers and committeemen, which expenditures sometimes
+are sizeable. Certainly they were this year. The fact that such
+contributions were made should be noted.
+
+The sum total of all this is a financial showing for the year that may
+be considered satisfactory. Our debts are all paid. No bonds were
+cashed. Nothing was borrowed. And we have money in the bank.
+
+At this time last year we had a cash balance of $1313.78. Today our
+balance is $303.70. We spent $1,000 more than we took in. But we paid
+for two Annual Reports. The lesser report cost $1200. If this were
+subtracted from this year's business, where it does not belong, our cash
+balance would be $1500.00. In short, on this year's business--even with
+all its unusual expenses for promotion--our income was more than our
+disbursements--by $200.00. This reverses the deficit trend of recent
+years.
+
+   _RECEIPTS_
+     Membership Dues                                            $3,638.05
+     Sale of Annual Reports                                        394.00
+     Advertising in Nutshell                                       110.00
+     Contributions                                                  39.00
+     Interest on Government Bonds                                   37.50
+                                                                _________
+       TOTAL                                                    $4,218.55
+
+   _DISBURSEMENTS_
+     42nd Annual Report (Urbana)                                $1,205.53
+       Printing (1000 copies)                       $1,050.00
+       Reporting (addi. billing)                        97.05
+       Postage & Addressing                             58.48
+     43rd Annual Report (Rockport)                              $1,760.72
+       Printing (1200 copies)                       $1,477.42
+       Envelopes, 800                                   19.60
+       Reporting                                       100.00
+       Postage & Addressing                            163.70
+     The Nutshell
+       Printing, 4 issues                                          353.11
+     American Fruit Grower                                          39.00
+       73 Subscriptions at 50¢                          36.50
+        2 Subscriptions at 75¢                           1.50
+        1 Subscription at 1.00                           1.00
+     Association Promotion                                         620.47
+       Application folder, printing 11,200             164.28
+       Stationery for Sub-Zero and V. P. campaigns     337.24
+       Mimeo Sub-Zero and follow-up, 1500               59.00
+       Postage, Things of Science                       59.95
+     Secretary's Fee, 50¢ per member                               517.50
+       1952-53 Fee to date                             506.50
+       Balance of 1951-52                               11.00
+     Stationery and Supplies                                       268.22
+     Secretary's Expense                                           315.87
+     Treasurer's Expense                                           143.21
+     Dues, American Horticultural Society                            5.00
+                                                                _________
+       TOTAL                                                    $5,228.63
+
+   Cash on deposit, First Bank, South Bend                       $ 303.70
+   Disbursements                                                 5,228.63
+                                                                _________
+                                                                $5,532.33
+
+   On hand, August 18, 1952                                     $1,313.78
+   Receipts                                                      4,218.55
+                                                                _________
+                                                                $5,532.33
+   U. S. Bonds in Safety Deposit Box                            $3,000.00
+
+MR. PRELL: I am going to close right now with this information which the
+Association, I think, should have. The membership promotion consisted of
+a campaign called the "Vice-president's Campaign" sparkplugged by Mr.
+Best. Thousands of letters were sent out through the vice-president's
+and from the president's office to the membership. You may have received
+some of them. In addition to that, thousands of other letters were sent
+out to people who had responded to a story that appeared in Farm Journal
+wanting to know about the Association. I can't calculate how many went
+out, I have never been told, but I would guess about 5,000 of them. And
+those all went out from Mr. Best's office. In addition, our
+addressograph plate system was not in very good shape, due to the fact
+the organization was too poor to keep it up. Mr. Best supplied
+addressograph plates for the whole list.
+
+I wrote to Mr. Best on April 27th, as I wanted all the bad news, and I
+wrote to some other people. I said, "You have not yet rendered a bill
+for postage on your mailing. Will you please make your request?" And he
+answered,
+
+"I was surprised you asked about the postage charge from here. It has
+been my intent from the beginning of the campaign to carry the postage
+charge myself."
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Carl, I know you have done a lot of hard work, and I'd
+like to say for the organization that we do appreciate what you have
+done for us.
+
+I see Mr. Slate has come in back here. Mr. Slate have you a word from
+the Publications Committee?
+
+MR. SLATE: I have no formal report. The part of the Publications
+Committee with which I am concerned is the proceedings. The speed with
+which that job was done depends upon how fast the papers come in and the
+transcript of the proceedings finished. The transcript is rather
+complicated and a lot of things are said that shouldn't go into the
+report. It takes a lot of work with the blue pencil to boil the material
+down to something that's useful and worth paying a printing bill for.
+
+One other thing that I should mention is the cost of mailing. I don't
+know whether that has been mentioned previously or not. We had a little
+difficulty with the Post Office Department. Carl Prell can tell you
+about that.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Yes, he did. I have heard only good reports of your fine
+job. I think we all agree that it was a scholarly production.
+
+Do we have anything from the Survey Committee?
+
+
+
+
+Blossoming Habits of the Persian Walnut
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Va._
+
+
+The Survey Committee, as its project for the current year, has
+undertaken a study of the blossoming habits of the Persian walnut. The
+prime object of this study is to solve the problem of pollination, so
+that the planter may be reasonably sure of a satisfactory crop, whether
+his planting be a single tree or an orchard.
+
+While this study has dealt exclusively with the Persian species,
+_Juglans regia_, the habits and principles involved apply equally to all
+walnut species.
+
+In most plants the reproductive function inheres in a single bisexual
+flower, consisting of both male and female elements. In walnuts, as well
+as most other nuts, the male and female functions are performed by
+unisexual flowers of very different type and appearance.
+
+Both the male or staminate flower and the female or pistillate flower
+spring from buds that are formed in the axils at the base of leaves of
+the previous season's growth. In the Persian walnut they may be detected
+as early as July. The staminate bud that forms the pollen-producing
+catkin of the next season, can be distinguished by its checkered
+appearance, something like a tiny pine cone. They occur in the axils of
+the lower leaves of the shoot of the current season.
+
+The pistillate bud, which produces the nut, occurs at or near the tip of
+the growth of the current season. It can usually be distinguished from
+leaf buds by its larger size and plumpness.
+
+When these blossom buds develop the following season, the male or
+staminate blossom assumes the form of a catkin, which elongates rapidly
+a few days before maturity. As the pollen is shed, beginning at the
+stem end, the pale yellow-green of the bursted pollen capsule turns dark
+or black, proceeding to the tip of the catkin. This change readily shows
+that pollen is shedding, which may be confirmed by touching such a
+catkin with the tip of the finger, and noting the yellow pollen that
+adheres, or rises in a tiny cloud.
+
+Making note of the date when a given variety begins shedding pollen, and
+the date when all catkins on the tree have opened, gives the period
+during which that variety is effective as a pollinizer.
+
+The female, or pistillate flower, does not, like the catkin, spring
+directly from the wood of last season's growth, but occurs at the end of
+the new growth of the current year, being preceded by a number of leaves
+which nourish the young nut to maturity.
+
+The pistillate blossom assumes the form of one or more tiny nutlets with
+little sharp-pointed tips. When the blossom has become receptive to
+pollen, each tip has separated into two separate pistils which spread
+apart and present fresh, slightly sticky surfaces, which are known as
+stigmas. This is the time that pollination can take place, which period
+continues until the stigmas have lost their freshness and stickiness.
+This period marks the time during which pollination can occur.
+
+In many cases Persian walnut trees remain barren when planted alone, not
+because of incompatibility between the pollen and the pistillate flower,
+but because pollen shedding and receptivity do not occur at the same
+time. Sometimes pollen shedding is over before pistils are receptive.
+Such blooming is termed protandrous by botanists. In about an equal
+number of cases the pistils lose their receptivity before pollen is
+shed. Such blooming is termed protogynous. There are quite a number of
+varieties, however, that mature both types of blossoms simultaneously,
+in which the variety is self-fertile and will produce crops, even if
+isolated from other trees of the species. Of these Hanson and Bedford
+are representative. On some other trees there is some overlapping of the
+shedding and receptive periods, enough to produce partial, but not full
+crops.
+
+Warm weather hastens blooming; cool cloudy weather retards it. A warm
+spell may start blossoming early, but if broken by a cool wave the
+period of bloom may be greatly extended.
+
+A southern exposure with a light soil will cause a variety to blossom
+earlier by some days than in the same locality in heavy soil. The
+blossoming period is generally shorter in the North than in the South.
+
+Climax, Michigan reports blooming beginning May 10 and ending May 31, a
+period of 21 days. Millerton, N. Y., and Massillon, Ohio, report the
+same.
+
+Urbana, Ill., reports blooming beginning May 5 and ending June 1, a
+period of 27 days.
+
+At Roanoke, Va., the period begins April 9 and ends May 10, running 31
+days.
+
+At Greensboro, North Carolina, the season began April 2 and ended May 5,
+a total of 33 days.
+
+The report of Mr. Royal Oakes of Bluffs, Ill., is unique in the
+shortness of the blossoming period, both of individual varieties and as
+a whole. Blossoming began April 29 and ended (estimated) May 13, a
+period of only 14 days. The reason may partly lie in the weather and
+partly because the planting is on high bluffs overlooking the broad
+Illinois River valley, affording excellent air drainage.
+
+One major difficulty the Committee encountered in tabulating the reports
+was the fact that so few of the same varieties were being grown by the
+various reporters, making it difficult and sometimes impossible to
+synchronize the blossoming period of the various varieties from
+different places with sufficient accuracy. Because of this, two tables
+have been prepared.
+
+Table Number 1 shows named varieties, for the most part.
+
+Table Number 2 shows varieties that are being propagated asexually, but
+have not yet been given variety names. Seedlings not propagated by
+budding or grafting, if recognized have been omitted because of
+individual variability.
+
+Each table consists of five vertical columns, earliest to the right,
+successively later towards the left.
+
+Varieties above the dividing line are shedding pollen at the time
+varieties in the same column below the line are receptive. A variety
+like Hanson, appearing in the same column both above and below the line,
+is self-pollinizing. Varieties appearing in more than one column
+indicate a long blooming period.
+
+MR. BECKER: The Crath No. 1 I have been able to propagate is what Mr.
+Neilson gave to me as Crath No. 1--I guess he called it Crath.
+
+MR. STOKE: We may have to discard a number of other Crath No. 1's,
+because the variation between them indicates a mixture of several clones
+with the same name.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The next thing to consider is this resolution which is
+given word for word on page 26 of our 1952 annual report.
+
+   TABLE 1.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+     Broadview     Bijur         Carpathian D    Beckman       Parnell
+     Lancaster     Cutleaf S     Bayer           Bedford       Watt
+     McDermid      Fort Custer   Beckman         Caesar
+ [symbol: male]    Hanson        Breslau         Etter
+                   Hilltop       Caesar          Eureka
+                   Ill. No. 23   Eureka          Lake
+                   Mundt         Grande          S-24
+                   Metcalfe      James
+                                 Lancaster
+                                 Littlepage
+                                 McKinster
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+     Caesar        Beckman       Bijur           Bayer         Burtner
+     McKinster     Bijur         Cutleaf         Bedford       Dewey
+                   Breslau       Colby           Broadview     Etter
+                   Fort Custer   Fickes No. 22   Etter         Eureka
+                   Carpathian D  Hanson          Fort Custer   Franquette
+                   Colby         Hilltop         Grande        Mayette
+                   Cutleaf S     Jacobs          Ill. No. 23   L-2
+ [symbol: female]  Fickes No. 22 James           Lake
+                   Hansen        Lake            Lancaster
+                   Jacobs        Lancaster       Mundt
+                   Keener        S-24            S-24
+                   McDermid      Metcalfe        Metcalfe
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ TABLE 2.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     Early       Medium early  Midseason  Medium late  Late
+
+                     S-6         S-6           S-12       S-22         S-17
+ [symbol: male]      S-12        S-12          S-22       S-24         S-57
+                     S-33        S-66          S-24       S-25
+                     Littlepage  S-XD          S-25       S-29
+                                               S-29       S-32
+                                               S-33       S-41
+                                               S-35       S-45
+                                               S-66       S-66
+                                               S-XD
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     S-5         S-5           S-6        S-6          S-7
+ [symbol: female]    S-25        S-17          S-17       S-12         S-12
+                     S-29        S-22          S-22       S-17         S-33
+                     S-32        S-24          S-32       S-35
+                     S-35        S-25          S-38       S-46
+                     S-66        S-29          S-41       S-57
+                                 S-35          S-45       Littlepage
+                                 S-38          S-46
+                                 S-41          S-48
+                                 S-45          S-XD
+                                 S-48          Littlepage
+                                 S-XD
+                                 Littlepage
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+It was made by Mr. Dowell of the Ohio group, although it is of interest
+to every state that has an affiliated group or a chapter. Last year the
+matter was referred to the Board for their consideration. The Board
+carefully considered the resolution of the Ohio group, and the spirit of
+the Dowell resolution, was approved.
+
+The matter was finally left with a committee made up of J. C. McDaniel,
+Mr. Carl Prell and Mr. Machovina. It is now in order to hear from these
+men the changes necessary in our by-laws to create the right atmosphere
+for the formation and operation of our state organizations, because we
+do want to encourage them. After hearing the proposals, a motion will be
+in order that they be approved. If approved, a year from now we will
+vote on the amendments to the by-laws. Mr. McDaniel will give the report
+of the committee.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Your committee agreed on the suggested revision of Section
+IX, which covers chapters and affiliations. If this meets with the
+approval of the members here, final action must be deferred until the
+45th annual meeting. Proposed amended Section IX of the by-laws reads as
+follows:
+
+     "Section IX.--Chapters and Affiliations.
+
+     "Article 1. The Association shall encourage the formation of
+     regional groups of its members into chapters, which may elect their
+     own officers and organize local field days and other programs. Such
+     chapters need not limit their membership to members of the parent
+     organization. They may publish their proceedings and selected
+     papers in the proceedings of the parent society subject to review
+     of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+     "Article 2. Any independent association or society interested in
+     nut tree culture may affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers
+     Association by payment of an annual affiliation fee of $5.00.
+     Selected papers presented at the meetings of such an affiliated
+     society may be published in the proceedings of this society subject
+     to review of the Association's Committee on Publications."
+
+It is the thought of this special committee that the new wording
+simplifies and clarifies these two articles in regard to organization of
+chapters or sections, and second, affiliation of independent
+organizations. We thought we shouldn't limit it to affiliation of nut
+growers associations as such but to extend affiliation possibility to
+any society from garden club on up which is interested in nut growing.
+And under Article 1, whether we call this state group a chapter or a
+section doesn't seem to matter materially. I believe the Michigan group
+prefers to be called a chapter. The Ohio group, I think, will take it
+either way. At the present I think we have called that the Ohio Section
+of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+Any discussion? I submit this proposed amendment, Mr. President, to be
+printed in the 44th annual report for action at next year's meeting, the
+45th annual meeting of this Association.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Do we have a motion to accept the report? (The motion to
+accept was made by Dr. Crane, seconded and passed without dissent.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I was in hopes that we wouldn't have time for the next
+feature, but since some of the committees haven't reported yet, I am
+afraid that we have. That is the address by the president.
+
+
+
+
+President's Address
+
+RICHARD B. BEST, _Eldred, Ill._
+
+
+The task of setting down ideas for the reflection of the NNGA fills me
+with consternation. My scanty rills of thinking are inadequate.
+
+You remember the old Arabian tale of the poor student who was shut up in
+an enchanted room in the bosom of the earth. You remember how the earth
+opened only once each year. The student was waited upon by demons and
+spirits who furnished deep and dark knowledge. When the door opened, the
+student emerged, loaded with great lore and pertinent facts. Like this
+Arabian student, by delving into antiquity and our old annual reports of
+the NNGA, I have put together some thoughts from men living and dead.
+
+Irving says: this pilfering disposition which some of us have may be
+implanted in us for a good reason. Maybe through us pilferers or
+borrowers, Heaven takes care of the seeds of knowledge and wisdom from
+age to age. The worthwhile thoughts which some of our early members gave
+us may be purloined by me and made to sparkle again in today's light,
+even though the early members' general idea is obsolete.
+
+So, just as nature has provided for the distribution of her plant
+varieties through the maws of birds and animals, so it may be that
+Heaven has provided for the fine thoughts of our old members to be
+caught by us predatory individuals and made to bear fruit again in this
+new day. Really this is one way we exist and go forward in our
+organization.
+
+A crop of "tares" which we read about in the scripture enriches the soil
+for the next crop. As a forest dies, a new crop of trees spring up. Even
+a dead tree gives rise to a whole creation of countless bacteria and
+fungi.
+
+So on "ad infinitum." Members who have talked and studied our problems
+in the past have made possible our work here today. So, likewise, our
+words will sleep with the others from whom we have borrowed. So, to
+escape with a good conscience, to avoid having fingers pointed at me, of
+hearing cries of--"you stole this from me," I will try to give credit
+where credit is due.
+
+Otherwise, I might be, figuratively speaking, stripped of my material
+here piece by piece, and I would finally stand before you with hardly a
+loin cloth of an idea which I could call my own.
+
+There is a popular appeal to the nut business which most of us are
+susceptible to,--like wanting to produce large nuts,--and of seeing the
+first nut,--and to again gather nuts like we did as children. Ask a man
+how large a nut he found and he will lie as he will about a fish he has
+just caught.
+
+Then, there is the romantic visionary who would transform the whole
+universe into a sort of fairyland nut grove--where there are no insects,
+diseases, or squirrels,--and where the nuts fall polished into open
+bags.
+
+Then, there are those of us--and I am one--who reasoning that the
+"groves were God's first temples," flee to a twilight hill top or to a
+forest shade, and, as Mr. Stokes said, "Sit humbly at the feet of the
+great mother of us all. There is wisdom and healing in the shadow of her
+wings."
+
+We need this philosophical attitude to generate encouragement and
+inspiration to withstand the hard knocks that we have had--and will have
+coming. But, the NNGA must be more realistic and really do some
+grappling.
+
+Read the experiences which all our reports are filled with. Mr. G. A.
+Miller on page 99 of the 1940 report handles this matter of success and
+failure very well. We live on our successes and not on our failures. Nut
+culture is pioneering, and it is well to be fully aware of the
+possibility of failure so that we may be steeled for it when it comes.
+Failure makes our successes sweeter.
+
+Abraham Lincoln's life was a series of failures. Thomas Edison usually
+failed. Plant breeders at our stations nearly always fail. But, once in
+a while they succeed. In the nut business, if we succeed 1 in 10,000
+times, success may be cheap at that.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels stated so many important aspects of the NNGA that I want
+to list his outline here and then simply hang some thoughts on the
+skeleton of his report. For your own enjoyment and understanding, please
+read again Dr. MacDaniels's address "The Forward Look," which is found
+on page 27 of our 1952 report. I just mention his subjects and comment
+on them for emphasis.
+
+1. _Variety Evaluation_
+
+The Ohio Nut Growers did a fine job of getting this job of evaluation in
+the groove. Read about it on page 29 of the 1946 report. How many of us
+here have wasted years on varieties that good evaluation might have
+discarded, before we started to plant the nut.
+
+2. _Judging Standards_
+
+Which covers such things as--
+
+   (a) Sealing of nuts
+   (b) Recovery of halves
+   (c) Size, quality, etc.
+
+Evaluation and judging include all those fine things we look for in a
+nut.
+
+3. _The Naming of Varieties_
+
+Many of us have the same tree growing but calling it a different name.
+
+4. _Securing New Varieties_
+
+And getting them into as many channels. Mr. Wilkinson started several
+"Chief" pecan trees last year and gave them all away. Chief is a fine
+new variety of pecan. If we had a few more Ford Wilkinsons in this
+organization, "God bless him," we wouldn't have so many problems.
+
+5. _The Work of Individuals_
+
+There is always the possibility of finding the "perfect nut," so we need
+to continue our search through the earth for better varieties.
+
+Scientific techniques must be applied before we breed better nuts.
+
+We simply cannot have nuts put in our coffins expecting to continue our
+work in the next world; so we need to do the next best thing to
+this--that is of instructing our sons in the little we have found and
+where our different varieties are planted. Then, some of our sons will
+start where we left off.
+
+Private research is playing a more important part in the world today.
+Private research, using the large amount of basic research available,
+could accomplish wonders in the nut world.
+
+I am deeply grieved when I see vast estates which have had a fortune
+spent in plantings that had little practical value. The men who spent
+this money would gladly have furnished the land, labor, capital and
+management for a nut breeding program had we been there to have sold
+them on nut trees.
+
+As Mr. Churchill said--"Too little and too late."
+
+But members of the NNGA forget "what might have been." New estates are
+developing and younger men are wondering how they can immortalize their
+lives and work. Men pass away; their names perish from record and
+recollection; their history is only a tale and their tombstone becomes a
+ruin, but a good nut tree bearing a man's name, gives that name
+immortality.
+
+6. _Work of the Experiment Stations._
+
+In the most practical vein, our basic research and most of our actual
+breeding must still be done by our Experiment Stations.
+
+Any nut project is a long-time program and it lends itself best to an
+Experiment Station which is not set up on "a three score and ten" basis
+like we as individuals are. Stations also have trained workers and
+information at hand.
+
+7. _The Real Aim of the NNGA_
+
+Is better living on the farm and the improvement of the garden and
+farmstead. Almost every farm and home, especially in the great corn
+belt, needs shelter, shade trees, and the beautifying effect of trees.
+
+Psalm 19:1-4 says: "The heavens declare the glory of God; and the
+firmament showeth his handiwork. Day unto day uttereth
+speech and night unto night showeth knowledge. Their voice goes out
+through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world."
+
+8. _Nut Growing as a Hobby._
+
+For people who like to see things growing, there are few projects that
+yield more genuine satisfaction than hardy-adapted varieties of nut
+trees.
+
+Few people know what a heart nut or chestnuts are, and most have never
+cracked a butternut. Most of us have never tasted a good persimmon, and
+the paw-paw is practically unknown. We of the NNGA have something to
+offer our members.
+
+9. _Keep our Organization Solvent and Functioning._
+
+All costs have increased. Our strength lies in our letters, reports and
+information which we send to our membership. To keep this information
+coming through letters and our annual report takes money.
+
+10. _How to Finance the NNGA._ Dr. MacDaniels makes the following
+suggestions after stating that we have reached the point where
+increasing the dues will not give us more income, because of loss of
+membership.
+
+   (a) Increase our number of members.
+   (b) Provide different types of membership to encourage contributions.
+   (c) Gifts.
+   (d) Special fund raising projects.
+
+Increasing the membership seems to have the most promise in the future.
+
+We are now at the cross roads. Do we want a strong, hard-hitting
+organization, capable of doing these things which we know NNGA can do,
+or do we want to ease down the other road to a whimpering senile
+existence, in the plant society world?
+
+We have increased our membership 40% the past year, and after hurriedly
+congratulating ourselves, let us hurry on to this problem of setting
+ourselves another goal for 1954.
+
+What shall our new goal be? 30%, 50%, 100%--let us think "high." It is
+easier to come down than to go higher.
+
+I'd like to have someone's idea in the audience here. Does anybody have
+some figure we should hit at? 10%, 20%, 25%?
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I think since we have a thousand members, for each of the
+thousand to bring in one more member and make it a hundred per cent.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now, the high man is going to win here, you know. Is
+there anyone that can raise this man, that can say that we increase our
+membership more than a hundred per cent? If not shall we take that as a
+goal?
+
+We have now reached the point in this discussion of goals where we can
+make the following profound deduction--"Nothing is worth two cents until
+it is sold."
+
+Our church bells ring to tell the world that something good is being
+offered and that the church has something to sell. Everything in this
+world must be sold. The NNGA is competing not only with the resistance
+people offer it, but also against every other human activity. People buy
+what they think will give them the most satisfaction.
+
+We are living in a cold-blooded society and people are not going to
+choke with emotion when we mention the old hollow tree where the possums
+hatched, or the wide spreading chestnut. People may not even want to
+join our NNGA. This is a free country and people can just sit in the sun
+on the bare ground if they want to. They may not want trees and can eat
+grape nuts if they want. We know they need the hobby--the shade--the
+beauty--the protection or even nuts which nut trees will bring them.
+
+Because we know people need these fine things, then we must ask them to
+join the NNGA. If everybody knew what you know about the NNGA, we would
+have a membership of 100,000 members. But they do not.
+
+This is what we mean by selling our organization. Indirectly as we sell
+our memberships to help other people, we help our organization.
+
+Finally, let me suggest that we build up a backlog of ideas here at
+Rochester to add to what we have on increasing our membership.
+
+Give your ideas to our Vice President, Mr. George Salzer and his
+publicity committee and you will be helping to solve our NNGA problems.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: It seems to me the most successful thing that was done
+during the past year, as far as the raising of membership was concerned,
+was done by Mr. Chase, when he wrote that article on Persian walnuts
+that survived sub-zero temperatures. That had a tremendous impact on the
+public imagination, and it got a tremendous number of inquiries. I think
+it had more effect than even the work of individual members, so I would
+suggest that anybody who has an idea that can be sent to a magazine that
+would have a public appeal should do that thing.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: The thought strikes me that in addition to the goal for
+new members, we should also work to keep these members we have picked up
+this year. That means the older members should contact the newer
+members, help them, give them trees. Otherwise, a lot can be lost
+quickly.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: In this world no matter whether we are selling seed
+corn--if you will pardon that little plug--or you are running a
+restaurant or any form of human activity, you can figure each year about
+a 10 per cent loss in your clientelle or your customers, whatever you
+want to call them, and we of N.N.G.A. are no exception to that rule. We
+do have to keep working for that replacement; otherwise, in 10 or 12
+years we are going to be out of business entirely.
+
+MR. KERR: I am a Spanish War veteran. At the national convention in
+Portland, Oregon, in 1938, one of my comrades showed me a walnut tree
+that he planted before he went to the Philippines during that war. It
+was on the banks of the Willamette River where he had planted three
+nuts. Two were so near the river that a log boom had torn them out, but
+one was left. It was 80 feet high, four feet in diameter, and on one
+occasion had produced almost a ton of very good nuts.
+
+I told that to the science editor of the Associated Press, and he put a
+little article in the local paper, but no picture. If he had a picture
+with that article, everybody would have read it. I think we need more
+publicity on these old trees that are bearing nuts. I live in Plymouth,
+Mass., where the Pilgrims settled. In their settlement papers they
+mentioned the groves of walnuts and other wild nuts in the territory. We
+found a low-branched walnut 5 feet in diameter and over 450 years old.
+
+MR. BROOK: Let me suggest Mr. Kerr write such an article for such a
+magazine, because he is just the person.
+
+MR. KERR: I have already written a few articles for several men's clubs,
+and I am writing another article.
+
+MR. BROOK: When are you releasing it?
+
+MR. KERR: Pretty soon. The Northern Nut Growers will get a copy.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The report of the Place of Meeting Committee, Mr.
+Allaman?
+
+MR. ALLAMAN: A year ago this summer I went to Lancaster to visit the
+Franklin Marshall College to see if we could hold our convention there
+next year. They considered it quite an honor to have us there, feeling
+that it is an educational feature. They can furnish us a nice auditorium
+with a cafeteria nearby. Sleeping quarters would be scattered throughout
+the grounds. They can furnish our meals and a banquet. About ten days
+ago I checked to see if things were still all right, and they said,
+"Come ahead," so I am suggesting that the Association hold its next
+annual convention at Lancaster, Pa. at Franklin Marshall College.
+
+Our field trip at Lancaster would be to Mr. W. W. Posey's orchard. He
+has by far the biggest planting in the state with trees of various ages
+and many different varieties. He entertained the Pennsylvania group a
+year ago. He has a nice pavilion up on the hill, where we can have our
+lunch. We had a most enjoyable time, and he is delighted to have us. Mr.
+Posey is owner of the Posey Iron Works in Lancaster.
+
+For 1955 we were thinking about Michigan, probably Michigan State
+College. For the following year we were wondering about Connecticut.
+Just the place in Connecticut has not been given any thought.
+
+Session adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: In the morning session Mr. Allaman proposed that we hold
+our next convention in Lancaster, Pa. Is there a motion to that effect?
+
+MR. RICK: I move that our next meeting, 1954, be held in Lancaster
+County, Pennsylvania. That is supposed to be one of the garden counties
+in the country. It has stood first and second in production. I don't
+know what it stands now, but it wouldn't be far from the top. It would
+be most interesting to all our members, I am sure, to pay Lancaster
+County a visit. Motion seconded by Mr. Ellis and passed.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: According to the by-laws, we get a report of the
+Nominating Committee at this time. We have our election at the last
+business session.
+
+MR. SLATE: The Nominating Committee, consisting of Max Hardy as chairman
+and some others, including myself, presents the following candidates:
+For President, R. B. Best. For vice-president, Gilbert Becker; for
+Treasurer, W. S. Clark; and for Secretary Spencer Chase.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Are there other nominations? (No response.) You will
+have a chance for further nominations at our last business session.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now, then, we have an opportunity to hear from a group
+of what we might call authorities in their various fields. We have quite
+an assortment. The only way I know of to express it is to say we have
+the wise men out of the east and the wild men out of the west. I think
+we first might hear from Mr. Kyhl of Sabula, Iowa. Mr. Kyhl, you come up
+and give us your version of the nut business.
+
+
+
+
+About Nuts
+
+IRA M. KYHL, _Sabula, Iowa_
+
+
+What we all have in mind at this time is nuts and more nuts. One way to
+get them is to plant more nut trees. Why not start a campaign in this
+direction? Where I live in the midwest the black walnut is at home and
+likewise the hickory, hazel, etc. Farmers may be reluctant to set aside
+acreage for this purpose but they could be planted along fence rows
+around the entire farm and would produce shade for livestock, an
+abundance of marketable nuts, and later a fortune in saw logs. The
+average size farm of 160 acres could support a great many black walnuts
+if planted along fence rows which ordinarily grow up to brush and weeds.
+Seedlings are cheap or one could buy 2 or 3 bushels of Thomas nuts and
+raise their own. One could also plant hickories, heartnuts, filberts and
+chestnuts if variety is desired along fence rows, but the main thing is
+to get this work started. We could no doubt get cooperation from County
+Agents and Conservation Departments because of wind breaks and erosion
+control. Farmers who could be induced to do this work would no doubt
+become nut enthusiasts in due time.
+
+I feel that at this time it may be in line to pay a slight tribute to
+our friend the squirrel. I wonder how many of us gave a thought as to
+who was responsible for all of our wild trees, such as black walnuts,
+butternuts, hickories, hazels and so forth, and how they came about.
+The answer is simple, the squirrels, of course. They have been planting
+nuts for centuries and without their good work in the past, there would
+be very few wild nut trees.
+
+The squirrel has been wrongfully condemned for his apparently good work
+and has even been cussed a little for living on the efforts of his own
+labor, and due to my appreciation of his good work, I have grafted or
+rather topworked some of the trees he planted to Persian walnuts,
+pecans, etc., so that he may have more of a variety of nuts. Someday I
+expect to have some of the largest and fattest squirrels in America. I
+cover some of the choice varieties with stove pipe. They seem to take
+the hint and don't bother the nuts. One more thing, there does
+not seem to be enough nuts to go around, that is, enough for both the
+squirrels and ourselves. So let's plant more trees so that the squirrels
+can't possibly eat them all and when we have done that, then let's plant
+a lot more.
+
+We now have many species of nuts and many varieties of each species,
+many of which have proven hardy in cold climates. It is very encouraging
+to note the good work that is being done to produce better and more
+varieties. One very fine nut that doesn't seem to have had much work
+done on it is the hard shell almond. It does very well for me, is
+self-pollinating, bears very heavily, and can be grafted on peach stocks
+with good results. I have also had very good success with Persian
+walnuts, heartnuts, filberts, chestnuts, hickories, pecans, hazels and
+black walnuts.
+
+
+
+
+Natural Variation Observed in Shagbark Hickory, _Carya ovata_ (Mill.) K.
+Koch. in Central New York
+
+DAVID H. CALDWELL, _N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y._
+
+
+The shagbark hickory has been extremely important in the economy of the
+United States during its period of early development. The handles of the
+axes which leveled extensive forested areas in Colonial days were
+frequently made from sturdy hickory wood. The nuts furnished food for
+man in the form of oil or nutmeats and often hogs were fattened on
+hickory nuts, beechnuts and chestnuts. As settlement progressed, the
+demand on hickory as wood for wagon parts increased while the use of the
+thick-shelled nuts for food decreased except by the country boy or girl
+who wandered from tree to tree in the fall collecting nuts for cracking
+by the fireside in the wintertime.
+
+The author remembers bounding out of bed as a child in the fall before
+dawn on the nights when there had been a frost or a heavy wind, in an
+effort to beat the squirrels in the race to obtain the rich harvest of
+hickory nuts to be found lying beneath the fine old trees near Herkimer,
+N. Y. By some coincidence, both the boys and the squirrels knew of the
+same trees which were most sought after for their crops of nuts. It was
+at this time that the variability of hickory nuts was first observed.
+Thus it was that the nuts of certain trees were never gathered, while
+the grass beneath other favorite trees was gleaned carefully for all
+fallen nuts.
+
+The present investigation of the shagbark began in the fall of 1949 and
+continued through the summer of 1953. It was initiated with the previous
+knowledge of the extreme variability to be observed between the nuts of
+individual shagbark hickory trees and was conducted for the purpose of
+determining whether or not that variability was also expressed through
+other features of the tree such as buds, leaves, bark or form.
+Consequently, a systematic study was begun of individual trees totaling
+158 found mostly in Onondaga County, New York plus the edges of
+surrounding counties. The trees were observed throughout the growing
+season so that the various tree parts could be observed for comparison.
+It was a preconceived idea by the author that there might be several or
+more distinct subdivisions into which individuals of shagbark might be
+placed through the use of macroscopic characters.
+
+Observations were made over a period of three growing seasons on the
+following characters of each tree:
+
+   (1) bark
+   (2) buds and twigs
+   (3) leaves
+   (4) flowers
+   (5) fruit
+
+Each character was observed more than once for each tree as a check on
+possible yearly variation for specific characteristics in the trees from
+which data was collected.
+
+The generalized description for shagbark hickory is as follows:
+
+    SIZE--a tree ranging at maturity from 50 to 100+ feet in height,
+    generally 2 to 3 feet in diameter and very occasionally reaching 4
+    feet in diameter.
+
+    BARK--usually under 3/4 of an inch in thickness, occasionally up to
+    1 inch thick with a characteristic light or smoky-gray color when
+    dry and breaking up into long plates or strips loosely attached to
+    the trunk near the middle of the plate.
+
+    BUDS--terminal buds usually 3/8 to 3/4 of an inch long, subglobose
+    to narrowly ovate, with 8-10 imbricate scales, the outermost of
+    which are a blackish brown with dark brown tomentum, and a short
+    mucronate or attenuate apex, inner scales light brown with longer
+    lanate pubescence and apex acute to obtuse; lateral buds smaller,
+    about 1/4 of an inch with tightly appressed scales.
+
+    TWIGS--angled or rounded, reddish brown to yellowish brown, or gray,
+    turning more or less gray with age; pubescent the first year.
+
+    LEAVES--compound--ranging from 3-7 ovate to oblong lanceolate
+    leaflets, usually 5, terminal leaflet as large or larger than the
+    first two laterals, usually 4-8" long, generally glabrous on both
+    surfaces but with a finely serrate, ciliate margin; total leaf size
+    ranging from 8-15" for mature leaves.
+
+     FLOWERS--(a) _female_--occurring in 2 to several flowered spikes,
+    with a one-celled ovary, about 1/4 to 1/3 inch long covered with
+    tomentum; flowers rusty to yellowish green in color; stigma with two
+    stigmatic lobes; bracts much longer than the lateral bractlets. (b)
+    _male_--in three parted or branched aments, each flower usually
+    containing 4 stamens with a 2 or a 3 lobed calyx; aments 3-4" long
+    with glandular hairs.
+
+    FRUIT--oval, globose or pear shaped, consisting of a woody husk 1/4
+    to 1/2" thick breaking usually along 4 lines of suture exposing a
+    flattened nut generally 4 ridged, smooth or slightly roughened;
+    usually white or cream in color, seed sweet with 2 cotyledons.
+
+
+RESULTS OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS
+
+    BARK--Most of the shagbark hickory trees observed were found to have
+    a smoke-gray, shaggy bark from 20 years of age to maturity. However,
+    among the 158 individual hickory trees observed, there were found 7
+    trees which had a bark much more blackish than the normal shagbark
+    type and with closely furrowed bark consisting of inter-lacing scaly
+    ridges more similar in character to that of _Carya ovalis_
+    (Wangenh.) Sarg.
+
+    The trees found growing under timberland conditions rather than as
+    open field or hedgerow trees did not have the characteristic shaggy
+    bark except for the upper trunk which had been exposed to the
+    weather conditions of the forest canopy. Where the trunks of the
+    trees were somewhat protected from direct rays of the sun and force
+    of the wind, the bark was smooth, gray and but slightly plated with
+    none of the shagginess typical of open field grown shagbark.
+
+    BUDS AND TWIGS--The buds of shagbark were observed to divide
+    themselves into two general groups based upon terminal bud shapes
+    and two more groups based upon the sizes of the attenuated apex of
+    the outermost bud scales. In all cases the bud scales were observed
+    to be pubescent though the degree of pubescence varied considerably
+    in the outer scales only.
+
+    The two general bud shapes were globose-ovate and narrowly
+    elliptical. The broadly oval (Fig. 1a) type of buds were smaller,
+    generally under 1/2 inch in length while the elliptical (Fig. 1b)
+    type of buds were usually over 1/2 inch in length.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Terminal Buds (1-X)]
+
+The long attenuated apex on the outer bud scales of the elliptical type
+of buds is evident in Figs. 1b and 2b.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2a Fig. 2b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Terminal Bud Scales (1-X)]
+
+The number of lateral buds at one position varied considerably with the
+usual number being one (Fig. 3a) bud located just above the lobed leaf
+scar. On exceedingly vigorous sprout growth, or on very vigorous
+terminal growth twigs, it was found that 2, 3, 4 and occasionally 5
+superposed buds might occur (Fig. 3b).
+
+Twigs of shagbark varied considerably both in the rapidity of growth and
+in color. Frequently the color seemed to be associated with the incident
+rays of the sun and orientation of the twig on the branch seemed to
+largely control color.
+
+Twigs upon the same tree would vary from gray to reddish brown to
+yellowish brown or tan. The majority of observed trees had a reddish
+brown as the predominant color. Terminal shoot growth of as much as 40
+inches was observed and as little as 2-3 inches in very slowly growing
+mature trees.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3a Fig. 3b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Lateral Buds (1-X)]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4a Fig. 4b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Leaves (1/3X)]
+
+The degree of pubescence on the surface of the twigs varied considerably
+and was found to frequently follow group location patterns. Thus nearly
+all of the individuals growing in one field might be found with dense
+pubescence on the twigs while a similar group several miles away might
+have, for all practical purposes, no pubescence on the twigs. In
+general, the most rapidly growing trees (or twigs) had the least amount
+of pubescence on the twigs.
+
+LEAVES--There was extreme variability found with the leaves of the 158
+individual trees observed. All trees were found to have compound leaves,
+but the leaflet numbers varied greatly. The typical number for shagbark
+is 5, but 3 to 7 were found; three leaflets were common, 5 were abundant
+and 7 leaflets were rare. Six cases of leaves with 7 leaflets were
+obtained from the vast number of leaves checked on the 158 trees; thus
+the frequency of occurrence is quite low for the group as a whole. Where
+7 leaflets were observed, 5 of the leaves were normal pinnately compound
+leaves (Fig. 4a), while one leaf consisted of five palmately arranged
+leaflets plus two normal pinnately compound leaflets (Fig. 4b). The
+leaflets on each tree were fairly uniform in shape but the shape of
+leaflets between trees varied considerably. Thus one tree might have 5
+leaflets quite broadly ovate to obovate in shape while another equally
+valid shagbark would be found with narrowly elliptical to lanceolate
+leaflets similar to those of red hickory (oval pignut hickory), _Carya
+ovalis_ (Wangenh.) Sarg.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5a Fig. 5b Fig. 5c
+
+Shagbark Hickory Fruits (1/2X)]
+
+The margins of the leaflets were generally finely serrate and disposed
+to be ciliate--i.e. with a fringe of hairs along the serrate margins.
+The presence of cilia tend to differentiate shagbark hickory from red
+hickory in the field. This feature is a consistently good one if a hand
+lens is available but the degree of ciliation varies considerably from
+tree to tree and during different parts of the growing season. The
+presence of cilia on the margin of the leaflets should not be used as a
+means of differentiating shagbark from shellbark hickory, _Carya
+lacinoisa_ (Michx. f.) Loud., since shellbark also has a ciliate margin
+on the leaflets.
+
+FLOWERS--The female flowers of shagbark are found on short 1 to 5
+flowered spikes produced on the current season's growth. Most of the
+flowers are around 1/3" long, sessile and covered with a tawny tomentum.
+Each flower tends to have two yellowish green stigmatic lobes but
+three-lobed stigmas may be found and one case of a 4-lobed stigma was
+observed. Various amounts of an amber, or yellow scurfy, substance was
+also observed on the new flowers. The male flowers occur on 3 parted,
+slender, glandular-hairy aments from the basal portion of the current
+season's growth. The aments are usually 3-4 inches long with individual
+flowers consisting of 4 stamens with their surrounding bract and calyx
+lobes. The anthers are yellowish or greenish yellow. Occasionally a two
+branched ament may be found but this seems to occur when one branch of
+the ament has failed to develop due to an injury of some sort. One case
+of an unbranched ament was observed.
+
+Both female and male flowers are found to be mature after the leaves
+have grown to nearly their fully expanded mature size. There are more
+male aments to be found on the lower branches than female spikes of
+flowers, which would tend to aid in cross pollination of the flowers by
+wind action. In general the stigmatic lobes are not quite mature at the
+time that the bulk of the pollen is being shed, yet individual trees, at
+a considerable distance from another pollen bearing shagbark tree, will
+bear considerable quantities of nuts indicating self fertility.
+
+FRUIT--The husk of the shagbark is extremely variable in size, shape,
+thickness and opening habits. In general the husk consists of 4 segments
+which split along 4 sutures and fall apart at maturity dropping the nut
+to the ground. In many cases the husk falls to the ground with the nut
+and does not break apart until it reaches the ground. A few of the trees
+examined had husks which were not quite deciduous to the base and were
+retained on the tree until after the nut had been released. One tree
+among the 158 examined consistently had a 5 parted husk.
+
+The husks varied considerably in thickness, the dried measurements
+ranging from 1/8 to 1/2 inch with the bulk of the measurements averaging
+around 1/4" thick. Two trees had husks so thin as to be more typical of
+red hickory while only 6 trees had husks 1/2 inch thick or more.
+
+The overall shape of the husk around the nut ranged from globose (Fig.
+5a) to ovoid (Fig. 5b) to obovate (Fig. 5c).
+
+It would seem that the shape of the nut enclosed within the husk might
+be predetermined by examination of the husk itself. The obovate husk
+shape could most frequently be depended on to produce either elliptical
+or obovate nuts but this was not an absolute certainty. The thickness of
+the husk effectively concealed the true shape of the nut beneath; the
+thinnest husks most nearly conforming to the true nut shape.
+
+The size of the mature shagbark hickory nut and husk ranged from as
+small as one inch in a tree which had a seed barely 3/8" wide to as
+large as 2-1/4 inches. The size of husk and nut is variable and adjacent
+trees which may have developed from the same parent seldom have similar
+nuts in the area examined.
+
+The nut itself exhibited the greatest variability of all features
+examined on the test trees. These trees exhibited striking
+dissimilarities in:
+
+   (1) nut size
+   (2) nut shape
+   (3) shell color
+   (4) thickness of shell
+   (5) sweetness or palatability of nutmeat.
+
+One tree was discovered with a nut which might have caused a taxonomist
+to coin the name _Carya ovata_ var. _microcarpa_ due to the very small
+dimensions of about 3/8 x 3/8 x 3/4 inches in width, thickness and
+depth. Even the squirrels of the area did not feel that this tree
+deserved their attention The largest nut
+obtained had overall dimensions of 1 x 3/4 x 1 inches in width,
+thickness and depth. The majority of average sized nuts were roughly 3/4
+x 1/2 x 3/4 inches.
+
+The nut shapes have fallen into a general pattern which include the
+following normal types:
+
+    Type A--The normal 4 angled nut, nearly rectangular in cross section
+    (Fig. 6a).
+
+    Type B--An elliptical form, nearly oval in cross section (Fig. 6b).
+
+    Type C--A smooth oval nut, oval or elliptical in cross section (Fig.
+    6c).
+
+    Type D--An obovate nut, oval to angled in cross section (Fig. 6d).
+
+    Type E--A fat globose nut, broadly oval to orbicular in cross
+    section (Fig. 6e).
+
+[Illustration: Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E
+
+Fig. 6a Fig. 6b Fig. 6c Fig. 6d Fig. 6e
+
+Normal Fruit Forms of Shagbark Hickory (1X)]
+
+[Illustration: Type F Type G Type H
+
+Fig. 6f Fig. 6g Fig. 6h
+
+Abnormal Fruit Forms of Shagbark Hickory (1X)]
+
+In addition to the afore mentioned 5 normal types, three abnormal types
+were encountered:
+
+   Type F--A smooth or angled nut, triangular in cross section--found
+   in the same trees as normal nut forms (Fig. 6f).
+
+   Type G--A smooth or angled nut square in cross section--found
+   on the same trees as normal nut forms (Fig. 6g).
+
+   Type H--A Siamese twin form occurring very rarely on the same
+   trees as other normal forms (Fig. 6h).
+
+Type A was the commonest form of nut found in the Onondaga County area.
+It roughly exceeded Types B, D and E by a 2:1 ratio. Type C exceeded
+Types B, D and E with a ratio of about 7:5 in frequency of occurrence.
+Types B and D were the two most easily cracked nut forms when using a
+hammer and anvil for a cracking device. It should be noted at this time
+that _all_ of the abnormal fruit types were found in _conjunction with_
+normal fruit types. Thus, one individual tree used as a collection might
+produce _both_ a normal nut type (A, B, C, D or E) _and_ an abnormal nut
+type (F, G or H). Occasionally a few nuts in a collection from one tree
+might be classed as a _second_ normal type. This was rare however (5
+cases) and only occurred in "borderline trees" which were then
+classified and recorded as per the dominant nut type for the tree. It
+should be noted here that the nut type did _not_ vary from year to year
+for the trees examined. Also the frequency of nut crops varied
+considerably; less than 1/4 of the sample trees produced nuts each year.
+Most of the trees produced crops in alternate years, and a very few have
+not fruited in the third year following a heavy nut crop.
+
+ The 158 trees examined provided the following distribution by fruit types:
+ ---------------+------------------+--------------------------------
+                | Number of        | Number of abnormal types found
+  Fruit Type    | Individual Trees | in conjunction with
+                |                  | normal types
+ -----------+---+------------------+--------------------------------
+            |   |                  |    F       G        H
+ -----------+---+------------------+--------------------------------
+  Normal    | A |      54          |    5       2        1
+            | B |      23          |    2                1
+            | C |      36          |    1                2
+            | D |      21          |    7                1
+            | E |      24          |            4        1
+ -----------|---+------------------+--------------------------------
+            |   | 158 collections  |
+ -----------+---+------------------+--------------------------------
+  Abnormal  | F |      15          |                    15
+            | G |       8          |                     8
+            | H |       4          |                     4
+ ---------------+------------------+--------------------------------
+ 27 collections
+
+Shell color of the nuts varied between a brownish white and a pinkish
+white color when fully dried. From the trees used as a sample, there
+were 14 which might be classed in the brownish white categories, and the
+remainder (144) as pinkish white or creamy white. Types B and C were the
+ones which most frequently were found with the brownish white nutshell
+color. Type A was typically pinkish or creamy white in color.
+
+Nutshell thickness varied somewhat. In all but 2 cases, the nuts were
+too hard to crack with the teeth. The thin-shelled ones are
+_comparatively_ thin only, being about like paper-shelled pecans with
+the shell thinnest on the sides of the nut. It is not suggested that
+these two thin-shelled nuts be exploited as paper-shelled shagbarks
+since they are poorly formed nuts and of small size. One of the two
+trees might be a hybrid since it does not have a ciliate leaflet margin
+although the buds, bark and leaves are typical of shagbark hickory. The
+minimum shell thickness observed for the side of the nut was 1/2 a
+millimeter (0.5 mm.) and the thickest was 2.0 millimeters. As previously
+stated, nut types B and D (the elliptical and obovate nut forms) were
+the easiest to crack. Nut type A was the most difficult and had
+generally the thickest shell.
+
+The seed coat color range was from a light tan to a bronze color. The
+seed itself was in all cases sweet although certain of the nuts had a
+more pleasing taste than others. The nuts eventually became rancid
+though 3 years of storage in a heated room did not cause the bulk of the
+test samples to change in flavor. This is unlike the pecan which, stored
+in the same room with the hickory nuts, became rancid by the following
+year after collection.
+
+
+Summary of Observations
+
+The following observations concerning shagbark hickory may be made from
+this study:
+
+    (1) The buds of shagbark fall into 2 classes based on bud shape, (1)
+    globose-ovate and (2) elliptical, the latter being the largest bud
+    as a rule.
+
+    (2) The buds of shagbark fall into 2 classes based upon the length
+    of the attenuated apex of the outer bud scales. The elliptical form
+    of bud consistently had the longest drawn out apex.
+
+    (3) Normal buds of shagbark occur singly on the twigs above the
+    lobed leaf scar; however, 2, 3 or 4 superposed buds may occur on
+    very fast grown sprouts or terminal shoots of vigorously growing
+    trees.
+
+    (4) The twigs of shagbark are pubescent but range in degrees from
+    almost none to densely pubescent. The fastest grown twigs are apt to
+    be the least pubescent.
+
+    (5) Leaves are compound with 3-5 leaflets commonly found and 7
+    leaflets rarely found.
+
+    (6) Leaflet shapes varied from tree to tree being ovate, obovate or
+    elliptical.
+
+    (7) Leaflet margins with one exception were more or less ciliate.
+
+    (8) Most female flowers of shagbark have 2 stigmatic lobes, however,
+    3 stigmatic lobes resulting in triangular nuts are not uncommon.
+
+    (9) The typical male ament is three branched but one and two
+    branched aments have been observed.
+
+     (10) The husk of shagbark varies in thickness from 1/8 inch to 1/2
+    inch in thickness when dry. The usual husk is 4-parted but one tree
+    bore 5-parted husks consistently.
+
+    The average husk thickness is around 1/4 inch.
+
+    (12) There are three general fruit shapes, (1) globose, (2) ovoid
+    and (3) obovate.
+
+    (13) There are at least 5 general types of normal nut shapes for
+    Onondaga County, N. Y. as listed in the text of this paper.
+
+    (14) Three abnormal nut types were also encountered growing
+    concurrently with the normal types.
+
+    (15) Nutshell color varied from brownish to creamy white. The darker
+    colors were generally associated with the elliptical, oval or
+    obovate nut forms.
+
+    (16) Nutshell thickness varied between 1/2 and 2 millimeters; the
+    more angled the nut, the thicker the shell.
+
+    (17) All of the hickory nuts tested had sweet, edible seeds. The
+    seed coats varied from a light tan to a bronze in color.
+
+
+Conclusions
+
+Within the single species of nut tree called shagbark hickory, _Carya
+ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch., in central New York, there exists a great
+degree of diversity. However, in spite of these differences, the
+examined sample trees may be placed without a question in their proper
+genus and species and the author would venture the opinion that the
+advisability of placing variety names on portions of the species is a
+doubtful and hazardous procedure until much more is known concerning the
+species than is known at present.
+
+MR. PAPE: This paper is the result of the fact that some of us down in
+Indiana are losing 75 to 95 per cent of our hickory crop each year by
+the curculio, and what we are trying to do is work up a little interest
+with this paper, so at the conclusion of this we can get a discussion
+started and learn the experiences of other people. Maybe you will be
+able to help us down in Indiana.
+
+
+
+
+The Control of the Hickory Weevil (Curculio caryae)
+
+EDWARD W. PAPE, _Marion, Indiana_
+
+
+It is our thought that if some effort were made to bring to this
+assembly, a digest of what has been done to control the Hickory weevil,
+we might arouse enough interest to carry on some experiments.
+
+If, at the conclusion of this paper, we can get enough discussion, we
+will be able to avail ourselves of the knowledge and experiences of
+others who have made attempts to control this pest, it would be to our
+advantage.
+
+The Pecan weevil of the south and the Hickory weevil are identical and
+we learn the following from the experiments carried out by G. F.
+Moznette, Bureau of Entomology, U.S.D.A.
+
+Pecan weevil damage is of two types--(1) that resulting from attack
+before the shell-hardening period in July and August and causing all
+affected nuts to drop, and (2) that resulting from attack after kernel
+formation and usually causing the shuck of infested nuts to stick tight
+to the shell instead of opening normally. Weevil-injured nuts of the
+second type contain grubs which destroy the kernels, or they contain
+holes about one-eighth inch in diameter which mature grubs have bored
+and through which they escaped after destroying the kernels. The first
+type of damage often passes unnoticed and is due to the feeding of early
+emerging weevils, which puncture the immature nuts with their long
+lancelike beaks to feed on the juices within. Since all nuts punctured
+in this way before the shell-hardening period drop to the ground, the
+entire crop may be lost if weevils are abundant and the crop is light.
+Such damage may be heavy even when a large crop is attacked. The second
+type of damage is generally noticeable at harvest-time in October and
+November, and in seasons when large numbers of weevils have been present
+practically the entire crop may be wormy at harvest.
+
+Since the weevils do not feed very much on the outer surface of
+developing pecan nuts, stomach poisons applied to trees have been of
+little practical value in control. In 1944, however, laboratory tests
+showed that DDT could kill the adults, and that it was worthy of field
+trial.
+
+Field tests were made at Fort Valley, Georgia, with DDT and the
+conclusions drawn from these tests show that the effectiveness of two
+applications of DDT at the rate of 6 pounds of a 50-percent wettable
+powder to 100 gallons of water in reducing harvest infestations to 1
+percent gives rise to the hope that this treatment, applied for several
+seasons, will eliminate a pecan weevil infestation in an orchard, or
+will reduce it to such an extent that spraying every year will not be
+necessary.
+
+The time of the first application of DDT cannot be based on the time of
+the first drop of nuts, because other pecan insects also cause the nuts
+to drop during July and August. However, pecan growers who wish to make
+the effort can time the first application accurately by spreading a
+sheet on the ground beneath an infested tree and lightly jarring the
+branches to dislodge the weevils. When the weevils are disturbed they
+fall and "play possum" and can be easily collected. When a minimum of
+six weevils can be taken by jarring the branches on any one tree, it is
+time to make the first application.
+
+While the above will probably give an indication as to what can be done,
+using DDT to control the Hickory weevil, for those who have large
+plantings and can afford the expensive spraying equipment necessary, it
+will be necessary to look farther for control methods for the small
+orchard, where expensive equipment is not feasible.
+
+The following is part of a letter from Dr. C. C. Compton, Entomologist
+for the Julius Hyman and Company.
+
+"It is our thought that since DIELDRIN is so highly toxic to
+Curculionids it might be possible to take advantage of the habits of
+this insect and control it by spraying the soil surface. The larval
+stage of this insect leaves the nuts and enters the soil sometime in the
+fall. It is believed that the larvae penetrate the soil rather deeply,
+to a depth of perhaps a foot or more and remain in the soil over winter.
+In the spring or early summer the larvae transform to adults and emerge
+to lay their eggs. In some regions at least the adults do not emerge
+until the second year after the larvae enter the ground.
+
+It is our thought that if DIELDRIN was applied to the surface of the
+soil that many of the larvae would be killed upon entering the soil or
+would be killed at some later time when the adults emerge.
+
+Dr. C. L. Fluke at the University of Wisconsin has been working for the
+past several years with DIELDRIN applied as an orchard spray for the
+control of plum curculio. In Dr. Fluke's work he applied the DIELDRIN to
+the orchard floor or cover. He has had some very promising results. Dr.
+Fluke has used two application rates, namely, six pounds and three
+pounds of DIELDRIN per acre. Since he obtained a high degree of control
+at the three pound level, it would seem worthwhile to investigate the
+possibilities of applying even a lower rate, say one and a half pounds
+per acre. In Dr. Fluke's work he applied the DIELDRIN to the soil in the
+orchard using a DIELDRIN emulsifiable concentrate containing one and a
+half pounds per gallon.
+
+DIELDRIN is now available impregnated on a 30-60 mesh attapulgus clay.
+Such formulations are now available containing 5%, 10%, and 15%
+DIELDRIN. The DIELDRIN granules would appear to have certain advantages
+over liquid sprays where the grove has considerable ground cover. A high
+percentage of the insecticide is retained by the cover and does not
+reach the soil. The 30-60 mesh granules have the advantage of
+penetrating even the densest cover and their application results in a
+maximum deposit of the insecticide on the soil surface.
+
+Groves or orchards under cultivation can be sprayed or treated with the
+granules. In either case it is advisable to disc the insecticide into
+the soil following application.
+
+The granules are free flowing and can be applied quite readily with any
+fertilizer or distributor.
+
+Without any field experience to go by it would seem that a 5% 30-60 mesh
+DIELDRIN granule formulation would be most convenient to use. By using a
+5% DIELDRIN granule material you would obtain a dosage of 1-1/2 pound of
+actual DIELDRIN per acre by applying 30 pounds of granules per acre.
+Likewise, 60 pounds of the granules per acre would give a dosage of 3
+pound of DIELDRIN. On the basis of work done with DIELDRIN for the
+control of the Japanese beetle, 3 pounds of DIELDRIN per acre will
+control this insect for more than 5 years. While it is not safe to
+assume that we could expect the same results in the case of the Hickory
+weevil, it does give us something to go by."
+
+It seems likely that the foregoing will create some interest and that by
+the time of the next annual meeting we should have the results from the
+use of DIELDRIN to control the Hickory weevil.
+
+MR. PAPE: It is my thought now if we could get a little discussion here
+concerning what some of you have been doing to control this pest, we
+might get somewhere, or at least get enough suggestions or get enough
+parties interested to carry on some experiments in different parts of
+the country.
+
+MR. SILVIS: What company makes Dieldrin?
+
+MR. PAPE: Julius Hyman Company is the one that sent the most literature
+and Shell Corporation local agents handle it. Also in Indiana the Farm
+Bureau Cooperative store handles it. The cost in small quantities is two
+pounds for 85 cents.
+
+MR. KYHL: Is Dieldrin poison?
+
+MR. PAPE: It's poison like all of these modern sprays, but it isn't as
+dangerous as Parathion.
+
+MR. STOKE: In Virginia I have had no experience with DDT, except with
+chestnut, and it takes three sprays at two-week intervals to control the
+pest.
+
+DR. GRAVES: What time of the year?
+
+MR. STOKE: Apply the last spray about two weeks before the nuts ripen.
+That means, with us, starting in late July. You have to figure it for
+your own region.
+
+MR. GRAVATT: There is literature available from the Bureau of Entomology
+in Washington on spraying to control pecan and chestnut weevils. They
+have done quite a bit of research on it.
+
+MR. STOKE: If this ground treatment is effective, I'd like to try it.
+It's a lot easier.
+
+MR. PAPE: That would be very nice if you would repeat the work in
+Virginia. I know that the Pecan Growers will work on the problem in the
+South. If we could get work done in the Central States, it would be an
+advantage for all of us.
+
+MR. STOKE: In my area the control of the pest is complicated by the
+presence of the chinquapin.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We have a surprise feature this afternoon. Dr. Graves of
+the Connecticut Experiment station, who, as you know, is the father of a
+lot of this work on chestnuts, has consented to discuss with us certain
+new procedures that he used in grafting chestnuts.
+
+DR. GRAVES: We have worked with this method of inarching blighted
+chestnuts so long and found it so successful that I felt it my duty to
+tell you people something about it. It's really a method of cure for the
+blight on Oriental chestnuts and their hybrids. I have not found it to
+work well on the American chestnut.
+
+Now, suppose we have our tree, with a blighted area on the trunk. I am
+assuming that the blight starts near the base of the tree as it usually
+does.
+
+When you see it, you cut it out with a sharp knife removing the bark to
+the wood. Blighted trees send up shoots from the base, below the
+blighted bark. So you take one of these shoots, sharpen it at the top
+and insert this sharpened tip under the healthy bark at the top of the
+blighted area. The shoot should be a little longer than the blighted
+area so that you can get a spring to the shoot as you push its tip in
+between the bark and the trunk. Even if it goes up above and breaks the
+bark a little bit, it doesn't matter. This inarched shoot renews the
+connection between the leaves and the roots across the blighted area.
+
+You know the leaves make the food of the tree, which goes down in the
+bark to the roots. The reason blight kills these trees is that it begins
+to girdle and sometimes does girdle the tree and destroys the connection
+between the leaves and the roots, so the roots eventually die. But by
+this method of inarching you restore that connection between leaves and
+roots.
+
+Now, you'd be surprised to see how well that's worked with us. We tried
+it first in 1937. We have been doing it now for 16 years. Every spring
+we take our trees that show the blight, our hybrids and Oriental
+chestnuts, and inarch, and the whole thing doesn't take more than a few
+minutes. Then after our shoot is inarched here, we tie it with
+old-fashioned string. The tips of the inarched grafts should be covered
+with grafting wax or paraffin.
+
+The scion will probably send out shoots which should be removed. And
+another thing, cut the string when you know the graft has taken above.
+
+If the blighted area is higher up in the tree, you can use bridge graft.
+This, you can see, is a kind of bridge grafting. But in bridge grafting,
+the scion must be anchored in the bark both above and below the lesion.
+
+As I say, we have cured our hybrids. There doesn't need to be anybody
+losing a Chinese chestnut tree ever, using this method. No sense in it.
+You can usually do this grafting in the spring about April when the
+leaves and the buds are beginning to show their green.
+
+Any questions?
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: You say you paint the wood?
+
+DR. GRAVES: Yes, with any ordinary paint. There is a tree wood paint, I
+know, that's better, but we use ordinary paint.
+
+Meeting adjourned at 4:50 o'clock, p.m.
+
+
+
+
+MONDAY EVENING SESSION
+
+"What's Your Problem?"--Round Table Discussion
+
+_Moderator_: J. W. McKay
+
+_Panel_: J. C. McDaniel, D. C. Snyder, Jesse D. Diller, Stephen Bernath
+
+
+DR. MCKAY: In these panel discussions the moderator usually lays a
+little background as an introduction to the subject of the evening. This
+title came from a conversation with Dr. Crane. We were talking about
+people asking questions about their problems, and decided to have a
+panel discussion. Right there we chose the title, "What's your problem?"
+
+All of us have problems to deal with in every walk of life. We run up
+against difficulties, and usually much of our time is taken up in
+solving or coping with them. At Beltsville we answer a great many
+letters, and a great many people ask us about their problems. In
+answering problems, we push the industry forward, because we remove
+something that is holding it back.
+
+Sometimes the answer to a problem is found by trying to analyze our
+successes. In growing nut trees we may have an unusually good crop on a
+particular variety or tree. The question is, why does that tree bear
+well that particular year, and very frequently it is difficult to
+understand why. It is very difficult, for example, in the case of one
+success, to repeat that success, because the second time you try to do
+it, something else comes in, and you probably have a failure and, well,
+you don't know why. It is frequently very difficult to analyze our
+successes. Another way of stating it is, of course, that our successes
+are often Nature's gift, and we do not know the factors and the forces
+that go into that gift.
+
+I want to digress here just a little bit by quoting one thing that Mr.
+Best said. I wish, by the way, that we could incorporate some of his
+homey philosophy into some of our minutes so as to really benefit by
+some of his remarks. I was impressed this morning by his statement in
+dealing with a "fairyland of nuts," you remember that language he used,
+"no diseases, no insects, no failures."
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: No squirrels.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Wouldn't that be wonderful? I was impressed with another
+thing he said; I wrote it down here: "People are not going to break down
+with emotion when we talk about the old hollow tree down in the corner
+of the pasture where the 'possums were hatched." Language like that, to
+me, strikes a very harmonious note. I want to continue this digression a
+little to consider the fact that all of us, in a sense, are hobbyists in
+nut growing.
+
+Hobbies in this day and age are coming to be more important all the
+time, because of the fast pace at which we live. We need to leave our
+regular duties once in a while and get out in the garden or the forest
+where we can observe nature and get away from some of the stresses and
+strains that modern living places upon us.
+
+On this trip we were taking a hike along the north rim of Grand Canyon
+in an organized nature walk. The trees, bushes and flowers were all
+labelled right down the walk, and we came to this little poem on a
+regulation label. It goes like this:
+
+   "If you keep your nose to the grindstone rough,
+     And you keep it there long enough,
+   You will cease to hear the birds that sing,
+     And the brooks that babble in early spring,
+   And finally all that your world will compose,
+     Will be the grindstone and your poor, old nose."
+
+So that little poem strikes a real note about a person's hobby. You keep
+your nose to the grindstone, you will forget all these things. You need
+to get away from the grindstone once in a while. I don't mean to neglect
+your work, but I do mean to at least take a little time to go out and
+look at your trees and forget your troubles and relax and get away from
+the stresses and strains that modern living places on us.
+
+Going back now to the subject; we asked you, through the Nutshell and
+through members of the Program Committee, to send in the biggest problem
+in connection with whatever nut species you grow.
+
+The seventeen replies received included eight problems as follows: (1)
+brooming disease of walnut; (2) early vegetating particularly of
+Carpathian walnut and frost damage resulting therefrom; (3) delayed
+fruiting of chestnut seedlings; (4) season too short for ripening of
+fruit; (5) squirrels get the nuts; (6) failure of hicans to set fruit;
+(7) grafting problems under which are grouped all asexual propagation
+and cuttings; and, finally, (8) getting hickory trees established.
+
+This is a rather low number, but I think out of those eight problems
+submitted you have a good representation of some of the things about
+which members of this Association talk when they come to meetings. I
+will first ask the audience if there is any one who would like to ask a
+particular question at this time.
+
+MR. BECKER: At the Weber planting at Rockport, Indiana last year, we saw
+no nuts on the trees. I would like to know what is the cause for those
+trees not bearing.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I would think that failure to bear was caused by a
+combination of things; lack of soil fertility, in the first place, soil
+physical conditions, probably insect damage and diseases like
+anthracnose keeping the trees from being vigorous, overcrowding now,
+with many of them, and perhaps to some extent genetic, some varieties
+that just naturally don't fruit very heavily.
+
+DR. McKAY: Any others in the audience care to comment on that question?
+
+MR. STOKE: Weather conditions, freezing may have caused it.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: My impression was that the trees were starving to death.
+Cutting down the competition with the weeds and feeding them nitrate
+would help.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I think most members felt there that the trees were probably
+crowding each other.
+
+MR. BECKER: They had never borne, had they?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I don't like to comment on it. My opinion is it's due to
+the undergrowth under the trees. Keeping the circulation of the air to
+the roots of the trees has an effect on its non-bearing. Up until they
+quit cultivating and pasturing the orchard, it bore, but after they
+quit, production stopped. There is a two- or three-year growth of grass
+and weeds, a mat on the ground, and I think it's a lack of air to the
+roots of the trees.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Wilkinson, I heard the question raised as to whether the
+orchard had ever produced heavily or not. Can you answer that?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: Yes, it certainly did for several years. As long as it
+was cared for, it was a heavy producer.
+
+DR. MCKAY: How long ago was that, could you say?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: That's been eight years and farther back. Nothing has
+been done for it in the past eight years.
+
+MR. BEST: May I make a comment? Last year in our part of the country,
+which is a little bit west of the orchard we are talking about, we had
+almost zero weather in November before the leaves were off of the trees,
+and I felt that that took all the buds off our trees. We didn't have any
+nuts even on varieties that would bear every year. There are hardly any.
+And I think that cold freeze in the fall before the buds really got
+ready for it did a lot of damage.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I believe that was a factor in the light walnut crop in
+that area last year, though some trees did bear.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Of course, I think many of us fail to realize that a tree is
+a thing that's confined to one spot, and when it fills the ground with
+feeding roots and mines the soil of all nutrients near it, it's stymied,
+so to speak, until we give it some more food. Isn't that right, Dr.
+Crane.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+DR. MCKAY: And trees, when they reach out as far as they can and can't
+get any more food and no more leaves are allowed to fall on the ground,
+nature doesn't add any nutrients anymore, naturally, those trees are in
+a bad way and will continue to be until fertilizer is applied in some
+way.
+
+A MEMBER: I'd like to trim my Persian walnuts so I can walk under the
+lowest limb. Does that have an adverse effect upon the bearing of the
+tree?
+
+MR. BERNATH: I don't think that's good, to trim them too high. I think
+the lower the tree the better it handles all along. Take the fruit
+growers, they aim to have the trees as low as possible to make picking
+and spraying easy. If you prune a tree, especially the Persian walnut,
+too much, it will have a bad effect on the tree.
+
+DR. McKAY: What about the effect on bearing?
+
+MR. BERNATH: You won't have fruit for several years until the tree
+recovers what it has lost in foliage.
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I have followed the orchards in California, and I have
+noticed they follow the practice of leaving the lower branches on the
+trees, and I have noticed that the lower branches have a lot of nuts on
+them, also. The branches are hanging down on the ground.
+
+MR. KERR: In France and Germany, they are crazy to get wood, and so they
+cut off all the low limbs. I have a Persian walnut that is beside the
+walk, and they cut off the low limbs because they hit the sidewalk. This
+year I got a tremendous crop.
+
+MR. SILVIS: I think this man has a tree that he wants to walk under.
+Under these circumstances he can cut off the low limbs. I agree with Mr.
+Bernath, however, that it will reduce the crop for two or three years.
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes, but he should start pruning when the tree is young. A
+tree is just like a child: you have to start to train them while they
+are young.
+
+MR. STOKE: You must consider the tree at all ages. In the young tree Mr.
+Bernath is right, it will produce sooner if you leave all the leaves on.
+But we must consider the mature tree. The branches that are low to the
+ground have to have the sunlight and if they do not get it they become
+practically barren during later years. If the lower branches are cut
+back when they are young and the tree headed higher, the Persian walnut
+will have a trunk, say, 10 feet to 14 feet to the first limb, but these
+will produce walnuts ultimately. I think the gentleman is right in
+having the tree pruned high enough to walk under, and he will get more
+nuts in the long run than if he lets the lower limbs develop and then
+eventually cut them down.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: We had an example of that with that huge black walnut tree
+with black walnuts starting out 30 feet in the air arching down and
+touching the ground. But you wouldn't want to do that immediately with a
+young tree, take all the branches up so high.
+
+A MEMBER: Do you have any control for the stink bug on filberts?
+
+DR. MCKAY: We haven't worked with the control of stink bug, because it
+is what might be classed as one of our minor problems. The damage is not
+so great but what we can overlook it at the present time.
+
+DR. CRANE: In pecan and almond growing in California the effective
+control measure for stink bug is the elimination of the host plants on
+which the stink bug breeds. Peach growers have the same problem. Stink
+bug will, if allowed to multiply in a peach orchard, ruin the peaches,
+making injuries very similar to that caused by the plum curculio. The
+only satisfactory method of control of stink bug injury is to eliminate
+the host plants on which they live, such as most legume plants,
+blackberry briars and other brambles. In an orchard, in a grass sod,
+stink bug is no problem, but where we have soy beans or cow peas or
+something like that growing in the orchard, or we have blackberry briars
+or wild raspberries nearby, stink bug is a bad problem.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I have filbert trees, and the stink bug gets practically
+all the nuts. The entomologists looked into the situation, and the
+condition that Dr. Crane mentioned was borne out. If there are
+blackberries around, it will be quite a problem to control the stink
+bugs.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Now I am going to take up the problems that have been sent in
+by mail. The one dealing with early vegetating and frost damage to
+Persian walnuts was sent in by the most people.
+
+Mr. Snyder lives in a fairly cold country. I am going to ask him to give
+us his ideas on this problem and what might be done with it.
+
+MR. SNYDER: I am not qualified to discuss that problem, because we can't
+do anything much with Carpathian walnuts. We do have some grafted this
+year, and we will have one, in particular, Carpathian, No. 5--I don't
+know where it got that number--Crath No. 5, I believe it is, on a young
+grafted black walnut tree which is ripening up almost ahead of the black
+walnut, and both have made a remarkable growth. But so far as the spring
+is concerned, I don't know how they will come out.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Bernath, what are your views? You live in a fairly cold
+area. You propagate Persian walnuts. What is your opinion of this
+problem?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Well, there is a way to help that situation. After the
+ground freezes, keep that ground frozen. That will delay the growth of
+that tree, if you have the time and patience to keep the ground frozen.
+
+MR. SNYDER: I don't believe it.
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes, it will.
+
+DR. MCKAY: It seems to me we have a difference of opinion here between
+Mr. Snyder and Mr. Bernath. The question is this: During a warm spell in
+the spring will a tree with frozen roots grow up here in the air. That's
+the question.
+
+(There was a chorus of "yes"es from the audience).
+
+MR. STOKE: I would say that one good solution is to select late
+vegetating varieties. Mr. Oakes in a report to me on the blooming habits
+of Persian walnuts, stated that the variety Schaeffer did not start
+growth until the 29th of April. That is almost four weeks later than
+most other varieties. And I know from the tabulations that I have made
+that some varieties are weeks ahead of others. So let's select the late
+varieties that are good and worthwhile and plant those.
+
+In my section our latest spring frost averages the 20th of April, and
+yet I have several varieties that do not bloom until after the first of
+May. That's the ideal condition.
+
+DR. MCKAY: That's true, Mr. Stoke, but here is another point to
+consider. Persian walnuts have a short cold requirement, you know that.
+Hence, in February or early March or any time, even in January, when we
+have a warm spell of a week or ten days or even shorter, sap will rise
+in the trees, and they will start to grow.
+
+MR. STOKE: Not all. In plants of some varieties new growth will hardly
+start.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Perhaps you may have varieties that will not start, but the
+tendency is to start.
+
+MR. STOKE: If you have one with that early tendency, cut it out.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to get back to this opinion here on the question of
+frozen ground, dormant roots and the effect it has on the top of the
+tree. Now, how about our academicians over here, Dr. MacDaniels or Dr.
+Crane. Let's hear from one of you.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: It is my opinion that with a walnut tree of good size
+the frozen ground would have little or no effect on the buds starting
+growth. The twigs and the trunk would warm up to the temperature of the
+air, and when that happens growth occurs. Water is available from that
+in the trunk and the deeper roots. This would happen regardless of how
+the surface roots were treated.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Or whether the tree had any roots on at the time.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: The best solution to the frost damage problem is to find
+trees which vegetate late enough to avoid the spring frosts. Somewhere
+on this terrestrial globe there must be some, because I remember years
+ago J. F. Jones sent out some Persian walnuts of Chinese origin. I
+planted three, and they did not start any growth until about the first
+of July, and they were still growing strong when frost hit them in the
+fall. Now, somewhere in between these extremes, somewhere in the
+climatic analogue of our region we will find Persian walnuts which will
+have a delayed vegetating period, and that will be the final answer. At
+least, I think so.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I'd like to ask a question. In F-2 hybrid walnuts do you
+find much segregation of those for later initiation of vegetation?
+
+DR. MCKAY: Yes, we find in those seedlings in some cases the tendency to
+vegetate very early and others very late. The most striking case that I
+know is an F-1 hybrid which is a very, very late starter in the spring.
+It is perfectly dormant when the other young walnuts are in practically
+full leaf. We do not have any offspring from that particular one yet,
+but it gives us some hope that from this hybrid we may get something
+later.
+
+MR. BECKER: With us I don't think this early vegetation means anything.
+We are in Michigan. Dark, cold weather continues until about the middle
+of May, when frost ends, and then all of a sudden spring breaks loose,
+everything comes out, and we don't have any setback, as a rule, from
+then on. So early vegetation matters little, means nothing, the way I
+feel about it.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, you ought to point out that most of the United
+States isn't Michigan. If we had climatic conditions that Michigan has,
+we wouldn't have that problem, but this problem becomes much more acute,
+for example, as you go south.
+
+The north knows nothing about cold injury, absolutely nothing. If you
+want to see cold injury, you go south. I told Dr. George Potter that
+twelve years ago. He was born and raised in Wisconsin and spent 17 years
+in the mountains of New Hampshire. I told him he never saw any winter
+injury, and he said, "Why, I never heard such a wild statement in my
+life." Well, that was because of the fact he had never seen it. He has
+been in the South now for 12 years, and he says, "You made a very
+truthful statement." He has seen the injury.
+
+In Oregon in 1950 or '51 we had a fall freeze. The temperature was
+measured by the Experiment Station in Eastern Oregon, where they are
+trying to grow some fruit and nut trees so they will have something else
+to eat besides sage brush. They had extensive plantings of walnuts,
+Mayette, Franquette and all of those hardy varieties, and along with
+them they had some Carpathians. The temperature there in the fall
+dropped to 36 degrees below zero, and all of their walnuts of these
+other strains were killed to the ground, but the Carpathian came through
+uninjured. In the spring of the year however it warmed up, the
+Carpathians leafed out and were about ready to bloom when there was a
+sharp freeze, and the Carpathians sure got it in the neck. So what
+difference does it make whether you lose the trees in the winter or you
+lose them in the spring? You have lost them just the same. I think we
+ought to hear Spencer Chase cite the history of their big collection of
+Carpathians in Tennessee Valley Authority. I understand from him that
+they have never fruited any Carpathians down there at all. It's not
+winter hardiness, it's this early foliation. So we have got a lot of
+areas that are vastly different from that peninsula in Michigan which
+the Good Lord designed to make a favored country in a lot of respects.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I recognize Mr. Devitt, who is here from Canada and is well
+qualified to discuss Reverend Crath's work there.
+
+MR. DEVITT: It is interesting to me to hear of this early budding and
+late fruiting. Along the north shore of Lake Ontario and down through
+the Niagara Peninsula our climate is quite consistent. There was only
+one year when we had a late frost--it was on May 19th. That was in the
+year 1936. Every other year since they have bloomed every year.
+
+MR. STOKE: I'd like to speak of a tree Mr. Crath sent me. The tree was
+bearing in Toronto 20 years ago. With me it winter kills sometime in the
+winter each year, I don't know when. In some years it has been killed
+back to 5-year-old wood, and this spring I found it was all dead. This
+tree comes out of dormancy as soon as the sun gets warm. It's hardy in
+Toronto but not hardy in Virginia.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I think you can all see why this problem is one of the most
+acute ones we have to deal with today. This variation over the country
+in the behavior of this so-called hardy strain of walnut is of great
+interest now to people everywhere. People are believing that it can be
+grown, and there are still problems we have not solved. I would like to
+have just a brief statement from Spencer Chase on the performance of
+Carpathian varieties at Norris, Tennessee.
+
+MR. CHASE: We reported this, I think, at our Beltsville meeting several
+years ago. Trees we had at Norris are Carpathian types secured from the
+Wisconsin Horticultural Society about 1940. After two years in the
+nursery they were planted, and last year, 1952, was the first year that
+they bore any nuts. But that was simply because we did not have a late
+frost last year. This year, they were all frosted again. So we have, in
+the South, from Virginia and Tennessee to a little farther southward,
+a problem of early vegetation of English walnuts. We should encourage
+everyone to watch for any late vegetating kinds for trial in the South.
+
+MR. STOKE: Dr. Dunstan reported two walnut trees in North Carolina,
+where the season is about ten days earlier than at my place in Virginia
+that blossomed after the first of May. I am going to investigate these
+trees further.
+
+DR. MCKAY: We have about five minutes that we might devote to some other
+problem. Nearly all of us do grafting work of one sort or another. Do I
+have a question from the floor on grafting?
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: With cleft grafts or splice grafts held with grafting
+rubbers, do you have to cut the rubbers?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: If it's a chestnut and you have it waxed, I think the
+answer is yes.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: The wax is a hot wax and the rubber does not disintegrate
+very quickly.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Probably you will have to cut it on species in which the
+growth bulges up between the turns of the rubber. This is true of
+chestnuts in particular, possibly persimmons, walnuts probably not quite
+so much trouble. Let's hear from one of the nurserymen.
+
+MR. BERNATH: I think the best way is after the union is firm enough, to
+cut the rubber with a sharp knife.
+
+MR. STOKE: I'd make one qualification. I said I didn't think you had to
+cut rubber. I think that's true with grafting above ground. Underneath
+ground, with moisture around it, it should be cut.
+
+MR. BERNATH: If you leave the rubber on and bury it, that lasts for
+years. Even above ground you find it sometimes.
+
+MR. PATAKY: If you get a fast-growing callus, you have to cut the rubber
+band, but if it is rather slow you don't. I do a lot of budding with
+roses. I don't cut the rubber bands off, because they will eventually
+drop off. If you graft a black walnut or Persian, you will have to cut
+it or it will girdle the graft.
+
+MR. STOKE: It doesn't do it for me.
+
+A MEMBER: Has anybody done work with polyethylene film in grafting?
+
+MR. BECKER: I hesitate to tell you my experiment. I don't think much of
+it. I used polyethylene bags on chestnuts early in the season, and
+practically every one grew, but everything else that was out in the hot
+sun boiled. In the hot weather of June the grafts actually cook in the
+bags.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Did you use a bag over the whole graft, or just a tube
+around it?
+
+MR. BECKER: A bag over the whole thing. I have a few Carpathian grafts
+that grew well. I think I have better luck with hot wax than anything
+else.
+
+DR. McKAY: Our time is up. I want to thank the panel, although we didn't
+work you too hard. The panel is adjourned.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Dr. Gravatt will show a film entitled: "It Bringeth
+Forth Much Fruit."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. GRAVATT: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, you all are familiar
+with the fact that the chestnut blight is loose in Europe. It was
+reported in Italy in 1938, and it spread rather rapidly in Italy. It had
+been there many years before they found it. In spite of our numerous
+warnings to get them to watch for it, they let it get away. It has
+spread into Switzerland, caused a great deal of damage there with no
+hope of saving the larger chestnuts there or in Italy. It's spreading
+into Yugoslavia. They are making very energetic efforts to control the
+disease in Yugoslavia, trying to delay it as much as possible. It
+happens the forest pathologist who handles this work is a young lady,
+and she has got the forester and other people interested to try to hold
+it back as long as possible.
+
+The threat of the chestnut blight to the entire chestnut growth in all
+of Southern Europe helped to bring about the organization of an
+International Chestnut Council and Congress. This is made-up of
+delegates from a number of the European countries, Spain, Portugal,
+France, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Japan and the United
+States. They have been meeting every other year, first for two years in
+succession, but the plan now is to meet every other year. They had a
+meeting in Spain and Portugal this past June, and the State Department
+paid my expenses over, and so forth, to attend as a delegate from the
+United States at this international meeting.
+
+The meeting was very enjoyable. They have a very fine system there. They
+hire big buses to take you around over the country. Your hotel is all
+arranged for in advance, and you go sightseeing to the orchards and
+utilization plants. We have meetings just here and there along the way
+where we stop a half day or a day.
+
+The next meeting will probably be held in about two years. They have
+decided now that the meetings will be more in the way of conferences,
+because the last three meetings have been partly sightseeing to observe
+chestnut orchards and laboratories.
+
+The possibility of holding the meeting in the United States has been
+discussed by the delegates there. But it involves a lot of expense and
+the delegates were of the opinion that there would be a very small
+meeting in the United States, because the countries over there simply
+couldn't afford the expense of sending them over here.
+
+The problem in Italy is very serious, because they have something over a
+million acres of grafted chestnut orchards, all of which they are
+probably going to lose, and something like a million acres of coppice
+growth that is going to be damaged but not such a severe loss. In
+connection with the work in Italy I suggested the production of a movie
+film that could be shown to the Italian people showing the chestnut
+industry and also the chestnut blight. This was to be shown in different
+parts of Italy to arouse more interest in watching out for the disease.
+They have more opportunity there of slowing up the disease if they will
+work hard at it, but they are not doing too much.
+
+As some of you know when a lot of different people and agencies work on
+a movie film there must be all sorts of compromises. This was done by a
+temperamental Italian director, and other people had parts in it, so
+what you see is a compromise. They made 30 copies in Italian. H has been
+shown in many moving picture houses, and it is also on the loan basis to
+the United States. There are extensive film loan libraries, located in
+different parts of Italy, so any high school, college forestry group can
+borrow films showing different operations, many of them prepared in the
+United States and part of them in Italy.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: What about this so-called Korean chestnut? Is it actually
+a third species?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I don't think so, We had quite a bit of argument on this
+question, because in Spain where I found chestnut blight on chestnuts
+brought from Japan, we found the name Korean chestnut. Sometimes the
+Korean chestnut looks more like a Jap, sometimes it looks more like a
+Chinese, and usually it's sort of a blend between the two. We prefer to
+recognize these two species and call the Korean a natural hybrid. Both
+species are grown in pure form in Korea, and they intercross readily,
+and we do not regard it as a new species.
+
+MR. WILSON: Are the Italian enough aware of their problem so that they
+will have developed an Asiatic chestnut in time to replace their present
+orchards, so that there will not be an interim?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: There will be a big interim. That's an opportunity in this
+country to get the market before the Italians ever come back, I think.
+
+(The film, "It Bringeth Forth Much Fruit" was shown.)
+
+
+
+
+The International Chestnut Commission and the Chestnut Blight Problem in
+Europe, 1953
+
+G. FLIPPO GRAVATT, _Senior Pathologist, U. S. Plant Industry Station,
+Beltsville, Maryland_
+
+
+The International Chestnut Commission was organized under the auspices
+of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The aim
+of the Commission is to promote international cooperation in the study
+of all scientific, technical, and economic questions relating to
+chestnut growing. The main problem facing all chestnut culture in Europe
+is the rapid spread of the chestnut blight. France, Italy, Japan,
+Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United States and Yugoslavia are
+members of the organization. A representative from the F.A.O. in Rome
+serves as Secretary of the Commission. An international conference on
+chestnut problems was held in France in 1950, the first meeting of the
+Commission was held in Italy and Switzerland in 1951 and the second in
+Spain and Portugal, June 18-30, 1953. The average attendance at the
+meetings was 50 to 60 persons. I have attended all three conferences as
+the representative from the U.S. Departments of State and Agriculture.
+
+The International Chestnut Commission meetings differ from the meetings
+of the Northern Nut Growers Association in many ways. Our Northern Nut
+Growers Association meets annually for 2-1/2 days while the meetings of
+the International Chestnut Commission last from 10 to 12 days but not
+every year. In Europe the members travel mostly in a large tourist bus,
+which carries the party for hundreds of miles, visiting nurseries,
+orchards, chestnut utilization plants and not neglecting the scenic
+parts of the route. All lodging and meals are carefully arranged for in
+advance. The group in Europe is made up quite largely of Federal and
+State professional workers, University professors, and representatives
+from the chestnut utilization industries.
+
+Among the places which the delegates visited in Spain in 1953 was the
+Agricultural Experiment Station at La Coruna, where the Phytophthora ink
+disease of the chestnut has been studied extensively. They also visited
+the Experiment Station at Pontevedra, where new methods of propagating
+chestnuts are being studied. At Bilboa and at Villa Presente Nursery,
+Santander, we inspected plantings of Asiatic chestnuts; I found chestnut
+blight present on several trees at both locations and recommended
+immediate removal of the diseased trees. Fortunately, the Asiatic
+chestnuts are some distance from any native European chestnuts at each
+place and, according to the local foresters, the blight has not spread
+to the distant stands of native chestnut. Some years ago the Spanish
+authorities imported seed from Asia; chestnut blight probably was
+brought in on these nuts. All infected trees that are found are being
+destroyed, but a thorough inspection and eradication program is needed
+to control the disease before it spreads into the native European
+chestnut stands, from which the disease probably would spread into
+Portugal and southwestern France.
+
+In Portugal we inspected many very fine chestnut orchards. These
+orchards are composed of grafted varieties, with only 3 or 4 varieties
+in each locality or region. Because of this there is a more standard nut
+product in most of Portugal than in the other European countries where
+mixtures of local varieties are frequently grown. A very large portion
+of the European chestnut orchards in Portugal are made up of seedling
+trees, topworked with local selections. In Portugal most of the orchards
+are located on the lower slopes and various crops are grown among the
+trees. In most other European countries the orchards are on rougher
+mountain land which is grazed.
+
+In Portugal the State Road Department has established a number of
+roadside plantings of chestnut. These plantings are very productive. The
+State Road Department sells the nut crop to the highest bidder and uses
+the funds for additional roadside tree plantings.
+
+In northern Portugal authorities have conducted a large-scale program to
+control the Phytophthora ink disease of chestnut by the following
+treatment: The soil is removed from the base of the tree and larger
+roots. The base and roots are sprayed with a sticker compound and then
+dusted with copper oxide and copper sulfate before the soil is replaced.
+Treatment is repeated every 5 to 7 years. Government officials secured
+the cooperation of owners of chestnut stands in treating practically all
+trees over large areas. Although this treatment for the Phytophthora ink
+disease was originally worked out by the Spanish pathologists at La
+Coruna, it has not been used extensively in Spain. The Phytophthora root
+disease is damaging chestnut orchards throughout southern Europe. In
+1950 I noted that this disease was causing severe damage even in Asia
+Minor. In the southern part of the United States this same disease (here
+called Phytophthora root rot) caused heavy losses at lower elevations.
+
+The 1953 Chestnut Commission meeting terminated on June 30 at the famous
+Palace Hotel at Bussaco, Portugal, where the Under Secretary of
+Agriculture gave the delegates an official farewell dinner. No definite
+plans were made for the next meeting of the Commission. It was the
+general opinion that a meeting in the United States would be poorly
+attended because of the expense of sending the delegates from Europe.
+
+After the conclusion of the meeting, the U. S. Foreign Agriculture
+Services sponsored my trip to France, Italy, Switzerland, and
+Yugoslavia, to consult with Federal and local authorities on their
+chestnut blight problems. This disease was found in Genoa, Italy, in
+1938; later it was determined that the disease was present at that time
+in other localities in Italy. The blight is spreading rapidly and is
+almost completely destroying the orchard and larger forest trees of
+European chestnut in Italy in localities where the disease has been
+present for some time. The blight occurs in many areas in northern Italy
+and as far south as Naples. The young chestnut coppice is not so
+seriously affected, but the losses caused by the blight will make
+growing coppice on a 10- to 20-year rotation basis less profitable than
+formerly.
+
+The chestnut blight is abundantly present on the east slopes of the
+mountains along the French-Italian border; although it has not yet been
+found in France, its distribution in adjoining Italy makes it highly
+probable that advance spot infections are already present in France. The
+blight has spread into Tessin Province in southeastern Switzerland where
+it is destroying many of the orchards and forest trees. A large chestnut
+extract plant in this Province uses wood in making tannin for leather
+manufacturers. However, this plant, as well as some of the extract
+plants in northern Italy, is unable to utilize the chestnut wood as fast
+as the blight is killing chestnut trees.
+
+In Yugoslavia, chestnut blight is spreading rapidly in the orchards and
+native growth along the Italian border. Authorities are actively cutting
+out all advance spot infections, to delay or possibly stop its spread
+across their country. In Yugoslavia, chestnut stands frequently are
+widely separated, a natural advantage in delaying the spread of the
+blight.
+
+Chestnut blight has been controlled in western North America, where
+chestnut orchards and plantings are not numerous. Scattered infections
+have been found during the last 30 years in California, Oregon,
+Washington, and British Columbia; infected trees have been removed.
+Strict State Quarantine regulations have been enforced, to prevent
+chestnut blight from spreading to the West Coast.
+
+The chestnut blight fungus is attacking three of the important oaks of
+Europe. The typical fanlike mycelial growth can be observed in the bark
+of infected oaks. In 1953 in Yugoslavia I observed vigorous young
+durmast oak (_Quercus petraea_) being killed by the blight. In Italy I
+found the disease killing pubescent oaks (_Q. pubescens_) and causing
+minor injury to the holly oak (_Q. ilex_). Before we can estimate the
+probable damage to these European oaks, we need more information on the
+effects of this disease on oaks of various ages and under various
+environmental conditions. In the United States the post oak (_Quercus
+stellata_) is the only oak species that has been seriously damaged by
+the blight.
+
+Thus, the blight is threatening not only the native chestnut forest
+growth and orchards of Europe, but also the oaks. A steady extension of
+the blight throughout Italy can be expected. Advance infections in
+Yugoslavia are being cut out but how long the disease can be held back
+depends on future efforts along this line. Delay work in Yugoslavia also
+delays the time of loss of the chestnut and damage to the oak growth of
+Greece and Turkey. The inspection and eradication work being carried out
+in Spain may result in the elimination of this threat to the chestnuts
+and oaks in Spain, Portugal and southwest France. However, there is the
+possibility of the blight occurring anywhere in Europe. People working
+with chestnut should be on the alert to find and eradicate the first
+infections.
+
+The film entitled "It Bringeth Forth Much Fruit", shown here today, was
+prepared at my suggestion by the U. S. Foreign Agricultural Services at
+Rome. It is being used to aid local authorities in Italy in attempts to
+delay the spread of the chestnut blight.
+
+The Italian authorities, with assistance from the United States Foreign
+Agricultural Service, have purchased blight-resistant chestnuts in this
+country for planting in Italy. These resistant chestnuts are doing very
+well in Italy so far. However, the development of a new orchard industry
+with the Chinese chestnut and its hybrids in Italy will be a slow
+process. It is expected that shipments of chestnuts from Italy to this
+country, which is now going on at a rate of 15 to 18 million pounds per
+year, will gradually decrease.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I will talk on while they are fixing this next film.
+
+Much of the trouble in Italy is that so many of the chestnut orchards
+are overgrazed, sadly overgrazed, and as these chestnut orchards are
+killed by the blight, the land is going back into this overgrazed
+condition, which leads to serious erosions. Italy needs all the water
+that can be saved. The mountains are eroded down to the rock in many
+areas and when you get to the rock, you can never bring the soil back.
+It's a serious problem to meet because of the tremendous
+over-population. Every little twig of wood is used. As these chestnut
+orchards are killed it's going to be a very difficult problem to plant
+them again because the land is overgrazed. Protecting the plantings
+against sheep and the goats is quite a problem.
+
+(The film, "The Filbert Valleys," was shown.)
+
+MR. STOKE: I noticed them grafting chestnut trees several feet from the
+ground. Why are they doing that?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: They are doing it in order to develop a quick supply of
+scion wood. But the procedure is bad. It is much better to graft close
+to the ground, and mound it up with dirt. The blight gets in below the
+graft if the graft is high on the trunk. They have had success grafting
+below the ground level and find they may get a shoot six feet high the
+first year.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: How about the incompatibility in the graft? Does that
+show up much?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: We don't know yet, because they always get a certain number
+of failures. I looked over quite a lot of grafting of Chinese chestnuts
+on Japanese-European hybrids, and they are thriving. After four years
+they are already regular trees with big crops on them.
+
+
+TUESDAY MORNING SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Our first paper is "Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood
+Cuttings" by Roger W. Pease.
+
+
+
+
+Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood Cuttings
+
+ROGER W. PEASE, _West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station,
+Morgantown, W. Va._
+
+
+Some 15 or 20 years ago the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment
+Station undertook to develop, if possible, blight resistant chestnuts
+from American chestnut stock. With the passage of time the approach to
+the problem has changed. During the early days little thought was given
+to procedures for propagation, but recently the emphasis has shifted
+toward methods for propagation when and if there are found hardy,
+timber-type, blight-immune chestnuts of any species.
+
+The practicability of budding or grafting chestnuts is debatable. We are
+leaving budding and grafting to experienced workers throughout the
+country and are endeavoring to develop a method for rooting chestnuts
+from softwood cuttings. Results so far are encouraging, but the work is
+still in the experimental stage. We do not advise anyone to start
+rooting chestnuts on a commercial basis, but we hope that further
+experimental work will be done by interested agencies.
+
+To give complete details of several years' work would take more time
+than is feasible here. Circular 87, _Growing American Holly from
+Cuttings--Cold Frame Method_, obtainable from the Mailing Room, West
+Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Virginia,
+gives construction details of a suitable bottom-heated cold frame.
+However, with chestnuts, natural shade was not used and half of the
+sunlight was excluded. An article in the October issue of _The National
+Horticultural Magazine_--"Rooting Chestnuts from Cuttings"--outlines
+procedure and results through 1952.
+
+In this paper I will present a resumé of our experiences and
+observations. Our facilities were limited so that the number of cuttings
+set in each case was very small. Percentages of failure or success
+should be taken as indicative only.
+
+In the propagation experiments, preliminary observations were made by
+placing softwood cuttings in a bottom-heated cold frame at intervals
+during the growing season. The soil medium was two thirds washed sand
+and one third peat moss. Daily watering was by a hand hose. The
+root-inducing substance was indole-butyric acid crystals in a talc based
+mixture, one to one hundred. The results were completely negative.
+
+The next season a small cold room was constructed in which conditions
+thought to be desirable could be maintained. Air temperature was kept at
+approximately 65° F., fog nozzles were operated continuously except for
+an occasional airing of the cold room, and about 200 foot candles of
+white fluorescent light were delivered upon the rooting surface. The
+rooting medium was white, washed, building sand placed over one half
+inch of sphagnum moss. The moss, in turn, had been laid in a rooting
+bench with a hardware cloth bottom exposed to the air. The interior air
+circulation was maintained by an electric fan operating day and night.
+The soil temperature was held at 70° F.
+
+Cuttings were taken at intervals throughout the season and their basal
+sections soaked in a water-based solution of indole-butyric acid
+crystals at concentrations varying around 60 parts per million. During a
+70-day period roots were formed on cuttings taken in June, July, and
+August. Among the successful cases the poorest result was 66-2/3%, and
+the best was 100%.
+
+The young plants were fed nutrient solution and later transplanted to a
+light, sandy soil within a bottom-heated cold frame. Some roots were
+dead at the time of transplanting, burned, perhaps, by the nutrient
+solution. The soil temperature within the cold frame was maintained at
+70° F. until late in the fall, and then the plants were hardened by
+reducing the water content of the soil medium and lowering the
+temperature. All of the plants were dead when they were inspected in
+March.
+
+The next year a bottom-heated cold frame was equipped with fog nozzles.
+The soil medium was white, washed, building sand. Softwood cuttings,
+treated the same as the previous year, were inserted on August 20.
+Cuttings from juvenile American chestnut seedling trees, juvenile
+Chinese trees, and mature Chinese trees were used. Within a 70 day
+period heavy root systems were formed on 54-6/11% of the cuttings from
+the juvenile Chinese trees, 50% from mature Chinese trees, and 20% from
+juvenile American trees. No nutrient solution was applied, the young
+plants were transplanted to a sandy soil in another cold frame, were
+hardened as during the previous year, but the soil medium was not
+allowed to freeze during the winter. In April the plants showed
+well-formed terminal buds starting to swell and turn green. Some were
+transplanted into pots and placed in the greenhouse; others were
+transplanted into a light soil in a lath house. All died subsequent to
+transplanting. Inspection of the roots showed severe breakage. It was
+concluded that repeated transplanting had been fatal, and that in the
+future cuttings would be rooted in plant bands or pots and transplanted
+only once.
+
+It is too early in the current season for accurate results to be
+recorded. However, modifications have been tried and observations made.
+These are presented here in outline.
+
+     _Type of cutting:_
+
+     a. Cuttings with soft, growing tips will apparently root more
+     quickly than hardened shoots, but the leaves tend to turn brown and
+     the plant dies. Conversely, cuttings from short, lateral growth,
+     well-hardened, will retain their leaves better and eventually show
+     a higher percentage of success.
+
+     b. Cuttings made from the basal and intermediary sections of long
+     shoots show a greater death incidence than do well-hardened,
+     terminal sections. Both types root satisfactorily.
+
+     c. Apparently sucker shoots and water sprouts are useless.
+
+     _Time of taking cuttings:_
+
+     a. Cuttings taken in late May, with soft growing tips, rooted
+     quickly--some within two weeks. On the other hand, their foliage
+     darkened quickly, and death followed. Short, lateral shoots,
+     well-hardened, were not available in May.
+
+     b. As the season progressed, the percentage of rooted cuttings with
+     healthy foliage apparently rose, at least through July, but roots
+     were formed more slowly by the late season cuttings.
+
+
+_Condition of parent tree:_
+
+Apparently tree vigor as indicated by healthy, dark green foliage, is
+more important than vigor as indicated by the length of current season's
+growth. In Morgantown this has been one of the driest seasons on record.
+Cuttings from trees with pale or brown foliage, or with foliage tending
+to be brittle from lack of water soon lost their leaves. Whether this
+was caused by the condition of the parent tree or of the individual
+cutting is not apparent. It is too early to determine whether or not the
+drought will cause a general lowering of rooting percentages this year.
+
+
+_Root formation:_
+
+Cuttings may or may not callus. Roots seldom if ever spring from the
+extreme base of a cutting. Well above the base the stem enlarges, turns
+white, cracks, and sends out roots. Often the bottom inch of the cutting
+is black and dead, with a healthy and vigorous root system above the
+blackened portion.
+
+
+_Plant bands and pots:_
+
+Plant bands are apparently preferable to small pots. The slope of the
+pots tends to pack the soil medium and interfere with aeration. Bands or
+pots less than three inches in diameter tends to cramp the rapidly
+growing roots.
+
+
+_Cold room vs. cold frame:_
+
+Last year higher percentages of success were obtained in the cold room
+than in the bottom-heated cold frame. This year the cold frame was
+definitely superior. Because construction and operation of a suitable
+cold room is expensive, we do not plan to continue its use in chestnut
+work.
+
+
+_Fog nozzles:_
+
+In the cold frame, fog nozzles operating during eight hours each day are
+apparently more effective than nozzles operating continuously.
+
+
+_Auxin:_
+
+No success has been attained with indole-butyric acid crystals in a
+talc-based powder or with untreated cuttings.
+
+
+_Formula for preparing auxin:_
+
+The auxin solution is prepared as recommended by G. H. Poesch in the
+Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bimonthly Bulletin, 191, April,
+1938. One gram of indole-butyric acid crystals is dissolved in 125 cc.
+of 95% alcohol. Then 125 cc. of distilled water is added. This makes a
+stock solution of four thousand parts to a million in strength. The
+stock may be cut to the desired strength with distilled water. For late
+August cuttings, well-hardened, 80 parts per million is not too strong.
+For early June cuttings, forty parts per million appears to be adequate.
+The softer the cuttings, the weaker should be the solution.
+
+
+_Algae:_
+
+In both the cold frame and the cold room the growth of algae is a
+problem. The sand medium becomes crusted, with subsequent interference
+with aeration. The algae sometimes creeps up the stems of cuttings,
+coats the leaves, and covers terminal buds. Starting each season with
+completely clean sand and equipment will not prevent the appearance of
+algae over a long season of continuous operation. On August 20 of this
+year the interior of the cold frame, including all of the plants, was
+well dusted with tri-basic copper sulphate, according to manufacturer's
+directions. To date no effect is noticeable either on the algae or on
+the plants.
+
+The various observations reported here should be verified by further
+tests. They are offered merely as aids to anyone planning to experiment
+with rooting chestnuts. When sufficient data and experience have been
+gained, a complete Station circular will be published.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: If you have any questions, please save them until later.
+It's been suggested that we hear from Dr. Jesse D. Diller next, and that
+will give our good work horse, Dr. Crane, a chance to build up again for
+us, because we are going to work him mighty hard.
+
+DR. DILLER: I'd like to have the title of my paper changed to,
+"Evaluating Chestnuts Grown Under Forest Conditions."
+
+
+
+
+Evaluating Chestnuts Grown under Forest Conditions
+
+JESSE D. DILLER, _Pathologist, Division of Forest Pathology, Bureau of
+Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, U. S. Department of
+Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland_
+
+
+During the 49-year period since chestnut blight was first reported from
+New York City, the U. S. Department of Agriculture has made more than
+500 importations of chestnut seeds and scions, including nearly every
+species of chestnut in the world, as well as some closely related
+chinkapins and Castanopsis species. As early as 1909 the Department
+initiated chestnut breeding work. It was known that few, if any, of the
+chestnut, or related species, possess the timber-type characteristics of
+our American chestnut. It was also known that, in general, the Asiatic
+species show great natural resistance to the blight. But little, or
+nothing, was known about their site requirements.
+
+In 1927 the U. S. Division of Forest Pathology began breeding chestnuts
+to produce timber-type trees. The chestnut breeding work was expanded
+and has been carried on actively to date. From 1927 to 1930, the
+Division conducted an extensive exploration in search of orchard and
+timber-type chestnut in China, Korea, and Japan, and imported over 250
+bushels of chestnut seed, representing four species.
+
+During the early 1930's the Division of Forest Pathology distributed
+thousands of chestnut seedlings, grown from the imported chestnut seed.
+The planting stock was made available to interested Federal and State
+agencies, as well as to owners of farm woodlands, located in 32 Eastern
+States. The cooperators were asked to establish small experimental
+forest plantings with the trees furnished them. It was believed that
+such wide distribution of the many kinds would readily demonstrate which
+ones possess the desired timber-tree form, or possessed the ability to
+bear large crops of nuts suitable to wildlife; and would furnish
+valuable information on their site requirements.
+
+As we now know, most of these early cooperative experimental forest
+plantings were doomed to failure because often the chestnut trees were
+planted on dry, grassy areas having infertile, shallow soil. Another
+serious contributing factor in poor establishment was the severe general
+droughts that occurred over most of the eastern half of the United
+States in the early thirties. But despite these heavy losses, a few
+plantations succeeded, in part, and from these limited areas, and from a
+few earlier plantations that succeeded, valuable information on their
+general site requirements was obtained; however, we still lacked
+information on specific differences in behavior between the progeny, as
+fast-growing forest trees or nut producers in the forest.
+
+From these early plantings we learned that (1) Asiatic chestnuts and
+hybrids are more likely to develop into forest trees when planted on
+cool, moist, fertile situations; (2) in their silvicultural
+characteristics they are more nearly like our native yellow-poplar,
+northern red oak, and white ash, than like our American chestnut and
+native chinkapins; (3) with respect to tolerance of shade, they are much
+like our northern red oak; and (4) neither the Chinese nor the Japanese
+chestnut has quite the same forest-type growth as that of our native
+American chestnut.
+
+With this background of experience, the U. S. Division of Forest
+Pathology from 1936 to 1939 established a series of 21 climatic test
+plots on above-average sites on Federal- and State-owned forest land in
+eight Eastern States. Fortunately, we still had available suitable
+planting stock of the many kinds of chestnut, chinkapins, and hybrids
+for conducting such an extensive test. At this point we should also
+mention that from 1947 to date, the Division of Forest Pathology, in
+cooperation with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, also
+established 11 hybrid test plots in Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois,
+Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West
+Virginia. In 1930 the Brooklyn Botanic Garden also began breeding
+blight-resistant chestnuts of timber type, and in 1947 transferred this
+project to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
+
+The 21 climatic test plots ranged from one to two acres each, and were
+planted with more than 20 progenies represented, as well as forest-tree
+chinkapin and some hybrids. Nearly all of the 21 climatic test plots
+were fenced against deer and domestic livestock. The 11 hybrid test
+plots, approximately 1/4 acre each, were planted with 100 hybrids (50
+furnished by each of the two agencies), and 50 Chinese chestnuts--P.I.
+58602, the most outstanding Chinese chestnut from the forestry
+standpoint, thus far discovered. The climatic test plots were
+established on freshly cleared forest sites, with trees randomized, and
+planted 8 feet apart. In the hybrid test plots, the seedlings were
+planted under forest growth and the overstory trees were girdled; the
+seedlings were randomized in these plots, with spacing of 10 by 10 feet.
+
+The 1- to 6-year period of testing for the hybrid chestnut, and the 14-
+to 17-year period of testing of the chestnuts planted in the climatic
+test plots are too short for final judgment of performance; however,
+certain characteristics are appearing with reference to blight
+resistance, winter hardiness, timber-tree form, early fruiting, and rate
+of growth. The present paper does not attempt to summarize all of the
+data obtained from all these climatic plots but rather to point out some
+striking results obtained from several widely separated climatic plots.
+Results from the hybrid test plots are not included in this discussion.
+
+
+Discussion
+
+A performance rating of 28 chestnuts, chestnut hybrids, and forest-tree
+chinkapins, tested in forest plantings for 12 to 13 years in Indiana,
+Iowa, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania showed that certain kinds always
+produce better trees than others. P.I. 58602 is the best Chinese
+chestnut tested thus far, as determined by performance in the
+above-mentioned test plots and in several plantations established in
+1926. In the Middle Western States, all Japanese chestnuts, Henry
+(forest-tree) chinkapins, and the "ever-blooming" Sequin chestnuts have
+shown poor growth or have died. They do not appear to be winter hardy.
+
+On the basis of these findings, the Division of Forest Pathology since
+1946, has made available to Federal and State agencies only one
+introduction of Chinese chestnut--P.I. 58602--for planting as forest
+trees. They were distributed in lots of 50 trees, and used to establish
+1/4-acre demonstration forest plots. All are located on public-owned
+land on favorable forest sites where Asiatic chestnuts would be expected
+to do well. The underplanting-and-girdling method was recommended in the
+establishment of all the plots.
+
+Chinese chestnut P.I. 58602, because of its superiority in performance
+as a forest tree, is now also being used extensively at Beltsville,
+Maryland, in hybridizing work. Nearly all of the Japanese chestnut,
+Henry chinkapin, and Sequin chestnuts, as well as inferior hybrids in
+the climatic test plots during the past several years have died a
+natural death or have been destroyed. They have been replaced with
+Chinese chestnut (P.I. 58602) replants--thus gradually converting the
+climatic test plots into future Chinese chestnut "seed" plots of the
+very best Chinese chestnuts.
+
+During the spring of 1953 several nurserymen members of the Northern Nut
+Growers' Association furnished the Division of Forest Pathology a total
+of 2,600 Chinese chestnut seedlings for tests to determine their
+suitability for forest planting. These and 600 seedlings of Chinese
+chestnut P.I. 58602 are now being tested for performance, in randomized
+plots, on favorable forest sites in North Carolina, Ohio, and Illinois.
+
+
+Conclusions
+
+Of 28 Asiatic chestnuts, forest-tree chinkapins, and hybrids grown in 21
+climatic test plots in the eastern United States under forest
+conditions, only certain Chinese and hybrid chestnuts show promise of
+becoming satisfactory timber-type trees. The best Chinese chestnut
+discovered thus far is P.I. 58602--a seed importation made by the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture in 1924, from Nanking, China. Foresters, as
+well as farm woodland owners, interested in growing Asiatic chestnuts as
+timber trees, should accept only planting stock that, through
+performance under forest conditions, is known to develop into straight,
+single-stemmed trees.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I think that Dr. Crane has his panel ready.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. President, before I start, I have a few slides here to
+illustrate a couple of points before we call the panel to the rostrum.
+(Several slides were shown illustrating sunscald injury to the Southwest
+side of high headed Chinese chestnut tree trunks.)
+
+DR. CRANE: On this panel, I want to get representatives from the various
+states. Mr. Wilson, from Georgia. Mr. Stoke from Virginia. Mr. Silvis
+from Ohio. Mr. Allaman from Pennsylvania. There is another good man down
+there who grows a lot of chestnuts, by the name of Gibbs.
+
+Now, there seems to be a lot of disagreement in regard to the Chinese
+chestnut in two or three respects. One is the problem of named varieties
+versus seedlings. Another big problem is hardiness, how hardy they are,
+these Chinese chestnuts. Where can we grow them and where are they going
+to fail? A third question is the ability of the Chinese chestnut to
+compete with other vegetation as Dr. Diller has discussed. I think we
+ought to settle some of these questions for once and maybe for all, or
+at least for this meeting, through a discussion. Nurserymen and others
+have emphasized that chestnuts, to be successful in the United States
+and hardy, should come from North China, at the Great Wall or beyond.
+Others don't agree, claiming that chestnuts in China are grown from the
+extreme south to the extreme north and that we ought to do the same in
+this country also.
+
+MR. STOKE: I haven't enough knowledge on it to express an opinion. I
+planted a good many seeds I got from the Yokahama Nursery Company, and
+the nuts were rather inferior as to size. They were healthy and hardy,
+but I don't know where they came from. I presume they came from Korea,
+but I am not sure. The size and productivity wasn't too high of that
+seedling stock I secured there.
+
+DR. CRANE: What do you folks think? Anyone in the audience that has an
+idea?
+
+MR. PATAKY: At our fall meeting in the Ohio group we had two bushels of
+chestnuts from Sterling Smith. As far as I know the seed is Korean
+chestnut, which is obviously a Chinese variety. He had three bushels
+last fall and they looked identically like the American chestnut. Mr.
+Stoke said the quality wasn't so good in what he had. That might be
+true, but I tested a lot of these chestnuts from Sterling Smith, and
+compared them with American chestnuts. They were just as good or better
+than the American.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: I spent about a year in China travelling pretty well
+throughout the country. I believe you will find the better seed sources
+in the southern part. China is like Southern Florida or warmer for part
+of the year and yet in the other six months it would be colder than it
+is right here in Rochester.
+
+They have timber trees, some as big as 50 or 60 feet high and two or
+three feet in diameter. In the warmer area you find better seed by far.
+What Dr. Diller describes as No. 58602 is not just one tree, but a whole
+collection of trees from a certain area where the trees have proven
+their resistance not only to cold but to frost injury in the spring or
+in the fall, which is even more important than the straight cold
+hardiness. Some people have mistaken ideas about the value of seed from
+trees in the northern part of China above the Great Wall. This area may
+have intense cold in the wintertime, but not in the spring or fall.
+
+DR. GRAVES: Dr. Caldwell is right about No. 58602 being a mixture. Dr.
+Gravatt could tell you about that. It is a strain coming from several
+trees. It's evidently a very fine type, and I think we ought to know for
+the record just what 58602 is.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: Professor Reisner's 58602 that Dr. Diller has been testing
+so widely is made up from a collection of seed from a number of isolated
+valleys of the Nanking area. It is rather southern in its native home,
+but Dr. Diller's tests and other tests have shown that it's hardy up
+north and it's hardy down south. As some of you have noticed, the nuts
+are very variable, with a number of different types mixed in together.
+
+Dr. Diller and I have been discussing the question of hybrid vigor. It
+may be involved that each of these seedlings is a cross between
+different local strains. We must remember that the foresters have gone
+into this question of hardiness in great detail. You will find that you
+can't plant trees in Germany in a certain area unless the parent trees
+grew in a certain area, with comparable altitude and latitude. Minimum
+and maximum temperatures and other factors are also taken into
+consideration.
+
+Pennsylvania started a program along the same line. They have divided
+their state into about five areas, and in each of those areas they are
+locating sources of seed that are going to be suited to those areas.
+They have evidence that many of these Chinese introductions coming from
+way down south are going to be hardy way up north, but in this matter of
+hardiness you sometimes have to wait for 50 or 100 years before you are
+sure of your conclusions.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+The next question I was going to ask these growers in the areas growing
+chestnuts is how much trouble they have had with hardiness or cold
+injury to chestnut trees that they have had. Has there been any?
+
+MR. STOKE: I have had none.
+
+MR. SILVIS: We have had none in Massillon.
+
+DR. CRANE: Wilson, how about Georgia?
+
+MR. WILSON: None.
+
+MR. KEPLINGER: Dr. Meader sent me some stock from seed that he brought
+from near Seoul, Korea in 1947. They are very productive up there at
+Durham, New Hampshire. I have two trees from seed from these trees. They
+have much more narrow leaves, than any Chinese chestnuts I have seen so
+far.
+
+DR. CRANE: Are you sure they are pure Chinese?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I am sure they are not. I have seen pictures and had some
+correspondence with Dr. Meader on them. They seem to be the Japanese
+species, C. crenata type, or possibly hybrid, not strictly Japanese.
+
+MR. PEASE: I want to throw in something a little bit aside. I think we
+kid ourselves and the public in assuming, tacitly, that Chinese
+chestnuts, no matter how narrow the strain, are going to breed true or
+anywhere near true. Any one lot of seedlings are likely to show great
+variation in hardiness, disease resistance and other characters. There
+is a great difference between resistance and immunity. I speak this way
+because I have seen plenty of people selling Chinese chestnuts who
+actually believe they are immune, and I have seen customers mad enough
+to shoot them when they have seen half of them die of blight.
+
+MR. MILLER: When considering hardiness, climate is one thing and air
+drainage is another. In any climatic zone the exact location or site,
+particularly air drainage is important. I have my orchard on a southwest
+slope with perfect air drainage. I have 250-some trees that are six or
+seven years old growing very nicely, and I have not had any loss, even
+with English walnut, the Carpathian or any of the other trees. I think
+that many of us are overlooking the fact that air drainage and location
+of the orchard is one of the main things. I don't think this has
+anything to do with the particular seed or the varieties, but I think
+that is one thing that we must consider.
+
+DR. CRANE: No question about that. Chinese chestnuts are like peaches,
+and they start pretty early in the spring.
+
+MR. GIBBS: Chinese chestnuts are hardy from Maine to Florida. I think
+they winter kill because of unhealthy condition of the tree. The place
+that I did live, at McLean, Virginia, was low in a frosty place, and the
+first spring they killed back three times before they took off. Where I
+live now in the Blue Ridge Mountains, which is orchard country, the
+Chinese chestnut killed back in the spring, but there is nothing the
+matter with their winter hardiness. They stand winter cold as good as a
+walnut tree.
+
+DR. GRAVES: I want to make the point that it is in part a question of
+age, to my mind, as to whether these trees get winter killed. I know we
+had some trees from the Department of Agriculture, Division of Forest
+Pathology, back in 1925, and in the very cold winter, 1933-34, they
+killed back almost to the ground. Again in the severe winter of 1943
+Chinese chestnuts were killed. But I feel that when a tree is of good
+size with its roots down in the ground, it's not so liable to winter
+kill as are the small seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: We have spent enough time on this matter. The question of
+growing seedlings as compared to grafted trees is up for discussion. Mr.
+Wilson is a big operator growing chestnuts in Georgia. I would like to
+have him tell what he thinks of this matter of seedlings versus
+varieties for nut production.
+
+MR. WILSON: Dr. Crane, I am fully convinced if we ever make an industry
+out of this chestnut business it's going to have to be based on grafted
+trees of good varieties. I have one block of approximately 200 grafted
+trees of Meiling and Kuling. Those trees have a nice crop on this year.
+They have different age tops, but we have a nice crop of nuts on them.
+I have another block of some 260 seedlings that were planted in 1948.
+The crop on these trees, with the same fertilization and cultivation
+ranges from no nuts to a heavy crop of nuts. You can't have an industry
+on that kind of yield. There are probably only 30 trees out of 260 that
+have a paying crop of nuts. That won't go as a paying proposition. You
+have got to have nuts on all the trees, and I am fully convinced if we
+ever make an industry out of it, the grower has got to produce nuts.
+Trees are not enough, he can't sell the tree; he wants to keep his tree.
+He wants nuts to sell, and you can't get them on the seedling trees. I
+am fully convinced you can't do it.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Have any of your grafts gone bad?
+
+MR. WILSON: I have had no incompatibility, except on one tree. My oldest
+grafts are four and five years old, top grafted in place on two and
+three year old seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Stoke, what is your experience?
+
+MR. STOKE: I have two trees in my yard at home. Dr. Reed gave me credit
+for doing the first grafting of Mollissima in this country. I don't know
+whether it's true or not. Those were grafted in '31. They made perfect
+union, and they are perfect today, and they will be perfect when I am
+dead and gone. I find no incompatibility between Mollissima and
+Mollissima. One acre of good, select varieties, grafted, will produce as
+many nuts as three or four acres of seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Bernath, how about the situation up in the Hudson Valley?
+
+MR. BERNATH: My trees are of small size. We have some in bearing, but as
+far as having any difficulty with them or freezing back, we have none.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Snyder, how about the situation out in Iowa?
+
+MR. SNYDER: I am not trying to grow Chinese chestnuts anymore. We have
+had two different lots from U.S.D.A. and both of them have gone out in
+the winters sooner or later. We have had nice seedling rows, and Dr.
+Colby sent over a collection of scions, enough to graft each one. Every
+one grew. This winter they are all gone. We can grow American chestnuts,
+but we can't grow the Chinese.
+
+DR. CRANE: Joe, you have had a lot of experience, made a lot of
+observations of this matter of seedlings versus grafted varieties. What
+do you think of the situation?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I will follow Mr. Stokes' opinion on that. I think grafted
+trees, if you have a compatible graft, are worth several times as much
+as average seedling trees. At the University of Illinois most of our
+trees are seedling trees. We are just getting started with grafted
+Chinese chestnuts.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's the way it is with us. Anybody in the audience that
+has an opinion that they think seedlings are better than grafted trees?
+
+MR. CALDWELL: I was going to say seedlings are better, but I think this
+is one thing everybody should realize: The emphasis has been based on
+early production. In many cases we have found in forest trees that early
+seed production doesn't necessarily mean heavy late seed production.
+Some of those that didn't produce early went ahead and 40 or 50 years
+later produced heavily. So be a little bit careful when you start
+swinging too heavily on early production.
+
+DR. CRANE: Yes, but, Dr. Caldwell, we in the United States haven't time
+to wait. We haven't time to wait.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: You are going to have to take it.
+
+DR. CRANE: It's just like Mr. Wilson said. He planted seedlings in 1948,
+and he is telling me that most of them haven't come into bearing, so he
+is going to ply the axe or top work them. He hasn't time to wait. He's
+got to make his bread and butter out of that, and when it comes to
+growing nuts, we can't wait 40 or 50 years for a tree to come in. That
+might be all right for posterity, but we have got to be sure of it, or
+our posterity is not going to be able to pay the national debt.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: According to the experience I have had, the chestnut is
+only a little more hardy than the peach, and behaves pretty much the
+same as regards wood injury. At 30° below zero the trees have been
+killed outright or to the ground. At about 25° below they will black
+heart with killing of sapwood and serious injury to the bark. At 20 they
+will survive. This experience involves perhaps 125 seedling trees from
+various sources, but mostly from the U.S.D.A. It is quite likely that
+there may be more hardier strains that will withstand these low
+temperatures. The other point is the matter of grafted trees. It is my
+opinion that the failure of the graft is a form of cold injury related
+to delayed maturity of the tissues at the graft union. Certainly failure
+of grafts is much more persistent in the north than in the south.
+
+My experience has been that I haven't been able to keep grafted trees.
+They appear to thrive for three or four years and then die. I have tried
+it over and over again. It appears that the grafted tree in Georgia and
+Virginia is one thing. In New York it's another.
+
+MR. WALLICK: I have never bought a grafted chestnut tree that grew. They
+all die. And seedlings mostly do not have the kind of nuts you want.
+Also they may be susceptible to disease.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I want to make one observation about our experience at
+Beltsville on the question of seedlings versus varieties as regards
+bearing. We topworked scions of some of our good varieties, like Nanking
+and Meiling, onto large seedlings we have at Beltsville that are poor
+bearers. These grafted portions in the top of these trees under poor
+conditions--our soil is poor at Beltsville--set tremendously heavy
+crops, but the nuts are smaller in size than normal, and therefore the
+crop is not as desirable as it would be if it were grown under good
+conditions. The point is that those varieties bear even under poor
+conditions. Bearing is a variety characteristic, and wherever it grows
+it will bear though it may not produce a good-sized nut.
+
+MR. PEASE: I believe what's coming out in this discussion on bearing is
+also true in hardiness, growth, and any characteristic we want. We may
+select seeds from trees at an elevation of 6,000 feet, and still have
+some which will be not hardy.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+MR. SILVIS: I'd like to make a point. If in your observation you find a
+tree seedling in your locality that is producing good crops plant that.
+Don't get one from Georgia. We can take a little bit of advice from the
+fruit grower, and not plant too much from the south, even though it came
+from China.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I'd like to Comment about conditions in Europe with
+reference to seedlings and varieties. The general practice there is for
+each little farmer to graft from the best variety in his section,
+especially in Italy where you find hundreds of varieties.
+
+In Portugal we were all very much impressed with one area where the
+government has had an active program in persuading the chestnut owners
+to topwork all their trees to three varieties. These varieties are very
+good ones, and they are getting a very greatly increased price on
+account of the high quality and uniformity of the nuts they export.
+
+It seems to me that in the discussion on the Chinese chestnut in this
+country we have done a little bit of injustice to the seedlings, so far
+as the discussion has gone. I am in perfect agreement with what's been
+said about the low production the first few years, but over on the
+Eastern Shore Mr. Hemming's trees are producing just about as much in
+the way of a crop as the tree can bear, and the grafted varieties there
+don't produce any more than his 17 or 18 seedlings.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I believe Hemming has some exceptional seedlings in that
+lot.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: Yes, they are very valuable, don't misunderstand me. After
+the first ten years you may find a seedling orchard is going to produce
+a very good crop, tree by tree. We have had a lot of experience, similar
+to that reported in New York, with grafted trees dying. We get seedling
+trees dying, too, but I agree that there is more damage from fall
+freezes, spring freezes and perhaps from straight low temperature winter
+injury with the grafted trees than with the seedling trees. Furthermore,
+I am very critical of the tactics of some of the nurseries. They have
+grafted on seedlings of absolutely unknown origin or mixed origin. They
+will take a South Chinese variety and graft it on seedlings that for
+hundreds of years have been grown in North China. That's just inviting
+trouble. The nearer you can get to having seedling and scion from the
+same climatic origin, the better off you are. In fact, we have advised
+growers to get seedlings of the Nanking and graft Nanking on them.
+
+Dr. McKay is doing a lot of good, basic research work on this problem,
+and he will have more information for us in times to come. I am firmly
+convinced that we are going to come some day to the grafted chestnuts,
+especially in the South, because a lot of the southern producers right
+now are giving a black eye to Chinese chestnuts, because they are
+shipping lots of mixed nuts, and by the time they get to the consumer
+half of them are rotten. This will ruin the market. We have been buying
+some six or seven thousand pounds of nuts to ship to Italy, and we know
+something about the conditions of nuts when they reach us. There is no
+quicker way of killing a market than to be shipping in a whole lot of
+nuts that are going to spoil or are in the process of spoiling when they
+reach the consumer. Grafted varieties are one way of getting away from
+this, especially in the South.
+
+MR. WILSON: I am far enough south so that in peach production we often
+have winters so warm that the trees don't wake up. This question of rest
+period is quite important with us. We have a warm winter, and the
+Mayflower peach just keeps on sleeping. Eventually bloom will break, and
+a little peach will sit up there waiting for the leaf to come out. There
+is apparently a rest period with the Chinese chestnut there also. The
+time of breaking of the rest period in my seedling trees varies as much
+as three to four weeks, and that would lead me to believe that, in the
+long run, we will have to plant locally adapted varieties.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I am sorry that we have to stop this very interesting
+discussion.
+
+At this time is there any item of general interest to the group that
+anyone would like to bring up?
+
+MR. MILLER: For sometime I have been considering the desirability of
+changing the name of the Northern Nut Growers. I am inclined to think
+that maybe some of our southern friends or from the Far West or
+Southwest would be a little dubious of joining the Northern Nut Growers,
+because they think we are perhaps exclusive for the north tier of states
+and we didn't want them.
+
+I thought perhaps the International Nut Growers, or the United States
+Nut Growers Association were names worth considering. I think that would
+have a desirable psychological effect on our membership. We are a big
+organization, and I think a lot of people would think it was a whole lot
+larger if the name would imply that. I think the "Northern Nut Growers"
+just looks like we are concerned with the northern tier of states, and I
+think we would do a whole lot better by changing the name. I would like
+to have some suggestions. Possibly, it could be American Nut Growers.
+
+MR. KERR: Mr. Chairman, I am a charter member of the American Farm
+Bureau, and that goes over big. It's a real success as an organization,
+and I think the American Nut Growers--take in South America and North
+America--would hit our proposition about right.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: All right, is there another suggestion? We mustn't take
+so much time on this, but it is mighty important.
+
+MR. BECKER: My final opinion is that it's best to leave it as it was.
+
+MR. STOKE: It seems to me that this matter was well decided some time
+ago. We have certain definite problems to work out. I think we had
+better stay on those problems and work them out before we spread over
+the whole universe. We will have too many other problems coming in our
+lap.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: That matter was taken up some five or six years ago, and
+for the reason that Mr. Stoke mentioned, the fact that we have special
+problems and the very difficult problems that don't concern southerners
+was the reason for voting that proposition down before. I think it would
+be better, at least, for us to consider the matter rather thoroughly
+before we vote on it, maybe postpone it until another year.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: It just occurs to me that the Northern Nut Growers
+Association was formed to tackle problems that weren't being covered
+anywhere else. There are other local organizations which are concerned
+with the Persian walnut and the Northwest Filbert and the Southern
+Pecan. The Northern Nut Growers Association was organized to save
+America's nut heritage, as somebody said, in a rather restricted area.
+Possibly the time has come to get into a larger organization with a
+greater scope, but I will say with Mr. Davidson that we want to
+consider very carefully what the gain or loss might be for the change in
+emphasis.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Would someone make the suggestion here that we keep this
+thing in mind for a year and maybe at our next meeting take a little
+time to discuss it thoroughly.
+
+DR. CRANE: I'd like to make a few remarks and offer a motion. I believe
+I am correct as to the history of the organization when I state that the
+oldest nut growers' organization was the old National Nut Growers
+Association, and that covered the nut interests of the country of all
+kinds. Then out of that came the National Pecan Growers Association, and
+almost at the same time, the Northern Nut Growers Association. The old
+National Nut Growers Association folded up, as did the National Pecan
+Growers Association. They were victims of the depression. I think we
+could discuss this at great length and not get anywhere, and therefore I
+make the motion that the president appoint a committee of three members
+to study the possibilities, both advantages and disadvantages of a
+change in the name of the association and report back to the association
+their recommendations at the next meeting.
+
+(Motion seconded.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The motion has been made and seconded that we appoint a
+committee to handle this thing and report back to us. Is there any
+discussion?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I'd like to point out that research work is being started
+in Europe that is going to be very valuable to us. They are now working
+on the Chinese chestnuts on a very large scale, starting in Yugoslavia,
+France, Switzerland, and they are already doing quite a bit of breeding
+work in Spain and Portugal along these lines. The things that they
+develop, will be Chinese chestnut hybrids so they are going to have the
+same problems in Europe working with the chestnuts that we have here. In
+the past they have been working entirely with the European chestnut. I
+think we are now on a basis whereby the European growers can feel that
+they can profit by taking our publication, and, that both continents
+will benefit.
+
+DR. GRAVES: Do you put that as an argument for changing our name to
+American Nut Growers?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I don't think "American" would help at all. And,
+furthermore, when you talk about "American", a lot of people think of
+South America.
+
+MR. SLATE: It's what the members get out of the proceedings and meetings
+that brings them in and keeps them, it's not the name of the
+organization.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. President, as former state vice-president in Alabama,
+Florida and Tennessee, I don't believe the change of name would result
+in any great immediate increase in membership in the Southeast.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now, are you ready for the question?
+
+(The question was called for, and carried unanimously.)
+
+
+
+
+Development of the Nut Industry in the Midwest
+
+J. F. WILKINSON, _Rockport, Ind._
+
+
+The development of the northern nut tree industry in the midwest really
+began about 1910. Prior to that time W. C. Reed and son of Vincennes,
+Indiana had done some experimental work with the Indiana and Busseron
+varieties of pecan, as they had located these two parent trees. E. A.
+Riehl of Godfrey, Illinois had been experimenting with the walnut and
+chestnut, and it was at this time that T. P. Littlepage, R. L. McCoy and
+established our nurseries here in southern Indiana.
+
+We then began the search for the best parent trees for propagation in
+the midwest.
+
+We located Warrick, Hoosier, Major, Greenriver, Posey, Kentucky,
+Butterick and several other varieties most of which have since been
+discarded.
+
+A number of varieties have since been introduced, by Messrs. Gerardi,
+Whitford, Snyder, Burkhart, Bolten, and others who are either nurserymen
+or propagators, of pecan, walnut, hickory and chestnut.
+
+The Littlepage and McCoy nurseries were discontinued about thirty years
+ago though I have continued the search for new and better varieties, and
+several years ago located, named, and introduced the Giles pecan, in
+southeast Kansas which is proving very satisfactory. I have recently
+located, named, and am now introducing a new variety, CHIEF, from
+Illinois. This is the largest northern pecan that I have ever seen and
+it promises to be an outstanding variety.
+
+In the territory from southern Indiana to eastern Kansas are countless
+thousands of native pecan trees in the valleys of the Ohio, Mississippi
+and Missouri rivers and their tributaries.
+
+On the uplands in this same territory, the black walnut is found almost
+everywhere. Thousands of pecan and walnut are of suitable size for
+top-working and could be made valuable by being grafted over to these
+fine varieties. These may be found in any quantity from a single tree to
+a native grove (especially pecan) of thousands of trees.
+
+One of the largest pecan groves is in Gallatin county, Illinois along
+the Wabash river where it has been estimated there are as many as twenty
+thousand pecan trees of bearing size in one locality.
+
+Other sections where large native groves may be found are in Henderson
+county, Kentucky near the mouth of Green River, along the Mississippi
+river in western Kentucky, across the river in southern Illinois, along
+the Illinois river in central Illinois, along the Missouri river in
+central Missouri, in eastern Kansas, along the Neosho and Spring rivers,
+and in Bates county Missouri along the Osage river, in southwestern
+Missouri.
+
+It has been my pleasure to visit one or more times each of the above
+places as well as every other section of note where the northern pecan
+grows naturally.
+
+One of the most interesting places that I have seen is in Bates county,
+Missouri. I was there in May to top-work trees for Mr. Wesley Heuser,
+where he has a tract of land along the Osage river on which there is a
+large native pecan grove making it a profitable possession. Mr. Heuser
+is increasing its value by planting budded, or grafted trees in the open
+land and top-working the small native seedlings.
+
+Adjoining this place is one owned by Mr. Fred Marquardt who recently
+bought it from the estate of the late J. F. Tiedke who had spent years
+of work there cleaning up the native grove, and top-working the small
+seedlings to the better varieties. Mr. Marquardt told me there was an
+estimated four thousand bearing size native trees, and two thousand
+top-worked trees most of which are of bearing size and many of them
+top-worked as long as twenty years ago. Mr. Marquardt is taking splendid
+care of this place making it a profitable as well as a most beautiful
+nut orchard.
+
+Mr. Tiedke in topworking these small trees, selected those as nearly as
+possible in rows giving it the appearance in places of a planted
+orchard.
+
+Along the Illinois river in central Illinois is a great pecan section.
+It is there that Mr. R. B. Best is located, and he probably has more
+grafted and top-worked trees than any other person in the midwest. The
+late Charles Stephens of Columbus, Kansas, had topworked several hundred
+trees in southeastern Kansas and Stanley Walberts planted a 35 acre
+pecan orchard there at Columbus that at the last time I visited it was a
+beautiful and well kept orchard.
+
+Mr. W. F. Thielenhaus of Buffalo, Kansas is doing a lot of work there
+both in planting and top-working trees.
+
+In western Kentucky, Professors W. W. Magill, and W. D. Armstrong of the
+University of Kentucky with county agent John B. Watts of Hickman,
+Kentucky cooperating, interested Mr. Roscoe Stone, who had a large
+acreage of land in developing the young seedling pecan trees by
+top-working them to better varieties. Mr. Sly and I went there the first
+time in the spring of 1948 and each spring since then we have worked
+trees on this land, and for others around Hickman to the number of
+possibly 500 trees.
+
+Last year a number of the trees that were worked in the spring of 1948
+produced quite a few nuts. I was there in May at which time there was a
+splendid crop of nuts on these trees. On August 3, I had a letter from
+Mr. Watts stating "I feel that many of these trees will bear a good crop
+of nuts this year, and although we are having a drought here, the trees
+on the Stone farm are not suffering much.
+
+The largest planting of nut trees that I know in the midwest is that
+planted by the late Harry R. Weber near Rockport which consists of about
+70 acres mostly walnuts, with some pecans, hybrids, hickories, and
+filberts.
+
+Many smaller plantings of nut trees have been made throughout the
+midwest and thousands of seedling trees having been top-worked.
+
+Most of the native walnut trees through this section have been cut for
+timber and the native chestnut has been killed by the blight, making a
+shortage that should be replaced with the better varieties of walnut and
+the Chinese chestnut.
+
+The earlier plantings of the Persian walnut from France and England were
+not hardy in the midwest but the Carpathian walnut from Poland seems to
+be doing well.
+
+Some parts of this territory are suitable for almost any kind of nut
+trees. There is a vast field in the Midwest awaiting development in nut
+culture.
+
+
+
+
+Some Aspects of the Problem of Producing Curly-Grained Walnut
+
+L. H. MACDANIELS, _Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y._
+
+
+About 15 years ago a tree of the Lamb Curly Walnut was planted at
+Ithaca, N. Y. After the tree had grown to a height of about 12 feet, it
+was topworked about 8 feet from the ground to scions of the Cornell
+variety of Black Walnut with the idea that it would be possible to grow
+a trunk of curly walnut and a top of a named variety. The tree grew
+rapidly and in the fall of 1952 had a trunk 10 inches in diameter at the
+base. Sometime in 1952 the tree became infected with bunchy-top disease
+and was cut in an attempt to eliminate this disease from the premises.
+It was expected that the trunk would show figured curly grain and plans
+were made to have at least a part of the log cut into veneer. On cutting
+the tree, however, and examining the wood, there was no evidence of
+curly grain detectable either by casual personal observation or from
+samples sent to the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin.
+This, of course, was a disappointment because J. F. Wilkinson had shown
+samples of walnut grown from scions of the Lamb Walnut obtained from the
+late W. B. Bixby which showed evidence of curly grain. A photograph of
+the wood secured from Mr. Wilkinson is shown in figure 1. Wood samples
+from a tree growing at Beltsville, Maryland, which was also secured from
+Mr. Bixby by C. A. Reed, does not show evidence of curly grain.
+
+The simplest explanation of the failure of the tree in Ithaca to show
+curly grain would be that somehow the tree was not properly labelled or
+that scions were mixed in propagation and that the trunk was not derived
+from the original Lamb Curly Walnut. However, the fact that only a few
+trees were concerned makes it improbable that trees were mislabelled in
+the Ithaca planting and there is no good reason to believe that the tree
+planted at Beltsville was not authentic.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Radial face of wood of grafted Lamb black walnut
+grown by J. F. Wilkinson. Wavy or curly grain is apparent on right side
+which is the outer part of the log (about natural size).]
+
+Another possibility is that the original Lamb Walnut was a chimera. Such
+a tree would have mixed tissues in its growing points, some having the
+curly grain character and others not. In such a tree some scions would
+produce curliness and others straight grain. It may be that these were
+mixed in the original collection.
+
+A third possibility is that curliness is produced by the interaction of
+several factors, one a tendency to curliness inherent in the Lamb tree
+and the others environmental such as growth rate, nutrient supply, the
+nature of the soil or other such conditions.
+
+Theoretically curly grain in walnut or any other tree is related to the
+nature of the growth of the cambium layer. In normal growth the cells of
+this layer are much elongated as seen in tangential section and are
+relatively straight. The nature of these cambium cells is shown in
+figure 2.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. The cambium of a straight-grained black walnut
+tree as seen in tangential section. The nature and regularity of these
+cells determines the nature and regularity of the cells of adjacent wood
+and bark (× 150).]
+
+It is well known from studies of cambial growth that irregularities in
+the growth of the cambium are reflected in the irregularities in the
+shape and position of the wood fibers and vessels, which it forms.
+Ordinarily, if the cambium is wounded, the first cells formed are
+irregular in shape and orientation but after a wound is healed over the
+cambium cells resume their normal position. In parts of trees in which
+the grain is irregular or confused such as in the inner angle of
+crotches the shape of the cambium cells determines the nature of the
+grain beneath as shown in figure 3 (Ref. 1). This has been established
+also in the study of the nature of spiral-grained Douglas Fir and in
+various experimental work where it has been possible to change the
+direction or extent of the cambium cells through various experimental
+means. (Ref. 2)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Section through cambium and underlying wood in a
+crotch of an apple tree where the grain of the wood is not straight. The
+shape and direction of the wood fibers or grain of the wood, and bark is
+determined by the shape and direction of the cambium cells that form
+them (X 100).]
+
+There seems to be no doubt, therefore, that curly grain in walnut is
+directly related to the curly condition to be found in the cambium,
+which produces such curly grain. The basic question to be resolved is
+what makes the cambium of a curly-grain tree assume the curly or wavy
+character. As indicated above, one hypothesis is that several factors
+may be operating. For example, a tree might have the inherent capacity
+to produce wavy grain but would only do so under special environmental
+conditions. These environmental conditions might be related to rapidity
+of growth, water and nutrient supply, or various other habitat
+characteristics, which affect the nature of growth. The fact that the
+tree in question at Ithaca was growing rapidly might have been
+responsible for the failure of the curly grain to develop. There is
+evidence that trees with figured grain grow slowly. (Ref. 3, 4) On the
+other hand the specimens from the tree at Beltsville, Maryland, were
+from a slowly growing plant and did not show curly grain.
+
+Another hypothesis is that development of the curly grain is dependent
+upon the foliage of the tree. This has been demonstrated to be true in
+instances where the foliage of fruit plants determines the
+characteristics of the growth of the trunk and roots and of the fruit
+itself. (Ref. 5, 6) It might be, therefore, that the failure of this
+particular trunk to show curly grain is related to the fact that the top
+of the tree at Ithaca was of another variety than the original Lamb.
+Possibly the foliage of the original variety producing the curly
+character is necessary to produce the curly grain. An argument against
+this interpretation is that the tree at Beltsville, Maryland, is not
+topworked.
+
+It would be valuable at the present time to survey all the trees of the
+Lamb walnut, which are growing in various parts of the country, to see
+under what circumstances they may be showing the curly characteristic of
+the original tree. Dr. M. Y. Pillow of the Forest Products Laboratory at
+Madison, Wisconsin, in an unpublished report, has pointed out that it is
+possible to determine the curly nature of the grain by shaving off the
+outer bark, exposing the inner bark just outside of the cambium.
+Inasmuch as the same cambium cells form fiber cells both on the inside
+to make the wood and towards the outside to make the bark, the direction
+and nature of the fibers in the bark are a direct indication of the
+direction of the fibers underneath the cambium in the wood.
+
+The appearance of the normal straight grained wood and bark and wood and
+bark of a curly grained tree are shown in figures 4 and 5. Shaving off
+the outer bark in this manner will not harm the trees, if it is done
+carefully so it would be possible to make this survey without injury to
+the trees. Examining a number of trees of the Lamb walnut in this way
+and finding that some were curly, might give evidence as to the
+conditions under which the Lamb walnut will produce curly grain.
+
+Dr. Pillow of the Forest Products Laboratory, kindly furnished me with
+his file on curly and birdseye grained wood. In this file is a very
+interesting group of manuscripts and letters including a report from Mr.
+Willard G. Bixby reporting a trip to New Hampshire to study the
+occurrence of birdseye maple and also his early experiments with the
+Lamb walnut. The Lamb walnut trees at that time were too young to give
+any indication of curly grain. Other letters of interest on the subject
+were from Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, A. S. Colby and C. A. Reed. These letters
+mention the desirability of propagating figured walnut but aside from
+indicating that trees of the Lamb had been propagated there was no
+indication that curliness had developed. The first definite indication
+that curliness would develop in a grafted tree was reported by Mr.
+Wilkinson (Ref. 7) at the Norris meeting of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association. At that time the wood photographed in figure 1 was shown.
+
+In the literature somewhat conflicting reports are found as to whether
+or not curliness will show up early in the growth of a tree or late.
+Apparently it was possible to trace curly grain into the twigs a few
+years old in the original Lamb walnut (unpublished letters). Various
+statements, however, indicate that curliness may not develop until the
+trees are 20 years old or more. It would seem that with the propagation
+and introduction of the Lamb walnut in 1926-27 and distribution soon
+thereafter it ought to be possible to locate and examine these trees
+which are now more than 20 years old.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4. Slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with
+straight grain in the wood (light-colored area) and also in the bark
+(dark-colored area). U. S. Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory
+Photo.]
+
+In the various literature and other material available on the subject of
+birdseye and curliness, it appears that the birdseye grain is different
+in its origin from curliness although both may be related to the
+functioning of the cambium and definitely seem to be related to slow
+growth. (Ref. 8)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. Slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with
+curly grain in the wood (light-colored area, upper left) and also in the
+bark (dark-colored area). U. S. Forest Service Forest Products
+Laboratory Photo.]
+
+Curliness is reported in other kinds of trees. Curly grained white
+poplar has been propagated from hybrid trees by growing cuttings of
+shoots from the roots of the curly trees (Ref. 9). In Sweden it has been
+possible to grow figured birch, much of which has the curly type grain.
+In birch, seedling strains producing curly grain have been developed and
+are being grown. It is of interest to note that with these birches, the
+trees with curly grain grow only about half as fast as the normal trees
+and have to be staked during their early growth years in order to make
+straight trunks or to stand erect (Ref. 4).
+
+The original Lamb walnut tree was curly throughout. Other trees,
+particularly maples and birches may be curly only in part of their
+trunks and sometimes only in restricted segments. Trees frequently have
+curly grain at the base where the trunk joins the roots but not
+elsewhere. Such curliness may be related to the shortening of the curve
+where the root joins the trunk, thus causing distortion. W. G. Bixby
+states (Ref. 3) that a birdseye maple tree 170 years old was only about
+a quarter as large in diameter as normal trees of the same age. I know
+of no comparison of curly walnut with other types of walnut. The
+original Lamb walnut tree was apparently a very large one.
+
+In conclusion, it is obvious that our knowledge of the possibility of
+producing curly grained walnut logs by grafting is as yet incomplete.
+Much more information is needed and at the present time undoubtedly much
+can be gained by examining the Lamb walnut trees, which are growing in
+various parts of the country. This can be done without seriously
+injuring the trees as described earlier in this paper. Those in the
+Northern Nut Grower's Association, who have Lamb trees are urged to
+examine them to find out if we can gain further useful information
+regarding this rather important subject. Obviously, if it is possible to
+grow curly walnut through vegetative propagation, we should know under
+what conditions a grower can expect to successfully produce a curly
+grained log.
+
+
+References
+
+   1. MacDaniels, L. H. The apple tree crotch, histological studies and
+       practical considerations. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 419:
+       1-22. 1923.
+
+   2. ---- and Otis F. Curtis. The effect of spiral ringing on solute
+       translocation on the structure of the regenerated tissue of the
+       apple. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 133:1-32. 1930.
+
+   3. Bixby, W. G. Field work at Warren, New Hampshire. Unpublished
+       Report. 1932. (On file with U. S. Forest Products Laboratory,
+       Madison, Wisconsin.)
+
+   4. Heinkinheimo, O. Om odling ar masurbjork (The cultivation of
+       figured birch). Skogen 27:165-167. 1940. (Translation in U. S.
+       Forest Products Laboratory.)
+
+   5. Heinicke, A. J. Influence of scion leaves on the quality of apples
+       borne by the stock. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 24:143-146. 1927.
+
+   6. Swarbrick, Thomas and R. H. Roberts. The relation of scion variety
+       to character of root growth in apple trees. Wisconsin Univ. Agr.
+       Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 78:1-24. 1927.
+
+   7. Wilkinson, J. F. The grafted curly walnut as a timber tree. Northern
+       Nut Growers Ass'n. Proc. 39:139-142. 1948.
+
+   8. Pillow, M. Y. Dormant buds are not the cause of bird's eyes in
+       maple. Wood Working Industries 5:26-27. Sept. 1929.
+
+   9. Grober, Samuel. Science shows the way. Chemurgic Digest 5:152.
+       1946.
+
+DR. CRANE: Dr. MacDaniels, the idea prevails on the part of some I know
+that this curliness would show up more at the base or crown of the tree
+than it would be likely to show on the trunk, and at the base of large
+limbs we tend to have curliness. Of course, the Lamb walnut was supposed
+to be curly throughout, but in the case of other trees I wonder if
+that's true. You have emphasized the change in the direction of the
+grain at the crown between the root and trunk and in the crotches. I
+wonder just where would be the best place to scrape this bark or pare it
+down in examination to determine whether it was curly or not. Would that
+be, in your opinion, more likely to show up on the trunk of the tree or
+base of some limb or near down to the crown?
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: I'd be inclined to take it where you can work at it most
+easily; down towards the base. If the grain is curly only in restricted
+areas the log is not very valuable.
+
+A MEMBER: I have been told by a sawmill man that he could tell by the
+convolutions of the bark. Instead of being straight, they would be
+fluted.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: That might be. I was told during the First World War
+when they wanted straight-grained spruce for airplanes they found they
+could tell a straight-grained spruce from a spiral, so they wouldn't
+waste their time getting logs with spiral grain.
+
+
+TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The first item on the program is the life story of the
+Late Reverend Crath and the Crath Carpathian walnut in Ontario. We are
+going to have Mr. L. K. Devitt of Toronto, Canada, get into this subject
+for us. Mr. Devitt did know Reverend Crath since 1934. Mr. Devitt
+supported his expedition to the Ukraine in 1934. He has a few slides for
+us and then he is going to talk to us about a number of features.
+
+Mr. Devitt is in the school system in Toronto, and he is a graduate of
+the University of Toronto, and so without further introduction, take
+over and give us your story.
+
+MR. DEVITT: Thank you. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, when I wrote
+a letter to the secretary of the Association about Reverend Crath, I
+thought it was also fitting that at the next meeting I should come here
+and say a little more about the life and work of the Reverend Crath and
+the Crath Carpathian walnut in Ontario and the progress for the last 20
+years.
+
+
+
+
+Late Rev. Paul C. Crath
+
+L. K. DEVITT, _Toronto, Ontario_
+
+
+Rev. Crath was born near Kiev in Greater Ukraine, Poland, in 1883. He
+was the son of an Agricultural College Professor. It is assumed that he
+enjoyed the life of the upper class, being a graduate of two
+universities; and speaking fluently at least six languages of Central
+and Western Europe, and having travelled almost everywhere in Europe. He
+possessed a wide knowledge of the peoples, the history and the culture
+of all the Central European Countries.
+
+He migrated to Canada in 1908 and settled in Western Canada. He was
+employed at various, clerical occupations before entering the
+Theological College of the University of Manitoba from where he
+graduated as a Presbyterian minister in 1922.
+
+He was the minister of a Ukranian Presbyterian Church in Toronto for two
+years. From 1924 to 1936 he served as a Presbyterian missionary in
+Poland, organizing some thirty missions in Galicia and Volynia. For some
+years before the war, he spent considerable time on a farm near Welcome,
+Ontario, building up a European Nursery and in the winters he served
+with the Home Missions mostly in Western Canada. During the last ten
+years of his life he had to curtail his activities more and more, owing
+to poor health and a heart condition.
+
+I met Rev. Crath when he was on furlough in 1934.
+
+I went to the National Exhibition and among the various exhibits I came
+across a rather unique exhibit of nuts, grown by the late Geo. H.
+Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington.
+
+In the course of our conversation along came the late Prof. Jas. Neilson
+and we continued to talk about nut-growing. Prof. Neilson was
+interesting indeed. I could see he was a sincere man and most
+enthusiastic about the subject. He told me there was a Presbyterian
+Ukranian missionary in town who had brought out some hardy English
+walnuts from the Carpathian Mountains--a variety which he was sure would
+survive in Ontario and the Northern States and that it had great
+possibilities. The missionary was returning to Europe to bring out a
+shipment but needed, backing for the expedition. I met Prof. Neilson the
+following day. The sum required was $400.00 and he agreed to guarantee
+the sale of $400.00 worth in the U.S. at least. The next day I met Rev.
+Crath at the Exhibition display. We met off and on for two or three
+days. I could see no flaw in the project, so I raised the $400.00 by a
+bank-note. The banker thought I was crazy--and the missionary was on his
+way by the end of the week.
+
+He arrived by mid-September and having had so many charges in the
+Ukraine, he knew where to go and just when the crop was being harvested.
+The walnuts were selected, dried, boxed and shipped by the middle of
+October. The shipment arrived in Toronto the first week of
+November--nearly two tons of them. I received with them, a bill of
+lading with port charges, export duties and freight. I was out another
+$100.00.
+
+In two weeks, the Winter Fair opened and Mr. Corsan was invited to put
+on his nut exhibit as an attraction. In the meantime he was on the
+radio once a week to talk on health, food and various subjects, always
+getting around to nuts as a food--and this new discovery, the Carpathian
+walnut. The radio broadcasts brought interested people right to his
+exhibit. He gave an hourly talk on nuts and a pamphlet was given out.
+The Winter Fair sales grossed $300.00 and there was another $100.00 on
+follow-up sales by Christmas. The situation was at least easier.
+
+Prof. Neilson before Christmas had taken ill and passed away in
+February. However into the picture came another man, H. J. Rahmlow,
+secretary of the Wisconsin Horticultural Association with about 600
+affiliated societies. He wrote an article in the Country Gentleman and
+circularized the expedition of Rev. Crath to the Carpathian Mountains.
+We sent four shipments to Mr. Rahmlow in 25 and 50 lb. lots. Sales came
+in from all over Canada and the United States until spring. By spring we
+had cleared all expenses and had about $200.00 on hand, but the next
+problem was, what to do with the rest of the walnut seeds?
+
+On Mr. Corsan's Echo Valley, there were two fields, one in the valley
+and one over the road. We broke up out of sod an acre in each field and
+planted about 40,000 seeds. Rev. Crath took to a farm near Welcome, Ont.
+about another 20,000. Our plantation required a good deal of attention,
+work and expense during the growing season. However 90% of the walnuts
+germinated and grew to trees about 6 inches high. Over 30,000 trees
+survived the next cold winter.
+
+The following year we could scuffle them between the rows. Our nursery
+required less care and expense. During the summer they grew about a foot
+higher (15 in. average) but developed a very thick carrot-like tap root
+with numerous root hairs. By autumn 1936 it was evident we had to
+transplant. The seeds were planted originally 8 inches apart. So we
+divided up the lot by each taking one out of every three trees, thus
+leaving the trees in Echo Valley now 2 ft. apart. Rev. Crath took his
+trees to the farm at Welcome, 80 miles east of Toronto. They were
+planted on a slope below a thick woods from where melting snow and
+spring rains kept the field cold and wet until mid-summer. Rev. Crath's
+trees were practically a failure; in fact the area seemed to be
+unsuitable for walnut seedlings. Mr. Corsan's trees continued to grow,
+but even here the soil did not seem to be the most suitable.
+
+I took mine to a sandy garden soil that had been under sod for 20 years.
+The sod was broken and thoroughly disced. The spring was wet and very
+favourable for transplanting. The trees on this soil grew very well
+without any fertilizer at all; nor did they require any spraying. The
+trees continued to grow deep and do better each succeeding year.
+
+In the spring of 1939 I started to sell trees wholesale to the Dominion
+Nursery, Georgetown, Ont. Mr. Bradley, the president, carried more
+novelty items in his catalogue than any other nurseryman in Canada. I
+continued to plant more seeds until 1939.--The war stopped further
+importations, and I sold out all the trees by the spring of 1943.
+
+So from my nursery probably went out some 10,000 trees; the weaker
+seedling always perished during the winter. From Mr. Corsan's nursery,
+another 10,000 trees--about half of these went to his son, Hebden Corsan
+in Michigan. Rev. Crath's nursery yielded not more than 5000. He
+imported a number of cherries, plums, grapes and others fruits, all of
+which did not do too well either.
+
+During the period before the war, orders came in from everywhere--from
+British Columbia to Nova Scotia, even Newfoundland, besides nurseries in
+the United States. Orders from the prairie provinces were dissuaded but
+some customers insisted on a trial basis. Walnut seed, the first two
+years went mostly to Western Ontario, British Columbia and Nova Scotia.
+By 1939 the seedling nursery business that I had apparently fallen into,
+looked good. Rev. Crath and I talked the situation over. We decided to
+go to the country, lease some land. I would select
+the land and continue to grow seedlings and besides, import selected
+grafts to develop in Canada a hardy high quality grafted walnut tree.
+
+In September we prepared to make another expedition. My banker was most
+agreeable this time. Rev. Crath got as far as New York where, awaiting
+the S. S. Batory to sail, the war broke out. The S. S. Pilsudski was
+sunk just out of Gdynia the next day. The S. S. Batory never did sail
+back to Poland. When he arrived home we went to the bank on a Saturday
+morning. The travellers' cheques were cancelled.
+
+Rev. Crath in the 1936 expedition brought out a shipment of walnuts
+selected from the most northerly port of the Ukraine for Mr. Weschcke,
+St. Paul, Minn. I am not familiar with this part of his work.
+
+Rev. Crath was a cheerful soul, an interesting and pleasant individual
+to talk to. He loved people and, especially, meeting people. He
+possessed a great love for humanity; he bore malice toward no one and
+charity to all except the Bolsheviks. He was a restless man--"always on
+the go". One could see he preferred to be missionary rather than a
+resident minister. Although he was away a good part of the time he was
+dearly loved by his family.
+
+Shortly after his death, as an appreciation of his services as a
+minister among Ukranian families, special memorial services were held in
+Toronto, Oshawa and Detroit. I was invited to attend the Toronto
+service.
+
+On a visit one day last August, 1952, to places where his Carpathian
+walnut trees were coming into bearing, he examined them and gazed at
+them with a look of joy and sadness. On the way home he was somewhat
+upset, he looked at me and said "Mr. Devitt, my good friend, at last our
+experiment is a success. Promise me two things; continue our work and go
+to the convention and tell our American friends to continue the work."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is the story of the introduction of hardy Carpathian walnuts
+(_Juglans regia_) into Canada and the United States by the late Rev.
+Crath.
+
+Looking back on the whole adventure (now twenty years ago) it would be
+only fair that I mention the names of three other men for the work they
+did to make the expedition a success. The late Professor James Neilson
+whose research in nut growing in Ontario and the United States was
+already well known should be mentioned. It was he who really "sparked"
+the expedition. To the late George H. Corsan whose nut growing
+experiment at Echo Valley was something unique in Ontario, credit is due
+for his enthusiasm and support of the late Reverend Crath. The American
+nut growers who were fortunate to obtain walnut seeds at the time
+through Wisconsin Horticultural Society can thank Mr. H. J. Rhamlow,
+then secretary. He took over the task of distributing the walnut seeds
+through the affiliated societies. He insisted that the seeds be tested
+for germination, kept in proper storage, and did everything possible to
+ensure success. However none of these men as I knew them then, and
+including myself, would want any credit, but we give full recognition to
+Reverend Crath for his work.
+
+During the years spent in Poland Reverend Crath must have given the idea
+of growing hardy walnuts in Ontario and the Northern States considerable
+thought. He examined trees and nuts wherever he went; and continued
+gathering information each year. When I first met him I could see he had
+given walnut growing a great deal of study. He had great faith in his
+idea, and when leaving on his expedition 1934 he felt he was on a great
+mission. It should be remembered he made this arduous trip without pay
+and that he made very little money from the sale of walnut seeds or
+trees. No one did for that matter. It is also significant that in
+bringing these Carpathian walnuts out of Poland at that time, 1934, he
+did something that could never be done again. The trees he saw then
+probably went into rifle butts for use in World War II. The introduction
+of these walnuts into Ontario, met with varied success. Many bought them
+on a trial basis and were eventually rewarded; some looked on with
+skepticism and ridicule and a few thought that the growing of walnuts in
+Ontario was impossible. The intervening years, however, have brought
+forth a different picture. These seedling walnut trees are now bearing
+in Ontario and as late Reverend Crath predicted more than half of them
+are producing fair to good quality nuts. This is also true in the United
+States. In Ontario they grow well in the commercial apple districts and
+with variations mature nuts fully in 90 to 120 days (between Sept. 15 to
+October 15.) All of the best varieties should now be propagated by
+grafting to produce hundreds of hardy Crath Carpathian walnut trees.
+This project should always be one of the foremost with the members of
+the Northern Nut Growers Association. Twenty years from now and later,
+the number of hardy walnut trees producing nuts (Crath strain) should
+make a living monument to this obscure missionary--Rev. Paul C. Crath.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you very much, Mr. Devitt, for this very
+intriguing story. Truth is sometimes stranger than fiction. And we want
+to keep in touch with you, and we want to keep hearing from you, because
+you have got a big job to do yet.
+
+MR. DEVITT: There is only one thing, ladies and gentlemen: I don't want
+to run into 5,000 letters to answer. Keep my name out of this. That is
+my walking-out request now. That's the story. I am going to continue to
+keep collecting samples. I hope some day to have a number myself of the
+best, and I might come back again sometime. I can't say every year;
+circumstances may be that I can't come. However, it's been a great
+pleasure for me to be here. I have wanted to come for 20 years, and I
+thought this year that I should come, because I am on this special
+mission of Reverend Crath's. Now you know what's going on in Ontario.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. Chairman, I think the Association will answer the 5,000
+letters, if he will ask.
+
+MR. DEVITT: I didn't ask. Are there any questions?
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to ask a question. Was any scion wood ever brought
+over?
+
+MR. DEVITT: There was some scion wood brought over by the Reverend Crath
+in the spring of 1935, and it was brought over on the boat. I remember
+in those years only one that grew on a tree belonging to Mr. Corsan. I
+don't think the other scion wood proved any good at all.
+
+MR. STOKE: I got a little of that scion wood, and it had been waxed. The
+bark was nice and green, but the buds were dead.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: Do you have a plantation of young, producing trees?
+
+MR. DEVITT: No. My place, where I had those trees is now $3 million
+worth of buildings on 15 acres. You'd be looking down a street. They
+moved in in 1944, and built up 15 acres where I had one acre in the 15.
+
+
+
+
+The Eastern Black Walnut as a Farm Timber Tree
+
+JOHN DAVIDSON, _Xenia, Ohio_
+
+
+Most people instinctively love trees. Perhaps this is an inherited
+result of arboreal ancestry. Even so, very few of us realize what an
+astonishingly close tie exists between the survival of trees and the
+well-being of the human race. Probably even fewer realize the very great
+importance, in the economy of animal life, of trees which bear nuts. Not
+alone for the sake of their nuts are they important, valuable as nuts
+are, but also for the sake of the unmatched timber which some of them
+produce, as well as for the sake of their service as soil conservers and
+builders, as beautifiers, and as silent, persistent builders of capital
+values.
+
+In view of these outstanding qualities, it is strange that nut trees are
+today unfortunately and shamefully neglected in the north. Especially, I
+claim, is this true of the Eastern Black walnut. Here is a mystery. Why
+do not northern planters of trees plant more Eastern Black walnuts for
+their exceedingly valuable timber?
+
+"Backward" Burma could give us lessons in intelligent forestry. It is
+said that the Burmese are permitted to clear their thickets and tropical
+woodlands for agricultural use only after they agree to plant a definite
+amount of that land in teak, perhaps the most valuable of all woods. It
+is said that, due to the effectiveness of this system, some 35,000 acres
+have now been stocked with this valuable timber.
+
+There are two or three main reasons why the planting of Eastern Black
+walnut for timber is thus far not very common in America. (1). The
+native and favorable area of this tree is limited to a comparatively
+small section. (2), The tree grows well only in deep, fertile soil where
+quick-money crops have had the first call. Strip-mine planting is better
+than none at all, but such soil as is left after a strip-mine operation
+is hardly the best. (3) We are in too great a hurry. (4) Most farmers
+must have annual incomes, or they must quit farming.
+
+What, then, are the offsetting reasons why this kind of planting should
+have an appeal to far-seeing people who are favorably located? In the
+first place, the Eastern Black walnut yields wood of unique quality.
+Pattern makers, who must work within tolerances of thousandths of an
+inch, prefer it. Walter Page, a well known sports writer has this to
+say: "Few woods come as close as walnut to fulfilling all the demands of
+a good gunstock: beauty of grain, workableness with cutting tools,
+resistance to warpage, weight or density in proportion to strength."
+
+Another example of the many-sided versatility of this wood can be found
+in those timbered regions of America where termites are a problem for
+home owners. Termites seem to leave black walnut wood very much alone.
+It probably has a taste which termites cannot stomach. This is one
+reason why so many of the old rail fences of our ancestors in the walnut
+area were made of black walnut. The "ground-chunks," in particular,
+which were laid upon the ground under the corners of the worm-fences
+were often either of rock, or of walnut.
+
+Just this year I watched the demolition of part of an old log cabin
+which was being riddled by termites. Many of the ordinary logs were in
+ruins but the walnut boards which had served as weather-boarding over
+the ends of some of the termite-infested logs were as sound and as
+beautifully preserved as they had been when they were placed there.
+
+Is it any wonder that so many of the pioneers who had lived long enough
+in the termite area to see what could happen to other lumber, chose
+walnut, whenever they could get it, for structural work and for
+weatherboard protection?
+
+Safety of operation is still another matter for consideration. If I wish
+to create an estate for my family or for my last years, how can I go
+about it with the best chance for success? Shall I go prospecting for
+precious metals? Thousands have failed at that job where but few have
+succeeded. Shall it be manufacturing? Count up the failures. For each
+success, at least ten go broke. Wall Street? The Wall Street journals
+themselves give the statistics. More than 90 percent of all persistent
+Wall Street gamblers lose money in the end. Farming? Much safer, but
+most farmers who have made much money in the past have accomplished it
+by way of an increase in the value of their land rather than through
+their farming operations. This is the result of fluctuating prices. Bad
+years often eat up the savings of good years. Then, too, the good farmer
+is a busy man. The better the year the busier he is. Very little time
+remains for side issues, such as the planting of trees.
+
+As a matter of fact, as erosion of the soil progresses, as good,
+productive land becomes more scarce, and as farm labor becomes more and
+more difficult to employ, the attention of informed farm owners and
+operators has been turning more and more to soil-building, perennial,
+permanent and labor-saving crops. Of these, grass and tree crops are,
+far and away, the most promising today.
+
+In view of what I have found out during the last 20 years, I am quite
+sure that, if I were starting now, I should expect to make farming a
+major element in my estate building, but it would be mostly tree and
+grass farming, not grain farming. I should need livestock, of course, to
+make use of the grass. And I like livestock.
+
+This is what I ask of life: First of all, I must enjoy my work. I do not
+care to spend all my days in getting ready to live. My job must lie
+along the road I like to travel. I do not care to work at a task so
+burdensome, so time-consuming that I have no heart for the enjoyment of
+living. At the same time, a big part of the plan must be to find a good,
+safe way to build an estate. It must be feasible, practical, enjoyable.
+
+I believe, in the light of my own recent experience, that if one is
+properly situated, there is much to be said for the idea of undertaking
+the practice of forestry upon a rather liberal scale using Eastern Black
+walnut trees as a foundation.
+
+In the first place, I ask, what living thing upon one's farm will cause
+less labor than a forest tree? I know of none. This fulfills the first
+requirement. A forest tree calls for a minimum of attention as
+compared with other crops. This is especially true if one permits
+livestock to keep down weeds and brush. And here I am likely to be
+called a heretic. The authorities say, "No grazing in a forest".
+However, in this field of forestry there are some traditional maxims
+which, to say the least, are not capable of universal application. The
+authorities, too, have been known to rely upon what other authorities
+tell them--without investigating the facts for themselves. It is not
+well to rely too implicitly or trustfully upon the "authorities", either
+ecclesiastical or scientific. "No grazing" is a valid enough rule to
+follow in the ordinary forest, but I have found that after the trees are
+well grown we can graze the land under a deep-rooted walnut tree which
+is planted in deep, rich soil as we would graze any meadow land--in
+reason and in moderation. The practice is profitable for annual income
+and it keeps down the fire hazard. One bad fire in an ungrazed or unmown
+piece of brush-covered undergrowth can destroy in an hour 50 years of
+timber growth. If we plant deep-rooted nut trees in deep, rich soil, and
+if we fertilize that soil as any valuable permanent pasture land is
+fertilized, we can graze that land without injury to the trees or the
+land.
+
+One other reason which is given for the prohibition of grazing is the
+desire to save young tree growth. This is justified in ordinary forestry
+practice by the need to get annual income through successive cuttings.
+The young growth must be encouraged to come on. Even so, it must be
+thinned as it comes. However, a forest of black walnut trees yields its
+annual income in another way--through its nuts and its livestock.
+
+Trees in such a forest should be planted close enough together to cause
+them to reach straight up as they grow. They will not all reach straight
+up, of course, but enough will do so to produce as many saw-logs as will
+normally grow in a forest; that is, if they have been properly planted
+in the first place.
+
+In my own modified forest-type planting, the black walnut trees stand 8
+feet apart in rows 20 feet apart. The 20-foot spacing between rows was
+planned to provide more sunlight for nut production during the early
+years. No one ever planted a forest in that way, so far as I know. The
+trees are now 17 years old, about 3250 of them in all. In the best soil
+of this 20 acres I can count about 1000 forest-type, straight,
+well-grown trees. There are about 1500 lesser trees, low-limbed trees
+which will eventually be used, perhaps, for posts or some such purpose.
+There are, I regret to say, about 750 trees that will never be worth
+anything. An eroded slope and a hidden clay bed explain these
+misbegotten dwarfs.
+
+The variable growth of these trees proves that the first care in making
+a planting of walnut for timber should be to plant in good soil, deep
+and well drained. Bottom land, even some that is occasionally
+overflown with flood-water, and therefore not the best wheat land,
+should be excellent for Eastern Black walnuts if the drainage is good.
+Rule two:--Select your seed or seedlings from large, straight-growing,
+healthy parents. This rule needs explanation.
+
+In last October's NUTSHELL, an organ of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, Spencer Chase, its editor, called attention to a showing of
+Carpathian Persian walnuts by Mr. H. F. Stoke which illustrated what was
+called "the variability of seedling trees." The progenitor
+of these seedlings was a Lancaster Carpathian Persian walnut tree.
+Differences in size, appearance and quality of nuts from these seedlings
+were said to have been remarkable. Such differences, we know, are
+greater with some species than with others. A variable ancestry often
+results in a variable progeny. On the other hand, I know that my Eastern
+American black walnuts do tend to reproduce the characteristics of their
+parents. I have long rows of seedling trees, all from one parent tree,
+standing alongside long rows of seedlings from another parent. The
+similarity of the tree growth and nut production of the trees in their
+own rows, and their contrast in growth of trees and nuts to those in
+adjoining rows is striking and to me conclusive. A photograph taken by
+Dr. O. D. Diller, of Ohio State University, in 1946, shows trees in a
+right-hand row grown from seed of a tree on the Kinsey farm, while on
+the left are seedlings of a tree on the McCoy farm. The circumference of
+trunks of Kinsey seedlings averages more than twice that of McCoy trees.
+Same soil, same age (11 years), same treatment.
+
+Those same trees, now 17 years old, still show these striking
+characteristics. It is true that each tree in a row of seedlings is an
+individual in its own right. No others are exactly like it.
+Nevertheless, the family resemblances in that row are very like those in
+human families. They are especially noticeable in the nuts--with, for
+example, rough shells in one row and smooth shells in another; mainly
+large nuts in one and mainly small nuts in an adjoining family. Also,
+some rows have mostly straight-growing trees, others are predominantly
+branchy, like the Thomas.
+
+It should be said in this connection that practically all of the parent
+trees of these seedlings stood in isolated positions and little subject
+to pollination from other trees.
+
+So much for the Eastern Black walnut's evidence of hereditary influence.
+So, let us take inventory.
+
+Today, I figure that the thousand well-grown trees in this planting are
+each adding a dollar per year to the value of the 20 acres upon which
+they stand. $1000 per year in all. This estimate, which of course seems
+optimistic, is based upon the statement of a walnut tree buyer--a
+sawmill man--who tells me that a well grown, deep-soil, 50-year-old
+Eastern Black walnut tree should average about $50 in value. Thus far,
+my 17-year-old youngsters, some of them nearly 3 feet in girth (9-1/2 to
+11 or more inches in diameter at breast height) look promising.
+
+In addition to the potential added value of $1000 per year, this 20
+acres has produced about two tons of in-hull nuts from selected trees
+only, in each of the past two years, (with more than that in prospect
+this year), while the land beneath the trees grows good pasture and
+helps to support a small herd of cattle and calves.
+
+Once the trees were thoroughly established, the labor investment has
+been very small. Nature, for the most part, has done her own pruning,
+and has done it better than I deserve. Since the first half-dozen years,
+there has been no cultivation. The trees have been practically
+trouble-free. Winds have damaged a few and one wet spot has killed three
+trees. There are a few black locust trees among the walnuts. I can see
+no evidence that the walnuts have made either better or poorer growth
+because of the proximity of these nitrogen storers. Perhaps the evidence
+will show up later. We shall see.
+
+The last item in this inventory, added value to the estate, is still
+potential, but the potential is surprising. If my walnut timber buyer's
+estimate is trustworthy, in 17 years the best 1000 trees have added
+17,000 potential dollars to the value of that 20 acres. And they have
+done it with safety, with little labor on my part and, lately, with
+annual dividends of excellent nuts and good pasture. No other kind of
+forestry that I know of can do that.
+
+It would, of course, be foolish to claim that the kind of management
+here described would be wise or workable with other forest species. Wise
+forest management requires, first of all, that the choice of species
+shall be adapted to the soil and climate favored by that species. It
+requires a proper density of stand. Finally, good management demands
+that a choice be made of the most valuable type of timber that can be
+produced upon your land. If you can grow walnut successfully, it would
+be foolish to grow Willow or Box Elder.
+
+One necessary thing I must do, a thing that I should advise others
+similarly situated to do, namely, place a tight legal fence around this
+twenty acres in order to assure the trees' survival until 50 years have
+proved or disproved my faith. For, after all, these trees are guinea
+pigs--pioneering. They break some traditional rules. The land they stand
+on is grazed. They are not set the traditional 80 feet apart. Their nut
+crops may dwindle away. One never sees walnut trees growing in pure
+stands--always with other species which scatter their seeds and push in.
+They are not monopolists--like the pines.
+
+Very well, we shall see. My own small experiment in unorthodox ways has
+the temerity to suggest a new treatment for a species of timber tree
+which I personally regard as America's very best gift of its kind to the
+world. For 17 years my modified forest-type planting of black walnut
+trees has not disappointed me. That is why I now believe that the farmer
+in the Eastern black walnut's native habitat who fails to set out these
+nut trees wherever he can is losing a good opportunity.
+
+
+
+
+The McKinster Persian Walnut
+
+P. E. MACHOVINA, _Columbus, Ohio_
+
+
+The McKinster Persian walnut first attracted public attention when it
+received first place in the preliminary Persian walnut contest conducted
+by the Northern Nut Growers Association in 1949. In the follow-up
+contest of 1950, the variety was granted third place. The McKinster tree
+resulted from Crath Carpathian seed secured through the Wisconsin
+Horticultural Society by Mr. Ray McKinster of Columbus, Ohio. The seed
+was obtained and planted in the spring of 1938, hence the tree is now 15
+years of age. Probably this seed was secured by Rev. Crath during his
+last trip when, presumably, he made some of his most careful selections.
+
+Altogether, Mr. McKinster planted eleven Crath nuts in the back yard of
+his small city lot, nine of which germinated. All but two of the
+resulting seedlings were distributed to friends and relatives living in
+the countryside. Many of these trees have disappeared due to accidents
+and lack of care; a few, however, have produced nuts which apparently
+are not exceptional. One such nut examined was of medium size with a
+fairly thick shell; the kernel was of good flavor but somewhat bitter.
+Of the two trees retained by Mr. McKinster, both were permitted to grow
+where the seed was planted, however one died of an unknown cause when
+five years of age. Nuts produced by this tree were inferior to those
+produced by the survivor which later became known as the McKinster
+variety.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The McKinster tree may be viewed in the accompanying illustrations which
+show it without foliage and with foliage. The pictures were taken in
+March and August, respectively, 1953. Since it is a very beautiful and
+relatively clean tree, the McKinster would be desirable in any yard.
+From the pictures, it will be noted that the site is unfortunate being
+restricted by two garages, an alley, and with numerous overhead utility
+wires. Some effort was made two years ago to keep the tree out of the
+wires by cutting back top growth. The trimming stimulated the usual
+vigorous, annual growth to produce terminals as great as 10 feet in one
+year. Ordinarily, annual growths of 6 feet of husky wood are not
+unusual. New wood and buds are hardy in appearance and assume a rich
+brown color upon maturing. With such growth, cutting 1000 feet of scion
+wood annually would be no problem. The tree is now about 35 feet in
+height with a like spread.
+
+The bearing record of the McKinster Persian has been excellent. Its
+first crop of five or six nuts was borne at five years of age and large
+crops have been consistently set each year since with but one exception.
+Crop records have been impossible to maintain since the tree is located
+in a section of the city where squirrels abound. Any nuts saved must be
+protected by screen-wire cages. The hunger of the squirrels for the nuts
+is amazing. For example, in 1951, they descended upon the tree during
+the first week of July and destroyed all nuts of the large crop within
+two weeks. These nuts could not possibly have been filled and,
+consequently, could have been of little nutrient value. In their
+voracity, the squirrels frequently work on the cages and sometimes
+manage to break through. To facilitate this endeavor, limbs up to one
+inch in diameter carrying cages are sometimes cut off so the squirrels
+can attack more conveniently from the ground.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It could be that nuts saved by caging are sometimes inferior. The cages
+used are made by folding window screen into a doubled, 4 to 6 inch
+square, producing an "envelope" with wire sewn edges. Crowding from one
+to three nuts into a cage may result in inhibited development,
+especially since considerable leaf surface must be removed when
+installing a cage. Because Mr. McKinster has been ill for several
+years, it has been difficult to accomplish the caging; consequently, but
+few nuts are saved. For example, in 1950, there were insufficient nuts
+to meet the 25 nut sample required by the contest judges. All available
+nuts, some probably inferior, were entered, and it is a matter of
+conjecture whether the nuts might have been judged higher under
+different circumstances. Also conjectural are the questions of crop size
+and regularity of bearing in the event the tree was permitted to mature
+its nuts.
+
+The McKinster nuts, which were the principal consideration in the
+contests rather than the tree itself, are excellent in nearly all
+aspects. They are of medium size, averaging around 35 to the pound, with
+about 52 per cent kernel. The shell is moderately thin, light in color,
+well sealed, of a satisfactory shape (see illustration), and with
+excellent cracking qualities. The kernel is light, plump, of excellent
+flavor, and in the words of one authority, "probably rank with the best
+in freedom from bitterness." The nuts are matured by the middle of
+September and, later, drop, free of the husk.
+
+Blooming of the parent tree usually occurs during the first week of May.
+In 1951, the staminate flowers were first observed April 29 and the
+pistillate flowers May 2. The narrator visited the tree on May 4 at
+which time some catkins had fallen; it was estimated that one-half to
+two-thirds of the pollen had been shed. The pistillate flowers appeared
+to be either receptive or slightly past at this stage. Mr. McKinster
+commented that the blooming period of 1951 was from a few days to a week
+earlier than usual. In 1952, the shedding of pollen started on April 29.
+From the foregoing, it may be noted that the McKinster Persian is
+entirely or largely self-pollinating. No other Persian walnut trees
+which might assist in pollination occur in the vicinity and all known
+seedlings raised from nuts of the parent McKinster tree have appeared to
+be pure Persian. Leafing out starts about a week before the bloom
+appears. In the fall, leaves are colored a beautiful bronze and are
+brought down in a great shower by the first frost.
+
+A sample of the soil in which the McKinster tree is growing, taken at a
+depth of 6 inches, was tested in July 1950. The results specify that the
+soil is mostly silt with an average amount of organic matter and that
+evidence indicates it to contain ashes. The acidity is specified as
+"neutral", potash "high", and phosphate "low". No mention is made of
+available nitrogen; however, the dark green color of the leaves and
+vigorousness of growth would indicate a satisfactory supply. Fertilizer
+in small amount was applied once or twice during the early life of the
+tree; also, during this period, Mr. McKinster "spaded in" garbage, etc.,
+to increase the humus content of the soil. In 1951, the narrator checked
+the pH of the soil near the surface and obtained a value of 6.5.
+
+Only one instance of damage due to climatic conditions and none
+whatsoever from insects and diseases has ever been observed with the
+parent McKinster tree. Undoubtedly, the city location offers some
+protection from frost, but may also be detrimental, on occasion, through
+heat reflected from the many surrounding white-painted buildings. For
+example, an unseasonable warm spell occurred in Columbus during the
+latter part of the first week in April of the current year. The heat,
+lasting for several days, reached a high of 80.4 degrees and, as a
+result, the McKinster tree started vegetating. Leaf growths of from
+one-half to one inch had been reached when normal conditions returned.
+Two weeks later, a cold spell with snow and temperatures of 22 degrees
+killed the new growth but did not injure the wood. Following this,
+leafing re-occurred, but at a slower rate and somewhat later than
+normal. The size ultimately attained by the leaves is about one-half
+their usual size, and, consequently, the accompanying illustration,
+taken this summer, does not exhibit the usual luxuriant appearance of
+the tree. A large part of the bloom was damaged by the cold, hence the
+tree set a lighter crop of nuts than usual.
+
+In connection with early vegetating, it may be remarked that Mr.
+McKinster, several years ago, presented two small grafted trees of his
+variety to a relative living in eastern Kentucky. These trees were
+planted on low ground and were killed the first year by late spring
+frosts after leafing out twice. Thus it seems evident that the McKinster
+tree has the fault, common in Carpathians, of leafing out too early and
+being injured by late spring frosts, especially when planted too far
+south. Three other trees, grafted by Mr. McKinster and now about four
+years from the graft, are situated in the countryside several miles
+south of Columbus, Ohio, where they are doing excellently, having never
+been damaged.
+
+The writer has several three year old McKinster grafts at his property
+in southeastern Ohio which were deliberately set on stocks located in a
+bad frost pocket. The grafts, which are adjacent to a woods, have made
+fair growth each spring but are injured during the summer by an insect
+laying eggs in the succulent growth. The portion of terminal above the
+point of sting invariably dies the following winter and has the
+appearance produced by winter killing. This damage has not been unique
+with the McKinster, having also occurred with the McDermid, Watt,
+Burtner, and other Persian varieties growing nearby; some of the latter
+were killed outright the first winter after grafting.
+
+A one-year McKinster grafted tree with three feet of growth above the
+graft was cut back and transplanted by the writer to the yard of his
+Columbus, Ohio, home during the winter of 1952. Growth the following
+spring was about two feet and obtained in rather poor soil. After a long
+absence during the summer which was attended by a prolonged drouth, the
+tree was found in a dying condition, having lost all its leaves. Hurried
+watering resulted in a complete new coat of leaves and a small amount of
+additional terminal growth. The tree matured its growth and withstood
+the winter nicely, but suffered, similar to the parent, from the April,
+1953, unseasonable weather. Growth this summer from adventitious buds
+has been poor.
+
+Unfortunately, the McKinster variety saw but little testing in other
+parts of the country prior to its recognition in 1949. So that this
+report might be as complete as possible, requests were sent to several
+dozen experimenters who are known to have grafted the McKinster, asking
+for their experiences and opinions of the variety. The requests went to
+people scattered generally throughout the northeastern portion of the
+country, a very few of which had received scion wood in 1950, a larger
+portion in 1951, and the bulk in 1952. For the most part, replies
+indicate satisfaction and even enthusiasm; very few report failure.
+Definite conclusions cannot be drawn because of the short time of
+trial; however, a general description of experiences will provide
+indications.
+
+Few experimenters report failure in grafting, most stating the variety
+to be "easy to graft." Any who mention the characteristic,
+state that "grafts are vigorous," or that "it is a fairly rapid grower."
+For the experimenters, the McKinster seems to be about "average" in its
+time of leafing out. Many report a set of nuts the second year after
+grafting. As to time of maturing new growth, the reply of Mr. Stephen
+Bernath of New York, "New growth matures about the end of September," is
+fairly typical, as is the reply of Dr. R. T. Dunstan of North Carolina,
+"It appears to harden wood well ahead of frost." Most reports indicate
+no winter injury but are tempered by cautious observations that
+temperatures had not been low. Mr. H. F. Stoke of Virginia, who grafted
+the McKinster in the spring of 1950, reports: "Pistillate buds developed
+during the summer of 1951 were killed by a frost catching new growth in
+the spring of 1952." Mr. John Howe of Missouri was the sole reporter of
+catastrophe when he stated: "My McKinster graft was killed by the
+November, 1951, cold while the Lake and McDermid varieties close by were
+not hurt." Mr. Sylvester Shessler of northern Ohio reports: "The
+McKinster withstood, without injury, the 1951 winter which killed 4
+hybrids and a Crath, and injured several others." Mr. Harry P. Burgart
+of Michigan reports the variety as doing extra well for him. The only
+reply mentioning disease came from Dr. Dunstan who says: "It has been
+fairly clean in foliage so far, less susceptible to leaf spot than
+some." Mr. John Gerstenmaier of Massillon, Ohio, grafted the McKinster
+in 1951 and reports excellent growth with a diameter of 2 inches at the
+graft after two years. He reports temperatures of 16 degrees very early
+in November which caused no harm, and pistillate bloom from May 8 to 16,
+1952, which materialized into a crop of two nuts; pollen was supplied by
+adjacent Carpathians. Leafing out ordinarily starts about a week prior
+to the bloom for Mr. Gerstenmaier; but, in April, 1953, the unseasonable
+weather conditions also occurring in his vicinity caused early
+vegetating and killing, while at nearby Orrville, the variety was
+undamaged.
+
+Mr. Gilbert Becker of Michigan, who is enthusiastic about the McKinster
+variety, believes the qualities of the nut to be superb and the
+characteristics of the tree satisfactory. He is of the opinion that the
+too-short dormancy of the variety is not a serious objection,
+particularly with climatic conditions such as those experienced in
+Michigan. Even in central Ohio, where peach and apple crops are
+frequently lost due to spring frosts, the McKinster has not been injured
+when located in the countryside and injured but once during its 15
+years, with a resultant smaller than usual crop, when located in the
+city.
+
+In closing, it might be well to comment on the fact that nuts of the
+McKinster, Hansen and Jacobs varieties alone placed high in both the
+1949 and 1950 N.N.G.A. contests and that different panels of judges
+served in the two events. Certainly the nuts of these varieties are of a
+superior quality, and it would seem important to determine those parts
+of the country where these varieties are sufficiently hardy to be of
+commercial value. Certainly these varieties should be given every
+opportunity to prove themselves.
+
+
+
+
+Carpathian Walnuts in the Columbia River Basin
+
+LYNN TUTTLE, _Clarkston, Wash_.
+
+
+Mr. Chairman and friends of the nut culture, I regret that I cannot meet
+with you at this time, but fate seems to have decreed otherwise. The
+pleasant memory of the meeting at Guelph is still with me and I must
+admit a feeling of humility as I prepare this paper for a group of
+sincere and devoted people united in a common interest.
+
+The Pacific Northwest extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific
+Ocean. This area is divided by the Cascade Mountains which run north and
+south. Between the Cascades and the Pacific we have a coastal area
+wherein winters are generally mild, summers cool, and rainfall abundant.
+Under these, conditions many plants do not attain a high degree of
+dormancy. Zero weather in Seattle will damage walnuts as much as will
+twenty-five degrees below zero in the more continental climate east of
+the Cascades. Carpathian walnuts have proved their value under both
+coastal and interior conditions. This hardiness is at least partially
+due to their tendency to mature their buds and harden their growth
+earlier in the fall than do other types of English walnuts.
+
+Between the Cascades and the Rockies is a vast area part plateau and
+part mountains. It is scarred with deep canyons and crossed by swift
+streams fed from springs and mountain snows. Roughly the elevation of
+farm lands varies from five hundred to over forty-five hundred feet.
+Depending largely on slope and elevation, rainfall varies from about
+eight to twenty-five inches. In general, summer days are bright, dry,
+and fairly hot. Nights are clear and cool. Winters are unpredictable but
+always vary much according to location and elevation. Infrequently
+temperatures may drop to more than twenty below zero at Clarkston. Other
+areas of similar elevation may be five to ten degrees colder.
+
+For the sake of clarity and to reduce the territory covered, we will
+confine ourselves largely to that part of the Columbia Basin irrigated
+and to be irrigated in Central Washington. The application is general,
+however.
+
+Grand Coulee Dam has made feasible the irrigation of about 1-1/4 million
+acres of sage brush, bunch grass, and marginal wheat lands. Irrigation
+is already practised over other vast acreages. This land is level to
+rolling, and is of sandy loam nature. It is deeply under-laid by layers
+of lava rock--in places thousands of feet thick. As in most arid
+climates the soil is rich in minerals but low in nitrogen and organic
+matter. Under irrigation production is amazing. The growing season is
+sufficiently long for Carpathian walnuts anywhere in the irrigated area.
+
+Walnuts originally from Southern Europe have proved unsatisfactory
+because they killed at 20 to 25 below zero. It was discouraging to have
+a ten or fifteen year old tree killed outright by an unusual winter. But
+it was just these conditions that led to the discovery of the Schafer
+walnut. This tree survived the winters of 1936 and 1937 in a part of the
+Yakima valley where all other varieties similarly located were killed.
+So far as I know, none of these were Carpathians.
+
+Many Carpathians are now being planted, mostly for yard trees, but
+promise to eventually become one of the big commercial crops of the
+area. However, skepticism on the part of the public and scarcity of
+nursery stock has delayed commercial planting. A fair portion of good
+growers are now convinced that commercial growing is profitable and
+stock, our own and others, is becoming more plentiful.
+
+Our experience has been confined largely to the Schafer walnut and it
+is, aside from some promising seedlings, so far as we know, the only
+proven Carpathian in this area. We do not wish to discredit
+possibilities of any other variety, but must speak out of our own
+observations. There are numerous small, commercial plantings now
+producing, the nuts being sold locally. Accurate production figures are
+not available and if available would vary greatly due to the care given
+the trees. The Schafer, and this will undoubtedly hold true of some
+other Carpathians, bears more at five years than a Franquette does at
+ten. I have seen apple boxes (about one bushel) of nuts harvested from
+five and six years old trees. Production increases rapidly with age.
+
+As with fruit trees good air drainage and good soil drainage are
+desirable for the walnut orchard. The Schafer starts fairly early in the
+spring and new leaves are easily nipped by late frosts. A severe late
+freeze might also injure new growth although I do not recall a crop
+having been lost due to this cause. Although pollinizers have not been
+used, we think that on young trees and in some years they might insure a
+better crop. We are now propagating two pollinizing varieties the
+catkins of which come out later than the Schafer.
+
+Trees planted sixty feet apart permit inter-planting to row and other
+crops for several years. Columbia Basin lands under irrigation produce
+enormous crops of potatoes, beans, sugar beets, rutabagas, green peas,
+clover or alfalfa seed, peppermint oil, and fruit. Average potato--20
+tons, alfalfa hay--7 tons (three cuttings), alfalfa seed--800 pounds,
+dry beans--2,500 pounds, wheat--70 to 100 bushels. In some areas peach
+or apricot trees make good fillers.
+
+Carpathians also fit into the picture as yard trees, for border
+plantings,--either to utilize run-off water or to use water wasted along
+ditches and pipe lines and for wind breaks. This open country is
+naturally windy and trees greatly reduce the ground velocity of wind.
+
+Nut production in this area appears to be much heavier than on the coast
+or in California with varieties now being grown there. So far we are
+pest-free. The potentials of good Carpathian walnuts in this area are
+unlimited.
+
+
+
+
+Walnuts and Filberts in Southern Wisconsin
+
+C. F. LADWIG, _Beloit, Wisc._
+
+
+My farm is located a few blocks north of the Illinois-Wisconsin line on
+a rise overlooking the city of Beloit, whose western limits are almost
+adjacent to my land. Temperature in this section ranges from 100 degrees
+above to 30 degrees below zero; rarely reaching either extreme--with an
+average frost free period of 173 days. Rainfall averages approximately
+35 inches. Walnut, butternut, bitternut, hazel and hickory are native,
+but just about non-existent in my vicinity except on my place in the
+young state.
+
+The land on my place has been tobaccoed and corned out for over 100
+years and its once rich clay loam with sandy streaks was unable to grow
+ragweed over 2 inches high when I bought it. Trying to grow nut trees in
+this soil presents problems as you well know. My problem was not to get
+them to grow vigorously but to get them to grow at all. However, by
+using fertile spots, formerly barnyard and around the house, I got
+several walnuts and filberts started.
+
+I have an eight year old Crath #1, two Myers black walnuts, about the
+same age, Cochrane and Thomas, 6 years, all obtained from Mr. Berhow,
+and a fine assortment of Jones hybrid filberts from Mrs. Langdoc, a Rush
+filbert from Mr. Burgart, two European filberts from the New York State
+Fruit Testing Association, some hybrid seedlings, some native hazels
+from seed, some bitternut seedlings from Mr. Weschcke, a few native
+hickory seedlings, an American chestnut seedling from Scarff, 2
+butternut seedlings, 2 nice Chinese tree hazels from Mr. Shessler,
+several Jacobs walnut seedlings, and _regia_ & _hindsii_ hybrids from
+seed of Mr. Pozzi, some Crath seedlings and a number of Thomas black
+walnut seedlings--also native walnut seedlings.
+
+Mr. Shessler and Prof. J. C. McDaniel have been a source of
+help, advice, and inspiration to me and I am
+deeply indebted to them, as well as to many other members of the
+N.N.G.A. who have shared their experiences with me.
+
+How have the trees done? The Crath #1 is bearing a few nuts this year.
+It had no catkins, but the Cochrane was loaded with staminate bloom at
+the right time. I got busy with the Cochrane pollen and a brush and went
+to work on the Crath pistillate bloom. Very pleased with this cross I
+looked the Crath over a few days later to check on progress. I picked
+the little nutlets off the ground and inspected them carefully, then
+threw them into the chickens to see if they would eat them. Back in my
+mind was the feeling that Mother Nature thought I was getting too big
+for my britches and decided to teach me a lesson. However she generously
+allowed a few air pollinated nutlets to grow, and so there will be a
+small crop of the round and plump smooth green balls.
+
+The Crath #1 is not perfectly hardy as it freezes back an inch or two in
+the cold winters. Two years ago the warm wet fall left it unprepared for
+the sudden onslaught of winter and several whole branches died and the
+trunk split open, the split sounding like a rifle shot one cold, crisp
+evening. I happened to be standing by it at the time.
+
+The Myers black walnuts are splendid trees and just about hardy. They
+bore a few nuts and second and third year from planting, which sapped
+their vitality. They then bore nothing for about three years, which
+happened to be unfavorable years for walnuts anyway, and began to bear
+again this year with a moderate crop. It looks like the plum curculio,
+my arch insect enemy, is trying the nuts for size. I saved some Cochrane
+pollen and went to work on the Myers, with you know what results.
+However three of the nutlets stayed on the tree; so that I may have
+effected a cross between Myers and Cochrane.
+
+Thomas has acted peculiarly for me. It went thru the devastating
+winters of 1950 and 1951 in fine shape, then froze back last winter when
+the temperatures never went below 5 degrees below zero. The very dry
+fall should have ripened all branches to perfection. My mule, Zombie,
+took a liking to the branches and leaves of this tree, so it is now
+trimmed up like an umbrella. The small nut crop must have also gone down
+Zombie's gullet. He is more destructive to walnut and plum than the
+curculio. (Tie him up. Ed.) Thomas does not seem to have a great future
+up here.
+
+Now Cochrane is different. If that little tree has as many nuts on it as
+it had catkins this year, I'm going to have to move the corn out of the
+crib and put the walnuts in there. It is not a fast growing tree, but
+this may be the fault of the spot it is in, judging by the color of the
+leaves. I never got around to fertilizing it.
+
+Now that I told you about the Cochrane, I'll have to tell you about the
+"Wayne" black walnut. It is eight years old, stands about eight feet
+high and is hardy. My Black Walnut seedlings stand from six inches to
+six feet high. They go back to six inches every other year when I cut
+them down to graft them. Nobody in the nut tree field can call me a
+grafter. I'll make him prove it!
+
+The hickory, butternut, bitternut, and chestnut are step children and
+fend for themselves on less desirable soil. All are small. The
+regia-hindsii hybrids are small and young and are being given special
+care, but may not be perfectly hardy. They grow well.
+
+The Jones hybrid filberts stand from six to eight feet high, except
+those planted recently. This year they have a fair crop. The catkins
+came thru the winter in good shape for the most part. My two European
+filberts, which have lost their identity, but are either Italian Red,
+Cosford, or Medium Long, (one of the three perished) usually suffer the
+loss of their catkins and occasionally lose a branch or two to
+winter's icy fingers.
+
+To me, the filberts are fascinating at all times of the year. When the
+snow is deep and the cold bites deep, their tight little catkins always
+hold forth the comfortable promise of spring. When spring does come the
+thrill of the tiny red blossoms and lumbering catkins is as real and
+enduring as the promise of a crop of the shiny nuts is fickle. Then, of
+course, after the last tiny blossom has faded and the last catkin has
+withered, the leaves push forth. To me, these tiny leaves are a sight
+comparable to the opening and unfurling of the various varieties of the
+grape. Then enters the element of suspense, between the time of leafing
+out and the time when the little nut clusters appear.
+
+My bushes are all growing together on a rise of ground near an old barn
+foundation. The ground is rich and they love it. Each bush is individual
+and distinctive as are their nuts--some tucked far in the husk, some
+bulging out in a precarious fashion, some fat and round, others long and
+narrow. They're interesting. I can let the butternuts, bitternuts and
+hickories pass, the heartnuts, chestnuts, and pecans can wait until I am
+sure they will bear here. The walnut will grow up along with the other
+trees--blending into the landscape, but the filberts, like Zombie, call
+attention to themselves every day of the year.
+
+Somebody said recently that the emphasis in England is in being, and in
+our country in becoming. I imagine our land stopped being with the
+disappearance of the Indian and the primeval forest and is now in the
+process of becoming something else. What that something else is we don't
+know, and each generation carries a new set of values, but we all know
+that to become something better, trees must and will figure in the plans
+of all generations--better and more useful and more disease resistant
+trees. It is significant that nut trees lead in these requirements.
+
+
+
+
+Biology, Distribution and Control of the Walnut Husk Maggot
+
+DR. F. L. GAMBRELL, _New York State Agricultural Experiment Station,
+Geneva, N. Y._
+
+
+DR. GAMBRELL: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, some 22 years ago, I
+believe it was, I attended one of your meetings at the Experiment
+Station in Geneva, and at that time I gave a little talk on the walnut
+husk maggot. Perhaps some of you are old enough to have been there and
+remembered something about it, or maybe you are old enough so that you
+have forgotten as much as I have, so it would be worth talking over
+again. At any rate, when the chairman of your program committee wrote
+Dr. Chapman, asking him if he might talk, he came to me and said, "Would
+you be willing to do this?" I said I'd be willing but I didn't know
+whether I'd be able. But finally, the pressure was so great that I said
+yes, and I am here.
+
+After I accepted the invitation, I made up my mind that I would like to
+bring myself up to date as much as possible on recent developments on
+walnuts, so I took the liberty of writing to a lot of our entomological
+colleagues and talking to one of your members, Mr. Slate, in the hope
+that I might get some more recent information on the maggots, or,
+particularly, the control of this walnut husk maggot. I wrote to some 10
+or 15 entomologists in 15 states, as well as the United States
+Department of Agriculture in Washington and to our neighbors on the
+north in Ottawa. I must say that I have had a very fine response from
+everybody. They were all very willing to help, but practically all of
+them had the same answer: while they knew there was such a bug, they
+didn't know too much about it as an economic pest. So that left us all
+right in the same boat, with about two exceptions, as when we began. Our
+friends to the north in Canada sent some very nice information. We also
+had some information from the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant
+Quarantine, Washington, D. C., together with some illustrated material.
+Also our good friend, Dr. Boyce, at the Citrus Experiment Station, in
+Riverside, California, with whom I have discussed the walnut husk maggot
+problem quite a few years ago, had a very nice bit of information and
+illustrative material which he provided. Incidentally, he is the man who
+has been mainly responsible for the development of the walnut husk fly
+control program for the nut industry in California. I would certainly
+like to take this opportunity to acknowledge any contributions he or the
+other people have made towards this discussion.
+
+In New York State we have in our official list of insects about 30
+species of fruit flies that are catalogued, but only about five of these
+can be classified as of economic importance. Two of these occur on the
+cherries, both sweets and sours, and are called the cherry maggots.
+Another one on apples, known as apple maggot, and a related form on
+blueberry. And then, of course, the walnut husk maggot, and one other
+which occasionally occurs on currants, but this one, of course, is of
+less importance than the others.
+
+The fruit industry, of course, in New York is quite large, both apples
+and cherries, so that there is a considerable problem there as far as
+control is concerned. The growers spend thousands of dollars every year
+in combatting the various species of fruit flies. The interesting thing
+in this connection is that throughout the last 25 years with which I am
+familiar with the cherry fruit flies--in fact, that was one of the first
+projects I worked on in cooperation with Dr. Hugh Glasgow when I came to
+the Experiment Station in 1925--the control measures which we developed
+in 1925 to 1927 are essentially the ones which we are still using today;
+that is, for the most part. There have been various attempts to change
+the control program through the introduction of these newer
+insecticides, and some progress has been made, but in every case they
+have been wrought with some difficulties. At the present time the
+official state recommendations for the control of apple maggot and
+cherry maggot still include the use of arsenate of lead under some
+conditions. I mention that at this point because it is of some
+significance in the overall control. I am going to discuss that later
+on.
+
+As far as the host plants and distribution of the walnut husk maggot is
+concerned, according to the original description which was published
+almost a hundred years ago, it was listed as occurring in and to the
+Middle States. That is a little bit indefinite, but at least it occurs
+all over the Eastern United States and as far west as Kansas. Then the
+one which occurs in California, which has since been called _Rhagoletis
+completus_ (?) looks very similar to the one that we have here, but
+there are slight taxonomic differences, so at least it is considered a
+different species. At any rate, it is very similar to the one we have
+here, and this whole group of fruit flies that we have been talking
+about have a lot of similarity in their wing patterns and things of that
+sort.
+
+And the fact that I mentioned the control as generally as I did is of
+significance in that all of these flies of the various species are
+apparently susceptible to the same type of control measure.
+
+As far as the host plants are concerned, I have personally observed
+injury on all of our common _Juglans_ species that I have run across in
+New York State and in some of the states to the south of us, including
+butternut, Japanese walnut, English walnut and black walnut. I have seen
+reports of infestations which were recorded in hickory, but I personally
+have not seen them.
+
+I'd just like to have a show of hands. How many in the audience here
+have had experience with the walnut husk maggot or had injury on the
+fruit? (Showing of hands.) I see the majority of you certainly know what
+it is, but just as a brief reminder, the type of injury, of course,
+varies somewhat depending possibly on the variety and time of year at
+which the fruits first become infested. We know, of course, that the
+flies do not begin to puncture the husk until they attain a certain
+degree of softness. Early in the season they are not able, apparently,
+to penetrate the husk with the ovipositor, and that, of course, varies
+not only with hardness but with varieties. The flies, of course, may be
+seen on the fruit even though they are not able to penetrate the husk
+and deposit their eggs. These husks, of course, many of them, become dry
+and hard after they have been tunnelled out, and it is almost impossible
+to clean the shells. Occasionally you have nuts in which you have a
+separation of the suture, and in those cases you very frequently get the
+exudate from the husk penetrating through the suture in the shell onto
+the kernels themselves, and in those cases molds may grow on the kernels
+so that those fruits are no good.
+
+In connection with this injury I am going to show you some slides in a
+few minutes, but the preceding speaker made reference to a type of
+injury which occurred on the terminal growth of a walnut tree and that
+is one that we have had a lot of inquiries at the Experiment Station
+about, injury to the new terminal growth fairly early in the season.
+That probably, in most cases, is caused by the butternut or the walnut
+curculio. Early in the season these adults begin feeding on the new
+terminal growth, and they even puncture the new growth and lay their
+eggs there before the nuts are large enough for them to attack and very
+often considerable killing back of the terminal growth occurs. I have
+seen it on English walnut seedlings in nursery rows where there would be
+very large kill-back from the walnut curculio. Superficially the injury
+on the fruit is quite similar to that of the husk maggot.
+
+(First slide.) This first slide is just to give you some idea of the
+general areas of fruit growing and distribution in New York State. The
+eastern section, right-hand side, Champlain Valley and Hudson Valley,
+are primarily apple maggot regions. Some walnut husk fly probably occurs
+there, but they are predominantly apple-growing areas. In the central
+part of the state, northern, particularly, we have fruit, and as far as
+I know, there are no plantings of walnuts there, though you people may
+know of some. In The Ontario Plains section south of Lake Ontario is one
+of our big fruit belts in the State. Some walnuts are also grown here.
+Consequently this area has in it apple, walnut and cherry maggot flies,
+and, of course, they will be lapping over in all those areas into
+surrounding territories. But this gives you an idea, in a general way,
+of the distribution of the host plants and the flies about which I have
+been speaking.
+
+(Next slide.) Those flies get pretty big when you get them up there.
+They are not that easy to see in the field. The ones on the top are the
+species found on cherries. The one on the lower left is the apple
+maggot, the one on the lower right is walnut husk maggot. The only
+difference you can see here is in the wing pattern but in nature they
+differ in color. They all have a little different wing pattern. Also,
+there is a little difference in size, the walnut husk maggot being the
+biggest of the four species shown here.
+
+(Next slide.) I have shown here the emergence date of the various
+species, including the cherry fruit flies, the apple maggot and the
+walnut husk fly. And you notice that beginning over about the first week
+in June you have emergence of the cherry fruit flies, and you have a
+continuance of emergence of some of these species up until at least the
+first or second week in August. These points going up and down just show
+the number of flies that were taken on given dates, and there is a very
+definite correlation between the proportion of flies that emerge on any
+given day with the temperature or moisture condition. Some years, when
+you have very hot, dry weather, there is considerable mortality of these
+flies as they just do not seem to be able to emerge from the soil, which
+is a good thing.
+
+(Next slide.) This photograph is one that I wasn't sure I was going to
+get back in time for the meeting, but it is a Kodachrome of a pair of
+flies mating on an English walnut. This happened to occur on some of our
+own trees at the station, so that we are not immune from attack by this
+bug.
+
+(Next slide.) That is a close-up of an egg puncture, just a very tiny
+little hole in the husk, and once in a while they lay an egg even on the
+surface. Those eggs are quite small, about a millimeter in length and
+about two-tenths of a millimeter in width, but the next slide will show
+you that what they normally do is to put them inside that puncture in
+groups. They vary quite a bit, but the average number of eggs is about
+20 in each puncture. But that doesn't mean you won't have maybe four or
+five different punctures on a given nut, so you may end up with at least
+a hundred or more maggots in a shuck.
+
+(Next slide.) And the next picture is a photograph of the same English
+walnut taken about six or seven days later, showing the young maggots
+that have just hatched out. What they will do, they will begin boring
+in, and they will just radiate out in all directions into the shuck.
+When they have gotten that far along, of course, there is no hope for
+control.
+
+(Next slide.) This slide is one taken when the maggots were almost
+mature, showing the type of damage that you get.
+
+(Next slide.) This is the resting stage, or the pupa, the one which
+spends the winter in the soil and from which the flies emerge in New
+York, at least in our section, beginning about July 15th and going
+through up until August 15th.
+
+(Next slide.) The one at the top is normal fruit. I mentioned a while
+ago that this butternut curculio causes quite a bit of concern and also
+spoke about its being in terminals. If you look carefully you see a very
+definite hole here in the husk. That is where the adult punctured the
+husk. It may have been a feeding puncture first and later an egg was
+laid inside, and then you get the maggot or the grub of the curculio
+developing in there, so that superficially that discoloration looks very
+much like the walnut husk maggot. But in this case you may not find over
+one or two maggots in a nut. And the other difference is that these
+fruits which are attacked usually fall during July and August, whereas
+the ones that have maggots in, many of them stick right on the trees and
+don't come off at all.
+
+(Next slide.) I have two or three slides just showing the variations in
+the degree of injury on English walnuts from the point where you'd have
+an egg puncture. The puncture was made on the other side of the nut, on
+top here, and this is just the exudate running down around the nut which
+dries and becomes black. But these walnuts up above show just a lot of
+dark spots where the maggots are beginning to find their way through the
+husk. I have with me some injured nuts similar to those shown on the
+screen if you'd like to see them when I have finished my talk. They will
+give you a little idea what maggot injury looks like.
+
+(Next slide.) This is the same type of injury on butternut. Maybe you'd
+have one egg puncture and as many as a hundred or 120 maggots inside the
+shuck.
+
+(Next slide.) This is a picture of maggot injury on black walnut. They
+don't seem to like the black walnuts as well as they do the Persian
+walnut and butternut.
+
+(Next slide.) This is one of the hybrid English walnuts that is located
+on the grounds at the Geneva Experiment Station. It's quite a large
+tree. I don't know the name of it. Maybe you do, George.
+
+
+MR. SLATE: It has no name.
+
+DR. GAMBRELL: It's not very fruitful, anyway, is it? But it is also
+susceptible to injury.
+
+
+(Next slide.) This photograph was made quite a few years ago, and that
+explains some of the lines around it, but at any rate, this pile of nuts
+shows the damaged ones that came from one tree, and also the ones that
+were not infested. In other words, about two-thirds of the nuts on that
+particular tree had been infested with maggots.
+
+(Next slide.) That's a close-up view and is the type of thing I was
+trying to describe to you earlier where the shucks dry up and stick to
+the nut so that you cannot remove them. Those on the left, of course,
+would be absolutely no good for commercial purposes.
+
+(Next slide.) Now, I suppose you are all interested in this matter of
+control. Unfortunately, I must admit that I have not worked on the
+walnut husk maggots very much in the last 15 or 20 years. You may recall
+that we had a severe freeze back in 1933 or 1934, which took out quite a
+lot of our Persian walnuts in Western New York, and only the hardier
+trees remained. But prior to that time we had been getting numerous
+complaints, from growers about injury from walnut husk maggots, and we
+did some work at that time and also worked with the Farm Bureau people
+in the counties where walnuts were grown fairly commonly. In many cases
+these Persian walnuts were grown on fruit farms where they also have
+apples and other fruits. So that in those cases it was not a difficult
+problem to obtain control. We worked out a program whereby, say,
+beginning about July the 20th to the 25th, at which time quite a few of
+the flies would have emerged, if the orchardist, when he was going
+through with his regular spray operation on his fruit trees, would give
+his walnuts at least two applications at about two weeks intervals, he'd
+cease to have a maggot problem. That pretty well solved it, as far as
+they were concerned. But there were also these other plantings where
+you'd have just a few trees, or possibly one tree in a back yard,
+something of that sort, which is a little bit more difficult to control.
+
+Dr. Glasgow and I found that on cherry maggot in the city, while a
+material like lead arsenate is very effective in a commercial orchard,
+it's very ineffective for just one little tree in your own back yard,
+providing your neighbors have some trees and they don't spray them. The
+reason is very obvious: the flies don't necessarily stay on the same
+tree. They visit around from tree to tree, they feed on the surface of
+the leaves or fruit. Therefore, it's possible for them to be over on
+someone else's unsprayed tree and still come over and lay eggs in the
+nuts of a sprayed walnut tree before being killed. So you can see that
+such activity may create somewhat of a problem.
+
+At any rate, the lead arsenate spray of three pounds to a hundred
+gallons, with or without fungicides, has given good control in the past.
+That No. 3 combination of lime sulphur and lead arsenate was used west
+of Rochester here around Hilton where this grower had a commercial fruit
+planting, but he also had a number of English walnuts. The year prior to
+the time these trees were sprayed he had about 40 per cent of the nuts
+infested, and the year these were sprayed the infestation dropped they
+came down to about one percent. Notice the comment at the foot of the
+table which states that the trees that were not treated the following
+year went back up to 20 per cent of the nuts infested. There were about
+20 per cent of the trees that had infestation. Of course, the flies
+moved around enough that the trees became reinfested. It simply brings
+out the point that unless you have a pretty good-sized planting, you are
+going to have to spray pretty thoroughly in order to get control, and
+also, if you only have one or two trees and you have a lot of
+surrounding shrubbery and a lot of trees, it would be very wise to also
+spray those, unless they are plums or peaches, which are quite
+susceptible to arsenical injury. But most things would stand the
+arsenate of lead, and it would be very desirable, wherever you can, to
+spray surrounding trees and shrubs close to the walnuts themselves, and
+in so doing you would get pretty effective control. It is quite possible
+to use this control method and obtain over 80 per cent reduction in
+infestation.
+
+I am sorry to say I don't have any information on these newer materials,
+like DDT, methoxychlor and parathion. You have probably read about all
+of those in the magazines. Some of the men in our department have done
+quite a bit of work with these insecticides on the apple maggot in the
+Hudson Valley and in Western New York and they find, as I mentioned
+earlier, while it's possible to obtain control of apple maggot, say,
+with DDT, it requires much more frequent application. In that case, if
+any of you are orchardists or follow the apple-growing insect problems
+at all, the first application of the walnut maggot spray should go on at
+about the time the last cover spray for the coddling moth goes on for
+the first brood. That sounds a little involved, but from the calendar
+point of view it would be about July 25th in Central or Western New
+York. Normally, with us here the cherries are being harvested by about
+July 15th, sometimes a little earlier, but at any rate, that's the time
+the flies usually begin to emerge.
+
+We have what we call a pre-oviposition period of about two weeks, during
+which time the flies are not laying any eggs in the shucks and are
+moving around feeding. Of course, that is the time you have to get this
+spray material on, before they have punctured the nuts and deposited
+eggs inside.
+
+I think, unless there are questions, that's all I have to say.
+
+A MEMBER: You recommend No. 3 to be used?
+
+DR. GAMBRELL: Lead arsenate at 3 lbs./100 gallons and 2 gal. of lime
+sulphur would be an effective insecticide-fungicide mixture. I have used
+both the wettable sulphur and lime sulphur, as shown here, without any
+injury to foliage. Sometimes, as you know, if it's real hot, like today,
+sulphur could cause you a lot of foliage injury. Dr. MacDaniels will
+certainly bear me out on that.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now I think Joe McDaniel has a little idea here he wants
+to introduce at this time.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I have been talking with Mr. Devitt. He is interested in
+following up these Carpathian trees in Ontario and is willing to act as
+our agent in securing seed nuts from some of the better selected trees.
+As I understand it, this Association couldn't properly act as a sales
+agency for them, but I believe there are some of the members who would
+like to get these superior seed nuts of Ontario, and I would be willing
+to take the names of persons who are interested in them, either for
+their personal planting or for resale. Mr. Devitt thinks he can secure
+the nuts at about 60 cents a pound from the owners who have these good
+trees and deliver them to the United States at around a dollar a pound.
+Anyone who is interested in that, see me or Spencer Chase during the
+remainder of the meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Panel Discussion: The Persian Walnut Situation
+
+_Moderator_: S. B. CHASE; _Panel Members_: H. L. CRANE, GILBERT BECKER,
+J. C. MCDANIEL, H. F. STOKE.
+
+
+MR. CHASE: To introduce the subject, Lynn Tuttle sent a paper, and in
+addition he sent a few slides. We won't give the paper, but we are going
+to run through a few slides very hurriedly, because he took the trouble
+to send them. I am going to read the captions off very quickly. (A
+series of slides of Persian Walnut were shown).
+
+The moderator isn't going to do anything other than ask for any
+questions that you folks have on Carpathians at this time. I am going to
+ask Dr. Crane to comment on this question: Are we going overboard
+building up our varieties as we know them now? In other words, we have
+selected four or five varieties that won a contest and our judges
+selected them as best, and these are the only ones we are hearing about.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, I don't believe we are, provided that we
+maintain high standards in the varieties distributed and tested. I feel
+that when we select a variety we should select it because it is a good
+nut, not that it's a world beater, for big size and thick, rough, rugged
+shell that is not sealed, and which is of no value for human use or
+consumption, excepting for firewood or fuel. Those big nuts won't fill.
+The best nuts are of reasonably large size, well filled with a well
+sealed shell and with a kernel that is sweet. Don't figure on selling
+nuts that have bitter kernels to anybody else. We have nut varieties of
+the Carpathians that are not going to go over because of the faults that
+I have mentioned. I should say, too, that we do not know how widely a
+variety is going to be adapted to different climates. If we select
+rigidly for good, outstanding varieties that bear good nuts and good,
+vigorous trees, we won't get too many.
+
+MR. CHASE: That was one point I wanted brought out, that we are now just
+in the preliminary stage of this Carpathian variety selection business.
+Of the selections made some have been made by default, because there
+weren't enough of other samples to compete with. On the other hand, the
+several we have we all consider outstanding in some respect, or other,
+and are of value as a beginning provided we bear in mind that we haven't
+scratched the surface on Carpathian walnuts yet.
+
+MR. STOKE: And let's not confine ourselves to Carpathian walnuts,
+because Hanson is not Carpathian walnut, and that's an excellent nut.
+
+MR. CHASE: Mr. Stoke, what is going to be NNGA's policy in trying to
+give recommendations for the planting of Carpathian or Persian walnuts?
+In other words, does it make any real difference whether it's a
+Carpathian or whether it is not, as long as it has proved hardy and of
+good quality?
+
+MR. STOKE: We are dealing with Persian walnuts, and Carpathian happens
+to be one class of Persian, and Broadview happens to be a Persian that
+came from Russia, and Lancaster is one that came from somewhere in
+Europe and landed up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. I would emphasize the
+name Persian as the over all name. The Carpathian is merely a Persian
+walnut which has been brought from the Carpathian mountains of Poland.
+
+MR. BECKER: Last summer a group of nut growers went to Lee Sommers',
+which is in the central part of Michigan. In the invitation to our nut
+growers I said, "This is the only pure Carpathian orchard we know in
+Michigan." That didn't set well with some of them and they took issue
+with me. In answering this issue, I said that Mr. Sommers had planted
+Carpathian Persian walnut seed that came from Poland direct. Many of us
+have a mixture. Even Mr. Shessler has the Hanson and Jacobs and a number
+of others. If he sells you seed, you are going to get it mixed. In a few
+years we will have a job keeping pure Carpathian.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: Isn't it a matter of straight terminology? _Juglans
+Regia_ is the Persian walnut. Carpathians are a regional strain of
+_Juglans Regia_.
+
+MR. CHASE: I think we all understand that.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Can we speak of a Carpathian strain. Crath himself said
+there were many. He even found walnuts growing in clusters like grapes.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: It would be a regional group of clones with a certain
+origin not a strain in the genetic sense.
+
+MR. STOKE: They are just Persian walnuts that happened to come from the
+Carpathian region.
+
+DR. CRANE: There is a little difference. I believe that in the northern
+countries we have had more or less inbreeding and we could consider them
+more nearly a line, not a strain, because of that. When the original
+seed was introduced by Reverend Crath, probably each one of those lots
+of nuts come from different trees, as a line, but, now this second
+generation stuff that's coming along, it's just _Juglans Regia_. It's a
+hardy Persian walnut.
+
+MR. STOKE: I think I can offer a word of explanation of those growing in
+clusters. I have no doubt that when the barbarians swept over the wall
+centuries ago they brought Asiatic walnuts with them from as far as
+Manchuria. They grew in clusters there like butternuts and heartnuts. No
+doubt some of them reached Europe, and some of them may have hybridized
+with the Persian, and I think really that's the answer.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: The same situation existed with peaches 20 years ago. We
+had five geographical races of peaches that were more or less distinct.
+With the exception of one, the Peento, they have all lost their identity
+now because there has been no attempt to keep them distinct.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+MR. CHASE: Then we end up, there is no such thing as a Carpathian, it's
+just a name for a hardy walnut that came from a certain region, that
+distinguishes it from others.
+
+MR. KEPLINGER: In my parents' old home in Eastern Germany in the
+Bohemian mountains there is an English walnut tree that's 300 years old
+and bears a hundred bushels of walnuts a year. They stand 40 below zero
+there, too, and the nut cracks and hulls well. It has a record on
+standing the cold, but there hasn't been any of them brought out here
+and planted in this country, but they are there. I know they are there,
+because they are on our estate.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, there is one remark that I want to make. Here
+we are, the Northern Nut Growers Association, and yet we still use the
+term, "English walnut," when we are talking about Carpathian walnut and
+Persian walnut. This "English walnut" is the worst form of terminology
+that can be used. England doesn't have any walnuts; they have never
+grown any Persian walnuts or English walnuts, they haven't in the past
+and they aren't today. They have a few trees but are in the same fix
+that we are in the Northern Nut Growers Association; they are trying to
+find a variety of Persian walnut that they can grow in England, and yet
+here we call them English walnuts. They should be Persian walnuts, or
+Chinese walnuts. We don't know where they came from. The best
+authorities seem to think that they originated in Persia; others think
+they originated in China, but the abundance of evidence is on Persia.
+
+We want to get this thing kind of straight. They are all the same thing,
+_Juglans Regia_.
+
+MR. CLARKE: I'd like to make a suggestion. I don't know as you have any
+authority or power to change, but the term _Juglans Regia_ means "royal
+walnut." Why not work for the adoption of a name like that, and it will
+include all of them.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: That's what they call them in France. This country has a
+little complication; there is another Royal walnut, one of the hybrids
+between the California black and the Eastern black.
+
+DR. GRAVATT:-While we are talking about bringing English walnuts,
+Persian walnuts, whatever you want to call them, from Europe, I want to
+give a warning about a disease that is killing thousands of trees in
+Southern France. Just recently I saw quite a few of them in France and
+the edge of Italy. I don't know whether it's virus or what it is, but
+it is certainly killing out the English walnuts there at a very rapid
+rate, and I advise very strongly against introducing walnut seed, scions
+and such, from those areas in France and Switzerland or other areas in
+southern Europe where this disease is prevalent. We will know more later
+about it, because quite a team of pathologists is working on it in
+Europe.
+
+MR. CHASE: Has anybody else got any comments about _Juglans Regia_? I am
+afraid to say anything else.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I will say that this Carpathian strain, of _Juglans
+Regia_ is the first walnut of the Persian type that we have had for
+Illinois. The Pomeroy, other Eastern strains and California varieties
+have not survived very long in the climate of the state of Illinois. We
+do know now that some of the Carpathian seedlings have been fruiting for
+10 or 12 years and do show considerable promise there. I don't know
+whether it will ever develop into a commercial industry but they are
+worth growing.
+
+MR. CHASE: Thank you. I'd like to ask George Slate what he knows about
+the Northern Star Persian walnut. Very hardy, and so forth? I think
+maybe the members might be interested in that.
+
+MR. SLATE: Spencer asked me to find out about the North Star _Juglans
+Regia_, which was advertised in the Flower Grower. I called up the local
+nursery that was selling them, and they said they got their seeds from
+some Pomeroy trees in the western part of the state. I guess they are
+just _Juglans Regia_.
+
+MR. STOKE: Down in Virginia we have Virginia Thin Shell purchased
+sometimes one place and sometimes another.
+
+MR. CHASE: The secretary's office had an inquiry from the executive
+secretary of the American Nurserymen's Association wanting to know if
+those claims could be substantiated. I couldn't say on the basis of what
+information I had, and I so told him. Apparently they, through their
+organization, have stopped further advertising of that strain under the
+claims that they made for it.
+
+MR. KORN: We find our public at large, not only our members, seem to be
+fascinated by the fact that the Persian walnut can be grown in this
+latitude. So in speaking to them about it, when I am speaking to our
+members, I try to say Persian walnut, but when speaking to the public at
+large, they don't know what I am talking about so I come out flatly and
+say English walnut. I tell them that we can't expect to grow the
+California type, but we have a hardier type coming from the Carpathian
+mountains or Germany or Russia or Holland, that can be grown
+successfully in this part of the country.
+
+MR. CHASE: I think that's the only approach you can use.
+
+MR. KORN: That's the one I use, and I think it quickly helps people to
+understand what you are talking about, and doesn't get them confused. If
+you talked to them about Persian walnuts, they wouldn't know what you
+were talking about, but if you say English walnuts, immediately they
+understand, or should, at least.
+
+MR. CHASE: I believe Dr. Crane meant that in our inner sanctum he would
+prefer _Juglans Regia_.
+
+DR. CRANE: I would like to ask if there are any growers here who have
+propagated the Persian walnut on Eastern black walnut, that is,
+experienced any trouble with graft union failure on them.
+
+MR. STOKE: I haven't.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. Oakes?
+
+MR. OAKES: I haven't.
+
+MR. CHASE: No graft union failure on _Regia_ and _Nigra_.
+
+MR. STOKE: And my experience is they come in much quicker than on their
+own roots as seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: How old are your oldest grafts?
+
+MR. OAKES: Put on in 1938?
+
+DR. CRANE: That's 15 years.
+
+MR. STOKE: I have them at least 20 years.
+
+MR. BECKER: Mine are twenty.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. Moderator, I have in my brief case a translation of
+the French book on walnut culture, and there is a section on root
+stocks. This was a publication issued about 1941, and according to that
+book, _Juglans Nigra_ is the best stock they have for general use in
+France. They have reported no difficulty on this. A second one they were
+trying of the American walnuts, with some promise, was _Juglans major_,
+the Arizona black walnut.
+
+DR. CRANE: The reason why I asked, as I reported in previous
+meetings--they are having very serious difficulty in Oregon and in parts
+of Washington with graft union trouble which is known as "black line."
+All or practically all of the walnuts in both Oregon and California and
+also what few are grown in Washington have been propagated on the
+Northern California black walnut, _Juglans Hindsii_. No graft union
+trouble evidence shows up before the tree has been grafted about 8
+years, and then such cases are very rare. But after the trees or the
+grafts attain an age of 15 years or more, graft union failures are
+numerous. For three years now we have been making surveys in the State
+of Oregon, and we have surveyed tree by tree, year after year, the same
+orchards, the same trees, and our observations now go into the
+thousands, and we find that this black line is a terrifically serious
+thing. In some orchards 22 per cent of the trees will develop black line
+in one year's time. So, you see, at that rate it would only take you
+five or six years with a good bearing orchard until you wouldn't have
+any.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Is that always with the Franquettes?
+
+DR. CRANE: That is not only true with Franquettes but also with other
+varieties in California, even in Contra Costa County.
+
+MR. STOKE: Where those trees are so grafted, does it tend to overgrow,
+or just the opposite?
+
+DR. CRANE: No, it appears much like our _Crenata-mollissima_ chestnut
+graft union failure.
+
+MR. STOKE: Is there a tendency for the top to be more vigorous, to have
+more growth, or vice versa or is growth uniform?
+
+DR. CRANE: It may be uniform. Depends somewhat on the varieties and the
+seedlings. There may be some overgrowth or some outgrowth, but there is
+only one test for it, and that is at the graft union. With an axe or
+knife and you cut out a strip of bark across the union. It may look
+absolutely perfect, but if there is a black line developed there that is
+just like a lead pencil line between the stock and the scion, the tree
+is on the way out. It's just a matter of time. Ultimately the bark
+between the stock and scion will split, and you get infolding, just like
+on the chestnut.
+
+One of the reasons that they have propagated their trees on Northern
+California black walnut was that they had the idea that the Northern
+California produced a stronger, more vigorous seedling and that they
+grew much faster than seedlings of the Persian walnut. And, furthermore,
+somebody at some time circulated the idea that Northern California
+walnuts were immune to infection by the mushroom root rot fungus. We
+have surveyed thousands of trees of Persian on Persian roots, and we
+have never found a single case of black line developing or graft union
+failure as long as it's a Persian on Persian, and we find the same
+percentage of infection from mushroom root rot fungus on Persian as on
+Northern California black.
+
+MR. CHASE: In other words, we should watch our stocks and perhaps try
+out some _Regia_ on _Regia_?
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+MR. CHASE: Now, folks, we could talk for a long time, but let me make
+one request before we close our panel: I would be interested in
+receiving from any member pictures, good, glossy photographs of the
+newer Carpathian varieties so that we can perhaps publish them in the
+newsletter and give some folks an opportunity to see what these nuts
+look like. Some of the folks who never come to a meeting never see a
+sample and just read about it. It's much better if we can show them a
+picture now and then. So if you have some good pictures, or plan to take
+some good pictures, remember, I'd like to have a copy.
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY EVENING BANQUET SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We will now hear from the Resolutions Committee, Mr.
+Davidson.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: Before reading any resolutions, I have been asked to read
+a letter that came to Mr. Chase dated August 16th of this year, from Dr.
+W. C. Deming:
+
+     "Mr. Spencer B. Chase, Secretary, NNGA.
+
+     "My Dear Child and Grandchildren:" What a beautiful greeting, that.
+
+     "This is to let you know that your father and grandfather still
+     holds a house at this hospital and rejoices in your vitality and in
+     your coming convention but especially in the energy and ability of
+     your secretary who gets out those wonderful Nutshell letters which
+     are so stimulating to all nut growers.
+
+     "More than 20 years ago I planted an Italian chestnut tree on the
+     grounds of this hospital. The main trunk was killed by blight, but
+     many shoots have come and now it appears to be flourishing because
+     there are no other chestnut trees near. About that time I grafted
+     nut trees commercially in Westchester County, New York at the
+     Westchester Country Club, asking and getting $50 a day for my
+     services and material and never a kick. But I have forgotten the
+     results and the name of the beneficiaries. From my home in
+     Litchfield, Connecticut, my sister, aged 85, saved for me--that is,
+     saved from the squirrels--a double handful of nice chestnuts--no
+     other chestnut tree nearby--and three green walnuts, Carpathians.
+     Both were from my grafts.
+
+     "I shall never forget the NNGA and your splendid services. Ever
+     faithfully devoted, Dr. W. C. Deming."
+
+A beautiful letter.
+
+Now, then, the Resolutions Committee recommends that we send this
+letter;
+
+     "Dear Dr. Deming:
+
+     "Once more we are happy to greet you and to wish you well. Today
+     the representatives of more than a thousand members of your thought
+     child, the Northern Nut Growers Association, are here gathered in
+     Rochester, New York, to carry on the work in which you had so large
+     a part in starting. It must be a source of great satisfaction to
+     you to be able to see so important a project which you helped to
+     start continuing and expanding fruitfully. We envy you.
+
+     "May your tribe increase. Affectionately, the Northern Nut Growers
+     Association."
+
+Now, shall I go on with the rest of the resolutions, and perhaps you can
+act on them all at once.
+
+     "_Be it Resolved_: That we hereby acknowledge our longstanding
+     indebtedness to the men of the United States Department of
+     Agriculture and of similar departments of the various states who
+     have so faithfully and efficiently upheld the work of this
+     Association. Without their loyal help, doubtless our efforts would
+     languish or suffer severely. It is such a spirit as theirs that
+     continues to make America the great pioneer it has always been."
+
+     "_Be it Resolved_: That the members of this Association acknowledge
+     with deep appreciation the outstanding' hospitality of the City of
+     Rochester at the hands of its representative Park Commissioner
+     Wilbur Wright, Dr. Roy B. Anthony, Mr. Harkness, and their helpers
+     who have done so much to make the visit of this organization not
+     only welcome but extremely enjoyable and informative. We shall
+     always remember Rochester's exceptional hospitality and its
+     generously free provision of so beautiful a meeting place. This is
+     sincerely appreciated."
+
+     "_Be it Resolved_: That this Association extends to Mr. George
+     Salzer, Mr. Victor Brook its thanks for their work which has
+     resulted in so pleasant and profitable a meeting here in Rochester;
+     also to many others due our thanks, to Dr. McKay for organizing a
+     splendid program, to Mrs. Negus for organizing the registration, to
+     Mrs. Gibbs and finally to our outstandingly efficient officers who
+     have so skillfully organized our work and the Association's
+     expansion."
+
+     "In order to correct a tendency toward increasing confusion arising
+     from the too great multiplicity of names and nut varieties, the
+     Resolutions Committee offers the following motion: We move that the
+     President be authorized to appoint a self-perpetuating Northern Nut
+     Growers Association Committee on Variety Nomenclature, and we
+     recommend to our members that they refer to this committee for its
+     official approval any new nut discoveries they may wish to name
+     and to propagate." That is in the form of a motion, which, I
+     believe, requires a second and some action.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I think we had better act first on this motion of Mr.
+Davidson's about this committee for naming of nuts, and then we can have
+another motion to accept the resolutions. Is there a second to that
+motion that we have a committee on nomenclature of nuts?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. President, I second that motion.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Is there any discussion?
+
+DR. CRANE: I wanted to suggest that the motion should provide that the
+committee use the rules of nomenclature approved by the American
+Pomological Society.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I will accept that amendment, Mr. President.
+
+(A vote was taken on the amendment, and was passed.)
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Is that a proposal to amend the by-laws of this
+organization? It would, if it's a self-perpetuating committee.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: May I suggest you withdraw the word "self-perpetuating."
+The idea, Mr. Best, was to make this a permanent committee, if possible.
+That was the reason for putting that word in there, but if it is an
+abridgment of the constitution, we don't want to do it, of course.
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I'd like to know what the rules of nomenclature of the
+American Pomological Society are.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: The rules cover about two pages. I can give you the gist
+of it, I think. One provision is that the discoverer or introducer of a
+new variety has the privilege of selecting a name for it. Another rule
+is that it shall not duplicate a name given previously for a variety of
+the same class of fruit or nut. The name should preferably be one word
+or, at most, two words, without hyphens, without possessives. That a nut
+not be named for a person without his permission during his lifetime.
+That covers the meat of it.
+
+MR. CHASE: Such a committee would give official status and recognition
+to your discovery. I believe it would prevent, on a large scale, such
+things as this Morning Star hardy English walnut. In other words, we'd
+have a committee to examine a nut sample from your tree, anybody's tree,
+pass on it and see that the name that you select meets the requirements
+of this American Pomological Society's rules of nomenclature, which are
+quite reasonable. I think it is an excellent step that we should take at
+this time.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: Mr. President. The variety we are using is not a variety,
+it's a clone. Maybe we had better get together with taxonomists and
+botanists. That's all they are, selections, they are not varieties, in
+the botanical sense, even though the term has been badly misused by the
+nut growers. I don't see why we should continue with mis-application of
+a term just because somebody set up rules for application of names.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. President, I want to get this straight. This Association
+is talking about horticultural varieties, not botanical varieties. A
+correct term for a horticultural variety is a clone.
+
+The American Pomological Society is over a hundred years old, and they
+have followed all types of experiences and usages, and they are up to
+date, and we can't follow any better pattern than what the American
+Pomological Society has done all down through the years. The Northern
+Nut Growers Association would be the laughing stock of the world who are
+in the know if they don't adopt the rules of nomenclature as set forth
+by the American Pomological Society.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. President, we already have a committee on Varieties and
+Standards. I don't see why that committee can't be revived. If we set up
+another committee by resolution, we are duplicating the work of that
+committee, or overlapping. I'd like to see this matter referred to the
+Committee on Varieties or Judging Standards and possibly report another
+year. I am not in favor of setting up this committee at the present
+time.
+
+I would like to amend that motion to refer this matter to the present
+Committee on Varieties and Judging Standards.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Second that amendment.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: There is one other angle to this. The International
+Committee on Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, has during the past year
+published a report. I think it would be only wise for us to delay our
+action on this matter until our committee at least gets the opportunity
+to study the suitability of this international code for nomenclature of
+cultivated plants and see how it applies to our situation. In other
+words, I am complete in accord with Mr. Slate's motion.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: I would suggest that we refer it to that committee and
+think about it for another year.
+
+(A vote was taken on the amendment, and it was passed.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The motion of the Resolutions Committee is now referred
+to the Committee on Varieties and Judging Standards.
+
+MR. STOKE: I move we proceed with the adoption of the resolutions that
+were presented before the motion.
+
+(Motion seconded and passed.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We'd like to hear from the Nominating Committee.
+
+MR. SLATE: For president the Nominating Committee proposed R. B. Best. I
+think he is about one of the best presidents we have ever had. For
+vice-president Gilbert Becker of Michigan. For treasurer W. S. Clarke of
+Pennsylvania, and for secretary, our very efficient and very effective
+Spencer Chase of Tennessee.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Are there further nominations?
+
+A MEMBER: I move nominations be closed.
+
+A MEMBER: Second the motion. (Motion passed.)
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. President, I move that the Secretary of the Association
+be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for the nominations made by the
+Nominating Committee. Seconded and passed.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Is there any further business to come before the group?
+Spencer Chase here has an item.
+
+MR. CHASE: Now, for the feature of the evening, that honor which is
+bestowed upon the most deserving member of the organization, I will call
+on Mr. Wilkinson for the comments about the Big Nut. Mr. Wilkinson.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: Four years ago at Beltsville, Maryland, Dr. Crane made a
+suggestion that someone ought to be the King Nut of the Association. If
+I remember, Mr. Stoke immediately took the floor and nominated Dr.
+Crane, and he was unanimously elected the Big Nut. One year later he
+bestowed that honor on Spencer B. Chase. The next year Mr. Chase passed
+it on to Dr. Colby. One year ago Dr. Colby passed it on to me. Now it's
+my duty to pass this on to someone else tonight.
+
+Well, I didn't know just exactly how to do it, so I fell back on my
+friend, Mrs. Negus for her suggestion. She suggested that the King Nut
+should wear a crown, so I said, "Now, that's your suggestion; I will
+leave it up to you." So here is the crown she made, with an ornament
+from the Chief pecan, which in my opinion today is the king nut of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+I don't know whose head she measured to make the crown, she didn't tell
+me, but it looks to me like it would just about fit George Salzer.
+(Applause.) George, it's a pleasure that I pass that on to you as I
+received it, and I hope you will wear it for a year or longer (putting
+crown on Mr. Salzer's head).
+
+MR. SALZER: Well, they can't say I am big-headed. Why, honestly, folks,
+my very good friends of the Association, honestly, I don't know what to
+say. This is the greatest honor that I ever thought would come to me. I
+always refer to myself as one of the buck privates in the rear rank, and
+here I am the King Nut. I will assure you, every one of you that I
+really appreciate this, I honestly do, right from the bottom of my
+heart.
+
+Ever since I have been a member of this organization and attended the
+meetings, I have had the finest times, most pleasant associations and
+the closest friends I ever had in my entire life right here among you
+people. Thanks a million.
+
+MR. CHASE: Now I think we are entitled to a few words from our new and
+best president, Mr. Best.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Ladies and gentlemen, it is quite a responsibility to
+take this job on again. It's the first time that I have ever questioned
+your judgment about anything, but I think there are other people here
+that could have done the job better than I could.
+
+When I was asked if I would accept if I were elected, I turned to my
+wife, and I said, "Are you willing to do the work again for another
+year?" and she said, "Yes, I suppose I'll have to." And I said, "Well,
+then, I will accept." There is a lot more truth in that than there is
+poetry. Honestly, we just don't give these officers that work for us
+enough recognition. There is a whole page of them, as you know, about 11
+committees, and all those folks have all done a fine job, at the expense
+of their work at home. I am not talking about myself, because I don't do
+any of it, I have it done, as I explained. But Carl Prell made a great
+sacrifice when he handled the Northern Nut Growers business in a very,
+very fine, thorough, business-like way.
+
+I ought to give you a good example of what salesmanship really means and
+how it operates. This morning Carl was going down to the museum in a
+taxi. The taxi man professed an interest in nuts. Well, what did Carl
+do? Did he say, "Well, that's all right, but I can't get into that?" No,
+he said, "Man, you ought to belong to the Nut Growers Association. The
+fact that you don't know anything about it, that's nothing. Come right
+into the museum here, and I will show you the exhibits," and he took the
+taxi man in, and I don't know whether he sold him a membership, but he
+passed him on to the next man. He's got him going out to see
+Irondequoit, and we, are going to get a sale there. That's the spirit
+that it's going to take to get this job done.
+
+I am reminded of a little story in Kipling. You know the story about the
+sergeant in India. He was a sergeant in the cavalry. They had been out
+in the hills, and the weather was hot, and they had an awful, awful
+time. Well, when the men came in and lined up, this sergeant got off his
+horse and he said, "Well, boys, I realize it's been hot, I know you
+sweat. But," he said, "from here on in this campaign we are not going to
+sweat, we are going to lather." That's what it's going to take to get
+this 2,000 members that we have set for our goal. It's going to take a
+lot of hard work, and our job is not to peer into the dim future, but to
+attack those problems which are right with us every day and ask some of
+our friends to join the Nut Growers Association. We are all widely
+separated in different walks of life, and each in his own world is just
+apt to see things a whole lot like the goldfish in a bowl. That is, he
+will see it twisted and distorted. So when all is said and done, it's up
+to us to support these committee heads and help get this job done.
+
+A preacher had in his congregation an old lady who was ill. On one of
+his visits to her she appeared to be growing weaker all the time, and
+fearing the worst he said as he left her, "Well, sister, I suppose that
+we will meet Up There." And she looked at him and she said,
+
+"Well, Parson, it's up to you." So from here on out now it's up to you.
+Thank you. (Applause.)
+
+MR. CHASE: Now I think we ought to have just a brief word from Gilbert
+Becker, our new vice-president. Mr. Becker.
+
+MR. BECKER: This was really a great surprise to me. It is humbly I tell
+you this, because I was on the Nominating Committee myself, and that is
+a very embarrassing position to be in, to find that I, as a member of
+Nominating Committee, appear as an officer. But it was a pleasant
+surprise, and in doing vice-president work I shall try my best, and I
+shall surely spend much time and much thought to it. Thank you.
+(Applause.)
+
+MR. CHASE: Now, Bill Clark, will you come up here for a few words? Bill
+will succeed Carl Prell as Treasurer and handle your finances during the
+coming year.
+
+MR. CLARK: Friends, I thank you for this honor and that you should have
+enough confidence in me to trust me with your funds for the coming year.
+I will do the best I can, and thank you very much.
+
+MR. CHASE: There will be a joint meeting of the new officers and old
+officers immediately after we adjourn.
+
+George Salzer says the last time we met in Rochester was 1922, and we
+figure the next time we will be here is 1984.
+
+(Whereupon, the meeting was adjourned.)
+
+
+
+
+Walnuts in Lubec, Maine
+
+RADCLIFFE B. PIKE, _University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H._
+
+
+In the 1930's, when the Wisconsin Horticultural Society distributed
+seeds of the Carpathian Walnut from Poland, my brother secured some and
+we planted them. From these nuts we now have four trees, one of which
+has been bearing for the last four years.
+
+Lubec, Maine is located at the extreme eastern tip of the United States
+just a few miles south of the 45th parallel. The site where the trees
+are planted is on a peninsula extending out into the Bay of Fundy which
+gives very low summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures. The
+night temperature in the summer is usually in the 50°s F. with day
+temperatures rarely reaching 80° F. Winter temperatures seldom go to
+-10° F. and only lower than this about once in ten years. During the
+early summer, fogs are usually heavy and continuous. Day length is, of
+course, longer in the summer than in most of the United States but it is
+similar to that of the Northern tier of States from the Great Lakes
+West.
+
+The trees have grown well being about 18 feet tall and even more in
+spread. They are multiple trunked having never been pruned. The foliage
+is remarkably clean and glossy and has not been bothered by insects or
+disease and it ripens and turns yellow in the late fall before killing
+frosts at the end of October. Excessive late terminal growth is usually
+winter-killed but this sort of growth has not been as great since
+bearing started. The staminate flower buds are more likely to be winter
+killed than the pistillate but the whole of them have never been
+entirely killed.
+
+The trees do not leaf out until mid-June, after the danger of killing
+frosts is over. They have not been frost injured at any time in the
+spring. The nuts ripen and are shed from the husks in late September and
+early October while the tree is in full foliage. The nuts are shed
+perfectly clean with husk either falling separately or remaining on the
+tree. The nuts will germinate and seedlings have been raised. In 1953,
+one tree bore 315 nuts. This number represents just a fraction of the
+pistillate bloom, for while this tree is self fertile, the catkins bloom
+for a much shorter period than the pistillate blossoms, the latter
+extending over nearly a month.
+
+In the same year that the above Carpathian variety of _Juglans regia_
+was planted, my brother and I also planted some _Juglans mandshurica_
+secured from F. L. Skinner of Dropmore, Manitoba which had originated in
+Harbin, Manchuria. The resulting trees agree well with many of the
+specimens in the Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum at Boston labelled
+_Juglans mandshurica_. These trees have done remarkably well in Lubec,
+the trunks being 8-9 inches in diameter, while the height is 15 feet or
+more and the spread 20 feet. They have borne annually since 1939. They
+are planted less than 1000 feet from the ocean exposed to the summer
+storms, winter gales and salt spray. These trees leaf-out a month
+earlier than the Carpathians yet the foliage has only been partially
+frost injured once. Wind whipping sometimes injures the leaves in early
+summer while they are still tender but this sort of injury has never
+been serious.
+
+The nuts are borne in clusters of up to six and the shells are hard and
+thick. The flavor of the kernels is excellent having more character than
+the butternut yet not as strong as the black walnut. Cracking is easy
+with the Hershey nut cracker. The kernels resemble our American
+butternut in shape which may account for the fact that _J. mandshurica_
+is sometimes called the Oriental butternut.
+
+The nuts germinate well and make trees quickly. In one case, I had
+mature nuts five years after planting the seed. This particular tree was
+unusually vigorous having leaves 36 inches long and 23 inches wide.
+
+In my experience, _J. regia_ and _J. mandshurica_ do not hybridize
+easily if at all, at least with the individuals and under the conditions
+with which I have been working. After several attempts I now have two
+progenies of reciprocal crosses of which a few seedlings seem to show
+hybridity in the vegetative parts. However, there is such a range of
+characters in the herbarium specimens labelled _J. mandshurica_ that
+there will be a doubt in my mind until I see the mature trees, or it may
+be possible that some of the herbarium specimens may have been collected
+from naturally occurring hybrids, as the two species overlap in their
+distribution in Manchuria. If the best vegetative and fruiting
+characters from these two species can be combined the result should be
+good for our northern sections.
+
+
+
+
+My Thirty Years Experience With Nut Trees
+
+CARL WESCHCKE, _St. Paul, Minn._
+
+
+From time to time I have submitted articles for our annual report, as
+well as other publications, which had to do more or less specifically
+with certain species of nut trees, but since there are so many species,
+and since most nut growers are interested in at least two or more, it
+might be well to bring the story up to date of how a nut orchard might
+be viewed or evaluated after twenty years.
+
+Thirty years ago we did not have knowledge which has been gained by the
+experimenters in the nut growing industry in the interim. Therefore no
+one could foresee what the future would be. We hopeful ones of that era
+planted trees and experimented with seeds from all over the world
+because we thought nut trees deserved a place not only in the orchard
+but in the dietary needs of the human being as well. Many of the wisest
+and most respected experimenters of this era have passed beyond this
+life; however, their lives were made much more interesting because of
+their horticultural activities.
+
+Here in the midwest in the 45th parallel we have established probably
+what would be considered the practical northern limits of nut tree
+cultivation. When I purchased trees it was by the hundreds, and
+sometimes thousands, because I knew from reading Luther Burbank's works
+that this work had to be done on a rather large scale in order to make
+any kind of an adequate test.
+
+Let us start by taking the most obvious species, the black walnut,
+which, because of its native hardiness, and public popularity might have
+succeeded the best in a commercial way if everything had gone right. I
+have planted at least five hundred black walnut trees altogether; these
+included the Thomas, Ohio, Ten Eyck and Stabler, and later on the
+Patterson, Rohwer, Pearl, the Throp, Adams and others were added. The
+Ohio probably produced the first nuts, with the Thomas a close second.
+For a few years I was able to make good reports on the Stabler and its
+behavior but since that, our severe test winters of recent years have
+wiped them out and have substantially proved that the only one of the
+older varieties which can be trusted in this territory is the Ohio, and
+although derogatory things have been said of the Ohio because of its
+hull, I am inclined to put it high on the list because of its fine
+cracking quality and excellent flavor, also it has been a prolific
+variety, bearing good crops most of the years.
+
+The Thomas grew faster, and the nuts were considered a better commercial
+product when hulled, but, alas, it could not take our winters nearly so
+well, and today the Thomas has a poor physical appearance although it
+shows tremendous power of recovery and seldom a tree will die entirely.
+
+The Ten Eyck was a negligible experiment, and the Stabler as mentioned
+before, is much too tender for this climate. The Rohwer and the
+Patterson from Iowa did much better and even in an off year, like this
+one, some of these trees had fairly good crops. I like the Patterson the
+best of these--it is a roundish nut that cracks quite well and the
+kernels are on the sweet side.
+
+The Throp was a curiosity and we did not have any of our grafted Throp
+trees bear.
+
+Pearl has borne several crops of good nuts; they are large but are
+inclined not to ripen in time.
+
+Vandersloot was considered the largest nut of any variety at one time.
+It has a very rough appearance but aside from its size it is of no
+particular interest as compared to others.
+
+Adams, a long narrow type of nut similar to the Ohio, but still more
+elongated, was one of the best crackers I have ever seen, but did not
+seem to be prolific although it has lived and demonstrated its
+hardiness.
+
+I am patenting a new walnut at this time which I consider the best for
+our locality. Some day it may produce well in orchard form if trees
+become available. One thing is certain about it--it is very hardy and is
+reasonably easy to propagate.
+
+And so we can conclude the walnut chapter by saying that at least we
+have some giants in the orchard to show for our trouble and expense,
+which bear nice edible walnuts in favorable seasons. When comparing this
+with the wild butternut crop from butternuts in the adjacent woods,
+which has consistently failed each year for the last ten years, it is
+quite encouraging.
+
+It was my hard luck to have an uncongenial soil for my experiments in
+chestnuts, and the knowledge of this came so late that I thought the
+chestnut was not meant to succeed in our territory. So I put my efforts
+on hickory nuts and filberts. Both of these succeeded to a degree and
+with my present knowledge and experience on hickory nuts I would not be
+a bit afraid to start an orchard on good deep clay or other
+satisfactory soil which hickories like, using grafted trees of
+Bridgewater and Weschcke.
+
+A few Kirtland and Deveaux No. 2 would be planted for extra pollination
+and the extra variety in nuts. There are of course many other varieties
+of hickories that have succeeded in this territory but those above
+mentioned, have possibilities of commercial success in orchard
+formation.
+
+The hickory is a difficult tree to transplant and I would advise that
+grafted trees be dug with a ball of dirt for shipping, similar to an
+evergreen, as I have found that, with the greatest of care and
+experience, the hickory is very slow to re-establish itself unless
+handled that way.
+
+The hybrid hazels are perhaps the hardiest and certainly bear the
+earliest of any of the nut trees. My own hybrids show great
+possibilities for commercial enterprise, but as yet no nurserymen are
+carrying these varieties and I have not found help enough to promote
+them myself.
+
+I am convinced that had I spent as much time with the chestnuts on
+favorable soil as I did with hickories that they would probably head the
+list of successful nut trees growing. Recently I have purchased an
+adjoining piece of property which has the necessary well-drained, sandy
+or gravelly soil, which chestnuts seem to like, and I have started my
+chestnut orchard there along with a sprinkling of hickory and walnut
+trees, merely as a matter of test.
+
+This year the chestnuts are again putting on a fair crop for the number
+and the size of the trees involved. As yet, in order to get a reasonable
+number of nuts for planting, I have to cross-pollinize them by hand, and
+I was surprised and pleased this year to find one Chinese chestnut tree
+with staminate bloom, allowing me to make a cross pollinization with an
+American sweet chestnut and a Chinquapin type chestnut, which grows to
+be a tall tree. These crosses ought to insure trees with a great degree
+of hardiness, and should the blight ever strike this territory in the
+future they should be highly resistant as well. A few of my chestnut
+trees produce nuts that may be the size of the best Chinese chestnuts,
+but I am just as fond of the smaller and sweeter chestnuts of the
+several Chinquapin type trees which seem to be consistent bearers and
+certainly are prolific. There are three trees in a close group which are
+strains of the European chestnut combined with American chestnut. These
+bear rather large nuts and usually every year have a few and of high
+quality. It is conceivable that by crossing this hybrid with Chinese
+pollen that something unusual could be produced.
+
+The pure Chinese strain has not proved hardy in this territory and I
+have never matured a pure variety. However, there are dozens of
+seedlings that are not old enough to prove whether there might be a
+hardy specimen among them that may at some time in the future be relied
+upon for this species of chestnut.
+
+One other species of nut requires a little space here since it has shown
+that it can bear crops and is hardy enough to be included among the
+hardy nuts. It is the Gellatly heartnut. It is very subject to the
+butternut curculio, but in spite of that it continues to grow quite well
+when grafted on black walnut,--a difficult piece of propagation,
+however. A tree in St. Paul, on the boulevard, thrives next to a large
+butternut, and bears nuts practically every year which the squirrels
+delight in cutting down while still green. This tree is not bothered by
+the curculio since the curculio does not infest the large butternut near
+it.
+
+In summing up the whole situation, I would say that my experiments over
+thirty years quite adequately prove that the walnuts, hickories, hybrid
+hazels and chestnuts can most certainly be set out in orchard form and
+in favorable locations. However, pecan, hiccan, English walnuts and
+almonds have not proved hardy enough to indicate that they can be relied
+upon for steady crops of nuts although in some instances varieties show
+a great hardiness such as the Rockville hiccan. Of course the native
+butternut is perfectly hardy and prolific but until such time as the
+butternut curculio ceases to be a major pest we cannot expect to have
+good crops of them.
+
+
+
+
+Growing American Chestnuts and Their Hybrids Under Blight Conditions
+
+ALFRED SZEGO, _Jackson Heights, N. Y._
+
+
+An interesting group of young American chestnut trees growing on my land
+near Pine Plains, N. Y. has been under observation since 1946. As they
+are growing closely together which suggests a common parental origin, we
+have named this group the "Dutchess Clone" for reference purposes. This
+name was chosen merely because Pine Plains is situated in Dutchess
+County.
+
+Their reaction to the deadly chestnut blight was studied at great length
+and at different seasons. Sometimes branches were inoculated with the
+fungus to test resistance more precisely. It was learned that blight
+resistance, in this group of trees, was at an apparently low ebb from
+March until May. After this period the fungus seemed to make almost no
+progress at all. This might suggest that the resistant substance was
+manufactured by the leaves. Of course, such conclusions cannot be
+accepted in a scientific sense without an involved system of checks and
+measurements.
+
+Pollination problems are exactly the same as with our Chinese Chestnuts
+that we are more familiar with today. Unlike the latter, in the
+American, species the bloom is concentrated near the top of the tree.
+
+The burs are so high up as to create difficulties if we intend to
+anticipate nature and harvest our crop prematurely. The burs open during
+the month of October with or without frost. High temperatures in 1953
+did not interfere with the harvest. The best method of harvesting is to
+use a long slender pole with a metal hook at the extreme end, and by
+gently pulling and twisting, remove the burs from the tree.
+
+Unless this is done promptly before the nuts fall, the rodents will get
+almost every nut.
+
+Tree growth is about 2 to 3 feet per year in height. At present some are
+nearly 40 feet tall. Bearing starts at about 12 years of age. The nuts,
+three in a bur are somewhat wedge shaped and average 5/8 of an inch in
+diameter. One tree has nuts almost an inch in diameter. This is
+definitely worth propagating and I will gladly furnish scions in the
+spring free to anyone who is interested. These are probably
+incompatible with Chinese understocks, but may be grafted on European
+and some Japanese seedlings.
+
+As we are listed as cooperators with the U.S.D.A., Division of Forest
+Pathology, Beltsville, Md., we prepare semi-annual reports for Dr.
+Frederick H. Berry and also send a portion of our American chestnut seed
+to him. In this way we insure the continuation of the "Dutchess" clone
+after our lifetimes.
+
+The American chestnut is not as sweet as Chinese chestnut but is much
+finer in texture and richer in subtle pleasing flavor. We would say that
+the quality is higher. _Castanea dentata_ has the most uniformly
+delicious nuts. It is excelled, however, by many individuals of _C.
+pumila_. In our opinion these possess the highest quality nuts in the
+entire genus.
+
+Our American chestnuts hybrids, especially those with _C. Sequinii_, are
+very interesting. The latter make a dwarf tree that bears incredible
+amounts of small chestnuts. They have pollination problems to be solved
+and the nuts are seldom filled. Pollen sterility is a common feature
+with them. They are also everbearing.
+
+Some Northern strains of Chinese chestnut seem barely hardy but promise
+to survive. Of the grafted varieties we have, Abundance is the most
+vigorous. "Nanking" has winter-killed here and it has been replanted
+this year. These are very blight resistant, and rarely lose a branch to
+this disease after winter injury. The Japanese behave in much the same
+way.
+
+We have many obscure chestnut species and hybrids growing here. They are
+grown for study, hybridizing purposes, and as a source of supply to
+interested members. When mature, we hope to obtain some cash crops from
+our Chinese and Japanese Chestnut trees. Blight in Europe will no doubt,
+in about 5 years more, reduce imports of chestnuts thus creating higher
+prices and a more favorable market.
+
+Chinese chestnuts do not keep well when stored using standard commercial
+practices. European chestnuts are shipped in barrels and kept in open
+fruit boxes for weeks at a time in front of fruit and vegetable stores
+in New York City. Storekeepers never moisten these believing that rot
+would result. These are viable even in January and sometimes as late as
+March. Will our present Chinese chestnuts keep as well under these
+conditions? We think not. American Chestnuts can be kept in bulk only.
+
+We are continually striving to obtain by selection and subsequent
+hybridization, the best chestnuts that can be grown in our severe
+climate. The Chinese chestnut has performed miracles in the Southeast,
+but we regret that it is not the answer to our problems. Only a long
+period of seed selection will turn up better trees of this species.
+
+Prolonged heat and drought caused us much concern this year. Some one
+year old seedlings died outright but older trees only suffered varying
+degrees of defoliation. In some areas, the subsoil was reported powder
+dry to a depth of six feet. Even the native forest trees dropped much
+foliage and went into premature dormancy. Oddly enough, the American and
+Japanese chestnuts suffered much less defoliation than the common
+Allegheny chinkapin, _C. pumila_. _C. henryi_, a rare species, a native
+of China, and the several chinkapins native to the Gulf Coast seemed
+inherently adjusted to drought and heat, and thrived without apparent
+damage. The Ozark tree chinkapins did well also.
+
+Hybrid hazels and choice native seedlings have been set out here in the
+last few years. We are adding a few every year and planting them between
+chestnuts to prevent the latter from forming extensive root grafts. This
+is done in anticipation of oak wilt, which has not yet made its
+appearance here.
+
+
+
+
+Experiences and Observations on Nut Growing in Central Texas
+
+KAUFMAN FLORIDA, _Rotan, Texas_
+
+
+In view of my membership in the Association for some twelve or fourteen
+years it would be quite reasonable to expect of me more observations in
+connection with nut growing in my area than I'm able to make. Though
+I've followed the proceedings of NNGA with great interest, the
+difficulty of earning a living (from farming) and putting a little
+something aside has caused me to neglect and put off from year to year
+the planting of the kind of experimental orchard I've long hoped for. I
+have lately acquired a reasonably well situated plot of land and,
+barring a continuation of the drouth of the past two or three years,
+plan to put out a few young trees next year.
+
+My original interest in nut trees sprang from the hope that a tree
+combining beauty, utility and long-life might be found to replace the
+Chinese elm--a "weed tree" if there ever was one. In spite of many
+shortcomings the Chinese elm (along with two or three other equally
+undesirable trees) is to be found in most homestead plantings in my
+area.
+
+Here, in my locality of north-west central Texas, the total rainfall
+ranges from a low of about twelve inches in some years to a high of
+about forty-two inches in others, and the annual average is about
+twenty-one inches. Our principal limiting conditions in nut tree growing
+is want of sufficient rainfall, though late spring frosts following a
+period of balmy weather would be a hazard in some instances. It appears
+to me that if a nut tree planting in this part of the country is to
+live, every drop of water that falls must be conserved; if it is to
+thrive, additional water falling on adjacent uplands and carried down in
+flash floods must be diverted to it. Terraces and retainer dams are
+usually essential. Cultivation and weed control are necessary. The
+addition of a mulch helps.
+
+I have tried the Chinese chestnut here. The plants arrived in good
+condition and had excellent care with what I believe was adequate water
+and fertile soil. They put out in April and grew off most encouragingly
+until about July, and then, in an interval of about a week, every tree
+withered and died as though from heat and drouth. But until other
+evidence to the contrary comes in, I shall strongly suspect that the
+real trouble was that the Chinese chestnut demands an acid soil and is
+highly allergic to even a slight alkalinity. My impression is that the
+soil here has a reading of about pH 7-7-1/2.
+
+Experience and observation here on the western fringe of the native
+pecan belt lead me to believe the pecan, black and Persian walnuts do
+well when they can be irrigated, or when they are planted on a site
+where a first class water conservation system can be devised and
+properly constructed.
+
+The black walnut has not been damaged by any insect, disease or mineral
+deficiency of the soil that I know of. A very limited and inconclusive
+experience with Clark, Thomas, Myers, Mintle, Sifford, Snyder and
+Sparrow varieties led to the suggestion that the Thomas might be a
+slightly more thrifty tree.
+
+The pecan (both nut and tree) seems more subject to insect damage than
+the walnut. It is also sensitive to a zinc deficiency in some soils. But
+a proper mineral and insecticide spray usually serves to control these
+problems when they occur.
+
+I have observed only one named variety of Persian walnut--a Mayette. The
+tree was a vigorous grower and precocious in putting on nutlets, but to
+my knowledge never bore staminate blooms and over a period of several
+years matured only one nut. No other Persian walnuts grew in the
+locality and I assumed the matured nut must have been pollinized by a
+black walnut. The tree never seemed damaged by late spring frosts or
+other cause.
+
+A few members of NNGA have manifested an interest in the honey locust
+and the Chinese jujube. Both of these trees grow well in this region
+with a minimum of care. The Oriental persimmon, like the nut trees,
+requires more than casual attention and ordinary growing conditions.
+
+The Chinese jujube, a little known but hardy and attractive tree may
+deserve more attention in the southwest. I have trees of the Li and Lang
+varieties which bear annually and have never been bothered by insects or
+disease. I am not overly enthusiastic about the fruit but understand it
+"compares favorably with the fig and date in food value. Dried jujubes
+carry more protein than dried figs or dates and more (50%) sugar than
+figs."--T.A.E.S. Bulletin no. 41. But the jujube has the disagreeable
+habit of sending up root sprouts which are a nuisance to destroy and,
+because the tree is grafted, the sprouts are worthless seedlings. It has
+occurred to me that this bad feature of the jujube might be partly
+offset if cuttings of the improved varieties could be made to grow by
+means of some of the root inducing chemicals.
+
+
+
+
+Propagation of the Hickories[1]
+
+F. L. O'ROURKE, _Department of Horticulture, Michigan State College_
+
+
+The genus _Carya_ comprises all the hickories and pecans found in the
+United States. The eighth edition of Gray's Manual of Botany lists the
+following species as being native to the United States:
+
+[1] The survey of literature pertaining to this review was completed in
+August, 1952.
+
+   _Carya aquatica_--Water hickory, Bitter Pecan
+   _Carya cordiformis_--Bitternut, Swamp Hickory
+   _Carya glabra_--Pignut
+   _Carya illinoensis_--Pecan
+   _Carya laciniosa_--Shellbark, Kingnut
+   _Carya ovalis_--Sweet Pignut, False Shagbark, Red Hickory
+   _Carya ovata_--Shagbark
+   _Carya pallida_--Pale Hickory
+   _Carya texana_--Black Hickory
+   _Carya tormentosa_ (C. alba)--Mockernut
+
+Nut growers are interested primarily in the pecan and the shagbark,
+although a few selections have been made of the shellbark species. The
+bitternut is quite often used for rootstocks for the shagbark and
+shagbark hybrids.
+
+Hickories, like other nut and tree species, do not come true from seed,
+so superior selected clones are propagated by budding and grafting on
+other trees known as rootstocks. These rootstocks are produced from
+seed.
+
+
+Seed Propagation
+
+Investigations by Barton(1) showed that some seedlings were produced
+when the nuts were planted immediately in a warm greenhouse without
+pretreatment, but that germination was markedly increased when the nuts
+were held in a cool moist environment from one to four months before
+bringing into the greenhouse. She also found that fall planting of
+hickory nuts resulted in a good stand of seedlings the following spring
+if the soil was mulched, but that the freezing and thawing of
+unprotected ground resulted in an exceedingly poor stand of seedlings.
+
+Burkett(6) advocated stratifying pecan seed over winter in moist sand
+and planting in moist soil in the very early spring. He observed that
+thin-shelled nuts germinate more quickly than thick-shelled ones, and
+warned against "damping-off" fungi which often killed young seedlings.
+
+Brison(5) stated that some nurserymen prefer seed of certain pecan
+varieties as Riverside and Burkett for rootstock purposes as these
+produce strong vigorous seedlings. He reported that while the pecan seed
+does not have a rest period, germination is increased by stratifying in
+moist sand for 2 to 3 weeks or soaking in water, changed daily, for 4 to
+5 days previous to planting.
+
+
+Propagation by Layering
+
+No records are available in regard to any hickory species or variety
+other than pecan having been propagated by any method of either soil or
+air layering. The writer(14) while experimenting with aerial layering in
+1945 found one instance of root production on a hickory where the branch
+was girdled at the base of the one-year wood. This method offers
+possibilities, especially now that polythene plastic is available for
+retaining moisture in the moss about the girdle or wound on the layered
+branch.
+
+Gossard(9) reported success in producing roots from the tops of small
+grafted and budded pecan trees by trench layering and from older trees
+by aerial layering with marcot boxes. He indicated that a favorable
+combination of etiolation, moisture, rooting medium, and a root-inducing
+chemical was desirable for successful rooting.
+
+Propagation by Cuttings
+
+Hardwood cuttings of pecan were rooted by Stoutemyer and O'Rourke(23) in
+1938 by first callusing the bases of the cuttings in warm moist peat
+moss, and then treating with an aqueous solution of indole butyric acid
+before planting. Both roots and shoots grew well for three to four weeks
+and then the shoots wilted and died. It was observed that the roots were
+thickened and presented an abnormal appearance. Trials during succeeding
+years gave no better results and the experiments were discontinued.
+Cuttings taken from native hickories during these same years failed to
+produce roots.
+
+Romberg(17) reported a small measure of success in rooting hardwood
+stem cuttings to which young seedlings had been grafted by the inarch
+method. The influence of the seedling on the nourishment of the cutting
+was gradually diminished by girdling caused by a copper wire which was
+tied about the seedling stem.
+
+Apparently root cuttings of pecans and other hickories have never been
+tried. In 1896 Corsa(7) observed that "when the lateral roots of the
+pecan are broken by the plow, the ends of these roots frequently send up
+thrifty shoots." Such a response would indicate that adventitious shoots
+may arise from roots and that root cuttings may be successful.
+
+
+Propagation by Grafting
+
+A search of the literature failed to reveal a discussion of any method
+of bench grafting with hickories, although presumably it must have been
+tried. Propagators may have been discouraged in using bench graft
+methods by the sparse roots usually found on two-year seedlings. It is
+suggested that undercutting and root pruning the seedlings several times
+while in the nursery row should produce a more adequate root system
+which would transplant well after grafting. Brison(5) remarked that
+bench grafting is not used in the propagation of pecans in Texas on
+account of transplanting difficulties.
+
+Commercial nurserymen now prefer to bud hickories and pecans rather than
+to graft, but formerly Reed(15) reported the whip-and-tongue method was
+used on thrifty one-year seedlings in the nursery row. It is conceivable
+that the cleft graft could be used at this stage when the diameter of
+stock and scion are quite similar but no record of its use is available.
+
+Top-working or grafting in the branches is commonly practiced on
+seedling trees and sometimes used to change varieties in the orchard.
+Reed(15), Sitton(19), Rosborough et al(18), MacDaniels(11), and
+Stoke(22) have described various methods that have proven successful.
+Practically all agree that the bark graft or a modification thereof is
+best. Morris(12), Benton(3), MacDaniels(11), Wilkinson(25), and others
+have shown that a greater per cent of survival is secured when the
+stocks are cut 10 days to 2 weeks before grafting. During this time the
+stubs heal somewhat and excess bleeding is decreased. It has been
+reported by Becker(2) that the success of walnut grafting is greater
+when the grafts are set just after the leaves are full grown but no such
+data is available for hickories. The use of paper bags or other shading
+device over the scion is advocated by Morris(13), MacDaniels(11),
+Shelton(20) and others.
+
+
+Propagation by Budding
+
+Patch budding is now almost universally used by commercial nurserymen in
+the propagation of hickories and pecans. Patches are usually cut with a
+double-bladed knife although some use the rectangular Jones
+patch-budding tool. The "plate" or "skin" bud is also used to some
+extent. The thick bark of hickories and pecans discourages the use of
+the shield or "T" bud.
+
+Budding is usually done in late summer with mature buds of the season
+growth which remain dormant until the following spring. Occasionally
+dormant budwood taken in winter is held in cold storage until the bark
+of the stock slips in the spring. These spring-set buds are forced the
+same season by cutting the stocks back shortly after setting.
+Patch-budding is described by Reed(15) and by Rosborough et al(18).
+Reed(15) mentioned that it may be advisable to make the cuts in the
+stock from one to three weeks before the bark is removed so that the
+healing process may be under way at the time the bud patch is inserted.
+
+
+Storage and Handling of Scions and Budwood.
+
+Shelton(20) reported an easy and unique method of keeping scions moist
+by storing in a closed container with a small amount of sodium sulphate
+(Glauber's salt). Slightly moist peat moss is an excellent packing
+material. Brison(4) reported that a temperature of 32° F to 38° F in
+storage is satisfactory for keeping the buds dormant, and that a few
+days from 80° F to 85° F will stimulate cambial activity so that the
+patches will "slip" easily when cut. Scionwood is sometimes dipped in
+wax, paraffin, or plastic resin before storing in order to prevent loss
+of moisture and guard against pathogenic organisms.
+
+
+Waxes and Wound Dressings
+
+Sitton(19) used a large number of variously formulated waxes on pecan
+and found that the most successful from the standpoint of graft survival
+was one composed of 10 parts rosin, 2 parts beeswax, and 1 part filler
+such as kieselguhr, talc, or aluminum powder. Under Louisiana conditions
+a light-colored wax was preferable to dark colored one. Asphalt
+emulsions were not satisfactory.
+
+
+Rootstocks and Interstocks for Hickories
+
+Reed(16) summarized the rootstock studies at Beltsville, Maryland, by
+stating that pecans were best on pecan seedlings and that shagbarks were
+successful on either shagbark or pecan rootstocks. He reported a lack of
+congeniality between shagbark and bitternut hickory. Smith(21), however,
+found that pecan stocks were unsuccessful for shagbarks as few scions
+lived and growth of those which survived was poor. He also reported that
+bitternut was practically as good as shagbark for shagbark varieties.
+He stated that pignut was absolutely useless as a stock for shagbark.
+Weschcke(24) reported that shagbark varieties grew well on bitternut but
+also indicated that a slow growing variety would be stimulated in growth
+by working on pecan stocks which are more vigorous in growth than the
+other hickories. Dunstan(8) reported that pecan provides a perfectly
+satisfactory rootstock for shagbark, shagbark hybrid, and hican
+varieties. A number of varieties have been tested over a period of
+several years with favorable results as shown by lasting unions and
+better than average yields.
+
+The Fairbanks hybrid has often been used as an intermediate stock
+between bitternut and some shagbark varieties and Last(10) has stated
+that the variety Rockville is useful for interstock purposes on account
+of its exceptional vigor.
+
+
+Nursery Problems
+
+Hickories and pecans have long tap-roots with few branches and hence do
+not transplant well. Some few have grown the seedlings for one year in
+beds underlain with wire screen netting or have undercut the seedlings
+to promote branching of the roots. The stocks must grow two years from
+seed to attain a diameter permitting of patch budding and must remain
+one or two years more to allow the scion to form a tree. The resulting
+plant is large in both root and stem and requires careful handling in
+digging, shipping, and planting in the permanent location. The
+vicissitudes which befall the production of the northern hickories are
+often so great as to discourage nurserymen who otherwise would grow
+them. This is an unfortunate fact but a real one, as the would-be
+purchaser often learns when he attempts to buy named varieties of
+hickories. The situation with the pecan is much better, due perhaps to
+the greater demand for such trees but also to the greater ease of
+propagation in general nursery practice.
+
+
+Conclusions
+
+Good varieties of hickories bear good nuts and more people should plant
+good trees which should be produced by nurseries with well-branched
+fibrous root systems so that they will transplant easily. Research is
+needed to determine practical methods of propagation which will permit
+of inexpensive quantity production of superior named varieties of
+shagbark and shagbark hybrid hickories.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+    1. Barton, Lela V. Seedling production in _Carya ovata_, _Juglans
+    cinerea_, and _Juglans nigra_. Cont. Boyce Thompson Institute 8:1-5.
+    1936.
+
+    2. Becker, Gilbert. Notes from Southwestern Michigan. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:135-136. 1937.
+
+    3. Benton, Wm. A. Report on propagation of nut trees. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 29:90-92. 1938.
+
+    4. Brison, Fred R. The storage and seasoning of pecan budwood. Texas
+    Agric. Expt. Sta. Bul. 478. 1933.
+
+    5. ----. Personal correspondence. 1952.
+
+    6. Burkett, J. H. The pecan in Texas. Texas Dept. of Agric. Bul.
+    111. 1932.
+
+    7. Corsa, W. P. Nut culture in the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric.
+    Div. of Pomology. 1896.
+
+    8. Dunstan, R. T. Personal correspondence. 1952.
+
+    9. Gossard, A. C. Rooting pecan stem tissue by layering. Proc. Amer.
+    Soc. Hort. Sci. 38:213-214. 1941.
+
+    10. Last, Herman. Personal correspondence. 1952.
+
+    11. MacDaniels, L. H. Some experiences in nut tree grafting at
+    Ithaca, N. Y. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:52-55. 1937.
+
+    12. Morris, R. T. Top working hickories. Rpt. North. Nut Grow.
+    Assoc. 11:105. 1920.
+
+    13. ---- Nut growing. 1931. Macmillan, New York.
+
+    14. O'Rourke, F. L. Unpublished data. 1945.
+
+    15. Reed, C. A. Nut-tree propagation. U. S. Dept. Agric. For. Bul.
+    1501. 1926.
+
+    16. ----. Hickory species and stock studies at the Plant Industry
+    Station, Beltsville, Md. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 35:88-121.
+    1944.
+
+    17. Romberg, L. D. Use of nurse seedlings in propagating the pecan
+    from stem cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 40:298-300. 1942.
+
+    18. Rosborough, J. F., F. R. Brison, C. L. Smith, and L. D. Romberg.
+    Propagation of pecans by budding and grafting. Texas Ext. Ser. Bul.
+    B-166. 1949.
+
+    19. Sitton, B. G. Pecan grafting methods and waxes. U. S. Dept.
+    Agric. Circ. 545. 1940.
+
+    20. Shelton, E. M. Glauber's salt for humidity control in scion
+    storage. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:70. 1937.
+
+    21. Smith, Gilbert L. Our experience with root stocks. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 40:62-64. 1949.
+
+    22. Stoke, H. F. Grafting methods adapted to nut trees. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 37:99-102. 1946.
+
+    23. Stoutemyer, V. T. and F. L. O'Rourke. Unpublished data.
+    1938-1940.
+
+    24. Weschcke, Carl. The importance of stock and
+    scion relationship in hickory and walnut. Rpt. North. Nut Grow.
+    Assoc. 39:190-195. 1948.
+
+    25. Wilkinson, J. Ford. Preparation of stocks for propagation. Rpt.
+    North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:65-66. 1937.
+
+
+
+
+A Root Disease of Persian Walnut
+
+G. FLIPPO GRAVATT, _U. S. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md._
+
+
+On three recent trips to southern Europe I noted large numbers of dying
+Persian (English) walnuts, _Juglans regia_, in France and Switzerland
+and scattered trees in other countries. Dying of Persian walnuts from a
+root disease of undetermined cause has been reported from various
+European countries for many years. The extensive dying of mature Persian
+walnut in a number of areas in southern France is very serious. Farmers
+and orchardists are discouraged from planting the Persian walnut even
+though it is a very profitable tree when not attacked by the root
+disease. In area after area I noted that the farmers had scattered their
+Persian walnut trees, separating them as much as possible or planting
+them along the boundary of fields instead of in orchard plantings. They
+had found too frequently that solid plantings of walnut die from the
+root disease. The total number of Persian walnuts in southern France has
+decreased alarmingly in the last sixty years. In Tessin Province in
+Switzerland many unhealthy Persian walnuts were noted this past summer
+showing the same symptoms as in southern France.
+
+Studies By French and Italian pathologists have indicated that the
+fungus _Phytophthora cinnamomi_ is the most likely cause of this dying
+of walnuts. I was informed that it is worse on soils inclined to be wet
+or poorly drained at certain times of the year, conditions favorable for
+attack of many hosts of this Phytophthora. The work reported by B. S.
+Crandall and me in Phytopathology, March 1945, showed there was a rather
+direct relation between soil conditions and _Phytophthora cinnamomi_
+damage to black and Persian walnut seedlings. Long periods of heavy
+rainfall were very favorable for an epidemic outbreak of this fungus on
+walnut and other nursery stock. Another species of _Phytophthora_, _P.
+cactorum_, has also attacked black walnuts in nurseries in eastern
+United States; this fungus has also been reported on Persian walnuts.
+
+We are interested in receiving reports of the dying of Persian or black
+walnuts in orchards or rows of trees in the Eastern half of the United
+States. Persian walnuts suffer from winter injury in many areas and
+sometimes this injury is confused with the root disease. However, where
+there are indications of continuing dying of walnuts year after year
+with a progression from one part to another of the planting, we would
+like to receive a report.
+
+Some root diseases are difficult to diagnose, especially when the small
+roots are the parts affected.
+
+The symptoms of the root disease of the Persian walnut in Europe are in
+many ways very similar to those of the Phytophthora root disease of
+chestnut and chinkapin in this country as described in the report by
+Gravatt and Crandall in the Northern Nut Growers Association Proceedings
+for 1944. In some cases Persian walnuts die slowly and in others death
+is rapid, with the entire tree browning in summer. Some trees will show
+less green color than normal during the summer and gradually die over a
+year or two. Trees in different stages of dying can be seen in the same
+planting.
+
+Persian walnuts in the Western States in recent years have been dying
+from a disease of undetermined cause. Dr. Paul W. Miller and others have
+reported on the black line graft union failure, _Armillaria mellea_ and
+dying of roots from undetermined causes. As _Phytophthora cinnamomi_, an
+imported fungus, is a comparative recent invader of many parts of the
+west, Dr. Miller is giving the fungus some attention as a possible
+parasite. On some hosts, this fungus attacks primarily the very smallest
+roots at certain favorable times of the year, which makes determination
+of its role as a parasite rather difficult.
+
+
+
+
+Factors That Influence Nut Production
+
+W. B. WARD, _Extension Horticulturist, Purdue University, Lafayette,
+Ind._
+
+
+The profitable production of fruit on nut trees under cultivation has no
+doubt been influenced by several factors. Assuming that the present-day
+seedlings and propagated varieties are winter hardy and the tree of
+bearing age, 10 to 15 years old, one may expect a reasonable harvest. It
+is somewhat disappointing to the owner of a single nut tree or for the
+grower on a semi or commercial basis to find that the tree or several
+trees have failed to set fruit.
+
+The commercial fruit grower of apples learned, many years ago, that
+certain varieties when planted in solid blocks failed to set
+satisfactory crops. Rather than lose several years of growth and
+expense, the better growers top-worked the trees with a good pollinizer.
+The result was a profitable harvest of red and yellow apples, or
+varieties of different maturity. The peach grower liked the looks of a
+very fine peach and after a short trial found that the variety was not
+hardy enough to withstand the winter and early spring temperatures. The
+experiences of the commercial fruit growers could be well used by the
+nut grower. Only trees adapted to local conditions should be planted
+regardless of the recommendations of the nurseryman. Hardiness of wood
+and bud, ample production of pollen, reasonable climate during the
+growing season, and the control of insects or diseases determine, for
+the most part, the success of the harvest.
+
+
+Soils and Fertility
+
+The nut trees require good drainage and a good supply of moisture. A
+reasonably fertile soil should be selected for a planting site but
+through mulches, manures, and commercial mineral fertilizers any soil
+may be built up to a high state of fertility. A weak tree has little
+chance and may come into bearing too late to be of value for the present
+owner. The annual growth should be checked each year and, unless 10 to
+12 inches of growth has been made the previous year, some means of
+stimulating more growth should be employed. The hickory, pecan and black
+walnut, as a rule, make little new annual growth while the Persian or
+Carpathian walnut, heartnut and chestnut ordinarily produce good annual
+growth and an abundance of good foliage grown where it counts the most,
+on the new wood.
+
+Those who have observed the growth habits of nut trees know that the
+catkins are found on last year's growth, or two year old wood, and the
+fruiting flowers at the end of the present season's growth. There are
+times when the new growth developed in a matter of a few days to
+sometimes as long as two weeks. During the period of prolongation of the
+new growth and the formation and receptiveness of the pistillate flower
+much can happen. The catkins shed pollen when the temperature and
+atmospheric conditions are normal. Many times the pollen is dispersed
+before the pistillate flowers are formed.
+
+
+Cross vs Self-Pollination
+
+There is no assurance that a nut tree which fruits on the average of
+eight out of ten years will continue to do so in the future.
+Occasionally trees take on an alternate year bearing habit that could be
+caused from injury, insect or disease damage, or the relocation of plant
+food. The nut trees on their own roots should do better than when
+grafted or budded. The compatability of stock and scion is yet to be
+worked out and any constriction at the union may alter the fruiting
+habits.
+
+The possible sources of pollen for hickory and pecan are from
+self-fertile trees, seedlings, and various natural crosses that may or
+may not produce edible fruit. The walnut family, which includes the
+black and Persian or Carpathian walnut; butternut and Asiatic nut
+(heartnut) have been used as pollinizers on the Persian walnut with some
+success. The butternut is the first to shed pollen in Indiana with the
+catkins dropping, in some years, by late April and the first week in
+May. Some years the black walnut has produced the peak pollen from May
+5th to 12th but during the spring of 1953 the Thomas, Stabler, Rowher,
+Ohio and Stambaugh dropped the pollen from May 18th to 22nd. The Asiatic
+walnuts were in full bloom on May 14th and 15th. The above dates do not
+correspond to observations of other years, except for the butternut. The
+pistillate flowers on the Persian walnuts were fully opened by May 16th.
+The catkins of the Persian trees had dried by May 12th. Catkins from the
+Asiatic walnuts were kept fresh and distributed throughout two Persian
+walnut trees and by mid-afternoon a heavy rain came. On May 18th a few
+catkins were again removed from the Asiatic walnut and only enough for
+one Persian walnut tree were found and hung in the tree. The first tree
+has no fruit while the second tree has a fair crop in the making.
+
+A letter from H. F. Stoke, Chairman of the Survey Committee on the
+blossoming dates of the Persian walnut said: "Payne, Lancaster and
+Broadview staminate flowers were out on April 9, 10 and 11. The
+pistillate flowers of McKinster, Caesar and Crath #1 were receptive on
+April 11, 10 and 10." The above dates were over a month before spring
+came to Indiana. Whether or not the Stoke varieties in Virginia would do
+the same in Indiana or elsewhere is still the problem.
+
+The black walnut varieties mentioned previously set very few fruits at
+Lafayette this year while a promising new variety, Sol, from Ferd
+Bolten, Linton, Indiana, has a full crop, and has been a consistent
+producer for the past several years.
+
+
+How Many Pounds per Tree
+
+Throughout the Middle West the elm, native chestnut and some of the oaks
+are dying from disease troubles. The homemaker wants to plant a tree
+that will provide shade, fit well in the landscaping of the home, be a
+clean tree and yet be fruitful and bear early.
+
+The age of the tree and the growth has much to do with production. Some
+pecan varieties have produced several hundred pounds per tree and the
+same for black walnuts with hickory, butternut and chestnut in smaller
+quantities. There are four Persian walnut trees growing in Franklin,
+Indiana, that are 20 years old and have fruited continuously for the
+past 10 years. The trees were seedlings, two of which are very promising
+for distribution. Tree #1 produces an average of 10 pounds; tree #2, 15
+pounds; #3, about 40 pounds and #4, 100 pounds. Good pollination under
+common growing conditions of the Midwest and a good variety acclimated
+for general planting will no doubt make a host of good friends and a
+wonderful contribution from the members of the N.N.G.A.
+
+
+
+
+Rootstocks for the Walnut in France[2]
+
+J. C. MCDANIEL
+
+[2]This is a translation, by Dr. R. T. Dunstan, of the section on
+"Rootstocks" in Chapter XI of _Les Noyers_, by two Doctors of Pharmacy,
+P. Peyre and E. Lancosme. This 447 page book with 140 figures was
+published in 1942 by Jouve et Cie, 15, rue Racine, Paris, and is a very
+complete treatise on the subject of walnuts.
+
+The French experience with the eastern black walnut and the related
+Arizona walnut as rootstocks is interesting, as is the discussion of one
+method of propagation, where dormant whole-root grafts are started in
+pots under glass. This differs somewhat from the indoor grafting
+procedures described in our recent Reports by Mr. Stephen Bernath and
+Dr. Philip Brierley. (Incidentally, Dr. Brierley tells me that he got
+uniformly good grafts--96 to 100% growing--in his 1953 experiment. The
+use of growth substance powder did not significantly increase the
+"take". The controlling factors seem to be the use of healthy scions and
+rootstocks, followed by high enough temperature and humidity to promote
+rapid callusing of the grafts.)
+
+The "old Royal Walnut" of the French is, of course, what we call Persian
+(or English) walnut, and not Luther Burbank's "Royal Hybrid", the
+unfortunately named cross of two black walnuts, _J. nigra_ x _J.
+hindsii_. _J. torreyi_ is a synonym for _J. major_, the Arizona walnut.
+
+Rootstocks fulfilling two essential conditions should be chosen, those
+capable of adapting themselves to soil and climate where they are to be
+planted and of resisting diseases that may attack them under unsanitary
+conditions or under too intense cultivation. Among the numerous
+varieties tested, two deserve attention as choice rootstocks, one
+native, the other American = _J. regia_ and _J. nigra_.
+
+_J. regia_, our old Royal Walnut, so common in France, is excellent when
+planted in new, light and fertile soils, preferably clay-lime or
+clay-silicon.
+
+But as the roots are very spreading it is important to stir the soil
+well but slightly and avoid deep plowing, for it is well known that
+through accidental injury to the roots the various "armillaria" enter
+the trees to develop the "pourridié" or "pus disease", or "circle
+disease". It is better, then, to use a rootstock immune to this malady
+so wide-spread among our native walnuts.
+
+_J. nigra_ enjoys this happy advantage of offering no foothold to this
+parasite, so harmful to its sister species. It accommodates itself well
+in many soils in which _J. regia_ will grow, even dry and gravelly, but
+prefers soils which are fresh, open, rich, and especially, deep. Its
+roots are long and vertical and their development stops in contact with
+an impermeable layer of soil.
+
+It produces specimens magnificent in height and rapidity of growth.
+Color of bark differs, though diameter of tree is more or less the same.
+This slight objection may be easily avoided by grafting regia on nigra
+at ground-level when wood is well matured and in mild weather.
+
+Proof that this species of walnut is resistant to "pourridié" was given
+in a report to members of the Congress of Grenoble in 1936 by Mr. Bourne
+of Saint Marcelin. "At Blache de Vinay, we are told, some black walnuts,
+planted more than thirty years ago in an infested field, have shown full
+resistance. One tree, grafted at ground-level and planted too deep, was
+infected many years ago by the "pus" above the graft on the _J. regia_
+part. The diseased part was treated as was the custom then, with
+sulphuric acid, etc. The wound healed and the rootstock remained
+absolutely clean. A photo by Mr. Roy, Director of Agricultural Services
+at Isère, establishes this absolute proof.
+
+Other varieties of walnut have been tested as rootstocks--_cinerea_,
+_cordiformis_, and _Siebòdiana_, but only the first seems to have given
+any satisfactory results.
+
+Reporter Bourne concludes, "The primary purpose of our research on
+rootstocks will be to obtain a hybrid of _regia_ x _nigra_ that will
+combine the resistance of nigra to the "pourridié" and regia's habit of
+vegetating late in spring.
+
+By virtue of the ability of the female element to transmit its rusticity
+and vegetative form it seems, _à priori_, that we shall get a good
+rootstock by crossing _nigra_ as mother by Franquette (sic) and then if
+need be, by backcrossing to Franquette in the second generation.
+
+There exists a 4th type of walnut graft, dating from 1880, which if done
+intelligently, permits the rapid multiplication of the walnut--the root
+graft.
+
+In a short but very interesting report to the Nut Congress of Grenoble
+in October, 1936 by Mr. Léon Treyves, and very kindly sent on to us, the
+author says, "This procedure, devised by my family around 1880, consists
+of grafting on one year old roots, branches from selected, vigorous
+trees, either by cleft or English grafts, whichever gives best fit of
+scion (which is generally smaller than root) and stock. Graft is then
+tied with raffia and waxed to avoid all contact with air and placed in a
+moderately heated frame. After a month of this treatment the graft has
+taken. Then it is gradually accustomed to open air and the frame is
+removed. In the fall or the following spring the graft may be planted in
+its permanent location or in nursery row.
+
+This system presents numerous advantages:
+
+     1. Rapidity, since the plants can be grafted after one year,
+    instead of three or four.
+
+    2. Economy of time and expense, since considerable numbers of grafts
+    can be made rapidly and in limited space.
+
+    3. More rapid development of growth and fruiting. Saplings of 1 to 2
+    meters planted in winter of '28-'29 measured in October '36 25-27
+    cm. in circumference at one meter from ground. Trees two and three
+    years old, still in nursery, are bearing one to two normally
+    developed fruits.
+
+The author indicates that he uses _nigra_ for stocks, "since that is the
+only one that has proved its adaptation to grafting and its resistance
+to the "pus disease"."
+
+At the time he gave his paper in '36 Mr. Treyves announced that he was
+continuing his grafting experiments on _J. Sieboldiana, cordiformis_ and
+_torreyi. [J. torreyi_ = _J. major_--J. C. McDaniel.]
+
+Mr. Treyves, whom we cannot thank too much for his favor, was kind
+enough to set forth the preliminary techniques of his method of
+root-grafting. We give a resume of them here.
+
+1. Preparation. Plant nuts well-spaced in rows in good soil, convenient
+to irrigation, if needed. Clean nuts of good quality, previously
+stratified, should be planted in winter. Plants are lifted before the
+following spring and heeled in. For scions wood of 7-8 cm. is cut from
+young, healthy and vigorous trees and passed to the grafter at the same
+time as the roots, which have been previously lifted, washed and cut off
+at the crown or a little below. Scion, bevelled, is set either in
+English or cleft graft, tied with raffia or with a numbered wool strip,
+waxed and potted in rich but light soil, moderately firmed around roots.
+Pots are then set in some homogeneous material (waste tan-bark or
+sawdust) and left in a moderately heated bed.
+
+2. Care. Watering. Temperature of beds should be kept constant around
+grafts and they should be watered every other day. Of course, grass and
+mold should be prevented.
+
+As soon as grafts begin to grow (usually around 15 days) the pots are
+gradually removed from sawdust, and when plants have made 15-20 cm. of
+growth (after 30-40 days) they are slowly hardened to air and sun,
+replanted in well-shaded beds, properly watered and cared for until they
+are set in nursery row.
+
+3. Planting in nursery. The following spring they are set 60 cm. apart
+in nursery rows 1 m. apart in well-manured and well-prepared plots.
+Usual care during growth. With the 2nd year plants attain 1-1/4-1-1/2 m.
+and it is not uncommon to discover a nut. The 3rd year they make 2-1/2
+m. at least with 8-12 cm. of girth and are ready for transplanting to
+permanent site.
+
+4. Soils and situations. Mr. Treyves tells us that the walnut plantings
+in "lower Grésivuaudan" are on old alluvium of the Isère Valley and in
+limy marl soils of the upper slopes. A little farther away in Savoy, the walnut is
+vigorous in Jurassic or clay limestone soils. The same is true in
+Dordogne, in Corrèze, and in the Lot, where soils are of similar origin.
+
+Walnuts are found at an average altitude of 600 m. but grow up to 1200
+m. in Savoy, and particularly in Switzerland.
+
+The best exposures are SW, W, and SE, sunny slopes, well protected from
+the north wind and late frosts.
+
+Mr. Treyves has personally some plantings of walnut in Sologne, (where
+calcareous soils are lacking) and in Champagne, where the soils lack
+lime. He has noted that these trees grow and fruit normally.
+
+Cultivation. It is important to keep soil around isolated trees well
+stirred and to increase the area of cultivation as the rootspread
+increases.
+
+5. Rootstocks. For the present the plants chosen for stocks have come
+from nigra, the only one that has proved itself in the matter of "take".
+It does well in moist soils.
+
+Mr. Treyves has personally tried to graft Mayette and Franquette on
+_Torreyi_. He has found the "take" and the union perfect. But even
+though vegetation is promising we must wait 22 years for a full test.
+
+He proposes to lest all the "rootstocks placed at his disposal in order
+to acclimatize the good French varieties to all the soils which suit
+these stocks. Grafting on _J. Torreyi_ will be useful to a [_sera utile
+a un_] stock that grows in dry soil, like _nigra_.
+
+"But that is a matter we shall have to examine again in ten years, first
+as regards vegetation and then in 20 years as concerns fruit
+production."
+
+Since these experiments date from '36 at the time of the Grenoble
+Congress we have only 13 years to wait to learn what sort of fruit these
+trees will bear and only 5 to see how they behave vegetatively.
+
+It remains, then, only to wish "good luck" to our kind and devoted
+correspondent and to thank him for his valuable documentation.
+
+
+
+
+Pictorial Record of Grafting at Climax, Michigan
+
+W. M. BECKERT, _Jackson, Mich._
+
+
+Top-working black walnuts to Persian Walnuts has long been practiced by
+various members of this organization. It is hoped by this series of
+Kodachrome slides that a record of such top-working by one of our
+members would be of interest and also show the details of just how the
+work is done under actual field conditions.
+
+Mr. Gilbert Becker, of Climax, Michigan, has been quite successful in
+top-working black walnuts. Needless to say, these pictures were taken to
+show how an expert goes about grafting black walnuts. Mr. Becker was
+contacted as to when he would do his grafting and he mentioned that on
+May 80, 1953, he would be top-working his stock. Plans were made to be
+present on that date and we were fortunate in having bright weather for
+taking the pictures.
+
+The first two slides show Mr. Becker removing the scionwood from his
+storage pit, selecting the scions and preparing to go out to do the
+grafting. On the way to the trees that were to be grafted, the pictures
+for the next two slides were taken to show the stage of leaf development
+and the length of the catkins of the Thomas Black Walnut, so members in
+other sections of the country can see how far out in leaf the Thomas
+variety was when the grafting was done.
+
+The following series of slides show how Mr. Becker top-works the black
+walnuts.
+
+First, removing that portion of the stock, note he used a pruning saw,
+makes a cut at the point where he wants to graft. He uses the bark slit
+method. The scion is shaped by one stroke of the grafting knife; a long
+slanting cut is made and the scion inserted in the stock. Just prior to
+placing the scion, the bark of the stock is slit, two cuts with the
+point of the knife, approximate width of the scion and down along the
+bark to the length the scion is to be inserted, then the scion is
+placed. The next step is to cut off the little sliver of bark which is
+pushed out, at the point where it does not contact the scion. In this
+tree, two scions were placed, the scions being wrapped tightly with
+waxed muslin which was prepared beforehand, using strips about one-half
+inch wide. Enough was used to firmly bind the scions to the stock.
+Please note that a small piece of wax muslin was placed on the inside of
+the scion to prevent the wax from going down between the scion and
+stock. The final step is waxing the scion and brushing with hot wax, in
+order to prevent the scion from drying out; to provide shade, Mr.
+Becker, in this case, used grass and made a hood over the scion, tying
+it with string.
+
+The following slides show the same procedure of grafting other trees.
+You will note in one case he has climbed up into the branches of the
+tree. To shade the scions, he used aluminum foil, folded around the
+scion and tied with a rubber grafting strip. In all these pictures the
+scions used were Colby.
+
+Mr. Becker is very adept, quick, and does the grafting so that it
+actually seems effortless. His technique is so fast, there is very
+little chance of the scion drying out before it is placed.
+
+On July 26th, I returned to Climax and the grafts were successful, as
+you can see by the following series. The one failure was the first tree
+that was grafted, and which had the grass for shading of the scion.
+
+
+
+
+Rock Phosphate for Nut Trees
+
+HARRY P. BURGART, _Union City, Mich._
+
+
+My soil is of the sandy type and I have to watch the mineral content
+rather closely for nitrogen and phosphate deficiencies. Winter-killing
+of one year black walnut and pecan seedlings is serious during seasons
+when our winters are less severe than usual and during winters when we
+had had plenty of snow cover for protection. This worried me a great
+deal and I decided there must be a deficiency. Soil tests repeatedly
+showed a lack of phosphate.
+
+I applied ground rock phosphate to my larger bearing English walnut
+trees and there has not been the least sign of winter injury since.
+
+Many of my smaller nut trees have been bearing earlier for me since I
+have been using the phosphate. Customers who come here often remark at
+the way some of my little grafted trees are bearing crops and I tell
+them that I believe in keeping plenty of phosphate in the soil for root
+growth and nut production.
+
+I am writing this brief article thinking that it might help solve the
+problems of other nut growers who have repeatedly been having trouble
+with winter-killing of their Carpathian, or English walnut trees.
+Phosphate seems to prevent a late sappy-condition from causing winter
+injury.
+
+I prefer to apply the phosphate and nitrogen early in April or early
+May. Fall applications of any kind of fertilizer are apt to cause winter
+injury. I usually scatter the rock phosphate around the trees using
+about four handfuls around a first year tree. Then I turn over the sod
+bottom with a shovel, which puts the phosphate down where the roots can
+get it. I use the phosphate around all the young trees we set out and
+seldom lose a tree as the phosphate encourages the starting of new
+feeder roots on the nut trees.
+
+
+
+
+A Report From Southern Minnesota
+
+R. E. HODGSON, _University of Minnesota, Southern School and Experiment
+Station, Waseca, Minn._
+
+
+We have 20 odd Carpathian walnut trees growing from nuts planted about
+1931. So far, I have never seen a flower on any of them. They grow up 6
+or 8 feet in a year and that seems to be their difficulty. They do not
+stop growing in time to harden off before cold weather comes. I think a
+lot of the winter killing is also due to sun scald which would indicate
+an inability to retain dormancy during a January thaw. Some of the trees
+have lived through two winters with only minor damage and then when the
+right conditions come along, they are killed to the ground. Wrapping the
+trunks with aluminum foil has not solved the problem. I have purchased
+one or two grafted trees which were recommended as more hardy but so far
+they have had the same experience as the one I grew from nuts.
+
+Black walnut and hickory do well here and I have a hiccan perhaps 20
+feet tall but it has never borne any nuts. Chinese chestnuts are not
+entirely hardy and grow very slowly. This year I set out about 20
+American chestnuts from Minnesota grown seed and I hope that we are far
+enough from other trees of this variety to escape the blight. Tree
+growing is just a hobby and lately there has been very little time for
+hobbies.
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Breeding
+
+Report for 1953
+
+ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES and HANS NIENSTAEDT, _The Connecticut
+Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut_
+
+
+The chief aim of this breeding work, which has been carried on now
+without interruption since 1930, is to develop a tall timber type of
+chestnut by breeding the American species with the blight resistant but
+comparatively low-growing Japanese and Chinese chestnuts, _Castanea
+crenata_ and _C. mollissima_, respectively. Practically all trees of our
+valuable American chestnut of any appreciable size have now been killed
+to the ground by the blight fungus, _Endothia parasitica_. Shoots
+arising from the base of the old stumps often live long enough to bear
+pollen, and this we have lately been forced to use in our breeding work
+with the disadvantage that we can not know definitely the nature of the
+genotype of the pollen parent. American pollen from a good phenotype
+near Washington, D. C., was kindly furnished us in the early 30's by the
+then Office of Forest Pathology of the U.S.D.A., and this stock is now
+incorporated with our older Japanese-American and Chinese-American
+hybrids.
+
+As indicated in the following pages, we are not neglecting the
+nut-bearing potentialities of the chestnut tree.
+
+
+Weather Conditions in 1953
+
+The disastrous ice storm of the 9th and 10th of January caused slight
+damage to some of the Chinese trees. Their numerous, more or less
+horizontal branches and characteristically brittle wood make them prone
+to damage of this sort; nevertheless, only a few branches were lost.
+After a comparatively warm February, the warmest since 1925, March
+brought us more rain than for any March in the 81 years records have
+been kept[3]--a total of 10.78 inches. This was all to the good, as
+later events proved. Because of the preceding warm February the ground
+was for the most part unfrozen, so that, instead of running off, the
+water was largely absorbed in the soil, and thus added to the water
+table. The precipitation of April was again heavy--5.6 inches--the
+normal per month for this area being about 3-1/2 inches. After an
+unusually good growing season in May, June and July, about the middle of
+August a long drought of nearly 10 weeks duration commenced. The
+conditions were similar to those in 1952, except that in that year the
+drought began later, in October. However, the large amount of water in
+the soil from the spring rains prevented serious consequences, just as
+in 1952 the heavy rainfall in August and the normal one in September
+mitigated any serious results from the later drought of that year.
+
+
+[3] Weather records are taken from the monthly reports of the municipal
+airport at New Haven, Conn., and are compared with the New York City
+records for the same period, kept by the U. S. Weather Bureau at 17
+Battery Place, New York City.
+
+
+Hybrids of 1953
+
+As in former years we continued the formation of hybrids of the
+combination C×J×A[4] which has to date given the most resistant
+individuals and the best timber form. 277 hybrid nuts of this
+combination were obtained by crossing JA with C, and C with JA. JA×J
+crossed with C yielded 25 nuts. CJA crossed with pollen from the Roxbury
+Americans gave 20 nuts. The Chinese-American hybrids are also promising
+both in form and in blight resistance. By crossing these with American
+pollen from Thomaston, Conn., and from Clinton Corners, N. Y., we
+secured 48 nuts. CA crossed with a good native American in Thomaston,
+Conn., resulted in 30 nuts, and the same combination using an American
+in Newfoundland, N. J., produced 9 nuts. The total number of nuts
+derived from all crosses was 504, a much smaller figure than that for
+the two preceding years. The reason for this is that considerable time
+was consumed in experiments designed to determine the length of the
+receptive period in the pistils.
+
+[4] C = Chinese, J = Japanese, A = American chestnut.
+
+The 1953 nut production (Table I) compared well with last year's. The
+total yields were as good as, or better than, the 1952 crop and the
+average weight per nut was not significantly lower than in 1952.
+Apparently the late summer and fall drought had no effect on nut yields
+and average weights. Obviously we have the warm winter and abundant
+early rains to thank for this situation.
+
+ Table I. Natural Yield of Nuts (open pollinations) From Sample Trees.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                   Total yield     Av. weight per Approximate
+ Age in  Species         Location  in lbs.         nut in grams   no. of nuts
+ years                               1952    1953   1952    1953   per lb.[A]
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  23     _C.crenta_       13-2      27.5    43.3    14.5   14.0          32
+  27     _C.mollissima_    1-3      22.2    20.8    10.6   10.5          43
+  27     _C.mollissima_    1-9      28.2    26.2     9.9    9.7          46
+  27     _C.mollissima_    1-15      6.8[B] 20.6    12.9   11.7          39
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ A. based on the 1953 weights
+ B. a considerable part of crop lost before it was collected
+
+Fig 1. gives a fair idea of the extremes in size of the Japanese
+chestnut. Since the smaller size is probably close to that of the wild
+chestnut in Japan, the figure illustrates what has been done by the
+centuries of selection and cultivation that the chestnut has undergone
+in Japan.
+
+[Illustration: Fig 1. Nuts of _C. crenata_, Japanese chestnut, showing
+approximately the limits of size in the species. Left: from a tree on
+Long Island, N. Y, owned by Mr. John Vertichio. Right: from one of our
+forest type Japanese trees given to us by the Office of Forest Pathology
+in 1930 and now growing at the Sleeping Giant Plantation, Hamden, Conn.
+The tree is probably representative of the wild type of nuts in Japan--a
+little larger than the native American chestnut. However, it is probable
+that smaller nuts of the Japanese species exist. About 1/2 natural size.
+Photo by B. W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., Nov. 27, 1953.]
+
+Anent the large nuts in the photograph, which weigh about an ounce
+apiece or about 28 g. (compare figures in table I), Mr. Ferguson,
+Instructor at the Long Island Agricultural and Technical Institute,
+through whom we received the nuts, states that "the nuts of the
+seedlings from the tree do not average better than half the size of
+those of the parent tree." This illustrates the fact, now well known,
+that the chestnut tree is self sterile. Nuts are always (with
+exceptions) a result of fertilization of the flowers with the pollen
+from _another_ tree.
+
+We should like to reproduce this tree in our plantations, but the only
+way it can be done is by grafting scions of it on to some other,
+preferably Japanese, stock, or by rooting cuttings from it--a method
+which we still have not been able to accomplish readily.
+
+
+Moll-Seg, or Chinese Prolific
+
+In the report of the senior writer for 1934 (_Brooklyn Botanic Garden
+Record 24:62_) it was stated: "In our form of the Chinese chestnut only
+one, if any, bur appears at the base of the flowering branch. The dwarf
+species, _C. seguini_, from eastern and central China, on the other
+hand, is most prolific; and in addition, blooms from June to October. It
+will be seen that crosses of these two species may produce valuable
+breeding stock." As a result of this cross, made in 1934, we obtained
+seven nuts, and from these nuts we have today, nineteen years later,
+four trees, three of which have shown marked blight resistance. One of
+these three is much larger, partaking more in its stature and form of
+the character of its Chinese parent, and in contrast to the latter,
+bears burs and nuts in profusion, usually clustered at the ends of the
+branches. (Fig. 2). The nuts are small but of good flavor. It is a good
+nut tree, not suitable for timber. However, as we stated in our 1951-2
+report, it is subject to considerable twig blight, caused by the attacks
+of the weak parasite, _Cryptodiaporthe castanea_ (Tul.) Wehmeyer, and
+this is due apparently to the influence of its tender parent, the Seguin
+chestnut, which habitually dies back in the winter. The parasite easily
+enters the dying ends of the twigs. We should like to see this tree
+tried out in a warmer climate--Georgia, Florida, Alabama, etc. Possibly
+it might prove adaptable to a southern European environment.[5]
+
+[5] Systematic descriptions of this and other valuable chestnut hybrids
+are being prepared for publication.
+
+
+Pollen Receptivity of Female Flowers
+
+Chestnut is monecious. The flowers are borne on the present year's
+growth in long catkins. These are of two distinct types; near the base
+of the flowering branch they consist of male flowers only. The catkins
+near the apex, on the other hand, are bisexual; pistillate flowers are
+found, solitary or in clusters of two or three, near the base of this
+type of catkin. The remainder of the catkin bears male flowers similar
+to those on the all-male catkins.
+
+The unisexual male catkins are the first to start flowering and not
+until two to three weeks later will the male flowers of the bisexual
+catkins be in full bloom. Normally, the pistillate flowers will reach
+full development sometime between these two periods of pollen shedding.
+
+_The Length of the Receptivity Period._--During the summer of 1953 an
+experiment was conducted to determine more definitely when the pistils
+became receptive and how long they remain in this condition. Two
+Chinese, two Japanese and two hybrid chestnuts of the combination (Jap.
+x C. pumila) x Jap., the so-called S8xJ, were used as the females in the
+study. Emasculation and bagging was done at the beginning of anthesis,
+that is, when the first unisexual male catkins began to shed pollen.
+Three different pollen sources were used on each female parent; they
+were of the same species or hybrid combination as the female. The
+following diagram shows the pollination schedule used.
+
+   Pollen source    Time of pollination in days
+   No.              after beginning of anthesis
+                    5     9     13      17    22
+   -----------------------------------------------
+   1                X     X      X
+   2                      X      X      X
+   3                             X      X      X
+
+For example, the Chinese female trees were pollinated with pollen from
+three other Chinese trees (in the diagram "Pollen source No. 1, 2 and
+3), which open their anthers on successively later dates. This
+pollination schedule was used to avoid prolonged storing of the pollen.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Showing, above, _C. mollissima_, Chinese
+chestnut, left, and _C. seguini_, seguin chestnut, right, parents of
+_mollissima_ × _seguini_ hybrid below. Note clustered burs in
+hybrid--more than twice the number appearing in the _mollissima_ parent.
+Leaves and habit of tree resemble more the _mollissima_ parent. About
+1/6 natural size. Photo by B. W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta.,
+Sept. 25, 1953.]
+
+To carry on pollination the bags are removed and the pollen-bearing
+catkins are brushed lightly over the stigmas several times, one or more
+fresh catkins being used in each bag. These catkins are left in the bag.
+The bags are then replaced and permanently removed when danger of
+outcrossing is eliminated, in this case 10-14 days after the last
+pollination.
+
+The number of nuts collected at the time of harvesting compared with the
+number of female flowers pollinated was taken as a measure of how
+successful the pollinations were.
+
+The results showed that five days after the commencement of anthesis a
+high proportion of the female flowers is receptive. The Japanese and
+hybrid trees have a definite peak of the period of receptivity between 9
+and 17 days after anthesis begins; thereafter, receptivity drops off
+sharply. The data from the Chinese trees indicated that the period of
+maximum receptivity is longer than in the Japanese and hybrid chestnuts
+tested. They maintained full receptivity on the 22nd day after the
+beginning of anthesis.
+
+It is commonly believed that bagging as well as emasculation may
+seriously affect the yield from controlled pollination. This is not
+always the case. One of the Japanese trees and one hybrid tree (S8 × J)
+yielded fully as many nuts from controlled (under best conditions) as
+from open pollination. On all other trees the effect of bagging was more
+or less adverse.
+
+
+The Effect of Emasculation on Nut Yield
+
+Emasculation involves the removal of the unisexual male catkins and the
+male part of the bisexual catkins. In the course of the controlled
+pollination work it has often been found that the female flowers drop
+off in the bag before the burs start to develop. This has especially
+been encountered in Japanese × American hybrids and back-crosses. It was
+thought that this perhaps was due to injuries resulting from
+emasculation. The following small experiment was carried out in order to
+determine if this was actually true.
+
+A Japanese × American and a Japanese × (Japanese × American) hybrid were
+used as the female parents. On these trees some flowering branches were
+bagged which had been emasculated normally, on other branches only the
+unisexual catkins were removed, while the bisexual catkins were left
+intact. Some branches were bagged without any emasculation, and some
+flowering branches were just tagged. The number of female flowers was
+counted in all cases. Pollinations were performed 3 times, that is, were
+repeated on the third and fifth day after the first pollination. This is
+the procedure ordinarily used for our controlled pollinations. Chinese
+pollen was used on both trees. Nut set expressed as per cent of the
+number of pollinated flowers, times three, (because ordinarily there are
+3 nuts in every bur) was taken as a measure of how successful the
+pollinations had been. The results are shown in Table 2.
+
+ Table II. The Effect of Emasculation on Nut Yield
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Type of Treatment                 No. of [Symbol: female]'s at     Nut set as
+                                   time of first                    expressed in %
+                                   pollination                      of [Symbol: female]'s
+                                                                    at time of
+                                                                    1st pollination ×3
+                                   [Symbol: female] parent          [Symbol: female] parent
+                                   4-4     7-4                      4-4     7-4
+                                   (J×A)  (J×JA)                    (J×A)   (J×JA)
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Normal emasculation                39     17                       29.1    13.7
+ Only unisexual catkins removed     23     19                       14.5     0.0
+ Not emasculated, but pollinated    28     18                       25.0     3.7
+ Not emasculated, }
+ not pollinated   } Control         28     25                        1.2     0.0
+ Not bagged, branches tagged,
+    open pollinated                 26     23                       44.9    17.4
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Bagging apparently was partly injurious on these two trees and caused
+some decrease in nut yield. There is, however, no evidence that
+emasculation in itself causes a decreased nut yield, rather it appears
+to be somewhat beneficial if we are to judge from the results of this
+experiment. At least, one would be justified in concluding that any
+harmful effect is negligible. Completely emasculated flowers yielded
+29.1 and 13.7 per cent as compared to 14.5 and 0.0 per cent where only
+unisexual male catkins were removed, and 25.0 and 3.7 per cent where no
+emasculation was done. The controls which were not emasculated and not
+hand pollinated, show that the trees are practically completely self
+sterile; only an occasional nut is set from self-fertilization.
+
+
+Vegetative Propagation
+
+In vegetative propagation the tree breeder has a very important tool.
+For instance, if a number of desirable phenotypes have been selected in
+the forest, they can be propagated vegetatively and planted under
+uniform conditions where it will be possible to "estimate" their
+genotype, without the time-consuming progeny testing. Trees propagated
+vegetatively from old mature trees usually will start flowering very
+soon after they become established; thus the necessity of doing
+pollination work in very large trees can be eliminated. Furthermore, it
+enables the tree breeders to maintain trees of a desirable genotype
+unaltered for an indefinite length of time without first establishing
+pure lines through inbreeding. Finally, it may be possible to make
+valuable individuals available to the forest owners for field planting
+if they can be propagated vegetatively in large enough numbers at low
+cost.
+
+Compared to propagation by grafting, the rooting of cuttings is both
+simpler and cheaper, if it can be done. Chestnut cuttings are,
+unfortunately, very difficult to root. In the past six years numerous
+experiments have been conducted in order to find a way to root the
+various chestnut species. We have tried to root dormant, as well as
+greenwood, cuttings, the conventional twig cuttings as well as leaf-bud
+cuttings; numerous hormone treatments using several different hormones
+in solution and as powders, over a wide range of concentrations, have
+been tried; a special chamber in which an automatic atomizer nozzle
+sprays the cuttings intermittently has been used. Results have always
+been poor. Dormant cuttings have broken dormancy, sent out new leaves,
+formed an abundance of callus on the basal end, but failed to develop
+any roots, and finally after several months have died. Greenwood
+cuttings also have failed to develop roots in almost all cases. The best
+results have been obtained with leaf-bud cuttings. In some cases 10 to
+20 per cent have rooted; here, however, the difficulty has been the
+failure of the bud to break dormancy and start growth, and all the
+rooted cuttings have eventually died.
+
+The rooting by airlayering has been tried in a few cases. Airlayering is
+the rooting of twigs while they are still attached to the tree. Some
+distance from the terminal end of the twig an oblique cut is made, or
+the bark is removed around the twig for about 3/4". The cut or ringed
+area is treated with a hormone powder, wrapped in sphagnum moss and
+covered with a wrapping of polyethelene. Attempts to root twigs on older
+trees by this method have so far failed. Recently successful rooting of
+twigs on young seedlings by airlayering has been reported from Spain,
+and from France comes the report that stooling of young seedlings is
+highly successful. In the stooling method the young plants are cut off a
+short distance above the ground level. As new shoots grow out, their
+basal ends are gradually covered with soil until a 5-6" mound has been
+formed. Left in this manner they may develop their own root system and
+can eventually be detached from the mother root. That the rooting of
+young seedling material should be possible, while that from older trees
+will not root, is not unusual. It is generally accepted that the younger
+the tree from which the cuttings are taken, the easier the cuttings are
+to root. Experiments along these lines are planned for 1954.
+
+
+Cooperative Hybrid Chestnut Plantations
+
+In last year's report we described our hybrid test plots established in
+cooperation with the U.S.D.A., Bureau of Plant Industry, Division of
+Forest Pathology.
+
+On March 18, 1953 a new plantation was started at Grafton, West
+Virginia. As usual, we furnished 50 plants for this test plot.
+
+From the reports from Dr. J. D. Diller, of the then Division of Forest
+Pathology, our hybrids so far have shown a promising performance,
+although their average growth rate so far is slightly slower than that
+of the U.S.D.A. hybrids and straight Chinese chestnut. From the
+standpoint of blight resistance and growth habit they are at least equal
+to the two other sources and may be slightly better; however, it is
+still too early to make any definite evaluation of the results.
+
+
+Insect Injuries
+
+The most damaging insect pests in the Sleeping Giant Plantation are the
+spring canker worms, the mites (_Paratetranychus bicolor_), Japanese
+beetles and the chestnut weevils.
+
+A spraying schedule has now been worked out which keeps these pests
+under control:
+
+1. Dormant spray with "Scalecide" in middle April against the canker
+worms and mites.
+
+2. Two applications of "Aramite" (6-7 lbs. per acre) in the middle and
+toward the end of June. These sprayings have given good control against
+mites. Where the outbreak is very severe it may be necessary to spray
+with "Aramite" also in July and again in August.
+
+3. Spraying with DDT in middle August and the first week in September
+has controlled the weevils successfully.
+
+In concluding this report we desire to express our thanks to the many
+interested persons who have contributed pollen, nuts and/or scions to
+further this project.
+
+
+Dr. W. C. Deming
+
+On November 17th, 1910, twelve dreamers met in the Botanical Museum,
+Bronx Park, New York City, to form an organization of nut growers in the
+north. It was largely an organizational meeting. No papers were read,
+but some solid foundations were laid. Dr. W. C. Deming served as
+temporary chairman of the meeting and, fortunately for the cause, was
+then elected as the new body's Secretary-Treasurer, an office which has
+always called for executive ability and untiring industry.
+
+This election paid off. At the second meeting, held at the New York
+State College of Agriculture, in Ithaca, it appeared that the new
+Secretary had communicated with a large number of leading nurserymen,
+with national and State horticulturists and with others. It was reported
+at this meeting that only two nurserymen had accepted the invitation to
+attend. "So", reported Secretary Deming, "evidently the others do not
+think the northern nut grower is one whose acquaintance is worth
+cultivating. We hope to convince them to the contrary."
+
+This was done. At the second meeting, the Association could count sixty
+members. Professor John Craig, of Cornell, in noting this growth, said,
+"Dr. Deming has not merely performed the routine duties of the
+secretary, but he has studied the case and has presented a good many
+facts not apparent on the surface. It seems to me that this augurs
+well."
+
+The augury proved prophetic. The Association continued to grow. But
+without this first intelligent, persistent effort upon the part of. Dr.
+Deming, it could hardly have survived.
+
+This small bit of history is illustrative of the whole life of Dr.
+Deming. His deep interest in the purposes and hopes of our Association
+has never ceased. Upon his own ground he planted, and budded and
+grafted many nut trees, and has given away the fruits of his labors with
+a prodigal good will. Deming's Burnham pecan and the Deming Purple black
+walnut are the only introductions, so far as this writer knows, which
+bear his name.
+
+Again, some thirty years after the first meeting mentioned above, Dr.
+Deming thought up and carried through another project which makes the
+Association repeatedly his debtor, an Index of the first thirty volumes
+of the Association's Annual Reports. It is a work which saves the
+conscientious worker in northern nut culture hours and hours of labor.
+
+And now our Dean, the last of the founding fathers, has left us for the
+Elysian Fields. His gentle, kindly face will be sadly missed by those
+who knew him, but he lives on in every tree whose planting his labors
+inspired and in every mind which has been, even unconsciously, his heir.
+
+A letter from Miss Charlotte Deming, a sister, assures us, somewhat
+touchingly, but happily, of this fact:
+
+"My brother's heart was with and in the work of the Association. He was
+happy to know of its expansion into such a wide-spread organization, and
+very proud of having been made its Dean."
+
+Dr. Deming lived a full life. He was a physician of distinction, a
+graduate of Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons and
+was retired from the army after World War I with the rank of Major.
+After graduation from Columbia, he served his internship in a New York
+hospital, then on the medical staff of the State Immigrant Hospital,
+Ward's Island. He began private practice in Westchester County, New York
+and, later, for many years, served as examining physician with the
+Veterans' Administration in Hartford, Connecticut.
+
+It is interesting to know, as told by his son, Hawthorne, that Mrs.
+Deming, formerly Imogene Hawthorne, was the youngest granddaughter of
+the immortal Nathaniel. It is evident that Dr. Deming, both in private
+life and in his public interests, was a strong believer in the value of
+good blood-lines.
+
+   _John Davidson_
+
+
+
+
+The Nomenclature of Nut Varieties
+
+GEORGE H. M. LAWRENCE, _Bailey Hortorium, Ithaca, N. Y._
+
+
+This article is intended to introduce to you the International Code of
+Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants[6] and to point out the ways in which
+that Code serves the interests and needs of members of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association.
+
+[6] The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants,
+formulated and adopted by the International Botanical Congress Committee
+for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants and the International
+Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature and Registration at the
+Thirteenth International Horticultural Congress, London, September 1952.
+
+Copies of the full text of the Code are available from the Secretary,
+American Horticultural Council, Inc., Bailey Hortorium, Cornell
+University, Ithaca, N. Y., (25¢ postpaid).
+
+The Code as published by the Royal Horticultural Society is a booklet of
+about 30 pages, containing an excellent historical introduction by W. T.
+Stearn, a summary or abridged version of the Code, and the full text. It
+is of necessity somewhat technical in its phraseology, and in places its
+jargon is overwhelming. Recently, Dr. John S. L. Gilmour, Director of
+the Cambridge Botanic Gardens, and formerly Director of the R. H. S.
+Trial Gardens at Wisley, published a very lucid and down-to-earth
+interpretation of the principle provisions of the Code. It is reproduced
+with permission at the conclusion of this introduction.
+
+The questions asked about the Code include,
+
+   "What's it got that earlier codes did not have?"
+   "What's new about it?"
+   "How does it affect me?"
+
+There are several answers to the first query, but the most significant
+is that here for the first time we have a Code that represents the
+thinking of horticulturists from all leading horticultural centers of
+the world. I was a member of a committee of thirteen (representing 6
+countries), that met for nine days in Stockholm in 1950 to prepare and
+edit the first international draft of this Code. Those of each
+nationality had met in their country previously, with their own leaders,
+and had come to this round-table session with fixed ideas of what they
+wanted. By mid-evening of the first session it became apparent that the
+Swedes, the Dutch, the British, and the Americans had sent some of their
+most persuasive, vocative, and determined countrymen to represent them.
+The Swiss representative restrained himself admirably until after the
+initial lines had been drawn. It looked then as if there might be
+several codes, but before recessing several hours later some concessions
+had been made, and discussion on the more volatile points had been
+deferred. The differences of opinion were well founded and held with
+good reason. Some reflected an unawareness of situations in an unrelated
+horticultural field, e.g., a nurseryman did not know the problems
+encountered by the Danes in developing so-called varieties of
+vegetables, or by the American in producing hybrid-corn--each calling
+for different provisions in the Code, nor could the rose specialist be
+expected to comprehend the genetic situations encountered in many types
+of hybridity. One botanist in the group had no appreciation of the
+intricacies of problems and situations found when trying to name some
+complex groups of cultigens. Add to these reasons the fact that most of
+these men were representatives or spokesmen for larger groups or
+national organizations "back home" and were not authorized to act
+independently from earlier decisions by those groups, and one can only
+marvel that at the end of the 9-day period we came up with a detailed
+and workable draft accepted unanimously, and which was modified in no
+major respect at the more recently International Horticultural Congress
+in London.
+
+The period between the Stockholm meeting and the London Congress was
+utilized to distribute mimeographed copies of the Stockholm draft to
+horticultural leaders in all countries, to provide opportunity for
+suggesting changes and new provisions for the Code, and to hold one
+committee meeting of international level, at London in November 1951.
+As a result, the present Code is the first truly international
+regulating guide that has been produced as an aid to persons concerned
+with the nomenclature of cultivated plants. The individual who may
+object to some provision of the Code must remember that its presence in
+the Code has had the support of scores of specialists, representing no
+less than 16 nations and that there is no part of the Code that was not
+acceptable to a majority of the delegates of each nation and to the
+groups representing them. The significance of this international
+character of the Code is not to be discounted.
+
+It is only proper at this point to tell you how the U. S. A. was
+represented at the International Horticultural Congress in London.
+Practically every country except the United States has a national
+horticultural organization, comparable in some respects to the Royal
+Horticultural Society, with which you are surely familiar. This country
+had none. When the "call" went out for representatives and delegates to
+the International Horticultural Congress, that for this country was
+delivered to the agricultural attaché at our Embassy in London. It is
+reported that he referred it to his home office and attended some
+preliminary meetings in London. The matter was referred to the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture in Washington and there sat, apparently, for
+months. In the interim, private communications were flying across the
+Atlantic in both directions between interested horticulturists and
+finally the matter was referred by the Honorable Secretary of the
+Congress direct to American societies of horticulture to ensure that
+American views and interests would be adequately represented. It boiled
+down to the United States being represented by those persons who were
+going to be at the Congress anyway and by men who were not specialists
+in nomenclatural matters. Appraised of their lot, these persons made
+every effort to be briefed and informed on as many aspects of the
+provisions of the proposed Code as possible. As stated later by Dr. S.
+L. Emsweller (a member of the committee, representing U. S. D. A. and
+the American Society for Horticultural Science), this situation brought
+into sharp focus the need in this country for a single horticultural
+organization of organizations that could serve as authorized in matters
+at the international level. The American Horticultural Council, to which
+the Northern Nut Growers Association belongs may become that
+organization, but only when authorized by its membership.
+
+Many readers may be familiar with earlier codes, as that adopted by the
+American Pomological Society (which dates from 1847), that by the
+American Society of Agronomists (formulated in 1917-18), and with a
+third code adopted at the sessions of the Botanical Congress meeting in
+Cambridge, England, in 1935. Knowing of the provisions of these codes,
+you may ask, "What has the new one got that is different?" There are
+many new features of which the more significant are given below.
+
+Perhaps foremost is the recognition that, for the most part, the
+so-called varieties of garden plants are not uniform in their behavior.
+Some are nothing more than transplants of variations found in the wild,
+such as the Japanese _Juglans Sieboldiana_ var. _cordiformis_, a
+population having its own geographic range and distinguished from the
+typical element of the species by several morphological characters. It
+is a botanical variety that is cultivated. It is not a product of
+domestication.
+
+The code distinguishes from this botanical variety those so-called
+varieties that are the result of domestication, variants that have been
+produced in cultivation but are not known to occur and perpetuate
+themselves in the wild, such as Schwedler's maple known as _Acer
+Platanoides_ var. _Schwedleri_. Plants of this group, that may be grown
+from seed and which do show a limited variability, are distinguished
+from botanical varieties by placing them in a new category called
+cultivar (a name coined long ago by L. H. Bailey and meaning, a variety
+from cultivation). The abbreviation for the category is cv. Furthermore,
+in an effort to differentiate cultivar names from botanical names, it is
+provided that they be treated as are vernacular or fancy (common) names.
+That is, that the name be placed in single quotes and not italicized
+e.g., _Acer Platanoides_ cv. 'Schwedleri'.
+
+A third category is that of clone. A clone is an individual propagated
+not from seeds but by asexual means, as by grafting, budding, cuttings,
+etc. Most so-called varieties of nuts are clones. A clone may be
+selected from a species population, from a botanical variety, from a
+cultivar, or from anyone of several types of hybrid complexes. It may
+appear as a mutant of another clone. The name for it may, where there is
+need for precision, be attached to the name of the species (or hybrid)
+from which it was selected, as _Corylus Avellana_ cl. 'DuChilly' or
+reduced to _Corylus_ cl. 'DuChilly.'
+
+For the hybridizer naming and introducing new hybrids to cultivation,
+the Code is more helpful than any previous set of rules and the needs of
+hybridizers of various groups have been considered. Many examples
+illustrating application of each provision are given in the unabridged
+version.
+
+The person naming plants will find much helpful guidance with regard to
+the selection of names which should be considered if international usage
+is to prevail. The Code is just that, a set of dicta provided for
+guidance by horticulturists throughout the world that there may
+prevail
+
+   a greater uniformity, accuracy, and fixity of names,
+   a lessening of procedures that would lead to confusion and error if
+       adequately supported or widely adopted, and
+   a provision for change and revision.
+
+One section of the code ("C") dealing with Registration might well come
+within the framework of interest and activity of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association. This section, which suffers materially by
+condensation in the abbreviated text that follows, occupies nearly a
+page in the unabridged edition. It envisages the establishment of an
+international registering body, with headquarters for different groups
+located in different countries, e.g., that for tulips in the
+Netherlands, for rhododendrons in Britain, for roses in the United
+States, etc. The task of compiling, maintaining, and publishing such a
+registrar (and rejecting names not in conformance with the Code) will
+fall in many cases on the special plant societies concerned. When
+societies for a given group of plants exist in 2 or more countries, they
+will be expected to collaborate. Insofar as I know the Northern Nut
+Growers Association has not set up any mechanism for the registration of
+names given to cultivars, hybrids, and clones of nuts. To do so would be
+to perform a very real service for your membership, for the industry in
+this country, and would place the Association in a key spot when the
+proposal for an international registry is activated. The agitation for
+this phase of international application of the Code is considerable and
+is more evident in Europe than here. If the Association takes an active
+stand in the matter and develops a center of registry of nut names for
+this continent, it may very well display a quality of initiative and
+service that will make it pre-eminent on the international level and
+will cause others to look to it for guidance, information, and
+leadership.
+
+A careful consideration of this Code is commended to all and those
+interested in the topic are urged to procure a copy of the booklet
+giving the unabridged edition and Stearn's excellent historical account
+of the subject.
+
+
+
+
+The New Code For the Naming of Cultivated Plants[7]
+
+[7] Reproduced with permission from Journal of the Royal Horticultural
+Society, vol. 69, pp. 12-21, 1954.
+
+
+J. S. L. GILMOUR, _Chairman of the International Committee on
+Horticultural Nomenclature and Registration_
+
+
+Anyone who deals in any way with cultivated plants uses plant names.
+This glimpse of the obvious ought to mean that the appearance of a new
+Code for the naming of cultivated plants should be a memorable event for
+all gardeners. I say "ought to mean" advisedly, because there is no
+doubt that, in the past, Codes of Nomenclature have made little appeal
+to gardeners, the great majority of whom have been blissfully unaware of
+their existence. As a consequence, many horticulturists--on hearing of
+"a new Code"--will, no doubt, raise a respectful (or contemptuous)
+eyebrow and get on with reading their latest catalogue. The aim of this
+article is to persuade readers of the Society's JOURNAL, not only that
+this attitude is against their own interests, but that a good deal of
+quiet entertainment can be extracted from trying to use plant names
+correctly--if only the entertainment of putting their neighbour right!
+
+It is true that, hitherto, there has been ample excuse for ignorance.
+Although Codes for the naming of cultivated plants have existed, in some
+shape or form, for nearly 100 years, they have been printed in obscure
+publications, quite inaccessible to ordinary mortals. This excuse no
+longer holds. The full text, plus a summary, of the new Code can be
+purchased for one shilling and three pence (post free) from the Society,
+and, in addition, reference to it has been made in many horticultural
+and other periodicals. What, then, is the new Code about, how does it
+affect gardeners, and what should they do about it?
+
+In the first place it is _not_ about the Latin names of wild species or
+varieties--names like _Rhododendron ponticum_ and _Aesculus octandra_
+var. _vestita_. Whether wild plants are grown in gardens or not, their
+Latin names are governed by quite a separate Code, devised by botanists
+for the purpose. It is true, of course, that gardeners have to use Latin
+names for many of the wild plants that they grow, and equally true,
+unfortunately, that the frequent changes in these names are a source of
+annoyance to everyone; but that is quite another story, with which we
+are not concerned here. At the last International Horticultural Congress
+steps were taken which we all hope will result, with the cooperation of
+botanists, in the stabilization of widely used Latin names of cultivated
+plants.
+
+No, the new Code deals, not with wild species, varieties and hybrids,
+but with what are commonly called "garden varieties"--namely, forms
+which have been brought into existence by selection, hybridization, or
+other similar processes devised by man, and are maintained in
+cultivation as clones or pure lines by man's care and skill--such plants
+as Rose 'Peace,' Apple 'Beauty of Bath,' and thousands of others. The
+distinction between "wild" plants and "garden varieties" is not
+absolutely clear cut, and in the Code a closer definition is
+attempted--but for our present purpose the difference is obvious enough.
+
+In the Code, it is recommended that "garden varieties" should
+technically be called "cultivars." This has been their official name for
+many years and it is clearly desirable, if the two categories of "wild"
+and "cultivated" varieties are to be recognized, to have a short and
+internationally current word for each of them. "Variety" and "cultivar"
+serve this purpose admirably, but it is not to be expected that all
+gardeners will make the distinction and adopt the word "cultivar" in
+ordinary parlance, at any rate immediately. Personally, however, I hope
+and believe that eventually "cultivar" will find favour. It is a clear
+and easily understood word and will, I think, prove useful to those
+gardeners who care for accuracy and precision in their craft, and
+especially to those who have dealings with fellow-gardeners in other
+countries.
+
+The Code, then, deals with the _names of cultivars_. It may be helpful,
+I think, to consider its rules and regulations under three headings:
+firstly, those of interest to all gardeners who have occasion to write
+the names of cultivars; secondly, those which are concerned with the
+coining of new names; and thirdly, those more technical provisions which
+are of interest primarily to horticulturists studying a particular group
+and trying to establish what are the correct names for its cultivars.
+
+
+1. The Writing of Cultivar-Names
+
+The most important point, perhaps, concerning the names of cultivars is
+that they should not be in Latin, but in any modern language using the
+so-called Roman alphabet (_i.e._ the alphabet in which English, French,
+German, etc., are written). The reason for this is, of course, to
+distinguish, at a glance, names of cultivars from names of wild
+varieties, which are in Latin. In the future, Latin names for cultivars
+will definitely not be allowed by the Code, but we are faced with the
+_fait accompli_ of hundreds of existing Latin names which have been
+widely used for many years. For example: the dwarf conifers abound with
+cultivars called 'nana,' 'prostrata,' 'compacta' and the like, and such
+names as 'albus,' 'variegatus,' and 'plenus' occur in almost every
+cultivated genus. It would clearly be foolish to try to alter all these,
+and the Code accepts such legacies from the past as permanently with us.
+(As we shall see, however, a distinction is made between the writing of
+Latin cultivar-names and Latin varietal-names.)
+
+The vast majority, then, of cultivar-names are vernacular or "fancy"
+names like 'Winston Churchill.' How should the full name of a cultivar
+be written? The complete and technically correct form, including the
+Latin name of the species from which the cultivar has been derived, is
+illustrated in the following example: _Sedum spectabile_ Boreau, cv.
+'Brilliant,' but I hasten to add that this lengthy designation is for
+use only on full-dress occasions! In the example, _Sedum_ is the name of
+the genus, _spectabile_ the name of the species (technically called the
+"specific epithet"), Boreau the name of the man who first described the
+species under that name (technically called "the authority" for the
+name), cv. the abbreviation of cultivar, and 'Brilliant' the
+cultivar-name for the particular cultivar concerned. It should be noted
+(1) that the generic name and specific epithet are printed in italics,
+(2) that the cultivar-name begins with a capital letter, is printed in
+ordinary Roman type, and is enclosed in _single_ quotation marks, and
+(3) that there is no "authority" after the cultivar-name. These three
+points are important, and apply to the writing of all names of
+cultivars. If we wish to cut down this rather formidable string of words
+for every-day use, the authority can be omitted in all except very
+technical writing. Secondly, the abbreviation cv. can normally be left
+out, as the vernacular form, single quotes, and Roman type of
+'Brilliant' indicate quite clearly that it is a cultivar-name, and not
+the name of a wild variety. In this shortened form, therefore, the name
+would read simply:
+
+   _Sedum spectabile_ 'Brilliant'
+
+and this is the normal method of writing the names of cultivars.
+
+There are, however, two additional refinements that should be
+mentioned--apart from the special case of cultivars derived from
+hybrids, which I will deal with later. The first concerns those Latin
+cultivar-names which are left over from the past. These should be
+printed in Roman type and enclosed in single quotes to distinguish them
+from Latin varietal names; thus one would write _Thuja orientalis_
+'elegantissima,' where 'elegantissima' is a cultivar-name, but _Aesculus
+octandra_ var. _vestita_, where _vestita_ is the name of a wild variety.
+
+The second point refers to the omission of any authority after a
+cultivar-name. Many cultivars are first described in reports of trials,
+in catalogues, and other anonymous publications; this makes the quoting
+of an authority impractical, but there is provision in the Code for
+writing the raiser's or introducer's name in brackets after the
+cultivar-name if so desired, thus: _Weigela_ 'Avalanche' (Lemoine).
+
+
+2. Naming New Cultivars
+
+_General_
+
+Let us suppose that a nurseryman, park superintendent, or amateur
+gardener has just flowered a batch of seedlings of, say, _Helenium_,
+and that he spots one as being of a new type and worthy of propagation.
+In due course he shows the plant at a fortnightly show, under a number,
+and an Award of Merit is given to it. He must now find a cultivar-name
+for his new plant. His first problem, of course, is to choose a name
+that has not been used before in the genus _Helenium_. If he picks on a
+very unusual personal name he can be fairly certain that he is the first
+to use it. If, however, he prefers a more general name, like 'Innocence'
+or 'Venus,' there is a danger that it has been used before. If there
+existed a registration authority for _Helenium_ names, as there does,
+for example, for names of Daffodils, he could, of course, consult this
+authority, but in its absence he must do his best to comb the likely
+literature--for example the Index to this JOURNAL, nurserymen's
+catalogues, etc.--and to assure himself that his chosen name has not
+already been used. His next step is to make certain that the name is in
+accordance with the best practice for coining such names. Here is where
+the Code will help him. In it he will find (under Section F) a series of
+rules for his guidance, based on the accumulated experience of
+horticulturists of many nations. I will not repeat these rules
+here--they can be read in the Code--but perhaps the most important,
+apart from the rule already quoted that the name must not be in Latin,
+is that it should be short (not more than two words), should avoid forms
+of address liable to be confused (_e.g._ Mr., Mrs. and Miss) and, as far
+as possible, should be easily pronounceable by all nationalities. As the
+Code says, 'Centenaire de Rozain-Bourcharlat,'
+'Diplomagartenbauinspektor,' and 'Eldwyth Cholmondeley' are not looked
+upon with favour as cultivar-names! Having chosen a name, it is
+essential to ensure that it is published, together with an adequate
+description, since the Code does not recognize names that are not
+published, or are published with no description. The Code lays down what
+is meant by publication, and by adequate description. The names of
+plants which receive an Award at Vincent Square are automatically
+published, with a description, in this JOURNAL, but for other methods of
+publication the Code should be consulted.
+
+
+_Hybrids_
+
+The naming of cultivars derived from crosses between two or more
+different species, belonging to the same or different genera, involves
+rather special problems. By "derived from" I mean not only the _first_
+generation from a species cross, but all subsequent generations and
+back-crosses with the original parents or with members of the first or
+later generations. Any cultivar which is the progeny of a species cross,
+however remote, comes, for the purpose of the Code, under the heading of
+a hybrid and its naming is subject to definite rules. The full name of a
+"hybrid cultivar" must be regarded as consisting of three distinct
+parts: (1) the name of the genus (or "hybrid genus" if a hybrid between
+two or more genera is concerned); (2) a "collective" name or phrase
+covering _all_ the progeny resulting from the particular species-cross
+concerned; and (3) a cultivar-name for the particular form (cultivar)
+under consideration. In the name _Viburnum_ × _bodnantense_ 'Dawn,'
+_Viburnum_ is the generic name, × _bodnantense_ is the collective name
+for all progeny of the cross _V. fragans_ × _V. grandiflorum_, and
+'Dawn' is the cultivar-name for a particular seedling of this
+parentage. It is essential always to bear in mind these three distinct
+parts of the name of a garden hybrid, even if, as it often done, one or
+other of the parts is omitted in actual usage; the three parts broadly
+correspond, of course, to the generic name, specific epithet, and
+cultivar-name of a non-hybrid cultivar (see above).
+
+Let us consider these three parts in turn and see what types of name can
+be used in each part in actual practice--and how this affects the naming
+of new "hybrid cultivars."
+
+The _first part_, the generic name, presents no difficulties, except in
+the case of new hybrids between two or more genera. Names of such
+"hybrid genera" are usually "manufactured" from a combination of the
+names of the parent genera (_e.g._ × _Heucherella_, from _Heuchera_ and
+_Tiarella_); in the case of hybrids between more than two genera,
+however, where a "combination" name would be unwieldy, it is permissible
+to make a new name by adding the termination _ara_ to the name of a
+person connected with the plant concerned (_e.g._ × _Sanderara_ for a
+tri-generic orchid hybrid). Before making a new "hybrid generic" name, a
+botanist should be consulted, as a Latin description in proper,
+botanical form must be provided. It will have been noticed that a
+multiplication sign is placed _in front of_ the names of "hybrid
+genera," but _after_ the generic name in the case of hybrids within a
+single genus; further details on this point are given later.
+
+The _second part_ of the full name of a hybrid is a more tricky
+business. It is, as I have said, a collective designation for all the
+progeny of the particular cross concerned, and it may take one or all of
+three possible forms:--
+
+(1) If the parentage is known, a bare _formula_ consisting of the names
+of the parents, in alphabetical order, connected with a multiplication
+sign, _e.g._ _Lewisia cotyledon_ × _rediviva_.
+
+(2) A name in Latin form (corresponding to a non-hybrid specific
+epithet), preceded by a multiplication sign, _e.g._ _Viburnum_ ×
+_bodnantense_.
+
+(3) A vernacular phrase containing the word "hybrid," "cross," "grex"
+(Latin for flock or group), or other similar word, making evident the
+collective nature of the phrase, _e.g._ _Lilium_ 'Bellingham Hybrids.'
+
+Why do we have to have these three different forms for the second part
+of the full name, and when, to put it briefly, should we use which?
+
+I must admit that practice on this particular point is as yet by no
+means fixed, and no doubt it will be modified considerably during the
+next few years, as more horticulturists try to apply the Code to the
+groups in which they are interested.
+
+In order to understand the alternatives available, it will be helpful, I
+think, to consider first the _third part_ of the full name, as the use
+of this, and of the second part, are very closely connected. The third
+part, as I have said, is a cultivar-name of a particular form of the
+hybrid concerned, and, in the first place, it is extremely important to
+realize that _every cultivated hybrid that is considered worth naming at
+all should receive a cultivar-name from the outset of its "career,"
+even_ _if, at the time, only one form is known, or is considered worth
+naming._ To take an actual example, at the time when the new hybrid
+_Viburnum_ × _bodnantense_ was described in the _Botanical Magazine_,
+only one form, or clone, of it had been "put into circulation," and yet
+that single clone was given a cultivar-name, 'Dawn.' The object of doing
+this was to be able, in the future, to refer by name to this particular
+clone and so avoid confusion with any later, and possibly inferior,
+forms of the same cross that might be produced. In the absence of the
+name 'Dawn,' less desirable clones could legitimately be passed off
+under the collective name _V_. × _bodnantense_ without the acquirer
+realising that he was not getting the original and superior form.
+
+Bearing in mind, then, the principle that _all_ cultivated hybrids
+should have a third part, cultivar-name, we can turn again to the use of
+the various possible designations for the second part listed above. The
+choice of designations depends, broadly speaking, on _convenience_, that
+is to say, on what, in practice, will be found the most useful method of
+referring to the plants concerned. In principle, of course, every hybrid
+whose parentage is known has an appropriate formula-designation, and in
+certain cases such a formula would be sufficient as a second part
+designation without inventing either a Latin name or a vernacular
+collective name. For instance, when there are only a very few forms of a
+particular cross, it might not be considered necessary to be able to
+refer to the forms collectively, and a second part name would not then
+be given. For example, _Rubus_ 'Merton Thornless,' when raised, was the
+only form of the hybrid _R. rusticanus inermis_ × _thyrsiger_ to be put
+into circulation, and it was not given a second part designation other
+than the appropriate formula. On the whole, however, it is usually
+desirable to have a second part, collective designation, rather than a
+formula only. Whether such designation should be a Latin name or a
+vernacular phrase, or both, depends on a number of factors which, as I
+have said, are not yet fully worked out or appreciated. Broadly
+speaking, if there are a large number of cultivars of a particular cross
+and these cultivars form a well-marked group, distinct from other hybrid
+groups in the genus, it is useful to have a vernacular designation for
+general use, _e.g._ 'Bellingham Hybrids' for all cultivars of the cross
+_Lilium Humboldtii_ × _pardalinum_. This purpose can, however, be
+equally well served by a Latin name, _e.g. Camellia_ × _Williamsii_ for
+all cultivars of the cross _C. japonica_ × _saluenensis_. Whichever
+method is chosen, two points are of great importance. Firstly, if a
+Latin name is given, it _must_ be accompanied by a Latin description.
+Secondly a vernacular designation _must_ contain some such word as
+Hybrids, Crosses, or the like, to distinguish it from a cultivar-name.
+The practice, in some groups, of giving "straight" cultivar-names as
+second part collective designations, followed by "var. so-and-so," is
+condemned by the Code. Existing names of this kind, however, can easily
+be brought into line by adding a word such as Hybrids or Grex to the
+old, second part, cultivar-name, and omitting the "var." thus,
+_Cattleya_ 'Fabia' var. 'Prince of Wales,' would become _C._ ('Fabia
+Grex') 'Prince of Wales' (Grex can he abbreviated to G. if desired).
+This alteration may seem over-pedantic, but if, in the naming of
+cultivated hybrids, a clear distinction is not kept between second and
+third part names, confusion, as I have pointed out, is likely to result.
+
+I will finish this section on the naming of hybrids with one or two
+additional points on the correct method of writing their names. Here are
+the full names of three cultivated hybrids:--
+
+   _Rubus_ (_rusticanus inermis_ X _thyrsiger_) 'Merton Thornless.'
+   _Camellia_ X _Williamsii_ 'Donation.'
+   Rose (Hybrid Tea) 'Richmond.'
+
+The following points should be noted:--
+
+(_a_) If a formula or a vernacular designation is used as a second part
+name, it should be placed in brackets between the generic name and the
+cultivar-name.
+
+(_b_) If a Latin name is used as a second part name, and the hybrid is
+between plants belonging to the same genus, a multiplication sign should
+be placed between it and the generic name.
+
+(_c_) The third part cultivar-name follows directly on the second part
+name and is placed in single quotes, as for cultivar-names of
+non-hybrids.
+
+In many contexts it would not be necessary to write the second part name
+at all, but if it is omitted, the cultivar-name, strictly speaking,
+should be preceded by a multiplication sign, thus: _Camellia_ X
+'Donation,' but it would be no great crime to omit it, except perhaps in
+technical publications.
+
+
+3. What Is the "Correct" Name for a Cultivar?
+
+It is a painfully familiar fact that many cultivars are known by more
+than one name, and that many cultivar-names have been applied to more
+than one cultivar--although the position is not so bad as it is in the
+case of botanical names! This multiplication of names is the inevitable
+result of many people naming many plants over a period of many years. It
+is a situation which we must accept and do our best to mitigate. The
+Code has a number of necessarily rather complicated provisions aiming at
+selecting the correct name for any cultivar. These provisions are
+important mainly to the comparatively few horticulturists and botanists
+who take on the unenviable job of sorting out the nomenclature of
+cultivated plants, though the results of their labours affect us all.
+The rules are set out fully in the Code, and here I will attempt only to
+pick out one or two of the more important.
+
+The Code lays down two basic principles; though, as we shall see, these
+may be modified if undesirable name-changing can be avoided thereby.
+
+(_a_) No name can be used if it does not conform to the various rules
+laid down in the Code (including proper publication of the name, with a
+description).
+
+(_b_) If there are two or more names that conform with the Code, then
+the _earliest_ name is the correct one; this is known technically as the
+principle of priority.
+
+Now, obviously, as happens with botanical names, the strict application
+of priority might mean that a universally used name--say, Plum
+'Victoria'--would have to be given up and replaced by a completely
+unknown one. This is unthinkable, and, as in the Botanical Code, there
+are clauses to prevent it happening. With cultivar-names, however, there
+is a particular complication, which does not apply to botanical names.
+The latter are all in Latin, whereas cultivar-names may be in many
+languages. This means that a cultivar, raised in one country under a
+name acceptable in that country, may be introduced into another country
+where the original name is quite unpronounceable or otherwise
+unsuitable. A new name is, of course, immediately invented by the
+introducer, and clearly, in many cases, it is useless to try to make the
+second country adopt the earlier, strictly correct, but unsuitable name.
+The Code, therefore, allows the retention of the second name as what it
+calls a "commercial synonym." Thus, Rose 'Permanent Wave' is a
+commercial synonym in the United States for the Rose raised in Holland
+as 'Mevrouw van Straaten van Nes.' In any formal list of Roses, both
+names should be given, together with any other commercial synonyms that
+may exist. The coining of commercial synonyms is not, of course, to be
+encouraged, and should only be done if the original name is clearly
+unsuitable for the new country. Frequently names are translated or
+transliterated when a cultivar is introduced into another country, and
+such a translation or transliteration is not regarded in the Code as a
+_new_ name, but as the original name in another form; no difficulty,
+therefore, arises as to priority in these particular cases.
+
+Perhaps the most important section of the whole Code deals with the
+_Registration_ of cultivar-names. In certain groups (_e.g._ Daffodils)
+international registration schemes already exist, and it is urged that
+further schemes, covering all important groups of cultivated plants,
+should be established as soon as possible. The function of such
+authorities would consist, primarily, of (1) registering new names and
+ensuring that they are in accordance with the Code, and (2) preparing,
+and keeping up to date, lists of cultivars in their groups. In addition,
+the authorities would choose a particular publication as the
+"starting-point" of the nomenclature in the group (so as to avoid
+dipping too deeply into the past in search of ever earlier
+cultivar-names), and would act as arbiters when a decision has to be
+made between two or more widely used names for the same cultivar. There
+is no doubt in the minds of those responsible for the Code that the
+existence of internationally trusted and respected registration
+authorities would do more than anything else to stabilize and simplify
+the naming of cultivated plants. It will obviously take some time before
+authorities can be set up for all--or even the majority--of important
+groups, but the International Committee is doing its best to push ahead
+quickly with this very important side of their work.
+
+At the end of the Code there are sections dealing with certain special
+categories such as re-selected and improved cultivars, con-varieties,
+clones, apomicts and line-hybrids, which are of interest mainly to
+specialists in breeding and taxonomic work on cultivated plants.
+
+I hope I have said enough, in this short article, to convince readers of
+the JOURNAL that the Code is of some interest to them if they want to
+use the names of plants so that other gardeners, both here and abroad
+can understand what they mean. The next step is to read the Code
+itself--first the Summary and then the full text that follows it. No
+doubt many who do so will be put off at first by the somewhat legal
+language used. One can only repeat the time-honoured defence by lawyers
+when similarly attacked--that to avoid ambiguity experience has shown
+that a certain amount of jargon is necessary! We have tried hard, in the
+Code, to keep it to a minimum.
+
+The International Committee is anxious to receive suggestions for
+improving the Code, so that they can be discussed at the next
+Horticultural Congress. All such suggestions should be sent to the
+Secretary of the Committee (DR. H. R. FLETCHER), c/o The Royal
+Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, London, S.W.1.
+
+In the Historical Introduction to the Code (written by MR. W. T. STEARN,
+Secretary of the International Committee, during the production of the
+Code), Fellows of The Royal Horticultural Society will note, I trust
+with pride, the important part played by their Society, in cooperation
+with many other bodies and individuals in many parts of the world, in
+the preparation, drafting and publication of the Code. I hope that they
+will feel it their not unpleasant duty to make themselves and others
+familiar with the provisions of the Code, to follow its rules and
+recommendations when they use the names of cultivated plants, and to let
+the Secretary of the Committee know how they think it might be improved.
+Article I of the Code states that its aim is "to promote uniformity,
+accuracy and fixity ... with the minimum disturbance of existing
+nomenclature"--an aim surely close to the heart of every Fellow of The
+Royal Horticultural Society.
+
+I am grateful to MR. A. SIMMONDS, MR. W. T. STEARN AND MR. P. M. SYNGE
+for help in the preparation of this article.
+
+[Illustration: Exhibit at the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society--Boston, Mass. October, 1953.]
+
+
+
+
+Attendance Register, Rochester, N. Y., 1953
+
+
+   Ontario, Canada
+     L. K. Devitt, Toronto
+
+   Connecticut
+     Paul C. Daniels, Lakeville
+     Arthur H. Graves, Wallingford
+
+   District of Columbia
+     Beth Ford, Washington
+     Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Ford, Washington
+     Miss Gretta Wilson, Washington
+
+   Georgia
+     Lou Kahn, Albany
+     Mr. & Mrs. Wm. J. Wilson, Fort Valley
+
+   Illinois
+     Mr. & Ms. R. B. Best, Eldred
+     C. R. Blyth, Urbana
+     J. C. McDaniel, Urbana
+     Mr. & Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs
+
+   Indiana
+     John Andrews, Marion
+     Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Andrews, Marion
+     Mr. & Mrs. K. Dooley, Marion
+     Ray Kaufman, Peru
+     E. W. Pape, Marion
+     Carl Prell, South Bend
+     Ford Wallick, Peru
+     J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport
+
+   Iowa
+     Roy E. Ferguson, Center Point
+     E. F. Huen, Eldora
+     Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula
+     Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City
+     D. C. Snyder, Center Point
+
+   Maryland
+     Dr. & Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville
+     C. T. David, College Park
+     Dr. G. F. Gravatt, Beltsville
+     Dr. & Mrs. J. W. McKay & family, College Park
+     Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Negus, Hyattsville
+     Mrs. C. A. Reed, Takoma Park
+
+   Massachusetts
+     Mr. & Mrs. Andrew Kerr, Plymouth
+
+   Michigan
+     Mrs. Alpha Allen, Jackson
+     Howard Allen, Jackson
+     Gilbert Becker, Climax
+     W. M. Beckert, Jackson
+     R. M. Burr, Ann Arbor
+     F. J. Keplinger, Farwell
+     G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo
+
+   New Jersey
+     P. H. Cox, Bloomfield
+
+   New York
+     Mr. & Mrs. Victor Brook, Rochester
+     Ernest Brooks, Monroe
+     Wm. G. Brooks, Monroe
+     David Caldwell, Syracuse
+     Mrs. L. M. Caldwell, Canastota
+     Mrs. S. H. Graham, Ithaca
+     Prof. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca
+     Mr. & Mrs. George Salzer, Rochester
+     Rodman Salzer, Rochester
+     George Slate, Geneva
+     Jay L. Smith, Chester
+     Dr. Mary B. Spahr, Ithaca
+
+   North Carolina
+     W. J. Ellis, Advance
+
+   Ohio
+     George E. Craig, Dundas
+     Mr. & Mrs. John Davidson, Xenia
+     Barbara and Doris Dowell, Massillon
+     Dr. & Mrs. L. L. Dowell, Massillon
+     John A. Gerstenmaier, Massillon
+     Dr. & Mrs. Edward A. Grad, Cincinnati
+     Frank M. Kintzel, Cincinnati
+     Shumzo Kodera, Columbus & Tokyo, Japan
+     Mr. & Mrs. P. E. Machovina & Family, Columbus
+     Christ Pataky, Mansfield
+     Mr. & Mrs. Raymond Silvis, Massillon
+     Wm, C. Silvis, Massillon
+     Mr. & Mrs. A. W. Weaver, Toledo
+     Emmet Yoder, Smithville
+
+   Pennsylvania
+     R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg
+     Wm. S. Clarke, Jr., State College
+     Mrs. Helen Davis, Allentown
+     Mr. & Mrs. E. B. Miller, Hazelton
+     John Rick, Reading
+     Mr. & Mrs. Wm. S. Weaver, Macungie
+
+   Tennessee
+     Roy Chase, Knoxville
+     Spencer B. Chase, Knoxville
+
+   Virginia
+     Jesse O. Diller, Arlington
+     Mr. & Mrs. H. R. Gibbs & Family, Linden
+     Mr. & Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke
+
+   West Virginia
+     R. W. Pease, Morgantown
+
+   Wisconsin
+     L. W. Coulson, Slinger
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Membership List
+
+October 1, 1952, to September 30, 1953
+
+    *Life member
+   **Honorary member
+    §Contributing member
+    +Sustaining member
+
+
+ ALABAMA
++Hiles, Edward L., Hiles Repair Shop, Loxley
+ Long, Pope M., Box 33, Cordova
+
+ ARKANSAS
+ Croley, Victor A., Route 4, Box 45, Green Forest
+ Crozier, O. N., Route 2, Searcy
+ Schlan, Mrs. Agnes, Route 2, Mountainburg
+ Sibley, Mrs. J. W., Sulphur Springs
+ Vaile, Joseph E., Dept. of Horticulture, University of Arkansas,
+   Fayetteville
+ Wade, Clifton, Forest Ave., Fayetteville
+ Wylie, W. D., Dept. of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
+
+ BELGIUM
+ Vanderwaeren, R., Horticultural Adviser, Bierbeekstraat 217, Korbeek-Lo
+
+ CALIFORNIA
+ Andrew, Col. James W., Box 12, Hamilton, A. F. B.
+ Bridges, Mrs. H. G., R. F. D. No. 4, Box 60, Tulore
++Buck, E. H., 16 N. Portola, Three Arch Bay, South Laguna
+ Darling, Mrs. Leah, Wilsona Route, Box 313, Lancaster
+ Fowler, Floyd L., Route 2, Box 5636B, Redding
+ Fulcher, E. C., 5707 Fulcher Ave., North Hollywood
+ Gililland, Guy S., L. V. S. R. Box 342, Lucerne Valley
++Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3021 Highland Drive, Route 2, Box 2357, Carlsbad
+ Jeffers, Chaplain Harold W., U. S. N. A. S., Los Alamitos, Long Beach
++Kemple, W. H., 216 W. Ralston St., Ontario
+ Pentler, Dr. C. F., 1322 Martin Ave., Palo Alto
+ Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa
++Serr, Dr. E. F., Agricultural Experiment Station, Davis
+ Stewart, Douglas N., 633 F Street, Davis
+ Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft
+
+ CANADA
+ Blyth, Donald, Blythwood Farm, Guelph, Ontario
+ Clarkson, A. G., R. R. 1, Islington, Ontario
+ Collens, Adam H., 42 Seaton St., Toronto 2, Ontario
+ Devitt, L. K., 409 Armadale Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+ English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, British Columbia
+ Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, British Columbia
+ Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 7, St. Thomas, Ontario
+ Henderson, George, R. R. No. 7, Guelph, Ontario
+ Holmes, B. T., 320 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+ Housser, Levi, Route 1, Beamsville, Ontario
+ Kimmerly, Fred A., R. R. No. 3, Cottam, Ontario
+ Kimmerly, Haven E., R. R. No. 2, Harrow, Ontario
++Lefevre, H. E., 354 St. Catharine St., East; Montreal 18, Quebec
+ Lossing, Elgin, Norwich, Ontario
+*Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Ave, Guelph, Ontario
+ Papple, Elton E., Route 1, Cainsville, Ontario
+ Porter, Gordon, R. R. No. 2, Harrow, Ontario
+ Sheppard, H. H., Box 46, Queenston, Ontario
+ Smith, Edward A., Box 6, Sparta, Ontario
++Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Route 5, Charlottetown, Prince Edward
+   Island
+ Trayling, E. J., 509 Richard St., Vancouver, British Columbia
+ Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
++Walker, J. W., McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave., Toronto 1,
+  Ontario
+ Wharton, H. W., Route 2, Guelph, Ontario
+ White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave., Toronto 5, Ontario
+ Willis, A. R., Route 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
+ Young, A. L., Brooks, Alberta
+
+ COLORADO
+ Boyd, A., 1232 Clayton, Denver
++Forbes, J. E., Julesburg
+ Lieb, Mrs. Henry H., 3195 Gray St., Denver
+ McKinstry, Blair G., Julesburg
+ Morrison, Mrs. Doris E., Carr
+ Stoll, Harland, 3070 Pierce, Denver 14
+
+ CONNECTICUT
+ Ayling, Mrs. Charles L., Foothills, Washington
+ Bennett, George S., Southbury
+ Corcoran, H. F., The International Silver Co., 169 Colony St., Meriden
+ David, Alexander M., 480 S. Main St., West Hartford
+ Deming, Miss Charlotte, P. O. Box 403, Litchfield
+ Deming, Hawthorne, Hamilton Lane, Darien
+**Deming, Dr. W. C, Litchfield
+ Frueh, Alfred J., Route 1, Sharon
++Graves, Dr. Arthur H., P. O. Box 129, Wallingford
+ Grebosky, Joseph L.'s Nursery, 50 Taylor Ave., South Norwalk 17
+ Hapgood, Miss Dorothy A., 745 Farmington Ave., West Hartford
+ Henry, David S., Blue Hills Farm, Route 2, Wallingford
+ Howe, Mrs. Paul, Umpawang Hill, R. F. D. No. 1, West Redding
+*Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+ King, Mrs. Una, 57 Meadowbrook Road, West Hartford
+ Newcomer, Dr. Earl, Storrs
+*Newmarker, Adolph, R. R. No. 1, Rockville
+ Nienstaedt, Dr. Hans, Conn. Agr., Expt. Station, P. O. Box 1106,
+  New Haven 4
+ Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+ Schukoske, John A., Route 2, Box 257, Saybrook Road, Middletown
+ White, George E., R. R. No. 2, Andover
+
+ DELAWARE
+ Brugmann, Elmer W., 108C Thomas Drive, Monroe Park, Wilmington
+ Keller, Walt C., Rice Farms, Felton
++Logue, R. F., General Manager, Andelot, Inc., 2098 du Pont Building,
+  Wilmington
+
+ DENMARK
+ Butzow, O., 49 Bredgade, Copenhagen
+ Grandjean, Julio, Hillerod
+ Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+ Reventlow, Johan Otto, Damgaard, Fredericia
+ Sørenson, Director K. Kaae, Dyrehavevej 22, Klampenborg
+
+ DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+ American Potash Institute, Inc., 1102 16th St., N. W., Washington
+ Curtis, Miss Diane, 1903 Kalorama Road, N. W., Washington
+ Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., S. E., Washington 20
++Hale, A. C., FOA-STEM to Thailand, c/o Dept. of State Mail Room,
+  Washington, D. C.
+ Reed, Mrs. Clarence A., 7309 Piney Branch Road, Washington 12
+ Woycik, Dr. Peter W., 1835 Eye St., N. W., Washington
+
+ ECUADOR
+ Daniels, The Honorable Paul C., American Ambassador, Quito
+ O'Rourke, Prof. F. L., Tropical Agr. Expt. Station, Pichilinque,
+  c/o U. S. Consul, Guaycil
+
+
+ ENGLAND
+ Wood, J. F., Moor Orchard, North Honiton, Devon
+
+ FLORIDA
++Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. Tenth Ave., Miami
++Estill, Miss Gertrude, 153 Navarre Drive, Miami Springs
++Holmes, Harry A., P. O. Box 323, Boca Raton
+
+ GEORGIA
+ Bixler, Dr. H. H., 134 Superior Ave., Decatur
+ Cannon, J. W., Jr., Box 388, Cordele
+ R. E. Funsten Co., Arthur O. Sandison, P. O. Box 1046, Albany
+ Gibbs, Robert I., 1007 Clifton Road, N. E., Atlanta 6
++Hardy, Max B., Leeland Farms, P. O. Box 128, Leesburg
+ Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lakeshore Drive N. E., Atlanta
+ Kahn, Lou, P. O. Box 1046, Albany
+ Noland, S. C., Skyland Farms, Box 1747, Atlanta 1
+ Sasseville, Ezra, M., 605 Rhodes Building, Atlanta
+ Wallace, Clifford L., Route 1, Riverdale
+ Wilson, William J., North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley
+
+ HAWAII
+ Keaau Orchard, John F. Cross, Manager, Hilo
+
+ HONG KONG
+ Wang, P. W., China Prod. Trading Corp., 6 Des Voeux Road
+
+ IDAHO
++Bailey, Robert G., 332 Main St., Lewiston
+ Clarkson, Ernest V., R. F. D. No. 2, Jerome
+ Dryden, Lynn, Peck
+ Hazelbaker, Calvin, Rt. 2, Box 382, Lewiston
+ Horn, Anton S., 920 N. 20th St., Boise
+ Ingle, Jack, Mountain Home
+ Kindall, Mrs. Leslie L., Route 3, Boise
+
+ ILLINOIS
+ Allbright, R. D., Allbright Nurseries, 4287 Western Ave., Western Springs
+ Allen, Theodore R., R. R. No. 1, Delevan
+ Anderson, Ralph W., R. F. D. No. 3, Morris
++Anthony, A. B., Route No. 3, Sterling
+ Armel, Eli, R. F. D. No. 3, Mount Sterling
+ Baber, Adin, Kansas
+ Ballard, Thomas E., Rural Route, Carrollton
+ Barrow, J. M., P. O. Box 209, Urbana
+§Best, R. B., Columbiana Seed Co., Eldred
+ Best, Mrs. R. B., Columbiana Seed Co., Eldred
+ Best, Richard C., Eldred
+ Best, Robert L., Eldred
+ Best, Virgil, R. R. No. 4, Mattoon
+ Blaine, Homer H., 901 White Oak Road, Bloomington
++Blyth, Colin R., Mathematics Dept., University of Illinois, Urbana
+*Boll, Herschel L., 2 Horticultural Field Laboratory, University of
+  Illinois, Urbana
+ Booth, Earl, R. F. D. No. 2, Carrollton
+ Borchsenius, Wayne L., R. F. D. No. 2, Sheridan
+ Brock, Arthur S., 1733 N. McVicker Ave., Chicago 39
+ Canterbury, C. E., Cantrall
+ Carlson, Dr. R. J., 320 Sherman Ave., Macomb
+ Carvel, Mayo, R. F. D. No. 1, Golconda
+ Chandler, S. C., 607 W. College St., Carbondale
+ Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwald Ave., Chicago 15
+ Clark, Thomas F., Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria
+ Colby, Dr. Arthur S., Department of Horticulture, University of Illinois,
+  Urbana
+ Corzine, Troy F., Dongola
+ Crabb, Richard, Box 306, Wheaton
++Dahlberg, Albert A., D. D. S., 5756 Harper Aw., Chicago 37.
++Daum, Philip A., 203 N. Sixth St., Carrollton
+ Deaner, Willard G., R. F. D. No. I, Mendota
+ Decker, Honas H., R. F. D., Rutland
+ Diener, Menno A., Route 2, Lovington
+ Dietrich, Ernest, Route No. 2, Dundas
+ Dintleman, L. F., State Street Road, Belleville
+ Dopheide, Henry A., 1331 Jackson St., Quincy
+ Eigsti, Dr. O. J., Funk Brothers Seed Co., Bloomington
+ Floreth, W. H., Carrollton
+ Fordtran, E. H., Route No. 3, Box 92, Palatine
+ Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 43
+ Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 43
++Fuller, Owen H., 1005 Oneida St., Joliet
+ Gerardi, Louis, Route No. 1, Caseyville
+ Gettings, William A., R. R. No. 1, Eldred
+ Glidden, Nansen, West Lincoln Highway, De Kalb
+ Govaia, R. M., O. D. Room 19, Greer Block, Vandalia
+ Graham, George W., Rural Route, Carrollton
+ Grefe, Ben, Route No. 4, Box 22, Nashville
+ Griffith, Chris, West Filmore St., R. F. D., Vandalia
+ Hall, E. L., R. F. D. No. 1, Drew Ave., Hinsdale
+ Hall, William A., M. D., 217 Pacific Road, Forrestal Village, North
+  Chicago
+ Hazelwood, Everett, Hillview
+§Heberlein, Edwin W., Route No. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe
+ Helmle, Mrs. Herman C., 526 S. Grand Ave., W., Springfield
++Hockenyos, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield
+ Howard, Frank S., Rollins Road at Melrose, Route No. 1, Round Lake
+ Hoyle, Mrs. B. G., McNabb
+ Illyes, Dr. R. O., 1302 Lexington Ave., Lawrenceville
++Junck, Adolph E., Route No. 1, Jerseyville
+ Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St., Chicago 49
++Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Route No. 1, Hammond
+ Krug, Carl B., Route No. 2, El Paso
+ Kruse, William, c/o Honey Lee Apiaries, Godfrey
+ Laatz, Mrs. Lenore, R. F. D. No. 3, Morris
+ Langdoc, Mrs. Mildred Jones, P. O. Box 136, Erie
+ Leighton, L. C., Arthur
++Marsh, Victor W., Aledo
+ Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Route No. 2, Aledo
+ Massey, Paul E., Box 202, Caseyville
+ McDaniel, J. C., 104 Horticultural Field Laboratory, University of
+  Illinois, Urbana
+ McDaniel, J. C., Jr., 1203 W. California Ave., Urbana
+ McKee, Mrs. Myrtice, Mount Morris
+ Mohr, Victor C., Route No. 1, Box 21, Dallas City
++Musgrave, Carl, 5200 S. Laflin St., Chicago 9
+ Newman, Roy, P. O. Box 51, Martinsviile
+§Oakes, Royal, Bluffs
++Opat, Joseph C., Opat Chinchilla Fur Ranch, R. R. No. 3, Hinsdale
+ Peers, Frank B., Box 321, Highland Park
+ Pierson, Stuart E., Carrollton
+ Pond, Merton, Bluffs
+ Raab, Irvin M., R. R. No. 4, Belleville
+ Reid, Robert J., 1137 Winona St., Chicago 40
++Reisch, Louis C., Route No. 4, Carrollton
+ Richie, Robert E., Carrollton
+ Robbins, W. J., 885 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 10
+ Schmisseur, L. R., Caseyville
+ Schubert, Kenneth, Route No. 1, Millstadt
+ Seng, Charles W. & Son, 920 Lafayette Ave., Box 247, Mattoon
+ Sokolowski, F. W., M. D. 2503 Donald Ave., Alton
++Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia
+ Sparks, Maurice E., 1508 Ash, Lawrenceville
+ Spencer, H. Dwight, 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur
+ Tucker, Lowell R., 607 W. Mill St., Carbondale
+ Twenhafel, Paul, Gorham
+ Ullrich, W. D., 108 W. McClure, Peoria 5
+ Vogt, William G., Greene County National Bank Bldg., Carrollton
+ Voiles, William, Eldred
+ Vortman, Elmer, Route No. 1, Bluffs
+ Wahle, Fred, Route No. 1, Fieldon
+ Whitford, A. M., Farina
+ Wright, William W., 101 Taylor St., Vandalia
+ Young, Mrs. Hugh E., Maple Springs Farm, R. F. D., Ashton
+ Zethmayr, Gordon, Route No. 1, Box 130, West Chicago
+
+ INDIANA
+ Andrew, John, Matter Park Road, Marion
++Andrew, Ralph, Matter Park Road, Marion
+ Aster Nut Products Co., Inc., George Oberman, Manager, 1004 Main St.,
+  Evansville 8
+ Babcock, Dan, R. R. No. 14, Box 342, Indianapolis 44
+ Barnhart, M. A., Delphi
+ Bauer, Paul J., 123 S. 29th St., Lafayette
+ Bird, E. C., 160 Federal Building, South Bend
+ Boller, G. Evert, Route No. 6, Box 101, Marion
+ Bolten, Fred, Route No. 3, Linton
+ Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb
+ Buchner, Dr. Doster, 533 W. Washington Boulevard, Fort Wayne 2
++Clark, C. M., C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, Route No. 2, Middletown
+ Cole, Charles W., Jr., Madison Road, Route No. 6, Box 112A, Marion
+ Cunningham, Earl E., 612 E. 4th St., Anderson
+ Deeg, E. E., R. R. No. 9, Koring Road, Evansville
+ Doeden, Johan, R. F. D. No. 4, Attica
++Dooley, Kenneth A., Route No. 2, Marion
+ Dougherty, Paul B., 4319 S. Harmon St., Marion
+ Eagles, A. E., The Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville
++Fateley, Nolan W., 26 Central Ave., Franklin
+ Glaser, Peter, Route No. 9, Box 328, Koering Road, Evansville
++Grater, A. E., Route No. 2, Shipshewana
+ Gross, Mrs. Margaret E., 808 Fenton Road, Marion
+ Harrell, Franklin M., Route No. 1, Griffith
+§Hirschman, J. Clifton, 4141 E. 62nd St., Indianapolis 20
+ Jasperson, Marion E., R. R. No. 5, Box 55, Indianapolis 3
+ Johnson, Raymond M., 8605 Manderiey Drive, Indianapolis
+ Kaufman, Ray, Route No. 4, Peru
+ Kem, Dr. Charles E., R. R. No. 3, Box 52, Richmond
+ Kenworthy, Owen, R. F. D. No. 3, Crown Point
+ Kestle, Margaret K., John Deere Store, Winamac
+ Kyburz, Benjamin E., Route No. 1, Idaville
+ La Rue, A. R., Box 147, Bloomington
+ Layman, J. C., R. F. D. No. 1, Peru
+ Lennon, Robert E., R. R. No. 1, Warren
+ Letsinger, J. E., 1202 Lower Huntington Road, Fort Wayne 6
+ Lukemeyer, Edwin J., 825 Line St., Evansville
+ Moldenhauer, Carl J., R. R. No. 7, Huntington
+ Neimeyer, Harry D., West Lebanon
+ Newman, Jesse D., Jr., R. R. No. 2, Culver
+ Oare, William T., 650 Associate Building, South Bend 1.
+ Palmer, Frank, Jr., 1011 Donmoyer, South Bend
++Pape, Edward W., Route No. 2, Marion
+§Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Ave., South Bend 17
+ Randolph, Frederick F., Route No. 1, Edinburg
+ Reed, Frank, Route No. 1, Box 227, Daleville
+ Rehm, Walter T., R. R. No. 4, Logansport
+ Richards, E. E., 2912 York Road, South Bend
+ Risko, A., Tioga Orchards, Monticello
+ Rodenbeck, Miss Ruby, R. R. No. 2, Losantville
++Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine St., South Bend 14
+ Schram, Emil, Route No. 1, Peru
+ Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry St., New Albany
+ Shafer, John, Jr., 3031 N. Roselawn Drive, Logansport
+ Shannon, Charles, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 324, Greenwood
+ Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Route No. 1, Thorntown
+ Sly, Miss Barbara, Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Sly, Donald R., Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Sly, Miss Lucinda Beth, Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Summers, Floyd, R. F. D., No. 2, Box 68, Winchester
+ Talbott, John E., R. F. D. No. 3, Linton
+§Wallick, Ford, Route No. 4, Peru
+ Ward, W. B., Horticulture Building, Purdue University, Lafayette
+ Welton, Forrest O., R. F. D. No. 1, Burns City
++Westerhouse, George F., East Ohio St., Monticello
+ Wichman, Robert P., Route No. 3, Washington
+ Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Wittick, Eugene C., Route No. 4, Box 68A, Valparaiso
+ Wood, Darl F., 201 Miami Club Drive, Mishawaka
+ Woodward, Howard, Route No. 3, Syracuse
+
+ IOWA
+ Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+ Bird, C. A., Box 66, Odebolt
+ Boice, R. H., Route No. 1, Nashua
+ Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic
+ Eads, Carroll, R. F. D., Miles
+ Eller, W. E., Eldora
+ Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point
++Ferris, Wayne, Hampton
+ Goettler, Fred, R. F. D. No. 1, Bellevue
+ Goodwin, William T., 1121 S. Riverside Drive, Iowa City
+ Gray, Kenny, Sabula
+ Greig, John E., Box 157, Estherville
+ Hoke, Russell O., Route No. 2, Anamosa
+ Huen, E. F., Eldora
++Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg
++Kaser, Mrs. J. D., Winterset
+ Kern, Dr. W. R., 741 Rundell St., Iowa City
+ Kosek, Frank J., 87 Sixteenth Ave., S. W., Cedar Rapids
+ Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula
+ Lysinger, Addison, Lamoni
++Martzahn, Frank A., Route No. 1, Davenport
+ McLeran, Harold F., Mount Pleasant
+ Meyer, Clemens, Route No. 1, West Union
+ Neprash, Bob, Nursery, Route No. 3, Cedar Rapids 5
+ Orr, J. Allen, 4000 West Fourth St., Sioux City 3
+ Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 811 E. College St., Iowa City
+ Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route No. 2, Fort Madison
+ Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+ Steffen, R. F., P. O. Box 1302, Sioux City 2
++Wade, Miss Ida May, Route No. 3, La Porte City
+ Welch, G. L., Mount Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
++White, Herbert L., Box 264, Woodbine
++White, Rev. L. P., Greeley
+ Williams, R. Alan, 1990 Eighth Ave., Marion
+ Williams, Wendell V., Route No. 1, Dansville
+
+
+ JAPAN
+ Deming, Olcott, U. S. Embassy, Tokyo
+ Yamato Seed & Implement Co., Tokyo
+ Yoshizaki, Chiaki, 17 Ichi Bancho Chiyodaku, Tokyo
+  (International Collaboration of Farmers Association)
+
+ KANSAS
+ Baker, Fred C., Troy
+ Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth
+§Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, Box 296; 7th
+  and Central, Kansas City
+ Funk, M. D., 600 W. Paramore St., Topeka
+ Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1015 Central Ave., Horton
+ Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville
+ Jackson, Walter, Osage City
+ Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route No. 3, Leavenworth
+ Mondero, John, Lansing
++Pittser, L. R., Oswego
+ Stanley, G. E., 235 Ward Parkway, Kansas City
+ Starke, M. F., Hawthorne Place, Hiawatha
+ Thielenhaus, W. F., Route No. 1, Buffalo
+ Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown
++Wales, Max, 1534 Macvicar St., Topeka
+
+ KENTUCKY
+ Alves, Robert H., 302 Clay St., Henderson
+ Armstrong, W. D., Western Kentucky Experiment Station, Princeton
+ Collier, Leroy, 1514 Smallhouse Road, Bowling Green
+ R. E. Funsten Co., Robert Walker, P. O. Box 142, Henderson
+ Hopson, J. R., Route No. 2, Cadiz
+ Magill, W. W., Horticulture Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington
++Miller, Julien C., 220 Sycamore Drive, Paducah
+ Moss, Dr. C. A., Box 237, Williamsburg
++Rouse, Sterling, Route No. 1, Box 70, Florence
+ Siler, Robert W., Box 241, Williamsburg
+ Stone, Dr. Thomas, Mayfield
+ Taliaferro, Philip, Box 85, Erlanger
+ Tatum, W. G., Route No. 4, Lebanon
+ Usrey, Robert, Star Route, Mayfield
+ Widmer, Dr. Nelson D., Lebanon
+ Yost, John M., Pikeville
+
+ LOUISIANA
+ Crow, John, R. F. D., Coushatta
+ Hammar, Dr. Harald E., U. S. D. A. Chemical Laboratory, 606 Court House,
+  Shreveport 47
+ Lowrey, Brunner E., P. O. Box 168, Mansfield
+ Perrault, Mrs. Henry D., Route No. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches
+ Smith, Dr. C. L., U. S. D. A. Pecan Laboratory, 607 Court House,
+  Shreveport 47
+
+ MAINE
+ Hamilton, Mrs. Benjamin P., Waterboro, York County
+
+ MARYLAND
+ Barrett, Harvey E., P. E. 17 Maple Ave., Catonsville 28
+ Berry, Frederick H., Div. of Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Station,
+  Beltsville
+ Crane, Dr. H. L., U. S. D. A., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
+ Dengler, Harry William, Extension Forester, University of Maryland,
+  College Park
+ Diller, Dr. Jesse D., U. S. D. A., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
++Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., P. O. Box 743, Easton
+§Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Div. of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., Plant Industry
+  Station, Beltsville
+ Hughes, Clinton K., Potomac Ave., Braddock Heights
+ Jones, George R., R. F. D. No. 2, Aberdeen
+ Kaan, Dr. Helen W., 8335 Grubb Road, Silver Spring
+ Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne
+ McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
++Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 5031 55th Ave., Roger Heights
++Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown
+ Rayner Brothers, Salisbury
++Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 West North Ave., Baltimore 16
+ Swipp, Stanley W., 4218 71st Ave., Landover Hills
+
+ MASSACHUSETTS
+ Babbitt, Howard S. 221 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield
+ Barthelmes, George A., Route No. 1, Leicester
++Bradbury, Rear Admiral H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly
+ Brooks, Henry H., Boxboro
+ Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State Street, Boston
++Bump, Albert H., P. O. Box 275, Brewster
++Davenport, S. Lothrop, 24 Creeper Hill Road, North Grafton
+ Desfarges, Osias J., Granby
++Faulkner, Luther W., R. F. D., Westford
+ Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro
++Ganz, Robert Norton, M. D., 262 Beacon St., Boston
+ Gardner, E. E., Box C, Station A, Boston 18
+ Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
++Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable
+ La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosac Road, Williamstown
+ Lincoln, Roger N., 8 Stagecoach Road, Ware
+ Rice, Horace J., 515 Main St., Wilbraham
+*Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+ Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton. Ave., Hyde Park 36
+ Vance, Robert G., M. D., 262 Beacon St., Boston 16
+ Viera, Manuel, Main Street, Vineyard Haven
++Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topfield
+ Wood, Miss Louise B., Pocasset, Cape Cod
+ York, Stanley E., 480 Branch St., Mansfield
+
+ MICHIGAN
+ Allen, Howard H., 2925 Francis Street, Jackson
+ Andersen, Charles, Route 2, Box 236, Scottville
+ Armstrong, Robert J., M. D., Oak Shadows Farm, Route 8, Box 83, Kalamazoo
+ Auringer, Mrs. Gjertine T., 4441 Steward Road, Metamora
+ Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
++Becker, Gilbert, Climax
+ Becker, John Andrew, Climax
++Beckert, W. M., Michigan Dept. of Conservation, 408 Kalamazoo Plaza,
+  Lansing 33.
+ Biackwell, Norman A., 17 Oakdale Boulevard, Pleasant Ridge
+ Boylan, P. B., Route No. 1, Cloverdale
+ Breitmeyer, Howard T., 12955 Dale Ave., Detroit 23
+ Bruce, Stanford P., 4016 Kendall, Detroit 38
+ Bumler, Malcolm, 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15
+ Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City
+ Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Co., 67 E. Battle Creek St.,
+  Galesburg
+ Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. Fifth Ave., Ann Arbor
+ Chester, Dr. William P., 742 Maccabees Building, Detroit 2
+ Corsan, H. H., Route No. 1, Hillsdale
++Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8
++Desmet, Mrs. Agnes, 14450 Houston Ave., Detroit 5
+ Dillow, Harold R., P. O. Box 479, Franklin
+ Driver, Louis, 9151 Silverside Drive, Silver Lake, South Lyon
+ Dronka, Joseph, 19256 Gable St., Detroit 34
+ Emerson, Ralph W., 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3
+ Goodfellow, James, Secord Lake Road, Leonard
++Grindstaff, Mary I. Haynes, 1309 Jones Drive, Ann Arbor
+ Groos, Alfred P., Route No. 1, Gladstone
+ Hagelshaw, W. J., Route No. 1, Box 394, Galesburg
++Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence
+ Hubbard, William G., Box 146, Hudsonville
+ Johnson, Leonard A., 620 E. Buno Road, Route 3, Milford
+ Keplinger, Frank J., Farwell
+ Klarr, Mrs. B. L., R. R. No. 2, West Nine Mile Road, Northville
+ Klever, Edward F., Route No. 2, Grant
+ Korn, G. J., R. D. No. 2, Dorr
+ Krueger, Henry R., South River Road, St. Clair
+ Law, Joseph W., North Branch
+ Lee, Michael, P. O. Box 16, Milford
+ Lemke, Edwin W., 62277 Campground Road, Washington
+ Long, Louis C., 6117 State Road, Goodrich
+ Maycock, Harry J., 580 Fairground St., Plymouth
+ Michigan Nut Growers Association, A. J. Barlow, Secretary, 13079
+  Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
++Miller, Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis
+ Nitschke, Robert A., Tilbury Place, Birmingham
+ Prushek, E., Route No. 3, Niles
+ Ricky, Lowell L., 1009-A Birch St., East Lansing
+ Riopel, Mrs. Irene M., 8700 Second Boulevard, Detroit 2
+ Robbins, Walton T., 6495 Waldon Road, Clarkston
+ Simons, Rev. R. E., Flat Rock
++Somers, Lee, Route No. 1, Perrinton
+ Strong, Forrest C., 1213 N. Walnut St., Lansing 6.
+ Sweet, Dale V., 530 S. Capitol, Lansing
++Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester Way, Birmingham
+ Tolles, G. S., Route No. 5, South Haven
+ Ullrey, L. E., Route No. 1, Vicksburg
+ Wieber, Giles E., Fowler
+ Windon, Maurice, Route No. 9, Kalamazoo
++Wyman, Miles L., 40 North St., Highland Park 3
+
+
+ MINNESOTA
++Dubbels, Charley, Elgin
+ Frame, William G., R. R. No. 4, Northfield
+ Hodgson, R. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Waseca
+ Hormel, Jay C., Austin
+ Lamberson, G. E., Route No. 4, Warren
+ Law, Ken, Jewell Nurseries, Inc., Lake City
+ Luedtke, H. F., Box 287, St. Cloud
+ Sanders, Parker D., Fifth & Jefferson Sts., Redwood Falls
+ Wedge, Don, R. F. D. No. 2, Albert Lea
+ Weir, T. H., Fruit Breeding Farm, Excelsior
++Weschke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul
+
+
+ MISSISSIPPI
++Golding, W. T., Stewart
++Gossard, Atherton C., U. S. Horticultural Field Station, Route No. 6,
+  Meridian
++King, Mrs. John Andrew, Tolten Road, Lodi
+ Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville
+
+
+ MISSOURI
+ Bauman, Ivan T., Bauman Brokerage Co., 4350 Tait Ave., St. Louis
+ Biggs, Dutton, R. R. No. 1, Hickman Mills
+ Block, Elmer L., Route No. 1, Sarcoxie
+ Buck, Charles L., La Crosse
+ Choisser, Elden, P. O. Box 442, Poplar Bluff
+ Conaway, Claude N., Poyner
+ Davis, Ben, P. O. Box 176, Van Buren
+ Degler, Roy H., 1305 Moreland Ave., Jefferson City
+ Ellston, John, Box 72, Exeter
+ R. E. Funsten Co., Don McDonald, 1515 Delmar Boulevard, St. Louis 3
+ Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+ Heuser, Wesley E., Rich Hill
++Howe, John, Route No. 1, Box 4, Pacific
+ Huber, Frank J., Route No. 1, Weingarten
++James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick
+ John, W. H., Pacific
+ Jones, Vernon W., 5111 Walrond, Kansas City 4
+ Lambert, J. O., Laclede
++Logan, George F., Oregon
+ Marquardt, Fred, Rich Hill
+ Neosho Nurseries Co., A. E. Weston, Neosho
+§Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove
+ Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem
+ Oliver, L. P., 511 Monroe Ave., Campbell
+ Owens, Le Roy J., Willow Springs
+ Pies, Edward G., Route No. 2, Farmington
+ Ralston, John H., 240 E. Whittier St., Kansas City 17
+ Richterkessing, Ralph, Route No. 1, St. Charles
+ Rose. Dr. D. K., 230 Linden, Clayton 5
+ Salman, Kenneth A., Route 3, Box 178A, Mountain Grove
+ Shideler, Harry, Finance Building, Kansas City
+ Sims Fruit & Nursery Farms, Hannibal
+ Stark Brothers Nursery & Orchards Co., Mr. H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana
+ Tainter, Nat A., 420 Jackson St., St. Charles
+ Wuertz, H. J., Route No. 1, Pevely
+ Wylie, Wilber J., 902 Grand Ave., Doniphan
+
+ MONTANA
+ Ford, Russell H., Dixon
+ Kirchner, Harold J., Rapelje
+
+ NEBRASKA
++Brand, George, Route No. 5, Lincoln
+ Brandenburgh, A. R., R. F. D. No. 2, Bellwood 3
+ Caha, William, 350 W. 12th St., Wahoo
+ Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+ Manning, Arch J., 4202 Emmet St., Omaha 3
+ Schick, Robert A., 233 N. Fifth, Seward
+ Sherwood, Jack, Nebraska City
+ Tolstead, Dr. W. L., Dept, of Botany, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
+ Ziegenbein, Mrs. Helen M., Box 671, Wasau
+
+ NEW HAMPSHIRE
+ Demarest, Charles S., Lyme Center
++Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+
+ NEW JERSEY
+ Anderegg, R. D. No. 3, Sommerville
+ Audi, Eugene J., M. D., 466 S. Maple Ave., Glen Rock
+ Bakst, Myron, 18 N. Spring Garden Ave., Nutley
+ Bottoni, Robert J., 41 Robertson Road, West Orange
+ Buckwalter, Alan R., Jr., Route No. 1, Box 47, Flemington
+ Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Route No. 1, Box 45, Flemington
+ Cherry, George D., "Paulsdale", Hooten Road, Moorestown
+ Cox, Philip H., Jr., 30 Hyde Road, Bloomfield
+ Cumberland Nurseries, William Wells, Prop., Route No 1, Millville
++Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Newark St., Hoboken
+ Dougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton
++Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Route No. 1, Box 137, Keyport
+ Grosshans, George, 1309 Summit Terrace, Linden
+ Huslig, Frank E., R. F. D., Stewartsville
+ Lamatonk Nurseries, A. S. Yorks, Prop., Neshanic Station
+ Lehman, Edwin L., 811 North Fourth St., Camden 2
+ Lippencott, J. C, 15 Mundy Ave., Spotswood
+ McCarty Gardens, Box 89A, English Creek, Mays Landing
+ McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar
+ Rinker, Ralph S., 572 Bellevue Ave., Trenton 8
++Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover
+ Schroeder, Harold W., R. F. D. No. 2, Boonton
++Sheffield, O. A., 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack
+ Siegel, Mrs. Ralph, 121 Market St., Perth Amboy
+ Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City
+ Van Doren. Durand H., 310 Redmond Road, South Orange
+
+ NEW MEXICO
+ Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 117, Lumberton
+
+ NEW YORK
+ Barton, Irving Titus, Box 13, Montour Falls
+ Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo 14
+ Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst
++Benton, William A., Wassaic
+ Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+ Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+ Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester 7
+ Brooks, William G., Brooks Nut Nurseries, Monroe
+ Caldwell, David H., New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse
+ Caldwell, Mrs. Lynn M., 217 W. Hickory St., Canastota
++Cassina, Augustus, Valatie
+ Center, Bernard M., 51 Van Buren St., Massapequa Park
+ Connor, Mrs. Charles J., 460 Flint St., Rochester 11
+ Dunckel, Lewis A., 2023 S. Salina St., Syracuse 5
++Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton Spencerport Road, Hilton
+ Ferguson, Donald V., Long Island Agriculture and Technical Institute,
+  Farmingdale
+ Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo 14
+ Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Road, Fairport
++Gibson, Stanford J., 56 Fair St., Norwich
++Glazier, Henry S., Jr., I. S. William St., Room 1001, New York 4
+ Goyne, W. E., 741 Sound View Drive, Mamaroneck
+ Graham, S. H., Route No. 5, Bostwick Road, Ithaca
++Hasbrouck, Walter, 19 Grove St., New Paltz
+ Hewitt, Prof. Oliver, 135 Hudson St., Ithaca
+ Hill, Francis I., Sterling
+ Hirshfeld, Dr. J. W., 109 W. Upland Road, Ithaca
+ Ingalls, Chester W., 82 Chestnut St., Cooperstown
++Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Route No. 1, Valatie
++Kettaneh, F. A., 745 Fifth Ave., New York 22
+ Knipper, George M., 333 Chestnut Ridge Road, Churchville
+ Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park West, New York 23
+ Kortright, W. E., R. D. No. 1, Liberty
+§Kraai, Dr. John, 84 S. Main St., Fairport
+ Lambert, Raymond H., 199 Van Rensselaer St., Buffalo 10
+*Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+ Lowerre, James D., Route No. 3, Middletown
+*MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca
+ MacLennan, Walter, 1091 E. 19th St., Brooklyn 30
+ Metcalfe, Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Road, Webster
++Metcalfe, Mrs. Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Road, Webster
+ Miller, J. E., J. E. Miller Nurseries, Canandaigua
+ Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+ Norman, Norinan B., 64 Rocklidge Road, Hartsdale
+ O'Brien, Esmonde M., 25 South St., P. O. Box 2169, New York 4
+ Owen, Charles H., Supt. of Schools, Sennett
+ Pickard, Mrs. Frederick, Freehold, Greene County
+ Pura, John J., Route No. 82, Hopewell Junction
+ Purdy, Lawson, 76 Murray Ave., Port Washington
+ Renshaw, Alfred, Fiddler's Lane, Loudonville
+ Reynolds, C. L., Route No. 2, Binghamton
+ Rickard, William, c/o Chief William Rickard, Tuscarora Indian Reservation,
+  Sanborn
+ Roat, Gordon J., Route No. 1, Canandaigua
+ Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester 9
+ Salzer, Rodman G., 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9
++Schlegel, Charles P., 990 South Ave., Rochester 7
++Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+ Schlick, John, Mill Road, Vernon Center
+ Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo
+ Schwab, Fred L., P. O. Box 31, KB Station, Bronx 63
+ Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
++Sheffield, Lewis J., 61 N. Magnolia St., Pearl River
+§Slate, Prof. George L., State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva
+ Smith, Gilbert L., R. D. No. 2, Millerton
+ Smith, James B., 34 Cedar Place, Yonkers 5
+ Smith, Jay L., Nut Tree Nursery, Chester
++Spahr, Dr. Mary B., 116 N. Geneva St., Ithaca
+ Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook
+ Swanson, Prof. Gustav, R. D. No. 4, Compton Road, Ithaca
++Szego, Alfred, 3550 78th St., Jackson Heights
+ Volcko, Andrew, 607 W. Colvin St., Syracuse 5
+ Wadsworth, Millard E., Route No. 5, Oswego
++Wheeler, Robert C., 36 State St., Albany 7
++Wilson, Frank C., 27 Liberty St., Arcade
+ Windisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet Co., 11 Wall St., New York 5
+*Wissman, Mrs. F. de R.
+
+ NORTH CAROLINA
+ Andrus, E. Rex., Route No. 1, Franklin
+ Bass, Claude D., Route No. 1, Kenley
+ Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Euka
++Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
++Ellis, W. J., R. F. D. No. 2, Advance
+ Finch, Jack R., Route No. 1, Bailey
+ Henry, W. V., R. F. D. No. 2, Candler
+ McCain, H. C., Box 794, Tryon
+ Moorman, L. L., 801 N. Washington St., Rutherfordton
+ Poe, D. W., P. O. Box 807, Hickory
+ Stadler, L. E., Route No. 1, Reidsville
+
+ NORTH DAKOTA
+ Bradley, Homer L., Long Lake Refuge, Moffit
+ Row, W. W., Cando Seed Company, Cando
+
+ OHIO
+ Ackerman, Lester, Route No. 3, Ada
+ Alden, R. W., Golf Drive, Painesville
+ Antioch College, Glen Helen Dept., Yellow Springs
+ Beede, D. V., Route No. 3, Lisbon
+ Bitler, W. A., R. F. D. No. 1, Shawnee Road, Lima
+ Borchers, Perry E., 412 W. Hillcrest Ave., Dayton 6
+ Boyce, Dr. E. L., 26 Wildfern Drive, Youngstown
+ Brewster, Lewis, Route No. 1, Swanton
+ Bridgwater, Boyd E., 68 Cherry St., Akron 8
+ Bungart, A. A., Avon
+ Bussey, Roy K., Jr., 1056 Florida Ave., Akron 14
+ Button, Fred, Route No. 2, McArthur
+ Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20
+ Clark, Richard L., 1517 Westdale Road, South Euclid 21
+ Collins, Laurence E., 1316 44th St., N. E., Canton 4
+ Cook, H. C., Route No. 1, Box 149, Leetonia
+ Cornett, Charles L., Railroad Perishable Inspection, 27 W. Front St.,
+  Cincinnati
+ Craig, George E., Dundas
+ Cunningham, Harvey E., 420 Front St., Marietta
+ Daley, James R., Route No. 3, Foster Park Road, Amherst
+ Davidson, John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+ Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+ Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept, of Forestry, Ohio Agricultural Experiment
+  Station, Wooster
+ Donaldson, Robert G., R. D. No. 3, Wooster
+ Dowell, Glenn C., Jr., M. D., 116 26th St., N. E., Canton 4
++Dowell, Dr. Lloyd L., 529 North Ave., N. E., Massillon
+ Farr, Mrs. Walter, Route No. 1, Kingsville
+ Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Route No. 1, Wooster
+ Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave.,
+  Cleveland 6
+§Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+ Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond St., S. W., Massillon
+ Grad, Dr. Edward A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23
+ Gwynn, Frank, % P. H. Harriman, West Mansfield
+ Hake, Henry, Route No. 3, Edon
+ Hammock, Edwin H., 345 E. State St., Columbus 15
++Hansley, C. F., Box 614, Sugar Grove
+ Harmon, C. J., R. F. D., Graytown
+ Hayes, Okey, Route No. 1, Lockbourne
+ Heinzelman, Edward G., 267 Southern Ave., Chillicothe
++Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Road, Cleveland 9
+ Hinde, John G., Route No. 1, Sandusky
+ Hlywiak, Andy, 2214 S. Tod Ave., Warren
++Hornyak, Louis, Route No. 1, Wakeman
+ Houlette, William R., Route No. 2, Columbiana
+ Howard, James R., 2908 Fleming Road, Middletown
+ Humphries, Dr. John K., 5101 Hilliard Cemetery Road, Hilliard
++Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland
+ Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent
+ Jagodnik, Anthony, 5360 Richmond Road, Cleveland 24
+ Jay, Don, Route No. 1, Box 230, Ludlow Fall
+ Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
++Kerr, Dr. S. E., Route No. 1, North Lawrence
++Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13
+ Kistner, Albert M., 1525 Herald Ave., Cincinnati 7
+ Kodera, Shunzo, 47 E., Twelfth Ave., Columbus 1
+ Kovar, Emil, 2505 Oakes Road, Brecksville
+ Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9
++Leaman, Paul V., Route No. 1, Creston
+ Lechleitner, Rev. R. D., D. D., 270 Westview Ave., Worthington
+ Lemmon, R. M., 577 Vinita Ave., Akron 20
+ Levandosky, Chester, 2299 E. Sprague Road, Seven Hills Village,
+  Cleveland 9
++Lippa, Julius, 4464 Lee Heights Road, Warrensville Heights
+ Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont
+ Lucas, R. J., 907 E. Main St., Newark
+ Lynn, Edith, Route No. 2, Canfield
+§Machovina, Paul E., 1228 Northwest Boulevard, Columbus 12
+ Manbeck, Willard O., 1359 Croyden Road, Cleveland 24
+ McKinster, Ray, 1632 S. Fourth St., Columbus 7
+ McQueen, Dr. A. F., 163 Church St., Amherst
+ Meier, Walter L., R. F. D. No. 2, Port Clinton
+ Meister, Richard T., Editor, American Fruit Grower, Willoughby
+ Meister, Robert T., SRE. DEF., APO. 58, % PM., New York
+  (Home address, Barnesville).
++Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5
+ Miller, Clifford, Route No. 1, Elmore
+ Miller, H. J., R. R. No. 1, Elmore
+ Oches, Norman M., Route No. 3, Brunswick
+ Page, John H. Box 34, Dundas
++Pataky, Christ, Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, M. R. S., Mansfield
+ Pattison, Miss Aletheia E., 5 Dexter Place, E. W. H., Cincinnati 6
+ Pomerene, Walter H., Route No. 3, Coshocton
+ Pomeroy, Howard A., 4803 Rambo Lane, Toledo 13
+ Pribonic, Joseph C., Box 107, Warwick
+ Purdy, Clyde W., 19 Public Square, Mt. Vernon
++Ranke, William, Route No. 1, Box 248, Amelia
+§Riegel, Joseph S., Box 184, Sylvania
+ Robb, Harry C., 216 S. Lisbon St., Carrollton
+ Rogers, T. B., Box 296, Lakemore
+ Rohrbaugh, Lynn, R. F. D. No. 1, Delaware
++Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11
+ Sasak, Edward A., 9094 Columbia Road, Olmstead Falls
+ W. N. Scarff's Sons. R. F. D. No. 1, New Carlisle
+ Schmidt, Wilhelm G., 321 West Broadway, Maumee
++Schoenberger, L. Roy, Green Pines Farm, Route No. 2, Nevada
+ Seas, D. Edward, 721 S. Main St., Orrville
+ Shelton, Dr. Elbert M., 1468 W. Clifton Boulevard, Lakewood 7
+ Sherman, L. Walter, 220 Fairview Ave., Canfield
++Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa
+ Short, Robert M., 122 E. Park St., Westerville
++Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N. E., Massillon
+ Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermillion
+ Sonnanstine, Earl C., R. F. D. No. 1, Tipp City
+ Spencer, Carl A., Sr., Route No. 3, Salem
+ Springer, Lemar M., 3510 Kathleen Ave., Dayton
+ Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City
+ Steinbeck, A. P., Route No. 2, Ravenna
++Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F St., Lorain
+ Swope, Wilmer D., Route No. 3, Box 183, Leetonia
+ Thomas, Fred, 773 Bedford Road, Masury
+ Toberg, John R., 1708 Leona Drive, Cincinnati 388
+ Toney, Hewitt S., R. R. No. 2, Cedarville
+ Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Boulevard, Columbus 12
+ Tyirin, William C., 5050 Burley Hills Drive, Cincinnati 27
+ Underwood, John, Route No. 4, Urbana
++Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Road, South Euclid 21
+ Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B-1, Newark
+ Von Gundy, Clifford R., 851 Nordyke Road, Cincinnati 8
++Walker, Carl F., 2851 Overlook Road, Cleveland 18
+ Warren, Herbert L., 518 W. Central Ave., Delaware
+ Weaver, Arthur W., R. F. D., Box 196-B, Cass Road, Maumee
++Willett, Dr. Gaillard P., Elmore
++Williams, Harry M., 221 Grandon Road, Dayton 9
+ Williams, L. F., Box 386, Mt. Vernon
+ Yates, Edward W., 3108 Parkview Ave., Cincinnati 13
+ Yoder, Emmet, Smithville
+ Zimmerman, Erie C., 594 Fairwood Road, R. D. No. 1, Clinton
+ Zuercher, Jacob, R. D. No. 2, Orrville
+
+ OKLAHOMA
+ Back, Ernest O., 1300 S. Keeler, Bartlesville
+ Butler, Roy J., Route No. 2, Hydro
+ Cross, Prof. Frank R., Dept. of Horticulture, Oklahoma A. & M. College,
+  Stillwater
+ Dean, Marion, Jr., Tuxedo Road, Bartlesville
+ Gray, Geoffrey A., 1628 Elm Ave., Bartlesville
+ Hartman, Peter E., Hartsdale Nursery Co., 3002 S. Boston Place, Tulsa 5
+ Hirschi's Nursery, 1124 N. Hudson, Oklahoma City
+ Hughes, C. V., Route No. 3, Box 614, Oklahoma City 7
+ Keathly, Jack, Marland
+ Meek, E. B., Route No. 3, Box 16, Wynnewood
+ Price, Harold C., Star View Farm, P. O. Box 801, Bartlesville
+ Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+ Riter, John R., 115 E. First St., Bartlesville
+ Shroyer, James R., 1112 Dakota Ave., Chickasha
+ Straight, H. R., 935 Cherokee, Bartlesville
+ Warzel, F. Morgan, R. R. No. 2, Box 189-C, Bartlesville
+
+ OREGON
+ Bebeau, A. V., Box 136, McNary
+ Countryman, Peter F., Route No. 1, Box 275, Ontario
+ Graville, Ed, Route No. 3, Box 363, Junction City
+ Miller, John, Treasuredale, 2200 S. W. Child's Road, Oswego
+ Pearcy, Harry L., Route No. 2, Box 190, Salem
+ Smith, Earl G., R. F. D. No. 1, Newberg
+ Thomas, Miss Ella S., Sixth & Stanley Sts., Amity
+ Trunk, John E., Northwest Nut Growers, 1601 N. Columbia Boulevard,
+  Portland 11
+
+ PENNSYLVANIA
+ Allaman, H. C., 1812 S. Pine St., York
++Allaman, R. P., Route No. 86, Harrisburg
++Amsler, E. W., 707 Main St., Clarion
+ Anthony, Roy D., 125 Hillcrest Ave., State College
++Arensberg, Charles F. C., First National Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 22
+ Banks, H. C., Route No. 1, Hellertown
+ Beard, H. K., Route 1, Sheridan
+ Beck, Dr. William M., 200 Race St., Sunbury
++Berst, Charles B., 11 W. Eighth St., Erie
+ Bering, Joseph, Bering Bowling Center, Second Ave. and Weidman St.,
+  Lebanon
+ Berlich, Mrs. Sylvester, Box 81, Broughton
+ Blittle, George, 107 Lincoln Highway, Penndel, Bucks County
+ Bowen, John C., Route No. 1, Macungie
++Brewer, J. L., Yellow House
++Bricker, Calvin E., Route No. 1, Mercersburg
+ Brown, Morrison, Ickesburg
+ Burket, J. Emory, R. F. D. No. 1, Claysburg
+§Clarke, William S., Jr., Box 167, State College
+ Clewell, Gen. Edgar L., Dimde Farms, R. F. D. No. 2, Harrisburg
+ Comp, Alton, 5 N. Second St., Newport
+ Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg 21
+ Deagon, Arthur, 61 E. Main St., Mechanicsburg
+ Ebling, Aaron L., Route No. 2, Reading
+ Eshenbaugh, E. W., 1920 Elm, New Cumberland
+ Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters
+ Fry, Mrs. Reba F., R. F. D. No. 1, New Galilee
+ Gardner, Ralph D., 4428 Plymouth St., Colonial Park, Harrisburg
+ Glasgow, Joseph M., 406 S. Second St., Bellwood
+ Good, Orrin S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven
+ Gorton, F. B., Route No. 1, East Lake Road, Harborcreek
+ Hales, Alfred R., Jr., 1901 Second Ave., Altoona
+ Halsey, A. Louise, 63 Walnut St., Forty Fort
+ Hamlin, Dallas W., 1012 Elizabeth St., Williamsport
+ Hartman, Dr. G. W., Keystone Hospital, Third and Briggs Sts., Harrisburg
+ Heyn, W. C., Hunsecker Mill & Butter Road, Route No. 5, Box 82, Lancaster
++Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 1, Bird in Hand.
+ Hughes, Douglas, 1230 E. 21st St., Erie
+ Johnson, Robert F., 1630 Greentree Road, Pittsburgh 20
+ Jones, Curwin F., R. D. No. 3, Harrisburg
++Kaufman, Mrs. M. M., Box 69, Clarion
+ Knouse, Charles W., Colonial Park, Harrisburg
+ Krone, Herbert B., R. R. No. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+ Krone, Mrs. Herbert B., R. R. No. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+ Leach, Will, Route No. 1, Box 45, Scranton
+ Leja, Paul, 5263 Keystone St., Pittsburgh 1.
+ Mack, C. H., M. D., Main Road, Lake Ariel
++Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narbeth
+ McKenna, Philip M., P. O. Box 186, Latrobe
+ Mecartney, J. Lupton, 918 W. Beaver Ave., State College
++Miller, Elwood B., Mill & Chapel Sts., Hazelton
+ Miller, Henry N., R. R. No. 1, Mt. Joy
+ Miller, Robert O., Third & Ridge Sts., Emmaus
+ Moyer. Philip S., 8082 U. S. F. & G. Building, Harrisburg
+ Murray, James H., Route No. 3, Cambridge Springs
+ Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie
+ Nonnemacher, H. M., 128 Front St., Alburtis
++Oesterling, H. M., Route No. 1, Marysville
++Reidler, Paul G., Front & Chestnut Sts., Ashland
+ Reighard, E. Don, R. D. No. 2, Box 247, Halifax
+ Rhoades, Frank S., Route No. 1, Sigel
+*Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading
+ Ruhman, Frank A., 1225 Clymer Road, Hatfield
+ Sandt, Floyd H., M. R. 35, Easton
+ Schaible, Percy, Box 68, Upper Black Eddy
+ Schieferstein, William B., Box 457, Temple
+ Schrader, Fred L., 732 E. Fifth St., Berwick
+ Shank, Paul E., Box 45, Marion
+ Sims, Prof. Hugh. D., P. O. Box 310, Lewisburg
+ Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore
+ Smyth, C. Wayne, 1 Prospect St., Troy
+ Springer, Herbert W., 218 Penrose St., Quakertown
+ Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Route No. 2. Homer City
+ Stroh, Major Oscar H., R. D. No. 1, Linglestown
+ Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., 110 University Ave., Lewisburg
+§Thompson, Howard A., 311 W. Swissvale Ave., Pittsburgh 18
+ Tomm, Joseph G., R. D. No. 2, McDonald
+§Twist, Frank S., Box 127, Northumberland
++Washick, Dr. Frank A., S. W. Cornet Welsh & Veree Roads, Philadelphia 11
+ Weaver, William S., Weaver Orchards, Macungie
+ Weber, George G., 748 S. Queen St., York
+ Weinrich, Whitney, Engle Road, Route 20, Media
+ Welliver, Mrs. Eugene C., 367 Light Street Road, Bloomsburg
+ Wilcox, George S., Montrose
+*Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore
++Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. Sixth St., Erie
+ Yohe, Russell, East Texas
+ Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., R. D., Linglestown
+
+ RHODE ISLAND
+*Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+ Loomis, Charles B., 61 Elisha St., East Greenwich
+
+ SOUTH CAROLINA
+ Bregger, John T., Clemson
+ Gordon, G. Henry, Union Dry Cleaning Co., 13-1/2 Main St., Union
+
+ SOUTH DAKOTA
+ Krueger, George, Madison
++Restore America Association: Ivan Drift, Sponsor, P. O. Box 38,
+  Hot Springs
++Richter, Herman, Madison
+
+ TENNESSEE
+ Alpine Forest Reserve, c/o J. Edwin Carothers, Alpine
+ Byrd, Benjamin F., Jr., M. D., Granny White Pike, Nashville
+ Caldwell, Sam, Route No. 4, Holt Road, Nashville 11
+ Carter, Oscar W., M. D., 2610 Woodlawn Drive, Nashville
++Chase, Spencer B., 2338 Parkview Ave., Knoxville
+ Collier, Robert H., Lutie Road, Route No. 2, Knoxville
+ Cox, Dr. T. S., 103 Hotel Ave., Fountain City
++Dulin, Charles R., Brownsville
+ Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, 1902 Hayes St., Nashville
+ Hardy, J. H., 1315 Minnekahda Place, Chattanooga 5
++Holdeman, J. E., 855 N. McNeil St., Memphis 7
+ Hoyt, Prof. Garner E., Bryan University, Dayton
+ Jones, D. T., Route No. 2, Midway
+ Mattern, Don H., 513 Union Building, T. V. A., Knoxville
+ McSwain, Barton, M. D., 3514 Hampton Road, Nashville
++Meeks, Hamp, c/o Jackson Elec. Dept., Jackson
+ Murphy, H. O., 12 Sweetbriar Ave., Chattanooga
+ Neas, Ogle, Greenville
+ Olson, Earl F., Norris
+ Patterson, R. L., M. D., Suite 207, Interstate Building, Chattanooga
+ Puryear, Dr. T. R., P. O. Box 339, Lebanon
+ Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville
+ Roark, W. F., Malesus
+ Robinson, W. Jobe, Route No. 7, Jackson
+ Roettger, Everett, R. F. D. No. 1, Lancing
+ Saville, Chris, 118 Church St., Greenville
+ Sells, Paul S., 700 Boylston St., Chattanooga
+ Shadow, Arthur J., Shadow Nursery Co., P. O. Box 521, Winchester
+ Shipley, Mrs. E. D., R. R. No. 17, Knoxville
+ Southern Nursery & Landscape Co., Winchester
+ Zarger, Thomas G., T. V. A., Norris
+
+ TEXAS
+ Allen, H. H., Plant Research Station, Route No. 2, Paris
+ Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart
+ Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan
+ Hamilton, J. Tom, P. O. Box 488, Matador
+ Hander, Nelson H., Star Route, Belton
+ Kelly, Paul, Box 428, Seymour
++Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., P. O. Box 867, Tyler
+ Mason, G. L., Route No. 3, Hico
+ Praytor, T. J., Box 667, Seymour
+ Rubrecht, J. F., Plant Research Station, Route 2, Paris
+ Shelton, David, Box 369, Gonzales
+ Springer, Herbert W., 590 Reagan St., San Benito
+ Thomas, Joe W., Overton
+ Winkler, Andrew, Route No. 1, Moody
+ Winkler, Charlie, Route No. 1, Moody
+
+ UTAH
+ Braegger, Henry W., Providence
+ Burton, J. O., Meadow
+ Dabb, Clifford H., Route No. 3, Box 448, Ogden
+ Ericksen, Keith, 883 N. State St., Orem
+ Kimberlin, R. E., 2020 Arbor Lane, Salt Lake City 7
+ Nyland, J. S., 230 17th St., Ogden
+ Petterson, Harlan D., 3910 Raymond Ave., South Ogden
+ Price, Harold G., Sr., 1270 E. Crystal Ave., Salt Lake City 6
+ Shurtleff, William H., D. D. S., R. F. D. No. 3, Box 384, Ogden
+
+ VERMONT
+ Aldrich, A. W., R. F. D. No. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+ Ellis, Zenas H., Perpetual member "In Memoriam"
+ Hill, Lewis, Hillcrest Nurseries, Greensboro
+ Johnson, John R., Deer Valley Farm, Townshend
+ Pennington, Rev. Leslie, Moretown
+ Reynolds, T. Hedley, 79 Main St., Middlebury
+ Woodford, Mrs. Edna Almeda, Brockway's Mills, R. F. D., Chester
+
+ VIRGINIA
+ Burton, George L., 722 College St., Bedford
++Curthoys, George A., P. O. Box 34, Bristol
+ Davies, A. B., Jr., 741 Clifton St., Clifton Forge
+ Dickerson, T. C., Jr., 316 56th St., Newport News
+ Filman, O., Box 3551, Virginia Tech Station, Blacksburg
+ Gibbs, H. R., Linden
+ Jaycox. Warren C., 2869 S. Buchanon St., Fairlington
+ Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Building, Roanoke 11
+ Miller, T. R., Swords Creek
+ Moore, R. C., Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg 13
+ Marten, Perry F., 6110 N. Washington Boulevard, Arlington 5
+ Pinner, Henry, P. O. Box 155, Suffolk
+ Poole, A. V., R. F. D. No. 4, Box 113, Roanoke 15
+ Showalter, Rev. Lewis P., R. F. D. No. 2, Box 56, Broadway
++Stoke, H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+ Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+ Stoke, Dr. John H., 21 Highland Ave., S. E., Roanoke 13
+ Taylor, Merritt I., Honey Meadows, Atlee
+ Thompson, B. H., Route No. 4, Box 212, Harrisonburg
+ Trader, George T., Parksley
+ Trump, V. A., Crewe
+ Welchlin, Arthur C., Route No. 1, Box 312, Farmville
+
+ WASHINGTON
+ Bechtol, O. W., Coulee City
+ Denman, George L., E. 1319 Nina Ave., Spokane 10
+ Eliot, Craig P., P. O. Box 158, Shelton
+ Erkman, John O., 2113 Symons, Richland
+ Fulmer, W. L., 505 Boylston Ave., Seattle 2
+ Ingram, Bud, Box 213, Clarkston
+ Jacky, Mrs. Jacob P., Route No. 3, Walla Walla
+ Kane, Mrs. A. E., R. F. D. No. 1, Wenatchee
+ Latterell, Miss Ethel, 408 N. Flora Road, Greenacres
+ Linkletter, Frank D., 2209 Ninth Ave., Seattle 1
+ Naderman, G. W., Route No. 1, Box 353, Olympia
+ Parker, Robert E., 412 Maple Court, Toppenish
+ Ross, Verel C., 4025 Rucker Ave., Everett
+ Shane Brothers Nut Growers, Vashon
+ Taylor, Harry I., Route No. 2, Cheney
+§Tuttle, H. Lynn, Lynn Tuttle Nursery, Box 186, Clarkston
+
+ WEST VIRGINIA
+ Bailey, Gilbert E., 316 Mercer St., Princeton
+ Bartholomew, Miss Elizabeth Ann, West Virginia University, Morgantown
++Cook, Dr. Ernest A., 106 First St., Oak Hill
+ Dolin, Clarence S., Box 8, Foster
+ Eckerd, John K., 305 William St., Martinsburg
++Engle, Blaine W., Mutual Fire Insurance Co. of West Virginia, Goff
+  Building, Clarksburg
+*Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale
+ Gardner, Sigel O., 709 Louise Ave., Morgantown
+ The Gold Chestnut Nursery, Arthur A. Gold, Cowen
+ Haines, Earl C., Shanks
+ Haislip, Fred, P. O. Box 1620, Logan
+§Hale, Daniel. M. D., Princeton
+ Hartzell, Benjamin, Shepherdstown
+ Howard. Mrs. Carl E., The Charleston Gazette, Charleston
++Long, J. C., Box 491, Princeton
+ Looney, Rev. Carl, Matewah
+ McClung, H. E., 2100 Midland Trail, Milton
+ McDonald, Dr. Walter, Augusta
+ McGraw, S. L., Athens
++Miller, Edward, Romney
++Mish, Arnold F., Inwood
+ Newlon, Emmett, Rupert
+ Pease, Roger W., Department of Horticulture, University of West Virginia,
+  Morgantown
++Reed, Arthur M., Glenmont Nurseries, Moundsville
+ Williams, Mrs. Dan, Romney
+
+ WISCONSIN
+ Conway, W. M., 2105 Jefferson St., Madison
++Coulson, L. W., R. R. No. 1, Slinger
+ Dennis, W. J., 601 N. 97th St., Milwaukee 13
+ Dohlin, Edward, 208 Hollister Ave., Tomah
+ Eiler, William, Benton
+ Jach, Peter, 8613 N. 60th St., Milwaukee 16
+ Kral, Ray, 1121 Langlade St., Antigo
+ Ladwig, C. F., Route No. 2, Beloit
+ Martinson, John L., 408 N. Lake, Madison
+ Mortensen, M. C., 1119 Emmertson Road, Racine
+ Pederson, Harry A., 350 Jewett, Plattville
+ Raether, Robert, Route No. 1, Augusta
+ Running, M. H., 5220 North 29th St., Milwaukee 9
++Snowden, Dr. P. W., The Monroe Clinic, Monroe
+ Traurig, Arthur F., 13315 W. Forest Drive, Milwaukee 14
+
+ WYOMING
+ Muecke, Karl, Powell
+
+
+W. F. HUMPHREY PRESS INC.
+GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,10484 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of
+the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting
+       Rochester, N.Y. August 31 and September 1, 1953
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2008 [EBook #25703]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+|DISCLAIMER                                                              |
+|                                                                        |
+|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers|
+|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are |
+|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers       |
+|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is  |
+|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not|
+|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may   |
+|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide|
+|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current     |
+|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion  |
+|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut   |
+|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular   |
+|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.      |
++------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+_44th Annual Report_
+
+OF THE
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Incorporated
+
+AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Annual Meeting at_
+
+ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
+
+August 31--September 1, 1953
+
+[Illustration: NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOC.
+
+ROCHESTER N.Y.-1953]
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+   Officers and Committees 1953-54                                     4
+   State and Foreign Vice-Presidents                                   6
+   Constitution and By-laws                                            8
+   Call to Order, 44th Annual Meeting                                 11
+   Address of Welcome--Wilbur Wright                                  12
+   Business Session--Secretary's Report--Treasurer's Report   13, 14, 15
+   Blossoming Habits of the Persian Walnut--H. F. Stoke               18
+   President's Address--Richard B. Best                               22
+   About Nuts--Ira M. Kyhl                                            28
+   Natural Variation Observed in Shagbark Hickory, Carya ovata
+     (Mill.) K. Koch. in Central New York--David H. Caldwell          29
+   The Control of the Hickory Weevil (Curculio caryae)                39
+   Round Table Discussion--What's Your Problem                        43
+   The International Chestnut Commission and the Chestnut Blight
+     Problem in Europe, 1953--G. Flippo Gravatt                       52
+   Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood Cuttings--Roger W. Pease           56
+   Evaluating Chestnuts Grown under Forest Conditions--Jesse
+     D. Diller                                                        59
+   Panel Discussion--Chestnuts                                        62
+   Development of the Nut Industry in the Middle West--J. F.
+   Wilkinson                                                          70
+   Some Aspects of the Problem of Producing Curly-Grained
+     Walnuts--L. H. MacDaniels                                        72
+   Late Rev. Paul C. Crath--L. K. Devitt                              80
+   The Eastern Black Walnut as a Farm Timber Tree--John Davidson      84
+   The McKinster Persian Walnut--P. E. Machovina                      89
+   Carpathian Walnuts in the Colombia River Basin--Lynn Tuttle        94
+   Walnuts and Filberts in Southern Wisconsin--C. F. Ladwig           95
+   Biology, Distribution and Control of the Walnut Husk
+     Maggot--F. L. Gambrell                                           98
+   Panel Discussion: The Persian Walnut Situation                    104
+   Banquet Session--Resolutions Committee Report                     109
+   Walnuts in Lubec, Maine--Radcliffe B. Pike                        115
+   My Thirty Years Experience with Nut Trees--Carl Weschcke          116
+   Growing American Chestnuts and Their Hybrids Under Blight
+     Conditions--Alfred Szego                                        119
+   Experiences and Observations on Nut Growing in Central
+     Texas--Kaufman Florida                                          121
+   Propagation of the Hickories--F. L. O'Rourke                      122
+   A Root Disease of the Persian Walnut--G. Flippo Gravatt           127
+   Factors That Influence Nut Production--W. B. Ward                 129
+   Pictorial Record of Grafting at Climax Michigan--W. M. Beckert    134
+   Rock Phosphate for Nut Trees--Harry B. Burgart                    135
+   A Report from Southern Minnesota--R. E. Hodgson                   136
+   Chestnut Breeding--Report for 1953--Arthur Harmount Graves and
+     Hans Nienstaedt                                                 136
+   Dr. W. C. Deming--John Davidson                                   144
+   The Nomenclature of Nut Varieties--George H. M. Lawrence          145
+   The New Code for the Naming of Cultivated Plants--J. S. L. Gilman 149
+   Exhibit at the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts Horticultural
+     Society                                                         158
+   Attendance Register, Rochester, N. Y. 1953                        159
+   Membership List                                                   160
+
+
+
+
+Officers for 1953-54
+
+   President                             Richard B. Best, Eldred, Illinois
+   Vice-President                         Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan
+   Secretary                        Spencer B. Chase, Knoxville, Tennessee
+   Treasurer           William S. Clarke, Jr., State College, Pennsylvania
+   Directors                        Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York
+                                   Dr. William Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Iowa
+   Dean of the Association       Dr. W. C. Deming, Litchfield, Connecticut
+
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS 1953-54
+
+   Program Committee:
+       Dr. Lloyd L. Dowell, Royal Oakes, Dr. J. W. McKay, Roy D. Anthony,
+       J. G. McDaniel, Lewis E. Theiss, W. B. Ward.
+
+   Local Arrangements:
+       Mrs. Herbert Krone, R. P. Allaman, John Rick, Elwood B. Miller,
+       Victor Brook.
+
+   Place of Meeting Committee:
+       To explore meeting places for three years, Michigan and Connecticut
+       as possible places for the 1955 and 1956 annual conventions. W. M.
+       Beckert, R. P. Allaman, Carl Prell, Lloyd L. Dowell.
+
+   Publication Committee:
+       Professor George L. Slate, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels.
+
+   Varieties and Contests Committee:
+       J. C. McDaniel, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Sylvester M. Shessler, H. F.
+       Stoke, Royal Oakes.
+
+   Standards and Judging Committee: (Section of Varieties Committee)
+       Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Dr. H. L. Crane, Louis Gerardi, Spencer B.
+       Chase, Professor Paul E. Machovina.
+
+   Survey and Research Committee:
+       H. F. Stoke (With all state and foreign vice-presidents).
+
+   Exhibits Committee:
+       Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Fayette Etter, H. F. Stoke, Royal Oakes, J. F.
+       Wilkinson, G. J. Korn.
+
+   Understock Committee:
+       J. C. McDaniel, Albert B. Ferguson, Dr. Aubrey Richards, Louis
+       Gerardi, Dr. A. S. Colby, Max Hardy, Gilbert L. Smith.
+
+   Auditing Committee:
+       Raymond E. Silvis, Sterling A. Smith, Edward W. Pape.
+
+   Legal Advisor:
+       Sargent H. Wellman, Esq.
+
+   Finance Committee:
+       Carl F. Prell, Ford Wallick, Sterling A. Smith.
+
+   Necrology Committee:
+       Mrs. H. L. Crane, Mrs. C. A. Reed, Mrs. Wm. J. Wilson.
+
+   Nominating Committee:
+       (Elected at Rochester, N. Y.) Paul E. Machovina, Raymond Silvis,
+        George Salzer, Dr. H. L. Crane, Ira M. Kyhl.
+
+   Membership Committee:
+       Gilbert Becker, Raymond E. Silvis, Edward W. Pape, Gordon Pulliam,
+           Hon. Paul C. Daniels, Max B. Hardy.
+
+   Publicity Committee:
+       Paul E. Machovina, Wm. J. Wilson, Carl F. Prell, Frank M. Kintzel.
+
+   Change of Name Committee:
+       Elwood B. Miller, John Davidson, Dr. J. W. McKay, Dr. H. L. Crane.
+
+
+
+
+State and Foreign Vice-Presidents
+
+ Alabama             Edward L. Hiles, Loxley
+ Alberta             A. L. Young, Brooks
+ Arkansas            W. D. Wylie, Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville
+ Belgium             R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo
+ British Columbia,
+   Canada            J. U. Gellatly, Box 19, Westbank
+ California          Thos. R. Haig, M.D., 3021 Highland Ave., Carlesbad
+ Colorado            J. E. Forbes, Julesburg
+ Connecticut         A. M. Huntington, Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+ Delaware            Lewis Wilkins, Route 1, Newark
+ Denmark             Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+ District of
+   Columbia          Ed. L. Ford, 3634 Austin St., S.E. Washington 20
+ Florida             C. A. Avant, 960 N. W. 10th Ave., Miami
+ Georgia             William J. Wilson, North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley
+ Hawaii              John F. Cross, P. O. Box 1720, Hilo
+ Hong Kong           P. W. Wang, 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central
+ Idaho               Lynn Dryden, Peck
+ Illinois            Royal Oakes, Bluffs (Scott County)
+ Indiana             Edw. W. Pape, Rt. 2, Marion
+ Iowa                Ira M. Kyhl, Box 236, Sabula
+ Kansas              Dr. Clyde Gray, 1045 Central Ave., Horton
+ Kentucky            Dr. C. A. Moss, Williamsburg
+ Louisiana           Dr. Harald E. Hammar, 608 Court House, Shreveport
+ Maryland            Blaine McCollum, White Hall
+ Massachusetts       S. Lothrop Davenport, 24 Creeper Hill Rd., North
+                                                                Grafton
+ Michigan            Gilbert Becker, Climax
+ Minnesota           R. E. Hodgson, Southeastern Exp. Station, Waseca
+ Mississippi         James R. Meyer, Delta Branch Exp. Station, Stoneville
+ Missouri            Ralph Richterkessing, Route 1, Saint Charles
+ Montana             Russel H. Ford, Dixon
+ Nebraska            Harvey W. Hess, Box 209, Hebron
+ New Hampshire       Matthew Lahti, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+ New Jersey          Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Route 1, Flemington
+ New Mexico          Rev. Titus Gehring, P. O. Box 177, Lumberton
+ New York            Stephen Bernath, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+ North Carolina      Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro
+ North Dakota        Homer L. Bradley, Long Lake Refuge, Moffit
+ Ohio                Christ Pataky Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, Route 4,
+                                                          Mansfield
+ Oklahoma            A. G. Hirschi, 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City
+ Ontario, Canada     Elton E. Papple, Cainsville
+ Oregon              Harry L. Pearcy, Route 2, Box 190, Salem
+ Pennsylvania        R. P. Allaman, Route 86, Harrisburg
+ Prince Edward Is.
+   Canada            Robert Snazelle, Forest Nursery, Route 5,
+                                                      Charlottetown
+ Rhode Island        Philip Allen, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+ South Carolina      John T. Bregger, P. O. Box 1018, Clemson
+ South Dakota        Herman Richter, Madison
+ Tennessee           W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson
+ Texas               Kaufman Florida, Box 154, Rotan
+ Utah                Harlan D. Petterson, 2076 Jefferson Ave., Ogden
+ Vermont             A. W. Aldrich, R. F. D. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+ Virginia            H. R. Gibbs, Linden
+ Washington          H. Lynn Tuttle, Clarkston
+ West Virginia       Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale
+ Wisconsin           C. F. Ladwig, 2221 St. Lawrence, Beloit
+
+
+
+
+   CONSTITUTION
+   of the
+   NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
+   (As adopted September 13, 1948)
+
+
+NAME
+
+ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut Growers
+Association, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization.
+
+PURPOSES
+
+ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promote
+interest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in their
+breeding and culture; standardization of varietal names; the
+dissemination of information concerning the above and such other
+purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularly
+in the North Temperate Zone.
+
+MEMBERS
+
+ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all persons
+interested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes of
+members are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Life
+members, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications for
+membership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or the
+treasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues.
+
+OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of a
+President, a Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combined
+Secretary-treasurer as the Association may designate.
+
+BOARD OF DIRECTORS
+
+Article V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of the
+Association who shall be the officers of the Association and the two
+preceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurer
+are combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board of
+Directors.
+
+There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, or
+country represented in the membership of the Association, who shall be
+appointed by the President.
+
+AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
+
+ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the
+members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
+been read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposed
+amendments having been mailed by the Secretary, or by any member to each
+member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting.
+
+
+
+
+BY-LAWS
+
+(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)
+
+
+SECTION I.--MEMBERSHIP
+
+Classes of membership are defined as follows:
+
+ARTICLE I. ANNUAL MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3.00).
+
+ARTICLE II. Contributing members. Persons who are interested in the
+purposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10.00)
+or more.
+
+ARTICLE III. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes of
+the Association who contribute Seventy-Five Dollars ($75.00) to its
+support and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues.
+
+ARTICLE IV. HONORARY MEMBERS. Those whom the Association has elected as
+honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special
+fields of the Association and who shall pay no dues.
+
+ARTICLE V. PERPETUAL MEMBERS. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to any
+one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and such
+membership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle the
+name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as
+"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds received
+therefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearing
+securities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only the
+interest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are in
+the treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the event
+the Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, the
+Treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose
+for such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate at
+the time he makes the bequest of the donation.
+
+
+SECTION II.--DUTIES OF OFFICERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The President shall preside at all meetings of the
+Association and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Board
+of Directors when he believes it to be the best interests of the
+Association. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standing
+committees, except, the Nominating Committee, and such special
+committees as the Association may authorize.
+
+ARTICLE II. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, the
+Vice-president shall perform the duties of the President.
+
+ARTICLE III. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executive
+officer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relating
+to the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships and
+otherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and report
+to the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board of
+Directors as they may request.
+
+ARTICLE IV. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and record
+memberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association and
+shall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shall
+give such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legally
+be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Board
+of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordance
+with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts and
+disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as the
+Board of Directors may from time to time require. Before the final
+business session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accounts
+of the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the Auditing
+Committee appointed by the President at the opening session of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of the
+association between meetings. Four members, including at least two
+elected officers, shall be considered a quorum.
+
+
+SECTION III.--ELECTIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and hold
+office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the
+Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE II. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers
+on the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place
+at the closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented from
+the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding
+the election.
+
+ARTICLE III. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949
+and thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at
+the preceding Annual Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE IV. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall be
+fifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the elected
+officers.
+
+ARTICLE V. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible
+to vote and hold office.
+
+
+SECTION IV.--FINANCIAL MATTERS
+
+ARTICLE I. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October
+1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shall
+begin October 1st.
+
+ARTICLE II. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid by
+January 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices of
+non-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or about
+December 1st.
+
+ARTICLE III. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members who
+have paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have not
+been paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will not
+be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the
+Association until dues are paid.
+
+
+SECTION V.--MEETINGS
+
+ARTICLE I. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected by
+the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at
+this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time for
+the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem
+desirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors.
+
+
+SECTION VI.--PUBLICATIONS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year and
+such other publications as may be authorized by the Association.
+
+ARTICLE II. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of
+the Committee on Publications.
+
+
+SECTION VII.--AWARDS
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstanding
+contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable
+recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate.
+
+
+SECTION VIII.--STANDING COMMITTEES
+
+As soon as practical after the Annual Meeting of the Association, the
+President shall appoint the following standing committees:
+
+   1. Membership
+   2. Auditing
+   3. Publications
+   4. Survey
+   5. Program
+   6. Research
+   7. Exhibit
+   8. Varieties and Contests
+
+
+SECTION IX.--REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
+
+ARTICLE I. The Association shall encourage the formation of regional
+groups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organize
+their own local field days and other programs. They may publish their
+proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society
+subject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+ARTICLE II. Any independent regional association of nut growers may
+affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourth
+of its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3.00
+to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at the
+meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of
+the parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee on
+Publications.
+
+
+SECTION X.--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS
+
+ARTICLE I. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by a
+two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall
+have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days
+prior to that meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Proceedings
+
+44th Annual Meeting
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Rochester, New York
+
+August 31--September 1, 1953
+
+
+MONDAY MORNING SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We are opening this 44th Annual Meeting of the Northern
+Nut Growers Association with this historic gavel which was made from
+wood grown in the Thomas Littlepage pecan grove near Washington, D. C.
+Opening each session with this gavel has been a custom of this
+organization for many, many years.
+
+We are very anxious to have you folks meet some of the men who have made
+our meeting possible here at Rochester. I would first like to introduce
+Mr. W. Stephen Thomas, Director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and
+Sciences. Mr. Thomas.
+
+MR. THOMAS: Thank you, Mr. Best.
+
+We are always glad to welcome groups such as yours. You represent a
+unique organization to us with interests not in our field. We are a
+public institution, and are glad to have you here.
+
+I feel there are many things of interest in this museum and in our
+program to interest you, because you are horticulturists and people
+interested in the out-of-doors.
+
+This museum is owned by the City of Rochester. By the way, there are
+only about 12 museums throughout the country that are supported as we
+are. We get 98 per cent of our funds from the City of Rochester. It is
+not endowed. It is the people's museum. In the exhibit upstairs are
+three dimensional models showing the evolution of the Genesee Valley in
+New York from early times to the present. Here you will see a beautiful
+panorama of what it looked like two hundred million years ago right
+where we are sitting and standing now when the seas overlay the area
+during the Devonian and Silurian times. We have reconstructed the little
+sea creatures that lived in the rocks in their natural colors.
+
+Another exhibit is the Indian story, primitive man, not just before the
+white man came, but going back 1500 years. On the top floor you may see
+how the pioneer man worked here as a woodcutter and running flour mills
+and how the city came about. The whole story of our region is in the
+museum.
+
+But more important than these exhibits is what we do through the
+educational system; adult lectures, and so forth. That is just a little
+background of our work. I know you have your important business at hand,
+but I hope you will have a little time to view the exhibits. We want to
+help you in any way we can. If there is anything we can do, don't fail
+to ask.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you, Mr. Thomas. Most of you met Mr. Wilbur Wright
+last night out at the park. He is going to make an address of welcome
+from the City of Rochester and from the parks. Mr. Wright.
+
+MR. WRIGHT: Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the City of Rochester and
+the Park Department, we want to welcome you to The Friendly City. We
+want you to feel that Rochester has its hand out for a wide open welcome
+for anything we can do to make you happy while you are here.
+
+The parks are particularly interested in the fact that you have chosen
+Rochester as your conference city for 1953. The parks, as you know, are
+a good deal like the museum. They are botanical collections in the heart
+of the city, the money coming from the city; the taxpayers pay the bill.
+We have a tremendous botanical collection here, and are known the
+country over for our lilac and other collections.
+
+We have, in the past two years, appointed Bernard Harkness to take
+charge of our plant collections, with the title of taxonomist. It took
+quite a bit of backing to get Civil Service to break down and make such
+a title. There wasn't such a title in the State of New York, and they
+couldn't understand why they should give it.
+
+Mr. Grant is another good Cornellian coming along as Assistant
+Superintendent of Parks, and he is, again, looking after the maintenance
+and upkeep of the various plant materials that we have.
+
+We have a very large organization here, the Parks Division includes the
+cemeteries, 90,000 street trees, 56 playgrounds, and about 2,000 acres
+of parks. Our peak employment is 756 people. All-in-all we have a
+tremendous amount of interest in our parks, and they are increasing. We
+are exchanging plants with about 25 foreign countries right now, and we
+expect to expand that now with the various facilities we are setting up
+at our new herbarium, which you visited last night.
+
+We are proud of Rochester, and the park system. We are doing our best to
+continue the excellent work of Dunbar, Laney, and Slavin who built up
+the park collections. Our aim is to increase the collections, and make
+the park system better for the people to enjoy. We hope you have a fine
+time while you are here. Thank you.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Dr. MacDaniels, ex-president of our Association will
+give our organization's response.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: Chairman Best, Director Thomas and Director Wright, I
+don't know whether I am particularly well qualified for this particular
+assignment, but I am certainly very happy to express the thanks of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association for the excellent cooperation in
+arranging the facilities which we have found here in Rochester. Few of
+us can recall any situation in which the Association has been helped all
+along the way, as they have been here, and we feel most welcome in this
+truly friendly city.
+
+Before the meeting I thought I was going to be able to claim a sort of
+paternal interest in the training of Director Wright in that he studied
+just prior to the war in the Department of Floriculture and Ornamental
+Horticulture at Cornell University where I am stationed. Although we saw
+a good deal of him after the war, he came directly here, so I can't say
+that I knew him "way back when" he was an undergraduate student. Still
+we do have a proprietary interest in all Cornellians, and we like to see
+the home team make good as has certainly been the case here.
+
+Fortunately, Ithaca is close enough to Rochester, so that our classes
+can come to the Rochester parks on field trips where we have always
+received the most friendly cooperation and help just as the Northern Nut
+Growers is receiving today. I assure you that we are most grateful.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We will proceed with the business of the organization.
+On the Resolutions Committee which will give us resolutions for adoption
+at our final night session, I appoint Mr. Davidson, Mr. Allaman, Mr.
+Oakes and Mr. Snyder.
+
+The next item of business is the election of a Nominating Committee.
+This committee is to nominate the officers which will be elected at our
+next annual meeting. Nominations are now in order.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I nominate Mr. Machovina.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: Mr. Silvis.
+
+DR. CRANE: I'd like to nominate Mr. Salzer.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: I think Dr. Crane ought to be nominated.
+
+MR. STOKE: I nominate Mr. Kyle from Iowa.
+
+DR. DOWELL: I move nominations be closed.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Is there a second to Dr. Dowell's motion that
+nominations be closed? (Motion seconded and passed.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Nominations are closed. Those in favor of this list, Mr.
+Kyle, Dr. Crane, Mr. George Salzer, Mr. Silvis, Mr. Machovina, for
+Nominating Committee for next year make it known by saying "Aye."
+(Chorus of "ayes") Opposed? (None.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: May we have the report of the Program Committee. They
+have been at work, we can see that. The evidence is on every hand. Dr.
+McKay?
+
+DR. MCKAY: The program you have in your hands represents the work of the
+Program Committee. The work of the Program Committee is done prior to
+the meeting and I want to say that this year I really did have fine
+cooperation from the members and from the members of the committee in
+responding to requests for numbers on the program. That always makes the
+work of a committee easy. Because of this fine cooperation I can say
+truthfully that the effort on my part was relatively small.
+
+As all of you know, we now have a larger group of people to draw from
+for our programs than formerly. We always go back, of course, to our
+tried and true members who, year after year, give us numbers for the
+program, but we also like to give the new members a chance and recruit
+from new sources whenever possible. I haven't analyzed the program
+enough to know exactly how many new members are listed on the program
+this year, but I think you will find a few, and as the organization
+continues to grow, it will be desirable to use these new sources of
+information for items on the program as much as we can.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: That's fine. I don't think we can emphasize that too
+much, this new-member proposition.
+
+We are ready now for the report of the Secretary, Mr. Chase.
+
+MR. CHASE: About the only report that I have to make is one that was
+prepared by Mr. Carl Prell, and I don't see why in the world he didn't
+give it, since it's such a fine job of getting together the information
+on membership. I am going to try to sum this up for you, in order that
+you will know the progress we made in the membership drive to which so
+many of you contributed.
+
+On the books as of today we have 1013 paid up members. (Applause.) In
+addition to that, we have 15 more who will begin membership the
+beginning of our fiscal year, and in addition to that, there are ten
+more too new to be acknowledged yet. So we are in pretty good shape on
+membership.
+
+New members total is 455, which is, I think, just about double from last
+year, if my memory serves me correctly. Leader in the members by state
+is our good, old friend Ohio with 126. They produced 42 new members this
+year. Second on the list is Illinois, with 102, and they came up with 38
+new members.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I think this is the first year we have had a hundred
+members from any state.
+
+MR. CHASE: Pennsylvania has 83, with 26 new members. New York 78, with
+27 new members. Indiana 70 with 31 new members. Michigan 58 with 28 new
+members. That covers the top six states.
+
+During the year we lost 71 members. That breaks down to five deceased,
+12 resigned and 54 that we haven't heard from. Out of the 12 that
+resigned, seven were one-year old and only 5 older members. Now, of the
+54 not heard from, 40 were one-year members and 14 were older members.
+Total loss is 71, actually. We had 14 reinstatements this year.
+
+Does anyone have a question on membership? There are quite a few folks
+in the Association who are really working hard to get new members, and a
+great number have come up with at least one. But, actually, I believe,
+Carl, it's a very small percentage of the membership that's really
+working, is that correct?
+
+MR. PRELL: I am afraid so.
+
+MR. CHASE: And the 71 lost, you considered about normal, didn't you? We
+have to figure on losing about 10 per cent. Well, we can't afford to
+lose a hundred.
+
+I don't have too much to report as Secretary, except we might briefly
+review this hectic year since the little sub-zero walnut story appeared
+in the Farm Journal. In June a year ago I received a request for an
+article on the hardy English walnut. I handled it as a routine request
+and sent it to the Farm Journal. Of course, Joe McDaniel was secretary,
+and I referred all the interested readers to him for further
+information. The first batch of mail hit Joe right after our meeting in
+Rockport, and he had 1500 inquiries within two weeks. I forgot to warn
+him that this might be coming up, and he went ahead and handled about
+1500 of these inquiries, and then I don't know what happened to him, he
+started sending them down to me. Between myself, my secretary, my wife,
+and my boy we handled the other 4,000, and they are still, as Joe says,
+actually coming in.
+
+To handle that, took some of our funds as you see under "promotion
+business", in the treasurer's report. The mimeographing was gratis, also
+the assembling and mailing, but the postage we had to pay for.
+
+So all we have to show for that is about how many members, Carl?
+
+MR. PRELL: I will say 200.
+
+MR. CHASE: That's about right. As these inquiries came in we compiled
+lists of names and sent them to Mr. Best. Then Mr. Best mimeographed a
+letter and some other material, along with an application folder and
+followed up these inquiries except the last 500. So we hit them once
+with a three-page information sheet from the Secretary's office, then
+Mr. Best at least once again with a follow-up letter, and out of almost
+5,000 we get about 200 members, which is pretty good. And there are a
+lot of other folks I know would join if somebody would contact them.
+
+MR. CHASE: So ever since last October I don't know what side is up so
+far as N.N.G.A. is concerned. I don't pretend it hasn't taken a good
+deal of effort and a lot of time from some things that I should have
+done, but I enjoyed doing it for the Association, and I have no regrets.
+The only thing I am sorry about is that we didn't get 500 instead of
+just 200 members.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you. Spencer. (Applause.) That's a fine report.
+
+May we hear from our Auditing Committee, Mr. Silvis.
+
+MR. SILVIS: The report of the Treasurer, which I have just had an
+opportunity of inspecting, is the most professional document I have ever
+had the pleasure of examining as a member of this Auditing Committee on
+which I have been several times. And I think a testimonial is due our
+Treasurer, Mr. Carl Prell, who has combined the rare talents of
+bookkeeping and comparative reporting.
+
+The Auditing Committee, composed of Sterling Smith, who was not able to
+be here, Mr. Pape of Indiana, and myself, accept this report of Carl
+Prell on behalf of this Northern Nut Growers Association,
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Let's have the Treasurer's report. Mr. Prell
+
+
+
+
+Report of the Treasurer
+
+CARL PRELL, _South Bend, Indiana_
+
+At the beginning of this fiscal year it seemed likely to your Board of
+Directors that the Association's investment in government bonds would
+have to be converted into cash to meet the year's expenses. There was
+barely enough money in the treasury to pay for the 42nd Annual Report,
+which should have been billed the preceding year.
+
+Normally, the treasurer collects only enough money to pay for one
+report, plus the year's operating expenses. The problem this year was to
+pay operating expenses and to discharge our obligation on two reports.
+
+Anticipating this problem, and in an effort to correct recurring
+deficits, your Board made plans back in 1951 for a drive to increase
+membership. Some momentum was gained by the end of last year, which
+carried into this year with increasing force. The result was the
+substantial gain in membership reported upon by your Secretary--with a
+substantial increase in revenue.
+
+Membership drives, of course, are a mixed blessing. They may produce
+more dues; but they certainly cost money. Our promotion expenditure
+jumped from practically nothing in 1951 to $115 in 1952 to $620 in 1953.
+However, our dues collection from new members thus gained, were more
+than $1200 in 1953 alone--twice as much as was spent. And it is
+important to note that an expenditure to gain a member is made only
+_once_, whereas the member's dues continue year after year.
+
+In any event, increased membership was a factor in keeping us from
+cashing our reserves.
+
+Another important factor was the very generous response of the
+membership to a plea for Sustaining and Contributing dues. Thirty
+percent of our old members responded with $10.00 payments for
+Contributing Memberships or $5.00 payments for Sustaining Memberships.
+This help was needed. It is deserving of special mention in this report.
+
+One other factor contributed to successful operation this year, as it
+has in other years. This factor does not show up in figures in a
+financial statement for the simple reason that the figures are modestly
+withheld from the treasurer. I refer to the out-of-pocket and unreported
+expenditures of officers and committeemen, which expenditures sometimes
+are sizeable. Certainly they were this year. The fact that such
+contributions were made should be noted.
+
+The sum total of all this is a financial showing for the year that may
+be considered satisfactory. Our debts are all paid. No bonds were
+cashed. Nothing was borrowed. And we have money in the bank.
+
+At this time last year we had a cash balance of $1313.78. Today our
+balance is $303.70. We spent $1,000 more than we took in. But we paid
+for two Annual Reports. The lesser report cost $1200. If this were
+subtracted from this year's business, where it does not belong, our cash
+balance would be $1500.00. In short, on this year's business--even with
+all its unusual expenses for promotion--our income was more than our
+disbursements--by $200.00. This reverses the deficit trend of recent
+years.
+
+   _RECEIPTS_
+     Membership Dues                                            $3,638.05
+     Sale of Annual Reports                                        394.00
+     Advertising in Nutshell                                       110.00
+     Contributions                                                  39.00
+     Interest on Government Bonds                                   37.50
+                                                                _________
+       TOTAL                                                    $4,218.55
+
+   _DISBURSEMENTS_
+     42nd Annual Report (Urbana)                                $1,205.53
+       Printing (1000 copies)                       $1,050.00
+       Reporting (addi. billing)                        97.05
+       Postage & Addressing                             58.48
+     43rd Annual Report (Rockport)                              $1,760.72
+       Printing (1200 copies)                       $1,477.42
+       Envelopes, 800                                   19.60
+       Reporting                                       100.00
+       Postage & Addressing                            163.70
+     The Nutshell
+       Printing, 4 issues                                          353.11
+     American Fruit Grower                                          39.00
+       73 Subscriptions at 50c                          36.50
+        2 Subscriptions at 75c                           1.50
+        1 Subscription at 1.00                           1.00
+     Association Promotion                                         620.47
+       Application folder, printing 11,200             164.28
+       Stationery for Sub-Zero and V. P. campaigns     337.24
+       Mimeo Sub-Zero and follow-up, 1500               59.00
+       Postage, Things of Science                       59.95
+     Secretary's Fee, 50c per member                               517.50
+       1952-53 Fee to date                             506.50
+       Balance of 1951-52                               11.00
+     Stationery and Supplies                                       268.22
+     Secretary's Expense                                           315.87
+     Treasurer's Expense                                           143.21
+     Dues, American Horticultural Society                            5.00
+                                                                _________
+       TOTAL                                                    $5,228.63
+
+   Cash on deposit, First Bank, South Bend                       $ 303.70
+   Disbursements                                                 5,228.63
+                                                                _________
+                                                                $5,532.33
+
+   On hand, August 18, 1952                                     $1,313.78
+   Receipts                                                      4,218.55
+                                                                _________
+                                                                $5,532.33
+   U. S. Bonds in Safety Deposit Box                            $3,000.00
+
+MR. PRELL: I am going to close right now with this information which the
+Association, I think, should have. The membership promotion consisted of
+a campaign called the "Vice-president's Campaign" sparkplugged by Mr.
+Best. Thousands of letters were sent out through the vice-president's
+and from the president's office to the membership. You may have received
+some of them. In addition to that, thousands of other letters were sent
+out to people who had responded to a story that appeared in Farm Journal
+wanting to know about the Association. I can't calculate how many went
+out, I have never been told, but I would guess about 5,000 of them. And
+those all went out from Mr. Best's office. In addition, our
+addressograph plate system was not in very good shape, due to the fact
+the organization was too poor to keep it up. Mr. Best supplied
+addressograph plates for the whole list.
+
+I wrote to Mr. Best on April 27th, as I wanted all the bad news, and I
+wrote to some other people. I said, "You have not yet rendered a bill
+for postage on your mailing. Will you please make your request?" And he
+answered,
+
+"I was surprised you asked about the postage charge from here. It has
+been my intent from the beginning of the campaign to carry the postage
+charge myself."
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Carl, I know you have done a lot of hard work, and I'd
+like to say for the organization that we do appreciate what you have
+done for us.
+
+I see Mr. Slate has come in back here. Mr. Slate have you a word from
+the Publications Committee?
+
+MR. SLATE: I have no formal report. The part of the Publications
+Committee with which I am concerned is the proceedings. The speed with
+which that job was done depends upon how fast the papers come in and the
+transcript of the proceedings finished. The transcript is rather
+complicated and a lot of things are said that shouldn't go into the
+report. It takes a lot of work with the blue pencil to boil the material
+down to something that's useful and worth paying a printing bill for.
+
+One other thing that I should mention is the cost of mailing. I don't
+know whether that has been mentioned previously or not. We had a little
+difficulty with the Post Office Department. Carl Prell can tell you
+about that.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Yes, he did. I have heard only good reports of your fine
+job. I think we all agree that it was a scholarly production.
+
+Do we have anything from the Survey Committee?
+
+
+
+
+Blossoming Habits of the Persian Walnut
+
+H. F. STOKE, _Roanoke, Va._
+
+
+The Survey Committee, as its project for the current year, has
+undertaken a study of the blossoming habits of the Persian walnut. The
+prime object of this study is to solve the problem of pollination, so
+that the planter may be reasonably sure of a satisfactory crop, whether
+his planting be a single tree or an orchard.
+
+While this study has dealt exclusively with the Persian species,
+_Juglans regia_, the habits and principles involved apply equally to all
+walnut species.
+
+In most plants the reproductive function inheres in a single bisexual
+flower, consisting of both male and female elements. In walnuts, as well
+as most other nuts, the male and female functions are performed by
+unisexual flowers of very different type and appearance.
+
+Both the male or staminate flower and the female or pistillate flower
+spring from buds that are formed in the axils at the base of leaves of
+the previous season's growth. In the Persian walnut they may be detected
+as early as July. The staminate bud that forms the pollen-producing
+catkin of the next season, can be distinguished by its checkered
+appearance, something like a tiny pine cone. They occur in the axils of
+the lower leaves of the shoot of the current season.
+
+The pistillate bud, which produces the nut, occurs at or near the tip of
+the growth of the current season. It can usually be distinguished from
+leaf buds by its larger size and plumpness.
+
+When these blossom buds develop the following season, the male or
+staminate blossom assumes the form of a catkin, which elongates rapidly
+a few days before maturity. As the pollen is shed, beginning at the
+stem end, the pale yellow-green of the bursted pollen capsule turns dark
+or black, proceeding to the tip of the catkin. This change readily shows
+that pollen is shedding, which may be confirmed by touching such a
+catkin with the tip of the finger, and noting the yellow pollen that
+adheres, or rises in a tiny cloud.
+
+Making note of the date when a given variety begins shedding pollen, and
+the date when all catkins on the tree have opened, gives the period
+during which that variety is effective as a pollinizer.
+
+The female, or pistillate flower, does not, like the catkin, spring
+directly from the wood of last season's growth, but occurs at the end of
+the new growth of the current year, being preceded by a number of leaves
+which nourish the young nut to maturity.
+
+The pistillate blossom assumes the form of one or more tiny nutlets with
+little sharp-pointed tips. When the blossom has become receptive to
+pollen, each tip has separated into two separate pistils which spread
+apart and present fresh, slightly sticky surfaces, which are known as
+stigmas. This is the time that pollination can take place, which period
+continues until the stigmas have lost their freshness and stickiness.
+This period marks the time during which pollination can occur.
+
+In many cases Persian walnut trees remain barren when planted alone, not
+because of incompatibility between the pollen and the pistillate flower,
+but because pollen shedding and receptivity do not occur at the same
+time. Sometimes pollen shedding is over before pistils are receptive.
+Such blooming is termed protandrous by botanists. In about an equal
+number of cases the pistils lose their receptivity before pollen is
+shed. Such blooming is termed protogynous. There are quite a number of
+varieties, however, that mature both types of blossoms simultaneously,
+in which the variety is self-fertile and will produce crops, even if
+isolated from other trees of the species. Of these Hanson and Bedford
+are representative. On some other trees there is some overlapping of the
+shedding and receptive periods, enough to produce partial, but not full
+crops.
+
+Warm weather hastens blooming; cool cloudy weather retards it. A warm
+spell may start blossoming early, but if broken by a cool wave the
+period of bloom may be greatly extended.
+
+A southern exposure with a light soil will cause a variety to blossom
+earlier by some days than in the same locality in heavy soil. The
+blossoming period is generally shorter in the North than in the South.
+
+Climax, Michigan reports blooming beginning May 10 and ending May 31, a
+period of 21 days. Millerton, N. Y., and Massillon, Ohio, report the
+same.
+
+Urbana, Ill., reports blooming beginning May 5 and ending June 1, a
+period of 27 days.
+
+At Roanoke, Va., the period begins April 9 and ends May 10, running 31
+days.
+
+At Greensboro, North Carolina, the season began April 2 and ended May 5,
+a total of 33 days.
+
+The report of Mr. Royal Oakes of Bluffs, Ill., is unique in the
+shortness of the blossoming period, both of individual varieties and as
+a whole. Blossoming began April 29 and ended (estimated) May 13, a
+period of only 14 days. The reason may partly lie in the weather and
+partly because the planting is on high bluffs overlooking the broad
+Illinois River valley, affording excellent air drainage.
+
+One major difficulty the Committee encountered in tabulating the reports
+was the fact that so few of the same varieties were being grown by the
+various reporters, making it difficult and sometimes impossible to
+synchronize the blossoming period of the various varieties from
+different places with sufficient accuracy. Because of this, two tables
+have been prepared.
+
+Table Number 1 shows named varieties, for the most part.
+
+Table Number 2 shows varieties that are being propagated asexually, but
+have not yet been given variety names. Seedlings not propagated by
+budding or grafting, if recognized have been omitted because of
+individual variability.
+
+Each table consists of five vertical columns, earliest to the right,
+successively later towards the left.
+
+Varieties above the dividing line are shedding pollen at the time
+varieties in the same column below the line are receptive. A variety
+like Hanson, appearing in the same column both above and below the line,
+is self-pollinizing. Varieties appearing in more than one column
+indicate a long blooming period.
+
+MR. BECKER: The Crath No. 1 I have been able to propagate is what Mr.
+Neilson gave to me as Crath No. 1--I guess he called it Crath.
+
+MR. STOKE: We may have to discard a number of other Crath No. 1's,
+because the variation between them indicates a mixture of several clones
+with the same name.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The next thing to consider is this resolution which is
+given word for word on page 26 of our 1952 annual report.
+
+   TABLE 1.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+     Broadview     Bijur         Carpathian D    Beckman       Parnell
+     Lancaster     Cutleaf S     Bayer           Bedford       Watt
+     McDermid      Fort Custer   Beckman         Caesar
+ [symbol: male]    Hanson        Breslau         Etter
+                   Hilltop       Caesar          Eureka
+                   Ill. No. 23   Eureka          Lake
+                   Mundt         Grande          S-24
+                   Metcalfe      James
+                                 Lancaster
+                                 Littlepage
+                                 McKinster
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+     Caesar        Beckman       Bijur           Bayer         Burtner
+     McKinster     Bijur         Cutleaf         Bedford       Dewey
+                   Breslau       Colby           Broadview     Etter
+                   Fort Custer   Fickes No. 22   Etter         Eureka
+                   Carpathian D  Hanson          Fort Custer   Franquette
+                   Colby         Hilltop         Grande        Mayette
+                   Cutleaf S     Jacobs          Ill. No. 23   L-2
+ [symbol: female]  Fickes No. 22 James           Lake
+                   Hansen        Lake            Lancaster
+                   Jacobs        Lancaster       Mundt
+                   Keener        S-24            S-24
+                   McDermid      Metcalfe        Metcalfe
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ TABLE 2.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     Early       Medium early  Midseason  Medium late  Late
+
+                     S-6         S-6           S-12       S-22         S-17
+ [symbol: male]      S-12        S-12          S-22       S-24         S-57
+                     S-33        S-66          S-24       S-25
+                     Littlepage  S-XD          S-25       S-29
+                                               S-29       S-32
+                                               S-33       S-41
+                                               S-35       S-45
+                                               S-66       S-66
+                                               S-XD
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     S-5         S-5           S-6        S-6          S-7
+ [symbol: female]    S-25        S-17          S-17       S-12         S-12
+                     S-29        S-22          S-22       S-17         S-33
+                     S-32        S-24          S-32       S-35
+                     S-35        S-25          S-38       S-46
+                     S-66        S-29          S-41       S-57
+                                 S-35          S-45       Littlepage
+                                 S-38          S-46
+                                 S-41          S-48
+                                 S-45          S-XD
+                                 S-48          Littlepage
+                                 S-XD
+                                 Littlepage
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+It was made by Mr. Dowell of the Ohio group, although it is of interest
+to every state that has an affiliated group or a chapter. Last year the
+matter was referred to the Board for their consideration. The Board
+carefully considered the resolution of the Ohio group, and the spirit of
+the Dowell resolution, was approved.
+
+The matter was finally left with a committee made up of J. C. McDaniel,
+Mr. Carl Prell and Mr. Machovina. It is now in order to hear from these
+men the changes necessary in our by-laws to create the right atmosphere
+for the formation and operation of our state organizations, because we
+do want to encourage them. After hearing the proposals, a motion will be
+in order that they be approved. If approved, a year from now we will
+vote on the amendments to the by-laws. Mr. McDaniel will give the report
+of the committee.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Your committee agreed on the suggested revision of Section
+IX, which covers chapters and affiliations. If this meets with the
+approval of the members here, final action must be deferred until the
+45th annual meeting. Proposed amended Section IX of the by-laws reads as
+follows:
+
+     "Section IX.--Chapters and Affiliations.
+
+     "Article 1. The Association shall encourage the formation of
+     regional groups of its members into chapters, which may elect their
+     own officers and organize local field days and other programs. Such
+     chapters need not limit their membership to members of the parent
+     organization. They may publish their proceedings and selected
+     papers in the proceedings of the parent society subject to review
+     of the Association's Committee on Publications.
+
+     "Article 2. Any independent association or society interested in
+     nut tree culture may affiliate with the Northern Nut Growers
+     Association by payment of an annual affiliation fee of $5.00.
+     Selected papers presented at the meetings of such an affiliated
+     society may be published in the proceedings of this society subject
+     to review of the Association's Committee on Publications."
+
+It is the thought of this special committee that the new wording
+simplifies and clarifies these two articles in regard to organization of
+chapters or sections, and second, affiliation of independent
+organizations. We thought we shouldn't limit it to affiliation of nut
+growers associations as such but to extend affiliation possibility to
+any society from garden club on up which is interested in nut growing.
+And under Article 1, whether we call this state group a chapter or a
+section doesn't seem to matter materially. I believe the Michigan group
+prefers to be called a chapter. The Ohio group, I think, will take it
+either way. At the present I think we have called that the Ohio Section
+of the Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+Any discussion? I submit this proposed amendment, Mr. President, to be
+printed in the 44th annual report for action at next year's meeting, the
+45th annual meeting of this Association.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Do we have a motion to accept the report? (The motion to
+accept was made by Dr. Crane, seconded and passed without dissent.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I was in hopes that we wouldn't have time for the next
+feature, but since some of the committees haven't reported yet, I am
+afraid that we have. That is the address by the president.
+
+
+
+
+President's Address
+
+RICHARD B. BEST, _Eldred, Ill._
+
+
+The task of setting down ideas for the reflection of the NNGA fills me
+with consternation. My scanty rills of thinking are inadequate.
+
+You remember the old Arabian tale of the poor student who was shut up in
+an enchanted room in the bosom of the earth. You remember how the earth
+opened only once each year. The student was waited upon by demons and
+spirits who furnished deep and dark knowledge. When the door opened, the
+student emerged, loaded with great lore and pertinent facts. Like this
+Arabian student, by delving into antiquity and our old annual reports of
+the NNGA, I have put together some thoughts from men living and dead.
+
+Irving says: this pilfering disposition which some of us have may be
+implanted in us for a good reason. Maybe through us pilferers or
+borrowers, Heaven takes care of the seeds of knowledge and wisdom from
+age to age. The worthwhile thoughts which some of our early members gave
+us may be purloined by me and made to sparkle again in today's light,
+even though the early members' general idea is obsolete.
+
+So, just as nature has provided for the distribution of her plant
+varieties through the maws of birds and animals, so it may be that
+Heaven has provided for the fine thoughts of our old members to be
+caught by us predatory individuals and made to bear fruit again in this
+new day. Really this is one way we exist and go forward in our
+organization.
+
+A crop of "tares" which we read about in the scripture enriches the soil
+for the next crop. As a forest dies, a new crop of trees spring up. Even
+a dead tree gives rise to a whole creation of countless bacteria and
+fungi.
+
+So on "ad infinitum." Members who have talked and studied our problems
+in the past have made possible our work here today. So, likewise, our
+words will sleep with the others from whom we have borrowed. So, to
+escape with a good conscience, to avoid having fingers pointed at me, of
+hearing cries of--"you stole this from me," I will try to give credit
+where credit is due.
+
+Otherwise, I might be, figuratively speaking, stripped of my material
+here piece by piece, and I would finally stand before you with hardly a
+loin cloth of an idea which I could call my own.
+
+There is a popular appeal to the nut business which most of us are
+susceptible to,--like wanting to produce large nuts,--and of seeing the
+first nut,--and to again gather nuts like we did as children. Ask a man
+how large a nut he found and he will lie as he will about a fish he has
+just caught.
+
+Then, there is the romantic visionary who would transform the whole
+universe into a sort of fairyland nut grove--where there are no insects,
+diseases, or squirrels,--and where the nuts fall polished into open
+bags.
+
+Then, there are those of us--and I am one--who reasoning that the
+"groves were God's first temples," flee to a twilight hill top or to a
+forest shade, and, as Mr. Stokes said, "Sit humbly at the feet of the
+great mother of us all. There is wisdom and healing in the shadow of her
+wings."
+
+We need this philosophical attitude to generate encouragement and
+inspiration to withstand the hard knocks that we have had--and will have
+coming. But, the NNGA must be more realistic and really do some
+grappling.
+
+Read the experiences which all our reports are filled with. Mr. G. A.
+Miller on page 99 of the 1940 report handles this matter of success and
+failure very well. We live on our successes and not on our failures. Nut
+culture is pioneering, and it is well to be fully aware of the
+possibility of failure so that we may be steeled for it when it comes.
+Failure makes our successes sweeter.
+
+Abraham Lincoln's life was a series of failures. Thomas Edison usually
+failed. Plant breeders at our stations nearly always fail. But, once in
+a while they succeed. In the nut business, if we succeed 1 in 10,000
+times, success may be cheap at that.
+
+Dr. MacDaniels stated so many important aspects of the NNGA that I want
+to list his outline here and then simply hang some thoughts on the
+skeleton of his report. For your own enjoyment and understanding, please
+read again Dr. MacDaniels's address "The Forward Look," which is found
+on page 27 of our 1952 report. I just mention his subjects and comment
+on them for emphasis.
+
+1. _Variety Evaluation_
+
+The Ohio Nut Growers did a fine job of getting this job of evaluation in
+the groove. Read about it on page 29 of the 1946 report. How many of us
+here have wasted years on varieties that good evaluation might have
+discarded, before we started to plant the nut.
+
+2. _Judging Standards_
+
+Which covers such things as--
+
+   (a) Sealing of nuts
+   (b) Recovery of halves
+   (c) Size, quality, etc.
+
+Evaluation and judging include all those fine things we look for in a
+nut.
+
+3. _The Naming of Varieties_
+
+Many of us have the same tree growing but calling it a different name.
+
+4. _Securing New Varieties_
+
+And getting them into as many channels. Mr. Wilkinson started several
+"Chief" pecan trees last year and gave them all away. Chief is a fine
+new variety of pecan. If we had a few more Ford Wilkinsons in this
+organization, "God bless him," we wouldn't have so many problems.
+
+5. _The Work of Individuals_
+
+There is always the possibility of finding the "perfect nut," so we need
+to continue our search through the earth for better varieties.
+
+Scientific techniques must be applied before we breed better nuts.
+
+We simply cannot have nuts put in our coffins expecting to continue our
+work in the next world; so we need to do the next best thing to
+this--that is of instructing our sons in the little we have found and
+where our different varieties are planted. Then, some of our sons will
+start where we left off.
+
+Private research is playing a more important part in the world today.
+Private research, using the large amount of basic research available,
+could accomplish wonders in the nut world.
+
+I am deeply grieved when I see vast estates which have had a fortune
+spent in plantings that had little practical value. The men who spent
+this money would gladly have furnished the land, labor, capital and
+management for a nut breeding program had we been there to have sold
+them on nut trees.
+
+As Mr. Churchill said--"Too little and too late."
+
+But members of the NNGA forget "what might have been." New estates are
+developing and younger men are wondering how they can immortalize their
+lives and work. Men pass away; their names perish from record and
+recollection; their history is only a tale and their tombstone becomes a
+ruin, but a good nut tree bearing a man's name, gives that name
+immortality.
+
+6. _Work of the Experiment Stations._
+
+In the most practical vein, our basic research and most of our actual
+breeding must still be done by our Experiment Stations.
+
+Any nut project is a long-time program and it lends itself best to an
+Experiment Station which is not set up on "a three score and ten" basis
+like we as individuals are. Stations also have trained workers and
+information at hand.
+
+7. _The Real Aim of the NNGA_
+
+Is better living on the farm and the improvement of the garden and
+farmstead. Almost every farm and home, especially in the great corn
+belt, needs shelter, shade trees, and the beautifying effect of trees.
+
+Psalm 19:1-4 says: "The heavens declare the glory of God; and the
+firmament showeth his handiwork. Day unto day uttereth
+speech and night unto night showeth knowledge. Their voice goes out
+through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world."
+
+8. _Nut Growing as a Hobby._
+
+For people who like to see things growing, there are few projects that
+yield more genuine satisfaction than hardy-adapted varieties of nut
+trees.
+
+Few people know what a heart nut or chestnuts are, and most have never
+cracked a butternut. Most of us have never tasted a good persimmon, and
+the paw-paw is practically unknown. We of the NNGA have something to
+offer our members.
+
+9. _Keep our Organization Solvent and Functioning._
+
+All costs have increased. Our strength lies in our letters, reports and
+information which we send to our membership. To keep this information
+coming through letters and our annual report takes money.
+
+10. _How to Finance the NNGA._ Dr. MacDaniels makes the following
+suggestions after stating that we have reached the point where
+increasing the dues will not give us more income, because of loss of
+membership.
+
+   (a) Increase our number of members.
+   (b) Provide different types of membership to encourage contributions.
+   (c) Gifts.
+   (d) Special fund raising projects.
+
+Increasing the membership seems to have the most promise in the future.
+
+We are now at the cross roads. Do we want a strong, hard-hitting
+organization, capable of doing these things which we know NNGA can do,
+or do we want to ease down the other road to a whimpering senile
+existence, in the plant society world?
+
+We have increased our membership 40% the past year, and after hurriedly
+congratulating ourselves, let us hurry on to this problem of setting
+ourselves another goal for 1954.
+
+What shall our new goal be? 30%, 50%, 100%--let us think "high." It is
+easier to come down than to go higher.
+
+I'd like to have someone's idea in the audience here. Does anybody have
+some figure we should hit at? 10%, 20%, 25%?
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I think since we have a thousand members, for each of the
+thousand to bring in one more member and make it a hundred per cent.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now, the high man is going to win here, you know. Is
+there anyone that can raise this man, that can say that we increase our
+membership more than a hundred per cent? If not shall we take that as a
+goal?
+
+We have now reached the point in this discussion of goals where we can
+make the following profound deduction--"Nothing is worth two cents until
+it is sold."
+
+Our church bells ring to tell the world that something good is being
+offered and that the church has something to sell. Everything in this
+world must be sold. The NNGA is competing not only with the resistance
+people offer it, but also against every other human activity. People buy
+what they think will give them the most satisfaction.
+
+We are living in a cold-blooded society and people are not going to
+choke with emotion when we mention the old hollow tree where the possums
+hatched, or the wide spreading chestnut. People may not even want to
+join our NNGA. This is a free country and people can just sit in the sun
+on the bare ground if they want to. They may not want trees and can eat
+grape nuts if they want. We know they need the hobby--the shade--the
+beauty--the protection or even nuts which nut trees will bring them.
+
+Because we know people need these fine things, then we must ask them to
+join the NNGA. If everybody knew what you know about the NNGA, we would
+have a membership of 100,000 members. But they do not.
+
+This is what we mean by selling our organization. Indirectly as we sell
+our memberships to help other people, we help our organization.
+
+Finally, let me suggest that we build up a backlog of ideas here at
+Rochester to add to what we have on increasing our membership.
+
+Give your ideas to our Vice President, Mr. George Salzer and his
+publicity committee and you will be helping to solve our NNGA problems.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: It seems to me the most successful thing that was done
+during the past year, as far as the raising of membership was concerned,
+was done by Mr. Chase, when he wrote that article on Persian walnuts
+that survived sub-zero temperatures. That had a tremendous impact on the
+public imagination, and it got a tremendous number of inquiries. I think
+it had more effect than even the work of individual members, so I would
+suggest that anybody who has an idea that can be sent to a magazine that
+would have a public appeal should do that thing.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: The thought strikes me that in addition to the goal for
+new members, we should also work to keep these members we have picked up
+this year. That means the older members should contact the newer
+members, help them, give them trees. Otherwise, a lot can be lost
+quickly.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: In this world no matter whether we are selling seed
+corn--if you will pardon that little plug--or you are running a
+restaurant or any form of human activity, you can figure each year about
+a 10 per cent loss in your clientelle or your customers, whatever you
+want to call them, and we of N.N.G.A. are no exception to that rule. We
+do have to keep working for that replacement; otherwise, in 10 or 12
+years we are going to be out of business entirely.
+
+MR. KERR: I am a Spanish War veteran. At the national convention in
+Portland, Oregon, in 1938, one of my comrades showed me a walnut tree
+that he planted before he went to the Philippines during that war. It
+was on the banks of the Willamette River where he had planted three
+nuts. Two were so near the river that a log boom had torn them out, but
+one was left. It was 80 feet high, four feet in diameter, and on one
+occasion had produced almost a ton of very good nuts.
+
+I told that to the science editor of the Associated Press, and he put a
+little article in the local paper, but no picture. If he had a picture
+with that article, everybody would have read it. I think we need more
+publicity on these old trees that are bearing nuts. I live in Plymouth,
+Mass., where the Pilgrims settled. In their settlement papers they
+mentioned the groves of walnuts and other wild nuts in the territory. We
+found a low-branched walnut 5 feet in diameter and over 450 years old.
+
+MR. BROOK: Let me suggest Mr. Kerr write such an article for such a
+magazine, because he is just the person.
+
+MR. KERR: I have already written a few articles for several men's clubs,
+and I am writing another article.
+
+MR. BROOK: When are you releasing it?
+
+MR. KERR: Pretty soon. The Northern Nut Growers will get a copy.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The report of the Place of Meeting Committee, Mr.
+Allaman?
+
+MR. ALLAMAN: A year ago this summer I went to Lancaster to visit the
+Franklin Marshall College to see if we could hold our convention there
+next year. They considered it quite an honor to have us there, feeling
+that it is an educational feature. They can furnish us a nice auditorium
+with a cafeteria nearby. Sleeping quarters would be scattered throughout
+the grounds. They can furnish our meals and a banquet. About ten days
+ago I checked to see if things were still all right, and they said,
+"Come ahead," so I am suggesting that the Association hold its next
+annual convention at Lancaster, Pa. at Franklin Marshall College.
+
+Our field trip at Lancaster would be to Mr. W. W. Posey's orchard. He
+has by far the biggest planting in the state with trees of various ages
+and many different varieties. He entertained the Pennsylvania group a
+year ago. He has a nice pavilion up on the hill, where we can have our
+lunch. We had a most enjoyable time, and he is delighted to have us. Mr.
+Posey is owner of the Posey Iron Works in Lancaster.
+
+For 1955 we were thinking about Michigan, probably Michigan State
+College. For the following year we were wondering about Connecticut.
+Just the place in Connecticut has not been given any thought.
+
+Session adjourned.
+
+
+
+
+MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: In the morning session Mr. Allaman proposed that we hold
+our next convention in Lancaster, Pa. Is there a motion to that effect?
+
+MR. RICK: I move that our next meeting, 1954, be held in Lancaster
+County, Pennsylvania. That is supposed to be one of the garden counties
+in the country. It has stood first and second in production. I don't
+know what it stands now, but it wouldn't be far from the top. It would
+be most interesting to all our members, I am sure, to pay Lancaster
+County a visit. Motion seconded by Mr. Ellis and passed.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: According to the by-laws, we get a report of the
+Nominating Committee at this time. We have our election at the last
+business session.
+
+MR. SLATE: The Nominating Committee, consisting of Max Hardy as chairman
+and some others, including myself, presents the following candidates:
+For President, R. B. Best. For vice-president, Gilbert Becker; for
+Treasurer, W. S. Clark; and for Secretary Spencer Chase.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Are there other nominations? (No response.) You will
+have a chance for further nominations at our last business session.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now, then, we have an opportunity to hear from a group
+of what we might call authorities in their various fields. We have quite
+an assortment. The only way I know of to express it is to say we have
+the wise men out of the east and the wild men out of the west. I think
+we first might hear from Mr. Kyhl of Sabula, Iowa. Mr. Kyhl, you come up
+and give us your version of the nut business.
+
+
+
+
+About Nuts
+
+IRA M. KYHL, _Sabula, Iowa_
+
+
+What we all have in mind at this time is nuts and more nuts. One way to
+get them is to plant more nut trees. Why not start a campaign in this
+direction? Where I live in the midwest the black walnut is at home and
+likewise the hickory, hazel, etc. Farmers may be reluctant to set aside
+acreage for this purpose but they could be planted along fence rows
+around the entire farm and would produce shade for livestock, an
+abundance of marketable nuts, and later a fortune in saw logs. The
+average size farm of 160 acres could support a great many black walnuts
+if planted along fence rows which ordinarily grow up to brush and weeds.
+Seedlings are cheap or one could buy 2 or 3 bushels of Thomas nuts and
+raise their own. One could also plant hickories, heartnuts, filberts and
+chestnuts if variety is desired along fence rows, but the main thing is
+to get this work started. We could no doubt get cooperation from County
+Agents and Conservation Departments because of wind breaks and erosion
+control. Farmers who could be induced to do this work would no doubt
+become nut enthusiasts in due time.
+
+I feel that at this time it may be in line to pay a slight tribute to
+our friend the squirrel. I wonder how many of us gave a thought as to
+who was responsible for all of our wild trees, such as black walnuts,
+butternuts, hickories, hazels and so forth, and how they came about.
+The answer is simple, the squirrels, of course. They have been planting
+nuts for centuries and without their good work in the past, there would
+be very few wild nut trees.
+
+The squirrel has been wrongfully condemned for his apparently good work
+and has even been cussed a little for living on the efforts of his own
+labor, and due to my appreciation of his good work, I have grafted or
+rather topworked some of the trees he planted to Persian walnuts,
+pecans, etc., so that he may have more of a variety of nuts. Someday I
+expect to have some of the largest and fattest squirrels in America. I
+cover some of the choice varieties with stove pipe. They seem to take
+the hint and don't bother the nuts. One more thing, there does
+not seem to be enough nuts to go around, that is, enough for both the
+squirrels and ourselves. So let's plant more trees so that the squirrels
+can't possibly eat them all and when we have done that, then let's plant
+a lot more.
+
+We now have many species of nuts and many varieties of each species,
+many of which have proven hardy in cold climates. It is very encouraging
+to note the good work that is being done to produce better and more
+varieties. One very fine nut that doesn't seem to have had much work
+done on it is the hard shell almond. It does very well for me, is
+self-pollinating, bears very heavily, and can be grafted on peach stocks
+with good results. I have also had very good success with Persian
+walnuts, heartnuts, filberts, chestnuts, hickories, pecans, hazels and
+black walnuts.
+
+
+
+
+Natural Variation Observed in Shagbark Hickory, _Carya ovata_ (Mill.) K.
+Koch. in Central New York
+
+DAVID H. CALDWELL, _N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y._
+
+
+The shagbark hickory has been extremely important in the economy of the
+United States during its period of early development. The handles of the
+axes which leveled extensive forested areas in Colonial days were
+frequently made from sturdy hickory wood. The nuts furnished food for
+man in the form of oil or nutmeats and often hogs were fattened on
+hickory nuts, beechnuts and chestnuts. As settlement progressed, the
+demand on hickory as wood for wagon parts increased while the use of the
+thick-shelled nuts for food decreased except by the country boy or girl
+who wandered from tree to tree in the fall collecting nuts for cracking
+by the fireside in the wintertime.
+
+The author remembers bounding out of bed as a child in the fall before
+dawn on the nights when there had been a frost or a heavy wind, in an
+effort to beat the squirrels in the race to obtain the rich harvest of
+hickory nuts to be found lying beneath the fine old trees near Herkimer,
+N. Y. By some coincidence, both the boys and the squirrels knew of the
+same trees which were most sought after for their crops of nuts. It was
+at this time that the variability of hickory nuts was first observed.
+Thus it was that the nuts of certain trees were never gathered, while
+the grass beneath other favorite trees was gleaned carefully for all
+fallen nuts.
+
+The present investigation of the shagbark began in the fall of 1949 and
+continued through the summer of 1953. It was initiated with the previous
+knowledge of the extreme variability to be observed between the nuts of
+individual shagbark hickory trees and was conducted for the purpose of
+determining whether or not that variability was also expressed through
+other features of the tree such as buds, leaves, bark or form.
+Consequently, a systematic study was begun of individual trees totaling
+158 found mostly in Onondaga County, New York plus the edges of
+surrounding counties. The trees were observed throughout the growing
+season so that the various tree parts could be observed for comparison.
+It was a preconceived idea by the author that there might be several or
+more distinct subdivisions into which individuals of shagbark might be
+placed through the use of macroscopic characters.
+
+Observations were made over a period of three growing seasons on the
+following characters of each tree:
+
+   (1) bark
+   (2) buds and twigs
+   (3) leaves
+   (4) flowers
+   (5) fruit
+
+Each character was observed more than once for each tree as a check on
+possible yearly variation for specific characteristics in the trees from
+which data was collected.
+
+The generalized description for shagbark hickory is as follows:
+
+    SIZE--a tree ranging at maturity from 50 to 100+ feet in height,
+    generally 2 to 3 feet in diameter and very occasionally reaching 4
+    feet in diameter.
+
+    BARK--usually under 3/4 of an inch in thickness, occasionally up to
+    1 inch thick with a characteristic light or smoky-gray color when
+    dry and breaking up into long plates or strips loosely attached to
+    the trunk near the middle of the plate.
+
+    BUDS--terminal buds usually 3/8 to 3/4 of an inch long, subglobose
+    to narrowly ovate, with 8-10 imbricate scales, the outermost of
+    which are a blackish brown with dark brown tomentum, and a short
+    mucronate or attenuate apex, inner scales light brown with longer
+    lanate pubescence and apex acute to obtuse; lateral buds smaller,
+    about 1/4 of an inch with tightly appressed scales.
+
+    TWIGS--angled or rounded, reddish brown to yellowish brown, or gray,
+    turning more or less gray with age; pubescent the first year.
+
+    LEAVES--compound--ranging from 3-7 ovate to oblong lanceolate
+    leaflets, usually 5, terminal leaflet as large or larger than the
+    first two laterals, usually 4-8" long, generally glabrous on both
+    surfaces but with a finely serrate, ciliate margin; total leaf size
+    ranging from 8-15" for mature leaves.
+
+     FLOWERS--(a) _female_--occurring in 2 to several flowered spikes,
+    with a one-celled ovary, about 1/4 to 1/3 inch long covered with
+    tomentum; flowers rusty to yellowish green in color; stigma with two
+    stigmatic lobes; bracts much longer than the lateral bractlets. (b)
+    _male_--in three parted or branched aments, each flower usually
+    containing 4 stamens with a 2 or a 3 lobed calyx; aments 3-4" long
+    with glandular hairs.
+
+    FRUIT--oval, globose or pear shaped, consisting of a woody husk 1/4
+    to 1/2" thick breaking usually along 4 lines of suture exposing a
+    flattened nut generally 4 ridged, smooth or slightly roughened;
+    usually white or cream in color, seed sweet with 2 cotyledons.
+
+
+RESULTS OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS
+
+    BARK--Most of the shagbark hickory trees observed were found to have
+    a smoke-gray, shaggy bark from 20 years of age to maturity. However,
+    among the 158 individual hickory trees observed, there were found 7
+    trees which had a bark much more blackish than the normal shagbark
+    type and with closely furrowed bark consisting of inter-lacing scaly
+    ridges more similar in character to that of _Carya ovalis_
+    (Wangenh.) Sarg.
+
+    The trees found growing under timberland conditions rather than as
+    open field or hedgerow trees did not have the characteristic shaggy
+    bark except for the upper trunk which had been exposed to the
+    weather conditions of the forest canopy. Where the trunks of the
+    trees were somewhat protected from direct rays of the sun and force
+    of the wind, the bark was smooth, gray and but slightly plated with
+    none of the shagginess typical of open field grown shagbark.
+
+    BUDS AND TWIGS--The buds of shagbark were observed to divide
+    themselves into two general groups based upon terminal bud shapes
+    and two more groups based upon the sizes of the attenuated apex of
+    the outermost bud scales. In all cases the bud scales were observed
+    to be pubescent though the degree of pubescence varied considerably
+    in the outer scales only.
+
+    The two general bud shapes were globose-ovate and narrowly
+    elliptical. The broadly oval (Fig. 1a) type of buds were smaller,
+    generally under 1/2 inch in length while the elliptical (Fig. 1b)
+    type of buds were usually over 1/2 inch in length.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Terminal Buds (1-X)]
+
+The long attenuated apex on the outer bud scales of the elliptical type
+of buds is evident in Figs. 1b and 2b.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2a Fig. 2b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Terminal Bud Scales (1-X)]
+
+The number of lateral buds at one position varied considerably with the
+usual number being one (Fig. 3a) bud located just above the lobed leaf
+scar. On exceedingly vigorous sprout growth, or on very vigorous
+terminal growth twigs, it was found that 2, 3, 4 and occasionally 5
+superposed buds might occur (Fig. 3b).
+
+Twigs of shagbark varied considerably both in the rapidity of growth and
+in color. Frequently the color seemed to be associated with the incident
+rays of the sun and orientation of the twig on the branch seemed to
+largely control color.
+
+Twigs upon the same tree would vary from gray to reddish brown to
+yellowish brown or tan. The majority of observed trees had a reddish
+brown as the predominant color. Terminal shoot growth of as much as 40
+inches was observed and as little as 2-3 inches in very slowly growing
+mature trees.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3a Fig. 3b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Lateral Buds (1-X)]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4a Fig. 4b
+
+Shagbark Hickory Leaves (1/3X)]
+
+The degree of pubescence on the surface of the twigs varied considerably
+and was found to frequently follow group location patterns. Thus nearly
+all of the individuals growing in one field might be found with dense
+pubescence on the twigs while a similar group several miles away might
+have, for all practical purposes, no pubescence on the twigs. In
+general, the most rapidly growing trees (or twigs) had the least amount
+of pubescence on the twigs.
+
+LEAVES--There was extreme variability found with the leaves of the 158
+individual trees observed. All trees were found to have compound leaves,
+but the leaflet numbers varied greatly. The typical number for shagbark
+is 5, but 3 to 7 were found; three leaflets were common, 5 were abundant
+and 7 leaflets were rare. Six cases of leaves with 7 leaflets were
+obtained from the vast number of leaves checked on the 158 trees; thus
+the frequency of occurrence is quite low for the group as a whole. Where
+7 leaflets were observed, 5 of the leaves were normal pinnately compound
+leaves (Fig. 4a), while one leaf consisted of five palmately arranged
+leaflets plus two normal pinnately compound leaflets (Fig. 4b). The
+leaflets on each tree were fairly uniform in shape but the shape of
+leaflets between trees varied considerably. Thus one tree might have 5
+leaflets quite broadly ovate to obovate in shape while another equally
+valid shagbark would be found with narrowly elliptical to lanceolate
+leaflets similar to those of red hickory (oval pignut hickory), _Carya
+ovalis_ (Wangenh.) Sarg.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5a Fig. 5b Fig. 5c
+
+Shagbark Hickory Fruits (1/2X)]
+
+The margins of the leaflets were generally finely serrate and disposed
+to be ciliate--i.e. with a fringe of hairs along the serrate margins.
+The presence of cilia tend to differentiate shagbark hickory from red
+hickory in the field. This feature is a consistently good one if a hand
+lens is available but the degree of ciliation varies considerably from
+tree to tree and during different parts of the growing season. The
+presence of cilia on the margin of the leaflets should not be used as a
+means of differentiating shagbark from shellbark hickory, _Carya
+lacinoisa_ (Michx. f.) Loud., since shellbark also has a ciliate margin
+on the leaflets.
+
+FLOWERS--The female flowers of shagbark are found on short 1 to 5
+flowered spikes produced on the current season's growth. Most of the
+flowers are around 1/3" long, sessile and covered with a tawny tomentum.
+Each flower tends to have two yellowish green stigmatic lobes but
+three-lobed stigmas may be found and one case of a 4-lobed stigma was
+observed. Various amounts of an amber, or yellow scurfy, substance was
+also observed on the new flowers. The male flowers occur on 3 parted,
+slender, glandular-hairy aments from the basal portion of the current
+season's growth. The aments are usually 3-4 inches long with individual
+flowers consisting of 4 stamens with their surrounding bract and calyx
+lobes. The anthers are yellowish or greenish yellow. Occasionally a two
+branched ament may be found but this seems to occur when one branch of
+the ament has failed to develop due to an injury of some sort. One case
+of an unbranched ament was observed.
+
+Both female and male flowers are found to be mature after the leaves
+have grown to nearly their fully expanded mature size. There are more
+male aments to be found on the lower branches than female spikes of
+flowers, which would tend to aid in cross pollination of the flowers by
+wind action. In general the stigmatic lobes are not quite mature at the
+time that the bulk of the pollen is being shed, yet individual trees, at
+a considerable distance from another pollen bearing shagbark tree, will
+bear considerable quantities of nuts indicating self fertility.
+
+FRUIT--The husk of the shagbark is extremely variable in size, shape,
+thickness and opening habits. In general the husk consists of 4 segments
+which split along 4 sutures and fall apart at maturity dropping the nut
+to the ground. In many cases the husk falls to the ground with the nut
+and does not break apart until it reaches the ground. A few of the trees
+examined had husks which were not quite deciduous to the base and were
+retained on the tree until after the nut had been released. One tree
+among the 158 examined consistently had a 5 parted husk.
+
+The husks varied considerably in thickness, the dried measurements
+ranging from 1/8 to 1/2 inch with the bulk of the measurements averaging
+around 1/4" thick. Two trees had husks so thin as to be more typical of
+red hickory while only 6 trees had husks 1/2 inch thick or more.
+
+The overall shape of the husk around the nut ranged from globose (Fig.
+5a) to ovoid (Fig. 5b) to obovate (Fig. 5c).
+
+It would seem that the shape of the nut enclosed within the husk might
+be predetermined by examination of the husk itself. The obovate husk
+shape could most frequently be depended on to produce either elliptical
+or obovate nuts but this was not an absolute certainty. The thickness of
+the husk effectively concealed the true shape of the nut beneath; the
+thinnest husks most nearly conforming to the true nut shape.
+
+The size of the mature shagbark hickory nut and husk ranged from as
+small as one inch in a tree which had a seed barely 3/8" wide to as
+large as 2-1/4 inches. The size of husk and nut is variable and adjacent
+trees which may have developed from the same parent seldom have similar
+nuts in the area examined.
+
+The nut itself exhibited the greatest variability of all features
+examined on the test trees. These trees exhibited striking
+dissimilarities in:
+
+   (1) nut size
+   (2) nut shape
+   (3) shell color
+   (4) thickness of shell
+   (5) sweetness or palatability of nutmeat.
+
+One tree was discovered with a nut which might have caused a taxonomist
+to coin the name _Carya ovata_ var. _microcarpa_ due to the very small
+dimensions of about 3/8 x 3/8 x 3/4 inches in width, thickness and
+depth. Even the squirrels of the area did not feel that this tree
+deserved their attention The largest nut
+obtained had overall dimensions of 1 x 3/4 x 1 inches in width,
+thickness and depth. The majority of average sized nuts were roughly 3/4
+x 1/2 x 3/4 inches.
+
+The nut shapes have fallen into a general pattern which include the
+following normal types:
+
+    Type A--The normal 4 angled nut, nearly rectangular in cross section
+    (Fig. 6a).
+
+    Type B--An elliptical form, nearly oval in cross section (Fig. 6b).
+
+    Type C--A smooth oval nut, oval or elliptical in cross section (Fig.
+    6c).
+
+    Type D--An obovate nut, oval to angled in cross section (Fig. 6d).
+
+    Type E--A fat globose nut, broadly oval to orbicular in cross
+    section (Fig. 6e).
+
+[Illustration: Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E
+
+Fig. 6a Fig. 6b Fig. 6c Fig. 6d Fig. 6e
+
+Normal Fruit Forms of Shagbark Hickory (1X)]
+
+[Illustration: Type F Type G Type H
+
+Fig. 6f Fig. 6g Fig. 6h
+
+Abnormal Fruit Forms of Shagbark Hickory (1X)]
+
+In addition to the afore mentioned 5 normal types, three abnormal types
+were encountered:
+
+   Type F--A smooth or angled nut, triangular in cross section--found
+   in the same trees as normal nut forms (Fig. 6f).
+
+   Type G--A smooth or angled nut square in cross section--found
+   on the same trees as normal nut forms (Fig. 6g).
+
+   Type H--A Siamese twin form occurring very rarely on the same
+   trees as other normal forms (Fig. 6h).
+
+Type A was the commonest form of nut found in the Onondaga County area.
+It roughly exceeded Types B, D and E by a 2:1 ratio. Type C exceeded
+Types B, D and E with a ratio of about 7:5 in frequency of occurrence.
+Types B and D were the two most easily cracked nut forms when using a
+hammer and anvil for a cracking device. It should be noted at this time
+that _all_ of the abnormal fruit types were found in _conjunction with_
+normal fruit types. Thus, one individual tree used as a collection might
+produce _both_ a normal nut type (A, B, C, D or E) _and_ an abnormal nut
+type (F, G or H). Occasionally a few nuts in a collection from one tree
+might be classed as a _second_ normal type. This was rare however (5
+cases) and only occurred in "borderline trees" which were then
+classified and recorded as per the dominant nut type for the tree. It
+should be noted here that the nut type did _not_ vary from year to year
+for the trees examined. Also the frequency of nut crops varied
+considerably; less than 1/4 of the sample trees produced nuts each year.
+Most of the trees produced crops in alternate years, and a very few have
+not fruited in the third year following a heavy nut crop.
+
+ The 158 trees examined provided the following distribution by fruit types:
+ ---------------+------------------+--------------------------------
+                | Number of        | Number of abnormal types found
+  Fruit Type    | Individual Trees | in conjunction with
+                |                  | normal types
+ -----------+---+------------------+--------------------------------
+            |   |                  |    F       G        H
+ -----------+---+------------------+--------------------------------
+  Normal    | A |      54          |    5       2        1
+            | B |      23          |    2                1
+            | C |      36          |    1                2
+            | D |      21          |    7                1
+            | E |      24          |            4        1
+ -----------|---+------------------+--------------------------------
+            |   | 158 collections  |
+ -----------+---+------------------+--------------------------------
+  Abnormal  | F |      15          |                    15
+            | G |       8          |                     8
+            | H |       4          |                     4
+ ---------------+------------------+--------------------------------
+ 27 collections
+
+Shell color of the nuts varied between a brownish white and a pinkish
+white color when fully dried. From the trees used as a sample, there
+were 14 which might be classed in the brownish white categories, and the
+remainder (144) as pinkish white or creamy white. Types B and C were the
+ones which most frequently were found with the brownish white nutshell
+color. Type A was typically pinkish or creamy white in color.
+
+Nutshell thickness varied somewhat. In all but 2 cases, the nuts were
+too hard to crack with the teeth. The thin-shelled ones are
+_comparatively_ thin only, being about like paper-shelled pecans with
+the shell thinnest on the sides of the nut. It is not suggested that
+these two thin-shelled nuts be exploited as paper-shelled shagbarks
+since they are poorly formed nuts and of small size. One of the two
+trees might be a hybrid since it does not have a ciliate leaflet margin
+although the buds, bark and leaves are typical of shagbark hickory. The
+minimum shell thickness observed for the side of the nut was 1/2 a
+millimeter (0.5 mm.) and the thickest was 2.0 millimeters. As previously
+stated, nut types B and D (the elliptical and obovate nut forms) were
+the easiest to crack. Nut type A was the most difficult and had
+generally the thickest shell.
+
+The seed coat color range was from a light tan to a bronze color. The
+seed itself was in all cases sweet although certain of the nuts had a
+more pleasing taste than others. The nuts eventually became rancid
+though 3 years of storage in a heated room did not cause the bulk of the
+test samples to change in flavor. This is unlike the pecan which, stored
+in the same room with the hickory nuts, became rancid by the following
+year after collection.
+
+
+Summary of Observations
+
+The following observations concerning shagbark hickory may be made from
+this study:
+
+    (1) The buds of shagbark fall into 2 classes based on bud shape, (1)
+    globose-ovate and (2) elliptical, the latter being the largest bud
+    as a rule.
+
+    (2) The buds of shagbark fall into 2 classes based upon the length
+    of the attenuated apex of the outer bud scales. The elliptical form
+    of bud consistently had the longest drawn out apex.
+
+    (3) Normal buds of shagbark occur singly on the twigs above the
+    lobed leaf scar; however, 2, 3 or 4 superposed buds may occur on
+    very fast grown sprouts or terminal shoots of vigorously growing
+    trees.
+
+    (4) The twigs of shagbark are pubescent but range in degrees from
+    almost none to densely pubescent. The fastest grown twigs are apt to
+    be the least pubescent.
+
+    (5) Leaves are compound with 3-5 leaflets commonly found and 7
+    leaflets rarely found.
+
+    (6) Leaflet shapes varied from tree to tree being ovate, obovate or
+    elliptical.
+
+    (7) Leaflet margins with one exception were more or less ciliate.
+
+    (8) Most female flowers of shagbark have 2 stigmatic lobes, however,
+    3 stigmatic lobes resulting in triangular nuts are not uncommon.
+
+    (9) The typical male ament is three branched but one and two
+    branched aments have been observed.
+
+     (10) The husk of shagbark varies in thickness from 1/8 inch to 1/2
+    inch in thickness when dry. The usual husk is 4-parted but one tree
+    bore 5-parted husks consistently.
+
+    The average husk thickness is around 1/4 inch.
+
+    (12) There are three general fruit shapes, (1) globose, (2) ovoid
+    and (3) obovate.
+
+    (13) There are at least 5 general types of normal nut shapes for
+    Onondaga County, N. Y. as listed in the text of this paper.
+
+    (14) Three abnormal nut types were also encountered growing
+    concurrently with the normal types.
+
+    (15) Nutshell color varied from brownish to creamy white. The darker
+    colors were generally associated with the elliptical, oval or
+    obovate nut forms.
+
+    (16) Nutshell thickness varied between 1/2 and 2 millimeters; the
+    more angled the nut, the thicker the shell.
+
+    (17) All of the hickory nuts tested had sweet, edible seeds. The
+    seed coats varied from a light tan to a bronze in color.
+
+
+Conclusions
+
+Within the single species of nut tree called shagbark hickory, _Carya
+ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch., in central New York, there exists a great
+degree of diversity. However, in spite of these differences, the
+examined sample trees may be placed without a question in their proper
+genus and species and the author would venture the opinion that the
+advisability of placing variety names on portions of the species is a
+doubtful and hazardous procedure until much more is known concerning the
+species than is known at present.
+
+MR. PAPE: This paper is the result of the fact that some of us down in
+Indiana are losing 75 to 95 per cent of our hickory crop each year by
+the curculio, and what we are trying to do is work up a little interest
+with this paper, so at the conclusion of this we can get a discussion
+started and learn the experiences of other people. Maybe you will be
+able to help us down in Indiana.
+
+
+
+
+The Control of the Hickory Weevil (Curculio caryae)
+
+EDWARD W. PAPE, _Marion, Indiana_
+
+
+It is our thought that if some effort were made to bring to this
+assembly, a digest of what has been done to control the Hickory weevil,
+we might arouse enough interest to carry on some experiments.
+
+If, at the conclusion of this paper, we can get enough discussion, we
+will be able to avail ourselves of the knowledge and experiences of
+others who have made attempts to control this pest, it would be to our
+advantage.
+
+The Pecan weevil of the south and the Hickory weevil are identical and
+we learn the following from the experiments carried out by G. F.
+Moznette, Bureau of Entomology, U.S.D.A.
+
+Pecan weevil damage is of two types--(1) that resulting from attack
+before the shell-hardening period in July and August and causing all
+affected nuts to drop, and (2) that resulting from attack after kernel
+formation and usually causing the shuck of infested nuts to stick tight
+to the shell instead of opening normally. Weevil-injured nuts of the
+second type contain grubs which destroy the kernels, or they contain
+holes about one-eighth inch in diameter which mature grubs have bored
+and through which they escaped after destroying the kernels. The first
+type of damage often passes unnoticed and is due to the feeding of early
+emerging weevils, which puncture the immature nuts with their long
+lancelike beaks to feed on the juices within. Since all nuts punctured
+in this way before the shell-hardening period drop to the ground, the
+entire crop may be lost if weevils are abundant and the crop is light.
+Such damage may be heavy even when a large crop is attacked. The second
+type of damage is generally noticeable at harvest-time in October and
+November, and in seasons when large numbers of weevils have been present
+practically the entire crop may be wormy at harvest.
+
+Since the weevils do not feed very much on the outer surface of
+developing pecan nuts, stomach poisons applied to trees have been of
+little practical value in control. In 1944, however, laboratory tests
+showed that DDT could kill the adults, and that it was worthy of field
+trial.
+
+Field tests were made at Fort Valley, Georgia, with DDT and the
+conclusions drawn from these tests show that the effectiveness of two
+applications of DDT at the rate of 6 pounds of a 50-percent wettable
+powder to 100 gallons of water in reducing harvest infestations to 1
+percent gives rise to the hope that this treatment, applied for several
+seasons, will eliminate a pecan weevil infestation in an orchard, or
+will reduce it to such an extent that spraying every year will not be
+necessary.
+
+The time of the first application of DDT cannot be based on the time of
+the first drop of nuts, because other pecan insects also cause the nuts
+to drop during July and August. However, pecan growers who wish to make
+the effort can time the first application accurately by spreading a
+sheet on the ground beneath an infested tree and lightly jarring the
+branches to dislodge the weevils. When the weevils are disturbed they
+fall and "play possum" and can be easily collected. When a minimum of
+six weevils can be taken by jarring the branches on any one tree, it is
+time to make the first application.
+
+While the above will probably give an indication as to what can be done,
+using DDT to control the Hickory weevil, for those who have large
+plantings and can afford the expensive spraying equipment necessary, it
+will be necessary to look farther for control methods for the small
+orchard, where expensive equipment is not feasible.
+
+The following is part of a letter from Dr. C. C. Compton, Entomologist
+for the Julius Hyman and Company.
+
+"It is our thought that since DIELDRIN is so highly toxic to
+Curculionids it might be possible to take advantage of the habits of
+this insect and control it by spraying the soil surface. The larval
+stage of this insect leaves the nuts and enters the soil sometime in the
+fall. It is believed that the larvae penetrate the soil rather deeply,
+to a depth of perhaps a foot or more and remain in the soil over winter.
+In the spring or early summer the larvae transform to adults and emerge
+to lay their eggs. In some regions at least the adults do not emerge
+until the second year after the larvae enter the ground.
+
+It is our thought that if DIELDRIN was applied to the surface of the
+soil that many of the larvae would be killed upon entering the soil or
+would be killed at some later time when the adults emerge.
+
+Dr. C. L. Fluke at the University of Wisconsin has been working for the
+past several years with DIELDRIN applied as an orchard spray for the
+control of plum curculio. In Dr. Fluke's work he applied the DIELDRIN to
+the orchard floor or cover. He has had some very promising results. Dr.
+Fluke has used two application rates, namely, six pounds and three
+pounds of DIELDRIN per acre. Since he obtained a high degree of control
+at the three pound level, it would seem worthwhile to investigate the
+possibilities of applying even a lower rate, say one and a half pounds
+per acre. In Dr. Fluke's work he applied the DIELDRIN to the soil in the
+orchard using a DIELDRIN emulsifiable concentrate containing one and a
+half pounds per gallon.
+
+DIELDRIN is now available impregnated on a 30-60 mesh attapulgus clay.
+Such formulations are now available containing 5%, 10%, and 15%
+DIELDRIN. The DIELDRIN granules would appear to have certain advantages
+over liquid sprays where the grove has considerable ground cover. A high
+percentage of the insecticide is retained by the cover and does not
+reach the soil. The 30-60 mesh granules have the advantage of
+penetrating even the densest cover and their application results in a
+maximum deposit of the insecticide on the soil surface.
+
+Groves or orchards under cultivation can be sprayed or treated with the
+granules. In either case it is advisable to disc the insecticide into
+the soil following application.
+
+The granules are free flowing and can be applied quite readily with any
+fertilizer or distributor.
+
+Without any field experience to go by it would seem that a 5% 30-60 mesh
+DIELDRIN granule formulation would be most convenient to use. By using a
+5% DIELDRIN granule material you would obtain a dosage of 1-1/2 pound of
+actual DIELDRIN per acre by applying 30 pounds of granules per acre.
+Likewise, 60 pounds of the granules per acre would give a dosage of 3
+pound of DIELDRIN. On the basis of work done with DIELDRIN for the
+control of the Japanese beetle, 3 pounds of DIELDRIN per acre will
+control this insect for more than 5 years. While it is not safe to
+assume that we could expect the same results in the case of the Hickory
+weevil, it does give us something to go by."
+
+It seems likely that the foregoing will create some interest and that by
+the time of the next annual meeting we should have the results from the
+use of DIELDRIN to control the Hickory weevil.
+
+MR. PAPE: It is my thought now if we could get a little discussion here
+concerning what some of you have been doing to control this pest, we
+might get somewhere, or at least get enough suggestions or get enough
+parties interested to carry on some experiments in different parts of
+the country.
+
+MR. SILVIS: What company makes Dieldrin?
+
+MR. PAPE: Julius Hyman Company is the one that sent the most literature
+and Shell Corporation local agents handle it. Also in Indiana the Farm
+Bureau Cooperative store handles it. The cost in small quantities is two
+pounds for 85 cents.
+
+MR. KYHL: Is Dieldrin poison?
+
+MR. PAPE: It's poison like all of these modern sprays, but it isn't as
+dangerous as Parathion.
+
+MR. STOKE: In Virginia I have had no experience with DDT, except with
+chestnut, and it takes three sprays at two-week intervals to control the
+pest.
+
+DR. GRAVES: What time of the year?
+
+MR. STOKE: Apply the last spray about two weeks before the nuts ripen.
+That means, with us, starting in late July. You have to figure it for
+your own region.
+
+MR. GRAVATT: There is literature available from the Bureau of Entomology
+in Washington on spraying to control pecan and chestnut weevils. They
+have done quite a bit of research on it.
+
+MR. STOKE: If this ground treatment is effective, I'd like to try it.
+It's a lot easier.
+
+MR. PAPE: That would be very nice if you would repeat the work in
+Virginia. I know that the Pecan Growers will work on the problem in the
+South. If we could get work done in the Central States, it would be an
+advantage for all of us.
+
+MR. STOKE: In my area the control of the pest is complicated by the
+presence of the chinquapin.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We have a surprise feature this afternoon. Dr. Graves of
+the Connecticut Experiment station, who, as you know, is the father of a
+lot of this work on chestnuts, has consented to discuss with us certain
+new procedures that he used in grafting chestnuts.
+
+DR. GRAVES: We have worked with this method of inarching blighted
+chestnuts so long and found it so successful that I felt it my duty to
+tell you people something about it. It's really a method of cure for the
+blight on Oriental chestnuts and their hybrids. I have not found it to
+work well on the American chestnut.
+
+Now, suppose we have our tree, with a blighted area on the trunk. I am
+assuming that the blight starts near the base of the tree as it usually
+does.
+
+When you see it, you cut it out with a sharp knife removing the bark to
+the wood. Blighted trees send up shoots from the base, below the
+blighted bark. So you take one of these shoots, sharpen it at the top
+and insert this sharpened tip under the healthy bark at the top of the
+blighted area. The shoot should be a little longer than the blighted
+area so that you can get a spring to the shoot as you push its tip in
+between the bark and the trunk. Even if it goes up above and breaks the
+bark a little bit, it doesn't matter. This inarched shoot renews the
+connection between the leaves and the roots across the blighted area.
+
+You know the leaves make the food of the tree, which goes down in the
+bark to the roots. The reason blight kills these trees is that it begins
+to girdle and sometimes does girdle the tree and destroys the connection
+between the leaves and the roots, so the roots eventually die. But by
+this method of inarching you restore that connection between leaves and
+roots.
+
+Now, you'd be surprised to see how well that's worked with us. We tried
+it first in 1937. We have been doing it now for 16 years. Every spring
+we take our trees that show the blight, our hybrids and Oriental
+chestnuts, and inarch, and the whole thing doesn't take more than a few
+minutes. Then after our shoot is inarched here, we tie it with
+old-fashioned string. The tips of the inarched grafts should be covered
+with grafting wax or paraffin.
+
+The scion will probably send out shoots which should be removed. And
+another thing, cut the string when you know the graft has taken above.
+
+If the blighted area is higher up in the tree, you can use bridge graft.
+This, you can see, is a kind of bridge grafting. But in bridge grafting,
+the scion must be anchored in the bark both above and below the lesion.
+
+As I say, we have cured our hybrids. There doesn't need to be anybody
+losing a Chinese chestnut tree ever, using this method. No sense in it.
+You can usually do this grafting in the spring about April when the
+leaves and the buds are beginning to show their green.
+
+Any questions?
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: You say you paint the wood?
+
+DR. GRAVES: Yes, with any ordinary paint. There is a tree wood paint, I
+know, that's better, but we use ordinary paint.
+
+Meeting adjourned at 4:50 o'clock, p.m.
+
+
+
+
+MONDAY EVENING SESSION
+
+"What's Your Problem?"--Round Table Discussion
+
+_Moderator_: J. W. McKay
+
+_Panel_: J. C. McDaniel, D. C. Snyder, Jesse D. Diller, Stephen Bernath
+
+
+DR. MCKAY: In these panel discussions the moderator usually lays a
+little background as an introduction to the subject of the evening. This
+title came from a conversation with Dr. Crane. We were talking about
+people asking questions about their problems, and decided to have a
+panel discussion. Right there we chose the title, "What's your problem?"
+
+All of us have problems to deal with in every walk of life. We run up
+against difficulties, and usually much of our time is taken up in
+solving or coping with them. At Beltsville we answer a great many
+letters, and a great many people ask us about their problems. In
+answering problems, we push the industry forward, because we remove
+something that is holding it back.
+
+Sometimes the answer to a problem is found by trying to analyze our
+successes. In growing nut trees we may have an unusually good crop on a
+particular variety or tree. The question is, why does that tree bear
+well that particular year, and very frequently it is difficult to
+understand why. It is very difficult, for example, in the case of one
+success, to repeat that success, because the second time you try to do
+it, something else comes in, and you probably have a failure and, well,
+you don't know why. It is frequently very difficult to analyze our
+successes. Another way of stating it is, of course, that our successes
+are often Nature's gift, and we do not know the factors and the forces
+that go into that gift.
+
+I want to digress here just a little bit by quoting one thing that Mr.
+Best said. I wish, by the way, that we could incorporate some of his
+homey philosophy into some of our minutes so as to really benefit by
+some of his remarks. I was impressed this morning by his statement in
+dealing with a "fairyland of nuts," you remember that language he used,
+"no diseases, no insects, no failures."
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: No squirrels.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Wouldn't that be wonderful? I was impressed with another
+thing he said; I wrote it down here: "People are not going to break down
+with emotion when we talk about the old hollow tree down in the corner
+of the pasture where the 'possums were hatched." Language like that, to
+me, strikes a very harmonious note. I want to continue this digression a
+little to consider the fact that all of us, in a sense, are hobbyists in
+nut growing.
+
+Hobbies in this day and age are coming to be more important all the
+time, because of the fast pace at which we live. We need to leave our
+regular duties once in a while and get out in the garden or the forest
+where we can observe nature and get away from some of the stresses and
+strains that modern living places upon us.
+
+On this trip we were taking a hike along the north rim of Grand Canyon
+in an organized nature walk. The trees, bushes and flowers were all
+labelled right down the walk, and we came to this little poem on a
+regulation label. It goes like this:
+
+   "If you keep your nose to the grindstone rough,
+     And you keep it there long enough,
+   You will cease to hear the birds that sing,
+     And the brooks that babble in early spring,
+   And finally all that your world will compose,
+     Will be the grindstone and your poor, old nose."
+
+So that little poem strikes a real note about a person's hobby. You keep
+your nose to the grindstone, you will forget all these things. You need
+to get away from the grindstone once in a while. I don't mean to neglect
+your work, but I do mean to at least take a little time to go out and
+look at your trees and forget your troubles and relax and get away from
+the stresses and strains that modern living places on us.
+
+Going back now to the subject; we asked you, through the Nutshell and
+through members of the Program Committee, to send in the biggest problem
+in connection with whatever nut species you grow.
+
+The seventeen replies received included eight problems as follows: (1)
+brooming disease of walnut; (2) early vegetating particularly of
+Carpathian walnut and frost damage resulting therefrom; (3) delayed
+fruiting of chestnut seedlings; (4) season too short for ripening of
+fruit; (5) squirrels get the nuts; (6) failure of hicans to set fruit;
+(7) grafting problems under which are grouped all asexual propagation
+and cuttings; and, finally, (8) getting hickory trees established.
+
+This is a rather low number, but I think out of those eight problems
+submitted you have a good representation of some of the things about
+which members of this Association talk when they come to meetings. I
+will first ask the audience if there is any one who would like to ask a
+particular question at this time.
+
+MR. BECKER: At the Weber planting at Rockport, Indiana last year, we saw
+no nuts on the trees. I would like to know what is the cause for those
+trees not bearing.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I would think that failure to bear was caused by a
+combination of things; lack of soil fertility, in the first place, soil
+physical conditions, probably insect damage and diseases like
+anthracnose keeping the trees from being vigorous, overcrowding now,
+with many of them, and perhaps to some extent genetic, some varieties
+that just naturally don't fruit very heavily.
+
+DR. McKAY: Any others in the audience care to comment on that question?
+
+MR. STOKE: Weather conditions, freezing may have caused it.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: My impression was that the trees were starving to death.
+Cutting down the competition with the weeds and feeding them nitrate
+would help.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I think most members felt there that the trees were probably
+crowding each other.
+
+MR. BECKER: They had never borne, had they?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: I don't like to comment on it. My opinion is it's due to
+the undergrowth under the trees. Keeping the circulation of the air to
+the roots of the trees has an effect on its non-bearing. Up until they
+quit cultivating and pasturing the orchard, it bore, but after they
+quit, production stopped. There is a two- or three-year growth of grass
+and weeds, a mat on the ground, and I think it's a lack of air to the
+roots of the trees.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Wilkinson, I heard the question raised as to whether the
+orchard had ever produced heavily or not. Can you answer that?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: Yes, it certainly did for several years. As long as it
+was cared for, it was a heavy producer.
+
+DR. MCKAY: How long ago was that, could you say?
+
+MR. WILKINSON: That's been eight years and farther back. Nothing has
+been done for it in the past eight years.
+
+MR. BEST: May I make a comment? Last year in our part of the country,
+which is a little bit west of the orchard we are talking about, we had
+almost zero weather in November before the leaves were off of the trees,
+and I felt that that took all the buds off our trees. We didn't have any
+nuts even on varieties that would bear every year. There are hardly any.
+And I think that cold freeze in the fall before the buds really got
+ready for it did a lot of damage.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I believe that was a factor in the light walnut crop in
+that area last year, though some trees did bear.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Of course, I think many of us fail to realize that a tree is
+a thing that's confined to one spot, and when it fills the ground with
+feeding roots and mines the soil of all nutrients near it, it's stymied,
+so to speak, until we give it some more food. Isn't that right, Dr.
+Crane.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+DR. MCKAY: And trees, when they reach out as far as they can and can't
+get any more food and no more leaves are allowed to fall on the ground,
+nature doesn't add any nutrients anymore, naturally, those trees are in
+a bad way and will continue to be until fertilizer is applied in some
+way.
+
+A MEMBER: I'd like to trim my Persian walnuts so I can walk under the
+lowest limb. Does that have an adverse effect upon the bearing of the
+tree?
+
+MR. BERNATH: I don't think that's good, to trim them too high. I think
+the lower the tree the better it handles all along. Take the fruit
+growers, they aim to have the trees as low as possible to make picking
+and spraying easy. If you prune a tree, especially the Persian walnut,
+too much, it will have a bad effect on the tree.
+
+DR. McKAY: What about the effect on bearing?
+
+MR. BERNATH: You won't have fruit for several years until the tree
+recovers what it has lost in foliage.
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I have followed the orchards in California, and I have
+noticed they follow the practice of leaving the lower branches on the
+trees, and I have noticed that the lower branches have a lot of nuts on
+them, also. The branches are hanging down on the ground.
+
+MR. KERR: In France and Germany, they are crazy to get wood, and so they
+cut off all the low limbs. I have a Persian walnut that is beside the
+walk, and they cut off the low limbs because they hit the sidewalk. This
+year I got a tremendous crop.
+
+MR. SILVIS: I think this man has a tree that he wants to walk under.
+Under these circumstances he can cut off the low limbs. I agree with Mr.
+Bernath, however, that it will reduce the crop for two or three years.
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes, but he should start pruning when the tree is young. A
+tree is just like a child: you have to start to train them while they
+are young.
+
+MR. STOKE: You must consider the tree at all ages. In the young tree Mr.
+Bernath is right, it will produce sooner if you leave all the leaves on.
+But we must consider the mature tree. The branches that are low to the
+ground have to have the sunlight and if they do not get it they become
+practically barren during later years. If the lower branches are cut
+back when they are young and the tree headed higher, the Persian walnut
+will have a trunk, say, 10 feet to 14 feet to the first limb, but these
+will produce walnuts ultimately. I think the gentleman is right in
+having the tree pruned high enough to walk under, and he will get more
+nuts in the long run than if he lets the lower limbs develop and then
+eventually cut them down.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: We had an example of that with that huge black walnut tree
+with black walnuts starting out 30 feet in the air arching down and
+touching the ground. But you wouldn't want to do that immediately with a
+young tree, take all the branches up so high.
+
+A MEMBER: Do you have any control for the stink bug on filberts?
+
+DR. MCKAY: We haven't worked with the control of stink bug, because it
+is what might be classed as one of our minor problems. The damage is not
+so great but what we can overlook it at the present time.
+
+DR. CRANE: In pecan and almond growing in California the effective
+control measure for stink bug is the elimination of the host plants on
+which the stink bug breeds. Peach growers have the same problem. Stink
+bug will, if allowed to multiply in a peach orchard, ruin the peaches,
+making injuries very similar to that caused by the plum curculio. The
+only satisfactory method of control of stink bug injury is to eliminate
+the host plants on which they live, such as most legume plants,
+blackberry briars and other brambles. In an orchard, in a grass sod,
+stink bug is no problem, but where we have soy beans or cow peas or
+something like that growing in the orchard, or we have blackberry briars
+or wild raspberries nearby, stink bug is a bad problem.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I have filbert trees, and the stink bug gets practically
+all the nuts. The entomologists looked into the situation, and the
+condition that Dr. Crane mentioned was borne out. If there are
+blackberries around, it will be quite a problem to control the stink
+bugs.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Now I am going to take up the problems that have been sent in
+by mail. The one dealing with early vegetating and frost damage to
+Persian walnuts was sent in by the most people.
+
+Mr. Snyder lives in a fairly cold country. I am going to ask him to give
+us his ideas on this problem and what might be done with it.
+
+MR. SNYDER: I am not qualified to discuss that problem, because we can't
+do anything much with Carpathian walnuts. We do have some grafted this
+year, and we will have one, in particular, Carpathian, No. 5--I don't
+know where it got that number--Crath No. 5, I believe it is, on a young
+grafted black walnut tree which is ripening up almost ahead of the black
+walnut, and both have made a remarkable growth. But so far as the spring
+is concerned, I don't know how they will come out.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Mr. Bernath, what are your views? You live in a fairly cold
+area. You propagate Persian walnuts. What is your opinion of this
+problem?
+
+MR. BERNATH: Well, there is a way to help that situation. After the
+ground freezes, keep that ground frozen. That will delay the growth of
+that tree, if you have the time and patience to keep the ground frozen.
+
+MR. SNYDER: I don't believe it.
+
+MR. BERNATH: Yes, it will.
+
+DR. MCKAY: It seems to me we have a difference of opinion here between
+Mr. Snyder and Mr. Bernath. The question is this: During a warm spell in
+the spring will a tree with frozen roots grow up here in the air. That's
+the question.
+
+(There was a chorus of "yes"es from the audience).
+
+MR. STOKE: I would say that one good solution is to select late
+vegetating varieties. Mr. Oakes in a report to me on the blooming habits
+of Persian walnuts, stated that the variety Schaeffer did not start
+growth until the 29th of April. That is almost four weeks later than
+most other varieties. And I know from the tabulations that I have made
+that some varieties are weeks ahead of others. So let's select the late
+varieties that are good and worthwhile and plant those.
+
+In my section our latest spring frost averages the 20th of April, and
+yet I have several varieties that do not bloom until after the first of
+May. That's the ideal condition.
+
+DR. MCKAY: That's true, Mr. Stoke, but here is another point to
+consider. Persian walnuts have a short cold requirement, you know that.
+Hence, in February or early March or any time, even in January, when we
+have a warm spell of a week or ten days or even shorter, sap will rise
+in the trees, and they will start to grow.
+
+MR. STOKE: Not all. In plants of some varieties new growth will hardly
+start.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Perhaps you may have varieties that will not start, but the
+tendency is to start.
+
+MR. STOKE: If you have one with that early tendency, cut it out.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to get back to this opinion here on the question of
+frozen ground, dormant roots and the effect it has on the top of the
+tree. Now, how about our academicians over here, Dr. MacDaniels or Dr.
+Crane. Let's hear from one of you.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: It is my opinion that with a walnut tree of good size
+the frozen ground would have little or no effect on the buds starting
+growth. The twigs and the trunk would warm up to the temperature of the
+air, and when that happens growth occurs. Water is available from that
+in the trunk and the deeper roots. This would happen regardless of how
+the surface roots were treated.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Or whether the tree had any roots on at the time.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: The best solution to the frost damage problem is to find
+trees which vegetate late enough to avoid the spring frosts. Somewhere
+on this terrestrial globe there must be some, because I remember years
+ago J. F. Jones sent out some Persian walnuts of Chinese origin. I
+planted three, and they did not start any growth until about the first
+of July, and they were still growing strong when frost hit them in the
+fall. Now, somewhere in between these extremes, somewhere in the
+climatic analogue of our region we will find Persian walnuts which will
+have a delayed vegetating period, and that will be the final answer. At
+least, I think so.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I'd like to ask a question. In F-2 hybrid walnuts do you
+find much segregation of those for later initiation of vegetation?
+
+DR. MCKAY: Yes, we find in those seedlings in some cases the tendency to
+vegetate very early and others very late. The most striking case that I
+know is an F-1 hybrid which is a very, very late starter in the spring.
+It is perfectly dormant when the other young walnuts are in practically
+full leaf. We do not have any offspring from that particular one yet,
+but it gives us some hope that from this hybrid we may get something
+later.
+
+MR. BECKER: With us I don't think this early vegetation means anything.
+We are in Michigan. Dark, cold weather continues until about the middle
+of May, when frost ends, and then all of a sudden spring breaks loose,
+everything comes out, and we don't have any setback, as a rule, from
+then on. So early vegetation matters little, means nothing, the way I
+feel about it.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, you ought to point out that most of the United
+States isn't Michigan. If we had climatic conditions that Michigan has,
+we wouldn't have that problem, but this problem becomes much more acute,
+for example, as you go south.
+
+The north knows nothing about cold injury, absolutely nothing. If you
+want to see cold injury, you go south. I told Dr. George Potter that
+twelve years ago. He was born and raised in Wisconsin and spent 17 years
+in the mountains of New Hampshire. I told him he never saw any winter
+injury, and he said, "Why, I never heard such a wild statement in my
+life." Well, that was because of the fact he had never seen it. He has
+been in the South now for 12 years, and he says, "You made a very
+truthful statement." He has seen the injury.
+
+In Oregon in 1950 or '51 we had a fall freeze. The temperature was
+measured by the Experiment Station in Eastern Oregon, where they are
+trying to grow some fruit and nut trees so they will have something else
+to eat besides sage brush. They had extensive plantings of walnuts,
+Mayette, Franquette and all of those hardy varieties, and along with
+them they had some Carpathians. The temperature there in the fall
+dropped to 36 degrees below zero, and all of their walnuts of these
+other strains were killed to the ground, but the Carpathian came through
+uninjured. In the spring of the year however it warmed up, the
+Carpathians leafed out and were about ready to bloom when there was a
+sharp freeze, and the Carpathians sure got it in the neck. So what
+difference does it make whether you lose the trees in the winter or you
+lose them in the spring? You have lost them just the same. I think we
+ought to hear Spencer Chase cite the history of their big collection of
+Carpathians in Tennessee Valley Authority. I understand from him that
+they have never fruited any Carpathians down there at all. It's not
+winter hardiness, it's this early foliation. So we have got a lot of
+areas that are vastly different from that peninsula in Michigan which
+the Good Lord designed to make a favored country in a lot of respects.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I recognize Mr. Devitt, who is here from Canada and is well
+qualified to discuss Reverend Crath's work there.
+
+MR. DEVITT: It is interesting to me to hear of this early budding and
+late fruiting. Along the north shore of Lake Ontario and down through
+the Niagara Peninsula our climate is quite consistent. There was only
+one year when we had a late frost--it was on May 19th. That was in the
+year 1936. Every other year since they have bloomed every year.
+
+MR. STOKE: I'd like to speak of a tree Mr. Crath sent me. The tree was
+bearing in Toronto 20 years ago. With me it winter kills sometime in the
+winter each year, I don't know when. In some years it has been killed
+back to 5-year-old wood, and this spring I found it was all dead. This
+tree comes out of dormancy as soon as the sun gets warm. It's hardy in
+Toronto but not hardy in Virginia.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I think you can all see why this problem is one of the most
+acute ones we have to deal with today. This variation over the country
+in the behavior of this so-called hardy strain of walnut is of great
+interest now to people everywhere. People are believing that it can be
+grown, and there are still problems we have not solved. I would like to
+have just a brief statement from Spencer Chase on the performance of
+Carpathian varieties at Norris, Tennessee.
+
+MR. CHASE: We reported this, I think, at our Beltsville meeting several
+years ago. Trees we had at Norris are Carpathian types secured from the
+Wisconsin Horticultural Society about 1940. After two years in the
+nursery they were planted, and last year, 1952, was the first year that
+they bore any nuts. But that was simply because we did not have a late
+frost last year. This year, they were all frosted again. So we have, in
+the South, from Virginia and Tennessee to a little farther southward,
+a problem of early vegetation of English walnuts. We should encourage
+everyone to watch for any late vegetating kinds for trial in the South.
+
+MR. STOKE: Dr. Dunstan reported two walnut trees in North Carolina,
+where the season is about ten days earlier than at my place in Virginia
+that blossomed after the first of May. I am going to investigate these
+trees further.
+
+DR. MCKAY: We have about five minutes that we might devote to some other
+problem. Nearly all of us do grafting work of one sort or another. Do I
+have a question from the floor on grafting?
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: With cleft grafts or splice grafts held with grafting
+rubbers, do you have to cut the rubbers?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: If it's a chestnut and you have it waxed, I think the
+answer is yes.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: The wax is a hot wax and the rubber does not disintegrate
+very quickly.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Probably you will have to cut it on species in which the
+growth bulges up between the turns of the rubber. This is true of
+chestnuts in particular, possibly persimmons, walnuts probably not quite
+so much trouble. Let's hear from one of the nurserymen.
+
+MR. BERNATH: I think the best way is after the union is firm enough, to
+cut the rubber with a sharp knife.
+
+MR. STOKE: I'd make one qualification. I said I didn't think you had to
+cut rubber. I think that's true with grafting above ground. Underneath
+ground, with moisture around it, it should be cut.
+
+MR. BERNATH: If you leave the rubber on and bury it, that lasts for
+years. Even above ground you find it sometimes.
+
+MR. PATAKY: If you get a fast-growing callus, you have to cut the rubber
+band, but if it is rather slow you don't. I do a lot of budding with
+roses. I don't cut the rubber bands off, because they will eventually
+drop off. If you graft a black walnut or Persian, you will have to cut
+it or it will girdle the graft.
+
+MR. STOKE: It doesn't do it for me.
+
+A MEMBER: Has anybody done work with polyethylene film in grafting?
+
+MR. BECKER: I hesitate to tell you my experiment. I don't think much of
+it. I used polyethylene bags on chestnuts early in the season, and
+practically every one grew, but everything else that was out in the hot
+sun boiled. In the hot weather of June the grafts actually cook in the
+bags.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Did you use a bag over the whole graft, or just a tube
+around it?
+
+MR. BECKER: A bag over the whole thing. I have a few Carpathian grafts
+that grew well. I think I have better luck with hot wax than anything
+else.
+
+DR. McKAY: Our time is up. I want to thank the panel, although we didn't
+work you too hard. The panel is adjourned.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Dr. Gravatt will show a film entitled: "It Bringeth
+Forth Much Fruit."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DR. GRAVATT: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, you all are familiar
+with the fact that the chestnut blight is loose in Europe. It was
+reported in Italy in 1938, and it spread rather rapidly in Italy. It had
+been there many years before they found it. In spite of our numerous
+warnings to get them to watch for it, they let it get away. It has
+spread into Switzerland, caused a great deal of damage there with no
+hope of saving the larger chestnuts there or in Italy. It's spreading
+into Yugoslavia. They are making very energetic efforts to control the
+disease in Yugoslavia, trying to delay it as much as possible. It
+happens the forest pathologist who handles this work is a young lady,
+and she has got the forester and other people interested to try to hold
+it back as long as possible.
+
+The threat of the chestnut blight to the entire chestnut growth in all
+of Southern Europe helped to bring about the organization of an
+International Chestnut Council and Congress. This is made-up of
+delegates from a number of the European countries, Spain, Portugal,
+France, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Japan and the United
+States. They have been meeting every other year, first for two years in
+succession, but the plan now is to meet every other year. They had a
+meeting in Spain and Portugal this past June, and the State Department
+paid my expenses over, and so forth, to attend as a delegate from the
+United States at this international meeting.
+
+The meeting was very enjoyable. They have a very fine system there. They
+hire big buses to take you around over the country. Your hotel is all
+arranged for in advance, and you go sightseeing to the orchards and
+utilization plants. We have meetings just here and there along the way
+where we stop a half day or a day.
+
+The next meeting will probably be held in about two years. They have
+decided now that the meetings will be more in the way of conferences,
+because the last three meetings have been partly sightseeing to observe
+chestnut orchards and laboratories.
+
+The possibility of holding the meeting in the United States has been
+discussed by the delegates there. But it involves a lot of expense and
+the delegates were of the opinion that there would be a very small
+meeting in the United States, because the countries over there simply
+couldn't afford the expense of sending them over here.
+
+The problem in Italy is very serious, because they have something over a
+million acres of grafted chestnut orchards, all of which they are
+probably going to lose, and something like a million acres of coppice
+growth that is going to be damaged but not such a severe loss. In
+connection with the work in Italy I suggested the production of a movie
+film that could be shown to the Italian people showing the chestnut
+industry and also the chestnut blight. This was to be shown in different
+parts of Italy to arouse more interest in watching out for the disease.
+They have more opportunity there of slowing up the disease if they will
+work hard at it, but they are not doing too much.
+
+As some of you know when a lot of different people and agencies work on
+a movie film there must be all sorts of compromises. This was done by a
+temperamental Italian director, and other people had parts in it, so
+what you see is a compromise. They made 30 copies in Italian. H has been
+shown in many moving picture houses, and it is also on the loan basis to
+the United States. There are extensive film loan libraries, located in
+different parts of Italy, so any high school, college forestry group can
+borrow films showing different operations, many of them prepared in the
+United States and part of them in Italy.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: What about this so-called Korean chestnut? Is it actually
+a third species?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I don't think so, We had quite a bit of argument on this
+question, because in Spain where I found chestnut blight on chestnuts
+brought from Japan, we found the name Korean chestnut. Sometimes the
+Korean chestnut looks more like a Jap, sometimes it looks more like a
+Chinese, and usually it's sort of a blend between the two. We prefer to
+recognize these two species and call the Korean a natural hybrid. Both
+species are grown in pure form in Korea, and they intercross readily,
+and we do not regard it as a new species.
+
+MR. WILSON: Are the Italian enough aware of their problem so that they
+will have developed an Asiatic chestnut in time to replace their present
+orchards, so that there will not be an interim?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: There will be a big interim. That's an opportunity in this
+country to get the market before the Italians ever come back, I think.
+
+(The film, "It Bringeth Forth Much Fruit" was shown.)
+
+
+
+
+The International Chestnut Commission and the Chestnut Blight Problem in
+Europe, 1953
+
+G. FLIPPO GRAVATT, _Senior Pathologist, U. S. Plant Industry Station,
+Beltsville, Maryland_
+
+
+The International Chestnut Commission was organized under the auspices
+of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The aim
+of the Commission is to promote international cooperation in the study
+of all scientific, technical, and economic questions relating to
+chestnut growing. The main problem facing all chestnut culture in Europe
+is the rapid spread of the chestnut blight. France, Italy, Japan,
+Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United States and Yugoslavia are
+members of the organization. A representative from the F.A.O. in Rome
+serves as Secretary of the Commission. An international conference on
+chestnut problems was held in France in 1950, the first meeting of the
+Commission was held in Italy and Switzerland in 1951 and the second in
+Spain and Portugal, June 18-30, 1953. The average attendance at the
+meetings was 50 to 60 persons. I have attended all three conferences as
+the representative from the U.S. Departments of State and Agriculture.
+
+The International Chestnut Commission meetings differ from the meetings
+of the Northern Nut Growers Association in many ways. Our Northern Nut
+Growers Association meets annually for 2-1/2 days while the meetings of
+the International Chestnut Commission last from 10 to 12 days but not
+every year. In Europe the members travel mostly in a large tourist bus,
+which carries the party for hundreds of miles, visiting nurseries,
+orchards, chestnut utilization plants and not neglecting the scenic
+parts of the route. All lodging and meals are carefully arranged for in
+advance. The group in Europe is made up quite largely of Federal and
+State professional workers, University professors, and representatives
+from the chestnut utilization industries.
+
+Among the places which the delegates visited in Spain in 1953 was the
+Agricultural Experiment Station at La Coruna, where the Phytophthora ink
+disease of the chestnut has been studied extensively. They also visited
+the Experiment Station at Pontevedra, where new methods of propagating
+chestnuts are being studied. At Bilboa and at Villa Presente Nursery,
+Santander, we inspected plantings of Asiatic chestnuts; I found chestnut
+blight present on several trees at both locations and recommended
+immediate removal of the diseased trees. Fortunately, the Asiatic
+chestnuts are some distance from any native European chestnuts at each
+place and, according to the local foresters, the blight has not spread
+to the distant stands of native chestnut. Some years ago the Spanish
+authorities imported seed from Asia; chestnut blight probably was
+brought in on these nuts. All infected trees that are found are being
+destroyed, but a thorough inspection and eradication program is needed
+to control the disease before it spreads into the native European
+chestnut stands, from which the disease probably would spread into
+Portugal and southwestern France.
+
+In Portugal we inspected many very fine chestnut orchards. These
+orchards are composed of grafted varieties, with only 3 or 4 varieties
+in each locality or region. Because of this there is a more standard nut
+product in most of Portugal than in the other European countries where
+mixtures of local varieties are frequently grown. A very large portion
+of the European chestnut orchards in Portugal are made up of seedling
+trees, topworked with local selections. In Portugal most of the orchards
+are located on the lower slopes and various crops are grown among the
+trees. In most other European countries the orchards are on rougher
+mountain land which is grazed.
+
+In Portugal the State Road Department has established a number of
+roadside plantings of chestnut. These plantings are very productive. The
+State Road Department sells the nut crop to the highest bidder and uses
+the funds for additional roadside tree plantings.
+
+In northern Portugal authorities have conducted a large-scale program to
+control the Phytophthora ink disease of chestnut by the following
+treatment: The soil is removed from the base of the tree and larger
+roots. The base and roots are sprayed with a sticker compound and then
+dusted with copper oxide and copper sulfate before the soil is replaced.
+Treatment is repeated every 5 to 7 years. Government officials secured
+the cooperation of owners of chestnut stands in treating practically all
+trees over large areas. Although this treatment for the Phytophthora ink
+disease was originally worked out by the Spanish pathologists at La
+Coruna, it has not been used extensively in Spain. The Phytophthora root
+disease is damaging chestnut orchards throughout southern Europe. In
+1950 I noted that this disease was causing severe damage even in Asia
+Minor. In the southern part of the United States this same disease (here
+called Phytophthora root rot) caused heavy losses at lower elevations.
+
+The 1953 Chestnut Commission meeting terminated on June 30 at the famous
+Palace Hotel at Bussaco, Portugal, where the Under Secretary of
+Agriculture gave the delegates an official farewell dinner. No definite
+plans were made for the next meeting of the Commission. It was the
+general opinion that a meeting in the United States would be poorly
+attended because of the expense of sending the delegates from Europe.
+
+After the conclusion of the meeting, the U. S. Foreign Agriculture
+Services sponsored my trip to France, Italy, Switzerland, and
+Yugoslavia, to consult with Federal and local authorities on their
+chestnut blight problems. This disease was found in Genoa, Italy, in
+1938; later it was determined that the disease was present at that time
+in other localities in Italy. The blight is spreading rapidly and is
+almost completely destroying the orchard and larger forest trees of
+European chestnut in Italy in localities where the disease has been
+present for some time. The blight occurs in many areas in northern Italy
+and as far south as Naples. The young chestnut coppice is not so
+seriously affected, but the losses caused by the blight will make
+growing coppice on a 10- to 20-year rotation basis less profitable than
+formerly.
+
+The chestnut blight is abundantly present on the east slopes of the
+mountains along the French-Italian border; although it has not yet been
+found in France, its distribution in adjoining Italy makes it highly
+probable that advance spot infections are already present in France. The
+blight has spread into Tessin Province in southeastern Switzerland where
+it is destroying many of the orchards and forest trees. A large chestnut
+extract plant in this Province uses wood in making tannin for leather
+manufacturers. However, this plant, as well as some of the extract
+plants in northern Italy, is unable to utilize the chestnut wood as fast
+as the blight is killing chestnut trees.
+
+In Yugoslavia, chestnut blight is spreading rapidly in the orchards and
+native growth along the Italian border. Authorities are actively cutting
+out all advance spot infections, to delay or possibly stop its spread
+across their country. In Yugoslavia, chestnut stands frequently are
+widely separated, a natural advantage in delaying the spread of the
+blight.
+
+Chestnut blight has been controlled in western North America, where
+chestnut orchards and plantings are not numerous. Scattered infections
+have been found during the last 30 years in California, Oregon,
+Washington, and British Columbia; infected trees have been removed.
+Strict State Quarantine regulations have been enforced, to prevent
+chestnut blight from spreading to the West Coast.
+
+The chestnut blight fungus is attacking three of the important oaks of
+Europe. The typical fanlike mycelial growth can be observed in the bark
+of infected oaks. In 1953 in Yugoslavia I observed vigorous young
+durmast oak (_Quercus petraea_) being killed by the blight. In Italy I
+found the disease killing pubescent oaks (_Q. pubescens_) and causing
+minor injury to the holly oak (_Q. ilex_). Before we can estimate the
+probable damage to these European oaks, we need more information on the
+effects of this disease on oaks of various ages and under various
+environmental conditions. In the United States the post oak (_Quercus
+stellata_) is the only oak species that has been seriously damaged by
+the blight.
+
+Thus, the blight is threatening not only the native chestnut forest
+growth and orchards of Europe, but also the oaks. A steady extension of
+the blight throughout Italy can be expected. Advance infections in
+Yugoslavia are being cut out but how long the disease can be held back
+depends on future efforts along this line. Delay work in Yugoslavia also
+delays the time of loss of the chestnut and damage to the oak growth of
+Greece and Turkey. The inspection and eradication work being carried out
+in Spain may result in the elimination of this threat to the chestnuts
+and oaks in Spain, Portugal and southwest France. However, there is the
+possibility of the blight occurring anywhere in Europe. People working
+with chestnut should be on the alert to find and eradicate the first
+infections.
+
+The film entitled "It Bringeth Forth Much Fruit", shown here today, was
+prepared at my suggestion by the U. S. Foreign Agricultural Services at
+Rome. It is being used to aid local authorities in Italy in attempts to
+delay the spread of the chestnut blight.
+
+The Italian authorities, with assistance from the United States Foreign
+Agricultural Service, have purchased blight-resistant chestnuts in this
+country for planting in Italy. These resistant chestnuts are doing very
+well in Italy so far. However, the development of a new orchard industry
+with the Chinese chestnut and its hybrids in Italy will be a slow
+process. It is expected that shipments of chestnuts from Italy to this
+country, which is now going on at a rate of 15 to 18 million pounds per
+year, will gradually decrease.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I will talk on while they are fixing this next film.
+
+Much of the trouble in Italy is that so many of the chestnut orchards
+are overgrazed, sadly overgrazed, and as these chestnut orchards are
+killed by the blight, the land is going back into this overgrazed
+condition, which leads to serious erosions. Italy needs all the water
+that can be saved. The mountains are eroded down to the rock in many
+areas and when you get to the rock, you can never bring the soil back.
+It's a serious problem to meet because of the tremendous
+over-population. Every little twig of wood is used. As these chestnut
+orchards are killed it's going to be a very difficult problem to plant
+them again because the land is overgrazed. Protecting the plantings
+against sheep and the goats is quite a problem.
+
+(The film, "The Filbert Valleys," was shown.)
+
+MR. STOKE: I noticed them grafting chestnut trees several feet from the
+ground. Why are they doing that?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: They are doing it in order to develop a quick supply of
+scion wood. But the procedure is bad. It is much better to graft close
+to the ground, and mound it up with dirt. The blight gets in below the
+graft if the graft is high on the trunk. They have had success grafting
+below the ground level and find they may get a shoot six feet high the
+first year.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: How about the incompatibility in the graft? Does that
+show up much?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: We don't know yet, because they always get a certain number
+of failures. I looked over quite a lot of grafting of Chinese chestnuts
+on Japanese-European hybrids, and they are thriving. After four years
+they are already regular trees with big crops on them.
+
+
+TUESDAY MORNING SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Our first paper is "Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood
+Cuttings" by Roger W. Pease.
+
+
+
+
+Rooting Chestnuts from Softwood Cuttings
+
+ROGER W. PEASE, _West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station,
+Morgantown, W. Va._
+
+
+Some 15 or 20 years ago the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment
+Station undertook to develop, if possible, blight resistant chestnuts
+from American chestnut stock. With the passage of time the approach to
+the problem has changed. During the early days little thought was given
+to procedures for propagation, but recently the emphasis has shifted
+toward methods for propagation when and if there are found hardy,
+timber-type, blight-immune chestnuts of any species.
+
+The practicability of budding or grafting chestnuts is debatable. We are
+leaving budding and grafting to experienced workers throughout the
+country and are endeavoring to develop a method for rooting chestnuts
+from softwood cuttings. Results so far are encouraging, but the work is
+still in the experimental stage. We do not advise anyone to start
+rooting chestnuts on a commercial basis, but we hope that further
+experimental work will be done by interested agencies.
+
+To give complete details of several years' work would take more time
+than is feasible here. Circular 87, _Growing American Holly from
+Cuttings--Cold Frame Method_, obtainable from the Mailing Room, West
+Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Virginia,
+gives construction details of a suitable bottom-heated cold frame.
+However, with chestnuts, natural shade was not used and half of the
+sunlight was excluded. An article in the October issue of _The National
+Horticultural Magazine_--"Rooting Chestnuts from Cuttings"--outlines
+procedure and results through 1952.
+
+In this paper I will present a resume of our experiences and
+observations. Our facilities were limited so that the number of cuttings
+set in each case was very small. Percentages of failure or success
+should be taken as indicative only.
+
+In the propagation experiments, preliminary observations were made by
+placing softwood cuttings in a bottom-heated cold frame at intervals
+during the growing season. The soil medium was two thirds washed sand
+and one third peat moss. Daily watering was by a hand hose. The
+root-inducing substance was indole-butyric acid crystals in a talc based
+mixture, one to one hundred. The results were completely negative.
+
+The next season a small cold room was constructed in which conditions
+thought to be desirable could be maintained. Air temperature was kept at
+approximately 65 deg. F., fog nozzles were operated continuously except for
+an occasional airing of the cold room, and about 200 foot candles of
+white fluorescent light were delivered upon the rooting surface. The
+rooting medium was white, washed, building sand placed over one half
+inch of sphagnum moss. The moss, in turn, had been laid in a rooting
+bench with a hardware cloth bottom exposed to the air. The interior air
+circulation was maintained by an electric fan operating day and night.
+The soil temperature was held at 70 deg. F.
+
+Cuttings were taken at intervals throughout the season and their basal
+sections soaked in a water-based solution of indole-butyric acid
+crystals at concentrations varying around 60 parts per million. During a
+70-day period roots were formed on cuttings taken in June, July, and
+August. Among the successful cases the poorest result was 66-2/3%, and
+the best was 100%.
+
+The young plants were fed nutrient solution and later transplanted to a
+light, sandy soil within a bottom-heated cold frame. Some roots were
+dead at the time of transplanting, burned, perhaps, by the nutrient
+solution. The soil temperature within the cold frame was maintained at
+70 deg. F. until late in the fall, and then the plants were hardened by
+reducing the water content of the soil medium and lowering the
+temperature. All of the plants were dead when they were inspected in
+March.
+
+The next year a bottom-heated cold frame was equipped with fog nozzles.
+The soil medium was white, washed, building sand. Softwood cuttings,
+treated the same as the previous year, were inserted on August 20.
+Cuttings from juvenile American chestnut seedling trees, juvenile
+Chinese trees, and mature Chinese trees were used. Within a 70 day
+period heavy root systems were formed on 54-6/11% of the cuttings from
+the juvenile Chinese trees, 50% from mature Chinese trees, and 20% from
+juvenile American trees. No nutrient solution was applied, the young
+plants were transplanted to a sandy soil in another cold frame, were
+hardened as during the previous year, but the soil medium was not
+allowed to freeze during the winter. In April the plants showed
+well-formed terminal buds starting to swell and turn green. Some were
+transplanted into pots and placed in the greenhouse; others were
+transplanted into a light soil in a lath house. All died subsequent to
+transplanting. Inspection of the roots showed severe breakage. It was
+concluded that repeated transplanting had been fatal, and that in the
+future cuttings would be rooted in plant bands or pots and transplanted
+only once.
+
+It is too early in the current season for accurate results to be
+recorded. However, modifications have been tried and observations made.
+These are presented here in outline.
+
+     _Type of cutting:_
+
+     a. Cuttings with soft, growing tips will apparently root more
+     quickly than hardened shoots, but the leaves tend to turn brown and
+     the plant dies. Conversely, cuttings from short, lateral growth,
+     well-hardened, will retain their leaves better and eventually show
+     a higher percentage of success.
+
+     b. Cuttings made from the basal and intermediary sections of long
+     shoots show a greater death incidence than do well-hardened,
+     terminal sections. Both types root satisfactorily.
+
+     c. Apparently sucker shoots and water sprouts are useless.
+
+     _Time of taking cuttings:_
+
+     a. Cuttings taken in late May, with soft growing tips, rooted
+     quickly--some within two weeks. On the other hand, their foliage
+     darkened quickly, and death followed. Short, lateral shoots,
+     well-hardened, were not available in May.
+
+     b. As the season progressed, the percentage of rooted cuttings with
+     healthy foliage apparently rose, at least through July, but roots
+     were formed more slowly by the late season cuttings.
+
+
+_Condition of parent tree:_
+
+Apparently tree vigor as indicated by healthy, dark green foliage, is
+more important than vigor as indicated by the length of current season's
+growth. In Morgantown this has been one of the driest seasons on record.
+Cuttings from trees with pale or brown foliage, or with foliage tending
+to be brittle from lack of water soon lost their leaves. Whether this
+was caused by the condition of the parent tree or of the individual
+cutting is not apparent. It is too early to determine whether or not the
+drought will cause a general lowering of rooting percentages this year.
+
+
+_Root formation:_
+
+Cuttings may or may not callus. Roots seldom if ever spring from the
+extreme base of a cutting. Well above the base the stem enlarges, turns
+white, cracks, and sends out roots. Often the bottom inch of the cutting
+is black and dead, with a healthy and vigorous root system above the
+blackened portion.
+
+
+_Plant bands and pots:_
+
+Plant bands are apparently preferable to small pots. The slope of the
+pots tends to pack the soil medium and interfere with aeration. Bands or
+pots less than three inches in diameter tends to cramp the rapidly
+growing roots.
+
+
+_Cold room vs. cold frame:_
+
+Last year higher percentages of success were obtained in the cold room
+than in the bottom-heated cold frame. This year the cold frame was
+definitely superior. Because construction and operation of a suitable
+cold room is expensive, we do not plan to continue its use in chestnut
+work.
+
+
+_Fog nozzles:_
+
+In the cold frame, fog nozzles operating during eight hours each day are
+apparently more effective than nozzles operating continuously.
+
+
+_Auxin:_
+
+No success has been attained with indole-butyric acid crystals in a
+talc-based powder or with untreated cuttings.
+
+
+_Formula for preparing auxin:_
+
+The auxin solution is prepared as recommended by G. H. Poesch in the
+Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bimonthly Bulletin, 191, April,
+1938. One gram of indole-butyric acid crystals is dissolved in 125 cc.
+of 95% alcohol. Then 125 cc. of distilled water is added. This makes a
+stock solution of four thousand parts to a million in strength. The
+stock may be cut to the desired strength with distilled water. For late
+August cuttings, well-hardened, 80 parts per million is not too strong.
+For early June cuttings, forty parts per million appears to be adequate.
+The softer the cuttings, the weaker should be the solution.
+
+
+_Algae:_
+
+In both the cold frame and the cold room the growth of algae is a
+problem. The sand medium becomes crusted, with subsequent interference
+with aeration. The algae sometimes creeps up the stems of cuttings,
+coats the leaves, and covers terminal buds. Starting each season with
+completely clean sand and equipment will not prevent the appearance of
+algae over a long season of continuous operation. On August 20 of this
+year the interior of the cold frame, including all of the plants, was
+well dusted with tri-basic copper sulphate, according to manufacturer's
+directions. To date no effect is noticeable either on the algae or on
+the plants.
+
+The various observations reported here should be verified by further
+tests. They are offered merely as aids to anyone planning to experiment
+with rooting chestnuts. When sufficient data and experience have been
+gained, a complete Station circular will be published.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: If you have any questions, please save them until later.
+It's been suggested that we hear from Dr. Jesse D. Diller next, and that
+will give our good work horse, Dr. Crane, a chance to build up again for
+us, because we are going to work him mighty hard.
+
+DR. DILLER: I'd like to have the title of my paper changed to,
+"Evaluating Chestnuts Grown Under Forest Conditions."
+
+
+
+
+Evaluating Chestnuts Grown under Forest Conditions
+
+JESSE D. DILLER, _Pathologist, Division of Forest Pathology, Bureau of
+Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, U. S. Department of
+Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland_
+
+
+During the 49-year period since chestnut blight was first reported from
+New York City, the U. S. Department of Agriculture has made more than
+500 importations of chestnut seeds and scions, including nearly every
+species of chestnut in the world, as well as some closely related
+chinkapins and Castanopsis species. As early as 1909 the Department
+initiated chestnut breeding work. It was known that few, if any, of the
+chestnut, or related species, possess the timber-type characteristics of
+our American chestnut. It was also known that, in general, the Asiatic
+species show great natural resistance to the blight. But little, or
+nothing, was known about their site requirements.
+
+In 1927 the U. S. Division of Forest Pathology began breeding chestnuts
+to produce timber-type trees. The chestnut breeding work was expanded
+and has been carried on actively to date. From 1927 to 1930, the
+Division conducted an extensive exploration in search of orchard and
+timber-type chestnut in China, Korea, and Japan, and imported over 250
+bushels of chestnut seed, representing four species.
+
+During the early 1930's the Division of Forest Pathology distributed
+thousands of chestnut seedlings, grown from the imported chestnut seed.
+The planting stock was made available to interested Federal and State
+agencies, as well as to owners of farm woodlands, located in 32 Eastern
+States. The cooperators were asked to establish small experimental
+forest plantings with the trees furnished them. It was believed that
+such wide distribution of the many kinds would readily demonstrate which
+ones possess the desired timber-tree form, or possessed the ability to
+bear large crops of nuts suitable to wildlife; and would furnish
+valuable information on their site requirements.
+
+As we now know, most of these early cooperative experimental forest
+plantings were doomed to failure because often the chestnut trees were
+planted on dry, grassy areas having infertile, shallow soil. Another
+serious contributing factor in poor establishment was the severe general
+droughts that occurred over most of the eastern half of the United
+States in the early thirties. But despite these heavy losses, a few
+plantations succeeded, in part, and from these limited areas, and from a
+few earlier plantations that succeeded, valuable information on their
+general site requirements was obtained; however, we still lacked
+information on specific differences in behavior between the progeny, as
+fast-growing forest trees or nut producers in the forest.
+
+From these early plantings we learned that (1) Asiatic chestnuts and
+hybrids are more likely to develop into forest trees when planted on
+cool, moist, fertile situations; (2) in their silvicultural
+characteristics they are more nearly like our native yellow-poplar,
+northern red oak, and white ash, than like our American chestnut and
+native chinkapins; (3) with respect to tolerance of shade, they are much
+like our northern red oak; and (4) neither the Chinese nor the Japanese
+chestnut has quite the same forest-type growth as that of our native
+American chestnut.
+
+With this background of experience, the U. S. Division of Forest
+Pathology from 1936 to 1939 established a series of 21 climatic test
+plots on above-average sites on Federal- and State-owned forest land in
+eight Eastern States. Fortunately, we still had available suitable
+planting stock of the many kinds of chestnut, chinkapins, and hybrids
+for conducting such an extensive test. At this point we should also
+mention that from 1947 to date, the Division of Forest Pathology, in
+cooperation with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, also
+established 11 hybrid test plots in Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois,
+Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West
+Virginia. In 1930 the Brooklyn Botanic Garden also began breeding
+blight-resistant chestnuts of timber type, and in 1947 transferred this
+project to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
+
+The 21 climatic test plots ranged from one to two acres each, and were
+planted with more than 20 progenies represented, as well as forest-tree
+chinkapin and some hybrids. Nearly all of the 21 climatic test plots
+were fenced against deer and domestic livestock. The 11 hybrid test
+plots, approximately 1/4 acre each, were planted with 100 hybrids (50
+furnished by each of the two agencies), and 50 Chinese chestnuts--P.I.
+58602, the most outstanding Chinese chestnut from the forestry
+standpoint, thus far discovered. The climatic test plots were
+established on freshly cleared forest sites, with trees randomized, and
+planted 8 feet apart. In the hybrid test plots, the seedlings were
+planted under forest growth and the overstory trees were girdled; the
+seedlings were randomized in these plots, with spacing of 10 by 10 feet.
+
+The 1- to 6-year period of testing for the hybrid chestnut, and the 14-
+to 17-year period of testing of the chestnuts planted in the climatic
+test plots are too short for final judgment of performance; however,
+certain characteristics are appearing with reference to blight
+resistance, winter hardiness, timber-tree form, early fruiting, and rate
+of growth. The present paper does not attempt to summarize all of the
+data obtained from all these climatic plots but rather to point out some
+striking results obtained from several widely separated climatic plots.
+Results from the hybrid test plots are not included in this discussion.
+
+
+Discussion
+
+A performance rating of 28 chestnuts, chestnut hybrids, and forest-tree
+chinkapins, tested in forest plantings for 12 to 13 years in Indiana,
+Iowa, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania showed that certain kinds always
+produce better trees than others. P.I. 58602 is the best Chinese
+chestnut tested thus far, as determined by performance in the
+above-mentioned test plots and in several plantations established in
+1926. In the Middle Western States, all Japanese chestnuts, Henry
+(forest-tree) chinkapins, and the "ever-blooming" Sequin chestnuts have
+shown poor growth or have died. They do not appear to be winter hardy.
+
+On the basis of these findings, the Division of Forest Pathology since
+1946, has made available to Federal and State agencies only one
+introduction of Chinese chestnut--P.I. 58602--for planting as forest
+trees. They were distributed in lots of 50 trees, and used to establish
+1/4-acre demonstration forest plots. All are located on public-owned
+land on favorable forest sites where Asiatic chestnuts would be expected
+to do well. The underplanting-and-girdling method was recommended in the
+establishment of all the plots.
+
+Chinese chestnut P.I. 58602, because of its superiority in performance
+as a forest tree, is now also being used extensively at Beltsville,
+Maryland, in hybridizing work. Nearly all of the Japanese chestnut,
+Henry chinkapin, and Sequin chestnuts, as well as inferior hybrids in
+the climatic test plots during the past several years have died a
+natural death or have been destroyed. They have been replaced with
+Chinese chestnut (P.I. 58602) replants--thus gradually converting the
+climatic test plots into future Chinese chestnut "seed" plots of the
+very best Chinese chestnuts.
+
+During the spring of 1953 several nurserymen members of the Northern Nut
+Growers' Association furnished the Division of Forest Pathology a total
+of 2,600 Chinese chestnut seedlings for tests to determine their
+suitability for forest planting. These and 600 seedlings of Chinese
+chestnut P.I. 58602 are now being tested for performance, in randomized
+plots, on favorable forest sites in North Carolina, Ohio, and Illinois.
+
+
+Conclusions
+
+Of 28 Asiatic chestnuts, forest-tree chinkapins, and hybrids grown in 21
+climatic test plots in the eastern United States under forest
+conditions, only certain Chinese and hybrid chestnuts show promise of
+becoming satisfactory timber-type trees. The best Chinese chestnut
+discovered thus far is P.I. 58602--a seed importation made by the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture in 1924, from Nanking, China. Foresters, as
+well as farm woodland owners, interested in growing Asiatic chestnuts as
+timber trees, should accept only planting stock that, through
+performance under forest conditions, is known to develop into straight,
+single-stemmed trees.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I think that Dr. Crane has his panel ready.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. President, before I start, I have a few slides here to
+illustrate a couple of points before we call the panel to the rostrum.
+(Several slides were shown illustrating sunscald injury to the Southwest
+side of high headed Chinese chestnut tree trunks.)
+
+DR. CRANE: On this panel, I want to get representatives from the various
+states. Mr. Wilson, from Georgia. Mr. Stoke from Virginia. Mr. Silvis
+from Ohio. Mr. Allaman from Pennsylvania. There is another good man down
+there who grows a lot of chestnuts, by the name of Gibbs.
+
+Now, there seems to be a lot of disagreement in regard to the Chinese
+chestnut in two or three respects. One is the problem of named varieties
+versus seedlings. Another big problem is hardiness, how hardy they are,
+these Chinese chestnuts. Where can we grow them and where are they going
+to fail? A third question is the ability of the Chinese chestnut to
+compete with other vegetation as Dr. Diller has discussed. I think we
+ought to settle some of these questions for once and maybe for all, or
+at least for this meeting, through a discussion. Nurserymen and others
+have emphasized that chestnuts, to be successful in the United States
+and hardy, should come from North China, at the Great Wall or beyond.
+Others don't agree, claiming that chestnuts in China are grown from the
+extreme south to the extreme north and that we ought to do the same in
+this country also.
+
+MR. STOKE: I haven't enough knowledge on it to express an opinion. I
+planted a good many seeds I got from the Yokahama Nursery Company, and
+the nuts were rather inferior as to size. They were healthy and hardy,
+but I don't know where they came from. I presume they came from Korea,
+but I am not sure. The size and productivity wasn't too high of that
+seedling stock I secured there.
+
+DR. CRANE: What do you folks think? Anyone in the audience that has an
+idea?
+
+MR. PATAKY: At our fall meeting in the Ohio group we had two bushels of
+chestnuts from Sterling Smith. As far as I know the seed is Korean
+chestnut, which is obviously a Chinese variety. He had three bushels
+last fall and they looked identically like the American chestnut. Mr.
+Stoke said the quality wasn't so good in what he had. That might be
+true, but I tested a lot of these chestnuts from Sterling Smith, and
+compared them with American chestnuts. They were just as good or better
+than the American.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: I spent about a year in China travelling pretty well
+throughout the country. I believe you will find the better seed sources
+in the southern part. China is like Southern Florida or warmer for part
+of the year and yet in the other six months it would be colder than it
+is right here in Rochester.
+
+They have timber trees, some as big as 50 or 60 feet high and two or
+three feet in diameter. In the warmer area you find better seed by far.
+What Dr. Diller describes as No. 58602 is not just one tree, but a whole
+collection of trees from a certain area where the trees have proven
+their resistance not only to cold but to frost injury in the spring or
+in the fall, which is even more important than the straight cold
+hardiness. Some people have mistaken ideas about the value of seed from
+trees in the northern part of China above the Great Wall. This area may
+have intense cold in the wintertime, but not in the spring or fall.
+
+DR. GRAVES: Dr. Caldwell is right about No. 58602 being a mixture. Dr.
+Gravatt could tell you about that. It is a strain coming from several
+trees. It's evidently a very fine type, and I think we ought to know for
+the record just what 58602 is.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: Professor Reisner's 58602 that Dr. Diller has been testing
+so widely is made up from a collection of seed from a number of isolated
+valleys of the Nanking area. It is rather southern in its native home,
+but Dr. Diller's tests and other tests have shown that it's hardy up
+north and it's hardy down south. As some of you have noticed, the nuts
+are very variable, with a number of different types mixed in together.
+
+Dr. Diller and I have been discussing the question of hybrid vigor. It
+may be involved that each of these seedlings is a cross between
+different local strains. We must remember that the foresters have gone
+into this question of hardiness in great detail. You will find that you
+can't plant trees in Germany in a certain area unless the parent trees
+grew in a certain area, with comparable altitude and latitude. Minimum
+and maximum temperatures and other factors are also taken into
+consideration.
+
+Pennsylvania started a program along the same line. They have divided
+their state into about five areas, and in each of those areas they are
+locating sources of seed that are going to be suited to those areas.
+They have evidence that many of these Chinese introductions coming from
+way down south are going to be hardy way up north, but in this matter of
+hardiness you sometimes have to wait for 50 or 100 years before you are
+sure of your conclusions.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+The next question I was going to ask these growers in the areas growing
+chestnuts is how much trouble they have had with hardiness or cold
+injury to chestnut trees that they have had. Has there been any?
+
+MR. STOKE: I have had none.
+
+MR. SILVIS: We have had none in Massillon.
+
+DR. CRANE: Wilson, how about Georgia?
+
+MR. WILSON: None.
+
+MR. KEPLINGER: Dr. Meader sent me some stock from seed that he brought
+from near Seoul, Korea in 1947. They are very productive up there at
+Durham, New Hampshire. I have two trees from seed from these trees. They
+have much more narrow leaves, than any Chinese chestnuts I have seen so
+far.
+
+DR. CRANE: Are you sure they are pure Chinese?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I am sure they are not. I have seen pictures and had some
+correspondence with Dr. Meader on them. They seem to be the Japanese
+species, C. crenata type, or possibly hybrid, not strictly Japanese.
+
+MR. PEASE: I want to throw in something a little bit aside. I think we
+kid ourselves and the public in assuming, tacitly, that Chinese
+chestnuts, no matter how narrow the strain, are going to breed true or
+anywhere near true. Any one lot of seedlings are likely to show great
+variation in hardiness, disease resistance and other characters. There
+is a great difference between resistance and immunity. I speak this way
+because I have seen plenty of people selling Chinese chestnuts who
+actually believe they are immune, and I have seen customers mad enough
+to shoot them when they have seen half of them die of blight.
+
+MR. MILLER: When considering hardiness, climate is one thing and air
+drainage is another. In any climatic zone the exact location or site,
+particularly air drainage is important. I have my orchard on a southwest
+slope with perfect air drainage. I have 250-some trees that are six or
+seven years old growing very nicely, and I have not had any loss, even
+with English walnut, the Carpathian or any of the other trees. I think
+that many of us are overlooking the fact that air drainage and location
+of the orchard is one of the main things. I don't think this has
+anything to do with the particular seed or the varieties, but I think
+that is one thing that we must consider.
+
+DR. CRANE: No question about that. Chinese chestnuts are like peaches,
+and they start pretty early in the spring.
+
+MR. GIBBS: Chinese chestnuts are hardy from Maine to Florida. I think
+they winter kill because of unhealthy condition of the tree. The place
+that I did live, at McLean, Virginia, was low in a frosty place, and the
+first spring they killed back three times before they took off. Where I
+live now in the Blue Ridge Mountains, which is orchard country, the
+Chinese chestnut killed back in the spring, but there is nothing the
+matter with their winter hardiness. They stand winter cold as good as a
+walnut tree.
+
+DR. GRAVES: I want to make the point that it is in part a question of
+age, to my mind, as to whether these trees get winter killed. I know we
+had some trees from the Department of Agriculture, Division of Forest
+Pathology, back in 1925, and in the very cold winter, 1933-34, they
+killed back almost to the ground. Again in the severe winter of 1943
+Chinese chestnuts were killed. But I feel that when a tree is of good
+size with its roots down in the ground, it's not so liable to winter
+kill as are the small seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: We have spent enough time on this matter. The question of
+growing seedlings as compared to grafted trees is up for discussion. Mr.
+Wilson is a big operator growing chestnuts in Georgia. I would like to
+have him tell what he thinks of this matter of seedlings versus
+varieties for nut production.
+
+MR. WILSON: Dr. Crane, I am fully convinced if we ever make an industry
+out of this chestnut business it's going to have to be based on grafted
+trees of good varieties. I have one block of approximately 200 grafted
+trees of Meiling and Kuling. Those trees have a nice crop on this year.
+They have different age tops, but we have a nice crop of nuts on them.
+I have another block of some 260 seedlings that were planted in 1948.
+The crop on these trees, with the same fertilization and cultivation
+ranges from no nuts to a heavy crop of nuts. You can't have an industry
+on that kind of yield. There are probably only 30 trees out of 260 that
+have a paying crop of nuts. That won't go as a paying proposition. You
+have got to have nuts on all the trees, and I am fully convinced if we
+ever make an industry out of it, the grower has got to produce nuts.
+Trees are not enough, he can't sell the tree; he wants to keep his tree.
+He wants nuts to sell, and you can't get them on the seedling trees. I
+am fully convinced you can't do it.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Have any of your grafts gone bad?
+
+MR. WILSON: I have had no incompatibility, except on one tree. My oldest
+grafts are four and five years old, top grafted in place on two and
+three year old seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Stoke, what is your experience?
+
+MR. STOKE: I have two trees in my yard at home. Dr. Reed gave me credit
+for doing the first grafting of Mollissima in this country. I don't know
+whether it's true or not. Those were grafted in '31. They made perfect
+union, and they are perfect today, and they will be perfect when I am
+dead and gone. I find no incompatibility between Mollissima and
+Mollissima. One acre of good, select varieties, grafted, will produce as
+many nuts as three or four acres of seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Bernath, how about the situation up in the Hudson Valley?
+
+MR. BERNATH: My trees are of small size. We have some in bearing, but as
+far as having any difficulty with them or freezing back, we have none.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Snyder, how about the situation out in Iowa?
+
+MR. SNYDER: I am not trying to grow Chinese chestnuts anymore. We have
+had two different lots from U.S.D.A. and both of them have gone out in
+the winters sooner or later. We have had nice seedling rows, and Dr.
+Colby sent over a collection of scions, enough to graft each one. Every
+one grew. This winter they are all gone. We can grow American chestnuts,
+but we can't grow the Chinese.
+
+DR. CRANE: Joe, you have had a lot of experience, made a lot of
+observations of this matter of seedlings versus grafted varieties. What
+do you think of the situation?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I will follow Mr. Stokes' opinion on that. I think grafted
+trees, if you have a compatible graft, are worth several times as much
+as average seedling trees. At the University of Illinois most of our
+trees are seedling trees. We are just getting started with grafted
+Chinese chestnuts.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's the way it is with us. Anybody in the audience that
+has an opinion that they think seedlings are better than grafted trees?
+
+MR. CALDWELL: I was going to say seedlings are better, but I think this
+is one thing everybody should realize: The emphasis has been based on
+early production. In many cases we have found in forest trees that early
+seed production doesn't necessarily mean heavy late seed production.
+Some of those that didn't produce early went ahead and 40 or 50 years
+later produced heavily. So be a little bit careful when you start
+swinging too heavily on early production.
+
+DR. CRANE: Yes, but, Dr. Caldwell, we in the United States haven't time
+to wait. We haven't time to wait.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: You are going to have to take it.
+
+DR. CRANE: It's just like Mr. Wilson said. He planted seedlings in 1948,
+and he is telling me that most of them haven't come into bearing, so he
+is going to ply the axe or top work them. He hasn't time to wait. He's
+got to make his bread and butter out of that, and when it comes to
+growing nuts, we can't wait 40 or 50 years for a tree to come in. That
+might be all right for posterity, but we have got to be sure of it, or
+our posterity is not going to be able to pay the national debt.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: According to the experience I have had, the chestnut is
+only a little more hardy than the peach, and behaves pretty much the
+same as regards wood injury. At 30 deg. below zero the trees have been
+killed outright or to the ground. At about 25 deg. below they will black
+heart with killing of sapwood and serious injury to the bark. At 20 they
+will survive. This experience involves perhaps 125 seedling trees from
+various sources, but mostly from the U.S.D.A. It is quite likely that
+there may be more hardier strains that will withstand these low
+temperatures. The other point is the matter of grafted trees. It is my
+opinion that the failure of the graft is a form of cold injury related
+to delayed maturity of the tissues at the graft union. Certainly failure
+of grafts is much more persistent in the north than in the south.
+
+My experience has been that I haven't been able to keep grafted trees.
+They appear to thrive for three or four years and then die. I have tried
+it over and over again. It appears that the grafted tree in Georgia and
+Virginia is one thing. In New York it's another.
+
+MR. WALLICK: I have never bought a grafted chestnut tree that grew. They
+all die. And seedlings mostly do not have the kind of nuts you want.
+Also they may be susceptible to disease.
+
+DR. MCKAY: I want to make one observation about our experience at
+Beltsville on the question of seedlings versus varieties as regards
+bearing. We topworked scions of some of our good varieties, like Nanking
+and Meiling, onto large seedlings we have at Beltsville that are poor
+bearers. These grafted portions in the top of these trees under poor
+conditions--our soil is poor at Beltsville--set tremendously heavy
+crops, but the nuts are smaller in size than normal, and therefore the
+crop is not as desirable as it would be if it were grown under good
+conditions. The point is that those varieties bear even under poor
+conditions. Bearing is a variety characteristic, and wherever it grows
+it will bear though it may not produce a good-sized nut.
+
+MR. PEASE: I believe what's coming out in this discussion on bearing is
+also true in hardiness, growth, and any characteristic we want. We may
+select seeds from trees at an elevation of 6,000 feet, and still have
+some which will be not hardy.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+MR. SILVIS: I'd like to make a point. If in your observation you find a
+tree seedling in your locality that is producing good crops plant that.
+Don't get one from Georgia. We can take a little bit of advice from the
+fruit grower, and not plant too much from the south, even though it came
+from China.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I'd like to Comment about conditions in Europe with
+reference to seedlings and varieties. The general practice there is for
+each little farmer to graft from the best variety in his section,
+especially in Italy where you find hundreds of varieties.
+
+In Portugal we were all very much impressed with one area where the
+government has had an active program in persuading the chestnut owners
+to topwork all their trees to three varieties. These varieties are very
+good ones, and they are getting a very greatly increased price on
+account of the high quality and uniformity of the nuts they export.
+
+It seems to me that in the discussion on the Chinese chestnut in this
+country we have done a little bit of injustice to the seedlings, so far
+as the discussion has gone. I am in perfect agreement with what's been
+said about the low production the first few years, but over on the
+Eastern Shore Mr. Hemming's trees are producing just about as much in
+the way of a crop as the tree can bear, and the grafted varieties there
+don't produce any more than his 17 or 18 seedlings.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I believe Hemming has some exceptional seedlings in that
+lot.
+
+DR. GRAVATT: Yes, they are very valuable, don't misunderstand me. After
+the first ten years you may find a seedling orchard is going to produce
+a very good crop, tree by tree. We have had a lot of experience, similar
+to that reported in New York, with grafted trees dying. We get seedling
+trees dying, too, but I agree that there is more damage from fall
+freezes, spring freezes and perhaps from straight low temperature winter
+injury with the grafted trees than with the seedling trees. Furthermore,
+I am very critical of the tactics of some of the nurseries. They have
+grafted on seedlings of absolutely unknown origin or mixed origin. They
+will take a South Chinese variety and graft it on seedlings that for
+hundreds of years have been grown in North China. That's just inviting
+trouble. The nearer you can get to having seedling and scion from the
+same climatic origin, the better off you are. In fact, we have advised
+growers to get seedlings of the Nanking and graft Nanking on them.
+
+Dr. McKay is doing a lot of good, basic research work on this problem,
+and he will have more information for us in times to come. I am firmly
+convinced that we are going to come some day to the grafted chestnuts,
+especially in the South, because a lot of the southern producers right
+now are giving a black eye to Chinese chestnuts, because they are
+shipping lots of mixed nuts, and by the time they get to the consumer
+half of them are rotten. This will ruin the market. We have been buying
+some six or seven thousand pounds of nuts to ship to Italy, and we know
+something about the conditions of nuts when they reach us. There is no
+quicker way of killing a market than to be shipping in a whole lot of
+nuts that are going to spoil or are in the process of spoiling when they
+reach the consumer. Grafted varieties are one way of getting away from
+this, especially in the South.
+
+MR. WILSON: I am far enough south so that in peach production we often
+have winters so warm that the trees don't wake up. This question of rest
+period is quite important with us. We have a warm winter, and the
+Mayflower peach just keeps on sleeping. Eventually bloom will break, and
+a little peach will sit up there waiting for the leaf to come out. There
+is apparently a rest period with the Chinese chestnut there also. The
+time of breaking of the rest period in my seedling trees varies as much
+as three to four weeks, and that would lead me to believe that, in the
+long run, we will have to plant locally adapted varieties.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I am sorry that we have to stop this very interesting
+discussion.
+
+At this time is there any item of general interest to the group that
+anyone would like to bring up?
+
+MR. MILLER: For sometime I have been considering the desirability of
+changing the name of the Northern Nut Growers. I am inclined to think
+that maybe some of our southern friends or from the Far West or
+Southwest would be a little dubious of joining the Northern Nut Growers,
+because they think we are perhaps exclusive for the north tier of states
+and we didn't want them.
+
+I thought perhaps the International Nut Growers, or the United States
+Nut Growers Association were names worth considering. I think that would
+have a desirable psychological effect on our membership. We are a big
+organization, and I think a lot of people would think it was a whole lot
+larger if the name would imply that. I think the "Northern Nut Growers"
+just looks like we are concerned with the northern tier of states, and I
+think we would do a whole lot better by changing the name. I would like
+to have some suggestions. Possibly, it could be American Nut Growers.
+
+MR. KERR: Mr. Chairman, I am a charter member of the American Farm
+Bureau, and that goes over big. It's a real success as an organization,
+and I think the American Nut Growers--take in South America and North
+America--would hit our proposition about right.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: All right, is there another suggestion? We mustn't take
+so much time on this, but it is mighty important.
+
+MR. BECKER: My final opinion is that it's best to leave it as it was.
+
+MR. STOKE: It seems to me that this matter was well decided some time
+ago. We have certain definite problems to work out. I think we had
+better stay on those problems and work them out before we spread over
+the whole universe. We will have too many other problems coming in our
+lap.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: That matter was taken up some five or six years ago, and
+for the reason that Mr. Stoke mentioned, the fact that we have special
+problems and the very difficult problems that don't concern southerners
+was the reason for voting that proposition down before. I think it would
+be better, at least, for us to consider the matter rather thoroughly
+before we vote on it, maybe postpone it until another year.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: It just occurs to me that the Northern Nut Growers
+Association was formed to tackle problems that weren't being covered
+anywhere else. There are other local organizations which are concerned
+with the Persian walnut and the Northwest Filbert and the Southern
+Pecan. The Northern Nut Growers Association was organized to save
+America's nut heritage, as somebody said, in a rather restricted area.
+Possibly the time has come to get into a larger organization with a
+greater scope, but I will say with Mr. Davidson that we want to
+consider very carefully what the gain or loss might be for the change in
+emphasis.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Would someone make the suggestion here that we keep this
+thing in mind for a year and maybe at our next meeting take a little
+time to discuss it thoroughly.
+
+DR. CRANE: I'd like to make a few remarks and offer a motion. I believe
+I am correct as to the history of the organization when I state that the
+oldest nut growers' organization was the old National Nut Growers
+Association, and that covered the nut interests of the country of all
+kinds. Then out of that came the National Pecan Growers Association, and
+almost at the same time, the Northern Nut Growers Association. The old
+National Nut Growers Association folded up, as did the National Pecan
+Growers Association. They were victims of the depression. I think we
+could discuss this at great length and not get anywhere, and therefore I
+make the motion that the president appoint a committee of three members
+to study the possibilities, both advantages and disadvantages of a
+change in the name of the association and report back to the association
+their recommendations at the next meeting.
+
+(Motion seconded.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The motion has been made and seconded that we appoint a
+committee to handle this thing and report back to us. Is there any
+discussion?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I'd like to point out that research work is being started
+in Europe that is going to be very valuable to us. They are now working
+on the Chinese chestnuts on a very large scale, starting in Yugoslavia,
+France, Switzerland, and they are already doing quite a bit of breeding
+work in Spain and Portugal along these lines. The things that they
+develop, will be Chinese chestnut hybrids so they are going to have the
+same problems in Europe working with the chestnuts that we have here. In
+the past they have been working entirely with the European chestnut. I
+think we are now on a basis whereby the European growers can feel that
+they can profit by taking our publication, and, that both continents
+will benefit.
+
+DR. GRAVES: Do you put that as an argument for changing our name to
+American Nut Growers?
+
+DR. GRAVATT: I don't think "American" would help at all. And,
+furthermore, when you talk about "American", a lot of people think of
+South America.
+
+MR. SLATE: It's what the members get out of the proceedings and meetings
+that brings them in and keeps them, it's not the name of the
+organization.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. President, as former state vice-president in Alabama,
+Florida and Tennessee, I don't believe the change of name would result
+in any great immediate increase in membership in the Southeast.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now, are you ready for the question?
+
+(The question was called for, and carried unanimously.)
+
+
+
+
+Development of the Nut Industry in the Midwest
+
+J. F. WILKINSON, _Rockport, Ind._
+
+
+The development of the northern nut tree industry in the midwest really
+began about 1910. Prior to that time W. C. Reed and son of Vincennes,
+Indiana had done some experimental work with the Indiana and Busseron
+varieties of pecan, as they had located these two parent trees. E. A.
+Riehl of Godfrey, Illinois had been experimenting with the walnut and
+chestnut, and it was at this time that T. P. Littlepage, R. L. McCoy and
+established our nurseries here in southern Indiana.
+
+We then began the search for the best parent trees for propagation in
+the midwest.
+
+We located Warrick, Hoosier, Major, Greenriver, Posey, Kentucky,
+Butterick and several other varieties most of which have since been
+discarded.
+
+A number of varieties have since been introduced, by Messrs. Gerardi,
+Whitford, Snyder, Burkhart, Bolten, and others who are either nurserymen
+or propagators, of pecan, walnut, hickory and chestnut.
+
+The Littlepage and McCoy nurseries were discontinued about thirty years
+ago though I have continued the search for new and better varieties, and
+several years ago located, named, and introduced the Giles pecan, in
+southeast Kansas which is proving very satisfactory. I have recently
+located, named, and am now introducing a new variety, CHIEF, from
+Illinois. This is the largest northern pecan that I have ever seen and
+it promises to be an outstanding variety.
+
+In the territory from southern Indiana to eastern Kansas are countless
+thousands of native pecan trees in the valleys of the Ohio, Mississippi
+and Missouri rivers and their tributaries.
+
+On the uplands in this same territory, the black walnut is found almost
+everywhere. Thousands of pecan and walnut are of suitable size for
+top-working and could be made valuable by being grafted over to these
+fine varieties. These may be found in any quantity from a single tree to
+a native grove (especially pecan) of thousands of trees.
+
+One of the largest pecan groves is in Gallatin county, Illinois along
+the Wabash river where it has been estimated there are as many as twenty
+thousand pecan trees of bearing size in one locality.
+
+Other sections where large native groves may be found are in Henderson
+county, Kentucky near the mouth of Green River, along the Mississippi
+river in western Kentucky, across the river in southern Illinois, along
+the Illinois river in central Illinois, along the Missouri river in
+central Missouri, in eastern Kansas, along the Neosho and Spring rivers,
+and in Bates county Missouri along the Osage river, in southwestern
+Missouri.
+
+It has been my pleasure to visit one or more times each of the above
+places as well as every other section of note where the northern pecan
+grows naturally.
+
+One of the most interesting places that I have seen is in Bates county,
+Missouri. I was there in May to top-work trees for Mr. Wesley Heuser,
+where he has a tract of land along the Osage river on which there is a
+large native pecan grove making it a profitable possession. Mr. Heuser
+is increasing its value by planting budded, or grafted trees in the open
+land and top-working the small native seedlings.
+
+Adjoining this place is one owned by Mr. Fred Marquardt who recently
+bought it from the estate of the late J. F. Tiedke who had spent years
+of work there cleaning up the native grove, and top-working the small
+seedlings to the better varieties. Mr. Marquardt told me there was an
+estimated four thousand bearing size native trees, and two thousand
+top-worked trees most of which are of bearing size and many of them
+top-worked as long as twenty years ago. Mr. Marquardt is taking splendid
+care of this place making it a profitable as well as a most beautiful
+nut orchard.
+
+Mr. Tiedke in topworking these small trees, selected those as nearly as
+possible in rows giving it the appearance in places of a planted
+orchard.
+
+Along the Illinois river in central Illinois is a great pecan section.
+It is there that Mr. R. B. Best is located, and he probably has more
+grafted and top-worked trees than any other person in the midwest. The
+late Charles Stephens of Columbus, Kansas, had topworked several hundred
+trees in southeastern Kansas and Stanley Walberts planted a 35 acre
+pecan orchard there at Columbus that at the last time I visited it was a
+beautiful and well kept orchard.
+
+Mr. W. F. Thielenhaus of Buffalo, Kansas is doing a lot of work there
+both in planting and top-working trees.
+
+In western Kentucky, Professors W. W. Magill, and W. D. Armstrong of the
+University of Kentucky with county agent John B. Watts of Hickman,
+Kentucky cooperating, interested Mr. Roscoe Stone, who had a large
+acreage of land in developing the young seedling pecan trees by
+top-working them to better varieties. Mr. Sly and I went there the first
+time in the spring of 1948 and each spring since then we have worked
+trees on this land, and for others around Hickman to the number of
+possibly 500 trees.
+
+Last year a number of the trees that were worked in the spring of 1948
+produced quite a few nuts. I was there in May at which time there was a
+splendid crop of nuts on these trees. On August 3, I had a letter from
+Mr. Watts stating "I feel that many of these trees will bear a good crop
+of nuts this year, and although we are having a drought here, the trees
+on the Stone farm are not suffering much.
+
+The largest planting of nut trees that I know in the midwest is that
+planted by the late Harry R. Weber near Rockport which consists of about
+70 acres mostly walnuts, with some pecans, hybrids, hickories, and
+filberts.
+
+Many smaller plantings of nut trees have been made throughout the
+midwest and thousands of seedling trees having been top-worked.
+
+Most of the native walnut trees through this section have been cut for
+timber and the native chestnut has been killed by the blight, making a
+shortage that should be replaced with the better varieties of walnut and
+the Chinese chestnut.
+
+The earlier plantings of the Persian walnut from France and England were
+not hardy in the midwest but the Carpathian walnut from Poland seems to
+be doing well.
+
+Some parts of this territory are suitable for almost any kind of nut
+trees. There is a vast field in the Midwest awaiting development in nut
+culture.
+
+
+
+
+Some Aspects of the Problem of Producing Curly-Grained Walnut
+
+L. H. MACDANIELS, _Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y._
+
+
+About 15 years ago a tree of the Lamb Curly Walnut was planted at
+Ithaca, N. Y. After the tree had grown to a height of about 12 feet, it
+was topworked about 8 feet from the ground to scions of the Cornell
+variety of Black Walnut with the idea that it would be possible to grow
+a trunk of curly walnut and a top of a named variety. The tree grew
+rapidly and in the fall of 1952 had a trunk 10 inches in diameter at the
+base. Sometime in 1952 the tree became infected with bunchy-top disease
+and was cut in an attempt to eliminate this disease from the premises.
+It was expected that the trunk would show figured curly grain and plans
+were made to have at least a part of the log cut into veneer. On cutting
+the tree, however, and examining the wood, there was no evidence of
+curly grain detectable either by casual personal observation or from
+samples sent to the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin.
+This, of course, was a disappointment because J. F. Wilkinson had shown
+samples of walnut grown from scions of the Lamb Walnut obtained from the
+late W. B. Bixby which showed evidence of curly grain. A photograph of
+the wood secured from Mr. Wilkinson is shown in figure 1. Wood samples
+from a tree growing at Beltsville, Maryland, which was also secured from
+Mr. Bixby by C. A. Reed, does not show evidence of curly grain.
+
+The simplest explanation of the failure of the tree in Ithaca to show
+curly grain would be that somehow the tree was not properly labelled or
+that scions were mixed in propagation and that the trunk was not derived
+from the original Lamb Curly Walnut. However, the fact that only a few
+trees were concerned makes it improbable that trees were mislabelled in
+the Ithaca planting and there is no good reason to believe that the tree
+planted at Beltsville was not authentic.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Radial face of wood of grafted Lamb black walnut
+grown by J. F. Wilkinson. Wavy or curly grain is apparent on right side
+which is the outer part of the log (about natural size).]
+
+Another possibility is that the original Lamb Walnut was a chimera. Such
+a tree would have mixed tissues in its growing points, some having the
+curly grain character and others not. In such a tree some scions would
+produce curliness and others straight grain. It may be that these were
+mixed in the original collection.
+
+A third possibility is that curliness is produced by the interaction of
+several factors, one a tendency to curliness inherent in the Lamb tree
+and the others environmental such as growth rate, nutrient supply, the
+nature of the soil or other such conditions.
+
+Theoretically curly grain in walnut or any other tree is related to the
+nature of the growth of the cambium layer. In normal growth the cells of
+this layer are much elongated as seen in tangential section and are
+relatively straight. The nature of these cambium cells is shown in
+figure 2.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. The cambium of a straight-grained black walnut
+tree as seen in tangential section. The nature and regularity of these
+cells determines the nature and regularity of the cells of adjacent wood
+and bark (x 150).]
+
+It is well known from studies of cambial growth that irregularities in
+the growth of the cambium are reflected in the irregularities in the
+shape and position of the wood fibers and vessels, which it forms.
+Ordinarily, if the cambium is wounded, the first cells formed are
+irregular in shape and orientation but after a wound is healed over the
+cambium cells resume their normal position. In parts of trees in which
+the grain is irregular or confused such as in the inner angle of
+crotches the shape of the cambium cells determines the nature of the
+grain beneath as shown in figure 3 (Ref. 1). This has been established
+also in the study of the nature of spiral-grained Douglas Fir and in
+various experimental work where it has been possible to change the
+direction or extent of the cambium cells through various experimental
+means. (Ref. 2)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Section through cambium and underlying wood in a
+crotch of an apple tree where the grain of the wood is not straight. The
+shape and direction of the wood fibers or grain of the wood, and bark is
+determined by the shape and direction of the cambium cells that form
+them (X 100).]
+
+There seems to be no doubt, therefore, that curly grain in walnut is
+directly related to the curly condition to be found in the cambium,
+which produces such curly grain. The basic question to be resolved is
+what makes the cambium of a curly-grain tree assume the curly or wavy
+character. As indicated above, one hypothesis is that several factors
+may be operating. For example, a tree might have the inherent capacity
+to produce wavy grain but would only do so under special environmental
+conditions. These environmental conditions might be related to rapidity
+of growth, water and nutrient supply, or various other habitat
+characteristics, which affect the nature of growth. The fact that the
+tree in question at Ithaca was growing rapidly might have been
+responsible for the failure of the curly grain to develop. There is
+evidence that trees with figured grain grow slowly. (Ref. 3, 4) On the
+other hand the specimens from the tree at Beltsville, Maryland, were
+from a slowly growing plant and did not show curly grain.
+
+Another hypothesis is that development of the curly grain is dependent
+upon the foliage of the tree. This has been demonstrated to be true in
+instances where the foliage of fruit plants determines the
+characteristics of the growth of the trunk and roots and of the fruit
+itself. (Ref. 5, 6) It might be, therefore, that the failure of this
+particular trunk to show curly grain is related to the fact that the top
+of the tree at Ithaca was of another variety than the original Lamb.
+Possibly the foliage of the original variety producing the curly
+character is necessary to produce the curly grain. An argument against
+this interpretation is that the tree at Beltsville, Maryland, is not
+topworked.
+
+It would be valuable at the present time to survey all the trees of the
+Lamb walnut, which are growing in various parts of the country, to see
+under what circumstances they may be showing the curly characteristic of
+the original tree. Dr. M. Y. Pillow of the Forest Products Laboratory at
+Madison, Wisconsin, in an unpublished report, has pointed out that it is
+possible to determine the curly nature of the grain by shaving off the
+outer bark, exposing the inner bark just outside of the cambium.
+Inasmuch as the same cambium cells form fiber cells both on the inside
+to make the wood and towards the outside to make the bark, the direction
+and nature of the fibers in the bark are a direct indication of the
+direction of the fibers underneath the cambium in the wood.
+
+The appearance of the normal straight grained wood and bark and wood and
+bark of a curly grained tree are shown in figures 4 and 5. Shaving off
+the outer bark in this manner will not harm the trees, if it is done
+carefully so it would be possible to make this survey without injury to
+the trees. Examining a number of trees of the Lamb walnut in this way
+and finding that some were curly, might give evidence as to the
+conditions under which the Lamb walnut will produce curly grain.
+
+Dr. Pillow of the Forest Products Laboratory, kindly furnished me with
+his file on curly and birdseye grained wood. In this file is a very
+interesting group of manuscripts and letters including a report from Mr.
+Willard G. Bixby reporting a trip to New Hampshire to study the
+occurrence of birdseye maple and also his early experiments with the
+Lamb walnut. The Lamb walnut trees at that time were too young to give
+any indication of curly grain. Other letters of interest on the subject
+were from Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, A. S. Colby and C. A. Reed. These letters
+mention the desirability of propagating figured walnut but aside from
+indicating that trees of the Lamb had been propagated there was no
+indication that curliness had developed. The first definite indication
+that curliness would develop in a grafted tree was reported by Mr.
+Wilkinson (Ref. 7) at the Norris meeting of the Northern Nut Growers
+Association. At that time the wood photographed in figure 1 was shown.
+
+In the literature somewhat conflicting reports are found as to whether
+or not curliness will show up early in the growth of a tree or late.
+Apparently it was possible to trace curly grain into the twigs a few
+years old in the original Lamb walnut (unpublished letters). Various
+statements, however, indicate that curliness may not develop until the
+trees are 20 years old or more. It would seem that with the propagation
+and introduction of the Lamb walnut in 1926-27 and distribution soon
+thereafter it ought to be possible to locate and examine these trees
+which are now more than 20 years old.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4. Slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with
+straight grain in the wood (light-colored area) and also in the bark
+(dark-colored area). U. S. Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory
+Photo.]
+
+In the various literature and other material available on the subject of
+birdseye and curliness, it appears that the birdseye grain is different
+in its origin from curliness although both may be related to the
+functioning of the cambium and definitely seem to be related to slow
+growth. (Ref. 8)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. Slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with
+curly grain in the wood (light-colored area, upper left) and also in the
+bark (dark-colored area). U. S. Forest Service Forest Products
+Laboratory Photo.]
+
+Curliness is reported in other kinds of trees. Curly grained white
+poplar has been propagated from hybrid trees by growing cuttings of
+shoots from the roots of the curly trees (Ref. 9). In Sweden it has been
+possible to grow figured birch, much of which has the curly type grain.
+In birch, seedling strains producing curly grain have been developed and
+are being grown. It is of interest to note that with these birches, the
+trees with curly grain grow only about half as fast as the normal trees
+and have to be staked during their early growth years in order to make
+straight trunks or to stand erect (Ref. 4).
+
+The original Lamb walnut tree was curly throughout. Other trees,
+particularly maples and birches may be curly only in part of their
+trunks and sometimes only in restricted segments. Trees frequently have
+curly grain at the base where the trunk joins the roots but not
+elsewhere. Such curliness may be related to the shortening of the curve
+where the root joins the trunk, thus causing distortion. W. G. Bixby
+states (Ref. 3) that a birdseye maple tree 170 years old was only about
+a quarter as large in diameter as normal trees of the same age. I know
+of no comparison of curly walnut with other types of walnut. The
+original Lamb walnut tree was apparently a very large one.
+
+In conclusion, it is obvious that our knowledge of the possibility of
+producing curly grained walnut logs by grafting is as yet incomplete.
+Much more information is needed and at the present time undoubtedly much
+can be gained by examining the Lamb walnut trees, which are growing in
+various parts of the country. This can be done without seriously
+injuring the trees as described earlier in this paper. Those in the
+Northern Nut Grower's Association, who have Lamb trees are urged to
+examine them to find out if we can gain further useful information
+regarding this rather important subject. Obviously, if it is possible to
+grow curly walnut through vegetative propagation, we should know under
+what conditions a grower can expect to successfully produce a curly
+grained log.
+
+
+References
+
+   1. MacDaniels, L. H. The apple tree crotch, histological studies and
+       practical considerations. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 419:
+       1-22. 1923.
+
+   2. ---- and Otis F. Curtis. The effect of spiral ringing on solute
+       translocation on the structure of the regenerated tissue of the
+       apple. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 133:1-32. 1930.
+
+   3. Bixby, W. G. Field work at Warren, New Hampshire. Unpublished
+       Report. 1932. (On file with U. S. Forest Products Laboratory,
+       Madison, Wisconsin.)
+
+   4. Heinkinheimo, O. Om odling ar masurbjork (The cultivation of
+       figured birch). Skogen 27:165-167. 1940. (Translation in U. S.
+       Forest Products Laboratory.)
+
+   5. Heinicke, A. J. Influence of scion leaves on the quality of apples
+       borne by the stock. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 24:143-146. 1927.
+
+   6. Swarbrick, Thomas and R. H. Roberts. The relation of scion variety
+       to character of root growth in apple trees. Wisconsin Univ. Agr.
+       Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 78:1-24. 1927.
+
+   7. Wilkinson, J. F. The grafted curly walnut as a timber tree. Northern
+       Nut Growers Ass'n. Proc. 39:139-142. 1948.
+
+   8. Pillow, M. Y. Dormant buds are not the cause of bird's eyes in
+       maple. Wood Working Industries 5:26-27. Sept. 1929.
+
+   9. Grober, Samuel. Science shows the way. Chemurgic Digest 5:152.
+       1946.
+
+DR. CRANE: Dr. MacDaniels, the idea prevails on the part of some I know
+that this curliness would show up more at the base or crown of the tree
+than it would be likely to show on the trunk, and at the base of large
+limbs we tend to have curliness. Of course, the Lamb walnut was supposed
+to be curly throughout, but in the case of other trees I wonder if
+that's true. You have emphasized the change in the direction of the
+grain at the crown between the root and trunk and in the crotches. I
+wonder just where would be the best place to scrape this bark or pare it
+down in examination to determine whether it was curly or not. Would that
+be, in your opinion, more likely to show up on the trunk of the tree or
+base of some limb or near down to the crown?
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: I'd be inclined to take it where you can work at it most
+easily; down towards the base. If the grain is curly only in restricted
+areas the log is not very valuable.
+
+A MEMBER: I have been told by a sawmill man that he could tell by the
+convolutions of the bark. Instead of being straight, they would be
+fluted.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: That might be. I was told during the First World War
+when they wanted straight-grained spruce for airplanes they found they
+could tell a straight-grained spruce from a spiral, so they wouldn't
+waste their time getting logs with spiral grain.
+
+
+TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The first item on the program is the life story of the
+Late Reverend Crath and the Crath Carpathian walnut in Ontario. We are
+going to have Mr. L. K. Devitt of Toronto, Canada, get into this subject
+for us. Mr. Devitt did know Reverend Crath since 1934. Mr. Devitt
+supported his expedition to the Ukraine in 1934. He has a few slides for
+us and then he is going to talk to us about a number of features.
+
+Mr. Devitt is in the school system in Toronto, and he is a graduate of
+the University of Toronto, and so without further introduction, take
+over and give us your story.
+
+MR. DEVITT: Thank you. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, when I wrote
+a letter to the secretary of the Association about Reverend Crath, I
+thought it was also fitting that at the next meeting I should come here
+and say a little more about the life and work of the Reverend Crath and
+the Crath Carpathian walnut in Ontario and the progress for the last 20
+years.
+
+
+
+
+Late Rev. Paul C. Crath
+
+L. K. DEVITT, _Toronto, Ontario_
+
+
+Rev. Crath was born near Kiev in Greater Ukraine, Poland, in 1883. He
+was the son of an Agricultural College Professor. It is assumed that he
+enjoyed the life of the upper class, being a graduate of two
+universities; and speaking fluently at least six languages of Central
+and Western Europe, and having travelled almost everywhere in Europe. He
+possessed a wide knowledge of the peoples, the history and the culture
+of all the Central European Countries.
+
+He migrated to Canada in 1908 and settled in Western Canada. He was
+employed at various, clerical occupations before entering the
+Theological College of the University of Manitoba from where he
+graduated as a Presbyterian minister in 1922.
+
+He was the minister of a Ukranian Presbyterian Church in Toronto for two
+years. From 1924 to 1936 he served as a Presbyterian missionary in
+Poland, organizing some thirty missions in Galicia and Volynia. For some
+years before the war, he spent considerable time on a farm near Welcome,
+Ontario, building up a European Nursery and in the winters he served
+with the Home Missions mostly in Western Canada. During the last ten
+years of his life he had to curtail his activities more and more, owing
+to poor health and a heart condition.
+
+I met Rev. Crath when he was on furlough in 1934.
+
+I went to the National Exhibition and among the various exhibits I came
+across a rather unique exhibit of nuts, grown by the late Geo. H.
+Corsan, Echo Valley, Islington.
+
+In the course of our conversation along came the late Prof. Jas. Neilson
+and we continued to talk about nut-growing. Prof. Neilson was
+interesting indeed. I could see he was a sincere man and most
+enthusiastic about the subject. He told me there was a Presbyterian
+Ukranian missionary in town who had brought out some hardy English
+walnuts from the Carpathian Mountains--a variety which he was sure would
+survive in Ontario and the Northern States and that it had great
+possibilities. The missionary was returning to Europe to bring out a
+shipment but needed, backing for the expedition. I met Prof. Neilson the
+following day. The sum required was $400.00 and he agreed to guarantee
+the sale of $400.00 worth in the U.S. at least. The next day I met Rev.
+Crath at the Exhibition display. We met off and on for two or three
+days. I could see no flaw in the project, so I raised the $400.00 by a
+bank-note. The banker thought I was crazy--and the missionary was on his
+way by the end of the week.
+
+He arrived by mid-September and having had so many charges in the
+Ukraine, he knew where to go and just when the crop was being harvested.
+The walnuts were selected, dried, boxed and shipped by the middle of
+October. The shipment arrived in Toronto the first week of
+November--nearly two tons of them. I received with them, a bill of
+lading with port charges, export duties and freight. I was out another
+$100.00.
+
+In two weeks, the Winter Fair opened and Mr. Corsan was invited to put
+on his nut exhibit as an attraction. In the meantime he was on the
+radio once a week to talk on health, food and various subjects, always
+getting around to nuts as a food--and this new discovery, the Carpathian
+walnut. The radio broadcasts brought interested people right to his
+exhibit. He gave an hourly talk on nuts and a pamphlet was given out.
+The Winter Fair sales grossed $300.00 and there was another $100.00 on
+follow-up sales by Christmas. The situation was at least easier.
+
+Prof. Neilson before Christmas had taken ill and passed away in
+February. However into the picture came another man, H. J. Rahmlow,
+secretary of the Wisconsin Horticultural Association with about 600
+affiliated societies. He wrote an article in the Country Gentleman and
+circularized the expedition of Rev. Crath to the Carpathian Mountains.
+We sent four shipments to Mr. Rahmlow in 25 and 50 lb. lots. Sales came
+in from all over Canada and the United States until spring. By spring we
+had cleared all expenses and had about $200.00 on hand, but the next
+problem was, what to do with the rest of the walnut seeds?
+
+On Mr. Corsan's Echo Valley, there were two fields, one in the valley
+and one over the road. We broke up out of sod an acre in each field and
+planted about 40,000 seeds. Rev. Crath took to a farm near Welcome, Ont.
+about another 20,000. Our plantation required a good deal of attention,
+work and expense during the growing season. However 90% of the walnuts
+germinated and grew to trees about 6 inches high. Over 30,000 trees
+survived the next cold winter.
+
+The following year we could scuffle them between the rows. Our nursery
+required less care and expense. During the summer they grew about a foot
+higher (15 in. average) but developed a very thick carrot-like tap root
+with numerous root hairs. By autumn 1936 it was evident we had to
+transplant. The seeds were planted originally 8 inches apart. So we
+divided up the lot by each taking one out of every three trees, thus
+leaving the trees in Echo Valley now 2 ft. apart. Rev. Crath took his
+trees to the farm at Welcome, 80 miles east of Toronto. They were
+planted on a slope below a thick woods from where melting snow and
+spring rains kept the field cold and wet until mid-summer. Rev. Crath's
+trees were practically a failure; in fact the area seemed to be
+unsuitable for walnut seedlings. Mr. Corsan's trees continued to grow,
+but even here the soil did not seem to be the most suitable.
+
+I took mine to a sandy garden soil that had been under sod for 20 years.
+The sod was broken and thoroughly disced. The spring was wet and very
+favourable for transplanting. The trees on this soil grew very well
+without any fertilizer at all; nor did they require any spraying. The
+trees continued to grow deep and do better each succeeding year.
+
+In the spring of 1939 I started to sell trees wholesale to the Dominion
+Nursery, Georgetown, Ont. Mr. Bradley, the president, carried more
+novelty items in his catalogue than any other nurseryman in Canada. I
+continued to plant more seeds until 1939.--The war stopped further
+importations, and I sold out all the trees by the spring of 1943.
+
+So from my nursery probably went out some 10,000 trees; the weaker
+seedling always perished during the winter. From Mr. Corsan's nursery,
+another 10,000 trees--about half of these went to his son, Hebden Corsan
+in Michigan. Rev. Crath's nursery yielded not more than 5000. He
+imported a number of cherries, plums, grapes and others fruits, all of
+which did not do too well either.
+
+During the period before the war, orders came in from everywhere--from
+British Columbia to Nova Scotia, even Newfoundland, besides nurseries in
+the United States. Orders from the prairie provinces were dissuaded but
+some customers insisted on a trial basis. Walnut seed, the first two
+years went mostly to Western Ontario, British Columbia and Nova Scotia.
+By 1939 the seedling nursery business that I had apparently fallen into,
+looked good. Rev. Crath and I talked the situation over. We decided to
+go to the country, lease some land. I would select
+the land and continue to grow seedlings and besides, import selected
+grafts to develop in Canada a hardy high quality grafted walnut tree.
+
+In September we prepared to make another expedition. My banker was most
+agreeable this time. Rev. Crath got as far as New York where, awaiting
+the S. S. Batory to sail, the war broke out. The S. S. Pilsudski was
+sunk just out of Gdynia the next day. The S. S. Batory never did sail
+back to Poland. When he arrived home we went to the bank on a Saturday
+morning. The travellers' cheques were cancelled.
+
+Rev. Crath in the 1936 expedition brought out a shipment of walnuts
+selected from the most northerly port of the Ukraine for Mr. Weschcke,
+St. Paul, Minn. I am not familiar with this part of his work.
+
+Rev. Crath was a cheerful soul, an interesting and pleasant individual
+to talk to. He loved people and, especially, meeting people. He
+possessed a great love for humanity; he bore malice toward no one and
+charity to all except the Bolsheviks. He was a restless man--"always on
+the go". One could see he preferred to be missionary rather than a
+resident minister. Although he was away a good part of the time he was
+dearly loved by his family.
+
+Shortly after his death, as an appreciation of his services as a
+minister among Ukranian families, special memorial services were held in
+Toronto, Oshawa and Detroit. I was invited to attend the Toronto
+service.
+
+On a visit one day last August, 1952, to places where his Carpathian
+walnut trees were coming into bearing, he examined them and gazed at
+them with a look of joy and sadness. On the way home he was somewhat
+upset, he looked at me and said "Mr. Devitt, my good friend, at last our
+experiment is a success. Promise me two things; continue our work and go
+to the convention and tell our American friends to continue the work."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is the story of the introduction of hardy Carpathian walnuts
+(_Juglans regia_) into Canada and the United States by the late Rev.
+Crath.
+
+Looking back on the whole adventure (now twenty years ago) it would be
+only fair that I mention the names of three other men for the work they
+did to make the expedition a success. The late Professor James Neilson
+whose research in nut growing in Ontario and the United States was
+already well known should be mentioned. It was he who really "sparked"
+the expedition. To the late George H. Corsan whose nut growing
+experiment at Echo Valley was something unique in Ontario, credit is due
+for his enthusiasm and support of the late Reverend Crath. The American
+nut growers who were fortunate to obtain walnut seeds at the time
+through Wisconsin Horticultural Society can thank Mr. H. J. Rhamlow,
+then secretary. He took over the task of distributing the walnut seeds
+through the affiliated societies. He insisted that the seeds be tested
+for germination, kept in proper storage, and did everything possible to
+ensure success. However none of these men as I knew them then, and
+including myself, would want any credit, but we give full recognition to
+Reverend Crath for his work.
+
+During the years spent in Poland Reverend Crath must have given the idea
+of growing hardy walnuts in Ontario and the Northern States considerable
+thought. He examined trees and nuts wherever he went; and continued
+gathering information each year. When I first met him I could see he had
+given walnut growing a great deal of study. He had great faith in his
+idea, and when leaving on his expedition 1934 he felt he was on a great
+mission. It should be remembered he made this arduous trip without pay
+and that he made very little money from the sale of walnut seeds or
+trees. No one did for that matter. It is also significant that in
+bringing these Carpathian walnuts out of Poland at that time, 1934, he
+did something that could never be done again. The trees he saw then
+probably went into rifle butts for use in World War II. The introduction
+of these walnuts into Ontario, met with varied success. Many bought them
+on a trial basis and were eventually rewarded; some looked on with
+skepticism and ridicule and a few thought that the growing of walnuts in
+Ontario was impossible. The intervening years, however, have brought
+forth a different picture. These seedling walnut trees are now bearing
+in Ontario and as late Reverend Crath predicted more than half of them
+are producing fair to good quality nuts. This is also true in the United
+States. In Ontario they grow well in the commercial apple districts and
+with variations mature nuts fully in 90 to 120 days (between Sept. 15 to
+October 15.) All of the best varieties should now be propagated by
+grafting to produce hundreds of hardy Crath Carpathian walnut trees.
+This project should always be one of the foremost with the members of
+the Northern Nut Growers Association. Twenty years from now and later,
+the number of hardy walnut trees producing nuts (Crath strain) should
+make a living monument to this obscure missionary--Rev. Paul C. Crath.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Thank you very much, Mr. Devitt, for this very
+intriguing story. Truth is sometimes stranger than fiction. And we want
+to keep in touch with you, and we want to keep hearing from you, because
+you have got a big job to do yet.
+
+MR. DEVITT: There is only one thing, ladies and gentlemen: I don't want
+to run into 5,000 letters to answer. Keep my name out of this. That is
+my walking-out request now. That's the story. I am going to continue to
+keep collecting samples. I hope some day to have a number myself of the
+best, and I might come back again sometime. I can't say every year;
+circumstances may be that I can't come. However, it's been a great
+pleasure for me to be here. I have wanted to come for 20 years, and I
+thought this year that I should come, because I am on this special
+mission of Reverend Crath's. Now you know what's going on in Ontario.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. Chairman, I think the Association will answer the 5,000
+letters, if he will ask.
+
+MR. DEVITT: I didn't ask. Are there any questions?
+
+DR. MCKAY: I'd like to ask a question. Was any scion wood ever brought
+over?
+
+MR. DEVITT: There was some scion wood brought over by the Reverend Crath
+in the spring of 1935, and it was brought over on the boat. I remember
+in those years only one that grew on a tree belonging to Mr. Corsan. I
+don't think the other scion wood proved any good at all.
+
+MR. STOKE: I got a little of that scion wood, and it had been waxed. The
+bark was nice and green, but the buds were dead.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: Do you have a plantation of young, producing trees?
+
+MR. DEVITT: No. My place, where I had those trees is now $3 million
+worth of buildings on 15 acres. You'd be looking down a street. They
+moved in in 1944, and built up 15 acres where I had one acre in the 15.
+
+
+
+
+The Eastern Black Walnut as a Farm Timber Tree
+
+JOHN DAVIDSON, _Xenia, Ohio_
+
+
+Most people instinctively love trees. Perhaps this is an inherited
+result of arboreal ancestry. Even so, very few of us realize what an
+astonishingly close tie exists between the survival of trees and the
+well-being of the human race. Probably even fewer realize the very great
+importance, in the economy of animal life, of trees which bear nuts. Not
+alone for the sake of their nuts are they important, valuable as nuts
+are, but also for the sake of the unmatched timber which some of them
+produce, as well as for the sake of their service as soil conservers and
+builders, as beautifiers, and as silent, persistent builders of capital
+values.
+
+In view of these outstanding qualities, it is strange that nut trees are
+today unfortunately and shamefully neglected in the north. Especially, I
+claim, is this true of the Eastern Black walnut. Here is a mystery. Why
+do not northern planters of trees plant more Eastern Black walnuts for
+their exceedingly valuable timber?
+
+"Backward" Burma could give us lessons in intelligent forestry. It is
+said that the Burmese are permitted to clear their thickets and tropical
+woodlands for agricultural use only after they agree to plant a definite
+amount of that land in teak, perhaps the most valuable of all woods. It
+is said that, due to the effectiveness of this system, some 35,000 acres
+have now been stocked with this valuable timber.
+
+There are two or three main reasons why the planting of Eastern Black
+walnut for timber is thus far not very common in America. (1). The
+native and favorable area of this tree is limited to a comparatively
+small section. (2), The tree grows well only in deep, fertile soil where
+quick-money crops have had the first call. Strip-mine planting is better
+than none at all, but such soil as is left after a strip-mine operation
+is hardly the best. (3) We are in too great a hurry. (4) Most farmers
+must have annual incomes, or they must quit farming.
+
+What, then, are the offsetting reasons why this kind of planting should
+have an appeal to far-seeing people who are favorably located? In the
+first place, the Eastern Black walnut yields wood of unique quality.
+Pattern makers, who must work within tolerances of thousandths of an
+inch, prefer it. Walter Page, a well known sports writer has this to
+say: "Few woods come as close as walnut to fulfilling all the demands of
+a good gunstock: beauty of grain, workableness with cutting tools,
+resistance to warpage, weight or density in proportion to strength."
+
+Another example of the many-sided versatility of this wood can be found
+in those timbered regions of America where termites are a problem for
+home owners. Termites seem to leave black walnut wood very much alone.
+It probably has a taste which termites cannot stomach. This is one
+reason why so many of the old rail fences of our ancestors in the walnut
+area were made of black walnut. The "ground-chunks," in particular,
+which were laid upon the ground under the corners of the worm-fences
+were often either of rock, or of walnut.
+
+Just this year I watched the demolition of part of an old log cabin
+which was being riddled by termites. Many of the ordinary logs were in
+ruins but the walnut boards which had served as weather-boarding over
+the ends of some of the termite-infested logs were as sound and as
+beautifully preserved as they had been when they were placed there.
+
+Is it any wonder that so many of the pioneers who had lived long enough
+in the termite area to see what could happen to other lumber, chose
+walnut, whenever they could get it, for structural work and for
+weatherboard protection?
+
+Safety of operation is still another matter for consideration. If I wish
+to create an estate for my family or for my last years, how can I go
+about it with the best chance for success? Shall I go prospecting for
+precious metals? Thousands have failed at that job where but few have
+succeeded. Shall it be manufacturing? Count up the failures. For each
+success, at least ten go broke. Wall Street? The Wall Street journals
+themselves give the statistics. More than 90 percent of all persistent
+Wall Street gamblers lose money in the end. Farming? Much safer, but
+most farmers who have made much money in the past have accomplished it
+by way of an increase in the value of their land rather than through
+their farming operations. This is the result of fluctuating prices. Bad
+years often eat up the savings of good years. Then, too, the good farmer
+is a busy man. The better the year the busier he is. Very little time
+remains for side issues, such as the planting of trees.
+
+As a matter of fact, as erosion of the soil progresses, as good,
+productive land becomes more scarce, and as farm labor becomes more and
+more difficult to employ, the attention of informed farm owners and
+operators has been turning more and more to soil-building, perennial,
+permanent and labor-saving crops. Of these, grass and tree crops are,
+far and away, the most promising today.
+
+In view of what I have found out during the last 20 years, I am quite
+sure that, if I were starting now, I should expect to make farming a
+major element in my estate building, but it would be mostly tree and
+grass farming, not grain farming. I should need livestock, of course, to
+make use of the grass. And I like livestock.
+
+This is what I ask of life: First of all, I must enjoy my work. I do not
+care to spend all my days in getting ready to live. My job must lie
+along the road I like to travel. I do not care to work at a task so
+burdensome, so time-consuming that I have no heart for the enjoyment of
+living. At the same time, a big part of the plan must be to find a good,
+safe way to build an estate. It must be feasible, practical, enjoyable.
+
+I believe, in the light of my own recent experience, that if one is
+properly situated, there is much to be said for the idea of undertaking
+the practice of forestry upon a rather liberal scale using Eastern Black
+walnut trees as a foundation.
+
+In the first place, I ask, what living thing upon one's farm will cause
+less labor than a forest tree? I know of none. This fulfills the first
+requirement. A forest tree calls for a minimum of attention as
+compared with other crops. This is especially true if one permits
+livestock to keep down weeds and brush. And here I am likely to be
+called a heretic. The authorities say, "No grazing in a forest".
+However, in this field of forestry there are some traditional maxims
+which, to say the least, are not capable of universal application. The
+authorities, too, have been known to rely upon what other authorities
+tell them--without investigating the facts for themselves. It is not
+well to rely too implicitly or trustfully upon the "authorities", either
+ecclesiastical or scientific. "No grazing" is a valid enough rule to
+follow in the ordinary forest, but I have found that after the trees are
+well grown we can graze the land under a deep-rooted walnut tree which
+is planted in deep, rich soil as we would graze any meadow land--in
+reason and in moderation. The practice is profitable for annual income
+and it keeps down the fire hazard. One bad fire in an ungrazed or unmown
+piece of brush-covered undergrowth can destroy in an hour 50 years of
+timber growth. If we plant deep-rooted nut trees in deep, rich soil, and
+if we fertilize that soil as any valuable permanent pasture land is
+fertilized, we can graze that land without injury to the trees or the
+land.
+
+One other reason which is given for the prohibition of grazing is the
+desire to save young tree growth. This is justified in ordinary forestry
+practice by the need to get annual income through successive cuttings.
+The young growth must be encouraged to come on. Even so, it must be
+thinned as it comes. However, a forest of black walnut trees yields its
+annual income in another way--through its nuts and its livestock.
+
+Trees in such a forest should be planted close enough together to cause
+them to reach straight up as they grow. They will not all reach straight
+up, of course, but enough will do so to produce as many saw-logs as will
+normally grow in a forest; that is, if they have been properly planted
+in the first place.
+
+In my own modified forest-type planting, the black walnut trees stand 8
+feet apart in rows 20 feet apart. The 20-foot spacing between rows was
+planned to provide more sunlight for nut production during the early
+years. No one ever planted a forest in that way, so far as I know. The
+trees are now 17 years old, about 3250 of them in all. In the best soil
+of this 20 acres I can count about 1000 forest-type, straight,
+well-grown trees. There are about 1500 lesser trees, low-limbed trees
+which will eventually be used, perhaps, for posts or some such purpose.
+There are, I regret to say, about 750 trees that will never be worth
+anything. An eroded slope and a hidden clay bed explain these
+misbegotten dwarfs.
+
+The variable growth of these trees proves that the first care in making
+a planting of walnut for timber should be to plant in good soil, deep
+and well drained. Bottom land, even some that is occasionally
+overflown with flood-water, and therefore not the best wheat land,
+should be excellent for Eastern Black walnuts if the drainage is good.
+Rule two:--Select your seed or seedlings from large, straight-growing,
+healthy parents. This rule needs explanation.
+
+In last October's NUTSHELL, an organ of the Northern Nut Growers'
+Association, Spencer Chase, its editor, called attention to a showing of
+Carpathian Persian walnuts by Mr. H. F. Stoke which illustrated what was
+called "the variability of seedling trees." The progenitor
+of these seedlings was a Lancaster Carpathian Persian walnut tree.
+Differences in size, appearance and quality of nuts from these seedlings
+were said to have been remarkable. Such differences, we know, are
+greater with some species than with others. A variable ancestry often
+results in a variable progeny. On the other hand, I know that my Eastern
+American black walnuts do tend to reproduce the characteristics of their
+parents. I have long rows of seedling trees, all from one parent tree,
+standing alongside long rows of seedlings from another parent. The
+similarity of the tree growth and nut production of the trees in their
+own rows, and their contrast in growth of trees and nuts to those in
+adjoining rows is striking and to me conclusive. A photograph taken by
+Dr. O. D. Diller, of Ohio State University, in 1946, shows trees in a
+right-hand row grown from seed of a tree on the Kinsey farm, while on
+the left are seedlings of a tree on the McCoy farm. The circumference of
+trunks of Kinsey seedlings averages more than twice that of McCoy trees.
+Same soil, same age (11 years), same treatment.
+
+Those same trees, now 17 years old, still show these striking
+characteristics. It is true that each tree in a row of seedlings is an
+individual in its own right. No others are exactly like it.
+Nevertheless, the family resemblances in that row are very like those in
+human families. They are especially noticeable in the nuts--with, for
+example, rough shells in one row and smooth shells in another; mainly
+large nuts in one and mainly small nuts in an adjoining family. Also,
+some rows have mostly straight-growing trees, others are predominantly
+branchy, like the Thomas.
+
+It should be said in this connection that practically all of the parent
+trees of these seedlings stood in isolated positions and little subject
+to pollination from other trees.
+
+So much for the Eastern Black walnut's evidence of hereditary influence.
+So, let us take inventory.
+
+Today, I figure that the thousand well-grown trees in this planting are
+each adding a dollar per year to the value of the 20 acres upon which
+they stand. $1000 per year in all. This estimate, which of course seems
+optimistic, is based upon the statement of a walnut tree buyer--a
+sawmill man--who tells me that a well grown, deep-soil, 50-year-old
+Eastern Black walnut tree should average about $50 in value. Thus far,
+my 17-year-old youngsters, some of them nearly 3 feet in girth (9-1/2 to
+11 or more inches in diameter at breast height) look promising.
+
+In addition to the potential added value of $1000 per year, this 20
+acres has produced about two tons of in-hull nuts from selected trees
+only, in each of the past two years, (with more than that in prospect
+this year), while the land beneath the trees grows good pasture and
+helps to support a small herd of cattle and calves.
+
+Once the trees were thoroughly established, the labor investment has
+been very small. Nature, for the most part, has done her own pruning,
+and has done it better than I deserve. Since the first half-dozen years,
+there has been no cultivation. The trees have been practically
+trouble-free. Winds have damaged a few and one wet spot has killed three
+trees. There are a few black locust trees among the walnuts. I can see
+no evidence that the walnuts have made either better or poorer growth
+because of the proximity of these nitrogen storers. Perhaps the evidence
+will show up later. We shall see.
+
+The last item in this inventory, added value to the estate, is still
+potential, but the potential is surprising. If my walnut timber buyer's
+estimate is trustworthy, in 17 years the best 1000 trees have added
+17,000 potential dollars to the value of that 20 acres. And they have
+done it with safety, with little labor on my part and, lately, with
+annual dividends of excellent nuts and good pasture. No other kind of
+forestry that I know of can do that.
+
+It would, of course, be foolish to claim that the kind of management
+here described would be wise or workable with other forest species. Wise
+forest management requires, first of all, that the choice of species
+shall be adapted to the soil and climate favored by that species. It
+requires a proper density of stand. Finally, good management demands
+that a choice be made of the most valuable type of timber that can be
+produced upon your land. If you can grow walnut successfully, it would
+be foolish to grow Willow or Box Elder.
+
+One necessary thing I must do, a thing that I should advise others
+similarly situated to do, namely, place a tight legal fence around this
+twenty acres in order to assure the trees' survival until 50 years have
+proved or disproved my faith. For, after all, these trees are guinea
+pigs--pioneering. They break some traditional rules. The land they stand
+on is grazed. They are not set the traditional 80 feet apart. Their nut
+crops may dwindle away. One never sees walnut trees growing in pure
+stands--always with other species which scatter their seeds and push in.
+They are not monopolists--like the pines.
+
+Very well, we shall see. My own small experiment in unorthodox ways has
+the temerity to suggest a new treatment for a species of timber tree
+which I personally regard as America's very best gift of its kind to the
+world. For 17 years my modified forest-type planting of black walnut
+trees has not disappointed me. That is why I now believe that the farmer
+in the Eastern black walnut's native habitat who fails to set out these
+nut trees wherever he can is losing a good opportunity.
+
+
+
+
+The McKinster Persian Walnut
+
+P. E. MACHOVINA, _Columbus, Ohio_
+
+
+The McKinster Persian walnut first attracted public attention when it
+received first place in the preliminary Persian walnut contest conducted
+by the Northern Nut Growers Association in 1949. In the follow-up
+contest of 1950, the variety was granted third place. The McKinster tree
+resulted from Crath Carpathian seed secured through the Wisconsin
+Horticultural Society by Mr. Ray McKinster of Columbus, Ohio. The seed
+was obtained and planted in the spring of 1938, hence the tree is now 15
+years of age. Probably this seed was secured by Rev. Crath during his
+last trip when, presumably, he made some of his most careful selections.
+
+Altogether, Mr. McKinster planted eleven Crath nuts in the back yard of
+his small city lot, nine of which germinated. All but two of the
+resulting seedlings were distributed to friends and relatives living in
+the countryside. Many of these trees have disappeared due to accidents
+and lack of care; a few, however, have produced nuts which apparently
+are not exceptional. One such nut examined was of medium size with a
+fairly thick shell; the kernel was of good flavor but somewhat bitter.
+Of the two trees retained by Mr. McKinster, both were permitted to grow
+where the seed was planted, however one died of an unknown cause when
+five years of age. Nuts produced by this tree were inferior to those
+produced by the survivor which later became known as the McKinster
+variety.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The McKinster tree may be viewed in the accompanying illustrations which
+show it without foliage and with foliage. The pictures were taken in
+March and August, respectively, 1953. Since it is a very beautiful and
+relatively clean tree, the McKinster would be desirable in any yard.
+From the pictures, it will be noted that the site is unfortunate being
+restricted by two garages, an alley, and with numerous overhead utility
+wires. Some effort was made two years ago to keep the tree out of the
+wires by cutting back top growth. The trimming stimulated the usual
+vigorous, annual growth to produce terminals as great as 10 feet in one
+year. Ordinarily, annual growths of 6 feet of husky wood are not
+unusual. New wood and buds are hardy in appearance and assume a rich
+brown color upon maturing. With such growth, cutting 1000 feet of scion
+wood annually would be no problem. The tree is now about 35 feet in
+height with a like spread.
+
+The bearing record of the McKinster Persian has been excellent. Its
+first crop of five or six nuts was borne at five years of age and large
+crops have been consistently set each year since with but one exception.
+Crop records have been impossible to maintain since the tree is located
+in a section of the city where squirrels abound. Any nuts saved must be
+protected by screen-wire cages. The hunger of the squirrels for the nuts
+is amazing. For example, in 1951, they descended upon the tree during
+the first week of July and destroyed all nuts of the large crop within
+two weeks. These nuts could not possibly have been filled and,
+consequently, could have been of little nutrient value. In their
+voracity, the squirrels frequently work on the cages and sometimes
+manage to break through. To facilitate this endeavor, limbs up to one
+inch in diameter carrying cages are sometimes cut off so the squirrels
+can attack more conveniently from the ground.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+It could be that nuts saved by caging are sometimes inferior. The cages
+used are made by folding window screen into a doubled, 4 to 6 inch
+square, producing an "envelope" with wire sewn edges. Crowding from one
+to three nuts into a cage may result in inhibited development,
+especially since considerable leaf surface must be removed when
+installing a cage. Because Mr. McKinster has been ill for several
+years, it has been difficult to accomplish the caging; consequently, but
+few nuts are saved. For example, in 1950, there were insufficient nuts
+to meet the 25 nut sample required by the contest judges. All available
+nuts, some probably inferior, were entered, and it is a matter of
+conjecture whether the nuts might have been judged higher under
+different circumstances. Also conjectural are the questions of crop size
+and regularity of bearing in the event the tree was permitted to mature
+its nuts.
+
+The McKinster nuts, which were the principal consideration in the
+contests rather than the tree itself, are excellent in nearly all
+aspects. They are of medium size, averaging around 35 to the pound, with
+about 52 per cent kernel. The shell is moderately thin, light in color,
+well sealed, of a satisfactory shape (see illustration), and with
+excellent cracking qualities. The kernel is light, plump, of excellent
+flavor, and in the words of one authority, "probably rank with the best
+in freedom from bitterness." The nuts are matured by the middle of
+September and, later, drop, free of the husk.
+
+Blooming of the parent tree usually occurs during the first week of May.
+In 1951, the staminate flowers were first observed April 29 and the
+pistillate flowers May 2. The narrator visited the tree on May 4 at
+which time some catkins had fallen; it was estimated that one-half to
+two-thirds of the pollen had been shed. The pistillate flowers appeared
+to be either receptive or slightly past at this stage. Mr. McKinster
+commented that the blooming period of 1951 was from a few days to a week
+earlier than usual. In 1952, the shedding of pollen started on April 29.
+From the foregoing, it may be noted that the McKinster Persian is
+entirely or largely self-pollinating. No other Persian walnut trees
+which might assist in pollination occur in the vicinity and all known
+seedlings raised from nuts of the parent McKinster tree have appeared to
+be pure Persian. Leafing out starts about a week before the bloom
+appears. In the fall, leaves are colored a beautiful bronze and are
+brought down in a great shower by the first frost.
+
+A sample of the soil in which the McKinster tree is growing, taken at a
+depth of 6 inches, was tested in July 1950. The results specify that the
+soil is mostly silt with an average amount of organic matter and that
+evidence indicates it to contain ashes. The acidity is specified as
+"neutral", potash "high", and phosphate "low". No mention is made of
+available nitrogen; however, the dark green color of the leaves and
+vigorousness of growth would indicate a satisfactory supply. Fertilizer
+in small amount was applied once or twice during the early life of the
+tree; also, during this period, Mr. McKinster "spaded in" garbage, etc.,
+to increase the humus content of the soil. In 1951, the narrator checked
+the pH of the soil near the surface and obtained a value of 6.5.
+
+Only one instance of damage due to climatic conditions and none
+whatsoever from insects and diseases has ever been observed with the
+parent McKinster tree. Undoubtedly, the city location offers some
+protection from frost, but may also be detrimental, on occasion, through
+heat reflected from the many surrounding white-painted buildings. For
+example, an unseasonable warm spell occurred in Columbus during the
+latter part of the first week in April of the current year. The heat,
+lasting for several days, reached a high of 80.4 degrees and, as a
+result, the McKinster tree started vegetating. Leaf growths of from
+one-half to one inch had been reached when normal conditions returned.
+Two weeks later, a cold spell with snow and temperatures of 22 degrees
+killed the new growth but did not injure the wood. Following this,
+leafing re-occurred, but at a slower rate and somewhat later than
+normal. The size ultimately attained by the leaves is about one-half
+their usual size, and, consequently, the accompanying illustration,
+taken this summer, does not exhibit the usual luxuriant appearance of
+the tree. A large part of the bloom was damaged by the cold, hence the
+tree set a lighter crop of nuts than usual.
+
+In connection with early vegetating, it may be remarked that Mr.
+McKinster, several years ago, presented two small grafted trees of his
+variety to a relative living in eastern Kentucky. These trees were
+planted on low ground and were killed the first year by late spring
+frosts after leafing out twice. Thus it seems evident that the McKinster
+tree has the fault, common in Carpathians, of leafing out too early and
+being injured by late spring frosts, especially when planted too far
+south. Three other trees, grafted by Mr. McKinster and now about four
+years from the graft, are situated in the countryside several miles
+south of Columbus, Ohio, where they are doing excellently, having never
+been damaged.
+
+The writer has several three year old McKinster grafts at his property
+in southeastern Ohio which were deliberately set on stocks located in a
+bad frost pocket. The grafts, which are adjacent to a woods, have made
+fair growth each spring but are injured during the summer by an insect
+laying eggs in the succulent growth. The portion of terminal above the
+point of sting invariably dies the following winter and has the
+appearance produced by winter killing. This damage has not been unique
+with the McKinster, having also occurred with the McDermid, Watt,
+Burtner, and other Persian varieties growing nearby; some of the latter
+were killed outright the first winter after grafting.
+
+A one-year McKinster grafted tree with three feet of growth above the
+graft was cut back and transplanted by the writer to the yard of his
+Columbus, Ohio, home during the winter of 1952. Growth the following
+spring was about two feet and obtained in rather poor soil. After a long
+absence during the summer which was attended by a prolonged drouth, the
+tree was found in a dying condition, having lost all its leaves. Hurried
+watering resulted in a complete new coat of leaves and a small amount of
+additional terminal growth. The tree matured its growth and withstood
+the winter nicely, but suffered, similar to the parent, from the April,
+1953, unseasonable weather. Growth this summer from adventitious buds
+has been poor.
+
+Unfortunately, the McKinster variety saw but little testing in other
+parts of the country prior to its recognition in 1949. So that this
+report might be as complete as possible, requests were sent to several
+dozen experimenters who are known to have grafted the McKinster, asking
+for their experiences and opinions of the variety. The requests went to
+people scattered generally throughout the northeastern portion of the
+country, a very few of which had received scion wood in 1950, a larger
+portion in 1951, and the bulk in 1952. For the most part, replies
+indicate satisfaction and even enthusiasm; very few report failure.
+Definite conclusions cannot be drawn because of the short time of
+trial; however, a general description of experiences will provide
+indications.
+
+Few experimenters report failure in grafting, most stating the variety
+to be "easy to graft." Any who mention the characteristic,
+state that "grafts are vigorous," or that "it is a fairly rapid grower."
+For the experimenters, the McKinster seems to be about "average" in its
+time of leafing out. Many report a set of nuts the second year after
+grafting. As to time of maturing new growth, the reply of Mr. Stephen
+Bernath of New York, "New growth matures about the end of September," is
+fairly typical, as is the reply of Dr. R. T. Dunstan of North Carolina,
+"It appears to harden wood well ahead of frost." Most reports indicate
+no winter injury but are tempered by cautious observations that
+temperatures had not been low. Mr. H. F. Stoke of Virginia, who grafted
+the McKinster in the spring of 1950, reports: "Pistillate buds developed
+during the summer of 1951 were killed by a frost catching new growth in
+the spring of 1952." Mr. John Howe of Missouri was the sole reporter of
+catastrophe when he stated: "My McKinster graft was killed by the
+November, 1951, cold while the Lake and McDermid varieties close by were
+not hurt." Mr. Sylvester Shessler of northern Ohio reports: "The
+McKinster withstood, without injury, the 1951 winter which killed 4
+hybrids and a Crath, and injured several others." Mr. Harry P. Burgart
+of Michigan reports the variety as doing extra well for him. The only
+reply mentioning disease came from Dr. Dunstan who says: "It has been
+fairly clean in foliage so far, less susceptible to leaf spot than
+some." Mr. John Gerstenmaier of Massillon, Ohio, grafted the McKinster
+in 1951 and reports excellent growth with a diameter of 2 inches at the
+graft after two years. He reports temperatures of 16 degrees very early
+in November which caused no harm, and pistillate bloom from May 8 to 16,
+1952, which materialized into a crop of two nuts; pollen was supplied by
+adjacent Carpathians. Leafing out ordinarily starts about a week prior
+to the bloom for Mr. Gerstenmaier; but, in April, 1953, the unseasonable
+weather conditions also occurring in his vicinity caused early
+vegetating and killing, while at nearby Orrville, the variety was
+undamaged.
+
+Mr. Gilbert Becker of Michigan, who is enthusiastic about the McKinster
+variety, believes the qualities of the nut to be superb and the
+characteristics of the tree satisfactory. He is of the opinion that the
+too-short dormancy of the variety is not a serious objection,
+particularly with climatic conditions such as those experienced in
+Michigan. Even in central Ohio, where peach and apple crops are
+frequently lost due to spring frosts, the McKinster has not been injured
+when located in the countryside and injured but once during its 15
+years, with a resultant smaller than usual crop, when located in the
+city.
+
+In closing, it might be well to comment on the fact that nuts of the
+McKinster, Hansen and Jacobs varieties alone placed high in both the
+1949 and 1950 N.N.G.A. contests and that different panels of judges
+served in the two events. Certainly the nuts of these varieties are of a
+superior quality, and it would seem important to determine those parts
+of the country where these varieties are sufficiently hardy to be of
+commercial value. Certainly these varieties should be given every
+opportunity to prove themselves.
+
+
+
+
+Carpathian Walnuts in the Columbia River Basin
+
+LYNN TUTTLE, _Clarkston, Wash_.
+
+
+Mr. Chairman and friends of the nut culture, I regret that I cannot meet
+with you at this time, but fate seems to have decreed otherwise. The
+pleasant memory of the meeting at Guelph is still with me and I must
+admit a feeling of humility as I prepare this paper for a group of
+sincere and devoted people united in a common interest.
+
+The Pacific Northwest extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific
+Ocean. This area is divided by the Cascade Mountains which run north and
+south. Between the Cascades and the Pacific we have a coastal area
+wherein winters are generally mild, summers cool, and rainfall abundant.
+Under these, conditions many plants do not attain a high degree of
+dormancy. Zero weather in Seattle will damage walnuts as much as will
+twenty-five degrees below zero in the more continental climate east of
+the Cascades. Carpathian walnuts have proved their value under both
+coastal and interior conditions. This hardiness is at least partially
+due to their tendency to mature their buds and harden their growth
+earlier in the fall than do other types of English walnuts.
+
+Between the Cascades and the Rockies is a vast area part plateau and
+part mountains. It is scarred with deep canyons and crossed by swift
+streams fed from springs and mountain snows. Roughly the elevation of
+farm lands varies from five hundred to over forty-five hundred feet.
+Depending largely on slope and elevation, rainfall varies from about
+eight to twenty-five inches. In general, summer days are bright, dry,
+and fairly hot. Nights are clear and cool. Winters are unpredictable but
+always vary much according to location and elevation. Infrequently
+temperatures may drop to more than twenty below zero at Clarkston. Other
+areas of similar elevation may be five to ten degrees colder.
+
+For the sake of clarity and to reduce the territory covered, we will
+confine ourselves largely to that part of the Columbia Basin irrigated
+and to be irrigated in Central Washington. The application is general,
+however.
+
+Grand Coulee Dam has made feasible the irrigation of about 1-1/4 million
+acres of sage brush, bunch grass, and marginal wheat lands. Irrigation
+is already practised over other vast acreages. This land is level to
+rolling, and is of sandy loam nature. It is deeply under-laid by layers
+of lava rock--in places thousands of feet thick. As in most arid
+climates the soil is rich in minerals but low in nitrogen and organic
+matter. Under irrigation production is amazing. The growing season is
+sufficiently long for Carpathian walnuts anywhere in the irrigated area.
+
+Walnuts originally from Southern Europe have proved unsatisfactory
+because they killed at 20 to 25 below zero. It was discouraging to have
+a ten or fifteen year old tree killed outright by an unusual winter. But
+it was just these conditions that led to the discovery of the Schafer
+walnut. This tree survived the winters of 1936 and 1937 in a part of the
+Yakima valley where all other varieties similarly located were killed.
+So far as I know, none of these were Carpathians.
+
+Many Carpathians are now being planted, mostly for yard trees, but
+promise to eventually become one of the big commercial crops of the
+area. However, skepticism on the part of the public and scarcity of
+nursery stock has delayed commercial planting. A fair portion of good
+growers are now convinced that commercial growing is profitable and
+stock, our own and others, is becoming more plentiful.
+
+Our experience has been confined largely to the Schafer walnut and it
+is, aside from some promising seedlings, so far as we know, the only
+proven Carpathian in this area. We do not wish to discredit
+possibilities of any other variety, but must speak out of our own
+observations. There are numerous small, commercial plantings now
+producing, the nuts being sold locally. Accurate production figures are
+not available and if available would vary greatly due to the care given
+the trees. The Schafer, and this will undoubtedly hold true of some
+other Carpathians, bears more at five years than a Franquette does at
+ten. I have seen apple boxes (about one bushel) of nuts harvested from
+five and six years old trees. Production increases rapidly with age.
+
+As with fruit trees good air drainage and good soil drainage are
+desirable for the walnut orchard. The Schafer starts fairly early in the
+spring and new leaves are easily nipped by late frosts. A severe late
+freeze might also injure new growth although I do not recall a crop
+having been lost due to this cause. Although pollinizers have not been
+used, we think that on young trees and in some years they might insure a
+better crop. We are now propagating two pollinizing varieties the
+catkins of which come out later than the Schafer.
+
+Trees planted sixty feet apart permit inter-planting to row and other
+crops for several years. Columbia Basin lands under irrigation produce
+enormous crops of potatoes, beans, sugar beets, rutabagas, green peas,
+clover or alfalfa seed, peppermint oil, and fruit. Average potato--20
+tons, alfalfa hay--7 tons (three cuttings), alfalfa seed--800 pounds,
+dry beans--2,500 pounds, wheat--70 to 100 bushels. In some areas peach
+or apricot trees make good fillers.
+
+Carpathians also fit into the picture as yard trees, for border
+plantings,--either to utilize run-off water or to use water wasted along
+ditches and pipe lines and for wind breaks. This open country is
+naturally windy and trees greatly reduce the ground velocity of wind.
+
+Nut production in this area appears to be much heavier than on the coast
+or in California with varieties now being grown there. So far we are
+pest-free. The potentials of good Carpathian walnuts in this area are
+unlimited.
+
+
+
+
+Walnuts and Filberts in Southern Wisconsin
+
+C. F. LADWIG, _Beloit, Wisc._
+
+
+My farm is located a few blocks north of the Illinois-Wisconsin line on
+a rise overlooking the city of Beloit, whose western limits are almost
+adjacent to my land. Temperature in this section ranges from 100 degrees
+above to 30 degrees below zero; rarely reaching either extreme--with an
+average frost free period of 173 days. Rainfall averages approximately
+35 inches. Walnut, butternut, bitternut, hazel and hickory are native,
+but just about non-existent in my vicinity except on my place in the
+young state.
+
+The land on my place has been tobaccoed and corned out for over 100
+years and its once rich clay loam with sandy streaks was unable to grow
+ragweed over 2 inches high when I bought it. Trying to grow nut trees in
+this soil presents problems as you well know. My problem was not to get
+them to grow vigorously but to get them to grow at all. However, by
+using fertile spots, formerly barnyard and around the house, I got
+several walnuts and filberts started.
+
+I have an eight year old Crath #1, two Myers black walnuts, about the
+same age, Cochrane and Thomas, 6 years, all obtained from Mr. Berhow,
+and a fine assortment of Jones hybrid filberts from Mrs. Langdoc, a Rush
+filbert from Mr. Burgart, two European filberts from the New York State
+Fruit Testing Association, some hybrid seedlings, some native hazels
+from seed, some bitternut seedlings from Mr. Weschcke, a few native
+hickory seedlings, an American chestnut seedling from Scarff, 2
+butternut seedlings, 2 nice Chinese tree hazels from Mr. Shessler,
+several Jacobs walnut seedlings, and _regia_ & _hindsii_ hybrids from
+seed of Mr. Pozzi, some Crath seedlings and a number of Thomas black
+walnut seedlings--also native walnut seedlings.
+
+Mr. Shessler and Prof. J. C. McDaniel have been a source of
+help, advice, and inspiration to me and I am
+deeply indebted to them, as well as to many other members of the
+N.N.G.A. who have shared their experiences with me.
+
+How have the trees done? The Crath #1 is bearing a few nuts this year.
+It had no catkins, but the Cochrane was loaded with staminate bloom at
+the right time. I got busy with the Cochrane pollen and a brush and went
+to work on the Crath pistillate bloom. Very pleased with this cross I
+looked the Crath over a few days later to check on progress. I picked
+the little nutlets off the ground and inspected them carefully, then
+threw them into the chickens to see if they would eat them. Back in my
+mind was the feeling that Mother Nature thought I was getting too big
+for my britches and decided to teach me a lesson. However she generously
+allowed a few air pollinated nutlets to grow, and so there will be a
+small crop of the round and plump smooth green balls.
+
+The Crath #1 is not perfectly hardy as it freezes back an inch or two in
+the cold winters. Two years ago the warm wet fall left it unprepared for
+the sudden onslaught of winter and several whole branches died and the
+trunk split open, the split sounding like a rifle shot one cold, crisp
+evening. I happened to be standing by it at the time.
+
+The Myers black walnuts are splendid trees and just about hardy. They
+bore a few nuts and second and third year from planting, which sapped
+their vitality. They then bore nothing for about three years, which
+happened to be unfavorable years for walnuts anyway, and began to bear
+again this year with a moderate crop. It looks like the plum curculio,
+my arch insect enemy, is trying the nuts for size. I saved some Cochrane
+pollen and went to work on the Myers, with you know what results.
+However three of the nutlets stayed on the tree; so that I may have
+effected a cross between Myers and Cochrane.
+
+Thomas has acted peculiarly for me. It went thru the devastating
+winters of 1950 and 1951 in fine shape, then froze back last winter when
+the temperatures never went below 5 degrees below zero. The very dry
+fall should have ripened all branches to perfection. My mule, Zombie,
+took a liking to the branches and leaves of this tree, so it is now
+trimmed up like an umbrella. The small nut crop must have also gone down
+Zombie's gullet. He is more destructive to walnut and plum than the
+curculio. (Tie him up. Ed.) Thomas does not seem to have a great future
+up here.
+
+Now Cochrane is different. If that little tree has as many nuts on it as
+it had catkins this year, I'm going to have to move the corn out of the
+crib and put the walnuts in there. It is not a fast growing tree, but
+this may be the fault of the spot it is in, judging by the color of the
+leaves. I never got around to fertilizing it.
+
+Now that I told you about the Cochrane, I'll have to tell you about the
+"Wayne" black walnut. It is eight years old, stands about eight feet
+high and is hardy. My Black Walnut seedlings stand from six inches to
+six feet high. They go back to six inches every other year when I cut
+them down to graft them. Nobody in the nut tree field can call me a
+grafter. I'll make him prove it!
+
+The hickory, butternut, bitternut, and chestnut are step children and
+fend for themselves on less desirable soil. All are small. The
+regia-hindsii hybrids are small and young and are being given special
+care, but may not be perfectly hardy. They grow well.
+
+The Jones hybrid filberts stand from six to eight feet high, except
+those planted recently. This year they have a fair crop. The catkins
+came thru the winter in good shape for the most part. My two European
+filberts, which have lost their identity, but are either Italian Red,
+Cosford, or Medium Long, (one of the three perished) usually suffer the
+loss of their catkins and occasionally lose a branch or two to
+winter's icy fingers.
+
+To me, the filberts are fascinating at all times of the year. When the
+snow is deep and the cold bites deep, their tight little catkins always
+hold forth the comfortable promise of spring. When spring does come the
+thrill of the tiny red blossoms and lumbering catkins is as real and
+enduring as the promise of a crop of the shiny nuts is fickle. Then, of
+course, after the last tiny blossom has faded and the last catkin has
+withered, the leaves push forth. To me, these tiny leaves are a sight
+comparable to the opening and unfurling of the various varieties of the
+grape. Then enters the element of suspense, between the time of leafing
+out and the time when the little nut clusters appear.
+
+My bushes are all growing together on a rise of ground near an old barn
+foundation. The ground is rich and they love it. Each bush is individual
+and distinctive as are their nuts--some tucked far in the husk, some
+bulging out in a precarious fashion, some fat and round, others long and
+narrow. They're interesting. I can let the butternuts, bitternuts and
+hickories pass, the heartnuts, chestnuts, and pecans can wait until I am
+sure they will bear here. The walnut will grow up along with the other
+trees--blending into the landscape, but the filberts, like Zombie, call
+attention to themselves every day of the year.
+
+Somebody said recently that the emphasis in England is in being, and in
+our country in becoming. I imagine our land stopped being with the
+disappearance of the Indian and the primeval forest and is now in the
+process of becoming something else. What that something else is we don't
+know, and each generation carries a new set of values, but we all know
+that to become something better, trees must and will figure in the plans
+of all generations--better and more useful and more disease resistant
+trees. It is significant that nut trees lead in these requirements.
+
+
+
+
+Biology, Distribution and Control of the Walnut Husk Maggot
+
+DR. F. L. GAMBRELL, _New York State Agricultural Experiment Station,
+Geneva, N. Y._
+
+
+DR. GAMBRELL: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, some 22 years ago, I
+believe it was, I attended one of your meetings at the Experiment
+Station in Geneva, and at that time I gave a little talk on the walnut
+husk maggot. Perhaps some of you are old enough to have been there and
+remembered something about it, or maybe you are old enough so that you
+have forgotten as much as I have, so it would be worth talking over
+again. At any rate, when the chairman of your program committee wrote
+Dr. Chapman, asking him if he might talk, he came to me and said, "Would
+you be willing to do this?" I said I'd be willing but I didn't know
+whether I'd be able. But finally, the pressure was so great that I said
+yes, and I am here.
+
+After I accepted the invitation, I made up my mind that I would like to
+bring myself up to date as much as possible on recent developments on
+walnuts, so I took the liberty of writing to a lot of our entomological
+colleagues and talking to one of your members, Mr. Slate, in the hope
+that I might get some more recent information on the maggots, or,
+particularly, the control of this walnut husk maggot. I wrote to some 10
+or 15 entomologists in 15 states, as well as the United States
+Department of Agriculture in Washington and to our neighbors on the
+north in Ottawa. I must say that I have had a very fine response from
+everybody. They were all very willing to help, but practically all of
+them had the same answer: while they knew there was such a bug, they
+didn't know too much about it as an economic pest. So that left us all
+right in the same boat, with about two exceptions, as when we began. Our
+friends to the north in Canada sent some very nice information. We also
+had some information from the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant
+Quarantine, Washington, D. C., together with some illustrated material.
+Also our good friend, Dr. Boyce, at the Citrus Experiment Station, in
+Riverside, California, with whom I have discussed the walnut husk maggot
+problem quite a few years ago, had a very nice bit of information and
+illustrative material which he provided. Incidentally, he is the man who
+has been mainly responsible for the development of the walnut husk fly
+control program for the nut industry in California. I would certainly
+like to take this opportunity to acknowledge any contributions he or the
+other people have made towards this discussion.
+
+In New York State we have in our official list of insects about 30
+species of fruit flies that are catalogued, but only about five of these
+can be classified as of economic importance. Two of these occur on the
+cherries, both sweets and sours, and are called the cherry maggots.
+Another one on apples, known as apple maggot, and a related form on
+blueberry. And then, of course, the walnut husk maggot, and one other
+which occasionally occurs on currants, but this one, of course, is of
+less importance than the others.
+
+The fruit industry, of course, in New York is quite large, both apples
+and cherries, so that there is a considerable problem there as far as
+control is concerned. The growers spend thousands of dollars every year
+in combatting the various species of fruit flies. The interesting thing
+in this connection is that throughout the last 25 years with which I am
+familiar with the cherry fruit flies--in fact, that was one of the first
+projects I worked on in cooperation with Dr. Hugh Glasgow when I came to
+the Experiment Station in 1925--the control measures which we developed
+in 1925 to 1927 are essentially the ones which we are still using today;
+that is, for the most part. There have been various attempts to change
+the control program through the introduction of these newer
+insecticides, and some progress has been made, but in every case they
+have been wrought with some difficulties. At the present time the
+official state recommendations for the control of apple maggot and
+cherry maggot still include the use of arsenate of lead under some
+conditions. I mention that at this point because it is of some
+significance in the overall control. I am going to discuss that later
+on.
+
+As far as the host plants and distribution of the walnut husk maggot is
+concerned, according to the original description which was published
+almost a hundred years ago, it was listed as occurring in and to the
+Middle States. That is a little bit indefinite, but at least it occurs
+all over the Eastern United States and as far west as Kansas. Then the
+one which occurs in California, which has since been called _Rhagoletis
+completus_ (?) looks very similar to the one that we have here, but
+there are slight taxonomic differences, so at least it is considered a
+different species. At any rate, it is very similar to the one we have
+here, and this whole group of fruit flies that we have been talking
+about have a lot of similarity in their wing patterns and things of that
+sort.
+
+And the fact that I mentioned the control as generally as I did is of
+significance in that all of these flies of the various species are
+apparently susceptible to the same type of control measure.
+
+As far as the host plants are concerned, I have personally observed
+injury on all of our common _Juglans_ species that I have run across in
+New York State and in some of the states to the south of us, including
+butternut, Japanese walnut, English walnut and black walnut. I have seen
+reports of infestations which were recorded in hickory, but I personally
+have not seen them.
+
+I'd just like to have a show of hands. How many in the audience here
+have had experience with the walnut husk maggot or had injury on the
+fruit? (Showing of hands.) I see the majority of you certainly know what
+it is, but just as a brief reminder, the type of injury, of course,
+varies somewhat depending possibly on the variety and time of year at
+which the fruits first become infested. We know, of course, that the
+flies do not begin to puncture the husk until they attain a certain
+degree of softness. Early in the season they are not able, apparently,
+to penetrate the husk with the ovipositor, and that, of course, varies
+not only with hardness but with varieties. The flies, of course, may be
+seen on the fruit even though they are not able to penetrate the husk
+and deposit their eggs. These husks, of course, many of them, become dry
+and hard after they have been tunnelled out, and it is almost impossible
+to clean the shells. Occasionally you have nuts in which you have a
+separation of the suture, and in those cases you very frequently get the
+exudate from the husk penetrating through the suture in the shell onto
+the kernels themselves, and in those cases molds may grow on the kernels
+so that those fruits are no good.
+
+In connection with this injury I am going to show you some slides in a
+few minutes, but the preceding speaker made reference to a type of
+injury which occurred on the terminal growth of a walnut tree and that
+is one that we have had a lot of inquiries at the Experiment Station
+about, injury to the new terminal growth fairly early in the season.
+That probably, in most cases, is caused by the butternut or the walnut
+curculio. Early in the season these adults begin feeding on the new
+terminal growth, and they even puncture the new growth and lay their
+eggs there before the nuts are large enough for them to attack and very
+often considerable killing back of the terminal growth occurs. I have
+seen it on English walnut seedlings in nursery rows where there would be
+very large kill-back from the walnut curculio. Superficially the injury
+on the fruit is quite similar to that of the husk maggot.
+
+(First slide.) This first slide is just to give you some idea of the
+general areas of fruit growing and distribution in New York State. The
+eastern section, right-hand side, Champlain Valley and Hudson Valley,
+are primarily apple maggot regions. Some walnut husk fly probably occurs
+there, but they are predominantly apple-growing areas. In the central
+part of the state, northern, particularly, we have fruit, and as far as
+I know, there are no plantings of walnuts there, though you people may
+know of some. In The Ontario Plains section south of Lake Ontario is one
+of our big fruit belts in the State. Some walnuts are also grown here.
+Consequently this area has in it apple, walnut and cherry maggot flies,
+and, of course, they will be lapping over in all those areas into
+surrounding territories. But this gives you an idea, in a general way,
+of the distribution of the host plants and the flies about which I have
+been speaking.
+
+(Next slide.) Those flies get pretty big when you get them up there.
+They are not that easy to see in the field. The ones on the top are the
+species found on cherries. The one on the lower left is the apple
+maggot, the one on the lower right is walnut husk maggot. The only
+difference you can see here is in the wing pattern but in nature they
+differ in color. They all have a little different wing pattern. Also,
+there is a little difference in size, the walnut husk maggot being the
+biggest of the four species shown here.
+
+(Next slide.) I have shown here the emergence date of the various
+species, including the cherry fruit flies, the apple maggot and the
+walnut husk fly. And you notice that beginning over about the first week
+in June you have emergence of the cherry fruit flies, and you have a
+continuance of emergence of some of these species up until at least the
+first or second week in August. These points going up and down just show
+the number of flies that were taken on given dates, and there is a very
+definite correlation between the proportion of flies that emerge on any
+given day with the temperature or moisture condition. Some years, when
+you have very hot, dry weather, there is considerable mortality of these
+flies as they just do not seem to be able to emerge from the soil, which
+is a good thing.
+
+(Next slide.) This photograph is one that I wasn't sure I was going to
+get back in time for the meeting, but it is a Kodachrome of a pair of
+flies mating on an English walnut. This happened to occur on some of our
+own trees at the station, so that we are not immune from attack by this
+bug.
+
+(Next slide.) That is a close-up of an egg puncture, just a very tiny
+little hole in the husk, and once in a while they lay an egg even on the
+surface. Those eggs are quite small, about a millimeter in length and
+about two-tenths of a millimeter in width, but the next slide will show
+you that what they normally do is to put them inside that puncture in
+groups. They vary quite a bit, but the average number of eggs is about
+20 in each puncture. But that doesn't mean you won't have maybe four or
+five different punctures on a given nut, so you may end up with at least
+a hundred or more maggots in a shuck.
+
+(Next slide.) And the next picture is a photograph of the same English
+walnut taken about six or seven days later, showing the young maggots
+that have just hatched out. What they will do, they will begin boring
+in, and they will just radiate out in all directions into the shuck.
+When they have gotten that far along, of course, there is no hope for
+control.
+
+(Next slide.) This slide is one taken when the maggots were almost
+mature, showing the type of damage that you get.
+
+(Next slide.) This is the resting stage, or the pupa, the one which
+spends the winter in the soil and from which the flies emerge in New
+York, at least in our section, beginning about July 15th and going
+through up until August 15th.
+
+(Next slide.) The one at the top is normal fruit. I mentioned a while
+ago that this butternut curculio causes quite a bit of concern and also
+spoke about its being in terminals. If you look carefully you see a very
+definite hole here in the husk. That is where the adult punctured the
+husk. It may have been a feeding puncture first and later an egg was
+laid inside, and then you get the maggot or the grub of the curculio
+developing in there, so that superficially that discoloration looks very
+much like the walnut husk maggot. But in this case you may not find over
+one or two maggots in a nut. And the other difference is that these
+fruits which are attacked usually fall during July and August, whereas
+the ones that have maggots in, many of them stick right on the trees and
+don't come off at all.
+
+(Next slide.) I have two or three slides just showing the variations in
+the degree of injury on English walnuts from the point where you'd have
+an egg puncture. The puncture was made on the other side of the nut, on
+top here, and this is just the exudate running down around the nut which
+dries and becomes black. But these walnuts up above show just a lot of
+dark spots where the maggots are beginning to find their way through the
+husk. I have with me some injured nuts similar to those shown on the
+screen if you'd like to see them when I have finished my talk. They will
+give you a little idea what maggot injury looks like.
+
+(Next slide.) This is the same type of injury on butternut. Maybe you'd
+have one egg puncture and as many as a hundred or 120 maggots inside the
+shuck.
+
+(Next slide.) This is a picture of maggot injury on black walnut. They
+don't seem to like the black walnuts as well as they do the Persian
+walnut and butternut.
+
+(Next slide.) This is one of the hybrid English walnuts that is located
+on the grounds at the Geneva Experiment Station. It's quite a large
+tree. I don't know the name of it. Maybe you do, George.
+
+
+MR. SLATE: It has no name.
+
+DR. GAMBRELL: It's not very fruitful, anyway, is it? But it is also
+susceptible to injury.
+
+
+(Next slide.) This photograph was made quite a few years ago, and that
+explains some of the lines around it, but at any rate, this pile of nuts
+shows the damaged ones that came from one tree, and also the ones that
+were not infested. In other words, about two-thirds of the nuts on that
+particular tree had been infested with maggots.
+
+(Next slide.) That's a close-up view and is the type of thing I was
+trying to describe to you earlier where the shucks dry up and stick to
+the nut so that you cannot remove them. Those on the left, of course,
+would be absolutely no good for commercial purposes.
+
+(Next slide.) Now, I suppose you are all interested in this matter of
+control. Unfortunately, I must admit that I have not worked on the
+walnut husk maggots very much in the last 15 or 20 years. You may recall
+that we had a severe freeze back in 1933 or 1934, which took out quite a
+lot of our Persian walnuts in Western New York, and only the hardier
+trees remained. But prior to that time we had been getting numerous
+complaints, from growers about injury from walnut husk maggots, and we
+did some work at that time and also worked with the Farm Bureau people
+in the counties where walnuts were grown fairly commonly. In many cases
+these Persian walnuts were grown on fruit farms where they also have
+apples and other fruits. So that in those cases it was not a difficult
+problem to obtain control. We worked out a program whereby, say,
+beginning about July the 20th to the 25th, at which time quite a few of
+the flies would have emerged, if the orchardist, when he was going
+through with his regular spray operation on his fruit trees, would give
+his walnuts at least two applications at about two weeks intervals, he'd
+cease to have a maggot problem. That pretty well solved it, as far as
+they were concerned. But there were also these other plantings where
+you'd have just a few trees, or possibly one tree in a back yard,
+something of that sort, which is a little bit more difficult to control.
+
+Dr. Glasgow and I found that on cherry maggot in the city, while a
+material like lead arsenate is very effective in a commercial orchard,
+it's very ineffective for just one little tree in your own back yard,
+providing your neighbors have some trees and they don't spray them. The
+reason is very obvious: the flies don't necessarily stay on the same
+tree. They visit around from tree to tree, they feed on the surface of
+the leaves or fruit. Therefore, it's possible for them to be over on
+someone else's unsprayed tree and still come over and lay eggs in the
+nuts of a sprayed walnut tree before being killed. So you can see that
+such activity may create somewhat of a problem.
+
+At any rate, the lead arsenate spray of three pounds to a hundred
+gallons, with or without fungicides, has given good control in the past.
+That No. 3 combination of lime sulphur and lead arsenate was used west
+of Rochester here around Hilton where this grower had a commercial fruit
+planting, but he also had a number of English walnuts. The year prior to
+the time these trees were sprayed he had about 40 per cent of the nuts
+infested, and the year these were sprayed the infestation dropped they
+came down to about one percent. Notice the comment at the foot of the
+table which states that the trees that were not treated the following
+year went back up to 20 per cent of the nuts infested. There were about
+20 per cent of the trees that had infestation. Of course, the flies
+moved around enough that the trees became reinfested. It simply brings
+out the point that unless you have a pretty good-sized planting, you are
+going to have to spray pretty thoroughly in order to get control, and
+also, if you only have one or two trees and you have a lot of
+surrounding shrubbery and a lot of trees, it would be very wise to also
+spray those, unless they are plums or peaches, which are quite
+susceptible to arsenical injury. But most things would stand the
+arsenate of lead, and it would be very desirable, wherever you can, to
+spray surrounding trees and shrubs close to the walnuts themselves, and
+in so doing you would get pretty effective control. It is quite possible
+to use this control method and obtain over 80 per cent reduction in
+infestation.
+
+I am sorry to say I don't have any information on these newer materials,
+like DDT, methoxychlor and parathion. You have probably read about all
+of those in the magazines. Some of the men in our department have done
+quite a bit of work with these insecticides on the apple maggot in the
+Hudson Valley and in Western New York and they find, as I mentioned
+earlier, while it's possible to obtain control of apple maggot, say,
+with DDT, it requires much more frequent application. In that case, if
+any of you are orchardists or follow the apple-growing insect problems
+at all, the first application of the walnut maggot spray should go on at
+about the time the last cover spray for the coddling moth goes on for
+the first brood. That sounds a little involved, but from the calendar
+point of view it would be about July 25th in Central or Western New
+York. Normally, with us here the cherries are being harvested by about
+July 15th, sometimes a little earlier, but at any rate, that's the time
+the flies usually begin to emerge.
+
+We have what we call a pre-oviposition period of about two weeks, during
+which time the flies are not laying any eggs in the shucks and are
+moving around feeding. Of course, that is the time you have to get this
+spray material on, before they have punctured the nuts and deposited
+eggs inside.
+
+I think, unless there are questions, that's all I have to say.
+
+A MEMBER: You recommend No. 3 to be used?
+
+DR. GAMBRELL: Lead arsenate at 3 lbs./100 gallons and 2 gal. of lime
+sulphur would be an effective insecticide-fungicide mixture. I have used
+both the wettable sulphur and lime sulphur, as shown here, without any
+injury to foliage. Sometimes, as you know, if it's real hot, like today,
+sulphur could cause you a lot of foliage injury. Dr. MacDaniels will
+certainly bear me out on that.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Now I think Joe McDaniel has a little idea here he wants
+to introduce at this time.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I have been talking with Mr. Devitt. He is interested in
+following up these Carpathian trees in Ontario and is willing to act as
+our agent in securing seed nuts from some of the better selected trees.
+As I understand it, this Association couldn't properly act as a sales
+agency for them, but I believe there are some of the members who would
+like to get these superior seed nuts of Ontario, and I would be willing
+to take the names of persons who are interested in them, either for
+their personal planting or for resale. Mr. Devitt thinks he can secure
+the nuts at about 60 cents a pound from the owners who have these good
+trees and deliver them to the United States at around a dollar a pound.
+Anyone who is interested in that, see me or Spencer Chase during the
+remainder of the meeting.
+
+
+
+
+Panel Discussion: The Persian Walnut Situation
+
+_Moderator_: S. B. CHASE; _Panel Members_: H. L. CRANE, GILBERT BECKER,
+J. C. MCDANIEL, H. F. STOKE.
+
+
+MR. CHASE: To introduce the subject, Lynn Tuttle sent a paper, and in
+addition he sent a few slides. We won't give the paper, but we are going
+to run through a few slides very hurriedly, because he took the trouble
+to send them. I am going to read the captions off very quickly. (A
+series of slides of Persian Walnut were shown).
+
+The moderator isn't going to do anything other than ask for any
+questions that you folks have on Carpathians at this time. I am going to
+ask Dr. Crane to comment on this question: Are we going overboard
+building up our varieties as we know them now? In other words, we have
+selected four or five varieties that won a contest and our judges
+selected them as best, and these are the only ones we are hearing about.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, I don't believe we are, provided that we
+maintain high standards in the varieties distributed and tested. I feel
+that when we select a variety we should select it because it is a good
+nut, not that it's a world beater, for big size and thick, rough, rugged
+shell that is not sealed, and which is of no value for human use or
+consumption, excepting for firewood or fuel. Those big nuts won't fill.
+The best nuts are of reasonably large size, well filled with a well
+sealed shell and with a kernel that is sweet. Don't figure on selling
+nuts that have bitter kernels to anybody else. We have nut varieties of
+the Carpathians that are not going to go over because of the faults that
+I have mentioned. I should say, too, that we do not know how widely a
+variety is going to be adapted to different climates. If we select
+rigidly for good, outstanding varieties that bear good nuts and good,
+vigorous trees, we won't get too many.
+
+MR. CHASE: That was one point I wanted brought out, that we are now just
+in the preliminary stage of this Carpathian variety selection business.
+Of the selections made some have been made by default, because there
+weren't enough of other samples to compete with. On the other hand, the
+several we have we all consider outstanding in some respect, or other,
+and are of value as a beginning provided we bear in mind that we haven't
+scratched the surface on Carpathian walnuts yet.
+
+MR. STOKE: And let's not confine ourselves to Carpathian walnuts,
+because Hanson is not Carpathian walnut, and that's an excellent nut.
+
+MR. CHASE: Mr. Stoke, what is going to be NNGA's policy in trying to
+give recommendations for the planting of Carpathian or Persian walnuts?
+In other words, does it make any real difference whether it's a
+Carpathian or whether it is not, as long as it has proved hardy and of
+good quality?
+
+MR. STOKE: We are dealing with Persian walnuts, and Carpathian happens
+to be one class of Persian, and Broadview happens to be a Persian that
+came from Russia, and Lancaster is one that came from somewhere in
+Europe and landed up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. I would emphasize the
+name Persian as the over all name. The Carpathian is merely a Persian
+walnut which has been brought from the Carpathian mountains of Poland.
+
+MR. BECKER: Last summer a group of nut growers went to Lee Sommers',
+which is in the central part of Michigan. In the invitation to our nut
+growers I said, "This is the only pure Carpathian orchard we know in
+Michigan." That didn't set well with some of them and they took issue
+with me. In answering this issue, I said that Mr. Sommers had planted
+Carpathian Persian walnut seed that came from Poland direct. Many of us
+have a mixture. Even Mr. Shessler has the Hanson and Jacobs and a number
+of others. If he sells you seed, you are going to get it mixed. In a few
+years we will have a job keeping pure Carpathian.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: Isn't it a matter of straight terminology? _Juglans
+Regia_ is the Persian walnut. Carpathians are a regional strain of
+_Juglans Regia_.
+
+MR. CHASE: I think we all understand that.
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Can we speak of a Carpathian strain. Crath himself said
+there were many. He even found walnuts growing in clusters like grapes.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: It would be a regional group of clones with a certain
+origin not a strain in the genetic sense.
+
+MR. STOKE: They are just Persian walnuts that happened to come from the
+Carpathian region.
+
+DR. CRANE: There is a little difference. I believe that in the northern
+countries we have had more or less inbreeding and we could consider them
+more nearly a line, not a strain, because of that. When the original
+seed was introduced by Reverend Crath, probably each one of those lots
+of nuts come from different trees, as a line, but, now this second
+generation stuff that's coming along, it's just _Juglans Regia_. It's a
+hardy Persian walnut.
+
+MR. STOKE: I think I can offer a word of explanation of those growing in
+clusters. I have no doubt that when the barbarians swept over the wall
+centuries ago they brought Asiatic walnuts with them from as far as
+Manchuria. They grew in clusters there like butternuts and heartnuts. No
+doubt some of them reached Europe, and some of them may have hybridized
+with the Persian, and I think really that's the answer.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: The same situation existed with peaches 20 years ago. We
+had five geographical races of peaches that were more or less distinct.
+With the exception of one, the Peento, they have all lost their identity
+now because there has been no attempt to keep them distinct.
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+MR. CHASE: Then we end up, there is no such thing as a Carpathian, it's
+just a name for a hardy walnut that came from a certain region, that
+distinguishes it from others.
+
+MR. KEPLINGER: In my parents' old home in Eastern Germany in the
+Bohemian mountains there is an English walnut tree that's 300 years old
+and bears a hundred bushels of walnuts a year. They stand 40 below zero
+there, too, and the nut cracks and hulls well. It has a record on
+standing the cold, but there hasn't been any of them brought out here
+and planted in this country, but they are there. I know they are there,
+because they are on our estate.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. Moderator, there is one remark that I want to make. Here
+we are, the Northern Nut Growers Association, and yet we still use the
+term, "English walnut," when we are talking about Carpathian walnut and
+Persian walnut. This "English walnut" is the worst form of terminology
+that can be used. England doesn't have any walnuts; they have never
+grown any Persian walnuts or English walnuts, they haven't in the past
+and they aren't today. They have a few trees but are in the same fix
+that we are in the Northern Nut Growers Association; they are trying to
+find a variety of Persian walnut that they can grow in England, and yet
+here we call them English walnuts. They should be Persian walnuts, or
+Chinese walnuts. We don't know where they came from. The best
+authorities seem to think that they originated in Persia; others think
+they originated in China, but the abundance of evidence is on Persia.
+
+We want to get this thing kind of straight. They are all the same thing,
+_Juglans Regia_.
+
+MR. CLARKE: I'd like to make a suggestion. I don't know as you have any
+authority or power to change, but the term _Juglans Regia_ means "royal
+walnut." Why not work for the adoption of a name like that, and it will
+include all of them.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: That's what they call them in France. This country has a
+little complication; there is another Royal walnut, one of the hybrids
+between the California black and the Eastern black.
+
+DR. GRAVATT:-While we are talking about bringing English walnuts,
+Persian walnuts, whatever you want to call them, from Europe, I want to
+give a warning about a disease that is killing thousands of trees in
+Southern France. Just recently I saw quite a few of them in France and
+the edge of Italy. I don't know whether it's virus or what it is, but
+it is certainly killing out the English walnuts there at a very rapid
+rate, and I advise very strongly against introducing walnut seed, scions
+and such, from those areas in France and Switzerland or other areas in
+southern Europe where this disease is prevalent. We will know more later
+about it, because quite a team of pathologists is working on it in
+Europe.
+
+MR. CHASE: Has anybody else got any comments about _Juglans Regia_? I am
+afraid to say anything else.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I will say that this Carpathian strain, of _Juglans
+Regia_ is the first walnut of the Persian type that we have had for
+Illinois. The Pomeroy, other Eastern strains and California varieties
+have not survived very long in the climate of the state of Illinois. We
+do know now that some of the Carpathian seedlings have been fruiting for
+10 or 12 years and do show considerable promise there. I don't know
+whether it will ever develop into a commercial industry but they are
+worth growing.
+
+MR. CHASE: Thank you. I'd like to ask George Slate what he knows about
+the Northern Star Persian walnut. Very hardy, and so forth? I think
+maybe the members might be interested in that.
+
+MR. SLATE: Spencer asked me to find out about the North Star _Juglans
+Regia_, which was advertised in the Flower Grower. I called up the local
+nursery that was selling them, and they said they got their seeds from
+some Pomeroy trees in the western part of the state. I guess they are
+just _Juglans Regia_.
+
+MR. STOKE: Down in Virginia we have Virginia Thin Shell purchased
+sometimes one place and sometimes another.
+
+MR. CHASE: The secretary's office had an inquiry from the executive
+secretary of the American Nurserymen's Association wanting to know if
+those claims could be substantiated. I couldn't say on the basis of what
+information I had, and I so told him. Apparently they, through their
+organization, have stopped further advertising of that strain under the
+claims that they made for it.
+
+MR. KORN: We find our public at large, not only our members, seem to be
+fascinated by the fact that the Persian walnut can be grown in this
+latitude. So in speaking to them about it, when I am speaking to our
+members, I try to say Persian walnut, but when speaking to the public at
+large, they don't know what I am talking about so I come out flatly and
+say English walnut. I tell them that we can't expect to grow the
+California type, but we have a hardier type coming from the Carpathian
+mountains or Germany or Russia or Holland, that can be grown
+successfully in this part of the country.
+
+MR. CHASE: I think that's the only approach you can use.
+
+MR. KORN: That's the one I use, and I think it quickly helps people to
+understand what you are talking about, and doesn't get them confused. If
+you talked to them about Persian walnuts, they wouldn't know what you
+were talking about, but if you say English walnuts, immediately they
+understand, or should, at least.
+
+MR. CHASE: I believe Dr. Crane meant that in our inner sanctum he would
+prefer _Juglans Regia_.
+
+DR. CRANE: I would like to ask if there are any growers here who have
+propagated the Persian walnut on Eastern black walnut, that is,
+experienced any trouble with graft union failure on them.
+
+MR. STOKE: I haven't.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. Oakes?
+
+MR. OAKES: I haven't.
+
+MR. CHASE: No graft union failure on _Regia_ and _Nigra_.
+
+MR. STOKE: And my experience is they come in much quicker than on their
+own roots as seedlings.
+
+DR. CRANE: How old are your oldest grafts?
+
+MR. OAKES: Put on in 1938?
+
+DR. CRANE: That's 15 years.
+
+MR. STOKE: I have them at least 20 years.
+
+MR. BECKER: Mine are twenty.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. Moderator, I have in my brief case a translation of
+the French book on walnut culture, and there is a section on root
+stocks. This was a publication issued about 1941, and according to that
+book, _Juglans Nigra_ is the best stock they have for general use in
+France. They have reported no difficulty on this. A second one they were
+trying of the American walnuts, with some promise, was _Juglans major_,
+the Arizona black walnut.
+
+DR. CRANE: The reason why I asked, as I reported in previous
+meetings--they are having very serious difficulty in Oregon and in parts
+of Washington with graft union trouble which is known as "black line."
+All or practically all of the walnuts in both Oregon and California and
+also what few are grown in Washington have been propagated on the
+Northern California black walnut, _Juglans Hindsii_. No graft union
+trouble evidence shows up before the tree has been grafted about 8
+years, and then such cases are very rare. But after the trees or the
+grafts attain an age of 15 years or more, graft union failures are
+numerous. For three years now we have been making surveys in the State
+of Oregon, and we have surveyed tree by tree, year after year, the same
+orchards, the same trees, and our observations now go into the
+thousands, and we find that this black line is a terrifically serious
+thing. In some orchards 22 per cent of the trees will develop black line
+in one year's time. So, you see, at that rate it would only take you
+five or six years with a good bearing orchard until you wouldn't have
+any.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Is that always with the Franquettes?
+
+DR. CRANE: That is not only true with Franquettes but also with other
+varieties in California, even in Contra Costa County.
+
+MR. STOKE: Where those trees are so grafted, does it tend to overgrow,
+or just the opposite?
+
+DR. CRANE: No, it appears much like our _Crenata-mollissima_ chestnut
+graft union failure.
+
+MR. STOKE: Is there a tendency for the top to be more vigorous, to have
+more growth, or vice versa or is growth uniform?
+
+DR. CRANE: It may be uniform. Depends somewhat on the varieties and the
+seedlings. There may be some overgrowth or some outgrowth, but there is
+only one test for it, and that is at the graft union. With an axe or
+knife and you cut out a strip of bark across the union. It may look
+absolutely perfect, but if there is a black line developed there that is
+just like a lead pencil line between the stock and the scion, the tree
+is on the way out. It's just a matter of time. Ultimately the bark
+between the stock and scion will split, and you get infolding, just like
+on the chestnut.
+
+One of the reasons that they have propagated their trees on Northern
+California black walnut was that they had the idea that the Northern
+California produced a stronger, more vigorous seedling and that they
+grew much faster than seedlings of the Persian walnut. And, furthermore,
+somebody at some time circulated the idea that Northern California
+walnuts were immune to infection by the mushroom root rot fungus. We
+have surveyed thousands of trees of Persian on Persian roots, and we
+have never found a single case of black line developing or graft union
+failure as long as it's a Persian on Persian, and we find the same
+percentage of infection from mushroom root rot fungus on Persian as on
+Northern California black.
+
+MR. CHASE: In other words, we should watch our stocks and perhaps try
+out some _Regia_ on _Regia_?
+
+DR. CRANE: That's right.
+
+MR. CHASE: Now, folks, we could talk for a long time, but let me make
+one request before we close our panel: I would be interested in
+receiving from any member pictures, good, glossy photographs of the
+newer Carpathian varieties so that we can perhaps publish them in the
+newsletter and give some folks an opportunity to see what these nuts
+look like. Some of the folks who never come to a meeting never see a
+sample and just read about it. It's much better if we can show them a
+picture now and then. So if you have some good pictures, or plan to take
+some good pictures, remember, I'd like to have a copy.
+
+
+
+
+TUESDAY EVENING BANQUET SESSION
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We will now hear from the Resolutions Committee, Mr.
+Davidson.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: Before reading any resolutions, I have been asked to read
+a letter that came to Mr. Chase dated August 16th of this year, from Dr.
+W. C. Deming:
+
+     "Mr. Spencer B. Chase, Secretary, NNGA.
+
+     "My Dear Child and Grandchildren:" What a beautiful greeting, that.
+
+     "This is to let you know that your father and grandfather still
+     holds a house at this hospital and rejoices in your vitality and in
+     your coming convention but especially in the energy and ability of
+     your secretary who gets out those wonderful Nutshell letters which
+     are so stimulating to all nut growers.
+
+     "More than 20 years ago I planted an Italian chestnut tree on the
+     grounds of this hospital. The main trunk was killed by blight, but
+     many shoots have come and now it appears to be flourishing because
+     there are no other chestnut trees near. About that time I grafted
+     nut trees commercially in Westchester County, New York at the
+     Westchester Country Club, asking and getting $50 a day for my
+     services and material and never a kick. But I have forgotten the
+     results and the name of the beneficiaries. From my home in
+     Litchfield, Connecticut, my sister, aged 85, saved for me--that is,
+     saved from the squirrels--a double handful of nice chestnuts--no
+     other chestnut tree nearby--and three green walnuts, Carpathians.
+     Both were from my grafts.
+
+     "I shall never forget the NNGA and your splendid services. Ever
+     faithfully devoted, Dr. W. C. Deming."
+
+A beautiful letter.
+
+Now, then, the Resolutions Committee recommends that we send this
+letter;
+
+     "Dear Dr. Deming:
+
+     "Once more we are happy to greet you and to wish you well. Today
+     the representatives of more than a thousand members of your thought
+     child, the Northern Nut Growers Association, are here gathered in
+     Rochester, New York, to carry on the work in which you had so large
+     a part in starting. It must be a source of great satisfaction to
+     you to be able to see so important a project which you helped to
+     start continuing and expanding fruitfully. We envy you.
+
+     "May your tribe increase. Affectionately, the Northern Nut Growers
+     Association."
+
+Now, shall I go on with the rest of the resolutions, and perhaps you can
+act on them all at once.
+
+     "_Be it Resolved_: That we hereby acknowledge our longstanding
+     indebtedness to the men of the United States Department of
+     Agriculture and of similar departments of the various states who
+     have so faithfully and efficiently upheld the work of this
+     Association. Without their loyal help, doubtless our efforts would
+     languish or suffer severely. It is such a spirit as theirs that
+     continues to make America the great pioneer it has always been."
+
+     "_Be it Resolved_: That the members of this Association acknowledge
+     with deep appreciation the outstanding' hospitality of the City of
+     Rochester at the hands of its representative Park Commissioner
+     Wilbur Wright, Dr. Roy B. Anthony, Mr. Harkness, and their helpers
+     who have done so much to make the visit of this organization not
+     only welcome but extremely enjoyable and informative. We shall
+     always remember Rochester's exceptional hospitality and its
+     generously free provision of so beautiful a meeting place. This is
+     sincerely appreciated."
+
+     "_Be it Resolved_: That this Association extends to Mr. George
+     Salzer, Mr. Victor Brook its thanks for their work which has
+     resulted in so pleasant and profitable a meeting here in Rochester;
+     also to many others due our thanks, to Dr. McKay for organizing a
+     splendid program, to Mrs. Negus for organizing the registration, to
+     Mrs. Gibbs and finally to our outstandingly efficient officers who
+     have so skillfully organized our work and the Association's
+     expansion."
+
+     "In order to correct a tendency toward increasing confusion arising
+     from the too great multiplicity of names and nut varieties, the
+     Resolutions Committee offers the following motion: We move that the
+     President be authorized to appoint a self-perpetuating Northern Nut
+     Growers Association Committee on Variety Nomenclature, and we
+     recommend to our members that they refer to this committee for its
+     official approval any new nut discoveries they may wish to name
+     and to propagate." That is in the form of a motion, which, I
+     believe, requires a second and some action.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: I think we had better act first on this motion of Mr.
+Davidson's about this committee for naming of nuts, and then we can have
+another motion to accept the resolutions. Is there a second to that
+motion that we have a committee on nomenclature of nuts?
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: Mr. President, I second that motion.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Is there any discussion?
+
+DR. CRANE: I wanted to suggest that the motion should provide that the
+committee use the rules of nomenclature approved by the American
+Pomological Society.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: I will accept that amendment, Mr. President.
+
+(A vote was taken on the amendment, and was passed.)
+
+MR. MACHOVINA: Is that a proposal to amend the by-laws of this
+organization? It would, if it's a self-perpetuating committee.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: May I suggest you withdraw the word "self-perpetuating."
+The idea, Mr. Best, was to make this a permanent committee, if possible.
+That was the reason for putting that word in there, but if it is an
+abridgment of the constitution, we don't want to do it, of course.
+
+MR. KINTZEL: I'd like to know what the rules of nomenclature of the
+American Pomological Society are.
+
+DR. MACDANIEL: The rules cover about two pages. I can give you the gist
+of it, I think. One provision is that the discoverer or introducer of a
+new variety has the privilege of selecting a name for it. Another rule
+is that it shall not duplicate a name given previously for a variety of
+the same class of fruit or nut. The name should preferably be one word
+or, at most, two words, without hyphens, without possessives. That a nut
+not be named for a person without his permission during his lifetime.
+That covers the meat of it.
+
+MR. CHASE: Such a committee would give official status and recognition
+to your discovery. I believe it would prevent, on a large scale, such
+things as this Morning Star hardy English walnut. In other words, we'd
+have a committee to examine a nut sample from your tree, anybody's tree,
+pass on it and see that the name that you select meets the requirements
+of this American Pomological Society's rules of nomenclature, which are
+quite reasonable. I think it is an excellent step that we should take at
+this time.
+
+MR. CALDWELL: Mr. President. The variety we are using is not a variety,
+it's a clone. Maybe we had better get together with taxonomists and
+botanists. That's all they are, selections, they are not varieties, in
+the botanical sense, even though the term has been badly misused by the
+nut growers. I don't see why we should continue with mis-application of
+a term just because somebody set up rules for application of names.
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. President, I want to get this straight. This Association
+is talking about horticultural varieties, not botanical varieties. A
+correct term for a horticultural variety is a clone.
+
+The American Pomological Society is over a hundred years old, and they
+have followed all types of experiences and usages, and they are up to
+date, and we can't follow any better pattern than what the American
+Pomological Society has done all down through the years. The Northern
+Nut Growers Association would be the laughing stock of the world who are
+in the know if they don't adopt the rules of nomenclature as set forth
+by the American Pomological Society.
+
+MR. SLATE: Mr. President, we already have a committee on Varieties and
+Standards. I don't see why that committee can't be revived. If we set up
+another committee by resolution, we are duplicating the work of that
+committee, or overlapping. I'd like to see this matter referred to the
+Committee on Varieties or Judging Standards and possibly report another
+year. I am not in favor of setting up this committee at the present
+time.
+
+I would like to amend that motion to refer this matter to the present
+Committee on Varieties and Judging Standards.
+
+DR. MCKAY: Second that amendment.
+
+DR. MACDANIELS: There is one other angle to this. The International
+Committee on Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants, has during the past year
+published a report. I think it would be only wise for us to delay our
+action on this matter until our committee at least gets the opportunity
+to study the suitability of this international code for nomenclature of
+cultivated plants and see how it applies to our situation. In other
+words, I am complete in accord with Mr. Slate's motion.
+
+MR. DAVIDSON: I would suggest that we refer it to that committee and
+think about it for another year.
+
+(A vote was taken on the amendment, and it was passed.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: The motion of the Resolutions Committee is now referred
+to the Committee on Varieties and Judging Standards.
+
+MR. STOKE: I move we proceed with the adoption of the resolutions that
+were presented before the motion.
+
+(Motion seconded and passed.)
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: We'd like to hear from the Nominating Committee.
+
+MR. SLATE: For president the Nominating Committee proposed R. B. Best. I
+think he is about one of the best presidents we have ever had. For
+vice-president Gilbert Becker of Michigan. For treasurer W. S. Clarke of
+Pennsylvania, and for secretary, our very efficient and very effective
+Spencer Chase of Tennessee.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Are there further nominations?
+
+A MEMBER: I move nominations be closed.
+
+A MEMBER: Second the motion. (Motion passed.)
+
+DR. CRANE: Mr. President, I move that the Secretary of the Association
+be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for the nominations made by the
+Nominating Committee. Seconded and passed.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Is there any further business to come before the group?
+Spencer Chase here has an item.
+
+MR. CHASE: Now, for the feature of the evening, that honor which is
+bestowed upon the most deserving member of the organization, I will call
+on Mr. Wilkinson for the comments about the Big Nut. Mr. Wilkinson.
+
+MR. WILKINSON: Four years ago at Beltsville, Maryland, Dr. Crane made a
+suggestion that someone ought to be the King Nut of the Association. If
+I remember, Mr. Stoke immediately took the floor and nominated Dr.
+Crane, and he was unanimously elected the Big Nut. One year later he
+bestowed that honor on Spencer B. Chase. The next year Mr. Chase passed
+it on to Dr. Colby. One year ago Dr. Colby passed it on to me. Now it's
+my duty to pass this on to someone else tonight.
+
+Well, I didn't know just exactly how to do it, so I fell back on my
+friend, Mrs. Negus for her suggestion. She suggested that the King Nut
+should wear a crown, so I said, "Now, that's your suggestion; I will
+leave it up to you." So here is the crown she made, with an ornament
+from the Chief pecan, which in my opinion today is the king nut of the
+Northern Nut Growers Association.
+
+I don't know whose head she measured to make the crown, she didn't tell
+me, but it looks to me like it would just about fit George Salzer.
+(Applause.) George, it's a pleasure that I pass that on to you as I
+received it, and I hope you will wear it for a year or longer (putting
+crown on Mr. Salzer's head).
+
+MR. SALZER: Well, they can't say I am big-headed. Why, honestly, folks,
+my very good friends of the Association, honestly, I don't know what to
+say. This is the greatest honor that I ever thought would come to me. I
+always refer to myself as one of the buck privates in the rear rank, and
+here I am the King Nut. I will assure you, every one of you that I
+really appreciate this, I honestly do, right from the bottom of my
+heart.
+
+Ever since I have been a member of this organization and attended the
+meetings, I have had the finest times, most pleasant associations and
+the closest friends I ever had in my entire life right here among you
+people. Thanks a million.
+
+MR. CHASE: Now I think we are entitled to a few words from our new and
+best president, Mr. Best.
+
+PRESIDENT BEST: Ladies and gentlemen, it is quite a responsibility to
+take this job on again. It's the first time that I have ever questioned
+your judgment about anything, but I think there are other people here
+that could have done the job better than I could.
+
+When I was asked if I would accept if I were elected, I turned to my
+wife, and I said, "Are you willing to do the work again for another
+year?" and she said, "Yes, I suppose I'll have to." And I said, "Well,
+then, I will accept." There is a lot more truth in that than there is
+poetry. Honestly, we just don't give these officers that work for us
+enough recognition. There is a whole page of them, as you know, about 11
+committees, and all those folks have all done a fine job, at the expense
+of their work at home. I am not talking about myself, because I don't do
+any of it, I have it done, as I explained. But Carl Prell made a great
+sacrifice when he handled the Northern Nut Growers business in a very,
+very fine, thorough, business-like way.
+
+I ought to give you a good example of what salesmanship really means and
+how it operates. This morning Carl was going down to the museum in a
+taxi. The taxi man professed an interest in nuts. Well, what did Carl
+do? Did he say, "Well, that's all right, but I can't get into that?" No,
+he said, "Man, you ought to belong to the Nut Growers Association. The
+fact that you don't know anything about it, that's nothing. Come right
+into the museum here, and I will show you the exhibits," and he took the
+taxi man in, and I don't know whether he sold him a membership, but he
+passed him on to the next man. He's got him going out to see
+Irondequoit, and we, are going to get a sale there. That's the spirit
+that it's going to take to get this job done.
+
+I am reminded of a little story in Kipling. You know the story about the
+sergeant in India. He was a sergeant in the cavalry. They had been out
+in the hills, and the weather was hot, and they had an awful, awful
+time. Well, when the men came in and lined up, this sergeant got off his
+horse and he said, "Well, boys, I realize it's been hot, I know you
+sweat. But," he said, "from here on in this campaign we are not going to
+sweat, we are going to lather." That's what it's going to take to get
+this 2,000 members that we have set for our goal. It's going to take a
+lot of hard work, and our job is not to peer into the dim future, but to
+attack those problems which are right with us every day and ask some of
+our friends to join the Nut Growers Association. We are all widely
+separated in different walks of life, and each in his own world is just
+apt to see things a whole lot like the goldfish in a bowl. That is, he
+will see it twisted and distorted. So when all is said and done, it's up
+to us to support these committee heads and help get this job done.
+
+A preacher had in his congregation an old lady who was ill. On one of
+his visits to her she appeared to be growing weaker all the time, and
+fearing the worst he said as he left her, "Well, sister, I suppose that
+we will meet Up There." And she looked at him and she said,
+
+"Well, Parson, it's up to you." So from here on out now it's up to you.
+Thank you. (Applause.)
+
+MR. CHASE: Now I think we ought to have just a brief word from Gilbert
+Becker, our new vice-president. Mr. Becker.
+
+MR. BECKER: This was really a great surprise to me. It is humbly I tell
+you this, because I was on the Nominating Committee myself, and that is
+a very embarrassing position to be in, to find that I, as a member of
+Nominating Committee, appear as an officer. But it was a pleasant
+surprise, and in doing vice-president work I shall try my best, and I
+shall surely spend much time and much thought to it. Thank you.
+(Applause.)
+
+MR. CHASE: Now, Bill Clark, will you come up here for a few words? Bill
+will succeed Carl Prell as Treasurer and handle your finances during the
+coming year.
+
+MR. CLARK: Friends, I thank you for this honor and that you should have
+enough confidence in me to trust me with your funds for the coming year.
+I will do the best I can, and thank you very much.
+
+MR. CHASE: There will be a joint meeting of the new officers and old
+officers immediately after we adjourn.
+
+George Salzer says the last time we met in Rochester was 1922, and we
+figure the next time we will be here is 1984.
+
+(Whereupon, the meeting was adjourned.)
+
+
+
+
+Walnuts in Lubec, Maine
+
+RADCLIFFE B. PIKE, _University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H._
+
+
+In the 1930's, when the Wisconsin Horticultural Society distributed
+seeds of the Carpathian Walnut from Poland, my brother secured some and
+we planted them. From these nuts we now have four trees, one of which
+has been bearing for the last four years.
+
+Lubec, Maine is located at the extreme eastern tip of the United States
+just a few miles south of the 45th parallel. The site where the trees
+are planted is on a peninsula extending out into the Bay of Fundy which
+gives very low summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures. The
+night temperature in the summer is usually in the 50 deg.s F. with day
+temperatures rarely reaching 80 deg. F. Winter temperatures seldom go to
+-10 deg. F. and only lower than this about once in ten years. During the
+early summer, fogs are usually heavy and continuous. Day length is, of
+course, longer in the summer than in most of the United States but it is
+similar to that of the Northern tier of States from the Great Lakes
+West.
+
+The trees have grown well being about 18 feet tall and even more in
+spread. They are multiple trunked having never been pruned. The foliage
+is remarkably clean and glossy and has not been bothered by insects or
+disease and it ripens and turns yellow in the late fall before killing
+frosts at the end of October. Excessive late terminal growth is usually
+winter-killed but this sort of growth has not been as great since
+bearing started. The staminate flower buds are more likely to be winter
+killed than the pistillate but the whole of them have never been
+entirely killed.
+
+The trees do not leaf out until mid-June, after the danger of killing
+frosts is over. They have not been frost injured at any time in the
+spring. The nuts ripen and are shed from the husks in late September and
+early October while the tree is in full foliage. The nuts are shed
+perfectly clean with husk either falling separately or remaining on the
+tree. The nuts will germinate and seedlings have been raised. In 1953,
+one tree bore 315 nuts. This number represents just a fraction of the
+pistillate bloom, for while this tree is self fertile, the catkins bloom
+for a much shorter period than the pistillate blossoms, the latter
+extending over nearly a month.
+
+In the same year that the above Carpathian variety of _Juglans regia_
+was planted, my brother and I also planted some _Juglans mandshurica_
+secured from F. L. Skinner of Dropmore, Manitoba which had originated in
+Harbin, Manchuria. The resulting trees agree well with many of the
+specimens in the Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum at Boston labelled
+_Juglans mandshurica_. These trees have done remarkably well in Lubec,
+the trunks being 8-9 inches in diameter, while the height is 15 feet or
+more and the spread 20 feet. They have borne annually since 1939. They
+are planted less than 1000 feet from the ocean exposed to the summer
+storms, winter gales and salt spray. These trees leaf-out a month
+earlier than the Carpathians yet the foliage has only been partially
+frost injured once. Wind whipping sometimes injures the leaves in early
+summer while they are still tender but this sort of injury has never
+been serious.
+
+The nuts are borne in clusters of up to six and the shells are hard and
+thick. The flavor of the kernels is excellent having more character than
+the butternut yet not as strong as the black walnut. Cracking is easy
+with the Hershey nut cracker. The kernels resemble our American
+butternut in shape which may account for the fact that _J. mandshurica_
+is sometimes called the Oriental butternut.
+
+The nuts germinate well and make trees quickly. In one case, I had
+mature nuts five years after planting the seed. This particular tree was
+unusually vigorous having leaves 36 inches long and 23 inches wide.
+
+In my experience, _J. regia_ and _J. mandshurica_ do not hybridize
+easily if at all, at least with the individuals and under the conditions
+with which I have been working. After several attempts I now have two
+progenies of reciprocal crosses of which a few seedlings seem to show
+hybridity in the vegetative parts. However, there is such a range of
+characters in the herbarium specimens labelled _J. mandshurica_ that
+there will be a doubt in my mind until I see the mature trees, or it may
+be possible that some of the herbarium specimens may have been collected
+from naturally occurring hybrids, as the two species overlap in their
+distribution in Manchuria. If the best vegetative and fruiting
+characters from these two species can be combined the result should be
+good for our northern sections.
+
+
+
+
+My Thirty Years Experience With Nut Trees
+
+CARL WESCHCKE, _St. Paul, Minn._
+
+
+From time to time I have submitted articles for our annual report, as
+well as other publications, which had to do more or less specifically
+with certain species of nut trees, but since there are so many species,
+and since most nut growers are interested in at least two or more, it
+might be well to bring the story up to date of how a nut orchard might
+be viewed or evaluated after twenty years.
+
+Thirty years ago we did not have knowledge which has been gained by the
+experimenters in the nut growing industry in the interim. Therefore no
+one could foresee what the future would be. We hopeful ones of that era
+planted trees and experimented with seeds from all over the world
+because we thought nut trees deserved a place not only in the orchard
+but in the dietary needs of the human being as well. Many of the wisest
+and most respected experimenters of this era have passed beyond this
+life; however, their lives were made much more interesting because of
+their horticultural activities.
+
+Here in the midwest in the 45th parallel we have established probably
+what would be considered the practical northern limits of nut tree
+cultivation. When I purchased trees it was by the hundreds, and
+sometimes thousands, because I knew from reading Luther Burbank's works
+that this work had to be done on a rather large scale in order to make
+any kind of an adequate test.
+
+Let us start by taking the most obvious species, the black walnut,
+which, because of its native hardiness, and public popularity might have
+succeeded the best in a commercial way if everything had gone right. I
+have planted at least five hundred black walnut trees altogether; these
+included the Thomas, Ohio, Ten Eyck and Stabler, and later on the
+Patterson, Rohwer, Pearl, the Throp, Adams and others were added. The
+Ohio probably produced the first nuts, with the Thomas a close second.
+For a few years I was able to make good reports on the Stabler and its
+behavior but since that, our severe test winters of recent years have
+wiped them out and have substantially proved that the only one of the
+older varieties which can be trusted in this territory is the Ohio, and
+although derogatory things have been said of the Ohio because of its
+hull, I am inclined to put it high on the list because of its fine
+cracking quality and excellent flavor, also it has been a prolific
+variety, bearing good crops most of the years.
+
+The Thomas grew faster, and the nuts were considered a better commercial
+product when hulled, but, alas, it could not take our winters nearly so
+well, and today the Thomas has a poor physical appearance although it
+shows tremendous power of recovery and seldom a tree will die entirely.
+
+The Ten Eyck was a negligible experiment, and the Stabler as mentioned
+before, is much too tender for this climate. The Rohwer and the
+Patterson from Iowa did much better and even in an off year, like this
+one, some of these trees had fairly good crops. I like the Patterson the
+best of these--it is a roundish nut that cracks quite well and the
+kernels are on the sweet side.
+
+The Throp was a curiosity and we did not have any of our grafted Throp
+trees bear.
+
+Pearl has borne several crops of good nuts; they are large but are
+inclined not to ripen in time.
+
+Vandersloot was considered the largest nut of any variety at one time.
+It has a very rough appearance but aside from its size it is of no
+particular interest as compared to others.
+
+Adams, a long narrow type of nut similar to the Ohio, but still more
+elongated, was one of the best crackers I have ever seen, but did not
+seem to be prolific although it has lived and demonstrated its
+hardiness.
+
+I am patenting a new walnut at this time which I consider the best for
+our locality. Some day it may produce well in orchard form if trees
+become available. One thing is certain about it--it is very hardy and is
+reasonably easy to propagate.
+
+And so we can conclude the walnut chapter by saying that at least we
+have some giants in the orchard to show for our trouble and expense,
+which bear nice edible walnuts in favorable seasons. When comparing this
+with the wild butternut crop from butternuts in the adjacent woods,
+which has consistently failed each year for the last ten years, it is
+quite encouraging.
+
+It was my hard luck to have an uncongenial soil for my experiments in
+chestnuts, and the knowledge of this came so late that I thought the
+chestnut was not meant to succeed in our territory. So I put my efforts
+on hickory nuts and filberts. Both of these succeeded to a degree and
+with my present knowledge and experience on hickory nuts I would not be
+a bit afraid to start an orchard on good deep clay or other
+satisfactory soil which hickories like, using grafted trees of
+Bridgewater and Weschcke.
+
+A few Kirtland and Deveaux No. 2 would be planted for extra pollination
+and the extra variety in nuts. There are of course many other varieties
+of hickories that have succeeded in this territory but those above
+mentioned, have possibilities of commercial success in orchard
+formation.
+
+The hickory is a difficult tree to transplant and I would advise that
+grafted trees be dug with a ball of dirt for shipping, similar to an
+evergreen, as I have found that, with the greatest of care and
+experience, the hickory is very slow to re-establish itself unless
+handled that way.
+
+The hybrid hazels are perhaps the hardiest and certainly bear the
+earliest of any of the nut trees. My own hybrids show great
+possibilities for commercial enterprise, but as yet no nurserymen are
+carrying these varieties and I have not found help enough to promote
+them myself.
+
+I am convinced that had I spent as much time with the chestnuts on
+favorable soil as I did with hickories that they would probably head the
+list of successful nut trees growing. Recently I have purchased an
+adjoining piece of property which has the necessary well-drained, sandy
+or gravelly soil, which chestnuts seem to like, and I have started my
+chestnut orchard there along with a sprinkling of hickory and walnut
+trees, merely as a matter of test.
+
+This year the chestnuts are again putting on a fair crop for the number
+and the size of the trees involved. As yet, in order to get a reasonable
+number of nuts for planting, I have to cross-pollinize them by hand, and
+I was surprised and pleased this year to find one Chinese chestnut tree
+with staminate bloom, allowing me to make a cross pollinization with an
+American sweet chestnut and a Chinquapin type chestnut, which grows to
+be a tall tree. These crosses ought to insure trees with a great degree
+of hardiness, and should the blight ever strike this territory in the
+future they should be highly resistant as well. A few of my chestnut
+trees produce nuts that may be the size of the best Chinese chestnuts,
+but I am just as fond of the smaller and sweeter chestnuts of the
+several Chinquapin type trees which seem to be consistent bearers and
+certainly are prolific. There are three trees in a close group which are
+strains of the European chestnut combined with American chestnut. These
+bear rather large nuts and usually every year have a few and of high
+quality. It is conceivable that by crossing this hybrid with Chinese
+pollen that something unusual could be produced.
+
+The pure Chinese strain has not proved hardy in this territory and I
+have never matured a pure variety. However, there are dozens of
+seedlings that are not old enough to prove whether there might be a
+hardy specimen among them that may at some time in the future be relied
+upon for this species of chestnut.
+
+One other species of nut requires a little space here since it has shown
+that it can bear crops and is hardy enough to be included among the
+hardy nuts. It is the Gellatly heartnut. It is very subject to the
+butternut curculio, but in spite of that it continues to grow quite well
+when grafted on black walnut,--a difficult piece of propagation,
+however. A tree in St. Paul, on the boulevard, thrives next to a large
+butternut, and bears nuts practically every year which the squirrels
+delight in cutting down while still green. This tree is not bothered by
+the curculio since the curculio does not infest the large butternut near
+it.
+
+In summing up the whole situation, I would say that my experiments over
+thirty years quite adequately prove that the walnuts, hickories, hybrid
+hazels and chestnuts can most certainly be set out in orchard form and
+in favorable locations. However, pecan, hiccan, English walnuts and
+almonds have not proved hardy enough to indicate that they can be relied
+upon for steady crops of nuts although in some instances varieties show
+a great hardiness such as the Rockville hiccan. Of course the native
+butternut is perfectly hardy and prolific but until such time as the
+butternut curculio ceases to be a major pest we cannot expect to have
+good crops of them.
+
+
+
+
+Growing American Chestnuts and Their Hybrids Under Blight Conditions
+
+ALFRED SZEGO, _Jackson Heights, N. Y._
+
+
+An interesting group of young American chestnut trees growing on my land
+near Pine Plains, N. Y. has been under observation since 1946. As they
+are growing closely together which suggests a common parental origin, we
+have named this group the "Dutchess Clone" for reference purposes. This
+name was chosen merely because Pine Plains is situated in Dutchess
+County.
+
+Their reaction to the deadly chestnut blight was studied at great length
+and at different seasons. Sometimes branches were inoculated with the
+fungus to test resistance more precisely. It was learned that blight
+resistance, in this group of trees, was at an apparently low ebb from
+March until May. After this period the fungus seemed to make almost no
+progress at all. This might suggest that the resistant substance was
+manufactured by the leaves. Of course, such conclusions cannot be
+accepted in a scientific sense without an involved system of checks and
+measurements.
+
+Pollination problems are exactly the same as with our Chinese Chestnuts
+that we are more familiar with today. Unlike the latter, in the
+American, species the bloom is concentrated near the top of the tree.
+
+The burs are so high up as to create difficulties if we intend to
+anticipate nature and harvest our crop prematurely. The burs open during
+the month of October with or without frost. High temperatures in 1953
+did not interfere with the harvest. The best method of harvesting is to
+use a long slender pole with a metal hook at the extreme end, and by
+gently pulling and twisting, remove the burs from the tree.
+
+Unless this is done promptly before the nuts fall, the rodents will get
+almost every nut.
+
+Tree growth is about 2 to 3 feet per year in height. At present some are
+nearly 40 feet tall. Bearing starts at about 12 years of age. The nuts,
+three in a bur are somewhat wedge shaped and average 5/8 of an inch in
+diameter. One tree has nuts almost an inch in diameter. This is
+definitely worth propagating and I will gladly furnish scions in the
+spring free to anyone who is interested. These are probably
+incompatible with Chinese understocks, but may be grafted on European
+and some Japanese seedlings.
+
+As we are listed as cooperators with the U.S.D.A., Division of Forest
+Pathology, Beltsville, Md., we prepare semi-annual reports for Dr.
+Frederick H. Berry and also send a portion of our American chestnut seed
+to him. In this way we insure the continuation of the "Dutchess" clone
+after our lifetimes.
+
+The American chestnut is not as sweet as Chinese chestnut but is much
+finer in texture and richer in subtle pleasing flavor. We would say that
+the quality is higher. _Castanea dentata_ has the most uniformly
+delicious nuts. It is excelled, however, by many individuals of _C.
+pumila_. In our opinion these possess the highest quality nuts in the
+entire genus.
+
+Our American chestnuts hybrids, especially those with _C. Sequinii_, are
+very interesting. The latter make a dwarf tree that bears incredible
+amounts of small chestnuts. They have pollination problems to be solved
+and the nuts are seldom filled. Pollen sterility is a common feature
+with them. They are also everbearing.
+
+Some Northern strains of Chinese chestnut seem barely hardy but promise
+to survive. Of the grafted varieties we have, Abundance is the most
+vigorous. "Nanking" has winter-killed here and it has been replanted
+this year. These are very blight resistant, and rarely lose a branch to
+this disease after winter injury. The Japanese behave in much the same
+way.
+
+We have many obscure chestnut species and hybrids growing here. They are
+grown for study, hybridizing purposes, and as a source of supply to
+interested members. When mature, we hope to obtain some cash crops from
+our Chinese and Japanese Chestnut trees. Blight in Europe will no doubt,
+in about 5 years more, reduce imports of chestnuts thus creating higher
+prices and a more favorable market.
+
+Chinese chestnuts do not keep well when stored using standard commercial
+practices. European chestnuts are shipped in barrels and kept in open
+fruit boxes for weeks at a time in front of fruit and vegetable stores
+in New York City. Storekeepers never moisten these believing that rot
+would result. These are viable even in January and sometimes as late as
+March. Will our present Chinese chestnuts keep as well under these
+conditions? We think not. American Chestnuts can be kept in bulk only.
+
+We are continually striving to obtain by selection and subsequent
+hybridization, the best chestnuts that can be grown in our severe
+climate. The Chinese chestnut has performed miracles in the Southeast,
+but we regret that it is not the answer to our problems. Only a long
+period of seed selection will turn up better trees of this species.
+
+Prolonged heat and drought caused us much concern this year. Some one
+year old seedlings died outright but older trees only suffered varying
+degrees of defoliation. In some areas, the subsoil was reported powder
+dry to a depth of six feet. Even the native forest trees dropped much
+foliage and went into premature dormancy. Oddly enough, the American and
+Japanese chestnuts suffered much less defoliation than the common
+Allegheny chinkapin, _C. pumila_. _C. henryi_, a rare species, a native
+of China, and the several chinkapins native to the Gulf Coast seemed
+inherently adjusted to drought and heat, and thrived without apparent
+damage. The Ozark tree chinkapins did well also.
+
+Hybrid hazels and choice native seedlings have been set out here in the
+last few years. We are adding a few every year and planting them between
+chestnuts to prevent the latter from forming extensive root grafts. This
+is done in anticipation of oak wilt, which has not yet made its
+appearance here.
+
+
+
+
+Experiences and Observations on Nut Growing in Central Texas
+
+KAUFMAN FLORIDA, _Rotan, Texas_
+
+
+In view of my membership in the Association for some twelve or fourteen
+years it would be quite reasonable to expect of me more observations in
+connection with nut growing in my area than I'm able to make. Though
+I've followed the proceedings of NNGA with great interest, the
+difficulty of earning a living (from farming) and putting a little
+something aside has caused me to neglect and put off from year to year
+the planting of the kind of experimental orchard I've long hoped for. I
+have lately acquired a reasonably well situated plot of land and,
+barring a continuation of the drouth of the past two or three years,
+plan to put out a few young trees next year.
+
+My original interest in nut trees sprang from the hope that a tree
+combining beauty, utility and long-life might be found to replace the
+Chinese elm--a "weed tree" if there ever was one. In spite of many
+shortcomings the Chinese elm (along with two or three other equally
+undesirable trees) is to be found in most homestead plantings in my
+area.
+
+Here, in my locality of north-west central Texas, the total rainfall
+ranges from a low of about twelve inches in some years to a high of
+about forty-two inches in others, and the annual average is about
+twenty-one inches. Our principal limiting conditions in nut tree growing
+is want of sufficient rainfall, though late spring frosts following a
+period of balmy weather would be a hazard in some instances. It appears
+to me that if a nut tree planting in this part of the country is to
+live, every drop of water that falls must be conserved; if it is to
+thrive, additional water falling on adjacent uplands and carried down in
+flash floods must be diverted to it. Terraces and retainer dams are
+usually essential. Cultivation and weed control are necessary. The
+addition of a mulch helps.
+
+I have tried the Chinese chestnut here. The plants arrived in good
+condition and had excellent care with what I believe was adequate water
+and fertile soil. They put out in April and grew off most encouragingly
+until about July, and then, in an interval of about a week, every tree
+withered and died as though from heat and drouth. But until other
+evidence to the contrary comes in, I shall strongly suspect that the
+real trouble was that the Chinese chestnut demands an acid soil and is
+highly allergic to even a slight alkalinity. My impression is that the
+soil here has a reading of about pH 7-7-1/2.
+
+Experience and observation here on the western fringe of the native
+pecan belt lead me to believe the pecan, black and Persian walnuts do
+well when they can be irrigated, or when they are planted on a site
+where a first class water conservation system can be devised and
+properly constructed.
+
+The black walnut has not been damaged by any insect, disease or mineral
+deficiency of the soil that I know of. A very limited and inconclusive
+experience with Clark, Thomas, Myers, Mintle, Sifford, Snyder and
+Sparrow varieties led to the suggestion that the Thomas might be a
+slightly more thrifty tree.
+
+The pecan (both nut and tree) seems more subject to insect damage than
+the walnut. It is also sensitive to a zinc deficiency in some soils. But
+a proper mineral and insecticide spray usually serves to control these
+problems when they occur.
+
+I have observed only one named variety of Persian walnut--a Mayette. The
+tree was a vigorous grower and precocious in putting on nutlets, but to
+my knowledge never bore staminate blooms and over a period of several
+years matured only one nut. No other Persian walnuts grew in the
+locality and I assumed the matured nut must have been pollinized by a
+black walnut. The tree never seemed damaged by late spring frosts or
+other cause.
+
+A few members of NNGA have manifested an interest in the honey locust
+and the Chinese jujube. Both of these trees grow well in this region
+with a minimum of care. The Oriental persimmon, like the nut trees,
+requires more than casual attention and ordinary growing conditions.
+
+The Chinese jujube, a little known but hardy and attractive tree may
+deserve more attention in the southwest. I have trees of the Li and Lang
+varieties which bear annually and have never been bothered by insects or
+disease. I am not overly enthusiastic about the fruit but understand it
+"compares favorably with the fig and date in food value. Dried jujubes
+carry more protein than dried figs or dates and more (50%) sugar than
+figs."--T.A.E.S. Bulletin no. 41. But the jujube has the disagreeable
+habit of sending up root sprouts which are a nuisance to destroy and,
+because the tree is grafted, the sprouts are worthless seedlings. It has
+occurred to me that this bad feature of the jujube might be partly
+offset if cuttings of the improved varieties could be made to grow by
+means of some of the root inducing chemicals.
+
+
+
+
+Propagation of the Hickories[1]
+
+F. L. O'ROURKE, _Department of Horticulture, Michigan State College_
+
+
+The genus _Carya_ comprises all the hickories and pecans found in the
+United States. The eighth edition of Gray's Manual of Botany lists the
+following species as being native to the United States:
+
+[1] The survey of literature pertaining to this review was completed in
+August, 1952.
+
+   _Carya aquatica_--Water hickory, Bitter Pecan
+   _Carya cordiformis_--Bitternut, Swamp Hickory
+   _Carya glabra_--Pignut
+   _Carya illinoensis_--Pecan
+   _Carya laciniosa_--Shellbark, Kingnut
+   _Carya ovalis_--Sweet Pignut, False Shagbark, Red Hickory
+   _Carya ovata_--Shagbark
+   _Carya pallida_--Pale Hickory
+   _Carya texana_--Black Hickory
+   _Carya tormentosa_ (C. alba)--Mockernut
+
+Nut growers are interested primarily in the pecan and the shagbark,
+although a few selections have been made of the shellbark species. The
+bitternut is quite often used for rootstocks for the shagbark and
+shagbark hybrids.
+
+Hickories, like other nut and tree species, do not come true from seed,
+so superior selected clones are propagated by budding and grafting on
+other trees known as rootstocks. These rootstocks are produced from
+seed.
+
+
+Seed Propagation
+
+Investigations by Barton(1) showed that some seedlings were produced
+when the nuts were planted immediately in a warm greenhouse without
+pretreatment, but that germination was markedly increased when the nuts
+were held in a cool moist environment from one to four months before
+bringing into the greenhouse. She also found that fall planting of
+hickory nuts resulted in a good stand of seedlings the following spring
+if the soil was mulched, but that the freezing and thawing of
+unprotected ground resulted in an exceedingly poor stand of seedlings.
+
+Burkett(6) advocated stratifying pecan seed over winter in moist sand
+and planting in moist soil in the very early spring. He observed that
+thin-shelled nuts germinate more quickly than thick-shelled ones, and
+warned against "damping-off" fungi which often killed young seedlings.
+
+Brison(5) stated that some nurserymen prefer seed of certain pecan
+varieties as Riverside and Burkett for rootstock purposes as these
+produce strong vigorous seedlings. He reported that while the pecan seed
+does not have a rest period, germination is increased by stratifying in
+moist sand for 2 to 3 weeks or soaking in water, changed daily, for 4 to
+5 days previous to planting.
+
+
+Propagation by Layering
+
+No records are available in regard to any hickory species or variety
+other than pecan having been propagated by any method of either soil or
+air layering. The writer(14) while experimenting with aerial layering in
+1945 found one instance of root production on a hickory where the branch
+was girdled at the base of the one-year wood. This method offers
+possibilities, especially now that polythene plastic is available for
+retaining moisture in the moss about the girdle or wound on the layered
+branch.
+
+Gossard(9) reported success in producing roots from the tops of small
+grafted and budded pecan trees by trench layering and from older trees
+by aerial layering with marcot boxes. He indicated that a favorable
+combination of etiolation, moisture, rooting medium, and a root-inducing
+chemical was desirable for successful rooting.
+
+Propagation by Cuttings
+
+Hardwood cuttings of pecan were rooted by Stoutemyer and O'Rourke(23) in
+1938 by first callusing the bases of the cuttings in warm moist peat
+moss, and then treating with an aqueous solution of indole butyric acid
+before planting. Both roots and shoots grew well for three to four weeks
+and then the shoots wilted and died. It was observed that the roots were
+thickened and presented an abnormal appearance. Trials during succeeding
+years gave no better results and the experiments were discontinued.
+Cuttings taken from native hickories during these same years failed to
+produce roots.
+
+Romberg(17) reported a small measure of success in rooting hardwood
+stem cuttings to which young seedlings had been grafted by the inarch
+method. The influence of the seedling on the nourishment of the cutting
+was gradually diminished by girdling caused by a copper wire which was
+tied about the seedling stem.
+
+Apparently root cuttings of pecans and other hickories have never been
+tried. In 1896 Corsa(7) observed that "when the lateral roots of the
+pecan are broken by the plow, the ends of these roots frequently send up
+thrifty shoots." Such a response would indicate that adventitious shoots
+may arise from roots and that root cuttings may be successful.
+
+
+Propagation by Grafting
+
+A search of the literature failed to reveal a discussion of any method
+of bench grafting with hickories, although presumably it must have been
+tried. Propagators may have been discouraged in using bench graft
+methods by the sparse roots usually found on two-year seedlings. It is
+suggested that undercutting and root pruning the seedlings several times
+while in the nursery row should produce a more adequate root system
+which would transplant well after grafting. Brison(5) remarked that
+bench grafting is not used in the propagation of pecans in Texas on
+account of transplanting difficulties.
+
+Commercial nurserymen now prefer to bud hickories and pecans rather than
+to graft, but formerly Reed(15) reported the whip-and-tongue method was
+used on thrifty one-year seedlings in the nursery row. It is conceivable
+that the cleft graft could be used at this stage when the diameter of
+stock and scion are quite similar but no record of its use is available.
+
+Top-working or grafting in the branches is commonly practiced on
+seedling trees and sometimes used to change varieties in the orchard.
+Reed(15), Sitton(19), Rosborough et al(18), MacDaniels(11), and
+Stoke(22) have described various methods that have proven successful.
+Practically all agree that the bark graft or a modification thereof is
+best. Morris(12), Benton(3), MacDaniels(11), Wilkinson(25), and others
+have shown that a greater per cent of survival is secured when the
+stocks are cut 10 days to 2 weeks before grafting. During this time the
+stubs heal somewhat and excess bleeding is decreased. It has been
+reported by Becker(2) that the success of walnut grafting is greater
+when the grafts are set just after the leaves are full grown but no such
+data is available for hickories. The use of paper bags or other shading
+device over the scion is advocated by Morris(13), MacDaniels(11),
+Shelton(20) and others.
+
+
+Propagation by Budding
+
+Patch budding is now almost universally used by commercial nurserymen in
+the propagation of hickories and pecans. Patches are usually cut with a
+double-bladed knife although some use the rectangular Jones
+patch-budding tool. The "plate" or "skin" bud is also used to some
+extent. The thick bark of hickories and pecans discourages the use of
+the shield or "T" bud.
+
+Budding is usually done in late summer with mature buds of the season
+growth which remain dormant until the following spring. Occasionally
+dormant budwood taken in winter is held in cold storage until the bark
+of the stock slips in the spring. These spring-set buds are forced the
+same season by cutting the stocks back shortly after setting.
+Patch-budding is described by Reed(15) and by Rosborough et al(18).
+Reed(15) mentioned that it may be advisable to make the cuts in the
+stock from one to three weeks before the bark is removed so that the
+healing process may be under way at the time the bud patch is inserted.
+
+
+Storage and Handling of Scions and Budwood.
+
+Shelton(20) reported an easy and unique method of keeping scions moist
+by storing in a closed container with a small amount of sodium sulphate
+(Glauber's salt). Slightly moist peat moss is an excellent packing
+material. Brison(4) reported that a temperature of 32 deg. F to 38 deg. F in
+storage is satisfactory for keeping the buds dormant, and that a few
+days from 80 deg. F to 85 deg. F will stimulate cambial activity so that the
+patches will "slip" easily when cut. Scionwood is sometimes dipped in
+wax, paraffin, or plastic resin before storing in order to prevent loss
+of moisture and guard against pathogenic organisms.
+
+
+Waxes and Wound Dressings
+
+Sitton(19) used a large number of variously formulated waxes on pecan
+and found that the most successful from the standpoint of graft survival
+was one composed of 10 parts rosin, 2 parts beeswax, and 1 part filler
+such as kieselguhr, talc, or aluminum powder. Under Louisiana conditions
+a light-colored wax was preferable to dark colored one. Asphalt
+emulsions were not satisfactory.
+
+
+Rootstocks and Interstocks for Hickories
+
+Reed(16) summarized the rootstock studies at Beltsville, Maryland, by
+stating that pecans were best on pecan seedlings and that shagbarks were
+successful on either shagbark or pecan rootstocks. He reported a lack of
+congeniality between shagbark and bitternut hickory. Smith(21), however,
+found that pecan stocks were unsuccessful for shagbarks as few scions
+lived and growth of those which survived was poor. He also reported that
+bitternut was practically as good as shagbark for shagbark varieties.
+He stated that pignut was absolutely useless as a stock for shagbark.
+Weschcke(24) reported that shagbark varieties grew well on bitternut but
+also indicated that a slow growing variety would be stimulated in growth
+by working on pecan stocks which are more vigorous in growth than the
+other hickories. Dunstan(8) reported that pecan provides a perfectly
+satisfactory rootstock for shagbark, shagbark hybrid, and hican
+varieties. A number of varieties have been tested over a period of
+several years with favorable results as shown by lasting unions and
+better than average yields.
+
+The Fairbanks hybrid has often been used as an intermediate stock
+between bitternut and some shagbark varieties and Last(10) has stated
+that the variety Rockville is useful for interstock purposes on account
+of its exceptional vigor.
+
+
+Nursery Problems
+
+Hickories and pecans have long tap-roots with few branches and hence do
+not transplant well. Some few have grown the seedlings for one year in
+beds underlain with wire screen netting or have undercut the seedlings
+to promote branching of the roots. The stocks must grow two years from
+seed to attain a diameter permitting of patch budding and must remain
+one or two years more to allow the scion to form a tree. The resulting
+plant is large in both root and stem and requires careful handling in
+digging, shipping, and planting in the permanent location. The
+vicissitudes which befall the production of the northern hickories are
+often so great as to discourage nurserymen who otherwise would grow
+them. This is an unfortunate fact but a real one, as the would-be
+purchaser often learns when he attempts to buy named varieties of
+hickories. The situation with the pecan is much better, due perhaps to
+the greater demand for such trees but also to the greater ease of
+propagation in general nursery practice.
+
+
+Conclusions
+
+Good varieties of hickories bear good nuts and more people should plant
+good trees which should be produced by nurseries with well-branched
+fibrous root systems so that they will transplant easily. Research is
+needed to determine practical methods of propagation which will permit
+of inexpensive quantity production of superior named varieties of
+shagbark and shagbark hybrid hickories.
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+    1. Barton, Lela V. Seedling production in _Carya ovata_, _Juglans
+    cinerea_, and _Juglans nigra_. Cont. Boyce Thompson Institute 8:1-5.
+    1936.
+
+    2. Becker, Gilbert. Notes from Southwestern Michigan. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:135-136. 1937.
+
+    3. Benton, Wm. A. Report on propagation of nut trees. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 29:90-92. 1938.
+
+    4. Brison, Fred R. The storage and seasoning of pecan budwood. Texas
+    Agric. Expt. Sta. Bul. 478. 1933.
+
+    5. ----. Personal correspondence. 1952.
+
+    6. Burkett, J. H. The pecan in Texas. Texas Dept. of Agric. Bul.
+    111. 1932.
+
+    7. Corsa, W. P. Nut culture in the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric.
+    Div. of Pomology. 1896.
+
+    8. Dunstan, R. T. Personal correspondence. 1952.
+
+    9. Gossard, A. C. Rooting pecan stem tissue by layering. Proc. Amer.
+    Soc. Hort. Sci. 38:213-214. 1941.
+
+    10. Last, Herman. Personal correspondence. 1952.
+
+    11. MacDaniels, L. H. Some experiences in nut tree grafting at
+    Ithaca, N. Y. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:52-55. 1937.
+
+    12. Morris, R. T. Top working hickories. Rpt. North. Nut Grow.
+    Assoc. 11:105. 1920.
+
+    13. ---- Nut growing. 1931. Macmillan, New York.
+
+    14. O'Rourke, F. L. Unpublished data. 1945.
+
+    15. Reed, C. A. Nut-tree propagation. U. S. Dept. Agric. For. Bul.
+    1501. 1926.
+
+    16. ----. Hickory species and stock studies at the Plant Industry
+    Station, Beltsville, Md. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 35:88-121.
+    1944.
+
+    17. Romberg, L. D. Use of nurse seedlings in propagating the pecan
+    from stem cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 40:298-300. 1942.
+
+    18. Rosborough, J. F., F. R. Brison, C. L. Smith, and L. D. Romberg.
+    Propagation of pecans by budding and grafting. Texas Ext. Ser. Bul.
+    B-166. 1949.
+
+    19. Sitton, B. G. Pecan grafting methods and waxes. U. S. Dept.
+    Agric. Circ. 545. 1940.
+
+    20. Shelton, E. M. Glauber's salt for humidity control in scion
+    storage. Rpt. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:70. 1937.
+
+    21. Smith, Gilbert L. Our experience with root stocks. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 40:62-64. 1949.
+
+    22. Stoke, H. F. Grafting methods adapted to nut trees. Rpt. North.
+    Nut Grow. Assoc. 37:99-102. 1946.
+
+    23. Stoutemyer, V. T. and F. L. O'Rourke. Unpublished data.
+    1938-1940.
+
+    24. Weschcke, Carl. The importance of stock and
+    scion relationship in hickory and walnut. Rpt. North. Nut Grow.
+    Assoc. 39:190-195. 1948.
+
+    25. Wilkinson, J. Ford. Preparation of stocks for propagation. Rpt.
+    North. Nut Grow. Assoc. 28:65-66. 1937.
+
+
+
+
+A Root Disease of Persian Walnut
+
+G. FLIPPO GRAVATT, _U. S. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md._
+
+
+On three recent trips to southern Europe I noted large numbers of dying
+Persian (English) walnuts, _Juglans regia_, in France and Switzerland
+and scattered trees in other countries. Dying of Persian walnuts from a
+root disease of undetermined cause has been reported from various
+European countries for many years. The extensive dying of mature Persian
+walnut in a number of areas in southern France is very serious. Farmers
+and orchardists are discouraged from planting the Persian walnut even
+though it is a very profitable tree when not attacked by the root
+disease. In area after area I noted that the farmers had scattered their
+Persian walnut trees, separating them as much as possible or planting
+them along the boundary of fields instead of in orchard plantings. They
+had found too frequently that solid plantings of walnut die from the
+root disease. The total number of Persian walnuts in southern France has
+decreased alarmingly in the last sixty years. In Tessin Province in
+Switzerland many unhealthy Persian walnuts were noted this past summer
+showing the same symptoms as in southern France.
+
+Studies By French and Italian pathologists have indicated that the
+fungus _Phytophthora cinnamomi_ is the most likely cause of this dying
+of walnuts. I was informed that it is worse on soils inclined to be wet
+or poorly drained at certain times of the year, conditions favorable for
+attack of many hosts of this Phytophthora. The work reported by B. S.
+Crandall and me in Phytopathology, March 1945, showed there was a rather
+direct relation between soil conditions and _Phytophthora cinnamomi_
+damage to black and Persian walnut seedlings. Long periods of heavy
+rainfall were very favorable for an epidemic outbreak of this fungus on
+walnut and other nursery stock. Another species of _Phytophthora_, _P.
+cactorum_, has also attacked black walnuts in nurseries in eastern
+United States; this fungus has also been reported on Persian walnuts.
+
+We are interested in receiving reports of the dying of Persian or black
+walnuts in orchards or rows of trees in the Eastern half of the United
+States. Persian walnuts suffer from winter injury in many areas and
+sometimes this injury is confused with the root disease. However, where
+there are indications of continuing dying of walnuts year after year
+with a progression from one part to another of the planting, we would
+like to receive a report.
+
+Some root diseases are difficult to diagnose, especially when the small
+roots are the parts affected.
+
+The symptoms of the root disease of the Persian walnut in Europe are in
+many ways very similar to those of the Phytophthora root disease of
+chestnut and chinkapin in this country as described in the report by
+Gravatt and Crandall in the Northern Nut Growers Association Proceedings
+for 1944. In some cases Persian walnuts die slowly and in others death
+is rapid, with the entire tree browning in summer. Some trees will show
+less green color than normal during the summer and gradually die over a
+year or two. Trees in different stages of dying can be seen in the same
+planting.
+
+Persian walnuts in the Western States in recent years have been dying
+from a disease of undetermined cause. Dr. Paul W. Miller and others have
+reported on the black line graft union failure, _Armillaria mellea_ and
+dying of roots from undetermined causes. As _Phytophthora cinnamomi_, an
+imported fungus, is a comparative recent invader of many parts of the
+west, Dr. Miller is giving the fungus some attention as a possible
+parasite. On some hosts, this fungus attacks primarily the very smallest
+roots at certain favorable times of the year, which makes determination
+of its role as a parasite rather difficult.
+
+
+
+
+Factors That Influence Nut Production
+
+W. B. WARD, _Extension Horticulturist, Purdue University, Lafayette,
+Ind._
+
+
+The profitable production of fruit on nut trees under cultivation has no
+doubt been influenced by several factors. Assuming that the present-day
+seedlings and propagated varieties are winter hardy and the tree of
+bearing age, 10 to 15 years old, one may expect a reasonable harvest. It
+is somewhat disappointing to the owner of a single nut tree or for the
+grower on a semi or commercial basis to find that the tree or several
+trees have failed to set fruit.
+
+The commercial fruit grower of apples learned, many years ago, that
+certain varieties when planted in solid blocks failed to set
+satisfactory crops. Rather than lose several years of growth and
+expense, the better growers top-worked the trees with a good pollinizer.
+The result was a profitable harvest of red and yellow apples, or
+varieties of different maturity. The peach grower liked the looks of a
+very fine peach and after a short trial found that the variety was not
+hardy enough to withstand the winter and early spring temperatures. The
+experiences of the commercial fruit growers could be well used by the
+nut grower. Only trees adapted to local conditions should be planted
+regardless of the recommendations of the nurseryman. Hardiness of wood
+and bud, ample production of pollen, reasonable climate during the
+growing season, and the control of insects or diseases determine, for
+the most part, the success of the harvest.
+
+
+Soils and Fertility
+
+The nut trees require good drainage and a good supply of moisture. A
+reasonably fertile soil should be selected for a planting site but
+through mulches, manures, and commercial mineral fertilizers any soil
+may be built up to a high state of fertility. A weak tree has little
+chance and may come into bearing too late to be of value for the present
+owner. The annual growth should be checked each year and, unless 10 to
+12 inches of growth has been made the previous year, some means of
+stimulating more growth should be employed. The hickory, pecan and black
+walnut, as a rule, make little new annual growth while the Persian or
+Carpathian walnut, heartnut and chestnut ordinarily produce good annual
+growth and an abundance of good foliage grown where it counts the most,
+on the new wood.
+
+Those who have observed the growth habits of nut trees know that the
+catkins are found on last year's growth, or two year old wood, and the
+fruiting flowers at the end of the present season's growth. There are
+times when the new growth developed in a matter of a few days to
+sometimes as long as two weeks. During the period of prolongation of the
+new growth and the formation and receptiveness of the pistillate flower
+much can happen. The catkins shed pollen when the temperature and
+atmospheric conditions are normal. Many times the pollen is dispersed
+before the pistillate flowers are formed.
+
+
+Cross vs Self-Pollination
+
+There is no assurance that a nut tree which fruits on the average of
+eight out of ten years will continue to do so in the future.
+Occasionally trees take on an alternate year bearing habit that could be
+caused from injury, insect or disease damage, or the relocation of plant
+food. The nut trees on their own roots should do better than when
+grafted or budded. The compatability of stock and scion is yet to be
+worked out and any constriction at the union may alter the fruiting
+habits.
+
+The possible sources of pollen for hickory and pecan are from
+self-fertile trees, seedlings, and various natural crosses that may or
+may not produce edible fruit. The walnut family, which includes the
+black and Persian or Carpathian walnut; butternut and Asiatic nut
+(heartnut) have been used as pollinizers on the Persian walnut with some
+success. The butternut is the first to shed pollen in Indiana with the
+catkins dropping, in some years, by late April and the first week in
+May. Some years the black walnut has produced the peak pollen from May
+5th to 12th but during the spring of 1953 the Thomas, Stabler, Rowher,
+Ohio and Stambaugh dropped the pollen from May 18th to 22nd. The Asiatic
+walnuts were in full bloom on May 14th and 15th. The above dates do not
+correspond to observations of other years, except for the butternut. The
+pistillate flowers on the Persian walnuts were fully opened by May 16th.
+The catkins of the Persian trees had dried by May 12th. Catkins from the
+Asiatic walnuts were kept fresh and distributed throughout two Persian
+walnut trees and by mid-afternoon a heavy rain came. On May 18th a few
+catkins were again removed from the Asiatic walnut and only enough for
+one Persian walnut tree were found and hung in the tree. The first tree
+has no fruit while the second tree has a fair crop in the making.
+
+A letter from H. F. Stoke, Chairman of the Survey Committee on the
+blossoming dates of the Persian walnut said: "Payne, Lancaster and
+Broadview staminate flowers were out on April 9, 10 and 11. The
+pistillate flowers of McKinster, Caesar and Crath #1 were receptive on
+April 11, 10 and 10." The above dates were over a month before spring
+came to Indiana. Whether or not the Stoke varieties in Virginia would do
+the same in Indiana or elsewhere is still the problem.
+
+The black walnut varieties mentioned previously set very few fruits at
+Lafayette this year while a promising new variety, Sol, from Ferd
+Bolten, Linton, Indiana, has a full crop, and has been a consistent
+producer for the past several years.
+
+
+How Many Pounds per Tree
+
+Throughout the Middle West the elm, native chestnut and some of the oaks
+are dying from disease troubles. The homemaker wants to plant a tree
+that will provide shade, fit well in the landscaping of the home, be a
+clean tree and yet be fruitful and bear early.
+
+The age of the tree and the growth has much to do with production. Some
+pecan varieties have produced several hundred pounds per tree and the
+same for black walnuts with hickory, butternut and chestnut in smaller
+quantities. There are four Persian walnut trees growing in Franklin,
+Indiana, that are 20 years old and have fruited continuously for the
+past 10 years. The trees were seedlings, two of which are very promising
+for distribution. Tree #1 produces an average of 10 pounds; tree #2, 15
+pounds; #3, about 40 pounds and #4, 100 pounds. Good pollination under
+common growing conditions of the Midwest and a good variety acclimated
+for general planting will no doubt make a host of good friends and a
+wonderful contribution from the members of the N.N.G.A.
+
+
+
+
+Rootstocks for the Walnut in France[2]
+
+J. C. MCDANIEL
+
+[2]This is a translation, by Dr. R. T. Dunstan, of the section on
+"Rootstocks" in Chapter XI of _Les Noyers_, by two Doctors of Pharmacy,
+P. Peyre and E. Lancosme. This 447 page book with 140 figures was
+published in 1942 by Jouve et Cie, 15, rue Racine, Paris, and is a very
+complete treatise on the subject of walnuts.
+
+The French experience with the eastern black walnut and the related
+Arizona walnut as rootstocks is interesting, as is the discussion of one
+method of propagation, where dormant whole-root grafts are started in
+pots under glass. This differs somewhat from the indoor grafting
+procedures described in our recent Reports by Mr. Stephen Bernath and
+Dr. Philip Brierley. (Incidentally, Dr. Brierley tells me that he got
+uniformly good grafts--96 to 100% growing--in his 1953 experiment. The
+use of growth substance powder did not significantly increase the
+"take". The controlling factors seem to be the use of healthy scions and
+rootstocks, followed by high enough temperature and humidity to promote
+rapid callusing of the grafts.)
+
+The "old Royal Walnut" of the French is, of course, what we call Persian
+(or English) walnut, and not Luther Burbank's "Royal Hybrid", the
+unfortunately named cross of two black walnuts, _J. nigra_ x _J.
+hindsii_. _J. torreyi_ is a synonym for _J. major_, the Arizona walnut.
+
+Rootstocks fulfilling two essential conditions should be chosen, those
+capable of adapting themselves to soil and climate where they are to be
+planted and of resisting diseases that may attack them under unsanitary
+conditions or under too intense cultivation. Among the numerous
+varieties tested, two deserve attention as choice rootstocks, one
+native, the other American = _J. regia_ and _J. nigra_.
+
+_J. regia_, our old Royal Walnut, so common in France, is excellent when
+planted in new, light and fertile soils, preferably clay-lime or
+clay-silicon.
+
+But as the roots are very spreading it is important to stir the soil
+well but slightly and avoid deep plowing, for it is well known that
+through accidental injury to the roots the various "armillaria" enter
+the trees to develop the "pourridie" or "pus disease", or "circle
+disease". It is better, then, to use a rootstock immune to this malady
+so wide-spread among our native walnuts.
+
+_J. nigra_ enjoys this happy advantage of offering no foothold to this
+parasite, so harmful to its sister species. It accommodates itself well
+in many soils in which _J. regia_ will grow, even dry and gravelly, but
+prefers soils which are fresh, open, rich, and especially, deep. Its
+roots are long and vertical and their development stops in contact with
+an impermeable layer of soil.
+
+It produces specimens magnificent in height and rapidity of growth.
+Color of bark differs, though diameter of tree is more or less the same.
+This slight objection may be easily avoided by grafting regia on nigra
+at ground-level when wood is well matured and in mild weather.
+
+Proof that this species of walnut is resistant to "pourridie" was given
+in a report to members of the Congress of Grenoble in 1936 by Mr. Bourne
+of Saint Marcelin. "At Blache de Vinay, we are told, some black walnuts,
+planted more than thirty years ago in an infested field, have shown full
+resistance. One tree, grafted at ground-level and planted too deep, was
+infected many years ago by the "pus" above the graft on the _J. regia_
+part. The diseased part was treated as was the custom then, with
+sulphuric acid, etc. The wound healed and the rootstock remained
+absolutely clean. A photo by Mr. Roy, Director of Agricultural Services
+at Isere, establishes this absolute proof.
+
+Other varieties of walnut have been tested as rootstocks--_cinerea_,
+_cordiformis_, and _Siebodiana_, but only the first seems to have given
+any satisfactory results.
+
+Reporter Bourne concludes, "The primary purpose of our research on
+rootstocks will be to obtain a hybrid of _regia_ x _nigra_ that will
+combine the resistance of nigra to the "pourridie" and regia's habit of
+vegetating late in spring.
+
+By virtue of the ability of the female element to transmit its rusticity
+and vegetative form it seems, _a priori_, that we shall get a good
+rootstock by crossing _nigra_ as mother by Franquette (sic) and then if
+need be, by backcrossing to Franquette in the second generation.
+
+There exists a 4th type of walnut graft, dating from 1880, which if done
+intelligently, permits the rapid multiplication of the walnut--the root
+graft.
+
+In a short but very interesting report to the Nut Congress of Grenoble
+in October, 1936 by Mr. Leon Treyves, and very kindly sent on to us, the
+author says, "This procedure, devised by my family around 1880, consists
+of grafting on one year old roots, branches from selected, vigorous
+trees, either by cleft or English grafts, whichever gives best fit of
+scion (which is generally smaller than root) and stock. Graft is then
+tied with raffia and waxed to avoid all contact with air and placed in a
+moderately heated frame. After a month of this treatment the graft has
+taken. Then it is gradually accustomed to open air and the frame is
+removed. In the fall or the following spring the graft may be planted in
+its permanent location or in nursery row.
+
+This system presents numerous advantages:
+
+     1. Rapidity, since the plants can be grafted after one year,
+    instead of three or four.
+
+    2. Economy of time and expense, since considerable numbers of grafts
+    can be made rapidly and in limited space.
+
+    3. More rapid development of growth and fruiting. Saplings of 1 to 2
+    meters planted in winter of '28-'29 measured in October '36 25-27
+    cm. in circumference at one meter from ground. Trees two and three
+    years old, still in nursery, are bearing one to two normally
+    developed fruits.
+
+The author indicates that he uses _nigra_ for stocks, "since that is the
+only one that has proved its adaptation to grafting and its resistance
+to the "pus disease"."
+
+At the time he gave his paper in '36 Mr. Treyves announced that he was
+continuing his grafting experiments on _J. Sieboldiana, cordiformis_ and
+_torreyi. [J. torreyi_ = _J. major_--J. C. McDaniel.]
+
+Mr. Treyves, whom we cannot thank too much for his favor, was kind
+enough to set forth the preliminary techniques of his method of
+root-grafting. We give a resume of them here.
+
+1. Preparation. Plant nuts well-spaced in rows in good soil, convenient
+to irrigation, if needed. Clean nuts of good quality, previously
+stratified, should be planted in winter. Plants are lifted before the
+following spring and heeled in. For scions wood of 7-8 cm. is cut from
+young, healthy and vigorous trees and passed to the grafter at the same
+time as the roots, which have been previously lifted, washed and cut off
+at the crown or a little below. Scion, bevelled, is set either in
+English or cleft graft, tied with raffia or with a numbered wool strip,
+waxed and potted in rich but light soil, moderately firmed around roots.
+Pots are then set in some homogeneous material (waste tan-bark or
+sawdust) and left in a moderately heated bed.
+
+2. Care. Watering. Temperature of beds should be kept constant around
+grafts and they should be watered every other day. Of course, grass and
+mold should be prevented.
+
+As soon as grafts begin to grow (usually around 15 days) the pots are
+gradually removed from sawdust, and when plants have made 15-20 cm. of
+growth (after 30-40 days) they are slowly hardened to air and sun,
+replanted in well-shaded beds, properly watered and cared for until they
+are set in nursery row.
+
+3. Planting in nursery. The following spring they are set 60 cm. apart
+in nursery rows 1 m. apart in well-manured and well-prepared plots.
+Usual care during growth. With the 2nd year plants attain 1-1/4-1-1/2 m.
+and it is not uncommon to discover a nut. The 3rd year they make 2-1/2
+m. at least with 8-12 cm. of girth and are ready for transplanting to
+permanent site.
+
+4. Soils and situations. Mr. Treyves tells us that the walnut plantings
+in "lower Gresivuaudan" are on old alluvium of the Isere Valley and in
+limy marl soils of the upper slopes. A little farther away in Savoy, the walnut is
+vigorous in Jurassic or clay limestone soils. The same is true in
+Dordogne, in Correze, and in the Lot, where soils are of similar origin.
+
+Walnuts are found at an average altitude of 600 m. but grow up to 1200
+m. in Savoy, and particularly in Switzerland.
+
+The best exposures are SW, W, and SE, sunny slopes, well protected from
+the north wind and late frosts.
+
+Mr. Treyves has personally some plantings of walnut in Sologne, (where
+calcareous soils are lacking) and in Champagne, where the soils lack
+lime. He has noted that these trees grow and fruit normally.
+
+Cultivation. It is important to keep soil around isolated trees well
+stirred and to increase the area of cultivation as the rootspread
+increases.
+
+5. Rootstocks. For the present the plants chosen for stocks have come
+from nigra, the only one that has proved itself in the matter of "take".
+It does well in moist soils.
+
+Mr. Treyves has personally tried to graft Mayette and Franquette on
+_Torreyi_. He has found the "take" and the union perfect. But even
+though vegetation is promising we must wait 22 years for a full test.
+
+He proposes to lest all the "rootstocks placed at his disposal in order
+to acclimatize the good French varieties to all the soils which suit
+these stocks. Grafting on _J. Torreyi_ will be useful to a [_sera utile
+a un_] stock that grows in dry soil, like _nigra_.
+
+"But that is a matter we shall have to examine again in ten years, first
+as regards vegetation and then in 20 years as concerns fruit
+production."
+
+Since these experiments date from '36 at the time of the Grenoble
+Congress we have only 13 years to wait to learn what sort of fruit these
+trees will bear and only 5 to see how they behave vegetatively.
+
+It remains, then, only to wish "good luck" to our kind and devoted
+correspondent and to thank him for his valuable documentation.
+
+
+
+
+Pictorial Record of Grafting at Climax, Michigan
+
+W. M. BECKERT, _Jackson, Mich._
+
+
+Top-working black walnuts to Persian Walnuts has long been practiced by
+various members of this organization. It is hoped by this series of
+Kodachrome slides that a record of such top-working by one of our
+members would be of interest and also show the details of just how the
+work is done under actual field conditions.
+
+Mr. Gilbert Becker, of Climax, Michigan, has been quite successful in
+top-working black walnuts. Needless to say, these pictures were taken to
+show how an expert goes about grafting black walnuts. Mr. Becker was
+contacted as to when he would do his grafting and he mentioned that on
+May 80, 1953, he would be top-working his stock. Plans were made to be
+present on that date and we were fortunate in having bright weather for
+taking the pictures.
+
+The first two slides show Mr. Becker removing the scionwood from his
+storage pit, selecting the scions and preparing to go out to do the
+grafting. On the way to the trees that were to be grafted, the pictures
+for the next two slides were taken to show the stage of leaf development
+and the length of the catkins of the Thomas Black Walnut, so members in
+other sections of the country can see how far out in leaf the Thomas
+variety was when the grafting was done.
+
+The following series of slides show how Mr. Becker top-works the black
+walnuts.
+
+First, removing that portion of the stock, note he used a pruning saw,
+makes a cut at the point where he wants to graft. He uses the bark slit
+method. The scion is shaped by one stroke of the grafting knife; a long
+slanting cut is made and the scion inserted in the stock. Just prior to
+placing the scion, the bark of the stock is slit, two cuts with the
+point of the knife, approximate width of the scion and down along the
+bark to the length the scion is to be inserted, then the scion is
+placed. The next step is to cut off the little sliver of bark which is
+pushed out, at the point where it does not contact the scion. In this
+tree, two scions were placed, the scions being wrapped tightly with
+waxed muslin which was prepared beforehand, using strips about one-half
+inch wide. Enough was used to firmly bind the scions to the stock.
+Please note that a small piece of wax muslin was placed on the inside of
+the scion to prevent the wax from going down between the scion and
+stock. The final step is waxing the scion and brushing with hot wax, in
+order to prevent the scion from drying out; to provide shade, Mr.
+Becker, in this case, used grass and made a hood over the scion, tying
+it with string.
+
+The following slides show the same procedure of grafting other trees.
+You will note in one case he has climbed up into the branches of the
+tree. To shade the scions, he used aluminum foil, folded around the
+scion and tied with a rubber grafting strip. In all these pictures the
+scions used were Colby.
+
+Mr. Becker is very adept, quick, and does the grafting so that it
+actually seems effortless. His technique is so fast, there is very
+little chance of the scion drying out before it is placed.
+
+On July 26th, I returned to Climax and the grafts were successful, as
+you can see by the following series. The one failure was the first tree
+that was grafted, and which had the grass for shading of the scion.
+
+
+
+
+Rock Phosphate for Nut Trees
+
+HARRY P. BURGART, _Union City, Mich._
+
+
+My soil is of the sandy type and I have to watch the mineral content
+rather closely for nitrogen and phosphate deficiencies. Winter-killing
+of one year black walnut and pecan seedlings is serious during seasons
+when our winters are less severe than usual and during winters when we
+had had plenty of snow cover for protection. This worried me a great
+deal and I decided there must be a deficiency. Soil tests repeatedly
+showed a lack of phosphate.
+
+I applied ground rock phosphate to my larger bearing English walnut
+trees and there has not been the least sign of winter injury since.
+
+Many of my smaller nut trees have been bearing earlier for me since I
+have been using the phosphate. Customers who come here often remark at
+the way some of my little grafted trees are bearing crops and I tell
+them that I believe in keeping plenty of phosphate in the soil for root
+growth and nut production.
+
+I am writing this brief article thinking that it might help solve the
+problems of other nut growers who have repeatedly been having trouble
+with winter-killing of their Carpathian, or English walnut trees.
+Phosphate seems to prevent a late sappy-condition from causing winter
+injury.
+
+I prefer to apply the phosphate and nitrogen early in April or early
+May. Fall applications of any kind of fertilizer are apt to cause winter
+injury. I usually scatter the rock phosphate around the trees using
+about four handfuls around a first year tree. Then I turn over the sod
+bottom with a shovel, which puts the phosphate down where the roots can
+get it. I use the phosphate around all the young trees we set out and
+seldom lose a tree as the phosphate encourages the starting of new
+feeder roots on the nut trees.
+
+
+
+
+A Report From Southern Minnesota
+
+R. E. HODGSON, _University of Minnesota, Southern School and Experiment
+Station, Waseca, Minn._
+
+
+We have 20 odd Carpathian walnut trees growing from nuts planted about
+1931. So far, I have never seen a flower on any of them. They grow up 6
+or 8 feet in a year and that seems to be their difficulty. They do not
+stop growing in time to harden off before cold weather comes. I think a
+lot of the winter killing is also due to sun scald which would indicate
+an inability to retain dormancy during a January thaw. Some of the trees
+have lived through two winters with only minor damage and then when the
+right conditions come along, they are killed to the ground. Wrapping the
+trunks with aluminum foil has not solved the problem. I have purchased
+one or two grafted trees which were recommended as more hardy but so far
+they have had the same experience as the one I grew from nuts.
+
+Black walnut and hickory do well here and I have a hiccan perhaps 20
+feet tall but it has never borne any nuts. Chinese chestnuts are not
+entirely hardy and grow very slowly. This year I set out about 20
+American chestnuts from Minnesota grown seed and I hope that we are far
+enough from other trees of this variety to escape the blight. Tree
+growing is just a hobby and lately there has been very little time for
+hobbies.
+
+
+
+
+Chestnut Breeding
+
+Report for 1953
+
+ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES and HANS NIENSTAEDT, _The Connecticut
+Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut_
+
+
+The chief aim of this breeding work, which has been carried on now
+without interruption since 1930, is to develop a tall timber type of
+chestnut by breeding the American species with the blight resistant but
+comparatively low-growing Japanese and Chinese chestnuts, _Castanea
+crenata_ and _C. mollissima_, respectively. Practically all trees of our
+valuable American chestnut of any appreciable size have now been killed
+to the ground by the blight fungus, _Endothia parasitica_. Shoots
+arising from the base of the old stumps often live long enough to bear
+pollen, and this we have lately been forced to use in our breeding work
+with the disadvantage that we can not know definitely the nature of the
+genotype of the pollen parent. American pollen from a good phenotype
+near Washington, D. C., was kindly furnished us in the early 30's by the
+then Office of Forest Pathology of the U.S.D.A., and this stock is now
+incorporated with our older Japanese-American and Chinese-American
+hybrids.
+
+As indicated in the following pages, we are not neglecting the
+nut-bearing potentialities of the chestnut tree.
+
+
+Weather Conditions in 1953
+
+The disastrous ice storm of the 9th and 10th of January caused slight
+damage to some of the Chinese trees. Their numerous, more or less
+horizontal branches and characteristically brittle wood make them prone
+to damage of this sort; nevertheless, only a few branches were lost.
+After a comparatively warm February, the warmest since 1925, March
+brought us more rain than for any March in the 81 years records have
+been kept[3]--a total of 10.78 inches. This was all to the good, as
+later events proved. Because of the preceding warm February the ground
+was for the most part unfrozen, so that, instead of running off, the
+water was largely absorbed in the soil, and thus added to the water
+table. The precipitation of April was again heavy--5.6 inches--the
+normal per month for this area being about 3-1/2 inches. After an
+unusually good growing season in May, June and July, about the middle of
+August a long drought of nearly 10 weeks duration commenced. The
+conditions were similar to those in 1952, except that in that year the
+drought began later, in October. However, the large amount of water in
+the soil from the spring rains prevented serious consequences, just as
+in 1952 the heavy rainfall in August and the normal one in September
+mitigated any serious results from the later drought of that year.
+
+
+[3] Weather records are taken from the monthly reports of the municipal
+airport at New Haven, Conn., and are compared with the New York City
+records for the same period, kept by the U. S. Weather Bureau at 17
+Battery Place, New York City.
+
+
+Hybrids of 1953
+
+As in former years we continued the formation of hybrids of the
+combination CxJxA[4] which has to date given the most resistant
+individuals and the best timber form. 277 hybrid nuts of this
+combination were obtained by crossing JA with C, and C with JA. JAxJ
+crossed with C yielded 25 nuts. CJA crossed with pollen from the Roxbury
+Americans gave 20 nuts. The Chinese-American hybrids are also promising
+both in form and in blight resistance. By crossing these with American
+pollen from Thomaston, Conn., and from Clinton Corners, N. Y., we
+secured 48 nuts. CA crossed with a good native American in Thomaston,
+Conn., resulted in 30 nuts, and the same combination using an American
+in Newfoundland, N. J., produced 9 nuts. The total number of nuts
+derived from all crosses was 504, a much smaller figure than that for
+the two preceding years. The reason for this is that considerable time
+was consumed in experiments designed to determine the length of the
+receptive period in the pistils.
+
+[4] C = Chinese, J = Japanese, A = American chestnut.
+
+The 1953 nut production (Table I) compared well with last year's. The
+total yields were as good as, or better than, the 1952 crop and the
+average weight per nut was not significantly lower than in 1952.
+Apparently the late summer and fall drought had no effect on nut yields
+and average weights. Obviously we have the warm winter and abundant
+early rains to thank for this situation.
+
+ Table I. Natural Yield of Nuts (open pollinations) From Sample Trees.
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                   Total yield     Av. weight per Approximate
+ Age in  Species         Location  in lbs.         nut in grams   no. of nuts
+ years                               1952    1953   1952    1953   per lb.[A]
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  23     _C.crenta_       13-2      27.5    43.3    14.5   14.0          32
+  27     _C.mollissima_    1-3      22.2    20.8    10.6   10.5          43
+  27     _C.mollissima_    1-9      28.2    26.2     9.9    9.7          46
+  27     _C.mollissima_    1-15      6.8[B] 20.6    12.9   11.7          39
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ A. based on the 1953 weights
+ B. a considerable part of crop lost before it was collected
+
+Fig 1. gives a fair idea of the extremes in size of the Japanese
+chestnut. Since the smaller size is probably close to that of the wild
+chestnut in Japan, the figure illustrates what has been done by the
+centuries of selection and cultivation that the chestnut has undergone
+in Japan.
+
+[Illustration: Fig 1. Nuts of _C. crenata_, Japanese chestnut, showing
+approximately the limits of size in the species. Left: from a tree on
+Long Island, N. Y, owned by Mr. John Vertichio. Right: from one of our
+forest type Japanese trees given to us by the Office of Forest Pathology
+in 1930 and now growing at the Sleeping Giant Plantation, Hamden, Conn.
+The tree is probably representative of the wild type of nuts in Japan--a
+little larger than the native American chestnut. However, it is probable
+that smaller nuts of the Japanese species exist. About 1/2 natural size.
+Photo by B. W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., Nov. 27, 1953.]
+
+Anent the large nuts in the photograph, which weigh about an ounce
+apiece or about 28 g. (compare figures in table I), Mr. Ferguson,
+Instructor at the Long Island Agricultural and Technical Institute,
+through whom we received the nuts, states that "the nuts of the
+seedlings from the tree do not average better than half the size of
+those of the parent tree." This illustrates the fact, now well known,
+that the chestnut tree is self sterile. Nuts are always (with
+exceptions) a result of fertilization of the flowers with the pollen
+from _another_ tree.
+
+We should like to reproduce this tree in our plantations, but the only
+way it can be done is by grafting scions of it on to some other,
+preferably Japanese, stock, or by rooting cuttings from it--a method
+which we still have not been able to accomplish readily.
+
+
+Moll-Seg, or Chinese Prolific
+
+In the report of the senior writer for 1934 (_Brooklyn Botanic Garden
+Record 24:62_) it was stated: "In our form of the Chinese chestnut only
+one, if any, bur appears at the base of the flowering branch. The dwarf
+species, _C. seguini_, from eastern and central China, on the other
+hand, is most prolific; and in addition, blooms from June to October. It
+will be seen that crosses of these two species may produce valuable
+breeding stock." As a result of this cross, made in 1934, we obtained
+seven nuts, and from these nuts we have today, nineteen years later,
+four trees, three of which have shown marked blight resistance. One of
+these three is much larger, partaking more in its stature and form of
+the character of its Chinese parent, and in contrast to the latter,
+bears burs and nuts in profusion, usually clustered at the ends of the
+branches. (Fig. 2). The nuts are small but of good flavor. It is a good
+nut tree, not suitable for timber. However, as we stated in our 1951-2
+report, it is subject to considerable twig blight, caused by the attacks
+of the weak parasite, _Cryptodiaporthe castanea_ (Tul.) Wehmeyer, and
+this is due apparently to the influence of its tender parent, the Seguin
+chestnut, which habitually dies back in the winter. The parasite easily
+enters the dying ends of the twigs. We should like to see this tree
+tried out in a warmer climate--Georgia, Florida, Alabama, etc. Possibly
+it might prove adaptable to a southern European environment.[5]
+
+[5] Systematic descriptions of this and other valuable chestnut hybrids
+are being prepared for publication.
+
+
+Pollen Receptivity of Female Flowers
+
+Chestnut is monecious. The flowers are borne on the present year's
+growth in long catkins. These are of two distinct types; near the base
+of the flowering branch they consist of male flowers only. The catkins
+near the apex, on the other hand, are bisexual; pistillate flowers are
+found, solitary or in clusters of two or three, near the base of this
+type of catkin. The remainder of the catkin bears male flowers similar
+to those on the all-male catkins.
+
+The unisexual male catkins are the first to start flowering and not
+until two to three weeks later will the male flowers of the bisexual
+catkins be in full bloom. Normally, the pistillate flowers will reach
+full development sometime between these two periods of pollen shedding.
+
+_The Length of the Receptivity Period._--During the summer of 1953 an
+experiment was conducted to determine more definitely when the pistils
+became receptive and how long they remain in this condition. Two
+Chinese, two Japanese and two hybrid chestnuts of the combination (Jap.
+x C. pumila) x Jap., the so-called S8xJ, were used as the females in the
+study. Emasculation and bagging was done at the beginning of anthesis,
+that is, when the first unisexual male catkins began to shed pollen.
+Three different pollen sources were used on each female parent; they
+were of the same species or hybrid combination as the female. The
+following diagram shows the pollination schedule used.
+
+   Pollen source    Time of pollination in days
+   No.              after beginning of anthesis
+                    5     9     13      17    22
+   -----------------------------------------------
+   1                X     X      X
+   2                      X      X      X
+   3                             X      X      X
+
+For example, the Chinese female trees were pollinated with pollen from
+three other Chinese trees (in the diagram "Pollen source No. 1, 2 and
+3), which open their anthers on successively later dates. This
+pollination schedule was used to avoid prolonged storing of the pollen.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. Showing, above, _C. mollissima_, Chinese
+chestnut, left, and _C. seguini_, seguin chestnut, right, parents of
+_mollissima_ x _seguini_ hybrid below. Note clustered burs in
+hybrid--more than twice the number appearing in the _mollissima_ parent.
+Leaves and habit of tree resemble more the _mollissima_ parent. About
+1/6 natural size. Photo by B. W. McFarland, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta.,
+Sept. 25, 1953.]
+
+To carry on pollination the bags are removed and the pollen-bearing
+catkins are brushed lightly over the stigmas several times, one or more
+fresh catkins being used in each bag. These catkins are left in the bag.
+The bags are then replaced and permanently removed when danger of
+outcrossing is eliminated, in this case 10-14 days after the last
+pollination.
+
+The number of nuts collected at the time of harvesting compared with the
+number of female flowers pollinated was taken as a measure of how
+successful the pollinations were.
+
+The results showed that five days after the commencement of anthesis a
+high proportion of the female flowers is receptive. The Japanese and
+hybrid trees have a definite peak of the period of receptivity between 9
+and 17 days after anthesis begins; thereafter, receptivity drops off
+sharply. The data from the Chinese trees indicated that the period of
+maximum receptivity is longer than in the Japanese and hybrid chestnuts
+tested. They maintained full receptivity on the 22nd day after the
+beginning of anthesis.
+
+It is commonly believed that bagging as well as emasculation may
+seriously affect the yield from controlled pollination. This is not
+always the case. One of the Japanese trees and one hybrid tree (S8 x J)
+yielded fully as many nuts from controlled (under best conditions) as
+from open pollination. On all other trees the effect of bagging was more
+or less adverse.
+
+
+The Effect of Emasculation on Nut Yield
+
+Emasculation involves the removal of the unisexual male catkins and the
+male part of the bisexual catkins. In the course of the controlled
+pollination work it has often been found that the female flowers drop
+off in the bag before the burs start to develop. This has especially
+been encountered in Japanese x American hybrids and back-crosses. It was
+thought that this perhaps was due to injuries resulting from
+emasculation. The following small experiment was carried out in order to
+determine if this was actually true.
+
+A Japanese x American and a Japanese x (Japanese x American) hybrid were
+used as the female parents. On these trees some flowering branches were
+bagged which had been emasculated normally, on other branches only the
+unisexual catkins were removed, while the bisexual catkins were left
+intact. Some branches were bagged without any emasculation, and some
+flowering branches were just tagged. The number of female flowers was
+counted in all cases. Pollinations were performed 3 times, that is, were
+repeated on the third and fifth day after the first pollination. This is
+the procedure ordinarily used for our controlled pollinations. Chinese
+pollen was used on both trees. Nut set expressed as per cent of the
+number of pollinated flowers, times three, (because ordinarily there are
+3 nuts in every bur) was taken as a measure of how successful the
+pollinations had been. The results are shown in Table 2.
+
+ Table II. The Effect of Emasculation on Nut Yield
+
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Type of Treatment                 No. of [Symbol: female]'s at     Nut set as
+                                   time of first                    expressed in %
+                                   pollination                      of [Symbol: female]'s
+                                                                    at time of
+                                                                    1st pollination x3
+                                   [Symbol: female] parent          [Symbol: female] parent
+                                   4-4     7-4                      4-4     7-4
+                                   (JxA)  (JxJA)                    (JxA)   (JxJA)
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Normal emasculation                39     17                       29.1    13.7
+ Only unisexual catkins removed     23     19                       14.5     0.0
+ Not emasculated, but pollinated    28     18                       25.0     3.7
+ Not emasculated, }
+ not pollinated   } Control         28     25                        1.2     0.0
+ Not bagged, branches tagged,
+    open pollinated                 26     23                       44.9    17.4
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Bagging apparently was partly injurious on these two trees and caused
+some decrease in nut yield. There is, however, no evidence that
+emasculation in itself causes a decreased nut yield, rather it appears
+to be somewhat beneficial if we are to judge from the results of this
+experiment. At least, one would be justified in concluding that any
+harmful effect is negligible. Completely emasculated flowers yielded
+29.1 and 13.7 per cent as compared to 14.5 and 0.0 per cent where only
+unisexual male catkins were removed, and 25.0 and 3.7 per cent where no
+emasculation was done. The controls which were not emasculated and not
+hand pollinated, show that the trees are practically completely self
+sterile; only an occasional nut is set from self-fertilization.
+
+
+Vegetative Propagation
+
+In vegetative propagation the tree breeder has a very important tool.
+For instance, if a number of desirable phenotypes have been selected in
+the forest, they can be propagated vegetatively and planted under
+uniform conditions where it will be possible to "estimate" their
+genotype, without the time-consuming progeny testing. Trees propagated
+vegetatively from old mature trees usually will start flowering very
+soon after they become established; thus the necessity of doing
+pollination work in very large trees can be eliminated. Furthermore, it
+enables the tree breeders to maintain trees of a desirable genotype
+unaltered for an indefinite length of time without first establishing
+pure lines through inbreeding. Finally, it may be possible to make
+valuable individuals available to the forest owners for field planting
+if they can be propagated vegetatively in large enough numbers at low
+cost.
+
+Compared to propagation by grafting, the rooting of cuttings is both
+simpler and cheaper, if it can be done. Chestnut cuttings are,
+unfortunately, very difficult to root. In the past six years numerous
+experiments have been conducted in order to find a way to root the
+various chestnut species. We have tried to root dormant, as well as
+greenwood, cuttings, the conventional twig cuttings as well as leaf-bud
+cuttings; numerous hormone treatments using several different hormones
+in solution and as powders, over a wide range of concentrations, have
+been tried; a special chamber in which an automatic atomizer nozzle
+sprays the cuttings intermittently has been used. Results have always
+been poor. Dormant cuttings have broken dormancy, sent out new leaves,
+formed an abundance of callus on the basal end, but failed to develop
+any roots, and finally after several months have died. Greenwood
+cuttings also have failed to develop roots in almost all cases. The best
+results have been obtained with leaf-bud cuttings. In some cases 10 to
+20 per cent have rooted; here, however, the difficulty has been the
+failure of the bud to break dormancy and start growth, and all the
+rooted cuttings have eventually died.
+
+The rooting by airlayering has been tried in a few cases. Airlayering is
+the rooting of twigs while they are still attached to the tree. Some
+distance from the terminal end of the twig an oblique cut is made, or
+the bark is removed around the twig for about 3/4". The cut or ringed
+area is treated with a hormone powder, wrapped in sphagnum moss and
+covered with a wrapping of polyethelene. Attempts to root twigs on older
+trees by this method have so far failed. Recently successful rooting of
+twigs on young seedlings by airlayering has been reported from Spain,
+and from France comes the report that stooling of young seedlings is
+highly successful. In the stooling method the young plants are cut off a
+short distance above the ground level. As new shoots grow out, their
+basal ends are gradually covered with soil until a 5-6" mound has been
+formed. Left in this manner they may develop their own root system and
+can eventually be detached from the mother root. That the rooting of
+young seedling material should be possible, while that from older trees
+will not root, is not unusual. It is generally accepted that the younger
+the tree from which the cuttings are taken, the easier the cuttings are
+to root. Experiments along these lines are planned for 1954.
+
+
+Cooperative Hybrid Chestnut Plantations
+
+In last year's report we described our hybrid test plots established in
+cooperation with the U.S.D.A., Bureau of Plant Industry, Division of
+Forest Pathology.
+
+On March 18, 1953 a new plantation was started at Grafton, West
+Virginia. As usual, we furnished 50 plants for this test plot.
+
+From the reports from Dr. J. D. Diller, of the then Division of Forest
+Pathology, our hybrids so far have shown a promising performance,
+although their average growth rate so far is slightly slower than that
+of the U.S.D.A. hybrids and straight Chinese chestnut. From the
+standpoint of blight resistance and growth habit they are at least equal
+to the two other sources and may be slightly better; however, it is
+still too early to make any definite evaluation of the results.
+
+
+Insect Injuries
+
+The most damaging insect pests in the Sleeping Giant Plantation are the
+spring canker worms, the mites (_Paratetranychus bicolor_), Japanese
+beetles and the chestnut weevils.
+
+A spraying schedule has now been worked out which keeps these pests
+under control:
+
+1. Dormant spray with "Scalecide" in middle April against the canker
+worms and mites.
+
+2. Two applications of "Aramite" (6-7 lbs. per acre) in the middle and
+toward the end of June. These sprayings have given good control against
+mites. Where the outbreak is very severe it may be necessary to spray
+with "Aramite" also in July and again in August.
+
+3. Spraying with DDT in middle August and the first week in September
+has controlled the weevils successfully.
+
+In concluding this report we desire to express our thanks to the many
+interested persons who have contributed pollen, nuts and/or scions to
+further this project.
+
+
+Dr. W. C. Deming
+
+On November 17th, 1910, twelve dreamers met in the Botanical Museum,
+Bronx Park, New York City, to form an organization of nut growers in the
+north. It was largely an organizational meeting. No papers were read,
+but some solid foundations were laid. Dr. W. C. Deming served as
+temporary chairman of the meeting and, fortunately for the cause, was
+then elected as the new body's Secretary-Treasurer, an office which has
+always called for executive ability and untiring industry.
+
+This election paid off. At the second meeting, held at the New York
+State College of Agriculture, in Ithaca, it appeared that the new
+Secretary had communicated with a large number of leading nurserymen,
+with national and State horticulturists and with others. It was reported
+at this meeting that only two nurserymen had accepted the invitation to
+attend. "So", reported Secretary Deming, "evidently the others do not
+think the northern nut grower is one whose acquaintance is worth
+cultivating. We hope to convince them to the contrary."
+
+This was done. At the second meeting, the Association could count sixty
+members. Professor John Craig, of Cornell, in noting this growth, said,
+"Dr. Deming has not merely performed the routine duties of the
+secretary, but he has studied the case and has presented a good many
+facts not apparent on the surface. It seems to me that this augurs
+well."
+
+The augury proved prophetic. The Association continued to grow. But
+without this first intelligent, persistent effort upon the part of. Dr.
+Deming, it could hardly have survived.
+
+This small bit of history is illustrative of the whole life of Dr.
+Deming. His deep interest in the purposes and hopes of our Association
+has never ceased. Upon his own ground he planted, and budded and
+grafted many nut trees, and has given away the fruits of his labors with
+a prodigal good will. Deming's Burnham pecan and the Deming Purple black
+walnut are the only introductions, so far as this writer knows, which
+bear his name.
+
+Again, some thirty years after the first meeting mentioned above, Dr.
+Deming thought up and carried through another project which makes the
+Association repeatedly his debtor, an Index of the first thirty volumes
+of the Association's Annual Reports. It is a work which saves the
+conscientious worker in northern nut culture hours and hours of labor.
+
+And now our Dean, the last of the founding fathers, has left us for the
+Elysian Fields. His gentle, kindly face will be sadly missed by those
+who knew him, but he lives on in every tree whose planting his labors
+inspired and in every mind which has been, even unconsciously, his heir.
+
+A letter from Miss Charlotte Deming, a sister, assures us, somewhat
+touchingly, but happily, of this fact:
+
+"My brother's heart was with and in the work of the Association. He was
+happy to know of its expansion into such a wide-spread organization, and
+very proud of having been made its Dean."
+
+Dr. Deming lived a full life. He was a physician of distinction, a
+graduate of Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons and
+was retired from the army after World War I with the rank of Major.
+After graduation from Columbia, he served his internship in a New York
+hospital, then on the medical staff of the State Immigrant Hospital,
+Ward's Island. He began private practice in Westchester County, New York
+and, later, for many years, served as examining physician with the
+Veterans' Administration in Hartford, Connecticut.
+
+It is interesting to know, as told by his son, Hawthorne, that Mrs.
+Deming, formerly Imogene Hawthorne, was the youngest granddaughter of
+the immortal Nathaniel. It is evident that Dr. Deming, both in private
+life and in his public interests, was a strong believer in the value of
+good blood-lines.
+
+   _John Davidson_
+
+
+
+
+The Nomenclature of Nut Varieties
+
+GEORGE H. M. LAWRENCE, _Bailey Hortorium, Ithaca, N. Y._
+
+
+This article is intended to introduce to you the International Code of
+Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants[6] and to point out the ways in which
+that Code serves the interests and needs of members of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association.
+
+[6] The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants,
+formulated and adopted by the International Botanical Congress Committee
+for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants and the International
+Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature and Registration at the
+Thirteenth International Horticultural Congress, London, September 1952.
+
+Copies of the full text of the Code are available from the Secretary,
+American Horticultural Council, Inc., Bailey Hortorium, Cornell
+University, Ithaca, N. Y., (25c postpaid).
+
+The Code as published by the Royal Horticultural Society is a booklet of
+about 30 pages, containing an excellent historical introduction by W. T.
+Stearn, a summary or abridged version of the Code, and the full text. It
+is of necessity somewhat technical in its phraseology, and in places its
+jargon is overwhelming. Recently, Dr. John S. L. Gilmour, Director of
+the Cambridge Botanic Gardens, and formerly Director of the R. H. S.
+Trial Gardens at Wisley, published a very lucid and down-to-earth
+interpretation of the principle provisions of the Code. It is reproduced
+with permission at the conclusion of this introduction.
+
+The questions asked about the Code include,
+
+   "What's it got that earlier codes did not have?"
+   "What's new about it?"
+   "How does it affect me?"
+
+There are several answers to the first query, but the most significant
+is that here for the first time we have a Code that represents the
+thinking of horticulturists from all leading horticultural centers of
+the world. I was a member of a committee of thirteen (representing 6
+countries), that met for nine days in Stockholm in 1950 to prepare and
+edit the first international draft of this Code. Those of each
+nationality had met in their country previously, with their own leaders,
+and had come to this round-table session with fixed ideas of what they
+wanted. By mid-evening of the first session it became apparent that the
+Swedes, the Dutch, the British, and the Americans had sent some of their
+most persuasive, vocative, and determined countrymen to represent them.
+The Swiss representative restrained himself admirably until after the
+initial lines had been drawn. It looked then as if there might be
+several codes, but before recessing several hours later some concessions
+had been made, and discussion on the more volatile points had been
+deferred. The differences of opinion were well founded and held with
+good reason. Some reflected an unawareness of situations in an unrelated
+horticultural field, e.g., a nurseryman did not know the problems
+encountered by the Danes in developing so-called varieties of
+vegetables, or by the American in producing hybrid-corn--each calling
+for different provisions in the Code, nor could the rose specialist be
+expected to comprehend the genetic situations encountered in many types
+of hybridity. One botanist in the group had no appreciation of the
+intricacies of problems and situations found when trying to name some
+complex groups of cultigens. Add to these reasons the fact that most of
+these men were representatives or spokesmen for larger groups or
+national organizations "back home" and were not authorized to act
+independently from earlier decisions by those groups, and one can only
+marvel that at the end of the 9-day period we came up with a detailed
+and workable draft accepted unanimously, and which was modified in no
+major respect at the more recently International Horticultural Congress
+in London.
+
+The period between the Stockholm meeting and the London Congress was
+utilized to distribute mimeographed copies of the Stockholm draft to
+horticultural leaders in all countries, to provide opportunity for
+suggesting changes and new provisions for the Code, and to hold one
+committee meeting of international level, at London in November 1951.
+As a result, the present Code is the first truly international
+regulating guide that has been produced as an aid to persons concerned
+with the nomenclature of cultivated plants. The individual who may
+object to some provision of the Code must remember that its presence in
+the Code has had the support of scores of specialists, representing no
+less than 16 nations and that there is no part of the Code that was not
+acceptable to a majority of the delegates of each nation and to the
+groups representing them. The significance of this international
+character of the Code is not to be discounted.
+
+It is only proper at this point to tell you how the U. S. A. was
+represented at the International Horticultural Congress in London.
+Practically every country except the United States has a national
+horticultural organization, comparable in some respects to the Royal
+Horticultural Society, with which you are surely familiar. This country
+had none. When the "call" went out for representatives and delegates to
+the International Horticultural Congress, that for this country was
+delivered to the agricultural attache at our Embassy in London. It is
+reported that he referred it to his home office and attended some
+preliminary meetings in London. The matter was referred to the U. S.
+Department of Agriculture in Washington and there sat, apparently, for
+months. In the interim, private communications were flying across the
+Atlantic in both directions between interested horticulturists and
+finally the matter was referred by the Honorable Secretary of the
+Congress direct to American societies of horticulture to ensure that
+American views and interests would be adequately represented. It boiled
+down to the United States being represented by those persons who were
+going to be at the Congress anyway and by men who were not specialists
+in nomenclatural matters. Appraised of their lot, these persons made
+every effort to be briefed and informed on as many aspects of the
+provisions of the proposed Code as possible. As stated later by Dr. S.
+L. Emsweller (a member of the committee, representing U. S. D. A. and
+the American Society for Horticultural Science), this situation brought
+into sharp focus the need in this country for a single horticultural
+organization of organizations that could serve as authorized in matters
+at the international level. The American Horticultural Council, to which
+the Northern Nut Growers Association belongs may become that
+organization, but only when authorized by its membership.
+
+Many readers may be familiar with earlier codes, as that adopted by the
+American Pomological Society (which dates from 1847), that by the
+American Society of Agronomists (formulated in 1917-18), and with a
+third code adopted at the sessions of the Botanical Congress meeting in
+Cambridge, England, in 1935. Knowing of the provisions of these codes,
+you may ask, "What has the new one got that is different?" There are
+many new features of which the more significant are given below.
+
+Perhaps foremost is the recognition that, for the most part, the
+so-called varieties of garden plants are not uniform in their behavior.
+Some are nothing more than transplants of variations found in the wild,
+such as the Japanese _Juglans Sieboldiana_ var. _cordiformis_, a
+population having its own geographic range and distinguished from the
+typical element of the species by several morphological characters. It
+is a botanical variety that is cultivated. It is not a product of
+domestication.
+
+The code distinguishes from this botanical variety those so-called
+varieties that are the result of domestication, variants that have been
+produced in cultivation but are not known to occur and perpetuate
+themselves in the wild, such as Schwedler's maple known as _Acer
+Platanoides_ var. _Schwedleri_. Plants of this group, that may be grown
+from seed and which do show a limited variability, are distinguished
+from botanical varieties by placing them in a new category called
+cultivar (a name coined long ago by L. H. Bailey and meaning, a variety
+from cultivation). The abbreviation for the category is cv. Furthermore,
+in an effort to differentiate cultivar names from botanical names, it is
+provided that they be treated as are vernacular or fancy (common) names.
+That is, that the name be placed in single quotes and not italicized
+e.g., _Acer Platanoides_ cv. 'Schwedleri'.
+
+A third category is that of clone. A clone is an individual propagated
+not from seeds but by asexual means, as by grafting, budding, cuttings,
+etc. Most so-called varieties of nuts are clones. A clone may be
+selected from a species population, from a botanical variety, from a
+cultivar, or from anyone of several types of hybrid complexes. It may
+appear as a mutant of another clone. The name for it may, where there is
+need for precision, be attached to the name of the species (or hybrid)
+from which it was selected, as _Corylus Avellana_ cl. 'DuChilly' or
+reduced to _Corylus_ cl. 'DuChilly.'
+
+For the hybridizer naming and introducing new hybrids to cultivation,
+the Code is more helpful than any previous set of rules and the needs of
+hybridizers of various groups have been considered. Many examples
+illustrating application of each provision are given in the unabridged
+version.
+
+The person naming plants will find much helpful guidance with regard to
+the selection of names which should be considered if international usage
+is to prevail. The Code is just that, a set of dicta provided for
+guidance by horticulturists throughout the world that there may
+prevail
+
+   a greater uniformity, accuracy, and fixity of names,
+   a lessening of procedures that would lead to confusion and error if
+       adequately supported or widely adopted, and
+   a provision for change and revision.
+
+One section of the code ("C") dealing with Registration might well come
+within the framework of interest and activity of the Northern Nut
+Growers Association. This section, which suffers materially by
+condensation in the abbreviated text that follows, occupies nearly a
+page in the unabridged edition. It envisages the establishment of an
+international registering body, with headquarters for different groups
+located in different countries, e.g., that for tulips in the
+Netherlands, for rhododendrons in Britain, for roses in the United
+States, etc. The task of compiling, maintaining, and publishing such a
+registrar (and rejecting names not in conformance with the Code) will
+fall in many cases on the special plant societies concerned. When
+societies for a given group of plants exist in 2 or more countries, they
+will be expected to collaborate. Insofar as I know the Northern Nut
+Growers Association has not set up any mechanism for the registration of
+names given to cultivars, hybrids, and clones of nuts. To do so would be
+to perform a very real service for your membership, for the industry in
+this country, and would place the Association in a key spot when the
+proposal for an international registry is activated. The agitation for
+this phase of international application of the Code is considerable and
+is more evident in Europe than here. If the Association takes an active
+stand in the matter and develops a center of registry of nut names for
+this continent, it may very well display a quality of initiative and
+service that will make it pre-eminent on the international level and
+will cause others to look to it for guidance, information, and
+leadership.
+
+A careful consideration of this Code is commended to all and those
+interested in the topic are urged to procure a copy of the booklet
+giving the unabridged edition and Stearn's excellent historical account
+of the subject.
+
+
+
+
+The New Code For the Naming of Cultivated Plants[7]
+
+[7] Reproduced with permission from Journal of the Royal Horticultural
+Society, vol. 69, pp. 12-21, 1954.
+
+
+J. S. L. GILMOUR, _Chairman of the International Committee on
+Horticultural Nomenclature and Registration_
+
+
+Anyone who deals in any way with cultivated plants uses plant names.
+This glimpse of the obvious ought to mean that the appearance of a new
+Code for the naming of cultivated plants should be a memorable event for
+all gardeners. I say "ought to mean" advisedly, because there is no
+doubt that, in the past, Codes of Nomenclature have made little appeal
+to gardeners, the great majority of whom have been blissfully unaware of
+their existence. As a consequence, many horticulturists--on hearing of
+"a new Code"--will, no doubt, raise a respectful (or contemptuous)
+eyebrow and get on with reading their latest catalogue. The aim of this
+article is to persuade readers of the Society's JOURNAL, not only that
+this attitude is against their own interests, but that a good deal of
+quiet entertainment can be extracted from trying to use plant names
+correctly--if only the entertainment of putting their neighbour right!
+
+It is true that, hitherto, there has been ample excuse for ignorance.
+Although Codes for the naming of cultivated plants have existed, in some
+shape or form, for nearly 100 years, they have been printed in obscure
+publications, quite inaccessible to ordinary mortals. This excuse no
+longer holds. The full text, plus a summary, of the new Code can be
+purchased for one shilling and three pence (post free) from the Society,
+and, in addition, reference to it has been made in many horticultural
+and other periodicals. What, then, is the new Code about, how does it
+affect gardeners, and what should they do about it?
+
+In the first place it is _not_ about the Latin names of wild species or
+varieties--names like _Rhododendron ponticum_ and _Aesculus octandra_
+var. _vestita_. Whether wild plants are grown in gardens or not, their
+Latin names are governed by quite a separate Code, devised by botanists
+for the purpose. It is true, of course, that gardeners have to use Latin
+names for many of the wild plants that they grow, and equally true,
+unfortunately, that the frequent changes in these names are a source of
+annoyance to everyone; but that is quite another story, with which we
+are not concerned here. At the last International Horticultural Congress
+steps were taken which we all hope will result, with the cooperation of
+botanists, in the stabilization of widely used Latin names of cultivated
+plants.
+
+No, the new Code deals, not with wild species, varieties and hybrids,
+but with what are commonly called "garden varieties"--namely, forms
+which have been brought into existence by selection, hybridization, or
+other similar processes devised by man, and are maintained in
+cultivation as clones or pure lines by man's care and skill--such plants
+as Rose 'Peace,' Apple 'Beauty of Bath,' and thousands of others. The
+distinction between "wild" plants and "garden varieties" is not
+absolutely clear cut, and in the Code a closer definition is
+attempted--but for our present purpose the difference is obvious enough.
+
+In the Code, it is recommended that "garden varieties" should
+technically be called "cultivars." This has been their official name for
+many years and it is clearly desirable, if the two categories of "wild"
+and "cultivated" varieties are to be recognized, to have a short and
+internationally current word for each of them. "Variety" and "cultivar"
+serve this purpose admirably, but it is not to be expected that all
+gardeners will make the distinction and adopt the word "cultivar" in
+ordinary parlance, at any rate immediately. Personally, however, I hope
+and believe that eventually "cultivar" will find favour. It is a clear
+and easily understood word and will, I think, prove useful to those
+gardeners who care for accuracy and precision in their craft, and
+especially to those who have dealings with fellow-gardeners in other
+countries.
+
+The Code, then, deals with the _names of cultivars_. It may be helpful,
+I think, to consider its rules and regulations under three headings:
+firstly, those of interest to all gardeners who have occasion to write
+the names of cultivars; secondly, those which are concerned with the
+coining of new names; and thirdly, those more technical provisions which
+are of interest primarily to horticulturists studying a particular group
+and trying to establish what are the correct names for its cultivars.
+
+
+1. The Writing of Cultivar-Names
+
+The most important point, perhaps, concerning the names of cultivars is
+that they should not be in Latin, but in any modern language using the
+so-called Roman alphabet (_i.e._ the alphabet in which English, French,
+German, etc., are written). The reason for this is, of course, to
+distinguish, at a glance, names of cultivars from names of wild
+varieties, which are in Latin. In the future, Latin names for cultivars
+will definitely not be allowed by the Code, but we are faced with the
+_fait accompli_ of hundreds of existing Latin names which have been
+widely used for many years. For example: the dwarf conifers abound with
+cultivars called 'nana,' 'prostrata,' 'compacta' and the like, and such
+names as 'albus,' 'variegatus,' and 'plenus' occur in almost every
+cultivated genus. It would clearly be foolish to try to alter all these,
+and the Code accepts such legacies from the past as permanently with us.
+(As we shall see, however, a distinction is made between the writing of
+Latin cultivar-names and Latin varietal-names.)
+
+The vast majority, then, of cultivar-names are vernacular or "fancy"
+names like 'Winston Churchill.' How should the full name of a cultivar
+be written? The complete and technically correct form, including the
+Latin name of the species from which the cultivar has been derived, is
+illustrated in the following example: _Sedum spectabile_ Boreau, cv.
+'Brilliant,' but I hasten to add that this lengthy designation is for
+use only on full-dress occasions! In the example, _Sedum_ is the name of
+the genus, _spectabile_ the name of the species (technically called the
+"specific epithet"), Boreau the name of the man who first described the
+species under that name (technically called "the authority" for the
+name), cv. the abbreviation of cultivar, and 'Brilliant' the
+cultivar-name for the particular cultivar concerned. It should be noted
+(1) that the generic name and specific epithet are printed in italics,
+(2) that the cultivar-name begins with a capital letter, is printed in
+ordinary Roman type, and is enclosed in _single_ quotation marks, and
+(3) that there is no "authority" after the cultivar-name. These three
+points are important, and apply to the writing of all names of
+cultivars. If we wish to cut down this rather formidable string of words
+for every-day use, the authority can be omitted in all except very
+technical writing. Secondly, the abbreviation cv. can normally be left
+out, as the vernacular form, single quotes, and Roman type of
+'Brilliant' indicate quite clearly that it is a cultivar-name, and not
+the name of a wild variety. In this shortened form, therefore, the name
+would read simply:
+
+   _Sedum spectabile_ 'Brilliant'
+
+and this is the normal method of writing the names of cultivars.
+
+There are, however, two additional refinements that should be
+mentioned--apart from the special case of cultivars derived from
+hybrids, which I will deal with later. The first concerns those Latin
+cultivar-names which are left over from the past. These should be
+printed in Roman type and enclosed in single quotes to distinguish them
+from Latin varietal names; thus one would write _Thuja orientalis_
+'elegantissima,' where 'elegantissima' is a cultivar-name, but _Aesculus
+octandra_ var. _vestita_, where _vestita_ is the name of a wild variety.
+
+The second point refers to the omission of any authority after a
+cultivar-name. Many cultivars are first described in reports of trials,
+in catalogues, and other anonymous publications; this makes the quoting
+of an authority impractical, but there is provision in the Code for
+writing the raiser's or introducer's name in brackets after the
+cultivar-name if so desired, thus: _Weigela_ 'Avalanche' (Lemoine).
+
+
+2. Naming New Cultivars
+
+_General_
+
+Let us suppose that a nurseryman, park superintendent, or amateur
+gardener has just flowered a batch of seedlings of, say, _Helenium_,
+and that he spots one as being of a new type and worthy of propagation.
+In due course he shows the plant at a fortnightly show, under a number,
+and an Award of Merit is given to it. He must now find a cultivar-name
+for his new plant. His first problem, of course, is to choose a name
+that has not been used before in the genus _Helenium_. If he picks on a
+very unusual personal name he can be fairly certain that he is the first
+to use it. If, however, he prefers a more general name, like 'Innocence'
+or 'Venus,' there is a danger that it has been used before. If there
+existed a registration authority for _Helenium_ names, as there does,
+for example, for names of Daffodils, he could, of course, consult this
+authority, but in its absence he must do his best to comb the likely
+literature--for example the Index to this JOURNAL, nurserymen's
+catalogues, etc.--and to assure himself that his chosen name has not
+already been used. His next step is to make certain that the name is in
+accordance with the best practice for coining such names. Here is where
+the Code will help him. In it he will find (under Section F) a series of
+rules for his guidance, based on the accumulated experience of
+horticulturists of many nations. I will not repeat these rules
+here--they can be read in the Code--but perhaps the most important,
+apart from the rule already quoted that the name must not be in Latin,
+is that it should be short (not more than two words), should avoid forms
+of address liable to be confused (_e.g._ Mr., Mrs. and Miss) and, as far
+as possible, should be easily pronounceable by all nationalities. As the
+Code says, 'Centenaire de Rozain-Bourcharlat,'
+'Diplomagartenbauinspektor,' and 'Eldwyth Cholmondeley' are not looked
+upon with favour as cultivar-names! Having chosen a name, it is
+essential to ensure that it is published, together with an adequate
+description, since the Code does not recognize names that are not
+published, or are published with no description. The Code lays down what
+is meant by publication, and by adequate description. The names of
+plants which receive an Award at Vincent Square are automatically
+published, with a description, in this JOURNAL, but for other methods of
+publication the Code should be consulted.
+
+
+_Hybrids_
+
+The naming of cultivars derived from crosses between two or more
+different species, belonging to the same or different genera, involves
+rather special problems. By "derived from" I mean not only the _first_
+generation from a species cross, but all subsequent generations and
+back-crosses with the original parents or with members of the first or
+later generations. Any cultivar which is the progeny of a species cross,
+however remote, comes, for the purpose of the Code, under the heading of
+a hybrid and its naming is subject to definite rules. The full name of a
+"hybrid cultivar" must be regarded as consisting of three distinct
+parts: (1) the name of the genus (or "hybrid genus" if a hybrid between
+two or more genera is concerned); (2) a "collective" name or phrase
+covering _all_ the progeny resulting from the particular species-cross
+concerned; and (3) a cultivar-name for the particular form (cultivar)
+under consideration. In the name _Viburnum_ x _bodnantense_ 'Dawn,'
+_Viburnum_ is the generic name, x _bodnantense_ is the collective name
+for all progeny of the cross _V. fragans_ x _V. grandiflorum_, and
+'Dawn' is the cultivar-name for a particular seedling of this
+parentage. It is essential always to bear in mind these three distinct
+parts of the name of a garden hybrid, even if, as it often done, one or
+other of the parts is omitted in actual usage; the three parts broadly
+correspond, of course, to the generic name, specific epithet, and
+cultivar-name of a non-hybrid cultivar (see above).
+
+Let us consider these three parts in turn and see what types of name can
+be used in each part in actual practice--and how this affects the naming
+of new "hybrid cultivars."
+
+The _first part_, the generic name, presents no difficulties, except in
+the case of new hybrids between two or more genera. Names of such
+"hybrid genera" are usually "manufactured" from a combination of the
+names of the parent genera (_e.g._ x _Heucherella_, from _Heuchera_ and
+_Tiarella_); in the case of hybrids between more than two genera,
+however, where a "combination" name would be unwieldy, it is permissible
+to make a new name by adding the termination _ara_ to the name of a
+person connected with the plant concerned (_e.g._ x _Sanderara_ for a
+tri-generic orchid hybrid). Before making a new "hybrid generic" name, a
+botanist should be consulted, as a Latin description in proper,
+botanical form must be provided. It will have been noticed that a
+multiplication sign is placed _in front of_ the names of "hybrid
+genera," but _after_ the generic name in the case of hybrids within a
+single genus; further details on this point are given later.
+
+The _second part_ of the full name of a hybrid is a more tricky
+business. It is, as I have said, a collective designation for all the
+progeny of the particular cross concerned, and it may take one or all of
+three possible forms:--
+
+(1) If the parentage is known, a bare _formula_ consisting of the names
+of the parents, in alphabetical order, connected with a multiplication
+sign, _e.g._ _Lewisia cotyledon_ x _rediviva_.
+
+(2) A name in Latin form (corresponding to a non-hybrid specific
+epithet), preceded by a multiplication sign, _e.g._ _Viburnum_ x
+_bodnantense_.
+
+(3) A vernacular phrase containing the word "hybrid," "cross," "grex"
+(Latin for flock or group), or other similar word, making evident the
+collective nature of the phrase, _e.g._ _Lilium_ 'Bellingham Hybrids.'
+
+Why do we have to have these three different forms for the second part
+of the full name, and when, to put it briefly, should we use which?
+
+I must admit that practice on this particular point is as yet by no
+means fixed, and no doubt it will be modified considerably during the
+next few years, as more horticulturists try to apply the Code to the
+groups in which they are interested.
+
+In order to understand the alternatives available, it will be helpful, I
+think, to consider first the _third part_ of the full name, as the use
+of this, and of the second part, are very closely connected. The third
+part, as I have said, is a cultivar-name of a particular form of the
+hybrid concerned, and, in the first place, it is extremely important to
+realize that _every cultivated hybrid that is considered worth naming at
+all should receive a cultivar-name from the outset of its "career,"
+even_ _if, at the time, only one form is known, or is considered worth
+naming._ To take an actual example, at the time when the new hybrid
+_Viburnum_ x _bodnantense_ was described in the _Botanical Magazine_,
+only one form, or clone, of it had been "put into circulation," and yet
+that single clone was given a cultivar-name, 'Dawn.' The object of doing
+this was to be able, in the future, to refer by name to this particular
+clone and so avoid confusion with any later, and possibly inferior,
+forms of the same cross that might be produced. In the absence of the
+name 'Dawn,' less desirable clones could legitimately be passed off
+under the collective name _V_. x _bodnantense_ without the acquirer
+realising that he was not getting the original and superior form.
+
+Bearing in mind, then, the principle that _all_ cultivated hybrids
+should have a third part, cultivar-name, we can turn again to the use of
+the various possible designations for the second part listed above. The
+choice of designations depends, broadly speaking, on _convenience_, that
+is to say, on what, in practice, will be found the most useful method of
+referring to the plants concerned. In principle, of course, every hybrid
+whose parentage is known has an appropriate formula-designation, and in
+certain cases such a formula would be sufficient as a second part
+designation without inventing either a Latin name or a vernacular
+collective name. For instance, when there are only a very few forms of a
+particular cross, it might not be considered necessary to be able to
+refer to the forms collectively, and a second part name would not then
+be given. For example, _Rubus_ 'Merton Thornless,' when raised, was the
+only form of the hybrid _R. rusticanus inermis_ x _thyrsiger_ to be put
+into circulation, and it was not given a second part designation other
+than the appropriate formula. On the whole, however, it is usually
+desirable to have a second part, collective designation, rather than a
+formula only. Whether such designation should be a Latin name or a
+vernacular phrase, or both, depends on a number of factors which, as I
+have said, are not yet fully worked out or appreciated. Broadly
+speaking, if there are a large number of cultivars of a particular cross
+and these cultivars form a well-marked group, distinct from other hybrid
+groups in the genus, it is useful to have a vernacular designation for
+general use, _e.g._ 'Bellingham Hybrids' for all cultivars of the cross
+_Lilium Humboldtii_ x _pardalinum_. This purpose can, however, be
+equally well served by a Latin name, _e.g. Camellia_ x _Williamsii_ for
+all cultivars of the cross _C. japonica_ x _saluenensis_. Whichever
+method is chosen, two points are of great importance. Firstly, if a
+Latin name is given, it _must_ be accompanied by a Latin description.
+Secondly a vernacular designation _must_ contain some such word as
+Hybrids, Crosses, or the like, to distinguish it from a cultivar-name.
+The practice, in some groups, of giving "straight" cultivar-names as
+second part collective designations, followed by "var. so-and-so," is
+condemned by the Code. Existing names of this kind, however, can easily
+be brought into line by adding a word such as Hybrids or Grex to the
+old, second part, cultivar-name, and omitting the "var." thus,
+_Cattleya_ 'Fabia' var. 'Prince of Wales,' would become _C._ ('Fabia
+Grex') 'Prince of Wales' (Grex can he abbreviated to G. if desired).
+This alteration may seem over-pedantic, but if, in the naming of
+cultivated hybrids, a clear distinction is not kept between second and
+third part names, confusion, as I have pointed out, is likely to result.
+
+I will finish this section on the naming of hybrids with one or two
+additional points on the correct method of writing their names. Here are
+the full names of three cultivated hybrids:--
+
+   _Rubus_ (_rusticanus inermis_ X _thyrsiger_) 'Merton Thornless.'
+   _Camellia_ X _Williamsii_ 'Donation.'
+   Rose (Hybrid Tea) 'Richmond.'
+
+The following points should be noted:--
+
+(_a_) If a formula or a vernacular designation is used as a second part
+name, it should be placed in brackets between the generic name and the
+cultivar-name.
+
+(_b_) If a Latin name is used as a second part name, and the hybrid is
+between plants belonging to the same genus, a multiplication sign should
+be placed between it and the generic name.
+
+(_c_) The third part cultivar-name follows directly on the second part
+name and is placed in single quotes, as for cultivar-names of
+non-hybrids.
+
+In many contexts it would not be necessary to write the second part name
+at all, but if it is omitted, the cultivar-name, strictly speaking,
+should be preceded by a multiplication sign, thus: _Camellia_ X
+'Donation,' but it would be no great crime to omit it, except perhaps in
+technical publications.
+
+
+3. What Is the "Correct" Name for a Cultivar?
+
+It is a painfully familiar fact that many cultivars are known by more
+than one name, and that many cultivar-names have been applied to more
+than one cultivar--although the position is not so bad as it is in the
+case of botanical names! This multiplication of names is the inevitable
+result of many people naming many plants over a period of many years. It
+is a situation which we must accept and do our best to mitigate. The
+Code has a number of necessarily rather complicated provisions aiming at
+selecting the correct name for any cultivar. These provisions are
+important mainly to the comparatively few horticulturists and botanists
+who take on the unenviable job of sorting out the nomenclature of
+cultivated plants, though the results of their labours affect us all.
+The rules are set out fully in the Code, and here I will attempt only to
+pick out one or two of the more important.
+
+The Code lays down two basic principles; though, as we shall see, these
+may be modified if undesirable name-changing can be avoided thereby.
+
+(_a_) No name can be used if it does not conform to the various rules
+laid down in the Code (including proper publication of the name, with a
+description).
+
+(_b_) If there are two or more names that conform with the Code, then
+the _earliest_ name is the correct one; this is known technically as the
+principle of priority.
+
+Now, obviously, as happens with botanical names, the strict application
+of priority might mean that a universally used name--say, Plum
+'Victoria'--would have to be given up and replaced by a completely
+unknown one. This is unthinkable, and, as in the Botanical Code, there
+are clauses to prevent it happening. With cultivar-names, however, there
+is a particular complication, which does not apply to botanical names.
+The latter are all in Latin, whereas cultivar-names may be in many
+languages. This means that a cultivar, raised in one country under a
+name acceptable in that country, may be introduced into another country
+where the original name is quite unpronounceable or otherwise
+unsuitable. A new name is, of course, immediately invented by the
+introducer, and clearly, in many cases, it is useless to try to make the
+second country adopt the earlier, strictly correct, but unsuitable name.
+The Code, therefore, allows the retention of the second name as what it
+calls a "commercial synonym." Thus, Rose 'Permanent Wave' is a
+commercial synonym in the United States for the Rose raised in Holland
+as 'Mevrouw van Straaten van Nes.' In any formal list of Roses, both
+names should be given, together with any other commercial synonyms that
+may exist. The coining of commercial synonyms is not, of course, to be
+encouraged, and should only be done if the original name is clearly
+unsuitable for the new country. Frequently names are translated or
+transliterated when a cultivar is introduced into another country, and
+such a translation or transliteration is not regarded in the Code as a
+_new_ name, but as the original name in another form; no difficulty,
+therefore, arises as to priority in these particular cases.
+
+Perhaps the most important section of the whole Code deals with the
+_Registration_ of cultivar-names. In certain groups (_e.g._ Daffodils)
+international registration schemes already exist, and it is urged that
+further schemes, covering all important groups of cultivated plants,
+should be established as soon as possible. The function of such
+authorities would consist, primarily, of (1) registering new names and
+ensuring that they are in accordance with the Code, and (2) preparing,
+and keeping up to date, lists of cultivars in their groups. In addition,
+the authorities would choose a particular publication as the
+"starting-point" of the nomenclature in the group (so as to avoid
+dipping too deeply into the past in search of ever earlier
+cultivar-names), and would act as arbiters when a decision has to be
+made between two or more widely used names for the same cultivar. There
+is no doubt in the minds of those responsible for the Code that the
+existence of internationally trusted and respected registration
+authorities would do more than anything else to stabilize and simplify
+the naming of cultivated plants. It will obviously take some time before
+authorities can be set up for all--or even the majority--of important
+groups, but the International Committee is doing its best to push ahead
+quickly with this very important side of their work.
+
+At the end of the Code there are sections dealing with certain special
+categories such as re-selected and improved cultivars, con-varieties,
+clones, apomicts and line-hybrids, which are of interest mainly to
+specialists in breeding and taxonomic work on cultivated plants.
+
+I hope I have said enough, in this short article, to convince readers of
+the JOURNAL that the Code is of some interest to them if they want to
+use the names of plants so that other gardeners, both here and abroad
+can understand what they mean. The next step is to read the Code
+itself--first the Summary and then the full text that follows it. No
+doubt many who do so will be put off at first by the somewhat legal
+language used. One can only repeat the time-honoured defence by lawyers
+when similarly attacked--that to avoid ambiguity experience has shown
+that a certain amount of jargon is necessary! We have tried hard, in the
+Code, to keep it to a minimum.
+
+The International Committee is anxious to receive suggestions for
+improving the Code, so that they can be discussed at the next
+Horticultural Congress. All such suggestions should be sent to the
+Secretary of the Committee (DR. H. R. FLETCHER), c/o The Royal
+Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, London, S.W.1.
+
+In the Historical Introduction to the Code (written by MR. W. T. STEARN,
+Secretary of the International Committee, during the production of the
+Code), Fellows of The Royal Horticultural Society will note, I trust
+with pride, the important part played by their Society, in cooperation
+with many other bodies and individuals in many parts of the world, in
+the preparation, drafting and publication of the Code. I hope that they
+will feel it their not unpleasant duty to make themselves and others
+familiar with the provisions of the Code, to follow its rules and
+recommendations when they use the names of cultivated plants, and to let
+the Secretary of the Committee know how they think it might be improved.
+Article I of the Code states that its aim is "to promote uniformity,
+accuracy and fixity ... with the minimum disturbance of existing
+nomenclature"--an aim surely close to the heart of every Fellow of The
+Royal Horticultural Society.
+
+I am grateful to MR. A. SIMMONDS, MR. W. T. STEARN AND MR. P. M. SYNGE
+for help in the preparation of this article.
+
+[Illustration: Exhibit at the Harvest Show of the Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society--Boston, Mass. October, 1953.]
+
+
+
+
+Attendance Register, Rochester, N. Y., 1953
+
+
+   Ontario, Canada
+     L. K. Devitt, Toronto
+
+   Connecticut
+     Paul C. Daniels, Lakeville
+     Arthur H. Graves, Wallingford
+
+   District of Columbia
+     Beth Ford, Washington
+     Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Ford, Washington
+     Miss Gretta Wilson, Washington
+
+   Georgia
+     Lou Kahn, Albany
+     Mr. & Mrs. Wm. J. Wilson, Fort Valley
+
+   Illinois
+     Mr. & Ms. R. B. Best, Eldred
+     C. R. Blyth, Urbana
+     J. C. McDaniel, Urbana
+     Mr. & Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs
+
+   Indiana
+     John Andrews, Marion
+     Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Andrews, Marion
+     Mr. & Mrs. K. Dooley, Marion
+     Ray Kaufman, Peru
+     E. W. Pape, Marion
+     Carl Prell, South Bend
+     Ford Wallick, Peru
+     J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport
+
+   Iowa
+     Roy E. Ferguson, Center Point
+     E. F. Huen, Eldora
+     Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula
+     Wm. Rohrbacher, Iowa City
+     D. C. Snyder, Center Point
+
+   Maryland
+     Dr. & Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville
+     C. T. David, College Park
+     Dr. G. F. Gravatt, Beltsville
+     Dr. & Mrs. J. W. McKay & family, College Park
+     Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Negus, Hyattsville
+     Mrs. C. A. Reed, Takoma Park
+
+   Massachusetts
+     Mr. & Mrs. Andrew Kerr, Plymouth
+
+   Michigan
+     Mrs. Alpha Allen, Jackson
+     Howard Allen, Jackson
+     Gilbert Becker, Climax
+     W. M. Beckert, Jackson
+     R. M. Burr, Ann Arbor
+     F. J. Keplinger, Farwell
+     G. J. Korn, Kalamazoo
+
+   New Jersey
+     P. H. Cox, Bloomfield
+
+   New York
+     Mr. & Mrs. Victor Brook, Rochester
+     Ernest Brooks, Monroe
+     Wm. G. Brooks, Monroe
+     David Caldwell, Syracuse
+     Mrs. L. M. Caldwell, Canastota
+     Mrs. S. H. Graham, Ithaca
+     Prof. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca
+     Mr. & Mrs. George Salzer, Rochester
+     Rodman Salzer, Rochester
+     George Slate, Geneva
+     Jay L. Smith, Chester
+     Dr. Mary B. Spahr, Ithaca
+
+   North Carolina
+     W. J. Ellis, Advance
+
+   Ohio
+     George E. Craig, Dundas
+     Mr. & Mrs. John Davidson, Xenia
+     Barbara and Doris Dowell, Massillon
+     Dr. & Mrs. L. L. Dowell, Massillon
+     John A. Gerstenmaier, Massillon
+     Dr. & Mrs. Edward A. Grad, Cincinnati
+     Frank M. Kintzel, Cincinnati
+     Shumzo Kodera, Columbus & Tokyo, Japan
+     Mr. & Mrs. P. E. Machovina & Family, Columbus
+     Christ Pataky, Mansfield
+     Mr. & Mrs. Raymond Silvis, Massillon
+     Wm, C. Silvis, Massillon
+     Mr. & Mrs. A. W. Weaver, Toledo
+     Emmet Yoder, Smithville
+
+   Pennsylvania
+     R. P. Allaman, Harrisburg
+     Wm. S. Clarke, Jr., State College
+     Mrs. Helen Davis, Allentown
+     Mr. & Mrs. E. B. Miller, Hazelton
+     John Rick, Reading
+     Mr. & Mrs. Wm. S. Weaver, Macungie
+
+   Tennessee
+     Roy Chase, Knoxville
+     Spencer B. Chase, Knoxville
+
+   Virginia
+     Jesse O. Diller, Arlington
+     Mr. & Mrs. H. R. Gibbs & Family, Linden
+     Mr. & Mrs. H. F. Stoke, Roanoke
+
+   West Virginia
+     R. W. Pease, Morgantown
+
+   Wisconsin
+     L. W. Coulson, Slinger
+
+
+
+
+Northern Nut Growers Association
+
+Membership List
+
+October 1, 1952, to September 30, 1953
+
+    *Life member
+   **Honorary member
+    Sec.Contributing member
+    +Sustaining member
+
+
+ ALABAMA
++Hiles, Edward L., Hiles Repair Shop, Loxley
+ Long, Pope M., Box 33, Cordova
+
+ ARKANSAS
+ Croley, Victor A., Route 4, Box 45, Green Forest
+ Crozier, O. N., Route 2, Searcy
+ Schlan, Mrs. Agnes, Route 2, Mountainburg
+ Sibley, Mrs. J. W., Sulphur Springs
+ Vaile, Joseph E., Dept. of Horticulture, University of Arkansas,
+   Fayetteville
+ Wade, Clifton, Forest Ave., Fayetteville
+ Wylie, W. D., Dept. of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
+
+ BELGIUM
+ Vanderwaeren, R., Horticultural Adviser, Bierbeekstraat 217, Korbeek-Lo
+
+ CALIFORNIA
+ Andrew, Col. James W., Box 12, Hamilton, A. F. B.
+ Bridges, Mrs. H. G., R. F. D. No. 4, Box 60, Tulore
++Buck, E. H., 16 N. Portola, Three Arch Bay, South Laguna
+ Darling, Mrs. Leah, Wilsona Route, Box 313, Lancaster
+ Fowler, Floyd L., Route 2, Box 5636B, Redding
+ Fulcher, E. C., 5707 Fulcher Ave., North Hollywood
+ Gililland, Guy S., L. V. S. R. Box 342, Lucerne Valley
++Haig, Dr. Thomas R., 3021 Highland Drive, Route 2, Box 2357, Carlsbad
+ Jeffers, Chaplain Harold W., U. S. N. A. S., Los Alamitos, Long Beach
++Kemple, W. H., 216 W. Ralston St., Ontario
+ Pentler, Dr. C. F., 1322 Martin Ave., Palo Alto
+ Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa
++Serr, Dr. E. F., Agricultural Experiment Station, Davis
+ Stewart, Douglas N., 633 F Street, Davis
+ Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan St., Taft
+
+ CANADA
+ Blyth, Donald, Blythwood Farm, Guelph, Ontario
+ Clarkson, A. G., R. R. 1, Islington, Ontario
+ Collens, Adam H., 42 Seaton St., Toronto 2, Ontario
+ Devitt, L. K., 409 Armadale Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+ English, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, British Columbia
+ Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, British Columbia
+ Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 7, St. Thomas, Ontario
+ Henderson, George, R. R. No. 7, Guelph, Ontario
+ Holmes, B. T., 320 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ontario
+ Housser, Levi, Route 1, Beamsville, Ontario
+ Kimmerly, Fred A., R. R. No. 3, Cottam, Ontario
+ Kimmerly, Haven E., R. R. No. 2, Harrow, Ontario
++Lefevre, H. E., 354 St. Catharine St., East; Montreal 18, Quebec
+ Lossing, Elgin, Norwich, Ontario
+*Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Ave, Guelph, Ontario
+ Papple, Elton E., Route 1, Cainsville, Ontario
+ Porter, Gordon, R. R. No. 2, Harrow, Ontario
+ Sheppard, H. H., Box 46, Queenston, Ontario
+ Smith, Edward A., Box 6, Sparta, Ontario
++Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Route 5, Charlottetown, Prince Edward
+   Island
+ Trayling, E. J., 509 Richard St., Vancouver, British Columbia
+ Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ontario
++Walker, J. W., McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave., Toronto 1,
+  Ontario
+ Wharton, H. W., Route 2, Guelph, Ontario
+ White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave., Toronto 5, Ontario
+ Willis, A. R., Route 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
+ Young, A. L., Brooks, Alberta
+
+ COLORADO
+ Boyd, A., 1232 Clayton, Denver
++Forbes, J. E., Julesburg
+ Lieb, Mrs. Henry H., 3195 Gray St., Denver
+ McKinstry, Blair G., Julesburg
+ Morrison, Mrs. Doris E., Carr
+ Stoll, Harland, 3070 Pierce, Denver 14
+
+ CONNECTICUT
+ Ayling, Mrs. Charles L., Foothills, Washington
+ Bennett, George S., Southbury
+ Corcoran, H. F., The International Silver Co., 169 Colony St., Meriden
+ David, Alexander M., 480 S. Main St., West Hartford
+ Deming, Miss Charlotte, P. O. Box 403, Litchfield
+ Deming, Hawthorne, Hamilton Lane, Darien
+**Deming, Dr. W. C, Litchfield
+ Frueh, Alfred J., Route 1, Sharon
++Graves, Dr. Arthur H., P. O. Box 129, Wallingford
+ Grebosky, Joseph L.'s Nursery, 50 Taylor Ave., South Norwalk 17
+ Hapgood, Miss Dorothy A., 745 Farmington Ave., West Hartford
+ Henry, David S., Blue Hills Farm, Route 2, Wallingford
+ Howe, Mrs. Paul, Umpawang Hill, R. F. D. No. 1, West Redding
+*Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel
+ King, Mrs. Una, 57 Meadowbrook Road, West Hartford
+ Newcomer, Dr. Earl, Storrs
+*Newmarker, Adolph, R. R. No. 1, Rockville
+ Nienstaedt, Dr. Hans, Conn. Agr., Expt. Station, P. O. Box 1106,
+  New Haven 4
+ Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater
+ Schukoske, John A., Route 2, Box 257, Saybrook Road, Middletown
+ White, George E., R. R. No. 2, Andover
+
+ DELAWARE
+ Brugmann, Elmer W., 108C Thomas Drive, Monroe Park, Wilmington
+ Keller, Walt C., Rice Farms, Felton
++Logue, R. F., General Manager, Andelot, Inc., 2098 du Pont Building,
+  Wilmington
+
+ DENMARK
+ Butzow, O., 49 Bredgade, Copenhagen
+ Grandjean, Julio, Hillerod
+ Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg, Bandholm
+ Reventlow, Johan Otto, Damgaard, Fredericia
+ Sorenson, Director K. Kaae, Dyrehavevej 22, Klampenborg
+
+ DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
+ American Potash Institute, Inc., 1102 16th St., N. W., Washington
+ Curtis, Miss Diane, 1903 Kalorama Road, N. W., Washington
+ Ford, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., S. E., Washington 20
++Hale, A. C., FOA-STEM to Thailand, c/o Dept. of State Mail Room,
+  Washington, D. C.
+ Reed, Mrs. Clarence A., 7309 Piney Branch Road, Washington 12
+ Woycik, Dr. Peter W., 1835 Eye St., N. W., Washington
+
+ ECUADOR
+ Daniels, The Honorable Paul C., American Ambassador, Quito
+ O'Rourke, Prof. F. L., Tropical Agr. Expt. Station, Pichilinque,
+  c/o U. S. Consul, Guaycil
+
+
+ ENGLAND
+ Wood, J. F., Moor Orchard, North Honiton, Devon
+
+ FLORIDA
++Avant, C. A., 960 N. W. Tenth Ave., Miami
++Estill, Miss Gertrude, 153 Navarre Drive, Miami Springs
++Holmes, Harry A., P. O. Box 323, Boca Raton
+
+ GEORGIA
+ Bixler, Dr. H. H., 134 Superior Ave., Decatur
+ Cannon, J. W., Jr., Box 388, Cordele
+ R. E. Funsten Co., Arthur O. Sandison, P. O. Box 1046, Albany
+ Gibbs, Robert I., 1007 Clifton Road, N. E., Atlanta 6
++Hardy, Max B., Leeland Farms, P. O. Box 128, Leesburg
+ Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lakeshore Drive N. E., Atlanta
+ Kahn, Lou, P. O. Box 1046, Albany
+ Noland, S. C., Skyland Farms, Box 1747, Atlanta 1
+ Sasseville, Ezra, M., 605 Rhodes Building, Atlanta
+ Wallace, Clifford L., Route 1, Riverdale
+ Wilson, William J., North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley
+
+ HAWAII
+ Keaau Orchard, John F. Cross, Manager, Hilo
+
+ HONG KONG
+ Wang, P. W., China Prod. Trading Corp., 6 Des Voeux Road
+
+ IDAHO
++Bailey, Robert G., 332 Main St., Lewiston
+ Clarkson, Ernest V., R. F. D. No. 2, Jerome
+ Dryden, Lynn, Peck
+ Hazelbaker, Calvin, Rt. 2, Box 382, Lewiston
+ Horn, Anton S., 920 N. 20th St., Boise
+ Ingle, Jack, Mountain Home
+ Kindall, Mrs. Leslie L., Route 3, Boise
+
+ ILLINOIS
+ Allbright, R. D., Allbright Nurseries, 4287 Western Ave., Western Springs
+ Allen, Theodore R., R. R. No. 1, Delevan
+ Anderson, Ralph W., R. F. D. No. 3, Morris
++Anthony, A. B., Route No. 3, Sterling
+ Armel, Eli, R. F. D. No. 3, Mount Sterling
+ Baber, Adin, Kansas
+ Ballard, Thomas E., Rural Route, Carrollton
+ Barrow, J. M., P. O. Box 209, Urbana
+Sec.Best, R. B., Columbiana Seed Co., Eldred
+ Best, Mrs. R. B., Columbiana Seed Co., Eldred
+ Best, Richard C., Eldred
+ Best, Robert L., Eldred
+ Best, Virgil, R. R. No. 4, Mattoon
+ Blaine, Homer H., 901 White Oak Road, Bloomington
++Blyth, Colin R., Mathematics Dept., University of Illinois, Urbana
+*Boll, Herschel L., 2 Horticultural Field Laboratory, University of
+  Illinois, Urbana
+ Booth, Earl, R. F. D. No. 2, Carrollton
+ Borchsenius, Wayne L., R. F. D. No. 2, Sheridan
+ Brock, Arthur S., 1733 N. McVicker Ave., Chicago 39
+ Canterbury, C. E., Cantrall
+ Carlson, Dr. R. J., 320 Sherman Ave., Macomb
+ Carvel, Mayo, R. F. D. No. 1, Golconda
+ Chandler, S. C., 607 W. College St., Carbondale
+ Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwald Ave., Chicago 15
+ Clark, Thomas F., Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria
+ Colby, Dr. Arthur S., Department of Horticulture, University of Illinois,
+  Urbana
+ Corzine, Troy F., Dongola
+ Crabb, Richard, Box 306, Wheaton
++Dahlberg, Albert A., D. D. S., 5756 Harper Aw., Chicago 37.
++Daum, Philip A., 203 N. Sixth St., Carrollton
+ Deaner, Willard G., R. F. D. No. I, Mendota
+ Decker, Honas H., R. F. D., Rutland
+ Diener, Menno A., Route 2, Lovington
+ Dietrich, Ernest, Route No. 2, Dundas
+ Dintleman, L. F., State Street Road, Belleville
+ Dopheide, Henry A., 1331 Jackson St., Quincy
+ Eigsti, Dr. O. J., Funk Brothers Seed Co., Bloomington
+ Floreth, W. H., Carrollton
+ Fordtran, E. H., Route No. 3, Box 92, Palatine
+ Frey, Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 43
+ Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 West 108th Place, Chicago 43
++Fuller, Owen H., 1005 Oneida St., Joliet
+ Gerardi, Louis, Route No. 1, Caseyville
+ Gettings, William A., R. R. No. 1, Eldred
+ Glidden, Nansen, West Lincoln Highway, De Kalb
+ Govaia, R. M., O. D. Room 19, Greer Block, Vandalia
+ Graham, George W., Rural Route, Carrollton
+ Grefe, Ben, Route No. 4, Box 22, Nashville
+ Griffith, Chris, West Filmore St., R. F. D., Vandalia
+ Hall, E. L., R. F. D. No. 1, Drew Ave., Hinsdale
+ Hall, William A., M. D., 217 Pacific Road, Forrestal Village, North
+  Chicago
+ Hazelwood, Everett, Hillview
+Sec.Heberlein, Edwin W., Route No. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe
+ Helmle, Mrs. Herman C., 526 S. Grand Ave., W., Springfield
++Hockenyos, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield
+ Howard, Frank S., Rollins Road at Melrose, Route No. 1, Round Lake
+ Hoyle, Mrs. B. G., McNabb
+ Illyes, Dr. R. O., 1302 Lexington Ave., Lawrenceville
++Junck, Adolph E., Route No. 1, Jerseyville
+ Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St., Chicago 49
++Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Route No. 1, Hammond
+ Krug, Carl B., Route No. 2, El Paso
+ Kruse, William, c/o Honey Lee Apiaries, Godfrey
+ Laatz, Mrs. Lenore, R. F. D. No. 3, Morris
+ Langdoc, Mrs. Mildred Jones, P. O. Box 136, Erie
+ Leighton, L. C., Arthur
++Marsh, Victor W., Aledo
+ Marsh, Mrs. W. V., Route No. 2, Aledo
+ Massey, Paul E., Box 202, Caseyville
+ McDaniel, J. C., 104 Horticultural Field Laboratory, University of
+  Illinois, Urbana
+ McDaniel, J. C., Jr., 1203 W. California Ave., Urbana
+ McKee, Mrs. Myrtice, Mount Morris
+ Mohr, Victor C., Route No. 1, Box 21, Dallas City
++Musgrave, Carl, 5200 S. Laflin St., Chicago 9
+ Newman, Roy, P. O. Box 51, Martinsviile
+Sec.Oakes, Royal, Bluffs
++Opat, Joseph C., Opat Chinchilla Fur Ranch, R. R. No. 3, Hinsdale
+ Peers, Frank B., Box 321, Highland Park
+ Pierson, Stuart E., Carrollton
+ Pond, Merton, Bluffs
+ Raab, Irvin M., R. R. No. 4, Belleville
+ Reid, Robert J., 1137 Winona St., Chicago 40
++Reisch, Louis C., Route No. 4, Carrollton
+ Richie, Robert E., Carrollton
+ Robbins, W. J., 885 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 10
+ Schmisseur, L. R., Caseyville
+ Schubert, Kenneth, Route No. 1, Millstadt
+ Seng, Charles W. & Son, 920 Lafayette Ave., Box 247, Mattoon
+ Sokolowski, F. W., M. D. 2503 Donald Ave., Alton
++Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia
+ Sparks, Maurice E., 1508 Ash, Lawrenceville
+ Spencer, H. Dwight, 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur
+ Tucker, Lowell R., 607 W. Mill St., Carbondale
+ Twenhafel, Paul, Gorham
+ Ullrich, W. D., 108 W. McClure, Peoria 5
+ Vogt, William G., Greene County National Bank Bldg., Carrollton
+ Voiles, William, Eldred
+ Vortman, Elmer, Route No. 1, Bluffs
+ Wahle, Fred, Route No. 1, Fieldon
+ Whitford, A. M., Farina
+ Wright, William W., 101 Taylor St., Vandalia
+ Young, Mrs. Hugh E., Maple Springs Farm, R. F. D., Ashton
+ Zethmayr, Gordon, Route No. 1, Box 130, West Chicago
+
+ INDIANA
+ Andrew, John, Matter Park Road, Marion
++Andrew, Ralph, Matter Park Road, Marion
+ Aster Nut Products Co., Inc., George Oberman, Manager, 1004 Main St.,
+  Evansville 8
+ Babcock, Dan, R. R. No. 14, Box 342, Indianapolis 44
+ Barnhart, M. A., Delphi
+ Bauer, Paul J., 123 S. 29th St., Lafayette
+ Bird, E. C., 160 Federal Building, South Bend
+ Boller, G. Evert, Route No. 6, Box 101, Marion
+ Bolten, Fred, Route No. 3, Linton
+ Boyer, Clyde C., Nabb
+ Buchner, Dr. Doster, 533 W. Washington Boulevard, Fort Wayne 2
++Clark, C. M., C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, Route No. 2, Middletown
+ Cole, Charles W., Jr., Madison Road, Route No. 6, Box 112A, Marion
+ Cunningham, Earl E., 612 E. 4th St., Anderson
+ Deeg, E. E., R. R. No. 9, Koring Road, Evansville
+ Doeden, Johan, R. F. D. No. 4, Attica
++Dooley, Kenneth A., Route No. 2, Marion
+ Dougherty, Paul B., 4319 S. Harmon St., Marion
+ Eagles, A. E., The Eagles Orchards, Wolcottville
++Fateley, Nolan W., 26 Central Ave., Franklin
+ Glaser, Peter, Route No. 9, Box 328, Koering Road, Evansville
++Grater, A. E., Route No. 2, Shipshewana
+ Gross, Mrs. Margaret E., 808 Fenton Road, Marion
+ Harrell, Franklin M., Route No. 1, Griffith
+Sec.Hirschman, J. Clifton, 4141 E. 62nd St., Indianapolis 20
+ Jasperson, Marion E., R. R. No. 5, Box 55, Indianapolis 3
+ Johnson, Raymond M., 8605 Manderiey Drive, Indianapolis
+ Kaufman, Ray, Route No. 4, Peru
+ Kem, Dr. Charles E., R. R. No. 3, Box 52, Richmond
+ Kenworthy, Owen, R. F. D. No. 3, Crown Point
+ Kestle, Margaret K., John Deere Store, Winamac
+ Kyburz, Benjamin E., Route No. 1, Idaville
+ La Rue, A. R., Box 147, Bloomington
+ Layman, J. C., R. F. D. No. 1, Peru
+ Lennon, Robert E., R. R. No. 1, Warren
+ Letsinger, J. E., 1202 Lower Huntington Road, Fort Wayne 6
+ Lukemeyer, Edwin J., 825 Line St., Evansville
+ Moldenhauer, Carl J., R. R. No. 7, Huntington
+ Neimeyer, Harry D., West Lebanon
+ Newman, Jesse D., Jr., R. R. No. 2, Culver
+ Oare, William T., 650 Associate Building, South Bend 1.
+ Palmer, Frank, Jr., 1011 Donmoyer, South Bend
++Pape, Edward W., Route No. 2, Marion
+Sec.Prell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Ave., South Bend 17
+ Randolph, Frederick F., Route No. 1, Edinburg
+ Reed, Frank, Route No. 1, Box 227, Daleville
+ Rehm, Walter T., R. R. No. 4, Logansport
+ Richards, E. E., 2912 York Road, South Bend
+ Risko, A., Tioga Orchards, Monticello
+ Rodenbeck, Miss Ruby, R. R. No. 2, Losantville
++Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine St., South Bend 14
+ Schram, Emil, Route No. 1, Peru
+ Schreiber, Ralph, 245 Cherry St., New Albany
+ Shafer, John, Jr., 3031 N. Roselawn Drive, Logansport
+ Shannon, Charles, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 324, Greenwood
+ Skinner, Dr. Charles H., Route No. 1, Thorntown
+ Sly, Miss Barbara, Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Sly, Donald R., Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Sly, Miss Lucinda Beth, Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Summers, Floyd, R. F. D., No. 2, Box 68, Winchester
+ Talbott, John E., R. F. D. No. 3, Linton
+Sec.Wallick, Ford, Route No. 4, Peru
+ Ward, W. B., Horticulture Building, Purdue University, Lafayette
+ Welton, Forrest O., R. F. D. No. 1, Burns City
++Westerhouse, George F., East Ohio St., Monticello
+ Wichman, Robert P., Route No. 3, Washington
+ Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Route No. 3, Rockport
+ Wittick, Eugene C., Route No. 4, Box 68A, Valparaiso
+ Wood, Darl F., 201 Miami Club Drive, Mishawaka
+ Woodward, Howard, Route No. 3, Syracuse
+
+ IOWA
+ Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley
+ Bird, C. A., Box 66, Odebolt
+ Boice, R. H., Route No. 1, Nashua
+ Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut St., Atlantic
+ Eads, Carroll, R. F. D., Miles
+ Eller, W. E., Eldora
+ Ferguson, Albert B., Center Point
++Ferris, Wayne, Hampton
+ Goettler, Fred, R. F. D. No. 1, Bellevue
+ Goodwin, William T., 1121 S. Riverside Drive, Iowa City
+ Gray, Kenny, Sabula
+ Greig, John E., Box 157, Estherville
+ Hoke, Russell O., Route No. 2, Anamosa
+ Huen, E. F., Eldora
++Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg
++Kaser, Mrs. J. D., Winterset
+ Kern, Dr. W. R., 741 Rundell St., Iowa City
+ Kosek, Frank J., 87 Sixteenth Ave., S. W., Cedar Rapids
+ Kyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula
+ Lysinger, Addison, Lamoni
++Martzahn, Frank A., Route No. 1, Davenport
+ McLeran, Harold F., Mount Pleasant
+ Meyer, Clemens, Route No. 1, West Union
+ Neprash, Bob, Nursery, Route No. 3, Cedar Rapids 5
+ Orr, J. Allen, 4000 West Fourth St., Sioux City 3
+ Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 811 E. College St., Iowa City
+ Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route No. 2, Fort Madison
+ Snyder, D. C., Center Point
+ Steffen, R. F., P. O. Box 1302, Sioux City 2
++Wade, Miss Ida May, Route No. 3, La Porte City
+ Welch, G. L., Mount Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah
++White, Herbert L., Box 264, Woodbine
++White, Rev. L. P., Greeley
+ Williams, R. Alan, 1990 Eighth Ave., Marion
+ Williams, Wendell V., Route No. 1, Dansville
+
+
+ JAPAN
+ Deming, Olcott, U. S. Embassy, Tokyo
+ Yamato Seed & Implement Co., Tokyo
+ Yoshizaki, Chiaki, 17 Ichi Bancho Chiyodaku, Tokyo
+  (International Collaboration of Farmers Association)
+
+ KANSAS
+ Baker, Fred C., Troy
+ Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee St., Leavenworth
+Sec.Breidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, Box 296; 7th
+  and Central, Kansas City
+ Funk, M. D., 600 W. Paramore St., Topeka
+ Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1015 Central Ave., Horton
+ Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville
+ Jackson, Walter, Osage City
+ Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route No. 3, Leavenworth
+ Mondero, John, Lansing
++Pittser, L. R., Oswego
+ Stanley, G. E., 235 Ward Parkway, Kansas City
+ Starke, M. F., Hawthorne Place, Hiawatha
+ Thielenhaus, W. F., Route No. 1, Buffalo
+ Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown
++Wales, Max, 1534 Macvicar St., Topeka
+
+ KENTUCKY
+ Alves, Robert H., 302 Clay St., Henderson
+ Armstrong, W. D., Western Kentucky Experiment Station, Princeton
+ Collier, Leroy, 1514 Smallhouse Road, Bowling Green
+ R. E. Funsten Co., Robert Walker, P. O. Box 142, Henderson
+ Hopson, J. R., Route No. 2, Cadiz
+ Magill, W. W., Horticulture Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington
++Miller, Julien C., 220 Sycamore Drive, Paducah
+ Moss, Dr. C. A., Box 237, Williamsburg
++Rouse, Sterling, Route No. 1, Box 70, Florence
+ Siler, Robert W., Box 241, Williamsburg
+ Stone, Dr. Thomas, Mayfield
+ Taliaferro, Philip, Box 85, Erlanger
+ Tatum, W. G., Route No. 4, Lebanon
+ Usrey, Robert, Star Route, Mayfield
+ Widmer, Dr. Nelson D., Lebanon
+ Yost, John M., Pikeville
+
+ LOUISIANA
+ Crow, John, R. F. D., Coushatta
+ Hammar, Dr. Harald E., U. S. D. A. Chemical Laboratory, 606 Court House,
+  Shreveport 47
+ Lowrey, Brunner E., P. O. Box 168, Mansfield
+ Perrault, Mrs. Henry D., Route No. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches
+ Smith, Dr. C. L., U. S. D. A. Pecan Laboratory, 607 Court House,
+  Shreveport 47
+
+ MAINE
+ Hamilton, Mrs. Benjamin P., Waterboro, York County
+
+ MARYLAND
+ Barrett, Harvey E., P. E. 17 Maple Ave., Catonsville 28
+ Berry, Frederick H., Div. of Forest Pathology, Plant Industry Station,
+  Beltsville
+ Crane, Dr. H. L., U. S. D. A., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
+ Dengler, Harry William, Extension Forester, University of Maryland,
+  College Park
+ Diller, Dr. Jesse D., U. S. D. A., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
++Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., P. O. Box 743, Easton
+Sec.Gravatt, Dr. G. F., Div. of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., Plant Industry
+  Station, Beltsville
+ Hughes, Clinton K., Potomac Ave., Braddock Heights
+ Jones, George R., R. F. D. No. 2, Aberdeen
+ Kaan, Dr. Helen W., 8335 Grubb Road, Silver Spring
+ Kemp, Homer S., Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne
+ McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville
++Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 5031 55th Ave., Roger Heights
++Porter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown
+ Rayner Brothers, Salisbury
++Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 West North Ave., Baltimore 16
+ Swipp, Stanley W., 4218 71st Ave., Landover Hills
+
+ MASSACHUSETTS
+ Babbitt, Howard S. 221 Dawes Ave., Pittsfield
+ Barthelmes, George A., Route No. 1, Leicester
++Bradbury, Rear Admiral H. G., Hospital Point, Beverly
+ Brooks, Henry H., Boxboro
+ Brown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State Street, Boston
++Bump, Albert H., P. O. Box 275, Brewster
++Davenport, S. Lothrop, 24 Creeper Hill Road, North Grafton
+ Desfarges, Osias J., Granby
++Faulkner, Luther W., R. F. D., Westford
+ Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro
++Ganz, Robert Norton, M. D., 262 Beacon St., Boston
+ Gardner, E. E., Box C, Station A, Boston 18
+ Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, Sharon
++Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable
+ La Beau, Henry A., North Hoosac Road, Williamstown
+ Lincoln, Roger N., 8 Stagecoach Road, Ware
+ Rice, Horace J., 515 Main St., Wilbraham
+*Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Ave., South Hadley
+ Stewart, O. W., 75 Milton. Ave., Hyde Park 36
+ Vance, Robert G., M. D., 262 Beacon St., Boston 16
+ Viera, Manuel, Main Street, Vineyard Haven
++Wellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topfield
+ Wood, Miss Louise B., Pocasset, Cape Cod
+ York, Stanley E., 480 Branch St., Mansfield
+
+ MICHIGAN
+ Allen, Howard H., 2925 Francis Street, Jackson
+ Andersen, Charles, Route 2, Box 236, Scottville
+ Armstrong, Robert J., M. D., Oak Shadows Farm, Route 8, Box 83, Kalamazoo
+ Auringer, Mrs. Gjertine T., 4441 Steward Road, Metamora
+ Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
++Becker, Gilbert, Climax
+ Becker, John Andrew, Climax
++Beckert, W. M., Michigan Dept. of Conservation, 408 Kalamazoo Plaza,
+  Lansing 33.
+ Biackwell, Norman A., 17 Oakdale Boulevard, Pleasant Ridge
+ Boylan, P. B., Route No. 1, Cloverdale
+ Breitmeyer, Howard T., 12955 Dale Ave., Detroit 23
+ Bruce, Stanford P., 4016 Kendall, Detroit 38
+ Bumler, Malcolm, 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15
+ Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City
+ Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Co., 67 E. Battle Creek St.,
+  Galesburg
+ Burr, Redmond M., 320 S. Fifth Ave., Ann Arbor
+ Chester, Dr. William P., 742 Maccabees Building, Detroit 2
+ Corsan, H. H., Route No. 1, Hillsdale
++Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8
++Desmet, Mrs. Agnes, 14450 Houston Ave., Detroit 5
+ Dillow, Harold R., P. O. Box 479, Franklin
+ Driver, Louis, 9151 Silverside Drive, Silver Lake, South Lyon
+ Dronka, Joseph, 19256 Gable St., Detroit 34
+ Emerson, Ralph W., 161 Cortland Ave., Highland Park 3
+ Goodfellow, James, Secord Lake Road, Leonard
++Grindstaff, Mary I. Haynes, 1309 Jones Drive, Ann Arbor
+ Groos, Alfred P., Route No. 1, Gladstone
+ Hagelshaw, W. J., Route No. 1, Box 394, Galesburg
++Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence
+ Hubbard, William G., Box 146, Hudsonville
+ Johnson, Leonard A., 620 E. Buno Road, Route 3, Milford
+ Keplinger, Frank J., Farwell
+ Klarr, Mrs. B. L., R. R. No. 2, West Nine Mile Road, Northville
+ Klever, Edward F., Route No. 2, Grant
+ Korn, G. J., R. D. No. 2, Dorr
+ Krueger, Henry R., South River Road, St. Clair
+ Law, Joseph W., North Branch
+ Lee, Michael, P. O. Box 16, Milford
+ Lemke, Edwin W., 62277 Campground Road, Washington
+ Long, Louis C., 6117 State Road, Goodrich
+ Maycock, Harry J., 580 Fairground St., Plymouth
+ Michigan Nut Growers Association, A. J. Barlow, Secretary, 13079
+  Flanders Ave., Detroit 5
++Miller, Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis
+ Nitschke, Robert A., Tilbury Place, Birmingham
+ Prushek, E., Route No. 3, Niles
+ Ricky, Lowell L., 1009-A Birch St., East Lansing
+ Riopel, Mrs. Irene M., 8700 Second Boulevard, Detroit 2
+ Robbins, Walton T., 6495 Waldon Road, Clarkston
+ Simons, Rev. R. E., Flat Rock
++Somers, Lee, Route No. 1, Perrinton
+ Strong, Forrest C., 1213 N. Walnut St., Lansing 6.
+ Sweet, Dale V., 530 S. Capitol, Lansing
++Tate, D. L., 959 Westchester Way, Birmingham
+ Tolles, G. S., Route No. 5, South Haven
+ Ullrey, L. E., Route No. 1, Vicksburg
+ Wieber, Giles E., Fowler
+ Windon, Maurice, Route No. 9, Kalamazoo
++Wyman, Miles L., 40 North St., Highland Park 3
+
+
+ MINNESOTA
++Dubbels, Charley, Elgin
+ Frame, William G., R. R. No. 4, Northfield
+ Hodgson, R. E., Dept, of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Waseca
+ Hormel, Jay C., Austin
+ Lamberson, G. E., Route No. 4, Warren
+ Law, Ken, Jewell Nurseries, Inc., Lake City
+ Luedtke, H. F., Box 287, St. Cloud
+ Sanders, Parker D., Fifth & Jefferson Sts., Redwood Falls
+ Wedge, Don, R. F. D. No. 2, Albert Lea
+ Weir, T. H., Fruit Breeding Farm, Excelsior
++Weschke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul
+
+
+ MISSISSIPPI
++Golding, W. T., Stewart
++Gossard, Atherton C., U. S. Horticultural Field Station, Route No. 6,
+  Meridian
++King, Mrs. John Andrew, Tolten Road, Lodi
+ Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville
+
+
+ MISSOURI
+ Bauman, Ivan T., Bauman Brokerage Co., 4350 Tait Ave., St. Louis
+ Biggs, Dutton, R. R. No. 1, Hickman Mills
+ Block, Elmer L., Route No. 1, Sarcoxie
+ Buck, Charles L., La Crosse
+ Choisser, Elden, P. O. Box 442, Poplar Bluff
+ Conaway, Claude N., Poyner
+ Davis, Ben, P. O. Box 176, Van Buren
+ Degler, Roy H., 1305 Moreland Ave., Jefferson City
+ Ellston, John, Box 72, Exeter
+ R. E. Funsten Co., Don McDonald, 1515 Delmar Boulevard, St. Louis 3
+ Hay, Leander, Gilliam
+ Heuser, Wesley E., Rich Hill
++Howe, John, Route No. 1, Box 4, Pacific
+ Huber, Frank J., Route No. 1, Weingarten
++James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick
+ John, W. H., Pacific
+ Jones, Vernon W., 5111 Walrond, Kansas City 4
+ Lambert, J. O., Laclede
++Logan, George F., Oregon
+ Marquardt, Fred, Rich Hill
+ Neosho Nurseries Co., A. E. Weston, Neosho
+Sec.Nicholson, John W., Ash Grove
+ Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem
+ Oliver, L. P., 511 Monroe Ave., Campbell
+ Owens, Le Roy J., Willow Springs
+ Pies, Edward G., Route No. 2, Farmington
+ Ralston, John H., 240 E. Whittier St., Kansas City 17
+ Richterkessing, Ralph, Route No. 1, St. Charles
+ Rose. Dr. D. K., 230 Linden, Clayton 5
+ Salman, Kenneth A., Route 3, Box 178A, Mountain Grove
+ Shideler, Harry, Finance Building, Kansas City
+ Sims Fruit & Nursery Farms, Hannibal
+ Stark Brothers Nursery & Orchards Co., Mr. H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana
+ Tainter, Nat A., 420 Jackson St., St. Charles
+ Wuertz, H. J., Route No. 1, Pevely
+ Wylie, Wilber J., 902 Grand Ave., Doniphan
+
+ MONTANA
+ Ford, Russell H., Dixon
+ Kirchner, Harold J., Rapelje
+
+ NEBRASKA
++Brand, George, Route No. 5, Lincoln
+ Brandenburgh, A. R., R. F. D. No. 2, Bellwood 3
+ Caha, William, 350 W. 12th St., Wahoo
+ Hess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron
+ Manning, Arch J., 4202 Emmet St., Omaha 3
+ Schick, Robert A., 233 N. Fifth, Seward
+ Sherwood, Jack, Nebraska City
+ Tolstead, Dr. W. L., Dept, of Botany, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
+ Ziegenbein, Mrs. Helen M., Box 671, Wasau
+
+ NEW HAMPSHIRE
+ Demarest, Charles S., Lyme Center
++Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro
+
+ NEW JERSEY
+ Anderegg, R. D. No. 3, Sommerville
+ Audi, Eugene J., M. D., 466 S. Maple Ave., Glen Rock
+ Bakst, Myron, 18 N. Spring Garden Ave., Nutley
+ Bottoni, Robert J., 41 Robertson Road, West Orange
+ Buckwalter, Alan R., Jr., Route No. 1, Box 47, Flemington
+ Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Route No. 1, Box 45, Flemington
+ Cherry, George D., "Paulsdale", Hooten Road, Moorestown
+ Cox, Philip H., Jr., 30 Hyde Road, Bloomfield
+ Cumberland Nurseries, William Wells, Prop., Route No 1, Millville
++Donnelly, John H., Mountain Ice Co., 51 Newark St., Hoboken
+ Dougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton
++Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Route No. 1, Box 137, Keyport
+ Grosshans, George, 1309 Summit Terrace, Linden
+ Huslig, Frank E., R. F. D., Stewartsville
+ Lamatonk Nurseries, A. S. Yorks, Prop., Neshanic Station
+ Lehman, Edwin L., 811 North Fourth St., Camden 2
+ Lippencott, J. C, 15 Mundy Ave., Spotswood
+ McCarty Gardens, Box 89A, English Creek, Mays Landing
+ McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Ave., Belmar
+ Rinker, Ralph S., 572 Bellevue Ave., Trenton 8
++Rocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover
+ Schroeder, Harold W., R. F. D. No. 2, Boonton
++Sheffield, O. A., 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack
+ Siegel, Mrs. Ralph, 121 Market St., Perth Amboy
+ Sorg, Henry, Chicago Ave., Egg Harbor City
+ Van Doren. Durand H., 310 Redmond Road, South Orange
+
+ NEW MEXICO
+ Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 117, Lumberton
+
+ NEW YORK
+ Barton, Irving Titus, Box 13, Montour Falls
+ Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo 14
+ Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst
++Benton, William A., Wassaic
+ Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+ Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie
+ Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham St., Rochester 7
+ Brooks, William G., Brooks Nut Nurseries, Monroe
+ Caldwell, David H., New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse
+ Caldwell, Mrs. Lynn M., 217 W. Hickory St., Canastota
++Cassina, Augustus, Valatie
+ Center, Bernard M., 51 Van Buren St., Massapequa Park
+ Connor, Mrs. Charles J., 460 Flint St., Rochester 11
+ Dunckel, Lewis A., 2023 S. Salina St., Syracuse 5
++Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton Spencerport Road, Hilton
+ Ferguson, Donald V., Long Island Agriculture and Technical Institute,
+  Farmingdale
+ Flanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo 14
+ Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Road, Fairport
++Gibson, Stanford J., 56 Fair St., Norwich
++Glazier, Henry S., Jr., I. S. William St., Room 1001, New York 4
+ Goyne, W. E., 741 Sound View Drive, Mamaroneck
+ Graham, S. H., Route No. 5, Bostwick Road, Ithaca
++Hasbrouck, Walter, 19 Grove St., New Paltz
+ Hewitt, Prof. Oliver, 135 Hudson St., Ithaca
+ Hill, Francis I., Sterling
+ Hirshfeld, Dr. J. W., 109 W. Upland Road, Ithaca
+ Ingalls, Chester W., 82 Chestnut St., Cooperstown
++Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Route No. 1, Valatie
++Kettaneh, F. A., 745 Fifth Ave., New York 22
+ Knipper, George M., 333 Chestnut Ridge Road, Churchville
+ Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park West, New York 23
+ Kortright, W. E., R. D. No. 1, Liberty
+Sec.Kraai, Dr. John, 84 S. Main St., Fairport
+ Lambert, Raymond H., 199 Van Rensselaer St., Buffalo 10
+*Lewis, Clarence, 1000 Park Ave., New York
+ Lowerre, James D., Route No. 3, Middletown
+*MacDaniels, Dr. L. H., Cornell University, Ithaca
+ MacLennan, Walter, 1091 E. 19th St., Brooklyn 30
+ Metcalfe, Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Road, Webster
++Metcalfe, Mrs. Ward H., 710 Five Mile Line Road, Webster
+ Miller, J. E., J. E. Miller Nurseries, Canandaigua
+ Mossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, Ramapo
+ Norman, Norinan B., 64 Rocklidge Road, Hartsdale
+ O'Brien, Esmonde M., 25 South St., P. O. Box 2169, New York 4
+ Owen, Charles H., Supt. of Schools, Sennett
+ Pickard, Mrs. Frederick, Freehold, Greene County
+ Pura, John J., Route No. 82, Hopewell Junction
+ Purdy, Lawson, 76 Murray Ave., Port Washington
+ Renshaw, Alfred, Fiddler's Lane, Loudonville
+ Reynolds, C. L., Route No. 2, Binghamton
+ Rickard, William, c/o Chief William Rickard, Tuscarora Indian Reservation,
+  Sanborn
+ Roat, Gordon J., Route No. 1, Canandaigua
+ Salzer, George, 169 Garford Rd., Rochester 9
+ Salzer, Rodman G., 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9
++Schlegel, Charles P., 990 South Ave., Rochester 7
++Schlick, Frank, Munnsville
+ Schlick, John, Mill Road, Vernon Center
+ Schmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Ave., Buffalo
+ Schwab, Fred L., P. O. Box 31, KB Station, Bronx 63
+ Shannon, J. W., Box 90, Ithaca
++Sheffield, Lewis J., 61 N. Magnolia St., Pearl River
+Sec.Slate, Prof. George L., State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva
+ Smith, Gilbert L., R. D. No. 2, Millerton
+ Smith, James B., 34 Cedar Place, Yonkers 5
+ Smith, Jay L., Nut Tree Nursery, Chester
++Spahr, Dr. Mary B., 116 N. Geneva St., Ithaca
+ Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook
+ Swanson, Prof. Gustav, R. D. No. 4, Compton Road, Ithaca
++Szego, Alfred, 3550 78th St., Jackson Heights
+ Volcko, Andrew, 607 W. Colvin St., Syracuse 5
+ Wadsworth, Millard E., Route No. 5, Oswego
++Wheeler, Robert C., 36 State St., Albany 7
++Wilson, Frank C., 27 Liberty St., Arcade
+ Windisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet Co., 11 Wall St., New York 5
+*Wissman, Mrs. F. de R.
+
+ NORTH CAROLINA
+ Andrus, E. Rex., Route No. 1, Franklin
+ Bass, Claude D., Route No. 1, Kenley
+ Brooks, J. R., Box 116, Euka
++Dunstan, Dr. R. T., Greensboro College, Greensboro
++Ellis, W. J., R. F. D. No. 2, Advance
+ Finch, Jack R., Route No. 1, Bailey
+ Henry, W. V., R. F. D. No. 2, Candler
+ McCain, H. C., Box 794, Tryon
+ Moorman, L. L., 801 N. Washington St., Rutherfordton
+ Poe, D. W., P. O. Box 807, Hickory
+ Stadler, L. E., Route No. 1, Reidsville
+
+ NORTH DAKOTA
+ Bradley, Homer L., Long Lake Refuge, Moffit
+ Row, W. W., Cando Seed Company, Cando
+
+ OHIO
+ Ackerman, Lester, Route No. 3, Ada
+ Alden, R. W., Golf Drive, Painesville
+ Antioch College, Glen Helen Dept., Yellow Springs
+ Beede, D. V., Route No. 3, Lisbon
+ Bitler, W. A., R. F. D. No. 1, Shawnee Road, Lima
+ Borchers, Perry E., 412 W. Hillcrest Ave., Dayton 6
+ Boyce, Dr. E. L., 26 Wildfern Drive, Youngstown
+ Brewster, Lewis, Route No. 1, Swanton
+ Bridgwater, Boyd E., 68 Cherry St., Akron 8
+ Bungart, A. A., Avon
+ Bussey, Roy K., Jr., 1056 Florida Ave., Akron 14
+ Button, Fred, Route No. 2, McArthur
+ Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave., Cleveland 20
+ Clark, Richard L., 1517 Westdale Road, South Euclid 21
+ Collins, Laurence E., 1316 44th St., N. E., Canton 4
+ Cook, H. C., Route No. 1, Box 149, Leetonia
+ Cornett, Charles L., Railroad Perishable Inspection, 27 W. Front St.,
+  Cincinnati
+ Craig, George E., Dundas
+ Cunningham, Harvey E., 420 Front St., Marietta
+ Daley, James R., Route No. 3, Foster Park Road, Amherst
+ Davidson, John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+ Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 E. Second St., Xenia
+ Diller, Dr. Oliver D., Dept, of Forestry, Ohio Agricultural Experiment
+  Station, Wooster
+ Donaldson, Robert G., R. D. No. 3, Wooster
+ Dowell, Glenn C., Jr., M. D., 116 26th St., N. E., Canton 4
++Dowell, Dr. Lloyd L., 529 North Ave., N. E., Massillon
+ Farr, Mrs. Walter, Route No. 1, Kingsville
+ Fickes, Mrs. W. R., Route No. 1, Wooster
+ Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave.,
+  Cleveland 6
+Sec.Gerber, E. P., Kidron
+ Gerstenmaier, John A., 13 Pond St., S. W., Massillon
+ Grad, Dr. Edward A., 1506 Chase St., Cincinnati 23
+ Gwynn, Frank, % P. H. Harriman, West Mansfield
+ Hake, Henry, Route No. 3, Edon
+ Hammock, Edwin H., 345 E. State St., Columbus 15
++Hansley, C. F., Box 614, Sugar Grove
+ Harmon, C. J., R. F. D., Graytown
+ Hayes, Okey, Route No. 1, Lockbourne
+ Heinzelman, Edward G., 267 Southern Ave., Chillicothe
++Hill, Dr. Albert A., 4187 Pearl Road, Cleveland 9
+ Hinde, John G., Route No. 1, Sandusky
+ Hlywiak, Andy, 2214 S. Tod Ave., Warren
++Hornyak, Louis, Route No. 1, Wakeman
+ Houlette, William R., Route No. 2, Columbiana
+ Howard, James R., 2908 Fleming Road, Middletown
+ Humphries, Dr. John K., 5101 Hilliard Cemetery Road, Hilliard
++Irish, Charles F., 418 E. 105th St., Cleveland
+ Jacobs, Homer L., Davey Tree Expert Co., Kent
+ Jagodnik, Anthony, 5360 Richmond Road, Cleveland 24
+ Jay, Don, Route No. 1, Box 230, Ludlow Fall
+ Kappel, Owen, Bolivar
++Kerr, Dr. S. E., Route No. 1, North Lawrence
++Kintzel, Frank M., 2506 Briarcliffe Ave., Cincinnati 13
+ Kistner, Albert M., 1525 Herald Ave., Cincinnati 7
+ Kodera, Shunzo, 47 E., Twelfth Ave., Columbus 1
+ Kovar, Emil, 2505 Oakes Road, Brecksville
+ Laditka, Nicholas G., 5322 Stickney Ave., Cleveland 9
++Leaman, Paul V., Route No. 1, Creston
+ Lechleitner, Rev. R. D., D. D., 270 Westview Ave., Worthington
+ Lemmon, R. M., 577 Vinita Ave., Akron 20
+ Levandosky, Chester, 2299 E. Sprague Road, Seven Hills Village,
+  Cleveland 9
++Lippa, Julius, 4464 Lee Heights Road, Warrensville Heights
+ Lorenz, R. C., 121 N. Arch St., Fremont
+ Lucas, R. J., 907 E. Main St., Newark
+ Lynn, Edith, Route No. 2, Canfield
+Sec.Machovina, Paul E., 1228 Northwest Boulevard, Columbus 12
+ Manbeck, Willard O., 1359 Croyden Road, Cleveland 24
+ McKinster, Ray, 1632 S. Fourth St., Columbus 7
+ McQueen, Dr. A. F., 163 Church St., Amherst
+ Meier, Walter L., R. F. D. No. 2, Port Clinton
+ Meister, Richard T., Editor, American Fruit Grower, Willoughby
+ Meister, Robert T., SRE. DEF., APO. 58, % PM., New York
+  (Home address, Barnesville).
++Metzger, A. J., 724 Euclid Ave., Toledo 5
+ Miller, Clifford, Route No. 1, Elmore
+ Miller, H. J., R. R. No. 1, Elmore
+ Oches, Norman M., Route No. 3, Brunswick
+ Page, John H. Box 34, Dundas
++Pataky, Christ, Jr., 592 Hickory Lane, M. R. S., Mansfield
+ Pattison, Miss Aletheia E., 5 Dexter Place, E. W. H., Cincinnati 6
+ Pomerene, Walter H., Route No. 3, Coshocton
+ Pomeroy, Howard A., 4803 Rambo Lane, Toledo 13
+ Pribonic, Joseph C., Box 107, Warwick
+ Purdy, Clyde W., 19 Public Square, Mt. Vernon
++Ranke, William, Route No. 1, Box 248, Amelia
+Sec.Riegel, Joseph S., Box 184, Sylvania
+ Robb, Harry C., 216 S. Lisbon St., Carrollton
+ Rogers, T. B., Box 296, Lakemore
+ Rohrbaugh, Lynn, R. F. D. No. 1, Delaware
++Rummel, E. T., 16613 Laverne Ave., Cleveland 11
+ Sasak, Edward A., 9094 Columbia Road, Olmstead Falls
+ W. N. Scarff's Sons. R. F. D. No. 1, New Carlisle
+ Schmidt, Wilhelm G., 321 West Broadway, Maumee
++Schoenberger, L. Roy, Green Pines Farm, Route No. 2, Nevada
+ Seas, D. Edward, 721 S. Main St., Orrville
+ Shelton, Dr. Elbert M., 1468 W. Clifton Boulevard, Lakewood 7
+ Sherman, L. Walter, 220 Fairview Ave., Canfield
++Shessler, Sylvester M., Genoa
+ Short, Robert M., 122 E. Park St., Westerville
++Silvis, Raymond E., 1725 Lindbergh Ave., N. E., Massillon
+ Smith, Sterling A., 630 W. South St., Vermillion
+ Sonnanstine, Earl C., R. F. D. No. 1, Tipp City
+ Spencer, Carl A., Sr., Route No. 3, Salem
+ Springer, Lemar M., 3510 Kathleen Ave., Dayton
+ Spring Hill Nurseries Co., Tipp City
+ Steinbeck, A. P., Route No. 2, Ravenna
++Stocker, C. P., Lorain Products Corp., 1122 F St., Lorain
+ Swope, Wilmer D., Route No. 3, Box 183, Leetonia
+ Thomas, Fred, 773 Bedford Road, Masury
+ Toberg, John R., 1708 Leona Drive, Cincinnati 388
+ Toney, Hewitt S., R. R. No. 2, Cedarville
+ Toops, Herbert A., 1430 Cambridge Boulevard, Columbus 12
+ Tyirin, William C., 5050 Burley Hills Drive, Cincinnati 27
+ Underwood, John, Route No. 4, Urbana
++Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Road, South Euclid 21
+ Van Voorhis, J. F., 215 Hudson Ave., Apt. B-1, Newark
+ Von Gundy, Clifford R., 851 Nordyke Road, Cincinnati 8
++Walker, Carl F., 2851 Overlook Road, Cleveland 18
+ Warren, Herbert L., 518 W. Central Ave., Delaware
+ Weaver, Arthur W., R. F. D., Box 196-B, Cass Road, Maumee
++Willett, Dr. Gaillard P., Elmore
++Williams, Harry M., 221 Grandon Road, Dayton 9
+ Williams, L. F., Box 386, Mt. Vernon
+ Yates, Edward W., 3108 Parkview Ave., Cincinnati 13
+ Yoder, Emmet, Smithville
+ Zimmerman, Erie C., 594 Fairwood Road, R. D. No. 1, Clinton
+ Zuercher, Jacob, R. D. No. 2, Orrville
+
+ OKLAHOMA
+ Back, Ernest O., 1300 S. Keeler, Bartlesville
+ Butler, Roy J., Route No. 2, Hydro
+ Cross, Prof. Frank R., Dept. of Horticulture, Oklahoma A. & M. College,
+  Stillwater
+ Dean, Marion, Jr., Tuxedo Road, Bartlesville
+ Gray, Geoffrey A., 1628 Elm Ave., Bartlesville
+ Hartman, Peter E., Hartsdale Nursery Co., 3002 S. Boston Place, Tulsa 5
+ Hirschi's Nursery, 1124 N. Hudson, Oklahoma City
+ Hughes, C. V., Route No. 3, Box 614, Oklahoma City 7
+ Keathly, Jack, Marland
+ Meek, E. B., Route No. 3, Box 16, Wynnewood
+ Price, Harold C., Star View Farm, P. O. Box 801, Bartlesville
+ Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave., Bartlesville
+ Riter, John R., 115 E. First St., Bartlesville
+ Shroyer, James R., 1112 Dakota Ave., Chickasha
+ Straight, H. R., 935 Cherokee, Bartlesville
+ Warzel, F. Morgan, R. R. No. 2, Box 189-C, Bartlesville
+
+ OREGON
+ Bebeau, A. V., Box 136, McNary
+ Countryman, Peter F., Route No. 1, Box 275, Ontario
+ Graville, Ed, Route No. 3, Box 363, Junction City
+ Miller, John, Treasuredale, 2200 S. W. Child's Road, Oswego
+ Pearcy, Harry L., Route No. 2, Box 190, Salem
+ Smith, Earl G., R. F. D. No. 1, Newberg
+ Thomas, Miss Ella S., Sixth & Stanley Sts., Amity
+ Trunk, John E., Northwest Nut Growers, 1601 N. Columbia Boulevard,
+  Portland 11
+
+ PENNSYLVANIA
+ Allaman, H. C., 1812 S. Pine St., York
++Allaman, R. P., Route No. 86, Harrisburg
++Amsler, E. W., 707 Main St., Clarion
+ Anthony, Roy D., 125 Hillcrest Ave., State College
++Arensberg, Charles F. C., First National Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 22
+ Banks, H. C., Route No. 1, Hellertown
+ Beard, H. K., Route 1, Sheridan
+ Beck, Dr. William M., 200 Race St., Sunbury
++Berst, Charles B., 11 W. Eighth St., Erie
+ Bering, Joseph, Bering Bowling Center, Second Ave. and Weidman St.,
+  Lebanon
+ Berlich, Mrs. Sylvester, Box 81, Broughton
+ Blittle, George, 107 Lincoln Highway, Penndel, Bucks County
+ Bowen, John C., Route No. 1, Macungie
++Brewer, J. L., Yellow House
++Bricker, Calvin E., Route No. 1, Mercersburg
+ Brown, Morrison, Ickesburg
+ Burket, J. Emory, R. F. D. No. 1, Claysburg
+Sec.Clarke, William S., Jr., Box 167, State College
+ Clewell, Gen. Edgar L., Dimde Farms, R. F. D. No. 2, Harrisburg
+ Comp, Alton, 5 N. Second St., Newport
+ Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle St., Wilkinsburg 21
+ Deagon, Arthur, 61 E. Main St., Mechanicsburg
+ Ebling, Aaron L., Route No. 2, Reading
+ Eshenbaugh, E. W., 1920 Elm, New Cumberland
+ Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters
+ Fry, Mrs. Reba F., R. F. D. No. 1, New Galilee
+ Gardner, Ralph D., 4428 Plymouth St., Colonial Park, Harrisburg
+ Glasgow, Joseph M., 406 S. Second St., Bellwood
+ Good, Orrin S., 316 N. Fairview St., Lock Haven
+ Gorton, F. B., Route No. 1, East Lake Road, Harborcreek
+ Hales, Alfred R., Jr., 1901 Second Ave., Altoona
+ Halsey, A. Louise, 63 Walnut St., Forty Fort
+ Hamlin, Dallas W., 1012 Elizabeth St., Williamsport
+ Hartman, Dr. G. W., Keystone Hospital, Third and Briggs Sts., Harrisburg
+ Heyn, W. C., Hunsecker Mill & Butter Road, Route No. 5, Box 82, Lancaster
++Hostetter, L. K., Route No. 1, Bird in Hand.
+ Hughes, Douglas, 1230 E. 21st St., Erie
+ Johnson, Robert F., 1630 Greentree Road, Pittsburgh 20
+ Jones, Curwin F., R. D. No. 3, Harrisburg
++Kaufman, Mrs. M. M., Box 69, Clarion
+ Knouse, Charles W., Colonial Park, Harrisburg
+ Krone, Herbert B., R. R. No. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+ Krone, Mrs. Herbert B., R. R. No. 2, Box 330, Lancaster
+ Leach, Will, Route No. 1, Box 45, Scranton
+ Leja, Paul, 5263 Keystone St., Pittsburgh 1.
+ Mack, C. H., M. D., Main Road, Lake Ariel
++Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narbeth
+ McKenna, Philip M., P. O. Box 186, Latrobe
+ Mecartney, J. Lupton, 918 W. Beaver Ave., State College
++Miller, Elwood B., Mill & Chapel Sts., Hazelton
+ Miller, Henry N., R. R. No. 1, Mt. Joy
+ Miller, Robert O., Third & Ridge Sts., Emmaus
+ Moyer. Philip S., 8082 U. S. F. & G. Building, Harrisburg
+ Murray, James H., Route No. 3, Cambridge Springs
+ Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State St., Erie
+ Nonnemacher, H. M., 128 Front St., Alburtis
++Oesterling, H. M., Route No. 1, Marysville
++Reidler, Paul G., Front & Chestnut Sts., Ashland
+ Reighard, E. Don, R. D. No. 2, Box 247, Halifax
+ Rhoades, Frank S., Route No. 1, Sigel
+*Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading
+ Ruhman, Frank A., 1225 Clymer Road, Hatfield
+ Sandt, Floyd H., M. R. 35, Easton
+ Schaible, Percy, Box 68, Upper Black Eddy
+ Schieferstein, William B., Box 457, Temple
+ Schrader, Fred L., 732 E. Fifth St., Berwick
+ Shank, Paul E., Box 45, Marion
+ Sims, Prof. Hugh. D., P. O. Box 310, Lewisburg
+ Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave., Swarthmore
+ Smyth, C. Wayne, 1 Prospect St., Troy
+ Springer, Herbert W., 218 Penrose St., Quakertown
+ Stewart, E. L., Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Route No. 2. Homer City
+ Stroh, Major Oscar H., R. D. No. 1, Linglestown
+ Theiss, Dr. Lewis E., 110 University Ave., Lewisburg
+Sec.Thompson, Howard A., 311 W. Swissvale Ave., Pittsburgh 18
+ Tomm, Joseph G., R. D. No. 2, McDonald
+Sec.Twist, Frank S., Box 127, Northumberland
++Washick, Dr. Frank A., S. W. Cornet Welsh & Veree Roads, Philadelphia 11
+ Weaver, William S., Weaver Orchards, Macungie
+ Weber, George G., 748 S. Queen St., York
+ Weinrich, Whitney, Engle Road, Route 20, Media
+ Welliver, Mrs. Eugene C., 367 Light Street Road, Bloomsburg
+ Wilcox, George S., Montrose
+*Wister, John C., Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore
++Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. Sixth St., Erie
+ Yohe, Russell, East Texas
+ Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A., R. D., Linglestown
+
+ RHODE ISLAND
+*Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance St., Providence
+ Loomis, Charles B., 61 Elisha St., East Greenwich
+
+ SOUTH CAROLINA
+ Bregger, John T., Clemson
+ Gordon, G. Henry, Union Dry Cleaning Co., 13-1/2 Main St., Union
+
+ SOUTH DAKOTA
+ Krueger, George, Madison
++Restore America Association: Ivan Drift, Sponsor, P. O. Box 38,
+  Hot Springs
++Richter, Herman, Madison
+
+ TENNESSEE
+ Alpine Forest Reserve, c/o J. Edwin Carothers, Alpine
+ Byrd, Benjamin F., Jr., M. D., Granny White Pike, Nashville
+ Caldwell, Sam, Route No. 4, Holt Road, Nashville 11
+ Carter, Oscar W., M. D., 2610 Woodlawn Drive, Nashville
++Chase, Spencer B., 2338 Parkview Ave., Knoxville
+ Collier, Robert H., Lutie Road, Route No. 2, Knoxville
+ Cox, Dr. T. S., 103 Hotel Ave., Fountain City
++Dulin, Charles R., Brownsville
+ Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, 1902 Hayes St., Nashville
+ Hardy, J. H., 1315 Minnekahda Place, Chattanooga 5
++Holdeman, J. E., 855 N. McNeil St., Memphis 7
+ Hoyt, Prof. Garner E., Bryan University, Dayton
+ Jones, D. T., Route No. 2, Midway
+ Mattern, Don H., 513 Union Building, T. V. A., Knoxville
+ McSwain, Barton, M. D., 3514 Hampton Road, Nashville
++Meeks, Hamp, c/o Jackson Elec. Dept., Jackson
+ Murphy, H. O., 12 Sweetbriar Ave., Chattanooga
+ Neas, Ogle, Greenville
+ Olson, Earl F., Norris
+ Patterson, R. L., M. D., Suite 207, Interstate Building, Chattanooga
+ Puryear, Dr. T. R., P. O. Box 339, Lebanon
+ Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville
+ Roark, W. F., Malesus
+ Robinson, W. Jobe, Route No. 7, Jackson
+ Roettger, Everett, R. F. D. No. 1, Lancing
+ Saville, Chris, 118 Church St., Greenville
+ Sells, Paul S., 700 Boylston St., Chattanooga
+ Shadow, Arthur J., Shadow Nursery Co., P. O. Box 521, Winchester
+ Shipley, Mrs. E. D., R. R. No. 17, Knoxville
+ Southern Nursery & Landscape Co., Winchester
+ Zarger, Thomas G., T. V. A., Norris
+
+ TEXAS
+ Allen, H. H., Plant Research Station, Route No. 2, Paris
+ Arford, Charles A., Box 1230, Dalhart
+ Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan
+ Hamilton, J. Tom, P. O. Box 488, Matador
+ Hander, Nelson H., Star Route, Belton
+ Kelly, Paul, Box 428, Seymour
++Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co., P. O. Box 867, Tyler
+ Mason, G. L., Route No. 3, Hico
+ Praytor, T. J., Box 667, Seymour
+ Rubrecht, J. F., Plant Research Station, Route 2, Paris
+ Shelton, David, Box 369, Gonzales
+ Springer, Herbert W., 590 Reagan St., San Benito
+ Thomas, Joe W., Overton
+ Winkler, Andrew, Route No. 1, Moody
+ Winkler, Charlie, Route No. 1, Moody
+
+ UTAH
+ Braegger, Henry W., Providence
+ Burton, J. O., Meadow
+ Dabb, Clifford H., Route No. 3, Box 448, Ogden
+ Ericksen, Keith, 883 N. State St., Orem
+ Kimberlin, R. E., 2020 Arbor Lane, Salt Lake City 7
+ Nyland, J. S., 230 17th St., Ogden
+ Petterson, Harlan D., 3910 Raymond Ave., South Ogden
+ Price, Harold G., Sr., 1270 E. Crystal Ave., Salt Lake City 6
+ Shurtleff, William H., D. D. S., R. F. D. No. 3, Box 384, Ogden
+
+ VERMONT
+ Aldrich, A. W., R. F. D. No. 2, Box 266, Springfield
+ Ellis, Zenas H., Perpetual member "In Memoriam"
+ Hill, Lewis, Hillcrest Nurseries, Greensboro
+ Johnson, John R., Deer Valley Farm, Townshend
+ Pennington, Rev. Leslie, Moretown
+ Reynolds, T. Hedley, 79 Main St., Middlebury
+ Woodford, Mrs. Edna Almeda, Brockway's Mills, R. F. D., Chester
+
+ VIRGINIA
+ Burton, George L., 722 College St., Bedford
++Curthoys, George A., P. O. Box 34, Bristol
+ Davies, A. B., Jr., 741 Clifton St., Clifton Forge
+ Dickerson, T. C., Jr., 316 56th St., Newport News
+ Filman, O., Box 3551, Virginia Tech Station, Blacksburg
+ Gibbs, H. R., Linden
+ Jaycox. Warren C., 2869 S. Buchanon St., Fairlington
+ Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Building, Roanoke 11
+ Miller, T. R., Swords Creek
+ Moore, R. C., Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg 13
+ Marten, Perry F., 6110 N. Washington Boulevard, Arlington 5
+ Pinner, Henry, P. O. Box 155, Suffolk
+ Poole, A. V., R. F. D. No. 4, Box 113, Roanoke 15
+ Showalter, Rev. Lewis P., R. F. D. No. 2, Box 56, Broadway
++Stoke, H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+ Stoke, Mrs. H. F., 1436 Watts Ave., N. W., Roanoke
+ Stoke, Dr. John H., 21 Highland Ave., S. E., Roanoke 13
+ Taylor, Merritt I., Honey Meadows, Atlee
+ Thompson, B. H., Route No. 4, Box 212, Harrisonburg
+ Trader, George T., Parksley
+ Trump, V. A., Crewe
+ Welchlin, Arthur C., Route No. 1, Box 312, Farmville
+
+ WASHINGTON
+ Bechtol, O. W., Coulee City
+ Denman, George L., E. 1319 Nina Ave., Spokane 10
+ Eliot, Craig P., P. O. Box 158, Shelton
+ Erkman, John O., 2113 Symons, Richland
+ Fulmer, W. L., 505 Boylston Ave., Seattle 2
+ Ingram, Bud, Box 213, Clarkston
+ Jacky, Mrs. Jacob P., Route No. 3, Walla Walla
+ Kane, Mrs. A. E., R. F. D. No. 1, Wenatchee
+ Latterell, Miss Ethel, 408 N. Flora Road, Greenacres
+ Linkletter, Frank D., 2209 Ninth Ave., Seattle 1
+ Naderman, G. W., Route No. 1, Box 353, Olympia
+ Parker, Robert E., 412 Maple Court, Toppenish
+ Ross, Verel C., 4025 Rucker Ave., Everett
+ Shane Brothers Nut Growers, Vashon
+ Taylor, Harry I., Route No. 2, Cheney
+Sec.Tuttle, H. Lynn, Lynn Tuttle Nursery, Box 186, Clarkston
+
+ WEST VIRGINIA
+ Bailey, Gilbert E., 316 Mercer St., Princeton
+ Bartholomew, Miss Elizabeth Ann, West Virginia University, Morgantown
++Cook, Dr. Ernest A., 106 First St., Oak Hill
+ Dolin, Clarence S., Box 8, Foster
+ Eckerd, John K., 305 William St., Martinsburg
++Engle, Blaine W., Mutual Fire Insurance Co. of West Virginia, Goff
+  Building, Clarksburg
+*Frye, Wilbert M., Pleasant Dale
+ Gardner, Sigel O., 709 Louise Ave., Morgantown
+ The Gold Chestnut Nursery, Arthur A. Gold, Cowen
+ Haines, Earl C., Shanks
+ Haislip, Fred, P. O. Box 1620, Logan
+Sec.Hale, Daniel. M. D., Princeton
+ Hartzell, Benjamin, Shepherdstown
+ Howard. Mrs. Carl E., The Charleston Gazette, Charleston
++Long, J. C., Box 491, Princeton
+ Looney, Rev. Carl, Matewah
+ McClung, H. E., 2100 Midland Trail, Milton
+ McDonald, Dr. Walter, Augusta
+ McGraw, S. L., Athens
++Miller, Edward, Romney
++Mish, Arnold F., Inwood
+ Newlon, Emmett, Rupert
+ Pease, Roger W., Department of Horticulture, University of West Virginia,
+  Morgantown
++Reed, Arthur M., Glenmont Nurseries, Moundsville
+ Williams, Mrs. Dan, Romney
+
+ WISCONSIN
+ Conway, W. M., 2105 Jefferson St., Madison
++Coulson, L. W., R. R. No. 1, Slinger
+ Dennis, W. J., 601 N. 97th St., Milwaukee 13
+ Dohlin, Edward, 208 Hollister Ave., Tomah
+ Eiler, William, Benton
+ Jach, Peter, 8613 N. 60th St., Milwaukee 16
+ Kral, Ray, 1121 Langlade St., Antigo
+ Ladwig, C. F., Route No. 2, Beloit
+ Martinson, John L., 408 N. Lake, Madison
+ Mortensen, M. C., 1119 Emmertson Road, Racine
+ Pederson, Harry A., 350 Jewett, Plattville
+ Raether, Robert, Route No. 1, Augusta
+ Running, M. H., 5220 North 29th St., Milwaukee 9
++Snowden, Dr. P. W., The Monroe Clinic, Monroe
+ Traurig, Arthur F., 13315 W. Forest Drive, Milwaukee 14
+
+ WYOMING
+ Muecke, Karl, Powell
+
+
+W. F. HUMPHREY PRESS INC.
+GENEVA, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association
+Report of the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ***
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